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Home My WebLink About20171615.tiffLancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan January 2016 Prepared for: Prepared by: Xcel Energy°° PURIJr 4FQvlrF COMPANY Public Service Company of Colorado 1123 West 3rd Ave., Denver, CO 80223 [mj TETRA TECH 350 Indiana St., Ste., 500, Golden, CO, 80401 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Contents Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Regulatory Setting 2 2.1 Colorado Noxious Weed Act 2 2.2 Colorado Noxious Weed List 2 2.3 Weld County Weed Division 6 2.4 Weld County Noxious Weed Management List 6 3. Site Description 7 3.1 Land Use 8 3.2 Ecoregional Setting 8 3.3 General Vegetation 8 3.4 State Listed Noxious Weeds 9 4. Weed Management Guidelines 9 4.1 Pre -Construction Noxious Weed Survey 9 4.1.1 Noxious Weed Survey Methodology 10 4.1.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Survey 10 4.2 Pre -/Post -Disturbance Weed Treatment 10 4.3 Construction Practices 10 4.4 Post -Construction Monitoring 11 4.5 Weed Control ... 11 5. Revegetation 12 5.1 Principles for Successful Revegetation 12 5.2 Pre -Construction Vegetation Survey 13 5.3 Conservation of Topsoil 13 5.4 Best Management Practices 13 5.5 Soil Preparation 14 5.6 Plant Material Selection 14 5.7 Planting Seed 15 6. Implementation Schedule 16 7. Works Cited 17 Attachments Attachment 1: Control Methods for Noxious Weeds Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Tables Table 1: Colorado Noxious Weed List 3 Table 2: Weld County Noxious Weed Management List 6 Table 4: Weed Species Observed in the Study Area 9 Table 5: Recommended Seed Mix for Project Revegetation in the Rolling Sand Plains Level IV Ecoregion 15 Table 6: Weed Management and Revegetation Implementation Schedule 16 Figures Figure 1: Project Location 19 Figure 2: Project Layout 21 ii Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 1. Introduction Tetra Tech, Inc. was retained by Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), doing business as Xcel Energy, to provide a Weed Management and Revegetation Plan (Plan) for a new natural gas pipeline (the Project), located in Weld County, Colorado (Figure 1). Xcel Energy proposes to install approximately 4.1 miles of new 24 -inch natural gas pipeline from a proposed new pressure regulating facility at the Anadarko Lancaster Gathering Facility located approximately 1.5 miles east of County Road 31 on County Road 22 to an existing metering station south of County Road 16/Barley Avenue near Fort Lupton, CO (Figure 2). This Project will increase gas capacity and reinforce delivery into the existing Cherokee Pipeline that was placed in service in 2014. This Project is needed to meet the increased demand for natural gas services as a result of the recent population growth and urban development. Accordingly, the Project would provide safe, reliable service to PSCo's current and future customers in the region. The pipeline will be buried underground. It would primarily be constructed using open -cut trenching techniques, although horizontal directional drilling (boring) may be used to avoid direct ground surface impacts to infrastructure such as existing utilities or roadways. The Project includes construction of a new regulator station on the Anadarko Lancaster gathering facility. An existing access road off of County Road 22 would be extended to provide access to the regulator station. The pipeline will require a 50 -foot -wide permanent easement and an additional 50 -foot wide temporary construction easement. One preferred route and several alternative segments for the pipeline are being considered for the Project (Figures 1 and 2). The final pipeline alignment will be determined as part of the permitting process, which PSCo anticipates completing by spring 2017. PSCo plans to begin construction in summer or early fall 2017, and complete construction in December 2017. Construction schedules are subject to change. For the purposes of this Plan, and to allow for route changes for the pipeline before construction, a preferred route corridor for the pipeline was identified (Figures 1 and 2). The preferred route corridor and the proposed regulator station site, staging areas, and valve set sites with no buffers (depicted in Figure 1) are collectively referred to in this report as the Study Area. The Route Selection Report (Tetra Tech 2017b) provides general Project information and documents the process used to identify and analyze alternative routes to be carried forward to the permitting phase of the Project. The purpose of this Plan is to (1) describe applicable regulations pertaining to state listed noxious weeds in the Study Area, (2) present the results of field reconnaissance and documentation of vegetation and weeds in the Study Area, and (3) provide recommendations for successful revegetation and integrated weed management for the Project. 1 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 2. Regulatory Setting 2.1 Colorado Noxious Weed Act The state of Colorado promulgated the Colorado Noxious Weed Act (Act) in 1990 within Title 35, Article 5.5, Parts 110 through 119, in 1990. The Act initially created three lists: A, B, and C. The state subsequently added a watch list. The most recent update to the weed lists became effective December 30, 2015 (CDOA 2015b). Noxious weeds are defined in the Act: Noxious weed" means an alien plant or parts of an alien plant that have been designated by rule as being noxious or has been declared a noxious weed by a local advisory board. and meets one or more of the following criteria: (a) Aggressively invades or is detrimental to economic crops or native plant communities; (b) Is poisonous to livestock; (c) Is a carrier of detrimental insects, diseases, or parasites; (d) The direct or indirect effect of the presence of this plant is detrimental to the environmentally sound management of natural or agricultural ecosystems. Noxious weeds have become one of the most important issues for owners and managers of agricultural and open space lands. Weeds can cause economic losses to agriculture in both croplands and rangelands. They can also crowd out native vegetation and generally provide lower quality wildlife habitats than native vegetation. The following basic actions will be taken by PSCo to comply with the Colorado Noxious Weed Act and are described in further detail in this Plan: • Survey for weed infestations before and after ground -disturbing activities are undertaken. • Use appropriate construction practices to minimize noxious weed infestations. • Revegetate disturbed areas. • Monitor disturbed areas. • Treat new infestations. 2.2 Colorado Noxious Weed List The state of Colorado has designated three types of noxious weeds that require management actions (CDOA 2015b): • Colorado List A species are designated by the Commissioner for eradication. There are 25 List A species. • List B weed species are species for which the Commissioner, in consultation with the state noxious weed advisory committee, local governments, and other interested parties, 2 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan develops and implements state noxious weed management plans designed to stop the continued spread of these species. There are 38 List B species. • List C weed species are species for which the Commissioner, in consultation with the state noxious weed advisory committee, local governments, and other interested parties, will develop and implement state noxious weed management plans designed to support the efforts of local governing bodies to facilitate more effective integrated weed management on private and public lands. The goal of such plans will not be to stop the continued spread of these species but to provide additional education, research, and biological control resources to jurisdictions that choose to require management of List C species. There are 15 List C species. The state Watch List species are species that have been determined to pose a potential threat to the agricultural productivity and environmental values of the lands of the state. The Watch List is intended to serve advisory and educational purposes only. Its purpose is to encourage the identification and reporting of these species to the Commissioner in order to facilitate the collection of information to assist the Commissioner in determining which species should be designated as noxious weeds. There are 24 Watch List species. The state listed noxious weed species are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Colorado Noxious Weed List List Common Name Scientific Name Colorado List A African rue Peganum harmala Camelthorn Alhagi pseudalhagi Common crupina Crupina vuigaris Cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Dyer's woad lsatis tinctoria Elongated mustard Brassica elongata Flowering rush Butomus umbellatus Giant reed Arundo donax Giant salvinia Salvinia molesta Hairy willow -herb Epilobium hirsutum Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata Bohemian Knotweed Polygonium x bohemicum Giant Knotweed Polygonium sachalinese Japanese Knotweed Polygonium cuspidatum Meadow knapweed Centaurea prafensis Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis Medusahead Taeniafherum caput-medusae Myrtle spurge Euphorbia myrsinites Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum Parrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Rush skeletonweed Chondrillajuncea 3 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Table 1: Colorado Noxious Weed List List Common Name Scientific Name Squarrose knapweed Centaurea virgata Tansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea Yellow starthistle Centaurea soistitialis Colorado List B Absinth wormwood Artemisia absinthium Black henbane Hyoscyamus niger Bouncingbet Saponaria officinalis Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare Canada thistle Breea arvensis (Cirsium arvense) Chinese clematis Clematis orientalis Corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis Mayweed chamomile Anthemis cotula Scentless chamomile Tripleurospermum perforatum Chinese clematis Clematis orientalis Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare Common teasel Dipsacus fullonurn Corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis Common teasel Dipsacus Won= Cutleaf teasel Dipsacus laciniatus Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica Dame's rocket Hesperis matronalis Diffuse knapweed Acosta diffusa (Centaurea diffuse) Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Hoary cress Cardaria draba Houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica Leafy spurge Euphorbia esti/a Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria Musk thistle Carduus nutans Oxeye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifoliurn Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthoides Russian knapweed Acroptilon rep ens Russian -olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Salt cedar Tamarix chinensis, T.parvitlora, and T. ramosissima Scentless chamomile Matricaria perforata Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium, and O. tauricum Spotted knapweed Centaurea maculosa Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta Wild caraway Carum carvi Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Yellow toadflax Linaria vulgans 4 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Table 1: Colorado Noxious Weed List List Common Name Scientific Name Colorado List C Bulbous Goatgrass Poe bulbosa Chicory Cichorium intybus Common burdock Arctium minus Common mullein Verbascum thapsus Common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum Downy brome Bromus tectorum Field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Halogeton Halogeton glomeratus Perennial sowthistle Sonchus arvensis Poison hemlock Conium maculatum Puncturevine Tribulus terrestris Quackgrass Elymus repens Redstem filaree Erodium cicutarium Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti Wild proso millet Panicum miliaceum Colorado Watch List Asian mustard Brassica tournefortii Baby's breath Gypsophila paniculate Spiney cocklebur Xanthium spinosum Brazilian elodea Egeria dense Common bugloss Anchusa officinelis Common reed Phragmites australis Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolate Garden loosestrife Lysimachia vulgar's Himalayan blackberry Rubus armeniacus Japanese blood grass Imperata cylindrical Meadow hawkweed Hieracium caespitosum Onionweed Asphodelus fistulosus Purple pampasgrass Cortideria jubata Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius Sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata Swainsonpea Sphaerophysa salsula Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Water lettuce Piste stratiotes White bryony Bryonia alba Woolly distaff thistle Carthamus lanatus Yellow flag iris Ins pseudacorus Yellow floatingheart Nymphoides peltata Yellowtuft Alyssum morale Source: CDOA (2015), Doran et al. (2015). 5 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 2.3 Weld County Weed Division The Weld County Weed Division is a division within the Weld County Department of Public Works. Although Weld County does not have a defined noxious weed plan, there are several Weed Division Tasks assigned to the Weed Division. These are Landowner Education and Compliance, Roadside Spraying Program, and Roadside Mowing Program. Tetra Tech consulted with Tina Booton, Weld County weed supervisor, in regards to the treatment of noxious weeds for the Project. Ms. Booton recommended that broadleaf weeds be treated by the herbicide Tordon (Picloram) prior to construction to prevent seed spread during construction. (Tina Booton 2017). 2.4 Weld County Noxious Weed Management List The Colorado Department of Agriculture (CDOA) maintains a list of noxious weed summary statistics and management plans for each county according to the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. The CDOA gathers data on a set of five different listed weed species each year. The data collected are used to develop the summary for each county. The summary statistics include a list of the species reported in Weld County and county -specific management goals for each species. The summary statistics for Weld County are included as Table 2. Table 2: Weld County Noxious Weed Management List Species Scientific Name Total # of Acres Infested in the County Weld County Management Plan' Year Field Data Were Collected Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium 216 Contain: Figure 20.12 2009/2015 Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica 10 Eliminate by 2020 2010/2015 Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta 0 Eliminate by 2012 2008 Dames rocket Hesperis matronalis 8 Eliminate by 2014 2010 Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria 1 Eliminate by 2014 2010 Bouncingbet Saponaria officinalis 2 Eliminate by 2016 2011 Chamomiles Anthemrs_spp, 0 Eliminate by 2016 2011 Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare 0 Eliminate by 2016 2011 Wild caraway Carum caner 0 Eliminate by 2016 2011 Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia 535 Eliminate by 2022 2012 Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus 8 Contain: Figure 2904 2012 Absinth wormwood Artemisia absinthium 20 Eliminate by 2020 2013 Black henbane Hyoscyamus niger 0 Eliminate by 2018 2013 Chinese clematis Clematis onientalis 0 Eliminate by 2018 2013 Houndstongue Cynoglossum offrcinale 4 Eliminate by 2018 2013 Oxeye daisy Chrysanthemum Ieucanthemum 0 Eliminate by 2018 2013 Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthoides 0 Eliminate by 2018 2013 6 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Table 2: Weld County Noxious Weed Management List Species Scientific Name Total # of Acres Infested in the County Weld County Management Plan' Year Field Data Were Collected Spotted knapweed Cenfaurea maculosa 20 Eliminate by 2018 2013 Dalmatian toadflax Lrnaria dalmatica 281 Contain: Figure 11,10 2014 Diffuse knapweed Cenfaurea diffuse 410 Contain: Figure 6.11 2014 Hoary cress Cardarla draba 1,152 Contain: Figure 1321 2014 Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula 790 Contain: Figure 1219 2014 Perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium 420 Contain: Figure 1014 2014 Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens 78 Contain: Figure 1411 2014 Salt cedar Tamarixparviflora 476 Eliminate by 2021 2014 Yellow toadflax Linarra vulgaris 3 Eliminate by 2019 2014 Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare. 1 Eliminate by 2020 2015 Canada thistle Cirsium arvense 925 Contain: Figure 30,06 2015 Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum 44 Contain: Figure 2111 2015 Cutleaf teasel Dipsacus laciniatus 38 Contain: Figure 21,11 2015 Eurasian watermilfoil Myriophyllum spicatum 20 Eliminate by 2020 2015 Musk thistle Carduus nutans 182 Contain: Figure 18,12 2015 Source: CDOA (2016a) 1 Figure numbers refer to containment maps included in the 2015 Noxious Weed Act —Rules and Regulation Containment Figures by Counties (CDOA 2016b.) 3. Site Description A pre -construction biological resources reconnaissance (Tetra Tech 2O17a) was conducted in December 2016 for the Study Area. That work included both a desktop analysis and field reconnaissance in the Study Area. The field reconnaissance included identification and documentation of native and non-native plant species as well as state listed noxious weeds. The reconnaissance was of limited scope and did not include an estimate of percent vegetative cover and did not constitute a formal survey for either general vegetation or for state listed noxious weeds. The reconnaissance was carried out well outside the normal growing season (mid -December 2016). Desktop data and field reconnaissance observations for the Study Area are provided in the following subsections. 7 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 3.1 Land Use Land use in the Study Area was primarily rural, including farmland, pastureland, and minor amounts of developed land associated with natural gas pipeline and transmission line infrastructure. A large portion of the study area has been previously disturbed by construction of pipelines, transmission lines, and related roads and buildings. The Study Area is crossed by two unpaved county roads and one unpaved road in the city of Fort Lupton (Barley Avenue). 3.2 Ecoregional Setting The Study Area is situated in the High Plains Level III Ecoregion. The High Plains Ecoregion includes four Level IV ecoregions. The Study Area lies within the Rolling Sand Plains (25b) Level IV ecoregion (Chapman et al. 2006). This ecoregion is characterized by rolling hills and sandy soils, including sand dunes in some areas. There are not many wetlands or streams in this ecoregion due to the well -drained soils. Annual precipitation is approximately 12-20 inches. Natural vegetation consists of sandsage prairie species such as sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia), sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii), blowout grass (Redfieldia flexuosa), lemon scurfpea (Psoralidium lanceolatum), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), and sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus). Extensive dryland farming occurs in this ecoregion with areas of scattered irrigated cropland. 3.3 General Vegetation Three main cover types were observed during the field reconnaissance: shortgrass prairie, sandsage prairie, and cropland. Shortgrass and sandsage prairies would be the dominant native ecosystem types in the Study Area under natural conditions. Shortgrass prairie and sandsage prairie species were observed to be associated with the dominant substrate types. Where surface soils were dominated by loans or clays, shortgrass prairie species were most commonly detected. When the surface soils were sandy, then species common in the sandsage prairie dominated. The reconnaissance also documented that much of the landscape in the Study Area had been previously disturbed by installation of other pipelines or by construction and maintenance of overhead transmission lines. Typical shortgrass prairie species observed during the field reconnaissance included buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula). Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), a perennial shrub, was also observed in areas with shortgrass prairie vegetation. Plants common in the sandsage prairie included sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii), prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), sand lovegrass (Eragrostis trichoides), sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia), and alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides). There were also isolated patches of mixed -grass prairie featuring switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). 8 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 3.4 State Listed Noxious Weeds No Colorado List A noxious weed species were identified in the Study Area during the field reconnaissance. One List B noxious weed and five List C noxious weeds were identified. Several dense patches of scotch thistle (List B) were observed (documented at 40.117601, - 104.743212 and 40.144637, -104.744043). Puncturevine was common on the northern end of the Project (documented at 40.144909, -104.744236). Common mullein (List C) was noted to also be common throughout the Study Area. Table 4 presents the list of species observed. It is reiterated here that the field reconnaissance was completed outside the growing season (mid -December 2016). Table 4: Weed Species Observed in the Study Area State Weed List (A, B, or C) Common Name Scientific Name List A Weeds None observed. — List B Weeds Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium List C Weeds Common mullein Verbascum fhapsus Field bindweed Con volvulus arvensis Downy brome (cheatgrass) Bromus tectorum (syn. Anisantha tectorum) Puncturevine Trlbulus terrestrls Redstem filaree Erodium crcutarium 4. Weed Management Guidelines The following guidelines were developed to limit the extent of effects and potential for dispersal and establishment of noxious weeds. The guidelines should be implemented as part of construction and maintenance activities associated with the Project. 4.1 Pre -Construction Noxious Weed Survey The Project involves constructing a 24 -inch -diameter natural gas pipeline and associated pipeline infrastructure. The pipeline will be buried underground. The Project is not anticipated to require crossings of surface water features such as streams or lakes. Construction of the pipeline route would involve open trenching. In some places, horizontal directional drilling (boring) will be used to avoid sensitive resources or other existing infrastructure. The goals of a pre -construction noxious weed survey would be to identify and map the presence of state - and county -listed noxious weeds during the growing season, delineate the extent of infestations, and identify potential noxious weed sources adjacent to the study area. The survey would be limited to vegetated areas that would be disturbed during construction. Survey methods could be completed using a pedestrian survey, potentially supplemented with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey, as described in the following two subsections. 9 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 4.1.1 Noxious Weed Survey Methodology The field survey would be conducted within the growing season and would be a pedestrian survey using two biologists with skill identifying and mapping state listed noxious weeds. Survey methods would involve use of a Trimble GeoXT Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver with accuracy of 1 to 5 meters to map the locations of weed infestations within the Study Area. The pedestrian survey would begin on the northern end of the Project and proceed south to the southern terminus of the Project. The two surveyors would walk meandering transects through the study area staying approximately 50 feet apart and covering the entire breadth of the Study Area (approximately 300 feet wide). Data would be collected in two ways: in situations where fewer than 25 stems of a given species were observed in an area, only point data would be recorded with the GPS unit. In situations where more than 25 stems of a given species are documented to be present in an area, a polygon would be mapped with the GPS and the acreage for that species would be derived. Results of the noxious weed survey would be described in a report including a series of sheet maps of the Study Area. 4.1.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Survey Survey protocol would involve the use of an UAV by a licensed UAV operator. The UAV would record georeferenced data, including aerial imagery of the entire Study Area before, during, and after construction. Data collected during the UAV survey could be analyzed by a qualified biologist to determine vegetative cover values for different portions of the Study Area, and could be used for revegetation documentation, as discussed in Sections 4.4 and 5.2. Results of the UAV survey would be described in a report including a series of sheet maps. Georeferenced imagery and video would also be provided. Use of UAVs should comply with all Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations. 4.2 Pre -/Post -Disturbance Weed Treatment Attachment 1 provides species -specific biology and general control methods for common noxious weeds that have been or may be observed in the Study Area. Actual control methods would be selected by the individuals conducting the treatments based on the species to be controlled, the location of the infestations (for example, near a riparian area), and their experience with the types of treatments that are most effective in the local area. 4.3 Construction Practices Bare ground represents an open ecological niche that allows for the establishment of undesirable species, such as noxious weeds. It is important to limit both the size of disturbance footprints and the duration of disturbance associated with construction activities to the extent possible to minimize opportunities for noxious weed invasion. Clearing or blading should only occur in the minimum area needed for safe and efficient construction. Construction activities should avoid areas where noxious weeds are established to the extent possible. 10 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan All heavy equipment used during construction should be washed prior to use in the site area to ensure that weed seed from a different region is not transported into the Study Area. Washing of equipment on site is not recommended. On -site washing of equipment increases the chance of weed seed dispersal by drainage of water across this site and potentially offsite. Instead, accumulations of mud should be knocked off equipment. This method promotes containment of weed seeds on the work site, where weeds can be monitored and treated, if necessary. 4.4 Post -Construction Monitoring Post -construction monitoring efforts will be conducted in the first growing season following the construction process. The goal of monitoring will be to detect any infestations as soon as possible while they are still small and to make recommendations for effective treatment. Monitoring should take place for at least one growing season following construction. The survey methodology will mimic that used in the pre -construction phase of the Project, including a pedestrian survey and potential use of UAV technology to document cover values. A weed monitoring report should be written at the end of this first full growing season after construction completion to help collect results and refocus strategy for any further weed control that may be necessary. This report may be shared with the Weld County weed management program to ensure proper coordination of weed control efforts. 4.5 Weed Control A number of management strategies are available for control of noxious weeds. The methods described in this weed management plan include mechanical, biological, chemical, and cultural control methods. Mechanical methods typically include means such as hand -pulling, digging, and mowing. Biological controls may include application of select insects into an infestation, and grazing by livestock. Chemical control methods typically rely on selective and non -selective herbicides. The type of herbicides would vary depending on the weed species to be controlled. Cultural control methods include establishment of competitive vegetation. Selection of a control method or combination of methods should consider the life history of the species, the extent of infestation, and potential environmental effects from the treatment. Attempts to eradicate noxious weeds will likely be unsuccessful if the initial disturbance that allowed the species to become established is still occurring in the area. Treatments will also be unsuccessful if other locally established populations of noxious weeds are not controlled. Attempts to control noxious species may also be unsuccessful if there is not an active revegetation program or if there are not viable populations of native species to recolonize the area. Treatment of one noxious species may open up new habitat for other noxious species if native species are not reestablished. For these reasons, successful, complete, and timely implementation of the revegetation program will be a critical element to successful management of noxious weeds within the Study Area and adjacent lands. 11 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Any treatments to noxious weeds should be carefully documented at the time of the treatment. Detailed notes should be collected to map areas sprayed, log spray dates, and document time and money spent on the weed management program. Species -specific control methods for noxious weeds identified in the initial site reconnaissance are provided as Attachment 1 to this document. 5. Revegetation The purpose of revegetation should include the re-establishment of existing soil contours to the extent possible and to reestablish vegetation that is removed during construction. By reestablishing vegetation, the potential for soil erosion will be reduced and wildlife habitats will be repaired/re-created. Disturbed areas should be recontoured and revegetated according to landowner agreements as soon as practical, using approved seed mixtures and techniques. Disturbance areas would be re -seeded using approved, certified weed -free seed. Other materials used as part of revegetation, such as hay mulch, manure, or fill material, should also come from certified weed -free sources to the extent practicable. Additional details on revegetation are provided in the following subsections. 5.1 Principles for Successful Revegetation The following principles should be applied to all sites where revegetation would be undertaken: • Minimize disturbed areas. The larger the disturbed area, the more effort is required to reclaim, monitor, and maintain it. More disturbance means a greater area is primed for noxious weed invasion. • Salvage and stabilize existing topsoil to use in revegetation. Plant reestablishment can be difficult without the use of expensive soil amendments if topsoil has not been salvaged. • Use plant species that can be established and survive in the reclaimed environment. Native plant species currently established on site are often the best plant choices, although the availability of seed or nursery stock can be challenging. • Control noxious weeds and other undesirable species. These plants can out -compete the desired species if not properly controlled, especially if they are already established on site. • Monitor the site. Monitoring is needed to determine whether reclamation has been successful. Monitoring can identify noxious weed invasions or the need for additional reclamation activities. • Maintain the site. Maintenance is simply acting on any problems or concerns noted during monitoring. For example, controlling weeds, maintaining erosion control structures, planting additional container stock, or applying more native seed could be maintenance activities. 12 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan 5.2 Pre -Construction Vegetation Survey The sole purpose of a thorough pre -construction vegetation survey would be to establish a baseline understanding of species diversity and percent ground cover in areas likely to be disturbed by pipeline construction or other ancillary infrastructure. This survey would be conducted commensurate with the pre -construction noxious weed survey. The results of the survey will allow for the creation of legitimate revegetation goals at the conclusion of the Project in terms of the reestablishment of disturbed areas with appropriate species diversity, abundance, and ground cover percentage. The pre -construction vegetation survey would only include vegetated areas that would be disturbed by construction. The survey should be accomplished during the growing season (approximately May 1 through October 1 of each year). Survey protocol would involve capturing digital photography of the pipeline route, recording dominant species present, and documenting an estimate of percent cover. The pre - construction vegetation survey would be completed by a botanist qualified to identify Great Plains flora through a pedestrian survey or through the use of UAVs. Any use of UAVs should follow all FAA regulations. An average goal for revegetation is 70 percent ground cover, compared with pre -construction conditions, on all disturbed areas within 2 years after the end of construction. This figure may have to be adjusted after an evaluation of data from the pre -construction vegetation survey. If the survey identifies any situations that are preventing attainment of the cover goal such as weed infestations or poor plant vigor and survival, or if unexpected conditions occur during revegetation such as drought conditions, corrective actions would be developed and implemented. 5.3 Conservation of Topsoil Some areas that would be disturbed by this Project may not currently have topsoil in place (e.g., around the perimeter of existing parking areas and road shoulders); other areas may. In those areas where topsoil would otherwise be lost, it should be stripped and stockpiled for reclamation. If the topsoil stockpiles would not be replaced within 6 months, a cover crop of sterile grasses should be planted on the stockpiled soils for stabilization purposes. 5.4 Best Management Practices Best management practices (BMPs) have been developed for use during grading and construction to minimize erosion. These BMPs would be implemented and maintained to the extent that they are applicable during the reclamation phase of the Project. The BMPs include: • Exposed soil surfaces should be stabilized when practicable during construction to reduce flow velocities. • Streams and ditches in or adjacent to the pipeline route should be protected through the use of silt fences and/or sediment control logs. The silt fence would be staked and placed on the downgradient side of the hay bales. 13 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan • Following completion of construction, exposed areas would be stabilized and revegetated and the silt fencing removed. • Soil erosion control measures (rip -rap stones, silt fence, or hay bales, etc.) should be inspected after each rain event for damage from washouts or siltation and corrective measures implemented to ensure adequate function is maintained. • Sediment should be removed from silt fences, sediment control logs, stone outlet structures, and hay bales as necessary when material accumulates. • Soil stockpiles should be placed in well -drained areas with adequate temporary soil erosion and sediment control measures at least 50 feet from wetlands and watercourses. • Following completion of work, compacted soils should be loosened and leveled by scarifying, harrowing, disking, or other approved methods. • All disturbed areas should be re -graded and, where appropriate, re -seeded with approved native vegetation to provide proper drainage, stabilize soils, and reduce erosion. During dry weather conditions, water should be sprayed over construction traffic ways to minimize creation of dust. 5.5 Soil Preparation Disturbed soil should be re -contoured as close as possible to pre -construction contours. Where topsoil has been removed and stockpiled, it should be redistributed over the re - contoured subsoil. Areas that have been compacted by repeated equipment traffic should be ripped to allow water penetration and successful plant regrowth. If suitable topsoil is not available, or if it is poor quality, additional topsoil or other soil amendments may need to be brought on to the site. BMPs, as specified in Section 5.4, would be maintained or reinstalled as needed to ensure they remain functional through the reclamation phase of the Project. 5.6 Plant Material Selection This Project lies within the Level IV Rolling Sand Plains ecoregion, grasses, forbs, and shrubs adapted to sandsage prairie environments are therefore recommended for the revegetation efforts. Grasses are likely to make up a significant proportion of the overall plant material for the revegetation process. Grasses should preferably be drill seeded, but they may be broadcast -seeded as necessary. A recommended reclamation seed mixture for sandsage prairie is provided in Table 5. This seed mix was adapted from a "sandy site mix" suggested by the Weld County Department of Public Works (Weld County 2017). All seed should be certified weed free. This list may need to be adjusted after an evaluation of data from the pre -construction vegetation survey. If the survey identifies any situations that are preventing attainment of the cover goal, such as weed infestations or poor plant vigor and survival, corrective actions would be developed and implemented. 14 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Table 5: Recommended Seed Mix for Project Revegetation in the Rolling Sand Plains Level IV Ecoregion Seed Mix Common Name Scientific Name Pounds pis/acre" Sandy Site Mix Sand bluestem Andropogon halUi 1.00 Sand lovegrass Eragrostis frfchodes 2.50 Indian ricegrass Achnatherum hymenofdes 3.00 Prairie sandreed Calamovllfa longrfolia 0.75 Green needlegrass Nassella virfdufa 1.54 Little bluestem Schrzachyrfum scoparium 0.75 Yellow Indiangrass Sorghasfrum nufans 0.50 Switchgrass Panfcum virgatum 1.50 Sand dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus 0.50 TOTAL 12.00 1 Application rates would be determined following verification of seed purity and germination rates as published by the selected seed supplier, The grass species in the sandy site mix were all observed in the Study Area during the December 2016 field reconnaissance and are native to the Study Area. All of the species listed in Table 5 are likely to be commercially available from seed supply companies in northeastern Colorado. Based on the field reconnaissance, no tree removal is anticipated, nor will sod replacement be required. 5.7 Planting Seed The preferred seed planting times are spring and fall. Because construction will occur in the fall, seeds should be planted as soon as possible after the pipeline is buried. Actual seeding dates will depend on soil conditions. Planting should not occur when equipment would significantly compact or otherwise disturb the soil because of excessive soil moisture. Although spring and fall are the recommended times for seeding, it is important to establish a desirable vegetation cover as soon as possible after construction is complete to prevent establishment and spread of noxious weeds. In such instances, seed may be planted outside the summer months. Drill seeding is the recommended seeding method. Any seed drill used should be fitted with seed boxes that can accommodate the chosen species. A good fit is particularly important for fluffy or irregular seed shapes, or when a wide variety of seed sizes are included in the seed mix. To the extent possible, drill seeding should be along the contour. Broadcast seeding may also be used, although the seeding rate would need to be doubled to account for seed loss and poorer soil -seed contact. Broadcast seeding may be accomplished with hand-held or vehicle -mounted equipment. Any site where broadcast seeding is used should be dragged or raked prior to seeding to improve contact between seed and soil. 15 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Various types of mulch may be used to improve retention of soil moisture and plant establishment, especially where seed is broadcast. Certified weed -free straw is the preferred mulch material. Hydro -mulching is typically recommended for sites with steeper cut -and -fill slopes. No steep slopes were identified during the field reconnaissance. The need for mulch should be determined during reclamation based on slope, soil moisture availability, and other site conditions. The use of fertilizer before, during, or after planting and seeding is not recommended, except in cases where little or no topsoil is available as a planting medium. The use of fertilizer tends to favor growth and spread of non-native plant species and noxious weeds over native species. The native plant species recommended for use in reclamation are adapted to natural levels of soil nutrients. Even when topsoil is sparse or lacking, the preferred action should be to import topsoil, rather than trying to amend the soil on site with fertilizers. Irrigation would generally not be used on sites that are seeded. The native plant species selected for use on this Project are adapted to the natural precipitation regime of northeastern Colorado. In the event of a prolonged drought, PSCo may consider the use of supplemental irrigation to aid plant establishment and survival in seeded areas. The source of irrigation water is yet to be determined. 6. Implementation Schedule This Plan provides an integrated approach to the control of noxious weeds and revegetation of newly disturbed areas for the Project. The recommended weed management and revegetation implementation schedule is provided in Table 6. It is important to understand that weed management should continue throughout the construction process and beyond to obtain the very best results possible. Revegetation should be accomplished as soon after completion of construction as possible and should be monitored for success. Table 6: Weed Management and Revegetation Implementation Schedule Task Timing Pre -Construction General Vegetation and Noxious Weed Survey and Mapping During the growing season immediately prior to construction. Treat List B Weeds —Scotch thistle and Common mullein Apply Tordon (or other appropriate herbicide) during the growing season immediately prior to construction if broad -leaf noxious weeds (e.g. scotch thistle, common mullein, or field bindweed) are present. Top Soil Stockpiling Stockpile topsoil in areas that would only be temporarily disturbed during construction. Cover Crop on Topsoil Stockpile Not necessary assuming rapid replacement of topsoil over trenched areas/disturbed areas, Recontouring and Replacement of Topsoil As soon as possible following completion of construction. Drill and Broadcast Seeding As soon as possible following completion of construction, recontouring, and topsoil replacement. 16 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Table 6: Weed Management and Revegetation Implementation Schedule Task Timing Post -Construction Revegetation and Noxious Weed Monitoring The first growing season following completion of construction. Noxious Weed Treatment As needed following construction and monitoring events. 7. Works Cited Booton, T. 2017. Communication between Tina Booton, Weld County Weed Supervisor, and John Heule, Tetra Tech Inc., concerning the noxious weeds actively managed by Weld County. Phone Conversation on January 4, 2017. CDOA (Colorado Department of Agriculture). 2016a Colorado Noxious Weeds Summary Statistics and Management Plan for Weld County as of January 2016. Available online: https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/agconservation/county-weed-programs Accessed January 2017. . 2016b. Noxious Weed Rule Figures by County. Accessed November 2016. Available online: http://www.colorado.gov/agconservation/NoxiousWeedRuleFigures.pdf. Accessed January 2017. . 2015. Noxious Weed Management Program. Colorado Noxious Weed List. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/aciconservation/noxious-weed-species. Accessed January 2017. Chapman, S.S., Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Price, A.B., Freeouf, J., and Schrupp, D.L. 2006. Ecoregions of Colorado (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,200.000). Doran, A., Anthony, S., and Shelton, C. 2015. Noxious Weeds of Colorado, 12th Edition. Colorado Weed Management Association. Tetra Tech (Tetra Tech, Inc.) 2016a. Biological Resources Report. Prepared for Xcel Energy, North Metro Natural Gas Pipeline Project. November 2016. . 2016b. Route Selection Report. Prepared for Xcel Energy, North Metro Natural Gas Pipeline Project. November 2016. Weld County. 2017. Recommended Seed Mixes for Weld County. Available online: https://www.weldgov.com/departments/publicworks/weed management/controlling weeds/reseeding/. Accessed January 2017. 17 Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan This page intentionally left blank. 18 LANCASTER TO FT. LUPTON PIPELINE PROJECT Lloyd — - LARIMEIR COUNTY Mead .I �34bJ. Johnstown Milliken 34, / / Gilc rests / Y Platteville ti Clone es Vollmarl — f l Garden City7_ — _ _ _ — ! !•Evans r ` I / i •La Salle / L WELD COUNTY Anadarko Lancaster Gathering_Facility Firestone I I Xcel Energy Metering Frederick I Station /'Fort .Lupton bacon° '� ! t5 1 I 125 Wattenberg / i / `85) i Hudson s2 ADAMS COUNTY En DENVER COUNTY r -r •Kersey` ~v Keenesburg Project Features Hydrology ▪ Existing Metering Station Perennial Stream ❑ Existing Anadarko Gathering Station Map Features Preferred Route Counties Preferred Route Alternative Segment Transportation Interstate Highway — U.S. Highway — State Highway Municipalities XcelEnergr TETRA TECH Estee Park Gra ridy Bdulder. anve Dillon Bailey, 11 2e Miles Scale e 1.`bg000vren. pr -led a122x34" :ea+_xcei Fc waeon Lar,suer_AweimeC .rarouisslwzesourwaRepom,rgurei Prole¢Loc.ionl0_2 rucl via:aoir FIGURE 1: PROJECT LOCATION LANCASTER TO FT. LUPTON PIPELINE PROJECT 1f Anadarko LancIster (Gathering._' Facility =--a= 4 Existing Metering Station Proposed Regulator Station WI Preferred Route Corridor Preferred Route Preferred Route Alternative Segment Transportation Major Road Local Road Railroad Hydrology Perennial Stream Intermittent Stream Canal / Ditch Waterbody Boundaries Municipal Boundary Aristocrat Ranchettes Subdivision *Meal Imagery: NAIP2015 XceI Enei cy TETRA TECH a sac 1,000 2,000 Feet Scale is 1'.12,Wi7 whenprinted at22e79' P:5._%cal_Ft_LUFtcn_Lencester_Pipeline Ll S,LaycuCs.V:eea Management_Plan•rig?_Prcject_Laycut.mxd 1.51.5117 FIGURE 2: PROJECT LAYOUT Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan Attachment 1: Control Methods for Noxious Weeds Lancaster to Fort Lupton Natural Gas Pipeline Project Weed Management and Revegetation Plan This page intentionally left blank. Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Bull thistle Identification and Management Bull thistle (Cirsiurn vu/gare) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, bull thistle appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring - the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Flowering may occur from early June until the first snowfall or hard frost. Pink -magenta to purple flower heads top each stem. Flower heads are "gumdrop" shaped and spines extend all around the base of the flower heads. A single flower head can produce from 40 to over 250 seeds, and individual plants may have anywhere from one to 475 flower heads or more. Making it a prolific seed producer, therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Bull thistle can grow up to 6 feet tall. The leaves are green on the upper side, and woolly on the lower side giving it a grayish appearance. The bull thistle prefers full sun, it cannot tolerate shade. It requires moist soils. Bull thistle tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. Once a pasture is infested, the livestock carrying capacity for that area is significantly decreased. Bull thistle may also occur on rangeland, roadsides, ditches, riparian areas, and trails. On the backside of this sheet are bull thistle management recommendations. If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of bull thistle. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Mechanical - Mowing or chopping is most effective when musk thistle plants are at bud stage. Grubbing or digging the plants below the root crown level is effective as well. Do this while the plant is in the rosette stage. Biological - Livestock tend to avoid grazing on bull thistle, although horses and cattle have been known to eat the flowerheads. Two exotic weevils, the flower head weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus) and the rosette weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus) have been introduced in several states, and appear to be effective biological control agents that limit populations of bull thistle. However, these insects are not in use in Wisconsin due to the risks presented to rare native thistles. When used together, these insects provide fair to good control. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the insects to establish significant populations and achieve optimum management results. Insects can be obtained at no charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Please call 970- 464-7916 or go to www.palisadeinsectary.com for more information. Herbicides — The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the herbicide label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Comments 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre Of 1 oz/gal water Spring/fall rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant ca.), 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Curtail 1.5 — 2 qts./acre or 1.5-2.0 ozlgal water Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant 0.32 ozlgal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clarity 1 qt./acre or 1.0 oz/gal water Spring rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens and/or late fall treatment of rosettes. DO NOT apply near or under trees and/or shrubs or when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add a non-ionic surfactant @, 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Milestone 3 to 5 oz) acre Apply to plants in the spring and early summer at rosette or bolting stage or to the fall rosette. It is permissible to treat seasonally dry wetlands and transitional areas between upland and lowland sites. DO NOT rotate to a broadleaf crop within 1 year of application. Add a non-ionic surfactant g 0.32ozlgal water or 1 qt/ 100 gal water. Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Canada thistle Identification and Management Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a non-native deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seeds and aggressive, creeping horizontal roots (rhizomes). Canada thistle can grow 2 to 5 feet in height. The leaves are oblong, spiny, bright green in color, and are only slightly hairy on the undersurface. Flowers occur in small clusters that form on the ends of branches. They are about 1 cm in diameter, tubular shaped, and vary from white to purple in color with a strong vanilla scent (female flowers). Canada thistle emerges from its root system from late April through May. It begins to flower in late spring to early summer with increase in day length. Canada thistle only produces about 1,000 to 1,500 seeds per plant. Typically, it reproduces vegetatively through a creeping root system, and can quickly form dense stands. Every piece of root, from 1/z to 1 inch in length, is capable of forming new plants. The key to controlling Canada thistle is to eliminate seed production and also to reduce the plant's nutrient reserves in its root system through persistent, long-term management. Canada thistle is one of the most feared noxious weeds in the U.S. as it can infest many land types, from roadsides, ditch banks, riparian zones, pastures, irrigated cropland, to the most productive dryland cropland. Forage production is severely reduced because cattle will not graze near infestations. Combining control methods for Canada thistle is imperative. The weed needs to be continually stressed, forcing it to exhaust root nutrient stores and eventually die. Of all control methods, prevention is most important. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. On the backside of this sheet are Canada thistle management recommendations. If you have any questions, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website at www.weldweeds.org Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of Canada thistle. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Good grazing management will stimulate grass growth and keep pastures healthy. Healthy pastures may be more resistant to Canada thistle invasion. Bare spots caused by overgrazing are prime habitat for weed infestations. Mechanical - Due to the extensive root system, hand -pulling this plant is not a viable option. Mowing can be effective if repeated at about one -month intervals throughout the growing season. Combining mowing with herbicides will further enhance control of this weed. Apply herbicides in spring and/or fall, and then mow during the summer months. Biological - Canada thistle is typically unpalatable to livestock. Although, cattle have been known to eat the plant when it is in the early growth stages. A gall fly, Llrophora cardui, is effective on large infestations and when combined with other control methods. Insects can be obtained at no charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Please call 970-464-7916 or go to www.palisadeinsectray.com for more information. Herbicides - The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Conunents Milestone 5-7 oz.tacre or 2.5 ml/gal water Spring- up to early bud stage and fall rosette stage. Safe near a number of trees. Check label for more information. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 ozigal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Curtail 2-3qts./acre or 2.0-2.5 ozlgal water Spring- at 6-10" growth stage to pre -bud and in fall rosette stage. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Telar XP 2 oz/acre Apply from rosette to flower stage when all plants have emerged. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clarity + 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre for each product or 1 ozlgal water for each product Spring- early bud stage and fall rosette stage. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water, Weed of the Week Common Mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Common Names: big taper, common mullein, flannel mullein, flannel plant, great mullein, mullein, velvet dock, velvet plant, woolly mullein Native Origin: Asia and Europe Description: An erect biannual herb in the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) growing 5 to 10 feet in height. In the first year it produces a low vegetative rosette up to 24 inches in diameter, remains thought the winter, then produces a stout flowering stem in the succeeding growing season. The stem is densely woolly with branched hairs. Leaves are alternate, oblong-obovate to obovate-lanceolate, blue - grey green, woolly and 4-16 inches long including the petiole. Leaves become progressively smaller up the flowering stem. Flowers are sessile (attached to stem), borne in long terminal spikes, bright yellow, 5 fused petals, and 1 inch in diameter. Plants die after flowering. Fruits are wooly oval capsules that split open when mature releasing 100,000 to 180,000 seeds from the parent plant. Seeds are dispersed by wind and animals, and may remain viable in the soil for over 100 years. It reproduces solely by seed. The root system is comprised of a deep taproot and fibrous roots. Habitat: Common mullein occurs in areas with an average annual precipitation of 20-60 inches and a 140 -day growing season. It is usually abundant on well -drained soils with pH 6.5 to 7.8. It prefers dry sandy soils but can grow in chalk and limestone. It can be found in neglected meadows, forest openings, pastures, fence rows, roadsides, and industrial areas. Distribution: This species is reported from states shaded on Plants Database map. It is reported invasive in AZ, CA, CO, CT, HI, ID, IL, MO, NJ, NV, OH, OR, PA, SD, TN, VA, WA, WI, WV, and WY. Ecological Impacts: Once established it grows quickly to form a dense ground cover. It can overtake and displace native species. At the high densities, it appears to prevent establishment of native herbs and grasses following fires or other disturbances. Control and Management: ■ Manual- Hand pull before seed set, bag and dispose of plants to prevent spread • Chemical- It can be effectively controlled using any of several readily available general use herbicides such as glyphosate or triclopyr. For some sites, applications can be made during the early spring when most other non -target vegetation is dormant. Follow label and state requirements. • Biological control- Two insects that have possible biological control implications for common mullein are European curculionid weevil (Gymnaetron tetrum) and mullein moth (Cucullia verbasci). References: www.forestimages.org, http://plants.usda.gov, www.nps.gov/plants/alien/list/a.htm, www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/vethl.htm, www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/vesth.htm http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/verbtha.html. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/SoilCrop/extension/CEPEP/profiles/common%20mullein.pdf http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/pdfs/species_bios_pdfs/Species_bios_VETH. pdf Produced by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, PA. WOW 09-11-06 Invasive Plants website: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Diffuse knapweed Identification and Management Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, diffuse knapweed appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring - the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Once the plant dries up, it breaks off at ground level and becomes a tumbleweed allowing seeds to be dispersed over long distances. A prolific seed producer, diffuse knapweed can produce up to 18,000 seeds per plant. Therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Diffuse knapweed can grow 1 to 3 feet tall, and is diffusely branched above ground. This gives the plant a ball -shaped appearance and tumble- weed mobility when broken off. Leaves are small, and are reduced in size near the flowering heads. Flowers are mostly white, sometimes purple, urn - shaped, and are located on each branch tip. Bracts that enclose the flowerheads are divided like teeth of a comb, and are tipped with a definite slender spine. Upon drying, the bracts become rough, rendering them injurious to the touch. You can expect to see flowers from July through August. Seed set usually occurs by mid -August. Diffuse knapweed tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. It may also be found on rangeland, roadsides, riparian areas, and trails. It is a tough competitor on dry sites and rapidly invades and dominates disturbed areas. Once established, diffuse knapweed outcompetes and reduces the quantity of desirable native perennial grasses. As a result, biodiversity and land values are reduced, and soil erosion is increased. On the backside of this sheet are diffuse knapweed management recommendations. If you have any questions, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496, ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org. species such as Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of diffuse knapweed. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Mechanical - Mowing the above -ground portion of the plant, before seed set may be an effective way to reduce seed production. Mowings should be followed by a fall herbicide treatment. Pulling can be effective on smaller infestations, but must be done repeatedly. Biological - Biological control agents, such as the seed head weevil (Larinus minutus) and the gall -forming fly (Urophora affinis), are two of several species that are effective at controlling large infestations. When used together, these insects provide fair to good control. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the agents to establish significant populations and achieve optimum management results. Biocontrol agents can be obtained at no charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture's Insectary. Please call 970-464-7916 or go to www.palisadeinsectary.com for more information. Diffuse knapweed is more likely to be grazed by sheep. The plants must be green and succulent and the only forage available in order for sheep to graze it. Herbicides - The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Comments 2,4-D Amine l qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring/fall rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Curtail 2 qts./acre or 2.0 oz/gal water Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clarity 1 qt./acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Spring rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens and/or late fall treatment of rosettes. DO NOT apply near or under trees and/or shrubs or when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Milestone 5 to 7 oz/ acre Apply to plants in the spring rosette stage and/or to dormant plants in the fall, If the plants are in the bud stage add 2,4-D at 32 oz./acre. It is permissible to treat seasonally dry wetlands and transitional areas between upland and lowland sites, DO NOT rotate to a broadleaf crop within 1 year of application. Add a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. The seedhead gall fly, Urophora quadrifasciata, is one of many biocontrol agents available for release to control diffuse knapweed. List C Species Colorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Key ID Points 1. Leaves are shaped like ar- rowheads. 2. Flowers are funnel -shaped, white to pink, and have two small bracts one inch below the flower base. Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Field bindweed Identification and Management Identification and Impacts Fieldbindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) is a non-native deep- rooted perennial that reproduces from seed and creeping, horizontal roots (rhizomes). Field bindweed stems are prostrate (grows low to the ground) and twining, and grow up to 6 feet long. Leaves are distinguishable by their arrowhead shape. The flowers are bell or trumpet -shaped, white to pink in color, and are about 1 inch long. Field bindweed seeds can remain viable in the soil for up to 40 years. Field bindweed emerges from its root system in the spring. Flowering occurs from June to September and until the first fall frost. The number of seeds produced per plant ranges from 25 to 300 and seed production is variable depending on environmental conditions. Field bindweed is an extremely difficult noxious weed to control because, in part, of its taproot that may go 20 feet deep into the soil, and which repeatedly gives rise to numerous long rhizomes. Field bindweed is a problem throughout Colorado. It is one of the most competitive perennial weeds. It is widespread in cultivated areas, pastures, lawns, gardens, roadsides, and waste areas from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in elevation. To successfully manage field bindweed, containment and persistence in controlling existing stands are necessary in order to exhaust the root system and deplete the soil seed bank. This weed needs to be continually stressed, forcing it to exhaust root nutrient stores and eventually die. Of all control methods, prevention is most important. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations, A healthy cover of desirable perennial plants will assist in discouraging field bindweed establishment, Field bindweed is designated as a "List C" species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jursidictions managing this species. n the back of this sheet are field bindweed management recommendations. For more information, visit www.ag.state. co.us/csd/csdhome,html. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. White flower © Mary Ellen Harte, Invasive.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing. 2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species http://www.ag.state.co.us/csd/csdhome.html Management Recomendations 7:1 46011 r. . CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of field bindweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix Irate rated Weed g Management: s. recommendations. Maintain healthy Field bindweed pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. requires active management once iris established because of its potential BIOLOGICAL to regeneratetill '''-°� _ e bindweed gall mite, Acerb rapidly, Even - � . mahlerbae, has proven to be effective small hoabestatlo s should be viewed d in reducing field bindweed infestations. as a serious threat .11.. is is an option for large infestations. and managed o obtain a mite release, contact the aggressively, , : :� •, Colorado Department of Agriculture, - _ . _ 970,4647916. Contain and indweed mite damage persistently control infestations in order rlmi Imri �m4 • �� 111•14 Conservation Services Division Colorado Dept. of Agriculture 303-239-4100 :'.1. � aC $ ? eF1�r _' gib& ; `e ^k ".. 1.. ' -,,., { r . - t ! v-" *_ s LL ° w � ° *A''�• .. { r:r ice. �. _1 MECHANICAL • Cutting, mowing, or pulling has a negligible effect unless the plants are cut below the surface in the early seedling stage. Well -established populations have a large seed bank in the soil that can remain viable for over 40 years. to exhaust the root p system and deplete the soil seed bank, Maintain a healthy cover ofperennial plants to discourage field bindweed establishment, HERBICIDES: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and40) pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of30gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbi- cide label is the LAW: HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Clarity + 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Just after full -bloom and/or fall, DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/ 100 gal water. Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide* 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Just after full -bloom and/or fall, DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/ 100 gal water. Roundup Ultra *nonselective herbicide, will kill all vegetation* 4 - 5 qts./acre or 4 - 5 oz/gal water Apply at full -bloom and/or fall, Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Use caution when applying near grasses or other desirable vegetation. Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Common Mullein and Moth Mullein Identification and Management Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) and Moth Mullein (Verbaseum blattaria) are non-native escaped ornamental biennials that have spread throughout the United States. These plants develop fibrous roots and a deep taproot. Both form a basal rosette in the first growth year and midway through the second season the plants "bolt" producing flower stalks. Common Mullein has rosette leaves which can be over a foot long. They have smooth edges with dense silvery hairs on both sides giving the leaves a woolly appearance. The flowering stalk is usually solitary and can be over 8 feet tall. Occasionally a few upright branches occur near the top. Leaves on the flowering stem are alternate and become smaller and more pointed close to the top of the plant. The flowers are sulfur -yellow, 5 lobed and united at the base. The stalk is densely packed with flowers attached directly to the stalk. A prolific seed producer, common mullein seeds can remain viable in the soil for 35 years. Common mullein is a List C noxious weed and is frequently found in pastures, roadsides and dry disturbed sites. Moth Mullein Rosette Lackin ' Hair! Densely Haired Common Mullein Rosette Common Mullein Flower Moth Mullein Flower — Notice The Stem Moth Mullein leaves are dark green, are oblong tapering to a point with toothed edges, have prominent veins and lack the hairy covering. It has a shorter flowering stalk (2 to 5 feet) and supports flowers ranging from yellow to white with a purplish center. The flowers are each on a short stem and arranged in loose clusters at the top of the stalk. Moth mullein also is a prolific seed producer and the seeds remain viable for 90 years. It is a B list noxious weed and is presumably eradicated in Weld County. Its preferred habitat is similar to common mullein Below are management recommendations for both common and moth mullein. If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of musk thistle. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Mechanical - Mowing or chopping is most effective when mullein plants are at the early flower stage but will have to be repeated throughout the season. Grubbing or digging the plants below the root crown level is effective in the rosette stage. Biological -There is no recommended Biological control at this time. Herbicides - The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the herbicide label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Comments Milestone 7 oz./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Tordon 22K + 2,4 D 1 — 1.5 pints/acre + 1 qt/acre Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water, Do not apply near or under trees or near water. Telar XP 1 —3 oz/acre Apply from rosette to early bolt stage of growth. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Roundup 2-3 qts/acre Or 2-3 oz/gal water Roundup is a non -selective herbicide — do not let spray drift to non -target species. Apply when plants are actively growing. Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org. Common Mullein Plant Moth Mullein Plant Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Musk thistle Identification and Management Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, musk thistle appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring - the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. A prolific seed producer, musk thistle can produce up to 20,000 seeds per plant. Therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Musk thistle can grow up to 6 feet tall. The leaves are spiny, waxy, and dark green in color with a light green midrib. The flowers are purple, large in size (1.5 to 3 inches in diameter), nodding, and terminal. The flowers are surrounded by numerous, lance -shaped, spine -tipped bracts. You can expect to see flowers from late May and June. Seed set usually occurs in June or July. Musk thistle tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. Once a pasture is infested, the livestock carrying capacity for that area is significantly decreased. Musk thistle may also occur on rangeland, roadsides, ditches, riparian areas, and trails. On the backside of this sheet are musk thistle management recommendations. If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of musk thistle. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Mechanical - Mowing or chopping is most effective when musk thistle plants are at bud stage. Grubbing or digging the plants below the root crown level is effective as well. Do this while the plant is in the rosette stage. Biological - Livestock tend to avoid grazing on musk thistle, although horses and cattle have been known to eat the flowerheads. Biological control insects, such as the seed head weevil (Rhinocyllus conicus) and the crown weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus) are effective on large infestations. When used together, these insects provide fair to good control. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the insects to establish significant populations and achieve optimum management results. Insects can be obtained at no charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Please call 970-464-7916 or go to www.palisadeinsectary.com for more information. Herbicides - The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the herbicide label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Connnents Milestone 3 to 5 oz/acre Apply to plants in the spring and early summer at rosette or early bolting stage or to the fall rosette. DO NOT rotate to a broadleaf crop within 1 year of application. Add a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring/fall rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Curtail 1.5 — 2 qts./acre or 1.5-2.0 oz/gal water Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0,32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clarity 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens and/or late fall treatment of rosettes. DO NOT apply near or under trees and/or shrubs or when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. PUNCTUREVINE Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Puncturevine (Tribulus ferrestris) is an aptly named summer annual found widely in California. Native to south- ern Europe, it can grow under a wide range of conditions, but its success is likely due to its ability to thrive in hot and dry conditions where other plants cannot. It can be a major problem in orchards, pastures, turf, and along roadsides and ditch banks. Although it is known to be toxic to sheep, its main weedy characteristic, as indicated by its common names of puncturevine or cal- trop, is its spiky seedpods. (A caltrop is a metal device, used to deter passage by vehicles with pneumatic tires or the hooves of horses; it has four projecting spikes so arranged that when three of the spikes are on the ground, the fourth points upward to poke a tire or hoof.) The seeds of puncturevine are enclosed in a hard caltrop-like case that can injure livestock, people, and pets when stepped on and can even punc- ture bicycle tires. Another common name is "goathead." IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE Puncturevine is a summer annual broadleaf weed that generally grows low to the ground forming dense mats 2 to 5 feet in diameter (Fig. 1). The stems radiate out from a central point at the taproot. The plant does not root from the stems. The hairy leaves are opposite each other and divided into four to eight pairs of leaflets that are also opposite each other. Yellow flow- ers up to '/z inch wide with five petals are found in the leaf axils. After the flower is pollinated, a seedpod forms that is a cluster of five flat spiny burrs containing up to five seeds. As the seedpod matures, it turns gray or tan, gets very hard and breaks apart so that the individual spikes, or burrs, can stick into passing animals and tires. These burrs disperse by adhering to tires, shoes and clothing of people, and the fur, feathers, or feet of animals. Puncturevine germinates in the spring and summer from seeds produced the previous year. Good soil moisture and warm tem- peratures are needed for germination, but after the plant is established it can tolerate dry soils due to its rapidly produced deep taproot. The plant may start flowering within 3 weeks of germination and flowering will continue throughout the summer. Seeds are primarily dor- mant in the first season, but may germinate the next spring. Seeds may remain viable in the soil for up to five years. Puncturevine plants can- not tolerate freezing temperatures. IMPACT A typical puncturevine plant will produce 200 to 5,000 seeds during one growing season, depending on available soil moisture and other en- vironmental factors. These seeds and those that did not germinate from previous seasons will contribute to the potential weed population the following year. With its deep taproot, puncturevine competes aggressively for water and nutrients in tree and field crops and turf. Puncturevine in hay will mark- edly reduce the quality of the product. Figure 1. Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris). Prostrate plant with flowers and fruits, or burrs. A. Single burr containing 2-5 seeds, B. Fruit or see dpod, C. Flower. When allowed to grow unchecked, puncturevine will develop into a thick mat, hiding the sharp burrs. Even un- der limited growth conditions, punc- turevine's prolific production of the seed burrs creates dangerous conditions for livestock, people, and pets. Grazing livestock in areas infested with puncturevine is not recommend- ed. The sharp spines of the seed burr can injure the mouth and digestive tract or feet of animals. Puncturevine can be particularly toxic to sheep, causing sensitivity to light resulting in skin lesions and swelling of ears and lips. Severe effects include blindness, necrosis of skin, loss of lips and ears, and death in young animals. Addition - EST NOTES Publication 74128 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources March 2006 March 2006 Puncturevine ally, puncturevine may contribute to nitrate poisoning in sheep and cattle. Symptoms of nitrate poisoning include labored breathing, staggering, tongue and the white of the eyes turning blue, and loss of appetite. MANAGEMENT Long-term control of puncturevine can be achieved by reducing the amount of seeds in the soil. This is best accom- plished by removing plants before they produce seeds (i.e., before or at flower- ing) and continuing to do so over sever- al years. Burrs that have dropped after removing the plant may be collected and removed by sweeping or raking the ground. Even patting the ground with a piece of carpet will help collect the burrs. Biological control from two introduced weevils is also very ef- fective, but there may be resurgences every few years as the number of the weevils decline along with the popula- tion of the puncturevine. The primary method of manage- ment for puncturevine in the home landscape and garden is removal of seedlings and older plants by hand or hoeing, taking care to also remove any burrs that fall off the plant. Avoid bringing puncturevine into uninfested areas on shoes and the wheels of mow- ers or carts. Cultural and Mechanical Control In most situations, puncturevine is best controlled by hand removal or by hoeing to cut the plant off at its taproot. Monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the late spring and into the summer will greatly reduce the impact of the weed the next year. Shallow tilling (about 1 inch deep) of seedlings or small plants can be effec- tive in larger areas. Deeper tilling is not recommended since this may bury seeds and they may be able to germi- nate for several years afterwards. Hand removal, hoeing, or cultivation should be initiated prior to flowering and seed production. Mowing is not an effective method of control since the plant grows low to the ground. Mulches can be used to control com- mon puncturevine in ornamental plantings, orchards, vineyards, vege- table crops, and gardens, if they screen out all light. To be effective, organic mulches should be at least 3 inches thick. However, puncturevine burrs that fall onto mulch surfaces can es- tablish on the mulch surface due to the puncturevine's deep taproot. Synthetic mulches, which screen out light and provide a physical barrier to seedling development, also work well. Aeration of compacted sites and plant- ing competitive desirable plants can also reduce the impact of puncturevine by making the area more favorable for the growth of the desired plants and re- ducing resources available to the weed. Biological Control Two weevils, Microlarinus lareipth and M. hypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the immature burr or flower bud and the larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate and emerge as adults, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Generation time is 19 to 24 days in the summer in southern California. Microlarinus h/priformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle except that it lays its eggs in the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. The adults emerge from holes chewed in the upper surfaces of the stems, branches, and crowns. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncturevine is moisture -stressed. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological control suppliers but purchase and release is not generally recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at your location. In most California counties where releases would be beneficial, county agricultural commissioners have release programs or can direct you to collection sites where you may be able to collect them yourself. Contact your county agricultural com- missioner's office for more information. Chemical Control Chemical control is generally not nec- essary for the control of puncturevine in the home landscape. However, in large areas, or places where there was a heavy infestation in previous years so that it's difficult to remove by hand, hoeing, or tilling, herbicides may be used to control puncturevine. There are few preemergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring). After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products contain- ing 2,4-D, glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncturevine. The smaller or younger the plant, the bet- ter the postemergent herbicides work. Dicamba and 2,4-D will injure most broadleaf plants so it is important that they only be applied to the weeds and drift is minimized. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed. REFERENCES Anonymous. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000. Houghton Mifflin Company. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Tribulus terrestris. Encyclo- weedia. Available online, http://www. cdfa.ca.gov/phpps /ipc/weedinfoltribu- lus-terrestris.htm. Accessed January 12, 2006. Donaldson, S. and D. Rafferty. 2003. Identification and Management of Punc- turevine (Tribulus terrestris L.). Nevada ♦ 2 of 3 • March 2006 Puncturevine Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet FS -03- 34. http://www.unce.unr.edu/publica- tions/FS03/FS0334.pdf Legner, E. F. Puncturevine, Trihulus terrestris L. - Zygophyllaceae. Biological - Integrated Pest Control & Insect Identifi- cation. Available online, http://www. faculty.ucr.edu/--legneref / biotact/ch- 88.htm. Accessed February 8, 2006 through http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/ legneref/ biotact/index.html. Whitson T. D., ed.. 2002. Puncturevine. Weeds of the West. Western Society of Weed Science. p. 597. + For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension in your county. See your telephone directory for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: C. A. Wilen, UC Statewide IPM Program, San Diego Co. TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint COORDINATION & PRODUCTION: P. N. Galin ILLUSTRATION: Drawing by Lucretia Breazeale Hamilton used with permission from An Illustrated Guide to Arizona Weeds, by Kittie F. Parker, © 1972 The Arizona Board of Regents. Produced by IPM Education & Publications, UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) UC UC REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified profession- als. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon worksupported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid driftonto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash or pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination or harassment of any person on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, pregnancy (including childbirth, and medical condi- tions related to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer -related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (covered veterans are special disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Vietnam era veterans, or any other veterans who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedi- tion for which a campaign badge has been authorized) in any of its programs or activities. University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3550, (510) 987-0096. ♦ 3 of 3 • Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Russian Olive/Elaeagnus angustifolia Identification and Management Russian olive is a non-native deciduous shrub or small tree that can reach 10-25 feet tall. The foliage has an overall silvery appearance. The leaves are arranged alternately, 2-3 inches long and narrow with smooth margins. The upper surface is gray - green while the lower surface and leaf stalks are silvery -gray. The bark is dark reddish - brown in color and usually has 1-2 inch thorns. The twigs also have a silver-gray appearance. The flowers appear between May and June, they are yellow, bell shaped and an-anged in clusters. The tree starts to produce fruit at 3 year of age. The fruit is shaped like a small olive and contain a single seed. The seeds are viable for up to 3 years. The Russian olive spreads mostly through seeds but can re -grow from injury. The Russian olive is very adaptable. The seedlings are tolerant of shade and drought conditions. It can thrive in a variety of soil types, including bare mineral substrates. They can grow between sea level and 8,000 feet. The Russian olive originated in southern Europe, central Asia and eastern Asia. They were introduced to the United States in the late nineteenth century as an ornamental shrub or small tree. It has been used extensively in wind breaks and stream bank stabilization. Russian olive will out -compete native vegetation, changes soil characteristics and taxes water reserves. It rapidly takes over lowland fields and often dries up irrigation ditches. Although the fruit is often eaten by birds, studies show there is a greater number of birds in an area dominated by native Cottonwoods. The long thorns the plant produces can make a stand of Russian olive impassable to cows and wildlife. This results in fewer native plants and less animal diversity. f , x`46 The most effective method of control for Russian olive is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. Monitor susceptible areas for new infestations. On the backside of this sheet are Russian olive management recommendations. If you have any questions or would like more information, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304- 6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org. Recommended management methods: Cultural - After managing Russian olive infestations, other vegetation must be established to prevent re -invasion. Competitive grasses and planted cottonwood cuttings have proven to be effective at reducing the chances of re -invasion. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for proper seed mix recommendations. Mechanical - In areas where woody native plants are present and their continued existence is desired, or for large stands of Russian olive it may be necessary to cut and treat the stumps with a herbicide. This is referred to as the cut -stump treatment. Cuts should be made within 2 inches of the grounds surface, immediately followed by a herbicide application to the cut stems. The girdling method involves making shallow, overlapping cuts into the bark around the trunk base. Use a hatchet or chainsaw to make these cuts. Then lightly spray the entire cut surface with herbicide. Herbicides - For large stands of Russian olive that would essentially be monotypic, foliar applications of herbicides are effective. Late summer/early fall are optimum treatment times using this method. This is recommended for areas that have little to no desirable shrubs and trees. Always read, understand, and follow herbicide label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Comments Roundup Pro or Max or Ultra 50-100% concentrate Cut -Stump treatment. Ensure coverage of the entire cambium. Cut trees and re -sprouts close to the soil surface. Apply immediately to the freshly cut surface. Applications should be made during periods of active growth and full leaf expansion. Non -Selective. Remedy Ultra Actively growing rate: Cut -Stump treatment. Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present. No grazing restrictions for livestock other than lactating dairy animals. Best time to treat is when actively growing. Established grasses are tolerant. 14 day haying restriction. For root suckering trees, also spray the ground under the plant to control root suckers not yet visible. Selective. 1.5-2% solution in oil Or Dormant rate: 3-6 qts in oil to make 100 gallons total. Pathfinder Ready- to -use Cut -Stump treatment. Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present. Seasonally dry wetland areas ok. No grazing restrictions for livestock other than lactating dairy animals. 14 day haying restriction. No more than 2.7 gallons/acre/year may be applied. Selective. Arsenal 8-12 oz/gal water (plus 0.25% surfactant) Cut -Stump treatment. Addition of a surfactant will improve control. Either non-ionic or methylated seed oil may be used. Re- entry interval of 48 hours. Non -Selective. Habitat 2-4 pints/acre Or 1% solution plus 0.25% non-ionic surfactant Cut -Stump treatment. After treating, wait at least 2 years to disturb the site. Do not apply more than 6 pints of Habitat/acre/year. Used in treating aquatic vegetation in and around standing water and flowing water. There are no restrictions on livestock consumption of water from the treatment area. Non -Selective. Rangeland -Pasture Recommendations Scotch thistle Identification and Management Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, Scotch thistle appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring - the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. A prolific seed producer, Scotch thistle can produce up to 14,000 seeds per plant. Therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Scotch thistle can grow up to 12 feet tall. Stems are numerous, branched, and have broad, spiny wings. The leaves are large, green, spiny, and covered with fine dense hair giving the leaf a woolly appearance. The flowers are violet to reddish in color, numerous (70-100/plant), and are surrounded by spine - tipped bracts. You can expect to see flowers from mid -June to September. Due to the robust, spiny nature of Scotch thistle, this plant can act as a living barbed wire fence, making areas impassible for wildlife, livestock, and people. Scotch thistle invades rangeland, overgrazed pastures, roadsides, and irrigation ditches. It also prefers moist areas adjacent to creeks and rivers. On the backside of this sheet are Scotch thistle management recommendations. If you have any questions, please contact the Weld County Public Works Dept., Weed Division at (970) 304-6496 ext. 3770. Please visit our website www.weldweeds.org. Recommended management methods: Cultural - Establishment of selected, aggressive grasses can be an effective cultural control of Scotch thistle. Contact your local CSU Extension office or Natural Resources Conservation Service office for seed mix recommendations. Good grazing management will stimulate grass growth and keep pastures healthy. Healthy pastures may be more resistant to Scotch thistle invasion. Bare spots caused by overgrazing are prime habitat for weed infestations. Mechanical - Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill Scotch thistle. Mowing or chopping is most effective when Scotch thistle plants are at full -bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants, since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Biological - There are no biological control insects available that will control Scotch thistle. Herbicides - The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Herbicide Rate Application Timing/Conmients 2,4-D Amine I gt.lacre or I ozlgal water Spring/fall rosette — before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 ozlgal water or 1 qt/100 gal water, Curtail 1.5 —2 qts./acre or 1.5-2.0 oz/gal water Spring rosette to pre -bud stage and/or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 ozlgal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clarity 1 qt./acre or 1.0 oz/gal water Spring rosette —before flowering stalk lengthens and/or late fall treatment of rosettes. DO NOT apply near or under trees and/or shrubs or when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Milestone 3 to 5 oz/ acre Apply to plants in the spring and early summer at rosette or bolting stage or to the fall rosette. It is permissible to treat seasonally dry wetlands and transitional areas between upland and lowland sites. DO NOT rotate to a broadleaf crop within 1 year of application. Add a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Hello