HomeMy WebLinkAbout20230594.tiffsoil survey of
Weld County, Colorado
Northern Part
United States Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service
in cooperation with
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
HOW TO USE
1
4
Locate your area of interest on
the "Index to Map Sheets" (the
last page of this publication).
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Locate your area of interest
on the map sheet.
that are in your area
2
Note the number of the map
• sheet and turn to that sheet.
List the map unit symbols
Symbols
27C
56B
131B
134A
148B
151C
THIS SOIL SURVEY
5
6.
Turn to "Index to Soil Map Units"
which lists the name of each map unit and the
page where that map unit is described.
See "Summary of Tables" (following the
Contents) for location of additional data
on a specific soil use.
7
.,
DS St,
Consult "Contents" for parts of the publication that will meet your specific needs.
This survey contains useful information for farmers or ranchers, foresters or
agronomists; for planners, community decision makers, engineers, developers,
builders, or homcbuyers; for conservationists, recreationists, teachers, or students;
for specialists in wildlife management, waste disposal, or pollution control.
This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a
joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other federal
agencies, state agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and
local agencies. The Soil Conservation Service has leadership for the federal
part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. In line with Department of
Agriculture policies, benefits of this program are available to all, regardless of
race, color, national origin, sex, religion, marital status, or age.
Major fieldwork for this soil survey was performed in the period 1976-79. Soil
names and descriptions were approved in 1979. Unless otherwise indicated,
statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1979.
This survey was made cooperatively by the Soil Conservation Service, the
Forest Service, the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, and Weld County.
It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the West Greeley, Centennial,
and Morgan Soil Conservation Districts.
Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of
these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping.
If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could
have been shown at a larger scale.
ii
contents
Index to soil map units
Summary of tables
Foreword
General nature of the survey area
How this survey was made
General soil map units
Detailed soil map units
Map unit descriptions
Prime farmland
Use and management of the soils
Crops and pasture
Rangeland
Windbreaks and environmental plantings
soil series
iv Recreation 57
v Wildlife habitat 57
vii Engineering 58
1 Soli properties 63
3 Engineering index properties 63
5 Physical and chemical properties 64
11 Soil and water features 65
11 Classification of the soils 67
51 Soil series and their morphology 67
53 53 References 85
55 Glossary 87
56 Tables 95
Altvan series
Ascalon series
Avar series
Bankard series
Blakeland series
Bresser series
Bushman series
Canyon series
Cascajo series
Curabith series
Cushman series
Dacono series
Dix series
Eckley series
Epping series
Haverson series
Keith series
Keota series
Kim series
Manter series
Manzanola series
67
68
68
69
69
70
70
71
71
71
72
72
72
73
73
73
74
74
75
75
75
Midway series 76
Mitchell series 76
Nucla series 77
Nunn series 77
Olney series 77
Otero series 78
Paoli series 78
Peetz series 79
Platner series 79
Renohill series 79
Rosebud series 80
Shingle series 80
Stoneham series 81
Tassel series 81
Terry series 81
Thedalund series 82
Treon series 82
Vona series 82
Wages series 83
Weld series 83
Issued August 1982
index to soil map units
1—Altvan fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
2—Altvan fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
3—Argiustolls-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 9 percent
slopes
4 —Ascalon fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
5 —Ascalon fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
6—Ascalon-Blakeland complex, 3 to 15 percent
slopes
7—Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 0 to 3
percent slopes
8—Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 3 to 15
percent slopes
9—Avar fine sandy loam
10—Avar-Manzanola complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes
11—Badland
12—Bankard loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
13—Blakeland loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes
14—Blakeland loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes
15—Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
16—Bresser sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
17 —Bushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes
18 —Bushman fine sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent
slopes
19—Bushman-Curabith-Canyon complex, 0 to 20
percent slopes
20—Cascajo gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent
slopes
21 —Cushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes
22 —Cushman fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes
23—Dacono clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
24—Eckley sandy clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
25—Eckley sandy clay loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
26—Eckley-Dix-Blakeland complex, 6 to 20 percent
slopes
27 —Epping silt loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
28—Haplaquolls-Fluvaquents complex, frequently
flooded
29—Haverson loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
30 —Keith loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
31 —Kim -Mitchell complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes
32 —Kim -Mitchell complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes
33 —Kim -Shingle complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes
34—Manter sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
35—Manter sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
36—Manzanola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
37 —Midway clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
38—N ucla loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
39—Nucla loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
40 —Nunn loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
41 —Nunn clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
42 —Olney loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
43 —Olney loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes
44 —Olney fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
45 —Olney fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
46 —Otero sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
47 —Otero sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
48 —Otero -Tassel complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes
49 —Paoli fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
50 —Paoli fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
51—Peetz gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent
slopes
52—Peetz-Altvan complex, 0 to 20 percent slopes
53—Peetz-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent
slopes
54—Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
55—Renohill fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
56—Renohill fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
57—Renohill-Shingle complex, 3 to 9 percent slopes
58 —Rosebud fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes
59 —Rosebud fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes
60 —Shingle clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
61 —Stoneham fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes
62 —Stoneham fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes
63 —Tassel loamy fine sand, 5 to 20 percent slopes
64 —Terry sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
65 —Terry sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
66—Thedalund-Keota loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes
67—Thedalund-Keota loams, 3 to 9 percent slopes
68—Treon fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes
69—Treon-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent
slopes
70—Ustic Torriorthents-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to
40 percent slopes
71 —Vona loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
72 —Vona loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes
73 —Vona sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
74 —Vona sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
75 —Wages fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
76 —Wages fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
77 —Weld loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
36
36
36
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
iv
summary of tables
Acreage and proportionate extent of the soils (table 1) 96
Acres. Percent.
Yields per acre of nonirrigated crops and pasture (table 2) 98
Wheat. Barley. Annual hay crops.
Recreational development (table 3) 100
Camp areas. Picnic areas. Playgrounds. Paths and trails.
Building site development (table 4) 106
Shallow excavations. Dwellings without basements.
Dwellings with basements. Small commercial buildings.
Local roads and streets.
Sanitary facilities (table 5) 112
Septic tank absorption fields. Sewage lagoon areas.
Trench sanitary landfill. Area sanitary landfill. Daily cover
for landfill.
Construction materials (table 6) 117
Roadfill. Sand. Gravel. Topsoil.
Water management (table 7) 122
Limitations for —Pond reservoir areas; Embankments,
dikes, and levees. Features affecting —Drainage, Irrigation,
Terraces and diversions, Grassed waterways.
Engineering index properties (table 8) 127
Depth. USDA texture. Classification —Unified, AASHTO.
Fragments greater than 3 inches. Percentage passing
sieve number -4, 10, 40, 200. Liquid limit. Plasticity index.
Physical and chemical properties of soils (table 9) 136
Depth. Clay. Moist bulk density. Permeability. Available
water capacity. Soil reaction. Salinity. Shrink -swell
potential. Erosion factors. Wind erodibility group. Organic
matter.
Soil and water features (table 10) 141
Hydrologic group. Flooding. Bedrock. Potential frost
action. Risk of corrosion.
Classification of the soils (table 11) 145
Family or higher taxonomic class.
V
foreword
This soil survey contains information that can be used in land -planning
programs in Weld County, Northern Part. It contains predictions of soil behavior
for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards
inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the
impact of selected land uses on the environment.
This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers,
foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and
the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners,
community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use
the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special
practices needed to insure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers,
students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal,
and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and
enhance the environment.
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some
soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock.
Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads.
Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A
high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground
installations.
These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in
this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The
location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey
area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in
using this publication and additional information are available at the local office
of the Soil Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.
..,/e,‘_-‹.OP',e,rx._c,
Sheldon G. Boone
State Conservationist
Soil Conservation Service
CRAIG •
GRAND JUNCTION
•
FORT COLLINS
STERLING
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DENVER
ENVER
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COLORADO SPRINGS
•TRINIDAD
•
SPRINGFIELD
* State Agricultural Experiment Station
Location of Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part.
soil survey of
Weld County, Colorado
Northern Part
By James A. Crabb, Soil Conservation Service
Fieldwork by James A. Crabb, Peter L. Smith, and Dwight E. Curtiss,
Soil Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
and Forest Service, in cooperation with Colorado Agricultural
Experiment Station
WELD COUNTY, NORTHERN PART, is in the
northeastern part of Colorado. It is north of Denver and
east of the Rocky Mountains. The total area is 1,429,520
acres, or about 2,233 square miles. Greeley, the county
seat, is in the southern part of the county.
Most of the acreage in the survey area is used as
rangeland and nonirrigated cropland. A small acreage is
used as irrigated cropland.
Descriptions, names, and delineations of soils in this
soil survey do not fully agree with those on soil maps for
adjacent counties. Differences are the result of better
knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts,
intensity of mapping, or the extent of soils within the
survey.
general nature of the survey area
This section discusses the physiography, drainage,
and relief and the climate in the survey area. It also
discusses the Pawnee National Grassland.
physiography, drainage, and relief
The survey area is in the northern part of the Colorado
Piedmont. It is in three distinct physiographic areas. A
knowledge of the location and nature of these areas
helps in understanding the soils and agriculture in the
survey area.
The largest part of the survey area is on a gently
undulating to rolling plain. This part has great agricultural
value. The soils on the plain formed mainly in alluvium.
Also on the plain are some areas of reworked old
alluvium, wind -modified alluvium, and exposed weathered
bedrock, which borders the escarpments to the north.
The most easily observable physiographic area is the
escarpments that extend across the survey area from
west to east. "Chalk Bluffs" and "Pawnee Buttes" are in
this area. The escarpments are rolling to steep, and they
consist of rock outcroppings of siltstone that commonly
have a cap of sandstone. Deposits of material derived
from siltstone, sandstone, and some shale are directly
below the escarpments. The escarpments are used
mainly for cattle grazing and wildlife habitat.
To the north and at a higher elevation than the
escarpments is a gently undulating to rolling high plain.
The soils on this plain formed in alluvium and residuum
derived from sandstone. The high plain has agricultural
value.
The survey area is drained by numerous intermittent
creeks. Some of the major creeks in the western part of
the survey area are Spring, Lone Tree, Owl, and Crow
Creeks. They flow in a southerly direction through the
survey area and join the South Platte River outside the
area.
The major drainageways in the eastern part of the
area are Sidney Draw and Cedar and Pawnee Creeks.
Sidney Draw flows in a northeasterly direction through
the survey area and joins Lodgepole Creek in Nebraska.
Cedar and Pawnee Creeks drain to the east and join the
South Platte River in Logan County.
Elevation in the survey area ranges from
approximately 6,350 feet at the extreme northwestern
corner to 4,300 feet where Pawnee Creek flows from the
area to the east.
1
2 Soil survey
climate
Prepared by the National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
The survey area generally is warm in summer and has
freqent hot days. In winter, periods of very cold weather
occur as a result of Arctic air moving in from the north or
northeast; however, milder periods occur when westerly
winds are warmed as they move downslope. Most
precipitation falls as rain during the warmer part of the
year and normally is heaviest late in spring and early in
summer. Winter snowstorms are frequent, but snow
cover commonly disappears during milder periods.
In winter, the average temperature is 29 degrees F
and the average daily minimum temperature is 14
degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which
occurred at Greeley on February 1, 1951, is -39 degrees.
In summer, the average temperature is 70 degrees and
the average daily maximum temperature is 87 degrees.
The highest recorded temperature, which occurred at Ft.
Lupton on June 23, 1954, is 108 degrees.
The total annual precipitation is 12 inches. Of this, 9
inches, or 75 percent, usually falls in April through
September, which includes the growing season for most
crops. In 2 years out of 10, the rainfall in April through
September is less than 6.5 inches. The heaviest 1 -day
rainfall during the period of record was 3.2 inches at
Greeley on June 8, 1974. Thunderstorms occur on about
41 days each year, and most occur in summer.
The average seasonal snowfall is 40 inches. The
greatest snow depth at any one time during the period of
record was 30 inches. On an average of 18 days, at
least 1 inch of snow is on the ground. The number of
such days varies greatly from year to year.
The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about
40 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average
at dawn is about 69 percent. The sun shines 71 percent
of the time possible in summer and 70 percent in winter.
The prevailing wind is from the south. Average
windspeed is highest, 10.4 miles per hour, in April.
In some years during winter, a blizzard with high winds
and drifting snow occurs in the survey area and snow
remains on the ground for many weeks. In some years
during summer, hailstorms cause severe damage to
crops in the area.
Pawnee National Grassland
By Steward J. Adams, district ranger, Forest Service.
The Pawnee National Grassland (see map at the back
of this publication) is one of 19 national grasslands in
the western United States. Most of the Pawnee National
Grassland is flat to rolling prairie grassland intermingled
with privately owned farmland and grassland.
The national grasslands were started as part of an
economic program. The land originally was settled by
stockmen whose ranches covered vast areas of the
plains. During the late 1800's, overgrazing and
competition for forage started to be a problem. The
homestead acts of the late 1800's and early 1900's
brought in more and more farmers, and by 1913 about
35 percent of the area had been converted to cropland.
The drought and depression of the 1930's caused a
decline in the number of small cultivated farms. Farmers
could no longer make a living from small holdings
managed for intensive cash crops. Many farmers left the
area. The Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, passed in
1937, was a repurchase law designed to aid the
resettlement of farmers, to convert submarginal cropland
back to grassland, to help stabilize the economy, and to
assist those who chose to stay.
The Soil Conservation Service administered the
purchase units as land utilization projects from 1938 to
1954. The land was then transferred to the Forest
Service. Studies of the land were made, and in 1960 the
areas of rangeland suitable for permanent retention were
designated as national grasslands. The grasslands
became a part of the national forest system. In 1961 the
grassland in the survey area was designated Pawnee
National Grassland.
Presently, about 10,000 cattle graze the public land of
the Pawnee National Grassland, which facilitates the
total management and enhances the economy of the
area. The objective of management of national
grasslands is to develop and execute conservation and
utilization programs for all renewable resources in
national grassland areas; this, to the extent feasible,
promotes the integration of the federally administered
land with the associated private and other public lands
into natural management units, which favors the
development of sound land conservation and utilization
practices. Cattle use the forage about 5 months out of
the year.
The federal land is open to hunting that is subject to
state laws and regulations. Wildlife in this grassland area
includes antelope, a few deer, some coyotes, and
rabbits. A few prairie dog towns are scattered throughout
the area.
One of the main recreational uses of the area is bird
watching. The grassland supports large numbers of birds
of many species, especially during migrations. The area
is known internationally as an excellent study area for
birds of prey, and it has good breeding populations of
unique high plains species such as mountain plover,
burrowing owl, McCowan's longspur, and chestnut -
collared longspur. Hikers also use areas of the
grassland, although there are no special hiking trails.
Crow Valley Park is one-fourth mile north of the town
of Briggsdale. The park is located among shade trees
along Crow Creek. Picnic and camping areas are in the
park. The campground is closed in winter.
Additional information on the Pawnee National
Grassland can be obtained from the local office of the
Forest Service.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 3
how this survey was made
Soil scientists made this survey to learn what soils are
in the survey area, where they are, and how they can be
used. They observed the steepness, length, and shape
of slopes; the size of streams and the general pattern of
drainage; the kinds of native plants or crops; and the
kinds of rock. They dug many holes to study soil profiles.
A profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in
a soil. It extends from the surface down into the parent
material, which has been changed very little by leaching
or by plant roots.
The soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the
profiles they studied and compared those profiles with
others in nearby counties and in more distant places.
They classified and named the soils according to
nationwide uniform procedures. They drew the
boundaries of the soils on aerial photographs. These
photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and
other details that help in drawing boundaries accurately.
The soil maps at the back of this publication were
prepared from aerial photographs.
The areas shown on a soil map are called map units.
Most map units are made up of one kind of soil. Some
are made up of two or more kinds. The map units in this
survey area are described under "General soil map
units" and "Detailed soil map units."
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some
soils are taken for laboratory measurements and for
engineering tests. All soils are field tested to determine
their characteristics. Interpretations of those
characteristics may be modified during the survey. Data
are assembled from other sources, such as test results,
records, field experience, and state and local specialists.
For example, data on crop yields under defined
management are assembled from farm records and from
field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.
But only part of a soil survey is done when the soils
have been named, described, interpreted, and delineated
on aerial photographs and when the laboratory data and
other data have been assembled. The mass of detailed
information then needs to be organized so that it can be
used by farmers, rangeland and woodland managers,
engineers, planners, developers and builders, home
buyers, and others.
5
general soil map units
The general soil map at the back of this publication
shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of
soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general
soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, a map
unit consists of one or more major soils and some minor
soils. It is named for the major soils. The soils making up
one unit can occur in other units but in a different
pattern.
The general soil map can be used to compare the
suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of
suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,
areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.
Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for
planning the management of a farm or field or for
selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.
The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place
in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that
affect management.
The 13 map units in this survey have been grouped
into 6 general kinds of landscape for broad interpretive
purposes. Each of the broad groups and the map units in
each group are described in the following pages.
loamy soils on flood plains and adjacent
stream terraces and in swales
This group consists of one map unit. It makes up
about 4 percent of the survey area. The soils in this
group are nearly level to gently sloping. The vegetation
in areas not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and
shrubs and a limited number of hardwoods. The average
annual precipitation is 11 to 13 inches.
The soils in this group are deep and well drained.
They formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Most areas of this group are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland.
1. Haverson-Avar
Deep, well drained, nearly level to gently sloping soils;
on flood plains and adjacent stream terraces and in
swales
This map unit is throughout the survey area. Generally,
it is oriented in the northwest to southeast direction.
Slope is 0 to 3 percent. The vegetation on this unit is
mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs, but there are some
hardwoods along the larger intermittent streams.
Elevation is 4,700 to 5,350 feet.
This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area.
It is about 50 percent Haverson soils and 30 percent
Avar soils. The remaining 20 percent is components of
minor extent.
Haverson soils are on flood plains and adjacent
stream terraces. These soils formed in stratified,
calcareous loamy alluvium. They are medium textured
throughout.
Avar soils are on flood plains and adjacent stream
terraces and in closed swales. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. The surface layer is
moderately fine textured. The subsoil is fine textured.
These soils are very strongly alkaline. Numerous slick
spots are in some areas.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained
Ascalon, Bankard, Manzanola, Olney, Paoli, and Vona
soils and the poorly drained Haplaquolls and
Fluvaquents.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. The main
limitations for most uses are the hazard of soil blowing,
the salinity of the Avar soils, and the hazard of flooding
on the Haverson soils. Management practices that
reduce soil blowing and conserve moisture should be
used.
loamy soils on plains, adjacent stream
terraces, and upland ridges
This group consists of four map units. It makes up
about 54 percent of the survey area. The soils in this
group are nearly level to hilly. The vegetation in areas
not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. The
average annual precipitation is 11 to 13 inches.
The soils in this group are shallow to deep and are
well drained. They formed in calcareous gravelly
alluvium, in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium,
and in calcareous clayey or loamy residuum derived from
shale and sandstone.
This group is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland.
2. Olney-Ascalon-Platner
Deep, well drained, nearly level to rolling soils; on plains
and adjacent stream terraces
This map unit is throughout the survey area; however,
it is mainly south of the sandstone escarpments in the
6 Soil survey
northern part of the area. Slopes are smooth to highly
dissected and are 0 to 15 percent. The vegetation in
areas not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs.
Elevation is 4,400 to 5,700 feet.
This unit makes up about 38 percent of the survey
area. It is about 27 percent Olney soils, 16 percent
Ascalon soils, and 13 percent Platner soils. The
remaining 44 percent is components of minor extent.
Olney soils are gently undulating and are on plains.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. The
surface layer is moderately coarse textured, and the
subsoil is moderately fine textured.
Ascalon soils are nearly level to rolling and are on
plains and adjacent stream terraces. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. The surface layer is
moderately coarse textured to medium textured, and the
subsoil is moderately fine textured.
Platner soils are nearly level to gently sloping and are
on plains and adjacent stream terraces. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. The surface layer
is moderately coarse textured, and the subsoil is fine
textured.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained
Manzanola, Nunn, Renohill, Stoneham, Vona, and
Wages soils and excessively drained Cascajo and Peetz
soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Wheat and sorghum are the main cultivated
crops. The main limitations for most uses are the
hazards of soil blowing and water erosion. Management
practices that conserve moisture, control runoff, and
reduce soil blowing should be used.
3. Altvan-Dacono
Deep, well drained, nearly level to gently undulating
soils; on plains and adjacent stream terraces
This map unit is in the western part of the survey area,
in the vicinity of Spring and Lone Tree Creeks. Generally,
it is oriented in a northwesterly to southeasterly direction.
Slopes are smooth to moderately dissected and are 0 to
6 percent. The vegetation in areas not cultivated is
mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 5,050 to
5,800 feet.
This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey area.
It is about 40 percent Altvan soils and 22 percent
Dacono soils. The remaining 38 percent is components
of minor extent.
Altvan soils are on smooth to moderately dissected
plains. These soils formed in calcareous gravelly
alluvium. The surface layer is moderately coarse
textured, and the subsoil is moderately fine textured.
Sand and gravel are at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Dacono soils are on smooth to slightly dissected
plains and adjacent stream terraces. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. The surface layer is
moderately fine textured, and the subsoil is fine textured.
Sand and gravel are at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained
Ascalon, Haverson, Nunn, Olney, and Vona soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Wheat and sorghum are the main cultivated
crops. The main limitations for most uses are the
hazards of soil blowing and water erosion. Management
practices that conserve moisture, control runoff, and
reduce soil blowing should be used.
4. Terry -Otero -Tassel
Shallow to deep, well drained, nearly level to hilly soils;
on plains
This map unit is along the western edge of the survey
area, bordering Larimer County. Slopes are smooth to
highly dissected and are 0 to 25 percent. The vegetation
in areas not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and
shrubs. Elevation is 5,100 to 5,550 feet.
This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey area.
It is about 60 percent Terry soils, 16 percent Otero soils,
and 9 percent Tassel soils. The remaining 15 percent is
components of minor extent.
Terry soils are nearly level and gently undulating. They
are moderately deep and are on smooth to highly
dissected plains. These soils formed in calcareous
residuum derived from sandstone. The surface layer and
subsoil are moderately coarse textured. Sandstone is at
a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Otero soils are nearly level to hilly. They are deep and
are on smooth to highly dissected plains. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. They are
moderately coarse textured throughout.
Tassel soils are shallow and are on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy residuum derived from sandstone.
They are moderately coarse textured and are underlain
by sandstone at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained Nunn
and Olney soils and excessively drained Cascajo soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Wheat, barley, and sorghum are the main
cultivated crops. The main limitations for most uses are
the hazards of soil blowing and water erosion.
Management practices that conserve moisture, control
runoff, and reduce soil blowing should be used.
5. Renohill-Terry-Shingle
Shallow to moderately deep, well drained, nearly level to
hilly soils; on plains and upland ridges
This map unit is throughout the survey area, but most
of it is west and north of Briggsdale. Slopes are slightly
dissected to highly dissected and are 0 to 30 percent.
The vegetation in areas not cultivated is mainly grasses,
forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 4,450 to 5,800 feet.
This unit makes up about 13 percent of the survey
area. It is about 38 percent Renohill soils, 10 percent
Terry soils, and 8 percent Shingle soils. The remaining
44 percent is components of minor extent.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 7
Renohill soils are nearly level to sloping. They are
moderately deep and are on slightly dissected to highly
dissected plains and upland ridges. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived from
shale. The surface layer is moderately coarse textured,
and the subsoil is fine textured. Shale is at a depth of 20
to 40 inches.
Terry soils are nearly level to sloping. They are
moderately deep and are on smooth to highly dissected
plains. These soils formed in calcareous residuum
derived from sandstone. The surface layer and subsoil
are moderately coarse textured. Sandstone is at a depth
of 20 to 40 inches.
Shingle soils are nearly level to hilly. They are shallow
and are on slightly dissected to highly dissected plains
and upland ridges. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy or clayey residuum derived from shale. The
surface layer is moderately fine textured, and the
underlying material is fine textured. Shale is at a depth of
10 to 20 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are well drained Ascalon,
Nunn, Olney, Otero, Platner, Stoneham, and Tassel soils
and excessively drained Cascajo soils.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Wheat, barley,
and sorghum are the main cultivated crops. The main
limitations for most uses are the hazards of soil blowing
and water erosion. Management practices that conserve
moisture, control runoff, and reduce soil blowing should
be used.
loamy soils on breaks, dissected plains,
and fans
This group consists of one map unit. It makes up
about 4 percent of the survey area. The soils in this
group are gently undulating to hilly. The vegetation is
mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. The average annual
precipitation is 11 to 13 inches.
The soils in this group are shallow to deep and are
well drained. They formed in calcareous loamy alluvium
and colluvium and in calcareous loamy or clayey
residuum derived from shale.
This group is used as rangeland.
6. Kim -Otero -Shingle
Shallow to deep, well drained, gently undulating to hilly
soils; on breaks, dissected plains, and fans
This map unit is north of Raymer and Stoneham, along
the breaks of Pawnee Creek and its major tributaries.
Slopes are slightly dissected to highly dissected and are
6 to 30 percent. The vegetation is mainly grasses, forbs,
and shrubs. Elevation is 4,300 to 4,750 feet.
This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area.
It is about 38 percent Kim soils, 20 percent Otero soils,
and 16 percent Shingle soils. The remaining 26 percent
is components of minor extent.
Kim soils are sloping to hilly and are deep. They are
on moderately dissected to highly dissected plains and
on alluvial and colluvial fans. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. They are
medium textured throughout.
Otero soils are gently undulating to hilly and are deep.
They are on backslopes and foot slopes of breaks.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and
colluvium. They are moderately coarse textured
throughout.
Shingle soils are sloping to hilly and are shallow. They
are on moderately dissected to highly dissected breaks.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy or clayey
residuum derived from shale. The surface layer is
moderately fine textured, and the underlying material is
fine textured. Shale is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are well drained Olney,
Renohill, Stoneham, Tassel, and Terry soils; excessively
drained Cascajo soils; and Rock outcrop.
This unit is used as rangeland. The main limitations for
this use are the hazards of soil blowing and water
erosion. Management practices that conserve moisture,
control runoff, and reduce soil blowing should be used.
loamy and gravelly soils on escarpments
and associated alluvial and colluvial fans
This group consists of 3 map units. It makes up about
19 percent of the survey area. The soils in this group are
nearly level to steep. The vegetation is mainly grasses,
forbs, and shrubs. The average annual precipitation is 11
to 13 inches.
The soils in this group are shallow to deep and are
well drained and excessively drained. They formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium and in
calcareous loamy residuum derived from shale,
sandstone, and siltstone.
Most areas of this group are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland.
7. Argiustolls-Rock outcrop-Ustic Torriorthents
Rock outcrop and shallow to deep, well drained and
excessively drained, nearly level to steep soils; on
escarpments and colluvial fans
This map unit is in the northern half of the survey
area. The western part is in the area known as "Chalk
Bluffs," and the eastern part is in the area known as
"Pawnee Buttes." Slopes are moderately dissected to
highly dissected and are 0 to 40 percent. The vegetation
is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 5,000
to 6,100 feet.
This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey area.
It is about 48 percent Ustolls, 20 percent Rock outcrop,
and 12 percent Ustic Torriorthents. The remaining 20
percent is components of minor extent.
Argiustolls are nearly level to sloping. They are on
moderately dissected to highly dissected shoulders and
8 Soil survey
backslopes of colluvial fans. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy colluvium. They are medium textured
to moderately coarse textured throughout.
Rock outcrop consists of sloping exposed areas of
rock that form the vertical facing of escarpments and the
shoulders and backslopes of colluvial fans.
Ustic Torriorthents are gently sloping to steep. They
are on moderately dissected to highly dissected
shoulders and backslopes of colluvial fans. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy colluvium. They are medium
textured to moderately coarse textured throughout.
Of minor extent in this unit are the excessively drained
Cascajo and Peetz soils and some areas of Badland.
This unit is used as rangeland and for wildlife habitat.
The main limitations for these uses are the hazards of
soil blowing and water erosion. Areas of Rock outcrop
also limit use. Management practices that control soil
blowing and reduce runoff should be used.
8. Epping-Thedalund-Keota
Shallow to moderately deep, well drained, nearly level to
undulating soils; on alluvial and colluvial fans
This map unit is throughout the northern half of the
survey area. Slopes are slightly dissected to highly
dissected and are 0 to 9 percent. The vegetation is
mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 5,000 to
5,500 feet.
This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area.
It is about 60 percent Epping soils, 6 percent Thedalund
soils, and 5 percent Keota soils. The remaining 29
percent is components of minor extent.
Epping soils are nearly level to sloping and are
shallow. They are on moderately dissected to highly
dissected foot slopes and toe slopes of alluvial and
colluvial fans. These soils formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium and colluvium. They are medium textured
throughout.
Thedalund soils are nearly level to sloping and are
moderately deep. They are on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected foot slopes and toe slopes of
alluvial and colluvial fans. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. They are
medium textured throughout.
Keota soils are nearly level to undulating and are
moderately deep. They are on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected foot slopes and toe slopes of
alluvial and colluvial fans. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. They are
medium textured throughout.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained Kim,
Mitchell, and Shingle soils, Badland, and Rock outcrop.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Wheat, barley,
and sorghum are the main cultivated crops. The main
limitations for most uses are the hazards of soil blowing
and water erosion. Management practices that conserve
moisture, control runoff, and reduce soil blowing should
be used.
9. Klm-Stoneham-Mitchell
Deep, well drained, nearly level to sloping soils; on
alluvial and colluvial fans
This map unit is throughout the northern and eastern
parts of the survey area. Slopes are slightly dissected to
moderately dissected and are 0 to 9 percent. The
vegetation is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs.
Elevation is 4,800 to 5,500 feet.
This unit makes up about 10 percent of the survey
area. It is about 28 percent Kim soils, 25 percent
Stoneham soils, and 18 percent Mitchell soils. The
remaining 29 percent is components of minor extent.
Kim soils are nearly level to gently undulating and are
on foot slopes and toe slopes of fans. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. They
are medium textured throughout.
Stoneham soils are nearly level to gently undulating
and are on foot slopes and toe slopes of fans. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium.
The surface layer is medium textured. The subsoil is
moderately fine textured.
Mitchell soils are nearly level to sloping and are on
foot slopes and toe slopes of fans. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. They are
medium textured throughout.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained
Epping, Keota, Otero, Shingle, and Thedalund soils.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Wheat and sorghum are the main cultivated
crops. The main limitations for most uses are the
hazards of soil blowing and water erosion. Management
practices that conserve moisture, control runoff, and
reduce soil blowing should be used.
loamy and gravelly soils on ridges of high
plains
This group consists of one map unit. It makes up
about 9 percent of the survey area. The soils in this
group are nearly level to hilly. The vegetation in areas
not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. The
average annual precipitation is 11 to 13 inches.
The soils in this group are deep and well drained to
excessively drained. They formed in calcareous loamy
and gravelly alluvium and colluvium.
This group is used as rangeland.
10. Ascalon-Peetz
Deep, well drained to excessively drained, nearly level to
hilly soils; on ridges of high plains
This map unit is in the northern half of the survey
area. Slopes are moderately dissected to highly
dissected and are 0 to 30 percent. The vegetation on
this unit is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is
5,000 to 6,100 feet.
This unit makes up about 9 percent of the survey area.
It is about 53 percent Ascalon soils and 15 percent
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 9
Peetz soils. The remaining 32 percent is components of
minor extent.
Ascalon soils are nearly level to rolling and are well
drained. They are on slightly dissected to highly
dissected foot slopes and toe slopes of ridges. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium.
The surface layer is moderately coarse textured to
medium textured. The subsoil is moderately fine textured.
Peetz soils are undulating to hilly and are excessively
drained. They are on moderately dissected to highly
dissected shoulders and backslopes of ridges. These
soils formed in calcareous gravelly colluvium.
Of minor extent in this unit are well drained Bushman,
Bresser, and Wages soils; somewhat excessively drained
Blakeland soils; and excessively drained Cascajo soils.
This unit is used as rangeland. The main limitations for
this use are the hazards of soil blowing and water
erosion. Management practices that control soil blowing
and reduce runoff should be used.
loamy soils mainly on high plains
This group consists of three map units. It makes up
about 10 percent of the survey area. The soils in this
group are nearly level to hilly. The vegetation in areas
not cultivated is mainly grasses, forbs, and shrubs. The
average annual precipitation is 11 to 14 inches.
The soils in this group are deep and well drained.
They formed in calcareous loamy alluvium, calcareous
gravelly alluvium, or loamy residuum derived from
sandstone and limestone.
This group is used as nonirrigated and irrigated
cropland and as rangeland.
11. Ascalon-Altvan
Deep, well drained, nearly level to rolling soils; on high
plains
This map unit is in the north -central part of the survey
area. Slopes are smooth to moderately dissected and
are 0 to 9 percent. The vegetation is mainly grasses,
forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 5,300 to 5,500 feet.
This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area.
It is about 37 percent Ascalon soils and 35 percent
Altvan soils. The remaining 28 percent is components of
minor extent.
Ascalon soils are nearly level to gently undulating.
They are on slightly dissected to moderately dissected
high plains. These soils formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium. The surface layer is moderately coarse textured
to medium textured. The subsoil is moderately fine
textured.
Altvan soils are nearly level to gently undulating. They
are on smooth to moderately dissected high plains.
These soils formed in calcareous gravelly alluvium. The
surface layer is moderately coarse textured. The subsoil
is moderately fine textured. Sand and gravel are at a
depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained
Bushman, Curabith, Nucla, Nunn, Otero, and Wages
soils and excessively drained Peetz soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated and irrigated cropland
and as rangeland. Wheat and sorghum are the main
nonirrigated crops, and corn, pinto beans, and alfalfa are
the main irrigated crops. The main limitations for most
uses are the hazards of soil blowing and water erosion.
Management practices that conserve moisture, control
runoff, and reduce soil blowing should be used.
12. Ascalon-Bushman-Curablth
Deep, well drained, nearly level to hilly soils; on high
plains and ridges
This map unit is in the northeastern part of the survey
area. Slopes are slightly dissected to highly dissected
and are 0 to 20 percent. The vegetation is mainly
grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Elevation is 5,000 to 5,300
feet.
This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey area.
It is about 35 percent Ascalon soils, 19 percent
Bushman soils, and 9 percent Curabith soils. The
remaining 37 percent is components of minor extent.
Ascalon soils are nearly level to rolling and are on
slightly dissected to highly dissected high plains. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. The surface
layer is moderately coarse textured to medium textured.
The subsoil is moderately fine textured.
Bushman soils are nearly level to rolling and are on
moderately dissected to highly dissected high plains.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. They
are moderately coarse textured throughout.
Curabith soils are nearly level to hilly and are on
slightly dissected to highly dissected high plains and
ridges. These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium
derived from sandstone and limestone. They are medium
textured to moderately coarse textured throughout.
Of minor extent in this unit are the well drained Eckley,
Nucla, Nunn, Otero, Platner, and Wages soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Wheat and sorghum are the main nonirrigated
crops. The main limitations for most uses are the
hazards of soil blowing and water erosion. Management
practices that conserve moisture, control runoff, and
reduce soil blowing should be used.
13. Rosebud-Curablth-Canyon
Shallow to deep, well drained, nearly level to hilly soils;
on high plains, ridges, and breaks
This map unit is in the northeastern corner of the
survey area. Slopes are slightly dissected to highly
dissected and are 0 to 20 percent. The vegetation is
mainly grasses and forbs and some shrubs. Elevation is
4,900 to 5,350 feet.
This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey area.
It is about 30 percent Rosebud soils, 15 percent
10
Curabith soils, and 10 percent Canyon soils. The
remaining 45 percent is components of minor extent.
Rosebud soils are nearly level to gently undulating.
They are moderately deep and are on moderately
dissected to highly dissected high plains. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
sandstone. The surface layer is moderately coarse
textured to medium textured. The subsoil is moderately
fine textured. Sandstone is at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Curabith soils are nearly level to hilly. They are deep
and are on slightly dissected to highly dissected high
plains and ridges. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium derived from sandstone and limestone.
The soils are medium textured to moderately coarse
textured throughout.
Canyon soils are gently sloping to sloping. They are
shallow and are on moderately dissected to highly
dissected upland ridges and knolls. These soils formed
in partially consolidated, limy, loamy residuum derived
from sandstone. The soils are medium textured
throughout. Sandstone is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.
Of minor extent in this unit are well drained Ascalon,
Bushman, Nunn, and Platner soils.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Wheat and sorghum are the main nonirrigated
crops. The main limitations for most uses are the
hazards of soil blowing and water erosion. Management
practices that conserve moisture, control runoff, and
reduce soil blowing should be used.
11
detailed soil map units
The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back of
this survey represent the soils in the survey area. The
map unit descriptions in this section, along with the soil
maps, can be used to determine the suitability and
potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can be
used to plan the management needed for those uses.
More information on each map unit, or soil, is given
under "Use and management of the soils."
Each map unit on the detailed soil maps represents an
area on the landscape and consists of one or more soils
for which the unit is named.
A symbol identifying the soil precedes the map unit
name in the soil descriptions. Each description includes
general facts about the soil and gives the principal
hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for
specific uses.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up
a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the
surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils of
a series have major horizons that are similar in
composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface
layer or of the underlying material. They also can differ in
slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree of erosion,
and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil
phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil
maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil
phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or
management. For example, Ascalon fine sandy loam, 0
to 6 percent slopes, is one of several phases in the
Ascalon series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major
soils. These map units are called soil complexes.
A soil complex consists of two or more soils in such
an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they
cannot be shown separately on the soil maps. The
pattern and proportion of the soils are somewhat similar
in all areas. Kim -Mitchell complex is an example.
Most map units include small scattered areas of soils
other than those for which the map unit is named. Some
of these included soils have properties that differ
substantially from those of the major soil or soils. Such
differences could significantly affect use and
management of the soils in the map unit. The included
soils are identified in each map unit description. Some
small areas of strongly contrasting soils are identified by
a special symbol on the soil maps.
This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such areas
have little or no soil material and support little or no
vegetation. Badland is an example. Miscellaneous areas
are shown on the soil maps. Some that are too small to
be shown are identified by a special symbol on the soil
maps.
Table 1 gives the acreage and proportionate extent of
each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of tables")
give properties of the soils and the limitations,
capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The Glossary
defines many of the terms used in describing the soils.
map unit descriptions
1—Altvan fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected plains. It formed in calcareous gravelly
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine
sandy loam 6 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay
loam 16 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous
sandy clay loam 5 inches thick over gravelly coarse sand
that extends to a depth of 60 inches or more. In some
areas the surface layer is loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Peetz gravelly sandy loam, and Cascajo
gravelly sandy loam.
Permeability of this Altvan soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used for nonirrigated crops and as
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
12 Soil survey
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, western wheatgrass, and
prairie sandreed. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,600 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
2—Altvan fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on highly dissected plains.
It formed in calcareous gravelly alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine
sandy loam 3 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay
loam 16 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous
sandy clay loam 4 inches thick over gravelly coarse sand
that extends to a depth of 60 inches or more. In some
areas the surface layer is loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Peetz gravelly sandy loam, and Cascajo
gravelly sandy loam.
Permeability of this Altvan soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is high. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, western wheatgrass, and
prairie sandreed. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,400 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
3—Arglustolls-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 9
percent slopes. This map unit is on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected plains.
This unit is about 45 percent Argiustolls and about 35
percent Rock outcrop. The individual components of this
unit are in areas so narrow that it was not practical to
map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney, Renohill,
and Stoneham soils. Included areas make up about 20
percent of the total acreage.
Argiustolls are deep, well drained, dark -colored soils.
The surface layer is loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam.
The subsoil is sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay
loam. The content of clay in the subsoil increases with
depth. The substratum is calcareous loam, silt loam, or
sandy loam.
Permeability of the Argiustolls is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate to high. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid,
and the hazard of water erosion is slight to high. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
Rock outcrop consists mainly of exposed areas of
sandstone scattered throughout the unit.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Argiustolls is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the areas
of Rock outcrop.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vls,
nonirrigated. The Argiustolls are in Loamy Plains range
site.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 13
4 —Ascalon fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy
loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 14
inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous sandy loam. In some areas the
surface layer is loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam that has slopes of 6 to 9 percent, Olney fine
sandy loam, and Otero sandy loam. Also included are
some areas of Rock outcrop.
Permeability of this Ascalon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
5 —Ascalon fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected
to highly dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy
loam 6 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 15
inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous sandy loam. In some areas the
surface layer is loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan fine
sandy loam, Cascajo gravelly sandy loam, and Peetz
gravelly sandy loam. Also included are some areas of
Rock outcrop.
Permeability of this Ascalon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Areas of nonirrigated cropland are poorly
suited for use as rangeland and should be seeded to
adapted grasses.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
6—Ascalon-Blakeland complex, 3 to 15 percent
slopes. This map unit is on alluvial and colluvial fans
and on moderately dissected to highly dissected plains.
This unit is 50 percent Ascalon fine sandy loam and
30 percent Blakeland loamy sand. The components of
this unit are so intricately intermingled that it was not
practical to map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit is about 20 percent Bushman fine
sandy loam, Bresser sandy loam, and Wages fine sandy
loam.
14 Soil survey
The Ascalon soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark brown fine sandy loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil
is sandy clay loam 18 inches thick. The substratum to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous sandy loam. In
some areas the surface layer is loam.
Permeability of the Ascalon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to very high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
The Blakeland soil is deep and somewhat excessively
drained. It formed in arkosic sandy alluvium and
colluvium. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish
brown loamy sand 15 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is loamy sand.
Permeability of the Blakeland soil is rapid. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Ascalon soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Blakeland soil is mainly
blue grama, sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, and
needleandthread. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the unit to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
moderate available water capacity and steepness of
slope. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Ascalon soil is in Loamy Plains range
site, and the Blakeland soil is in Deep Sand range site.
7—Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 0 to 3
percent slopes. This map unit is on smooth to slightly
dissected plains and on upland ridges.
This unit is 35 percent Ascalon fine sandy loam, 30
percent Bushman fine sandy loam, and 15 percent
Curabith loam. The individual components of this unit are
in areas so narrow that it was not practical to map them
separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit is about 20 percent Nucla loam,
Wages fine sandy loam, Nunn loam, and Platner loam.
Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
The Ascalon soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark brown fine sandy loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil
is sandy clay loam 18 inches thick. The substratum to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous sandy loam. In
some areas the surface layer is loam.
Permeability of the Ascalon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
The Bushman soil is deep and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer
is brown fine sandy loam 10 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous
sandy loam.
Permeability of the Bushman soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
The Curabith soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark grayish brown loam 10 inches thick. The upper 15
inches of the underlying material is very channery sandy
loam, the next 17 inches is channery sandy loam, and
the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is very
channery loamy sand. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Curabith soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on the Ascalon soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,400 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Bushman soil is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds. The potential plant
community on the Curabith soil is mainly blue grama,
little bluestem, sideoats grama, and prairie sandreed.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 600 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 15
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce the risk of
erosion and help to conserve moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods. Soil
blowing can be reduced by cultivating only in the tree
rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation between the
rows.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated. The Ascalon soil is in Loamy Plains range
site, the Bushman soil is in Sandy Plains range site, and
the Curabith soil is in Limestone Breaks range site.
8—Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 3 to 15
percent slopes. This map unit is on moderately
dissected plains and on upland ridges.
This unit is 35 percent Ascalon fine sandy loam, 25
percent Bushman fine sandy loam, and 20 percent
Curabith loam. The individual components of this unit are
in areas so narrow that it was not practical to map them
separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit is about 20 percent Nucla loam,
Wages fine sandy loam, Nunn loam, and Platner loam.
Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
The Ascalon soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark brown fine sandy loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil
is sandy clay loam 18 inches thick. The substratum to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous sandy loam. In
some areas the surface layer is loam.
Permeability of the Ascalon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
The Bushman soil is deep and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer
is brown fine sandy loam 10 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous
sandy loam.
Permeability of the Bushman soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
The Curabith soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark grayish brown loam 10 inches thick. The upper 15
inches of the underlying material is very channery sandy
loam, the next 17 inches is channery sandy loam, and
the lower part to a depth of 60 inches is very channery
loamy sand. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Curabith soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate to very high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Ascalon soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,400 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Bushman soil is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds. The potential plant
community on the Curabith soil is mainly blue grama,
little bluestem, sideoats grama, and prairie sandreed.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 600 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
The Ascalon soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
The Bushman soil is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and the hazard of soil
blowing if the soil is barren of vegetation. Soil blowing
can be reduced by cultivating only in the tree rows and
by leaving a strip of vegetation between the rows.
The Curabith soil is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and steepness of
slope.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Ascalon soil is in Loamy Plains range
16 Soil survey
site, the Bushman soil is in Sandy Plains range site, and
the Curabith soil is in Limestone Breaks range site.
9—Avar fine sandy loam. This deep, well drained soil
is on flood plains, in swales, and on terraces adjacent to
flood plains. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Slope is 0 to 3 percent.
Typically, the surface layer is light brownish gray fine
sandy loam 3 inches thick. The upper 5 inches of the
subsoil is clay loam, and the lower 3 inches is sandy clay
loam. The upper 12 inches of the substratum is sandy
loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more
is sandy clay loam. In some areas the surface layer is
very fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand.
Included in this unit are soils that are similar to this
Avar soil but have a dark -colored surface layer as much
as 10 inches thick, have a clay loam or clay subsoil 10
inches thick or more, or have a light-colored surface
layer. Also included are numerous barren areas and slick
spots, small areas of Ascalon and Nunn soils on
terraces, and small areas of Bankard and Haverson soils
on flood plains. Included areas make up about 35
percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Avar soil is very slow in the upper
part and moderate in the lower part. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate. The subsoil and substratum are strongly
alkaline and saline.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
alkali sacaton, blue grama, inland saltgrass, and western
wheatgrass. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Salt -tolerant grasses can be grown. Other
management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Livestock grazing should be managed to protect
the unit from erosion. Loss of the surface layer results in
a severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the unit to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
restricted root growth and decreased available water
capacity because of the strong alkalinity and salinity of
the subsoil and substratum.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vls,
nonirrigated, and in Salt Flat range site.
10—Avar-Manzanola complex, 0 to 3 percent
slopes. This map unit is in swales.
This unit is about 45 percent Avar fine sandy loam and
40 percent Manzanola clay loam. The Avar soil is on the
perimeter of closed swales, and the Manzanola soil is in
the lower lying or depressional areas. The individual
components of this unit are in areas so narrow that it
was not practical to map them separately at the scale
used.
Included in this unit are small areas of poorly drained
soils and soils that have a thicker surface layer and
subsoil than the Avar and Manzanola soils. Included
areas make up about 15 percent of the total acreage.
The percentage varies from one area to another.
The Avar soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
light brownish gray fine sandy loam 3 inches thick. The
upper 5 inches of the subsoil is brown clay loam, and
the lower 3 inches is brown sandy clay loam. The upper
12 inches of the substratum is pale brown sandy loam,
and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is
pale brown or very pale brown sandy clay loam. In some
areas the surface layer is very fine sandy loam or sandy
loam. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Avar soil is very slow in the upper
part and moderate in the lower part. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate. The subsoil and substratum are strongly
alkaline and saline.
The Manzanola soil is deep and well drained. It formed
in calcareous clayey alluvium. Typically, the surface layer
is grayish brown clay loam 3 inches thick. The subsoil is
calcareous clay 15 inches thick. The substratum to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous clay or clay
loam.
Permeability of the Manzanola soil is slow. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Avar soil is
mainly alkali sacaton, blue grama, inland saltgrass, and
western wheatgrass. The average annual production of
air-dry vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Manzanola soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing
saltbush. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 17
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Salt -tolerant grasses can be grown. Other
management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Livestock grazing should be managed to protect
the soil in this unit from excessive erosion. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
The Avar soil is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
restricted root growth and decreased available water
capacity because of the strong alkalinity and salinity of
the subsoil and substratum.
The Manzanola soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIs,
nonirrigated. The Avar soil is in Salt Flat range site, and
the Manzanola soil is in Clayey Plains range site.
11—Badland. Badland is mainly in the northern part of
the survey area. It consists of gently sloping to steep
areas dissected by many intermittent channels that are
entrenched in calcareous soft siltstone, soft claystone,
and fine-grained sandstone of the White River
Formation. About 75 percent or more of the unit is
barren. Runoff is very high, and the hazard of erosion is
very high.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim and
Mitchell soils, Thedalund and Keota loarns, Shingle clay
loam, Epping silt loam, and Haverson loam. These soils
support some vegetation that has limited value for
livestock grazing and wildlife habitat.
This map unit is in capability subclass Ville,
nonirrigated.
12—Bankard loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent
slopes. This deep, well drained to somewhat excessively
drained soil is on flood plains. It formed in stratified,
calcareous sandy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine sand 6
inches thick. The upper part of the underlying material is
loamy sand and sand 28 inches thick, and the lower part
to a depth of 60 inches or more is gravelly sand and
very gravelly sand that is stratified with thin lenses of
sand, sandy loam, and loam. In some areas the surface
layer is sandy loam or loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of sand and gravel
bars.
Permeability of this Bankard soil is rapid. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is high. This
soil is subject to brief periods of flooding in spring and
summer.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
switchgrass, Indiangrass, sand bluestem, and prairie
sandreed. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 1,200 to 2,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. Livestock grazing should be
managed to protect the soil in this unit from excessive
erosion.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vlw,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Bottomland range site.
13—Blakeland loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, somewhat excessively drained soil is on
alluvial and colluvial fans. It formed in arkosic sandy
alluvium and colluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
loamy sand 15 inches thick. The underlying material to a
depth of 60 inches or more is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Bushman fine
sandy loam, Bresser sandy loam, and Paoli fine sandy
loam. Included areas make up about 15 percent of the
total acreage.
Permeability of this Blakeland soil is rapid. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, and
needleandthread. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
18 Soil survey
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and the hazard of soil
blowing. Trees need to be planted among the native
vegetation to minimize disturbance of the plant cover.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods.
This unit is suited to urban development. It has few
limitations.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated, and in Deep Sand range site.
14—Blakeland loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes.
This deep, somewhat excessively drained soil is on
alluvial and colluvial fans. It formed in arkosic sandy
alluvium and colluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
loamy sand 12 inches thick. The underlying material to a
depth of 60 inches or more is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Bushman fine
sandy loam, Bresser sandy loam, and Eckley sandy clay
loam. Included areas make up about 15 percent of the
total acreage.
Permeability of this Blakeland soil is rapid. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil blowing
is high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, and
needleandthread. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and the high hazard
of soil blowing. Trees need to be planted among the
native vegetation to minimize disturbance of the plant
cover. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This unit is moderately to severely limited for urban
development, mainly because of steepness of slope.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated, and in Deep Sand range site.
15—Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected high plains. It formed in sandy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
coarse sandy loam 15 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy
clay loam 22 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of
60 inches or more is loamy coarse sand. In some areas
the surface layer is loamy coarse sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan fine
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Bresser soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 19
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
16—Bresser sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on highly dissected high
plains. It formed insandy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
coarse sandy loam 15 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy
clay loam 19 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of
60 inches or more is loamy coarse sand. In some areas
the surface layer is loamy coarse sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan fine
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Bresser soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
17 —Bushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on slightly
dissected alluvial fans. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam
10 inches thick. Below this to a depth of 60 inches or
more is sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Wages fine
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Bushman soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
18 —Bushman fine sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent
slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected alluvial and colluvial fans. It
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 6
inches thick. Below this to a depth of 60 inches or more
is sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Wages fine
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Bushman soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
20 Soil survey
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 600 to 1,700 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
19—Bushman-Curablth-Canyon complex, 0 to 20
percent slopes. This map unit is on upland ridges,
breaks, and knolls.
This unit is 45 percent Bushman fine sandy loam, 30
percent Curabith loam, and 20 percent Canyon gravelly
loam. The Bushman soil is on backslopes and foot
slopes of upland ridges. The Curabith and Canyon soils
are on shoulders of upland ridges and on breaks and
knolls. Slopes are moderately dissected and convex on
the shoulders and are slightly dissected to moderately
dissected and concave on the backslopes and foot
slopes. The individual components of this unit are in
areas so narrow that it was not practical to map them
separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam on backslopes and foot slopes of upland
ridges and Nunn and Haverson loamy in small
drainageways dissecting upland ridges. Also included are
some areas of Rock outcrop. Included areas make up
about 5 percent of the total acreage.
The Bushman soil is deep and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer
is, brown fine sandy loam 6 inches thick. Below this to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous sandy loam.
Permeability of the Bushman soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to high. The hazard of
soil blowing is moderate.
The Curabith soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
dark grayish brown loam 10 inches thick. The upper 15
inches of the underlying material is very channery sandy
loam, the next 17 inches is channery sandy loam, and
the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is very
channery loamy sand. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Curabith soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to very high. The hazard of soil blowing
is slight.
The Canyon soil is shallow and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy residuum derived from sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown gravelly
loam 3 inches thick. Below this is gravelly loam 11
inches thick. Sandstone is at a depth of 14 inches.
Depth to sandstone ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The
soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Canyon soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion
is moderate to high. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Bushman soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass,
needleandthread, and little bluestem. The average
annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges from 700
to 1,800 pounds. The potential plant community on the
Curabith and Canyon soils is mainly blue grama, little
bluestem, sideoats grama, and sedges. The average
annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges from 500
to 1,200 pounds on the Curabith soil and from 400 to
1,000 pounds on the Canyon soil.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the unit to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental planting.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vls,
nonirrigated. The Bushman soil is in Sandy Plains range
site, and the Curabith and Canyon soils are in Limestone
Breaks range site.
20—Cascajo gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent
slopes. This deep, excessively drained soil is on
backslopes and shoulders of moderately dissected to
highly dissected upland ridges and breaks. It formed in
calcareous gravelly alluvium. Slopes are concave. Areas
are long and narrow and are 20 to 1,000 acres.
Typically, 15 to 35 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and cobbles. The surface layer is dark
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 21
grayish brown gravelly sandy loam 3 inches thick. The
next layer is calcareous very gravelly loamy coarse sand
21 inches thick. Below this to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous very gravelly loamy coarse sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of soils, on
backslopes, shoulders, and crests of upland ridges and
breaks, that have fine-grained sandstone or siltstone at a
depth of 20 to 40 inches; Rock outcrop on shoulders
and crests of upland ridges and breaks; and Otero sandy
loam and Stoneham fine sandy loam on the lower parts
of backslopes and on upland ridges and breaks.
Included areas make up about 25 percent of the total
acreage. The percentage varies from one area to
another.
Permeability of this Cascajo soil is moderately rapid to
a depth of 3 inches and rapid below this depth. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to very high. The hazard of
soil blowing is slight.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as a source of gravel.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, and prairie
sandreed. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Areas that are heavily infested with undesirable plants
can be improved by proper grazing management.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Mechanical treatment is not practical because of
the stony surface and the steepness of slope. If the
plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion is
needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and inthepotential of the soil in
this unit to produce plants suitable for grazing. Slope
limits access by livestock and results in overgrazing of
the less sloping areas.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
large accumulations of lime and moderate available
water capacity. Supplemental irrigation may be needed
when planting and during dry periods. Summer fallow,
cultivation for weed control, and selection of adapted
plants are needed to insure establishment and survival
of seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vlls,
nonirrigated, and in Gravel Breaks range site.
21 —Cushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
slightly dissected to moderately dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
interbedded sandstone and shale.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 6
inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the subsoil is fine
sandy loam, and the lower 11 inches is clay loam. The
substratum is calcareous clay loam 8 inches thick.
Interbedded, calcareous sandstone and shale are at a
depth of 29 inches. Depth to sandstone and shale
ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Midway clay
loam, Renohill fine sandy loam, and Shingle clay loam.
Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
Permeability of this Cushman soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces erosion and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and restricted rooting
depth. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
22 Soil survey
22 —Cushman fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
moderately dissected to highly dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
interbedded sandstone and shale.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 6
inches thick. The upper 4 inches of the subsoil is fine
sandy loam, and the lower 11 inches is clay loam. The
substratum is calcareous clay loam 8 inches thick.
Interbedded, calcareous sandstone and shale are at a
depth of 29 inches. Depth to sandstone and shale
ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Midway clay
loam, Renohill fine sandy loam, and Shingle clay loam.
Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
Permeability of this Cushman soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
moderate available water capacity and restricted rooting
depth. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
23—Dacono clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on plains and adjacent stream
terraces. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown clay
loam 4 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the subsoil is
clay loam, and the lower 8 inches is clay. The upper part
of the substratum is calcareous clay loam 6 inches thick,
and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches or more is
sandy clay loam over calcareous very gravelly loamy
sand and sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Haverson loam,
Nunn clay loam, and Nunn loam.
Permeability of this Dacono soil is moderately slow.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. The fine texture of the surface layer limits
the crops that can be grown on this unit. Because
precipitation is not sufficient for annual cropping, a
cropping system that includes small grain and summer
fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually is too low for
crops on this unit to make efficient use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, fourwing saltbush, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Clayey Plains range site.
24—Eckley sandy clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected plains and on shoulders of upland ridges. It
formed in gravelly alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
sandy clay loam 9 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay
loam and gravelly sandy clay loam 6 inches thick. The
substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is gravelly
sand. In some areas the surface layer is sandy loam.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 23
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan fine
sandy loam, Ascalon fine sandy loam, and Bresser
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Eckley soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil
blowing is slight.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sideoats grama, and little bluestem. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,400 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to windbreaks and environmental
plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
25—Eckley sandy clay loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on backslopes and
shoulders of moderately dissected to highly dissected
upland ridges and plains. It formed in gravelly alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown
sandy clay loam 8 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay
loam 6 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60
inches or more is gravelly sand. In some areas the
surface layer is gravelly sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan fine
sandy loam, Ascalon fine sandy loam, Blakeland loamy
sand, and Bresser sandy loam.
Permeability of this Eckley soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sideoats grama, and little bluestem. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 600 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. Livestock grazing should be
managed to protect the soil in this unit from erosion.
Loss of the surface layer results in a severe decrease in
productivity and in the potential of the soil to produce
plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is suited to windbreaks and environmental
plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
26—Eckley-Dix-Blakeland complex, 6 to 20 percent
slopes. This map unit is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected upland ridges and breaks.
This unit is 35 percent Eckley sandy clay loam, 25
percent Dix gravelly loamy sand, and 20 percent
Blakeland loamy sand. The individual components of this
unit are in areas so narrow that it was not practical to
map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Bresser sandy loam, and Manter sandy
loam. Included areas make up 20 percent of the total
acreage.
The Eckley soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
gravelly alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is dark
grayish brown sandy clay loam 8 inches thick. The
subsoil is sandy clay loam 6 inches thick. The
substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is gravelly
sand. In some areas the surface layer is gravelly sandy
loam.
Permeability of the Eckley soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to very high. The
hazard of soil blowing is slight.
24 Soil survey
The Dix soil is deep and excessively drained. It formed
in gravelly alluvium. Typically, 15 to 25 percent of the
surface is covered with gravel. The surface layer is dark
grayish brown gravelly loamy sand 12 inches thick.
Below this to a depth of 60 inches or more is gravelly
and very gravelly sand.
Permeability of the Dix soil is rapid to a depth of 37
inches and very rapid below this depth. Available water
capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate.
The Blakeland soil is deep and somewhat excessively
drained. It formed in arkosic sandy alluvium and
colluvium. Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish
brown loamy sand 12 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is loamy sand.
Permeability of the Blakeland soil is rapid. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Eckley soil is
mainly blue grama, sideoats grama, and little bluestem.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 400 to 1,200 pounds. The potential plant
community on the Dix soil is mainly blue grama, little
bluestem, sideoats grama, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 400 to 1,200 pounds. The potential plant
community on the Blakeland soil is mainly blue grama,
little bluestem, prairie sandreed, and sand dropseed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Slope limits access by livestock and results in
overgrazing of the less sloping areas. If the plant cover
is disturbed, protection from erosion is needed. Loss of
the surface layer results in a severe decrease in
productivity and in the potential of the unit to produce
plants suitable for grazing.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Mechanical treatment is not practical because of
the stony surface and the steepness of slope.
This unit is suited to windbreaks and environmental
plantings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Eckley and Dix soils are in Gravel
Breaks range site, and the Blakeland soil is in Deep
Sand range site.
27 —Epping silt loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes. This
shallow, well drained soil is on slightly dissected to highly
dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy residuum
derived from siltstone.
Typically, the surface layer is light brownish gray silt.
loam 3 inches thick. The underlying material is silt loam
14 inches thick. Siltstone is at a depth of 17 inches.
Depth to siltstone ranges from 10 to 20 inches. In some
areas the surface layer is loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Keota loam,
Kim loam, Mitchell silt loam, and Thedalund loam. Also
included are some areas of Rock outcrop. Included
areas make up about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Epping soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to very high. The hazard of soil blowing
is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, winterfat, western wheatgrass, and fourwing
saltbush. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitation is shallow
rooting depth.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated, and in Shallow Siltstone range site.
28—Haplaquolls-Fluvaquents complex, frequently
flooded. This map unit is on smooth plains, in
depressional areas, and along the bottom of natural
drainageways. The soils in this unit are poorly drained
and very poorly drained. Areas are ponded periodically
because of runoff in spring and from irrigation. Slope is 0
to 2 percent. The native vegetation is mainly grasses,
shrubs, and trees.
This unit is about 45 percent Haplaquolls and about 45
percent Fluvaquents. The components of this unit are so
intricately intermingled that it was not practical to map
them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of well drained
and moderately well drained soils and some permanent
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 25
ponds. Included areas make up about 10 percent of the
total acreage.
The soils in this unit are mottled, calcareous loamy
sand to clay loam 60 inches thick or more. They are
mildly alkaline to moderately alkaline.
Permeability and available water capacity are variable.
Effective rooting depth is limited by a seasonal high
water table that is at a depth of 0 to 10 inches in spring
and early in summer and at a depth of 10 to 40 inches
during the rest of the year. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is slight. These soils are subject to flooding
during prolonged, high intensity storms. Channeling and
deposition are common along streambanks.
This unit is used as rangeland and for wildlife habitat.
The potential plant community on the Haplaquolls is
mainly switchgrass, prairie cordgrass, big bluestem,
indiangrass, western wheatgrass, slender wheatgrass,
and sedges. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 2,000 to 4,000 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Fluvaquents is mainly
alkali sacaton, switchgrass, and western wheatgrass. the
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds.
Grazing should be delayed until the soils have drained
sufficiently and are firm enough to withstand trampling by
livestock. Management practices suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
seasonal high water table and periodic flooding.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vlw,
nonirrigated. The Haplaquolls are in Wet Meadow range
site, and the Fluvaquents are in Salt Meadow range site.
29—Haverson loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on flood plains and adjacent
stream terraces. It formed in stratified, calcareous, loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is pale brown and light
brownish gray loam 12 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is very fine
sandy loam and loam stratified with thin lenses of sand,
loamy sand, and clay loam. The soil is calcareous
throughout.
Included in this unit are small areas of Nunn loam and
Nunn clay loam.
Permeability of this Haverson soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth
is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate. This soil is subject to brief periods
of flooding in spring and summer.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
western wheatgrass, fourwing saltbush, switchgrass,
green needlegrass, and blue grama. The average annual
production of air-dry vegetation ranges from 1,000 to
3,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community. Range seeding is suitable if the range is in
poor condition. The plants selected for seeding should
meet the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife,
or both. Other management practices that are suitable
for use on this unit are proper range use, deferred
grazing, and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is
disturbed, protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by brief
periods of flooding. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Overflow range site.
30 —Keith loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on slightly dissected plains, in swales,
and on stream terraces. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown loam 4
inches thick. The subsoil is silt loam 16 inches thick. The
substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is silt loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Mitchell silt
loam, Kim loam, Wages fine sandy loam, and Weld loam.
Permeability of this Keith soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing
is slight.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
26 Soil survey
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Low annual precipitation is the main
limitation for the crops that can be grown on this unit.
Because precipitation is not sufficient for annual
cropping, a cropping system that includes small grain
and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually
is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient use of
fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
31 —Kim -Mitchell complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This map unit is on smooth to slightly dissected plains
and alluvial fans.
This unit is about 45 percent Kim loam and 40 percent
Mitchell silt loam. The components of this unit are so
intricately intermingled that it was not practical to map
them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Haverson,
Thedalund, and Keota loams. Included areas make up
15 percent of the total acreage. The percentage varies
from one area to another.
The Kim soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
light brownish gray loam 3 inches thick. The subsurface
layer is light brownish gray clay loam 4 inches thick. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is
light gray loam. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Kim soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
The Mitchell soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
brown and pale brown silt loam 7 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is silt loam 5 inches thick. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is silt
loam. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Mitchell soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on the Kim soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Mitchell soil is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing saltbush.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 500 to 1,600 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Only small areas or strips should be cleared
for tree planting. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 27
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated. The Kim soil is in Loamy Plains range site,
and the Mitchell soil is in Siltstone Plains range site.
32 —Kim -Mitchell complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This map unit is on moderately dissected to highly
dissected plains and alluvial and colluvial fans.
This unit is about 45 percent Kim loam and 35 percent
Mitchell silt loam. The components of this unit are so
intricately intermingled that it was not practical to map
them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Haverson loam,
Thedalund loam, Keota loam, and soils that have slopes
of less than 6 percent. Included areas make up 20
percent of the total acreage. The percentage varies from
one area to another.
The Kim soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. Typically, the
surface layer is light brownish gray loam 3 inches thick.
The subsurface layer is light brownish gray clay loam 4
inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches or more is light gray loam. The soil is calcareous
throughout.
Permeability of the Kim soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
The Mitchell soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. Typically, the
surface layer is brown silt loam 7 inches thick. The
subsurface layer is very pale brown silt loam 5 inches
thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or
more is very pale brown silt loam. The soil is calcareous
throughout.
Permeability of the Mitchell soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Kim soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Mitchell soil is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing saltbush.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 400 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Only small areas or strips should be cleared
for tree planting. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Kim soil is in Loamy Plains range site,
and the Mitchell soil is in Siltstone Plains range site.
33 —Kim -Shingle complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes.
This map unit is on plains, breaks, and alluvial and
colluvial fans.
This unit is about 60 percent Kim loam and 20 percent
Shingle clay loam. The Kim soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains, alluvial fans, and
colluvial fans. The Shingle soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected breaks. The individual
components of this unit are in areas so narrow that it
was not practical to map them separately at the scale
used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Cascajo soils.
Also included are small areas of Rock outcrop and soils
that are moderately deep to shale. Included areas make
up about 20 percent of the total acreage. The
percentage varies from one area to another.
The Kim soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. Typically, the
surface layer is light brownish gray loam 3 inches thick.
The subsurface layer is clay loam 4 inches thick. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is
loam. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Kim soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is high to very high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
The Shingle soil is shallow and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived from
shale. Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown clay
loam 4 inches thick. The underlying material is clay loam
7 inches thick. Shale is at a depth of 11 inches. Depth to
shale ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The soil is
calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Shingle soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of
water erosion is high to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is slight.
28 Soil survey
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Kim soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, and sedges.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds. The potential plant
community on the Shingle soil is mainly western
wheatgrass, blue grama, alkali sacaton, and sideoats
grama. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 300 to 900 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
The Kim soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The Shingle soil is poorly suited
to windbreaks and environmental plantings. It is limited
mainly by shallow rooting depth and low available water
capacity. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated. The Kim soil is in Loamy Plains range site,
and the Shingle soil is in Shaly Plains range site.
34—Manter sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected plains. It formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 3
inches thick. The upper 13 inches of the subsoil is sandy
loam, and the lower 5 inches is calcareous sandy loam.
The upper 7 inches of the substratum is calcareous
sandy loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches
or more is calcareous loamy sand. In some areas the
surface layer is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are soils that are similar to this
Manter soil but do not have lime at a depth of less than
40 inches. Included areas make up about 10 percent of
the total acreage.
Permeability of this Manter soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used mainly as nonirrigated cropland.
Winter wheat is the main crop. The unit is also used as
rangeland.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the soil is barren of vegetation.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
35—Manter sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 3
inches thick. The upper 13 inches of the subsoil is sandy
loam, and the lower 5 inches is calcareous sandy loam.
The upper 7 inches of the substratum is calcareous
sandy loam, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches
or more is calcareous loamy sand. In some areas the
surface layer is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of soils that are
similar to this Manter soil but have slopes of less than 6
percent or do not have lime at a depth of less than 40
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 29
inches. Included areas make up about 10 percent of the
total acreage.
Permeability of this Manter soil is moderately rapid to
a depth of 28 inches and rapid below this depth.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, prairie sandreed, and sand
dropseed. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the soil is barren of vegetation.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
36—Manzanola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on plains, in swales, and
on adjacent stream terraces. It formed in calcareous
clayey alluvium. Slopes are plane or concave.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown heavy clay
loam 3 inches thick. The subsoil is calcareous clay 22
inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous clay and clay loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Avar fine sandy
loam and soils that have a sodium content of more than
15 percent. Included areas make up about 15 percent of
the total acreage.
Permeability of this Manzanola soil is slow. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing saltbush.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 500 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. Livestock grazing should be
managed to protect the soil in this unit from erosion.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Clayey Plains range site.
37 —Midway clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes. This
shallow, well drained soil is on slightly dissected to highly
dissected plains, breaks, and upland ridges. It formed in
calcareous clayey residuum derived from shale.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown clay loam
3 inches thick. Below this is calcareous clay 8 inches
thick. Shale is at a depth of 11 inches. Depth to shale
ranges from 10 to 20 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Renohill fine
sandy loam, Rock outcrop of shale, and areas of soils
that are ponded intermittently. Included areas make up
about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Midway soil is slow. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
30 Soil survey
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, and
sideoats grama. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 300 to 900 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitation is the
shallow rooting depth.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vile,
nonirrigated, and in Shaly Plains range site.
38—Nucla loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on slightly dissected plains. It formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loam 4 inches
thick. The subsoil is clay loam 10 inches thick. The
substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is clay loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Bushman fine sandy loam, and Nunn loam.
Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total
acreage.
Permeability of this Nucla soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
soil blowing is needed. Loss of the surface layer results
in a severe decrease in productivity and in the potential
of the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces soil blowing and helps to maintain soil tilth and
organic matter content. Stubble -mulch farming,
striperopping, and minimum tillage help to control erosion
and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce runoff and the
risk of erosion and help to conserve moisture.
'This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
39—Nucla loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on moderately dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loam 4 inches
thick. The subsoil is clay loam 10 inches thick. The
substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is clay loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Bushman fine sandy loam, and Nunn loam.
Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total
acreage.
Permeability of this Nucla soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil in this unit to produce plants
suitable for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 31
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
40 —Nunn loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on slightly dissected plains and
stream terraces. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown loam 7
inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 25 inches thick.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous clay loam. In some areas the surface layer is
clay loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Avar fine sandy
loam and Manzanola clay loam.
Permeability of this Nunn soil is slow. Available water
capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion
is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Low annual precipitation is the main limitation.
Because precipitation is not sufficient for annual
cropping, a cropping system that includes small grain
and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually
is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient use of
fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
41 —Nunn clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on slightly dissected plains and
stream terraces. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown clay loam
8 inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 14 inches thick.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous clay loam. In some areas the surface layer is
loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Avar fine sandy
loam and Manzanola clay loam.
Permeability of this Nunn soil is slow. Available water
capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion
is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. The fine texture of the surface layer limits
the crops that can be grown on this unit. Because
precipitation is not sufficient for annual cropping, a
cropping system that includes small grain and summer
fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually is too low for
crops on this unit to make efficient use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Clayey Plains range site.
42 —Olney loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on smooth to slightly dissected
plains. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
32 Soil survey
Typically, the surface layer is pale brown loamy sand 5
inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 29 inches
thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Ascalon fine sandy loam, and Stoneham
fine sandy loam.
Permeability of this Olney soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is high.
Most areas of this unit are used as nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop. A few areas are
used as rangeland.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
43 —Olney loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is pale brown loamy sand 4
inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 27 inches
thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Ascalon fine sandy loam, and Stoneham
fine sandy loam.
Permeability of this Olney soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is
high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Soil blowing can be reduced by
cultivating only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
44 —Olney fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 6
inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is sandy
clay loam or loam, and the lower 10 inches is calcareous
sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney loamy
sand, Ascalon fine sandy loam, and Stoneham fine
sandy loam.
Permeability of this Olney soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is slight.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 33
Most areas of this unit are used as nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop. A few areas are
used as rangeland.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Soil blowing can be reduced by cultivating
only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation
between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods. Summer
fallow, cultivation for weed control, and selection of
adapted plants are needed to insure establishment and
survival of seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
45 —Olney fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected
to highly dissected plains. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 6
inches thick. The upper 12 inches of the subsoil is sandy
clay loam or loam, and the lower 10 inches is calcareous
sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney loamy
sand, Ascalon fine sandy loam, Stoneham fine sandy
loam, and Vona sandy loam.
Permeability of this Olney soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface is barren of vegetation.
Soil blowing can be reduced by cultivating only in the
tree rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation between
the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods. Summer fallow,
cultivation for weed control, and selection of adapted
plants are needed to insure establishment and survival
of seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
46 —Otero sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on smooth to moderately
dissected plains and alluvial fans. It formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 5
inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches or more is sandy loam. The soil is calcareous
throughout.
Included in this unit are small areas of Stoneham fine
sandy loam, soils that have a gravelly surface layer or
gravelly underlying material, Kim and Mitchell soils, and
Bushman fine sandy loam. Included areas make up
about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Otero soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
34 Soil survey
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Soil blowing can be reduced by cultivating
only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation
between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
47 —Otero sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected plains and fans. It formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium and colluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 5
inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60
inches or more is sandy loam. The soil is calcareous
throughout.
Included in this unit are small areas of Stoneham fine
sandy loam, soils that have a gravelly surface layer or
gravelly underlying material, Kim and Mitchell soils,
Bushman fine sandy loam, and soils that have slopes of
less than 3 percent. Included areas make up about 20
percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Otero soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Soil blowing can be reduced by cultivating
only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation
between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
48 —Otero -Tassel complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes.
This map unit is on highly dissected, convex shoulders
and slightly dissected to highly dissected, concave
backslopes and foot slopes of breaks.
This unit is about 50 percent Otero sandy loam and
about 25 percent Tassel loamy fine sand. The Otero soil
is on the backslopes and foot slopes, and the Tassel soil
is on the shoulders. The individual components of this
unit are in areas so narrow that it was not practical to
map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim loam in
drainageways between foot slopes; Rock outcrop on
shoulders; and soils, on backslopes, that are moderately
deep to calcareous sandstone. Included areas make up
25 percent of the total acreage.
The Otero soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Typically, the surface layer is
brown sandy loam 5 inches thick. The underlying
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 35
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is sandy loam.
The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Otero soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is high to very high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
The Tassel soil is shallow and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy residuum derived dominantly from
sandstone. Typically, the surface layer is light yellowish
brown loamy fine sand 7 inches thick. The underlying
material is fine sandy loam 12 inches thick. Sandstone is
at a depth of 19 inches. Depth to sandstone ranges from
10 to 20 inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Tassel soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is
10 to 20 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is high to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Otero soil is
mainly blue grama, prairie sandreed, and
needleandthread. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 700 to 2,000 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Tassel soil is mainly
blue grama, sideoats grama, little bluestem, and
threadleaf sedge. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 300 to 1,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Areas that are heavily infested with undesirable plants
can be improved by proper grazing management.
management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the unit to produce plants suitable for grazing. Slope
limits access by livestock and results in overgrazing of
the less sloping areas.
The Otero soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing where the surface layer is barren of
vegetation. Soil blowing can be reduced by cultivating
only in the tree rows and by leaving a strip of vegetation
between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
The Tassel soil is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are shallow
rooting depth, low available water capacity, and
steepness of slopes.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Otero soil is in Sandy Plains range site,
and the Tassel soil is in Sandstone Breaks range site.
49 —Paoli fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected alluvial fans. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Slopes are concave.
Typically, the upper 15 inches of the surface layer is
brown fine sandy loam and the lower 12 inches is brown
coarse sandy loam. The underlying material to a depth of
60 inches or more is coarse sandy loam and sandy loam.
The soil is calcareous below a depth of 8 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of soils that have
a surface layer of loamy sand, soils that are
noncalcareous, and soils that have restricted drainage.
Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total
acreage.
Permeability of this Paoli soil is moderately rapid to a
depth of 15 inches and rapid below this depth. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to very slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. Livestock grazing should be
managed to protect the soil in this unit from erosion.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion
is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and in the potential of the soil to
produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
36 Soil survey
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
50—Paoll fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected
to highly dissected fans. It formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium and colluvium. Slopes are concave.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam
13 inches thick. It is calcareous in the lower part. The
underlying material to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous sandy loam or coarse sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of soils that have
a surface layer of loamy sand, soils that are
noncalcareous, soils that have restricted drainage, and
soils that have slopes of less than 6 percent. Included
areas make up about 15 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Paoli soil is moderately rapid to a
depth of 13 inches and rapid below this depth. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is high. The hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant 'community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, and prairie sandreed. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
51—Peetz gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent
slopes. This deep, somewhat excessively drained soil is
on backslopes and shoulders of moderately dissected to
highly dissected upland ridges and breaks. It formed in
calcareous gravelly alluvium. Slopes are convex. Areas
are nearly linear in shape and are 20 to 1,000 acres in
size.
Typically, 15 to 35 percent of the surface is covered
with gravel and cobbles. Typically, the upper part of the
surface layer is grayish brown gravelly sandy loam 4
inches thick, and the lower part is brown very gravelly
loamy sand 4 inches thick. The underlying material to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous very gravelly
sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Altvan sandy
loam on the tops of upland ridges and breaks; Rock
outcrop on shoulders of upland ridges and breaks;
Bushman fine sandy loam on backslopes and foot
slopes of upland ridges and breaks; and Ascalon fine
sandy loam and Wages fine sandy loam on foot slopes
of upland ridges and breaks. Included areas make up
about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Peetz soil is rapid. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is high to very high. The hazard of soil blowing is
slight.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as a source of gravel.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, and prairie
sandreed. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Livestock grazing should be managed to protect
the soil in this unit from erosion. Slope limits access by
livestock and results in overgrazing of the less sloping
areas. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
high content of lime and the moderate available water
capacity. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods. Summer fallow,
cultivation for weed control, and selection of adapted
plants are needed to insure establishment and survival
of seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Gravel Breaks range site.
52—Peetz-Altvan complex, 0 to 20 percent slopes.
This map unit is on upland ridges, breaks, and plains.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 37
This unit is about 40 percent Peetz gravelly sandy
loam and about 35 percent Altvan fine sandy loam. The
Peetz soil is on shoulders of upland ridges and breaks.
The Altvan soil is on upland ridgetops and on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains and high plains. The
individual components of this unit are in areas so narrow
that it was not practical to map them separately at the
scales used.
Included in this unit is about 25 percent Bushman fine
sandy loam, Paoli fine sandy loam, and Otero sandy
loam.
The Peetz soil is deep and somewhat excessively
drained. It formed in calcareous gravelly alluvium.
Typically, 15 to 35 percent of the surface is covered with
gravel, cobbles, and small stones. The upper part of the
surface layer is grayish brown gravelly sandy loam 4
inches thick, and the lower part is brown very gravelly
loamy sand 4 inches thick. The underlying material to a
depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous very gravelly
sand.
Permeability of the Peetz soil is rapid. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing
is slight to very high.
The Altvan soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
calcareous gravelly alluvium. Typically, the surface layer
is dark grayish brown fine sandy loam 3 inches thick.
The subsoil is sandy clay loam and clay loam 16 inches
thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
gravelly coarse sand. In some areas the surface layer is
loam.
Permeability of the Altvan soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as a source of gravel.
The potential plant community on the Peetz soil is
mainly blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, and
prairie sandreed. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 600 to 1,200 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Altvan soil is mainly
blue grama, needleandthread, western wheatgrass, and
prairie sandreed. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Mechanical treatment is not practical because of
the stony surface and the steepness of slope. If the
plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion is
needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and in the potential of the unit to
produce plants suitable for grazing. Slope limits access
by livestock and results in overgrazing of the less sloping
areas.
The Peetz soil is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are the
high content of lime, low available water capacity, and
steepness of slope.
The Altvan soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Peetz soil is in Gravel Breaks range
site, and the Altvan soil is in Loamy Plains range site.
53—Peetz-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent
slopes. This map unit is on shoulders of breaks and
escarpments.
This unit is about 40 percent Peetz gravelly sandy
loam and about 30 percent Rock outcrop. The individual
components of this unit are in areas so narrow that it
was not practical to map them separately at the scale
used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Bushman fine
sandy loam, Otero sandy loam, and Paoli fine sandy
loam on foot slopes of terrace escarpments; Treon fine
sandy loam and Tassel loamy fine sand on the upper
part of the backslopes and shoulders of terrace
escarpments; Altvan sandy loam on the upper part of the
shoulders of terrace escarpments; and soils that are
moderately deep to sandstone and are on the lower part
of the shoulders of terrace escarpments. Included soils
make up 30 percent of the total acreage. The
percentage varies from one area to another.
The Peetz soil is deep and somewhat excessively
drained. It formed in calcareous gravelly alluvium.
Typically, 15 to 35 percent of the surface is covered with
gravel and cobbles. The surface layer is grayish brown
gravelly sandy loam 4 inches thick. The underlying
material to a depth of 60 inches or more is calcareous
very gravelly sand.
Permeability of the Peetz soil is rapid. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches
or more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is
very high. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
Rock outcrop consists mainly of exposed areas of
sandstone. These areas form the vertical face of
escarpments and the shoulders and backslopes of
colluvial fans.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Peetz soil is
mainly blue grama, little bluestem, sideoats grama, and
prairie sandreed. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 600 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
38 Soil survey
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion
is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and in the potential of the unit to
produce plants suitable for grazing. Slope limits access
by livestock and results in overgrazing of the less sloping
areas.
Management practices suitable for use on this unit are
proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation grazing.
Livestock grazing should be managed to protect the unit
from excessive erosion. Mechanical treatment is not
practical because of the areas of Rock outcrop and the
steepness of slope.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations of the
Peetz soil are the high content of lime, moderate
available water capacity, and steepness of slope.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIIs,
nonirrigated, and in Gravel Breaks range site.
54—Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on smooth to slightly dissected plains
and adjacent stream terraces. It formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown loam 4
inches thick. The subsoil is clay, clay loam, and silty clay
loam 20 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60
inches or more is calcareous fine sandy loam and sandy
loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam, Manzanola clay loam, and Nunn clay loam.
Also included are soils that have a fine sandy loam or
sandy loam surface layer.
Permeability of this Platner soil is slow. Available water
capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is
slight. The hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Low annual precipitation is the main
limitation for the crops that can be grown on this unit.
Because precipitation is not sufficient for annual
cropping, a cropping system that includes small grain
and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually
is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient use of
fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IV, nonirrigated,
and in Loamy Plains range site.
55—Renohill fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
slightly dissected to moderately dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived
dominantly from shale.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 5
inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 13 inches thick.
The substratum is calcareous clay loam 14 inches thick.
Shale is at a depth of 32 inches. Depth to shale ranges
from 20 to 40 inches. In some areas the surface layer is
loam or clay loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Midway clay
loam, Shingle loam, and Rock outcrop of shale.
Permeability of this Renohill soil is slow. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20
to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing
is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 39
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
56—Renohill fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
moderately dissected to highly dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived
dominantly from shale.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 4
inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 13 inches thick.
The substratum is calcareous clay loam 12 inches thick.
Shale is at a depth of 29 inches. Depth to shale ranges
from 20 to 40 inches. In some areas the surface layer is
loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Midway clay
loam, Shingle loam, and Rock outcrop of shale.
Permeability of this Renohill soil is slow. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20
to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
57—Renohill-Shingle complex, 3 to 9 percent
slopes. This map unit is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected plains, upland ridges, and breaks.
This unit is 50 percent Renohill fine sandy loam and
35 percent Shingle clay loam. The Renohill soil is in the
less sloping, slightly concave areas, and the Shingle soil
is in the steeper, convex areas.
Included in this unit are small areas of Midway and
Tassel soils. Also included are some areas of Rock
outcrop. Included areas make up 15 percent of the total
acreage.
The Renohill soil is moderately deep and well drained.
It formed in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived
dominantly from shale. Typically, the surface layer is
brown fine sandy loam 4 inches thick. The subsoil is clay
loam 13 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous clay
loam 12 inches thick. Shale is at a depth of 29 inches.
Depth to shale ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Permeability of the Renohill soil is slow. Available water
capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40
inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water erosion
is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is moderate to
high.
The Shingle soil is shallow and well drained. It formed
in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived
dominantly from shale. Typically, the surface layer is
yellowish brown clay loam 4 inches thick. The underlying
material is clay loam 7 inches thick. Shale is at a depth
of 11 inches. Depth to shale ranges from 10 to 20
inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Shingle soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil blowing is
slight.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Renohill soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,400 pounds. The
potential plant community on the Shingle soil is mainly
western wheatgrass, blue grama, alkali sacaton, and
sideoats grama. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 300 to 900 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
40 Soil survey
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soils in this unit to produce plants
suitable for grazing.
The Renohill soil is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The Shingle soil is poorly suited
to windbreaks and environmental plantings. The main
limitations are shallow rooting depth and low available
water capacity.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated. The Renohill soil is in Loamy Plains range
site, and the Shingle soil is in Shaly Plains range site.
58 —Rosebud fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
moderately dissected high plains. It formed in calcareous
loamy residuum derived dominantly from sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine
sandy loam 5 inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 14
inches thick. The substratum is sandy clay loam and
sandy loam 19 inches thick over limy sandstone.
Sandstone is at a depth of 38 inches. Depth to
sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam and Platner loam.
Permeability of this Rosebud soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as nonirrigated cropland and
rangeland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 600 to 1,600 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
59 —Rosebud fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes. This moderately deep, well drained soil is on
highly dissected high plains. It formed in calcareous
loamy residuum derived dominantly from soft sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown fine
sandy loam 4 inches thick. The subsoil is clay loam 12
inches thick. The substratum is sandy clay loam and
sandy loam 12 inches thick. Limy sandstone is at a depth
of 28 inches. Depth to sandstone ranges from 20 to 40
inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Ascalon fine
sandy loam. Also included are some areas of Rock
outcrop.
Permeability of this Rosebud soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and
the hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,400 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or both.
Other management practices that are suitable for use on
this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and
rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection
from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 41
in a severe decrease in productivity and in the potential
of the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
60 —Shingle clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes. This
shallow, well drained soil is on slightly dissected to
moderately dissected plains, upland ridges, and breaks.
It formed in calcareous loamy or clayey residuum derived
dominantly from shale.
Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown clay
loam 4 inches thick. The underlying material is clay loam
7 inches thick. Shale is at a depth of 11 inches. Depth to
shale ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The soil is
calcareous throughout.
Included in this unit are small areas of Renohill fine
sandy loam, Rock outcrop of shale, areas that are
intermittently ponded, Thedalund loam, and Keota loam.
Included areas make up about 20 percent of the total
acreage.
Permeability of this Shingle soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20
inches. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the hazard of
water erosion is slight to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is slight.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
western wheatgrass, blue grama, alkali sacaton, and
sideoats grama. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 300 to 900 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Areas that are heavily infested with undesirable
plants can be improved by proper grazing management.
Other management practices that are suitable for use on
this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and
rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection
from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results
in a severe decrease in productivity and in the potential
of the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are shallow
rooting depth and low available water capacity.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Shaly Plains range site.
61 —Stoneham fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on smooth to
moderately dissected plains and alluvial fans. It formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is pale brown fine sandy
loam 5 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the subsoil is
clay loam, and the lower 6 inches is calcareous loam.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim soils and
Mitchell soils. Included areas make up about 15 percent
of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Stoneham soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
42 Soil survey
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
62 —Stoneham fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes. This deep, well drained soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains. It formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is pale brown fine sandy
loam 5 inches thick. The upper 3 inches of the subsoil is
clay loam, and the lower 6 inches is calcareous loam.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is
calcareous sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim soils,
Mitchell soils, Otero sandy loam, and soils that have
slopes of less than 6 percent. Included areas make up
about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Stoneham soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
63 —Tassel loamy fine sand, 5 to 20 percent
slopes. This shallow, well drained soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains. It formed in
calcareous loamy residuum derived dominantly from
sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is light yellowish brown
loamy fine sand 7 inches thick. The underlying material
is fine sandy loam 12 inches thick. Sandstone is at a
depth of 19 inches. Depth to sandstone ranges from 10
to 20 inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Included in this unit are small areas of Shingle loam
and noncalcareous soils. Also included are some areas
of Rock outcrop.
Permeability of this Tassel soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is
10 to 20 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to very high. The hazard of
soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sideoats grama, little bluestem, and
threadleaf sedge. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from
erosion is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the soil to produce plants suitable for grazing.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are shallow
rooting depth, low available water capacity, and
steepness of slope.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandstone Breaks range site.
64 —Terry sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
moderately deep, well drained soil is on smooth to
moderately dissected plains. It formed in calcareous
sandy residuum derived from sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sandy
loam 5 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy loam 12 inches
thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy sand 15
inches thick. Sandstone is at a depth of 32 inches.
Depth to sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Vona sandy loam, Tassel loamy fine sand,
and soils that have a subsoil of sandy clay loam and
have sandy shale at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Included
areas make up about 20 percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Terry soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard
of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil blowing is
moderate.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 43
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
restricted rooting depth and low available water capacity.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
65 —Terry sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This
moderately deep, well drained soil is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected plains. It formed in
calcareous sandy residuum derived from sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown sandy
loam 5 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy loam 12 inches
thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy sand 15
inches thick. Sandstone is at a depth of 32 inches.
Depth to sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Vona sandy loam, and Tassel loamy fine
sand. Also included are small areas of soils that have a
subsoil of sandy clay loam and have sandy shale at a
depth of 20 to 40 inches and soils that have slopes of
less than 3 percent. Included areas make up about 15
percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Terry soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is slow, and the hazard
of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, sand dropseed, prairie sandreed, and
needleandthread. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
restricted rooting depth and low available water capacity.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
66—Thedalund-Keota loarns, 0 to 3 percent slopes.
This map unit is on moderately dissected alluvial fans,
upland ridges, and plains.
This unit is about 45 percent Thedalund loam and
about 35 percent Keota loam. The components of this
unit are so intricately intermingled that it was not
practical to map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit is about 20 percent Epping silt
loam, Kim loam, Mitchell silt loam, and Shingle clay
loam. Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
Included areas make up about 20 percent of the total
acreage.
The Thedalund soil is moderately deep and well
drained. It formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived
from fine grained sandstone, shale, and siltstone.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown loam 3
inches thick. Below this is loam 22 inches thick.
Sandstone is at a depth of 25 inches. Depth to
sandstone, shale, or siltstone ranges from 20 to 40
inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Thedalund soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
44
Soil survey
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
The Keota soil is moderately deep and well drained. It
formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
siltstone. Typically, the surface layer is pale brown loam
4 inches thick. The next 19 inches is silt loam. Below
this is loam 12 inches thick. Siltstone is at a depth of 35
inches. Depth to siltstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Keota soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20
to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of water
erosion is slight to moderate. The hazard of soil blowing
is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing saltbush.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated. The Thedalund soil is in Loamy Plains
range site, and the Keota soil is in Siltstone Plains range
site.
67—Thedalund-Keota loans, 3 to 9 percent slopes.
This map unit is on highly dissected alluvial fans, upland
ridges, and plains.
This unit is about 45 percent Thedalund loam and
about 35 percent Keota loam. The components of this
unit are so intricately intermingled that it was not
practical to map them separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit is about 20 percent Epping silt
loam, Kim loam, Mitchell silt loam, and Shingle clay
loam. Also included are some areas of Rock outcrop.
The Thedalund soil is moderately deep and well
drained. It formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived
from fine grained sandstone, shale, and siltstone.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown loam 3
inches thick. Below this is loam 21 inches thick.
Sandstone is at a depth of 24 inches. Depth to
sandstone, shale, or siltstone ranges from 20 to 40
inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Thedalund soil is moderate.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 20 to 40 inches. Runoff is medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate to high. The hazard
of soil blowing is moderate.
The Keota soil is moderately deep and well drained. It
formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
siltstone. Typically, the surface layer is pale brown loam
4 inches thick. The next 19 inches is silt loam. Below
this is loam 12 inches thick. Siltstone is at a depth of 35
inches. Depth to siltstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Keota soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 20
to 40 inches. Runoff is rapid, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate to high. The hazard of soil blowing
is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, and fourwing saltbush.
The average annual production of air-dry vegetation
ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the unit to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIe,
nonirrigated. The Thedalund soil is in Loamy Plains
range site, and the Keota soil is in Siltstone Plains range
site.
68—Treon fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes.
This shallow, well drained soil is on moderately dissected
to highly dissected plains and upland ridges. It formed in
calcareous loamy residuum derived from fine grained
sandstone.
Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam 7
inches thick. The underlying material is fine sandy loam
4 inches thick. Sandstone is at a depth of 11 inches.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 45
Depth to sandstone ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The
soil is calcareous throughout. In some areas the surface
layer is sandy loam or loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of moderately
deep soils, Bushman fine sandy loam, and Tassel loamy
fine sand. Also included are some areas of Rock
outcrop.
Permeability of this Treon soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is
10 to 20 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is high. The hazard of soil blowing is high
to very high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, needleandthread, and
sideoats grama. The average annual production of air-
dry vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Mechanical treatment is not practical because of
the steepness of slope. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing. Slope limits access by livestock and results in
overgrazing of the less sloping areas.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are shallow
rooting depth, low available water capacity, and
steepness of slope.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Slopes range site.
69—Treon-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent
slopes. This map unit is on escarpments.
This unit is about 50 percent Treon fine sandy loam
and about 30 percent Rock outcrop. The Treon soil is on
the shoulders of escarpments, and Rock outcrop is on
the backslopes of escarpments. The individual
components of this unit are in areas so narrow that it
was not practical to map them separately at the scale
used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Bushman soils
on foot slopes and soils that have sandstone at a depth
of 20 to 40 inches and are on shoulders and backslopes.
Included areas make up about 20 percent of the total
acreage.
The Treon soil is shallow and well drained. It formed in
calcareous loamy residuum derived from fine grained
sandstone. Typically, the surface layer is brown fine
sandy loam 7 inches thick. The underlying material is
fine sandy loam 4 inches thick. Sandstone is at a depth
of 11 inches. Depth to sandstone ranges from 10 to 20
inches. The soil is calcareous throughout.
Permeability of the Treon soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is
10 to 20 inches. Runoff is medium, and the hazard of
water erosion is high to very high. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate. Rock outcrop consists of
sandstone escarpments.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on the Treon soil is
mainly blue grama, western wheatgrass,
needleandthread, and sideoats grama. The average
annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges from 400
to 1,200 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Management practices that are suitable for use on this
unit are proper range use, deferred grazing, and rotation
grazing. Livestock grazing should be managed to protect
the unit from excessive erosion. Mechanical treatment is
not practical because of the areas of Rock outcrop and
the steepness of slope.
If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion
is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and in the potential of the unit to
produce plants suitable for grazing. Slope limits access
by livestock and results in overgrazing of the less sloping
areas.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations of the
Treon soil are shallow rooting depth, low available water
capacity, and steepness of slope. Supplemental irrigation
may be needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass VIIs,
nonirrigated, and in Sandstone Breaks range site.
70—Ustic Torrlorthents-Rock outcrop complex, 9
to 40 percent slopes. This map unit is on moderately
dissected to highly dissected alluvial and colluvial fans
and escarpments.
This unit is 60 percent Ustic Torriorthents and 20
percent Rock outcrop. Ustic Torriorthents are on the foot
slopes and backslopes of fans, and Rock outcrop is on
escarpments. The individual components of this unit are
in areas so narrow that it was not practical to map them
separately at the scale used.
Included in this unit are small areas of Cascajo
gravelly sandy loam on the shoulders of escarpments.
Also included are some gullied and eroded areas.
Included areas make up about 20 percent of the total
acreage.
Ustic Torriorthents have a light-colored surface layer
that is highly variable in texure. The subsoil, where
present, ranges from silt loam to gravelly sandy loam.
46 Soil survey
Depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 60 inches or more.
These soils are calcareous throughout.
Permeability of Ustic Torriorthents is moderate to
rapid. Available water capacity is moderate to high.
Effective rooting depth is 10 to 60 inches or more.
Runoff is slow to rapid, and the hazard of water erosion
is high to very high.
Rock outcrop consists of exposures of sandstone on
escarpments.
This unit is used as rangeland and for wildlife habitat.
The potential plant community on the Ustic
Torriorthents is mainly sideoats grama, little bluestem,
blue grama, and prairie sandreed. The average annual
production of air-dry vegetation ranges from 200 to 1,000
pounds.
Management practices suitable for use on the Ustic
Torriorthents are proper range use, deferred grazing, and
rotation grazing. Mechanical treatment is not practical
because of the stony surface and steepness of slope.
Livestock grazing should be managed to protect the soils
in this unit from excessive erosion. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soils to produce plants suitable for
grazing. Slope limits access by livestock and results in
overgrazing of the less sloping areas.
This unit is poorly suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
steepness of slope, shallow depth to bedrock, and the
areas of Rock outcrop.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vlls,
nonirrigated, and in Sandstone Breaks range site.
71 —Vona loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
deep, somewhat excessively drained soil is on slightly
dissected to moderately dissected plains. It formed in
calcareous, sandy alluvial and eolian material.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand 2
inches thick. The upper 15 inches of the subsoil is sandy
loam, and the lower 3 inches is calcareous sandy loam.
The upper 8 inches of the substratum is calcareous
loamy sand, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches
or more is calcareous sandy loam. In some areas the
surface layer is sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney loamy
sand. Included areas make up about 10 percent of the
total acreage.
Permeability of this Vona soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is high.
Most areas of this unit are used as rangeland. A few
areas are used as nonirrigated cropland. Winter wheat is
the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
sand bluestem, needleandthread, prairie sandreed, and
switchgrass. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 1,200 to 2,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. If plant cover is disturbed, protection from soil
blowing is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a
severe decrease in productivity and in the potential of
the soil in this unit to produce plants suitable for grazing.
Areas that are heavily infested with undesirable plants
can be improved by proper grazing management and
chemical spraying. Management practices that are
suitable for use on this unit are proper range use,
deferred grazing, and rotation grazing.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
moderate available water capacity and the hazard of soil
blowing. Trees need to be planted directly into the native
vegetation to minimize disturbance of the soil cover.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Deep Sand range site.
72 —Vona loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This
deep, somewhat excessively drained soil is on
moderately dissected to highly dissected plains. It
formed in calcareous, sandy alluvial and eolian material.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand 2
inches thick. The upper 15 inches of the subsoil is sandy
loam, and the lower 3 inches is calcareous sandy loam.
The upper 8 inches of the substratum is calcareous
loamy sand, and the lower part to a depth of 60 inches
or more is calcareous sandy loam. In some areas the
surface layer is sandy loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney loamy
sand and soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent.
Included areas make up about 15 percent of the total
acreage.
Permeability of this Vona soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 47
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil
blowing is high.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
sand bluestem, needleandthread, prairie sandreed, and
switchgrass. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 1,100 to 2,400 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both.
If the plant cover is disturbed, protection from erosion
is needed. Loss of the surface layer results in a severe
decrease in productivity and in the potential of the soil in
this unit to produce plants suitable for grazing. Areas
that are heavily infested with undesirable plants can be
improved by proper grazing management and chemical
spraying. Other management practices that are suitable
for use on this unit are proper range use, deferred
grazing, and rotation grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The main limitations are
moderate available water capacity and the hazard of soil
blowing. Trees need to be planted among the native
vegetation to minimize disturbance of the plant cover.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Deep Sand range site.
73 —Vona sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on smooth to slightly dissected
plains. It formed in calcareous sandy alluvial and eolian
material.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 6
inches thick. The subsoil is sandy loam 11 inches thick.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is loamy
sand. In some areas the surface layer is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Manter sandy loam, and Otero sandy loam.
Permeability of this Vona soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used mainly as nonirrigated cropland.
Winter wheat is the main crop. The unit is also used as
rangeland.
This unit is suited to winter wheat, barley, oats, and
sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 800 to 2,000 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from soil blowing is needed. Loss of the
surface layer results in a severe decrease in productivity
and in the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable
for grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing. Trees need to be planted among the
native vegetation to minimize disturbance of the plant
cover. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
74 —Vona sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This
deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected to
highly dissected plains. It formed in calcareous, sandy
alluvial and eolian material.
Typically, the surface layer is brown sandy loam 6
inches thick. The subsoil is sandy loam 9 inches thick.
The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more is loamy
sand. In some areas the surface layer is loamy sand.
Included in this unit are small areas of Olney fine
sandy loam, Manter sandy loam, and Otero sandy loam.
Permeability of this Vona soil is moderately rapid.
Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting
depth is 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate.The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, prairie sandreed, and needleandthread. The
average annual production of air-dry vegetation ranges
from 700 to 1,800 pounds.
48 Soil survey
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It is limited mainly by the hazard
of soil blowing. Trees need to be planted among the
native vegetation to minimize disturbance of the plant
cover. Supplemental irrigation may be needed when
planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Sandy Plains range site.
75 —Wages fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on slightly dissected plains
and alluvial fans. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sandy
loam 4 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 10
inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim soils,
Mitchell soils, and Platner loam.
Permeability of this Wages soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow to medium, and the
hazard of water erosion is slight to moderate. The
hazard of soil blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland and nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Because precipitation is not sufficient for
annual cropping, a cropping system that includes small
grain and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation
usually is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient
use of fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
76 —Wages fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes.
This deep, well drained soil is on moderately dissected
plains. It formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Typically, the surface layer is grayish brown fine sandy
loam 4 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy clay loam 8
inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or
more is calcareous loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Kim and
Mitchell soils.
Permeability of this Wages soil is moderate. Available
water capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60
inches or more. Runoff is medium to rapid, and the
hazard of water erosion is moderate. The hazard of soil
blowing is moderate.
This unit is used as rangeland.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 400 to 1,300 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 49
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. Supplemental irrigation may be
needed when planting and during dry periods.
This map unit is in capability subclass Vle,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
77 —Weld loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes. This deep,
well drained soil is on smooth plains. It formed in
calcareous, loamy eolian material.
Typically, the surface layer is brown loam 9 inches
thick. The subsoil is clay, clay loam, and silty clay loam
13 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches
or more is calcareous loam.
Included in this unit are small areas of Platner loam
and soils that have a surface layer and subsoil less than
15 inches thick. Included areas make up about 15
percent of the total acreage.
Permeability of this Weld soil is slow. Available water
capacity is high. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
more. Runoff is slow, and the hazard of water erosion is
slight. The hazard of soil blowing is slight.
Most areas of this unit are used as nonirrigated
cropland. Winter wheat is the main crop. A few areas are
used as rangeland.
This unit is well suited to winter wheat, barley, oats,
and sorghum. Low annual precipitation is the main
limitation to the crops that can be grown on this unit.
Because precipitation is not sufficient for annual
cropping, a cropping system that includes small grain
and summer fallow is most suitable. Precipitation usually
is too low for crops on this unit to make efficient use of
fertilizer.
Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface
reduces runoff, reduces soil blowing, and helps to
maintain soil tilth and organic matter content. Stubble -
mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum tillage help to
control erosion and conserve moisture. Terraces reduce
runoff and the risk of erosion and help to conserve
moisture.
The potential plant community on this unit is mainly
blue grama, western wheatgrass, sedges, and
buffalograss. The average annual production of air-dry
vegetation ranges from 500 to 1,500 pounds.
If the range is overgrazed, the proportion of preferred
forage plants decreases and the proportion of less
preferred forage plants increases. Therefore, livestock
grazing should be managed so that the desired balance
of preferred species is maintained in the plant
community.
Range seeding is suitable if the range is in poor
condition. The plants selected for seeding should meet
the seasonal requirements of livestock or wildlife, or
both. Other management practices that are suitable for
use on this unit are proper range use, deferred grazing,
and rotation grazing. If the plant cover is disturbed,
protection from erosion is needed. Loss of the surface
layer results in a severe decrease in productivity and in
the potential of the soil to produce plants suitable for
grazing.
This unit is well suited to windbreaks and
environmental plantings. It has few limitations.
Supplemental irrigation may be needed when planting
and during dry periods. Summer fallow, cultivation for
weed control, and selection of adapted plants are
needed to insure establishment and survival of
seedlings.
This map unit is in capability subclass IVe,
nonirrigated, and in Loamy Plains range site.
51
prime farmland
Prime farmland, as defined by the United States
Department of Agriculture, is the land that is best suited
to producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops.
It must either be used for producing food or fiber or be
available for these uses. It has the soil quality, length of
growing season, and moisture supply needed to
economically produce a sustained high yield of crops
when it is managed properly. Prime farmland produces
the highest yields with minimal energy and economic
resources, and farming it results in the least disturbance
of the environment.
Prime farmland commonly has an adequate and
dependable supply of moisture from precipitation or
irrigation. It also has a favorable temperature and length
of growing season and an acceptable level of acidity or
alkalinity. It has few if any rock fragments and is
permeable to water and air. Prime farmland is not
excessively eroded or saturated with water for long
periods and is not flooded during the growing season.
The slope is no more than 6 percent. Soils that are
limited by a hazard of flooding may qualify for prime
farmland if this limitation can be overcome by practices
such as flood control. Onsite investigation is needed to
determine the extent of this limitation.
About 765,409 acres, or nearly 54 percent of the
survey area would meet the requirements for prime
farmland if an adequate and dependable supply of
irrigation water were available. At present, however, only
about 14,000 acres, or less than 1 percent of the area, is
irrigated. The major irrigated areas are north and east of
the town of Pierce and northeast of the town of
Hereford. The major crops grown are corn for silage and
grain, sugar beets, small grain, and dry beans. Alfalfa is
the principal hay crop.
The following map units meet the soil requirements for
prime farmland when irrigated; however, Haverson loam,
0 to 3 percent slopes, must also be protected from
flooding to qualify as prime farmland. This list does not
constitute a recommendation for a particular land use.
1—Altvan fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
4 —Ascalon fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
15—Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
17 —Bushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
23—Dacono clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
29—Haverson loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
30 —Keith loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
31 —Kim -Mitchell complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes
34—Manter sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
36—Manzanola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
38—Nucla loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
40 —Nunn loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
41 —Nunn clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
44 —Olney fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
46 —Otero sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
49 —Paoli fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
54—Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
61 —Stoneham fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
73 —Vona sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
75 —Wages fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
77 —Weld loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
53
use and management of the soils
This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the
soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land
uses to the limitations and potentials of natural
resources and the environment. Also, it can help avoid
soil -related failures in land uses.
In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,
conservationists, engineers, and others collect extensive
field data about the nature and behavior characteristics
of the soils. They collect data on erosion, droughtiness,
flooding, and other factors that affect various soil uses
and management. Field experience and collected data
on soil properties and performance are used as a basis
in predicting soil behavior.
Information in this section can be used to plan the use
and management of soils for crops and pasture; as
rangeland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,
highways and other transportation systems, and parks
and other recreation facilities; and for wildlife habitat. It
can be used to identify the potentials and limitations of
each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent
construction failures caused by unfavorable soil
properties.
Planners and others using soil survey information can
evaluate the effect of specific land uses on productivity
and on the environment in all or part of the survey area.
The survey can help planners to maintain or create a
land use pattern in harmony with the natural soil.
Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of
sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to
identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil
layers can cause difficulty in excavation.
Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and
others may also find this survey useful. The survey can
help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate
sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,
playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.
crops and pasture
Ronald D. Miller, district conservationist, Soil Conservation Service,
assisted in preparing this section.
General management needed for crops and pasture is
suggested in this section. The crops or pasture plants
best suited to the soils, including some not commonly
grown in the survey area, are identified; prime farmland
is defined, and the map units are listed that qualify as
prime farmland if irrigated; the system of land capability
classification used by the Soil Conservation Service is
explained; and the estimated yields of the main crops
and hay and pasture plants are listed for each soil.
Planners of management systems for individual fields or
farms should consider the detailed information given in
the description of each soil under "Detailed soil map
units." Specific information can be obtained from the
local office of the Soil Conservation Service or the
Cooperative Extension Service.
Thirty-five percent of the survey area is used as
nonirrigated cropland. The major management concerns
are crop selection, crop residue management, and
erosion control. To maintain the productivity of the soil,
conservation practices are designed to reduce annual
soil losses to less than 5 tons per acre.
Crops suited to this survey area are limited because of
the short growing season and the low effective annual
precipitation, which is 11 to 13 inches. The major crops
grown are winter wheat and sorghum. Sorghum primarily
is used for hay and pasture, but it is also used as a
catch crop following a loss of winter grain. Some barley
and oats are grown in the area, and the oats commonly
are cut for hay.
The cropping systems commonly used are wheat -
fallow -wheat and wheat -fallow -sorghum -fallow. Summer
fallowing is needed because of the low annual
precipitation, which does not provide adequate moisture
for annual cropping. During the fallow period, providing
protection from soil blowing and managing crop residue
are essential. Management of crop residue or stubble
mulching consists of using plant residue to protect
cultivated fields from erosion, to conserve moisture, to
increase water infiltration, to reduce soil losses, and to
improve soil tilth. Management of crop residue may be
accomplished by using minimum tillage, selecting tillage
equipment that leaves the maximum amount of residue
on the surface, and using chemical weed control during
the fallow season.
The hazard of soil blowing is a major concern in the
survey area. Susceptibility to soil blowing is expressed as
wind erodibility groups in table 9. Soils in wind erodibility
group 2 are subject to a high hazard of soil blowing.
Blakeland soils are in this group. Soils in wind erodibility
groups 3 and 4 are subject to a moderate hazard of soil
blowing. Altvan, Ascalon, Haverson, Renohill, and
Stoneham soils are in these groups. To reduce soil
blowing on the soils in wind erodibility groups 2 to 4, a
combination of crop residue management, minimum
tillage, and wind striperopping is needed. Wind
54 Soil survey
striperopping involves growing wind -resistant crops in
strips alternated with row crops or fallow and arranged at
right angles to the prevailing winds. Strip widths are
dependent on the amount of crop residue that can be
maintained during the critical soil blowing period.
Soils in wind erodibility groups 5, 6, and 8 are subject
to a slight hazard of soil blowing. Dacono, Keith, Nunn,
Peetz, and Weld soils are in these groups. Crop residue
management and minimum tillage are needed; however,
wind striperopping may be optional.
The survey area is subject to short, high intensity
rainstorms in summer. As a result, the soils in the area
are subject to sheet and rill erosion from heavy runoff.
The hazard of water erosion is determined by surface
texture, percentage and length of slopes, the amount of
rainfall, and the time and intensity of rainstorms. The
hazard of erosion is given as slight, moderate, or high for
each soil in the section "Detailed soil map units." Proper
crop selection, crop residue management, and minimum
tillage should be used to reduce soil losses. Contour
farming, field striperopping, or terracing may also be
needed in some areas. If use of conservation practices
does not keep soil losses at an acceptable level,
establishment of permanent grass cover may be needed.
Adapted grass species for seeding are listed for each
soil in the section "Detailed soil map units." Further
information is available at the local office of the Soil
Conservation Service or the office of the Colorado State
University Extension Service.
Subsurface tillage implements and stirring or mixing
implements commonly are used in the survey area to
achieve proper crop residue management. A
combination of implements is used in seasonal
cultivation to maintain the maximum amount of stubble
or crop residue on the soil surface and to retain the
maximum amount of soil moisture stored for the
following crop by controlling weeds. Minimum tillage
should be used in the survey area. This involves
performing tillage operations on a timely basis and
reducing the number of operations to only those
essential for weed control. Use of chemicals can also be
used to retard weed growth; however, use of residual
herbicides is restricted to soils that have reaction of less
than 7.2. Soils that have reaction of more than 7.2
should be checked very carefully to insure that residual
herbicides will not harm future crops.
Soil fertility in the survey area commonly is adequate
for production of small grain; however, applications of
nitrogen can increase winter wheat yields. Crop
response to applications of fertilizer is directly related to
moisture supply. Prior to applying fertilizer, a soil test
should be made to determine the amount needed and
economic feasibility should be evaluated. Information on
applications of fertilizer for nonirrigated cropland is
available at the office of the Colorado State University
Extension Service.
One percent of the survey area is irrigated cropland.
The major areas are north and east of the town of
Pierce and northeast of the town of Hereford. The
primary source of irrigation water in the Pierce area is
surface water diverted from perennial streams and
delivered through irrigation canals. Deep irrigation wells
are used to supplement surface water.
The major crops grown in the Pierce area are corn for
silage and grain, sugar beets, small grain, and dry beans.
Alfalfa is the principal hay crop. Specialty crops grown
are onions and carrots. Conservation practices
commonly used are proper crop rotation, crop residue
management, irrigation water management, land leveling
or land smoothing, ditch and canal lining, tailwater
recovery systems, and underground irrigation water
pipelines.
In the Hereford area, irrigation water is pumped from
deep wells and applied to crops through center pivot
sprinkler systems. The major crops grown in this area
are corn for silage and grain, small grain, and alfalfa for
hay. Conservation practices commonly used are proper
crop rotation, crop residue management, proper
application of irrigation water, land leveling or land
smoothing, and underground irrigation water pipelines.
Approximately 86,000 acres of nonirrigated
pastureland is in the survey area. The pastureland was
established in the 1930's when cropland was seeded to
provide protection from erosion. Most areas of the
pastureland support crested wheatgrass and are
managed in conjunction with native rangeland.
Production of the pastureland can be increased by
proper grazing management.
Other management practices used for pastureland are
proper distribution of the livestock water supply, planned
grazing systems, fencing, terracing for erosion control,
and seeding to reestablish or improve grass stands.
Planners of management systems for individual fields
or farms should consider the detailed information given
in the description of each soil in the section "Detailed
soil map units." Specific information can be obtained
from the local offices of the Soil Conservation Service or
the Cooperative Extension Service.
yields per acre
The average yields per acre that can be expected of
the principal crops under a high level of management
are shown in table 2. In any given year, yields may be
higher or lower than those indicated in the table because
of variations in rainfall and other climatic factors.
The yields are based mainly on the experience and
records of farmers, conservationists, and extension
agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and
results of field trials and demonstrations are also
considered.
The management needed to obtain the indicated
yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil
and the crop. Management can include drainage, erosion
control, and protection from flooding; the proper planting
and seeding rates; suitable high -yielding crop varieties;
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 55
appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant
diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction;
effective use of crop residue; and harvesting that insures
the smallest possible loss.
The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity of
each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are likely
to increase as new production technology is developed.
The productivity of a given soil compared with that of
other soils, however, is not likely to change.
Crops other than those shown in table 2 are grown in
the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed
because the acreage of such crops is small. The local
office of the Soil Conservation Service or of the
Cooperative Extension Service can provide information
about the management and productivity of the soils.
land capability classification
Land capability classification shows, in a general way,
the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. Crops
that require special management are excluded. The soils
are grouped according to their limitations for field crops,
the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the
way they respond to management. The grouping does
not take into account major and generally expensive
landforming that would change slope, depth, or other
characteristics of the soils, nor does it consider possible
but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability
classification is not a substitute for interpretations
designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of
soils for rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering
purposes.
In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at
three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit (4). Only
class and subclass are used in this survey. These levels
are defined in the following paragraphs.
Capability classes, the broadest groups, are
designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The
numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and
narrower choices for practical use. The classes are
defined as follows:
Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their use.
Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce the
choice of plants or that require moderate conservation
practices.
Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce the
choice of plants or that require special conservation
practices, or both.
Class IV soils have very severe limitations that reduce
the choice of plants or that require very careful
management, or both.
Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other
limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.
Class VI soils have severe limitations that make them
generally unsuitable for cultivation.
Class VII soils have very severe limitations that make
them unsuitable for cultivation.
Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have
limitations that nearly preclude their use for commercial
crop production.
Capability subc/asses are soil groups within one class.
They are designated by adding a small letter, e, w, s, or
c, to the class numeral, for example, Ile. The letter e
shows that the main limitation is risk of erosion unless
close -growing plant cover is maintained; w shows that
water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or
cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly
corrected by artificial drainage); s shows that the soil is
limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony;
and c, used in only some parts of the United States,
shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold
or very dry.
In class I there are no subclasses because the soils of
this class have few limitations. Class V contains only the
subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils in
class V are subject to little or no erosion. They have
other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,
rangeland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.
The capability classification of each map unit is given
in the section "Detailed soil map units."
rangeland
By Harvey Sprock, range conservationist, Soil Conservation Service.
About 65 percent of the survey area is rangeland.
Nearly 80 percent of the income from ranches in the
area is from livestock, principally cattle. Cow -calf -yearling
operations are dominant. Most ranches range from 2,000
to 10,000 acres in size.
The forage produced on much of the rangeland is
supplemented with pasture and small grain stubble. In
winter the native forage is supplemented with hay and
protein concentrate. Many ranchers use areas in the
Pawnee National Grassland and in the grazing
associations of this area to supplement the areas of
native rangeland.
In the southern part of the area are rolling plains that
support stands of short grasses. In the northern part,
along the Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska state lines,
are steep, rocky breaks that support mixed stands of
short grasses and midgrasses.
In areas that have similar climate and topography,
differences in the kind and amount of vegetation
produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of
soil. Effective management is based on the relationship
between the soils and vegetation and water.
For each soil in the survey area that is suited to use
as rangeland, the range site, the average annual
production of vegetation, and the characteristic
vegetation are given in the section "Detailed soil map
units."
A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that
produces a characteristic natural plant community that
differs from natural plant communities on other range
56 Soil survey
sites in kind, amount, and proportion of range plants.
The relationship between soils and vegetation was
established during this survey; thus, range sites generally
can be determined directly from the soil map. Soil
properties that affect moisture supply and plant nutrients
have the greatest influence on the productivity of range
plants. Soil reaction, salt content, and a seasonal high
water table are also important.
The average annual production is the amount of
vegetation that can be expected to grow annually on
well managed rangeland that is supporting the potential
natural plant community. It includes all vegetation,
whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It
includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and
fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in
stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in
pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation.
The characteristic vegetation is the grasses, forbs, and
shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant
community on each soil. The plants are listed by
common name. The amount that can be used as forage
depends on the kinds of grazing animals and on the
grazing season.
Range management requires a knowledge of the kinds
of soil and of the potential natural plant community. It
also requires an evaluation of the present range
condition. Range condition is determined by comparing
the present plant community with the potential natural
plant community on a particular range site. The more
closely the existing community resembles the potential
community, the better the range condition. Range
condition is an ecological rating only. It does not have a
specific meaning that pertains to the present plant
community in a given use.
The objective in range management is to control
grazing so that the plants growing -on a site are about
the same in kind and amount as the potential natural
plant community for that site. Such management
generally results in the optimum production of
vegetation, conservation of water, and control of erosion.
Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat below
the potential meets grazing needs, provides wildlife
habitat, and protects soil and water resources.
In much of the survey area, continued excessive use
has reduced forage production by about half. Much of
the acreage that once supported open stands of short
grasses and midgrasses now supports stands of short
grasses that are low in vigor and productivity. Range
management practices that increase desirable species
and decrease less desirable ones and that minimize
erosion should be used. Rangeland inventory information
and soil survey information can be used to determine
proper management practices for maintaining and
improving forage production.
windbreaks and environmental plantings
By Gene Anderson, woodland conservationist, Soil Conservation
Service.
Windbreaks are established to protect livestock,
buildings, and yards from wind and snow. They also help
to protect fruit trees and gardens, and they furnish
habitat for wildlife. Several rows of low- and high -growing
broadleaved and coniferous species provide the most
protection.
Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right
angles to the prevailing wind. They protect cropland and
crops from wind, hold snow on the fields, and provide
food and cover for wildlife.
Environmental plantings help to beautify areas, and
they screen houses and other buildings from noise. The
plants, mostly evergreen shrubs and trees, are closely
spaced. A healthy stock of suitable species planted
properly on a well -prepared site and maintained in good
condition can insure a high degree of plant survival.
Land preparation can be critical for initial survival of
trees and shrubs planted for windbreaks in the survey
area. Good land preparation provides for weed control
so that the maximum amount of water available can be
used by the woody species. The 11 to 13 inches of
precipitation received in this survey area annually is not
adequate for survival of woody plants, so weed control
or supplemental water is needed.
Dryland areas should be planted to summer fallow for
at least 1 year before planting windbreaks and
environmental plantings. The area to be fallowed should
extend at least 20 feet on either side of the outside rows
of the plantings. A survival rate of about 50 percent is
expected during the first year of dryland plantings.
Various methods of providing supplemental water for
windbreaks can be used. Use of drip irrigation systems
greatly increases the survival rate. Drip systems are an
easy way to provide a limited amount of water to each
plant. Survival under drip systems averages about 93
percent for the first year.
Supplemental water also increases the growth of the
plants and reduces the need for continued cultivation.
The additional water eliminates the need to reduce weed
competition except in areas right next to the plantings,
where the weeds may compete for sunlight.
If supplemental water is used, summer fallow is not
needed the year before planting. This reduces the
hazard of soil blowing on the sandy soils in the survey
area that tend to blow if summer fallowed. The rows for
plants can be scalped; or the plants can be planted
directly into the sod and an area hoed by hand. A water
delivery system should then be installed to
provide the necessary water for establishment of plants.
Windbreaks provide habitat for wildlife. Widely spacing
rows provides more open area for wildlife feeding and
also protects the trees and shrubs. Leaving at least 20
feet between rows provides room for operating farm
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 57
equipment for many years and reduces the tendency of
the lower branches on the trees and shrubs to die.
Windbreaks should consist of at least two rows. The
windward row should consist of shrubs, and taller trees
should be planted in the row behind it. The lower
growing shrubs provide protection near to the ground,
and the trees provide protection from the winds at a
greater height.
recreation
The soils of the survey area are rated in table 3
according to limitations that affect their suitability for
recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil
features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the
surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Not
considered in the ratings, but important in evaluating a
site, are the location and accessibility of the area, the
size and shape of the area and its scenic quality,
vegetation, access to water, potential water
impoundment sites, and access to public sewerlines. The
capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent and the
ability of the soil to support vegetation are also
important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for
recreation use by the duration and intensity of flooding
and the season when flooding occurs. In planning
recreation facilities, onsite assessment of the height,
duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is essential.
In table 3, the degree of soil limitation is expressed as
slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil
properties are generally favorable and that limitations are
minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that
limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,
design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil
properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be
offset only by costly soil reclamation, special design,
intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination
of these measures.
The information in table 3 can be supplemented by
other information in this survey, for example,
interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 5
and interpretations for dwellings without basements and
for local roads and streets in table 4.
Camp areas require site preparation such as shaping
and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing roads
and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary
facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to
heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The best
soils have mild slopes and are not wet or subject to
flooding during the period of use. The surface has few or
no stones or boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but
remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes
and stones or boulders can greatly increase the cost of
constructing campsites.
Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most
vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking
areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet,
are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding
during the period of use, and do not have slopes or
stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping
sites or of building access roads and parking areas.
Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive
foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not
wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The
surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after rains,
and is not dusty when dry. If grading is needed, the
depth of the soil over bedrock or a hardpan should be
considered.
Paths and trails for hiking, horseback riding, and
bicycling should require little or no cutting and filling. The
best soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty
when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than
once a year during the period of use. They have
moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on
the surface.
wildlife habitat
By Eldie W. Mustard, Jr., biologist, Soil Conservation Service.
Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is
available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect
the construction of water impoundments. The kind and
abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and
distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat can
be created or improved by planting appropriate
vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or by
promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.
Historically, the grassland of the survey area
supported large populations of antelope and bison. Only
a few small private herds of bison are in the area now;
however, antelope can still be found in large numbers.
In general, wildlife species in the area are those
adapted to grassland, which comprises more than 65
percent of the area and is used mainly as rangeland.
Most of the rangeland is in general map units 4, 5, 8, 9,
10, and 12.
Scattered throughout the grassland are areas of
nonirrigated and irrigated cropland, breaks, badland, and
beds of intermittent creeks. Cropland provides habitat for
some wildlife species not found on the grassland.
Examples are migrating geese and waterfowl that feed
on crop residue. Areas changed from rangeland to
cropland provide habitat for species such as ring-necked
pheasant, which are not native to rangeland. General
map units 2, 3, 11, and 13 contain much of this cropland.
The breaks and rock outcrops in general map units 6
and 7 offer habitat for wildlife species such as bobcat
and peregrine falcon. The beds of intermittent creeks in
general map unit 1 support cottonwood and willow trees
that provide protection and cover for many species of
bird as well as mule deer, white-tailed deer, antelope,
and ring-necked pheasant.
Wildlife species in the area that are economically
important for recreational hunting include mule deer,
white-tailed deer, antelope, white-tailed and black -tailed
58 Soil survey
jackrabbits, cottontail, mourning dove, and ring-necked
pheasant. Other wildlife species, important for their
ecological, esthetic, and scientific value, include prairie
dog, swainson's hawk, prairie falcon, meadowlark,
horned lark, lark bunting, prairie rattlesnake, and
kangaroo rat. Predators in the area are great horned owl,
bald eagle, golden eagle, coyote, red fox, kit fox, badger,
and skunk.
Range management is critical in areas where livestock
and wildlife share the same habitat. Management
practices that enhance rangeland wildlife habitat include
livestock grazing management, range seeding, installing
fences that permit movement of antelope, and providing
watering developments.
engineering
This section provides information for planning land
uses related to urban development and to water
management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the
most limiting features are identified. The ratings are
given in the following tables: Building site development,
Sanitary facilities, Construction materials, and Water
management. The ratings are based on observed
performance of the soils and on the estimated data and
test data in the "Soil properties" section.
Information in this section is intended for land use
planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for
planning site investigations prior to design and
construction. The information, however, has limitations.
For example, estimates and other data generally apply
only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.
Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils
may be included within the mapped areas of a specific
soil.
The information is not site specific and does not
eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or
for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the
design and construction of engineering works.
Government ordinances and regulations that restrict
certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were
not considered in preparing the information in this
section. Local ordinances and regulations need to be
considered in planning, in site selection, and in design.
Soil properties, site features, and observed
performance were considered in determining the ratings
in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,
determinations were made about grain -size distribution,
liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to
bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 to 6 feet of the
surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water
table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure
aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about
kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt
fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations. Estimates
were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, shrink -
swell potential, available water capacity, and other
behavioral characteristics affecting engineering uses.
This information can be used to (1) evaluate the
potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial,
and recreation uses; (2) make preliminary estimates of
construction conditions; (3) evaluate alternative routes
for roads, streets, highways, pipelines, and underground
cables; (4) evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills,
septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; (5)
plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology;
(6) locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and
topsoil; (7) plan drainage systems, irrigation systems,
ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water
conservation; and (8) predict performance of proposed
small structures and pavements by comparing the
performance of existing similar structures on the same or
similar soils.
The information in the tables, along with the soil maps,
the soil descriptions, and other data provided in this
survey can be used to make additional interpretations.
Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a
special meaning in soil science and are defined in the
Glossary.
building site development
Table 4 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations
that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and
without basements, small commercial buildings, and local
roads and streets. The limitations are considered slight if
soil properties and site features are generally favorable
for the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily
overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features are
not favorable for the indicated use and special planning,
design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or
minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or
site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to
overcome that special design, significant increases in
construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance
are required. Special feasibility studies may be required
where the soil limitations are severe.
Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a
maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,
utility lines, .open ditches, and other purposes. The
ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and
observed performance of the soils. The ease of digging,
filling, and compacting is affected by the depth to
bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense layer;
stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the
year that excavations can be made is affected by the
depth to a seasonal high water table and the
susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of the
excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is
affected by soil texture and the depth to the water table.
Dwellings and small commercial buildings are
structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed
soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family
dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are made
for small commercial buildings without basements, for
dwellings with basements, and for dwellings without
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 59
basements. The ratings are based on soil properties, site
features, and observed performance of the soils. A high
water table, flooding, shrink -swell potential, and organic
layers can cause the movement of footings. A high water
table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large
stones, and flooding affect the ease of excavation and
construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts
and fills of more than 5 to 6 feet are not considered.
Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface
and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They
have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material, a base of
gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material, and a
flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally
limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil
properties, site features, and observed performance of
the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high
water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the
ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as
inferred from the engineering classification of the soil),
shrink -swell potential, frost action potential, and depth to
a high water table affect the traffic supporting capacity.
sanitary facilities
Table 5 shows the degree and the kind of soil
limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,
sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations
are considered slight if soil properties and site features
are generally favorable for the indicated use and
limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if
soil properties or site features are not favorable for the
indicated use and special planning, design, or
maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the
limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features
are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that
special design, significant increases in construction
costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required.
Table 5 also shows the suitability of the soils for use
as daily cover for landfills. A rating of good indicates that
soil properties and site features are favorable for the use
and good performance and low maintenance can be
expected; fair indicates that soil properties and site
features are moderately favorable for the use and one or
more soil properties or site features make the soil less
desirable than the soils rated good; and poor indicates
that one or more soil properties or site features are
unfavorable for the use and overcoming the unfavorable
properties requires special design, extra maintenance, or
costly alteration.
Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which
effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil
through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that
part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is
evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, site
features, and observed performance of the soils.
Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a
cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the
effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan
interfere with installation.
Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption
fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent,
surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect
public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly
permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less
than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if
slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the
surface. There must be unsaturated soil material beneath
the absorption field to effectively filter the effluent. Many
local ordinances require that this material be of a certain
thickness.
Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to
hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid
and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level
floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of
compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold
the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly
impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is
required to minimize seepage and contamination of
ground water.
Table 5 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up
the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2
feet of soil material below the surface layer are
excavated to provide material for the embankments. The
ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and
observed performance of the soils. Considered in the
ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, depth
to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large stones,
and content of organic matter.
Excessive seepage due to rapid permeability of the
soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the level
of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function
unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive
or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of
organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the
lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope,
bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction
problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of
the lagoon floor.
Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is
disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of
landfill —trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is
placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered
daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an
area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on
the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted,
and covered daily with a thin layer of soil from a source
away from the site.
Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy
vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground
water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation
needs to be considered.
The ratings in table 5 are based on soil properties, site
features, and observed performance of the soils.
Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a
high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of
landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic
layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium
60 Soil survey
affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the
ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth
of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated
slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation
is needed.
Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used
to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary
landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported
to the landfill, and spread over the waste.
Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope
affect the ease of removing and spreading the material
during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are
free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover
for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are
difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil blowing.
After soil material has been removed, the soil material
remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over
bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit
revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a
landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer
generally has the best workability, more organic matter,
and the best potential for plants. Material from the
surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final
cover.
construction materials
Table 6 gives information about the soils as a source
of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils are rated
good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and topsoil.
They are rated as a probable or improbable source of
sand and gravel. The ratings are based on soil
properties and site features that affect the removal of
the soil and its use as construction material. Normal
compaction, minor processing, and other standard
construction practices are assumed. Each soil is
evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.
Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one place
and used in road embankments in another place. In this
table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low
embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less
exacting in design than higher embankments.
The ratings are for the soil material below the surface
layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil
layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading.
Many soils have layers of contrasting suitability within
their profile. The table showing engineering index
properties provides detailed information about each soil
layer. This information can help determine the suitability
of each layer for use as roadfill. The performance of soil
after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not considered
in the ratings.
The ratings are based on soil properties, site features,
and observed performance of the soils. The thickness of
suitable material is a major consideration. The ease of
excavation is affected by large stones, a high water
table, and slope. How well the soil performs in place
after it has been compacted and drained is determined
by its strength (as inferred from the engineering
classification of the soil) and shrink -swell potential.
Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand
or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable
material, low shrink -swell potential, few cobbles and
stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the
water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are more
than 35 percent silt- and clay -sized particles and have a
plasticity index of less than 10. They have moderate
shrink -swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or
many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 to 3 feet.
Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of more than 10,
a high shrink -swell potential, many stones, or slopes of
more than 25 percent. They are wet, and the depth to
the water table is less than 1 foot. They may have layers
of suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet
thick.
Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for
commercial use with a minimum of processing. Sand and
gravel are used in many kinds of construction.
Specifications for each use vary widely. In table 6, only
the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is
evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific
purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect
excavation of the material.
The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of
sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as indicated
by the engineering classification of the soil), the
thickness of suitable material, and the content of rock
fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification are
given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of grain
sizes is given in the table on engineering index
properties.
A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of clean
sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is up to
12 percent silty fines. This material must be at least 3
feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, large
stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable
source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as shale
and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and gravel.
Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation
can be established and maintained. The upper 40 inches
of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also evaluated is
the reclamation potential of the borrow area.
Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such
properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and
fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading
is affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil
texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation
of the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table,
rock fragments, bedrock, and toxic material.
Soils rated good have friable loamy material to a depth
of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and
cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of less
than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble salts,
are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, and are
not so wet that excavation is difficult.
Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have a
relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20 to
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 61
40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an
appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, or
soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are
not so wet that excavation is difficult.
Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less
than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large amount
of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes of more
than 15 percent, or have a seasonal water table at or
near the surface.
The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred
for topsoil because of its organic matter content. Organic
matter greatly increases the absorption and retention of
moisture and nutrients for plant growth.
water management
Table 7 gives information on the soil properties and
site features that affect water management. The degree
and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir
areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. The
limitations are considered slight if soil properties and site
features are generally favorable for the indicated use
and limitations are minor and are easily overcome;
moderate if soil properties or site features are not
favorable for the indicated use and special planning,
design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or
minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or
site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to
overcome that special design, significant increase in
construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance
are required.
This table also gives for each soil the restrictive
features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and
diversions, and grassed waterways.
Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or
embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low
seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage
potential is determined by the permeability of the soil
and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable
material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity
of the reservoir area.
Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures
of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high,
constructed to impound water or to protect land against
overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of
material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil
material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5
feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed
and compacted during construction.
The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural
soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a
depth even greater than the height of the embankment
can affect performance and safety of the embankment.
Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to
determine these properties.
Soil material in embankments must be resistant to
seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable
compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include
less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high content
of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium.
A high water table affects the amount of usable material.
It also affects trafficability.
Drainage is the removal of excess surface and
subsurface water from the soil. How easily and
effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to
bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that
affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth to
a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is
subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to flooding;
subsidence of organic layers; and potential frost action.
Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks
are affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan,
large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving.
The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely
affected by extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the
root zone, such as salts, sodium, or sulfur. Availability of
drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings.
Irrigation is the controlled application of water to
supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The design
and management of an irrigation system are affected by
depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding,
available water capacity, intake rate, permeability,
erosion hazard, and slope. The construction of a system
is affected by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a
cemented pan. The performance of a system is affected
by the depth of the root zone, the amount of salts or
sodium, and soil reaction.
Terraces and diversions are embankments or a
combination of channels and ridges constructed across
a slope to reduce erosion and conserve moisture by
intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and
depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the
construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted
rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind or water erosion,
an excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability
adversely affect maintenance.
Grassed waterways are natural or constructed
channels, generally broad and -shallow, that conduct
surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large
stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a
cemented pan affect the construction of grassed
waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available water
capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic substances such
as salts or sodium, and restricted permeability adversely
affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after
construction.
63
soil properties
Data relating to soil properties are collected during the
course of the soil survey. The data and the estimates of
soil and water features, listed in tables, are explained on
the following pages.
Soil properties are determined by field examination of
the soils and by laboratory index testing of some
benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are
followd. During the survey, many shallow borings are
made and examined to identify and classify the soils and
to delineate them on the soil maps.
Estimates of soil properties are based on field
examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the
survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of
similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field
observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated
accurately by field observation, and help characterize
key soils.
The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables
include the range of grain -size distribution and Atterberg
limits, the engineering classifications, and the physical
and chemical properties of the major layers of each soil.
Pertinent soil and water features also are given.
engineering index properties
Table 8 gives estimates of the engineering
classification and of the range of index properties for the
major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most soils
have layers of contrasting properties within the upper 5
or 6 feet.
Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer
is indicated. The range in depth and information on other
properties of each layer are given for each soil series
under "Soil series and their morphology."
Texture is given in the standard terms used by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined
according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the
fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in
diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27
percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52
percent sand. If a soil contains particles coarser than
sand, an appropriate modifier is added, for example,
"gravelly." Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.
Classification of the soils is determined according to
the Unified soil classification system (2) and the system
adopted by the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (1).
The Unified system classifies soils according to
properties that affect their use as construction material.
Soils are classified according to grain -size distribution of
the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according
to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter
content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW,
GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils
as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic
soils as Pt. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two
groups can have a dual classification, for example, SP-
SM.
The AASHTO system classifies soils according to
those properties that affect roadway construction and
maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil
that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one
of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of
grain -size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index.
Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content
of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in
group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are
classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual inspection.
If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7
groups are further classified as A -1-a, A -1-b, A-2-4, A-2-
5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6.
Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter are
indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry -
weight basis. The percentages are estimates determined
mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to
weight percentage.
Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated
sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3
inches in diameter based on an oven -dry weight. The
sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard
Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074
millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on
laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and
in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field.
Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)
indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The
estimates are based on test data from the survey area or
from nearby areas and on field examination.
The estimates of grain -size distribution, liquid limit, and
plasticity index are rounded to the nearest 5 percent.
Thus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits
extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points)
across classification boundaries, the classification in the
marginal zone is omitted in the table.
64 Soil survey
physical and chemical properties
Table 9 shows estimates of some characteristics and
features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are
given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area.
The estimates are based on field observations and on
test data for these and similar soils.
Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil
particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter.
In this table, the estimated clay content of each major
soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil
material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.
The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility
and physical condition of the soil. They determine the
ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain
moisture. They influence shrink -swell potential,
permeability, and plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion,
and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in
a soil also affect tillage and earth -moving operations.
Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per
unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field
moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3
bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after drying
the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the estimated
moist bulk density of each major soil horizon is
expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material
that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density
data are used to compute shrink -swell potential,
available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil
properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the
pore space available for water and roots. A bulk density
of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root
penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture,
kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure.
Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit
water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of downward
movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are
based on soil characteristics observed in the field,
particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability
is considered in the design of soil drainage systems,
septic tank absorption fields, and construction where the
rate of water movement under saturated conditions
affects behavior.
Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water
that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The
capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per
inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies,
depending on soil properties that affect the retention of
water and the depth of the root zone. The most
important properties are the content of organic matter,
soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available
water capacity is an important factor in the choice of
plants or crops to be grown and in the design and
management of irrigation systems. Available water
capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water
actually available to plants at any given time.
Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is
expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH of
each major horizon is based on many field tests. For
many soils, values have been verified by laboratory
analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops
and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for
fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of
corrosion.
Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at
saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity
of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at
25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and
laboratory measurements at representative sites of
nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is
affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the
frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of
soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the value
given in the table. Salinity affects the suitability of a soil
for crop production, the stability of soil if used as
construction material, and the potential of the soil to
corrode metal and concrete.
Shrink -swell potential is the potential for volume
change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume
change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay
minerals with water and varies with the amount and type
of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on the
soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture
content influence the amount of swelling of soils in
place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of
undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For others,
swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and
amount of clay minerals in the soil and on
measurements of similar soils.
If the shrink -swell potential is rated moderate to very
high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to
buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is
often needed.
Shrink -swell potential classes are based on the
change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture
content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The
change is based on the soil fraction less than 2
millimeters in diameter. The classes are low, a change of
less than 3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high,
more than 6 percent. Very high, greater than 9 percent,
is sometimes used.
Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to
sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six
factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet
and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates
are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and
organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure
and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69.
The higher the value the more susceptible the soil is to
sheet and rill erosion by water.
Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum
average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that
can occur without affecting crop productivity over a
sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.
Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that have
similar properties affecting their resistance to wind
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 65
erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the
susceptibility of soil to wind erosion and the amount of
soil lost. Soils are grouped according to the following
distinctions:
1. Sands, coarse sands, fine sands, and very fine
sands. These soils are generally not suitable for crops.
They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult to
establish.
2. Loamy sands, loamy fine sands, and loamy very
fine sands. These soils are very highly erodible. Crops
can be grown if intensive measures to control wind
erosion are used.
3. Sandy loams, coarse sandy loams, fine sandy
loarns, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are highly
erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to
control wind erosion are used.
4L. Calcareous loamy soils that are less than 35
percent clay and more than 5 percent finely divided
calcium carbonate. These soils are erodible. Crops can
be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion
are used.
4. Clays, silty clays, clay loams, and silty clay loarns
that are more than 35 percent clay. These soils are
moderately erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to
control wind erosion are used.
5. Loamy soils that are less than 18 percent clay and
less than 5 percent finely divided calcium carbonate and
sandy clay loams and sandy clays that are less than 5
percent finely divided calcium carbonate. These soils are
slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to
control wind erosion are used.
6. Loamy soils that are 18 to 35 percent clay and
less than 5 percent finely divided calcium carbonate,
except silty clay loams. These soils are very slightly
erodible. Crops can easily be grown.
7. Silty clay loarns that are less than 35 percent clay
and less than 5 percent finely divided calcium carbonate.
These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can easily
be grown.
8. Stony or gravelly soils and other soils not subject
to wind erosion.
Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the
soil at various stages of decomposition.
In table 9, the estimated content of organic matter of
the plow layer is expressed as a percentage, by weight,
of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in
diameter.
The content of organic matter of a soil can be
maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the
soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity,
infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and
other nutrients for crops.
soil and water features
Table 10 gives estimates of various soil and water
features. The estimates are used in land use planning
that involves engineering considerations.
Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff
from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are
assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped
according to the intake of water when the soils are
thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long -
duration storms.
The four hydrologic soil groups are:
Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff
potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of
deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or
gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water
transmission.
Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep
or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils
that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse
texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water
transmission.
Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a
layer that impedes the downward movement of water or
soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These
soils have a slow rate of water transmission.
Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high
runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist
chiefly of clays that have a high shrink -swell potential,
soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that
have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and
soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.
These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission.
Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is
caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent
slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after
rainfall or snowmelt and water in swamps and marshes
are not considered flooding.
Table 10 gives the frequency and duration of flooding
and the time of year when flooding is most likely.
Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence
are estimated. Frequency is expressed as none, rare,
common, occasional, and frequent. None means that
flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but
possible under unusual weather conditions; common that
it is likely under normal conditions; occasional that it
occurs, on the average, no more than once in 2 years;
and frequent that it occurs on an average of more than
once in 2 years. Duration is expressed as very brief if
less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, and long if more
than 7 days. Probable dates are expressed in months;
November -May, for example, means that flooding can
occur during the period November through May.
The information is based on evidence in the soil
profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay
deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic
matter content with increasing depth; and absence of
distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not subject
to flooding.
Also considered are local information about the extent
and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on
66
the landscape to historic floods. Information on the
extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than
that provided by detailed engineering surveys that
delineate flood -prone areas at specific flood frequency
levels.
Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth
of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and
on observations during soil mapping. The rock. is
specified as either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or
fractured, excavations can be made with trenching
machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is hard
or massive, blasting or special equipment generally is
needed for excavation.
Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or
lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of
segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent
collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing.
Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the
freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density,
permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the
water table are the most important factors considered in
evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed
that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is
not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured clayey
soils that have a high water table in winter are most
susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or
very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave
and low soil strength during thawing cause damage
mainly to pavements and other rigid structures.
Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil -induced
electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or
weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of
corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as
soil moisture, particle -size distribution, acidity, and
electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of
concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium
content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil.
Special site examination and design may be needed if
the combination of factors creates a severe corrosion
environment. The steel in installations that intersect soil
boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion
than steel in installations that are entirely within one kind
of soil or within one soil layer.
For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as
low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage class,
total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and
electrical conductivity of the saturation extract.
For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed
as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,
acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.
67
classification of the soils
The system of soil classification used by the National
Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (5). Beginning
with the broadest, these categories are the order,
suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series.
Classification is based on soil properties observed in the
field or inferred from those observations or from
laboratory measurements. In table 11, the soils of the
survey area are classified according to the system. The
categories are defined in the following paragraphs.
ORDER. Ten soil orders are recognized. The
differences among orders reflect the dominant soil -
forming processes and the degree of soil formation.
Each order is identified by a word ending in so/. An
example is Mollisol.
SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders
primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil
genesis and are important to plant growth or properties
that reflect the most important variables within the
orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder
indicates the order. An example is Ustoll (Ust, meaning
dry, plus o//, from Mollisol).
GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great
groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,
arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic
horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and
base status. Each great group is identified by the name
of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property of
the soil. An example is Argiustolls (Argi, meaning subsoil
with illuvial clay, plus usto//, the suborder of the Mollisols
that have an ustic moisture regime).
SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup.
Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The
typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not
necessarily the most extensive. Intergrades are
transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups.
Extragrades have some properties that are not
representative of the great group but do not indicate
transitions to any other known kind of soil. Each
subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives
preceding the name of the great group. The adjective
Aridic identifies the subgroup that is drier than is typical
for the great group. An example is Aridic Argiustolls.
FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup on
the basis of physical and chemical properties and other
characteristics that affect management. Mostly the
properties are those of horizons below plow depth where
there is much biological activity. Among the properties
and characteristics considered are particle -size class,
mineral content, temperature regime, depth of the root
zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, slope, and
permanent cracks. A family name consists of the name
of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil
properties. An example is fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
SERIES. The series consists of soils that have similar
horizons in their profile. The horizons are similar in color,
texture, structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and
chemical composition, and arrangement in the profile.
The texture of the surface layer or of the substratum can
differ within a series.
soil series and their morphology
In this section, each soil series recognized in the
survey area is described. The descriptions are arranged
in alphabetic order.
Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it
formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a small
three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of the series
in the survey area is described. The detailed description
of each soil horizon follows standards in the Soil Survey
Manual (3). Many of the technical terms used in the
descriptions are defined in Soil Taxonomy (5). Unless
otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are for dry
soil. Following the pedon description is the range of
important characteristics of the soils in the series.
The map units of each soil series are described in the
section "Detailed soil map units."
Altvan series
The Altvan series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on high plains and upland
ridges. These soils formed in calcareous gravelly
alluvium. Slope is 0 to 20 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -
skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Arguistolls.
Typical pedon of Altvan fine sandy loam, 6 to 9
percent slopes, 2,100 feet north and 1,400 feet west of
the southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 65 W.
A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine
sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very
friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
68 Soil survey
B1t-3 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky
structure; slightly hard, very friable; very few thin
clay films on faces of peds; neutral; gradual smooth
boundary.
B21t-9 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) moist; weak medium and coarse prismatic
structure parting to moderate coarse subangular
blocky; hard, friable; few thin clay films on faces of
peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B22t-13 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy
clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; few thin
clay films on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt wavy
boundary.
C1 ca -19 to 23 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy
clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) moist; massive;
hard, friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.
IIC2-23 to 33 inches; pink (5YR 7/3) gravelly coarse
sand, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft,
very friable; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
IIC3-33 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) gravelly
coarse sand, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; mildly alkaline.
Thickness of the solum and depth to free carbonates
range from 16 to 28 inches. The A horizon has value of
4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and it has
chroma of 2 or 3. The Bt horizon typically is sandy clay
loam or clay loam and averages 20 to 35 percent clay.
Depth to the IIC2 horizon typically is 24 to 36 inches but
ranges from 20 to 40 inches. It commonly contains free
carbonates.
Ascalon series
The Ascalon series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains and adjacent stream terraces. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 15 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Ascalon fine sandy loam, 6 to 9
percent slopes, 150 feet west and 600 feet south of the
northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 10 N., R. 65 W.
A1-0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy
loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine
granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; neutral;
abrupt smooth boundary.
B21t-8 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong coarse
prismatic structure parting to strong medium and
coarse subangular blocky; very hard, firm; many
moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; neutral;
clear smooth boundary.
B22t-15 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong coarse
prismatic structure parting to strong medium and
coarse subangular blocky; very hard, firm; many
moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; mildly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
B3-19 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium and coarse subangular blocky; very hard,
friable; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Baca -22 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist;
weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak
medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable;
strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy
boundary.
Cca-26 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist;
massive; hard, very friable; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline; diffuse irregular boundary.
C2-42 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; hard, very
friable; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 35 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 8 to 30 inches.
The profile is 0 to 5 percent coarse fragments.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 18
inches.
The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B horizon
commonly is sandy clay loam, but in some pedons it is
clay loam, heavy loam, or heavy sandy loam. It is neutral
or mildly alkaline. The C horizon is moderately alkaline or
strongly alkaline.
Avar series
The Avar series consists of deep, well drained, very
slowly permeable soils in depressional areas and swales
and on terraces that are adjacent to flood plains. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to
3 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Natrargids.
Typical pedon of Avar fine sandy loam, 800 feet south
and 900 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 17, T.
9 N., R. 61 W.
A2-0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine
sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate
medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable;
strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); abrupt smooth boundary.
B2t-3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) heavy clay loam,
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 69
columnar structure parting to moderate fine and
medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm;
common moderately thick clay films on faces of
peds; slightly effervescent; very strongly alkaline (pH
9.8); clear smooth boundary.
B3sa-8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard,
firm; strongly effervescent; very strongly alkaline (pH
9.8); clear smooth boundary.
Cl sa-11 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly
hard, very friable; strongly effervescent; very
strongly alkaline (pH 9.8); gradual smooth boundary.
C2casa-23 to 38 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
clay loam, brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium
and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly
hard, friable; violently effervescent; very strongly
alkaline (pH 9.8); gradual wavy boundary.
A2bcasa-38 to 50 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist;
massive; slightly hard, friable; violently effervescent;
very strongly alkaline (pH 9.9); gradual wavy
boundary.
B2tbcasa-50 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3)
sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, friable;
common thin clay films on faces of peds and
bridging mineral grains; common medium soft
masses and concretions of lime; violently
effervescent; very strongly alkaline (pH 9.8).
Thickness of the solum ranges from 6 to 14 inches.
Depth to the base of the natric horizon typically is less
than 10 inches. Content of coarse fragments in the
profile commonly is less than 5 percent but ranges from
0 to 10 percent. Depth to free carbonates is 0 to 15
inches. A buried horizon is in some pedons. Depth to the
water table is 5 to 10 feet.
The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 4
when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. Some profiles
have a thin Al horizon, but most have a light-colored A2
horizon. The B horizon commonly is heavy clay loam or
clay. The percentage of exchangeable sodium is more
than 13 in the B horizon and increases with depth.
Electrical conductivity is more than 4 millimhos in the B
horizon and increases with depth. The C horizon and
buried horizons are strongly alkaline or very strongly
alkaline.
Bankard series
The Bankard series consists of deep, well drained to
somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable to very
rapidly permeable soils on flood plains. These soils
formed in stratified, calcareous sandy alluvium. Slope is
0 to 3 percent.
These soils are sandy, mixed, mesic Ustic
Torrifluvents.
Typical pedon of Bankard loamy fine sand, 0 to 3
percent slopes, 150 feet west and 100 feet north of the
southwest corner of sec. 31, T. 11 N., R. 61 W.
A11-0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy fine sand,
dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate
coarse granular structure; soft, very friable; s:rongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth
boundary.
Al2-6 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy
sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
weak coarse granular structure; soft, very friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt
smooth boundary.
C1-9 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand
that has thin lenses of loamy fine sand and sand,
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium granular
structure; slightly hard, very friable; less than 3
percent gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2-19 to 34 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
sand that has thin lenses of fine sand and gravelly
sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose; 5
to 10 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C3-34 to 43 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly
sand that has thin lenses of sand and very gravelly
sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose;
20 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
IIC4-43 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very
gravelly sand that has thin lenses of sand and
gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain;
loose; 43 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 7 inches.
The content of rock fragments in the control section
ranges from 0 to 35 percent but commonly is less than
20 percent. The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry
and 3 to 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3.
Content of rock fragments in the All horizon ranges
from 0 to 15 percent but commonly is less than 5
percent.
Blakeland series
The Blakeland series consists of deep, somewhat
excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on alluvial
and colluvial fans. These soils formed in arkosic sand.
Slope is 0 to 20 percent.
These soils are sandy, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic
Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of Blakeland loamy sand, 6 to 12
percent slopes, 2,400 feet south and 200 feet west of
the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 11 N., R. 59 W.
70 Soil survey
A1-0 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
loamy sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very
friable; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
C-15 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable;
neutral.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 20
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 40 to 60
inches or more. The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse
fragments. The control section commonly is loamy sand,
but in some pedons it is sand. It is neutral or mildly
alkaline. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3.
Bresser series
The Bresser series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected high
plains. These soils formed in sandy alluvium. Slope is 0
to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, 5 feet north and 5 feet east of the southwest
corner of sec. 19, T. 11 N., R. 56 W.
A1-0 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) moist; moderate medium granular structure;
slightly hard, very friable; neutral; clear wavy
boundary.
B21t-15 to 19 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy
clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to
moderate coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard,
very friable; common thin clay films lining interstitial
pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
B22t-19 to 34 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate
coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate
coarse subangular blocky; extremely hard, very firm;
common thin clay films lining interstitial pores;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
B3-34 to 37 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy
clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist;
weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,
firm; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
C1-37 to 47 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy
coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft,
very friable; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
C2-47 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy
coarse sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain;
loose; mildly alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 38 inches.
Depth to free carbonates is more than 60 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 10 to 20
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. The B
horizon commonly is sandy clay loam, but in some
pedons it is clay loam. It is slightly acid to mildly alkaline.
The C horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline.
Bushman series
The Bushman series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on dissected alluvial
and colluvial fans and on upland ridges. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium.
Slope is 0 to 20 percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic
Torriorthentic Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of Bushman fine sandy loam, 3 to 9
percent slopes, 100 feet south and 2,100 feet west of
the northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 12 N., R. 64 W.
A11-0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam,
dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine
granular; slightly hard, very friable; 5 percent gravel;
mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Al2-6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam,
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak
coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak
fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; 5 percent
gravel; violently effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
AC -12 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very
friable; 5 percent gravel; disseminated lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
C1-19 to 33 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very
fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive;
slightly hard, very friable; 15 percent gravel;
disseminated lime; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
C2-33 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) loam,
brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very
friable; 5 percent gravel; disseminated lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 12
inches. The profile commonly has free carbonates at the
surface, but in some pedons they are leached to a depth
of 4 to 6 inches. The profile is 0 to 20 percent coarse
fragments. The control section commonly is sandy loam,
but in some pedons it is loam. It is mildly alkaline to
moderately alkaline. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5
when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2
or 3.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 71
Canyon series
The Canyon series consists of shallow, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on dissected upland ridges
and knolls. These soils formed in partially consolidated,
limy, loamy residuum derived from sandstone. Slope is 0
to 20 percent.
These soils are loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic,
shallow Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Canyon gravelly loam in an area of
Bushman-Curabith-Canyon complex, 0 to 20 percent
slopes, about 3,100 feet west and 150 feet south of the
northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 12 N., R. 56 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable;
15 to 20 percent sandstone fragments; mildly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
AC -3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak
coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable;
15 to 20 percent sandstone fragments; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C1-7 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly
hard, friable; 20 percent sandstone fragments;
violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt
irregular boundary.
C2r-14 inches; limy sandstone.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 3 inches.
The profile is 15 to 25 percent coarse fragments. Depth
to sandstone is 10 to 20 inches. The A horizon has
value of 4 or 5 when dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and it
has chroma of 2 or 3. The C horizon commonly is
gravelly loam, but in some pedons it is very fine sandy
loam. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
Cascajo series
The Cascajo series consists of deep, excessively
drained, rapidly permeable soils on dissected upland
ridges and breaks. These soils formed in calcareous
gravelly alluvium. Slope is 5 to 20 percent.
These soils are sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Calciorthids.
Typical pedon of Cascajo gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20
percent slopes, 150 feet east and 950 feet south of the
northwest corner of sec. 17, T. 9 N., R. 63 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
gravelly sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) moist; moderate very fine granular structure;
slightly hard, very friable; 30 percent gravel; mildly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
AC -3 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly
loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak
very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very
friable; 60 percent gravel; slightly effervescent;
mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
C1 ca -12 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very
gravelly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 5/3)
moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; 45 percent
gravel; violently effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual
irregular boundary.
C2-24 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very
gravelly coarse sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; 35 percent gravel;
strongly effervescent.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 5 inches.
The control section is 35 to 75 percent coarse
fragments. It commonly is very gravelly coarse sand, but
in some pedons it is very gravelly loamy coarse sand.
The control section is mildly alkaline or moderately
alkaline. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4.
Curabith series
The Curabith series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains and on upland ridges. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 20 percent.
These soils are loamy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic
Calciustolls.
Typical pedon of a Curabith loam in an area of
Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 3 to 15 percent
slopes, 2,640 feet east and 500 feet south of the
northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 12 N., R. 59 W.
A1-0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
weak medium granular structure; soft, very friable; 5
percent channery fragments; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Cl ca -10 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very
channery sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; 45 percent
channery fragments and 15 percent flagstones; lime
coatings on coarse fragments; violently effervescent;
strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2-25 to 42 inches; pink (7.5YR 7/4) channery sandy
loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; 25 percent channery fragments
and 5 percent flagstones; lime coatings on coarse
fragments; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline;
diffuse wavy boundary.
C3-42 to 60 inches; pink (7.5YR 7/3) very channery
loamy sand, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; 35 percent channery fragments
and 35 percent flagstones; lime coatings on coarse
fragments; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 10
inches. The profile typically is calcareous. Rock
72 Soil survey
fragments are common in all horizons. The A horizon
has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and
it has chroma of 2 or 3. The C horizon is 8 to 20 percent
clay. It is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Cushman series
The Cushman series consists of moderately deep, well
drained, moderately permeable soils on dissected plains.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy residuum
derived from interbedded sandstone and shale. Slope is
0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
Typical pedon of Cushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 6
percent slopes, 1,300 feet east and 1,000 feet north of
the southwest corner of sec. 33, T. 10 N., R. 58 W.
Al -0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam,
dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium
and coarse granular structure; soft, very friable;
mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
B1-6 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium
subangular blocky; hard, very friable; very few thin
clay films bridging mineral grains; mildly alkaline;
clear smooth boundary.
B2t-10 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5YR 6/4)
clay loam, light olive brown (2.5YR 5/4) moist;
moderate fine prismatic structure parting to
moderate fine subangular blocky; hard, very friable;
continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of
peds; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline;
gradual smooth boundary.
Cca-21 to 29 inches; pale yellow (2.5YR 7/4) clay
loam, light olive brown (2.5YR 5/4) moist; massive;
hard, friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Cr-29 to 60 inches; olive interbedded calcareous
sandstone and shale.
Thickness of the solum is 15 to 25 inches. Depth to
free carbonates is 7 to 10 inches. Depth to bedrock is
20 to 40 inches. The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse
fragments. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry
and 3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The
B horizon commonly is clay loam, but in some pedons it
is loam or sandy clay loam. It is mildly alkaline or
moderately alkaline.
Dacono series
The Dacono series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately slowly permeable soils on smooth to
dissected plains and adjacent stream terraces. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to
6 percent.
These soils are clayey over sandy or sandy -skeletal,
montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Dacono clay loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes, 200 feet east and 2,645 feet north of the
southwest corner of sec. 7, T. 11 N., R. 60 W.
Ap-0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
moderate fine crumb structure; slightly hard, very
friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B21 t-4 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; neutral;
clear smooth boundary.
B22t-7 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak medium
subangular blocky; hard, friable; few thin clay films
on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Cl ca -15 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) heavy
clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly
hard, friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2ca-21 to 26 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly
hard, friable; violently effervescent; few fine rounded
soft masses and concretions of lime; moderately
alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
11O2-26 to 39 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very
gravelly loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
moist; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
11O3-39 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) coarse
sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; single
grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 30 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 8 to 20 inches.
The solum is 0 to 5 percent coarse fragments. Thickness
of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 15 inches.
Depth to the IIC horizon is 20 to 40 inches. The A
horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when
moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. The B horizon
commonly is clay, but in some pedons it is clay loam. It
is neutral to moderately alkaline.
Dix series
The Dix series consists of deep, excessively drained,
rapidly permeable to very rapidly permeable soils on
dissected upland ridges and breaks. These soils formed
in gravelly alluvium. Slope is 6 to 20 percent.
These soils are sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic
Torriorthentic Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of a Dix gravelly loamy sand in an area
of Eckley-Dix-Blakeland complex, 6 to 20 percent slopes,
200 feet east and 1,000 feet north of the southwest
corner of sec. 9, T. 11 N., R. 57 W.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 73
Al -0 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
gravelly loamy sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR
3/2) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft,
very friable; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual
wavy boundary.
AC -12 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly
sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain;
loose; 35 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy
boundary.
C1-15 to 24 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very
gravelly sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
moist; single grain; loose; 35 percent gravel; neutral;
gradual wavy boundary.
IIC2-24 to 37 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very
gravelly coarse sand, light yellowish brown (10YR
6/4) moist; single grain; loose; 45 percent gravel;
neutral; clear smooth boundary.
IIIC3-37 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
gravelly sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
moist; single grain; loose; 30 percent gravel; neutral.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 15
inches. Depth to free carbonates is more than 60 inches.
The profile is 15 to 50 percent coarse fragments. The
control section commonly is very gravelly sand, but in
some pedons it is very gravelly loamy sand. It is neutral
or mildly alkaline. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5
when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2
or 3.
Eckley series
The Eckley series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth high plains and
upland ridges. These soils formed in gravelly alluvium.
Slope is 0 to 20 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -
skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Eckley sandy clay loam, 0 to 6
percent slopes, 400 feet north and 1,400 feet east of the
southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 57 W.
Ap-0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy
clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; moderate medium granular structure; slightly
hard, friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
B21 t-9 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) heavy sandy
clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate
medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common
thin clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear wavy
boundary.
B22t-12 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown
(10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to weak medium subangular blocky; slightly
hard, friable; common thin clay films on faces of
peds; 20 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy
boundary.
IIC-15 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
gravelly sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
moist; single grain; loose; 20 percent gravel; neutral.
Thickness of the solum is 12 to 15 inches. Depth to
free carbonates commonly is more than 60 inches, but it
ranges from 30 to 60 inches. The profile is 15 to 30
percent coarse fragments. Thickness of the mollic
epipedon ranges from 10 to 15 inches. The A horizon
has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and
it has chroma of 1 to 3. The B horizon commonly is
sandy clay loam, but in some pedons it is gravelly sandy
clay loam. The C horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline.
Epping series
The Epping series consists of shallow, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on dissected plains. These
soils formed in calcareous loamy residuum derived from
siltstone. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic,
shallow Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of Epping silt loam, 0 to 9 percent
slopes, 100 feet west and 1,350 feet north of the
southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 9 N., R. 58 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak
very fine granular structure; soft, very friable; neutral;
abrupt smooth boundary.
C1-3 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,
dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable;
disseminated lime; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2-15 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,
dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak very fine
granular structure; soft, very friable; disseminated
lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline;
abrupt smooth boundary.
R-17 inches; siltstone.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 3 inches.
The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments. Depth to
siltstone is 10 to 20 inches. The control section
commonly is silt loam, but in some pedons it is loam.
The profile is neutral to moderately alkaline. The A
horizon has value of 6 or 7 when dry and 3 or 4 when
moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3.
Haverson series
The Haverson series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on flood plains and adjacent
stream terraces. These soils formed in stratified,
calcareous, loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic
Ustic Torrifluvents.
74 Soil survey
Typical pedon of Haverson loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, 1,320 feet south and 1,320 feet east of the
northwest corner of sec. 36, T. 10 N., R. 64 W.
A11-0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong fine granular
structure; slightly hard, very friable; violently
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Al2-3 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine and medium
granular structure; hard, friable; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth
boundary.
A13-6 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak
coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,
friable; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
C1-12 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine
sandy loam that has thin lenses of loam, brown
(10YR 4/3) moist; massive; hard, friable; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C2-32 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam that
has thin lenses of sandy loam and very fine sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly
hard, very friable; few fine irregularly shaped soft
masses and seams of lime; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 5 inches.
The control section is variable in texture because it has
thin strata of fine sand, silt, and sandy loam. It
commonly is loam, but in some pedons it is very fine
sandy loam or clay loam. The control section is 18 to 35
percent clay and 15 to 35 percent sand that is fine or
coarser. The profile is mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline.
The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 to 5
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3.
Keith series
The Keith series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains, in swales, and on stream terraces. These soils
formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 6
percent.
These soils are fine -silty, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Keith loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes,
2,100 feet east and 2,500 feet north of the southwest
corner of sec. 13, T. 9 N., R. 59 W.
A1-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very
dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium
granular structure; soft, very friable; neutral; clear
smooth boundary.
B2t-4 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
moderate medium prismatic structure parting to
moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly hard,
very friable; few thin clay films on faces of peds;
neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B3ca-15 to 20 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist;
moderate medium subangular blocky structure;
slightly hard, friable; disseminated secondary
carbonates; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline;
clear smooth boundary.
C1ca-20 to 37 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam,
brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular
blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; few fine
irregularly shaped seams and soft masses of lime;
violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual
wavy boundary.
C2-37 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,
dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; soft,
friable; secondary carbonates; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum is 16 to 30 inches. Thickness
of the mollic epipedon is 9 to 18 inches. Depth to free
carbonates is 15 to 27 inches. The profile is 0 to 5
percent coarse fragments. The A horizon has value of 4
or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist. The B horizon
commonly is silt loam, but in some pedons it is silty clay
loam. It is neutral to moderately alkaline. The C horizon
is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
Keota series
The Keota series consists of moderately deep, well
drained, moderately permeable soils on dissected alluvial
fans, upland ridges, and plains. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy residuum derived from siltstone. Slope
is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are coarse -silty, mixed (calcareous), mesic
Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Keota loam in an area of
Thedalund-Keota loams, 3 to 9 percent slopes, 600 feet
north and 400 feet west of the southeast corner of sec.
25, T. 11 N., R. 65 W.
A1-0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine granular
structure; soft, very friable; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
AC -4 to 6 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam,
brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine granular
structure; soft, very friable; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
C1-6 to 10 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) silt
loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very
friable; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline;
abrupt smooth boundary.
C2-10 to 23 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) silt
loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; weak
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 75
medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very
friable; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline;
abrupt wavy boundary.
C3-23 to 35 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) loam,
brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt
wavy boundary.
C4r-35 inches; calcareous siltstone.
These soils commonly have free carbonates at the
surface. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile
is 0 to 5 percent coarse fragments. The control section
commonly is silt loam, but in some pedons it is loam. It
is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline. The A horizon
has value of 5 to 7 when dry and 4 or 5 when moist, and
it has chroma of 3 or 4. It is mildly alkaline or moderately
alkaline.
Kim series
The Kim series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains and alluvial and colluvial fans. These soils formed
in calcareous loamy alluvium and colluvium. Slope is 0 to
30 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic
Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Kim loam in an area of Kim -Mitchell
complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, 2,640 feet east and 100
feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 9 N., R.
61 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam,
dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak fine
granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
AC -3 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak
medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
C-7 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, brown
(10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Depth to free carbonates is 0 to 5 inches. The profile
is 0 to 5 percent coarse fragments, primarily siltstone
chips. The control section commonly is loam, but in
some pedons it is clay loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt
loam. It is more than 18 percent clay and more than 15
percent sand that is fine or coarser. The A horizon has
value of 5 to 7 when dry and 3 to 6 when moist, and it
has chroma of 2 to 4. It is mildly alkaline or moderately
alkaline.
Manter series
The Manter series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on dissected plains.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope
is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Manter sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent
slopes, 2,445 feet south and 1,470 feet east of the
northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 10 N., R. 65 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium granular
structure; slightly hard, very friable; neutral; abrupt
smooth boundary.
B21 t-3 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam,
dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak coarse
subangular blocky; hard, friable; common thin patchy
clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth
boundary.
B22t-14 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; hard, friable; common
thin clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
Baca -16 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse
subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very
friable; violently effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
C1ca-21 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4)
sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist;
massive; slightly hard, very friable; common medium
irregularly shaped soft masses of lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C2ca-28 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3)
loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; few fine irregularly shaped soft
masses of lime; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 30 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 18
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B
horizon commonly is sandy loam, but in some pedons it
is fine sandy loam. It is neutral or mildly alkaline.
Manzanola series
The Manzanola series consists of deep, well drained,
slowly permeable soils on smooth plains, in swales, and
on adjacent stream terraces. These soils formed in
calcareous clayey alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent.
These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
76 Soil survey
Typical pedon of Manzanola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent
slopes, 50 feet west of the center of sec. 1, T. 8 N., R.
65 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) heavy clay
loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist;
moderate medium granular structure; hard, very
friable; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
B21 t-3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, dark
grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate medium
subangular blocky structure; hard, firm; thin
continuous clay films on faces of peds; mildly
alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
B22t-7 to 18 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay,
dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; strong medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate medium
angular blocky; very hard, firm; moderately thick
continuous clay films on faces of peds; slightly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Baca -18 to 25 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay,
dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak coarse
prismatic structure parting to weak medium
subangular blocky; very hard, firm; thin nearly
continuous clay films on faces of some peds;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
wavy boundary.
C1 ca -25 to 48 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay,
grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; very hard,
firm; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
wavy boundary.
C2-48 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) light clay
loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; very
hard, firm; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 38 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 8 inches. The
A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 4 when
moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B horizon
commonly is clay, but in some pedons it is heavy clay
loam.
Midway series
The Midway series consists of shallow, well drained,
slowly permeable soils on dissected plains, breaks, and
upland ridges. These soils formed in calcareous clayey
residuum derived from shale. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are clayey, montmorillonitic (calcareous),
mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of Midway clay loam, 0 to 9 percent
slopes, 2,450 feet west and 250 feet north of the
southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 9 N., R. 63 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam,
dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate
medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable;
neutral; clear smooth boundary.
AC -3 to 11 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay,
grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; moderate thin platy
structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly
hard, friable; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline;
gradual wavy boundary.
Cr-11 inches; variegated, calcareous clayey shale.
Depth to free carbonates is 0 to 3 inches. The profile
is 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments. Depth to shale is
10 to 20 inches. The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when
dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4.
The C horizon is heavy clay loam to light clay and is 35
to 45 percent clay.
Mitchell series
The Mitchell series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on dissected plains and
fans. These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium
and colluvium. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are coarse -silty, mixed (calcareous), mesic
Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Mitchell silt loam in an area of Kim -
Mitchell complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, 2,640 feet south
and 100 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T.
11 N., R. 65 W.
A11-0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak medium platy
structure; soft, very friable; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Al2-4 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam,
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and coarse
subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt
smooth boundary.
AC -7 to 12 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable;
25 to 30 percent rounded soft siltstone fragments;
violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
C1-12 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) silt
loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2-21 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) silt
loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; soft,
very friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 6 inches.
Content of soft coarse fragments, primarily rounded
siltstone fragments, ranges from 0 to 30 percent but
averages less than 15 percent. The control section
commonly is silt loam, but in some pedons it is very fine
sandy loam or loam that is less than 18 percent clay and
less than 15 percent sand that is fine or coarser. It is
mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The A horizon has
value of 5 to 7 when dry and 4 or 5 when moist, and it
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 77
has chroma of 2 or 3. It is mildly alkaline or moderately
alkaline.
Nucla series
The Nucla series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains. These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic
Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of Nucla loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes,
1,600 feet north and 2,350 feet east of the southwest
corner of sec. 26, T. 11 N., R. 57 W.
A11—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) heavy loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine granular
structure; slightly hard, friable; neutral; clear smooth
boundary.
Al2-4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) light clay loam,
dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate coarse
prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse
subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable; slightly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
82-8 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) light clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate
coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate
coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
wavy boundary.
Cca-14 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) light
clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist;
massive; slightly hard, friable; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 10 to 28 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 19
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 10
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. The B
horizon is 18 to 35 percent clay. It is mildly alkaline or
moderately alkaline.
Nunn series
The Nunn series consists of deep, well drained, slowly
permeable soils on dissected plains and stream terraces.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope
is 0 to 6 percent.
These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Nunn loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes,
about 1,400 feet west and 1,000 feet south of the
northeast corner of sec. 17, T. 9 N., R. 63 W.
A11—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam,
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate
very fine granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly
acid; clear smooth boundary.
Al2-3 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
moderate fine to coarse granular structure; slightly
hard, very friable; slightly acid; clear smooth
boundary.
B21 t-7 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) heavy
clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; strong medium prismatic structure parting to
strong fine and medium angular blocky; hard, friable;
neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
B22t-14 to 23 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
heavy clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist;
moderate medium prismatic structure parting to
moderate medium angular blocky; very hard, friable;
mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Baca -23 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist;
moderate medium and coarse angular blocky
structure; hard, very friable; strongly effervescent;
mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Cca-31 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist;
massive; hard, very friable; common fine rounded
seams of lime; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 16 to 45 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 10 to 30 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 18
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. It is loam
or clay loam. The B horizon commonly is heavy clay
loam, but in some pedons it is light clay. It is neutral to
moderately alkaline. The C horizon is mildly alkaline to
strongly alkaline.
Olney series
The Olney series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected
plains. These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium.
Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
Typical pedon of Olney fine sandy loam, 0 to 6
percent slopes, 2,300 feet south and 1,575 feet east of
the northwest corner of sec. 21, T. 8 N., R. 64 W.
Al —0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam,
dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate fine
granular structure; soft, very friable; neutral; clear
smooth boundary.
B1-6 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam,
dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very
friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B21t-8 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy
clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate
78 Soil survey
coarse subangular blocky; very hard, friable;
common moderately thick clay films on faces of
peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
B22t-15 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, brown
(10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium prismatic structure
parting to weak medium subangular blocky; slightly
hard, very friable; mildly alkaline; gradual irregular
boundary.
Baca -18 to 28 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)
sandy loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist;
weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak
coarse subangular blocky; hard, friable; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
Cca-28 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)
sandy loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist;
massive; slightly hard, very friable; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 30 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 10 to 24 inches.
The profile is 0 to 10 percent coarse fragments. The A
horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 4 or 5 when
moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. It commonly is fine
sandy loam, but in some pedons it is loamy sand. The B
horizon is 18 to 30 percent clay.
Otero series
The Otero series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on smooth to
dissected plains, breaks, and alluvial and colluvial fans.
These soils formed in calcareous loamy alluvium and
colluvium. Slope is 0 to 25 percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed (calcareous),
mesic Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of Otero sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent
slopes, 1,800 feet south and 1,300 feet west of the
northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 64 W.
A1-0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark
brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine granular
structure; soft, very friable; strongly effervescent;
mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C1-5 to 17 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft,
very friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2-17 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft, very
friable; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline;
clear wavy boundary.
C3-32 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; violently effervescent;
moderately alkaline.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 6 inches.
Content of coarse fragments in the profile ranges from 0
to 15 percent but commonly is less than 10 percent. The
control section commonly is sandy loam, but in some
pedons it is fine sandy loam that has less than 18
percent clay and averages 50 to 82 percent sand. It is
mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The A horizon has
value of 5 to 7 when dry and 3 to 6 when moist, and it
has chroma of 2 to 4.
Paoli series
The Paoli series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on dissected alluvial
and colluvial fans. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium and colluvium. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic
Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of Paoli fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent
slopes, 1,000 feet south and 850 feet west of the
northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 11 N., R. 63 W.
A11-0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam,
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate
fine granular structure; soft, very friable; neutral;
clear smooth boundary.
Al2-8 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam,
very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak
medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine and
medium subangular blocky; soft, very friable; slightly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
A13-10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak fine
subangular blocky; soft, very friable; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
A14-15 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very
friable; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual
wavy boundary.
C1 ca -27 to 45 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; soft, very
friable; 10 percent coarse fragments; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
C2ca-45 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, very
friable; 10 to 15 percent coarse fragments; few fine
irregularly shaped seams of lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 40
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 5 to 25
inches. Content of coarse fragments in the profile ranges
from 0 to 15 percent but commonly is less than 10
percent. The control section commonly is sandy loam,
but in some pedons it is fine sandy loam that is less than
18 percent clay. It is mildly alkaline or moderately
alkaline. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 79
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 1 to 3. It is
neutral or mildly alkaline.
Peetz series
The Peetz series consists of deep, somewhat
excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils on dissected
upland ridges, breaks, and escarpments. These soils
formed in calcareous gravelly alluvium. Slope is 0 to 40
percent.
These soils are sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic
Calciustolls.
Typical pedon of Peetz gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20
percent slopes, 600 feet west and 2,540 feet north of
the southeast corner of sec. 6, T. 11 N., R. 62 W.
A11-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly
sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable;
20 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
Al2-4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly
loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak
fine granular structure; soft, very friable; 35 percent
gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Cca-8 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very
gravelly sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single grain;
loose; 40 percent gravel; common fine rounded soft
masses and concretions of lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
C2-20 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very
gravelly sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; single
grain; loose; 40 percent gravel; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
C3-36 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
gravelly sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
moist; single grain; loose; 30 percent gravel; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 15
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 15
inches. The control section is 35 to 65 percent coarse
fragments. It commonly is very gravelly sand, but in
some pedons it is very gravelly loamy sand. The control
section is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. The A
horizon is 15 to 35 percent coarse fragments. It has
value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when moist, and it
has chroma of 1 to 3.
Platner series
The Platner series consists of deep, well drained,
slowly permeable soils on smooth to dissected plains
and adjacent stream terraces. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 3 percent.
These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic
Paleustolls.
Typical pedon of Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes,
120 feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest corner
of sec. 33, T. 9 N., R. 56 W.
Ap-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very
dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine
granular structure; slightly hard, friable; neutral;
abrupt smooth boundary.
B21t-4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) heavy clay
loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong medium
prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular
blocky; hard, firm; common moderately thick clay
films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
B22t-10 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong medium prismatic
structure parting to strong medium angular blocky;
hard, firm; common moderately thick clay films on
faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
B3ca-17 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable;
common fine rounded masses of segregated lime in
seams; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline;
clear smooth boundary.
C1 ca -24 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine
sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; disseminated lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy
boundary.
C2-38 to 54 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) fine
sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; disseminated lime;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual
wavy boundary.
C3-54 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sandy
loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; disseminated lime; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 35 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 15
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 8 to 24
inches. The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments.
The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3.
Renohill series
The Renohill series consists of moderately deep, well
drained, slowly permeable soils on dissected plains and
upland ridges. These soils formed in calcareous loamy
and clayey residuum derived from shale. Slope is 0 to 9
percent.
These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
80 Soil survey
Typical pedon of Renohill fine sandy loam, 0 to 6
percent slopes, 650 feet north and 1,400 feet east of the
southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 8 N., R. 64 W.
A1-0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam,
very dark brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate fine
granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; neutral;
clear smooth boundary.
B2t-5 to 13 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) heavy clay
loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; moderate
medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine
subangular blocky; very hard, friable; many
moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; mildly
alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
B3ca-13 to 18 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)
heavy clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)
moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting
to moderate fine subangular blocky; very hard, very
friable; few fine irregularly shaped soft masses of
lime; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline;
gradual wavy boundary.
C1 ca -18 to 32 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) light
clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist;
massive; hard, friable; common medium irregularly
shaped soft masses and seams of lime; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual irregular
boundary.
C2r-32 inches; calcareous shale and sandstone.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 17 to 30 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 8 to 15 inches.
Depth to shale ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The A
horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 4 or 5 when
moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B horizon
commonly is heavy clay loam, but in some pedons it is
light clay. It is 35 to 45 percent clay. The B horizon is
neutral to moderately alkaline. The C horizon is
moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Rosebud series
The Rosebud series consists of moderately deep, well
drained, moderately permeable soils on dissected high
plains. These soils formed in calcareous loamy residuum
derived from soft sandstone. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Rosebud fine sandy loam, 0 to 6
percent slopes, 2,400 feet west and 2,200 feet north of
the southeast corner of sec. 19, T. 12 N., R. 59 W.
Al -0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine
sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; weak fine crumb structure; slightly hard, very
friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B21t-5 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)
clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting
to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, very
firm; common moderately thick clay films on faces of
peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B22t-10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam,
dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine
subangular blocky; very hard, very firm; thin clay
films on faces of peds; slightly effervescent; mildly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
B3ca-15 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine
subangular blocky; hard, firm; disseminated lime;
strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual
smooth boundary.
C1ca-19 to 24 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist;
massive; slightly hard, friable; disseminated lime;
violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear
smooth boundary.
C2ca-24 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; disseminated lime;
discontinuous lenses of hard horizontal caliche
material; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline;
abrupt smooth boundary.
C3r-38 inches; indurated calcareous sandstone.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 12 to 24 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 12
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 12 to 18
inches. Depth to sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches.
The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B horizon
commonly is clay loam, but in some pedons it is loam. It
is neutral or mildly alkaline.
Shingle series
The Shingle series consists of shallow, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on dissected plains, upland
ridges, and breaks. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy and clayey residuum derived from shale. Slope is
0 to 30 percent.
These soils are loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic,
shallow Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of Shingle clay loam, 0 to 9 percent
slopes, 650 feet north and 2,515 feet east of the
southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 10 N., R. 64 W.
Al -0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay
loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; very fine and fine
granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual irregular
boundary.
C1-4 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; very
hard, friable; slightly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; gradual irregular boundary.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 81
C2r-11 inches; variegated, calcareous clayey shale.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 3 inches.
The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments. Depth to
shale ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The control section
commonly is clay loam, but in some pedons it is loam or
sandy clay loam. It is less than 35 percent clay and is 15
to 55 percent sand. The A horizon has value of 5 to 7
when dry and 3 to 6 when moist, and it has chroma of 1
to 4. It is mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline. The C
horizon is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Stoneham series
The Stoneham series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on smooth to dissected high
plains and alluvial fans. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy alluvium. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
Typical pedon of Stoneham fine sandy loam, 6 to 9
percent slopes, 700 feet west and 1,800 feet south of
the northeast corner of sec. 20, T. 8 N., R. 60 W.
Al -0 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy
loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate
medium crumb structure; slightly hard, very friable;
neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
B2t-5 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) light clay loam,
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium
prismatic structure parting to moderate fine angular
blocky; very hard, friable; common thin clay films on
faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
Baca -8 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam,
brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium prismatic
structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky;
very hard, friable; few thin clay films on faces of
peds; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; gradual
irregular boundary.
C1 ca -14 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist;
weak medium subangular blocky structure; very
hard, very friable; many fine irregularly shaped
threads and soft masses of lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C2ca-20 to 31 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist;
massive; slightly hard, very friable; common fine
irregularly shaped threads of lime; violently
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C3-31 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) sandy
loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 10 to 15 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 3 to 10 inches.
The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 or 4
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B horizon
commonly is clay loam, but in some pedons it is heavy
loam, sandy clay loam, or heavy sandy loam. It is 18 to
35 percent clay and is 20 to 70 percent sand. The B
horizon is neutral or mildly alkaline. The C horizon is 0 to
10 percent coarse fragments, but typically it is less than
5 percent. It is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Tassel series
The Tassel series consists of shallow, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on dissected plains
and breaks. These soils formed in calcareous loamy
residuum derived from sandstone. Slope is 5 to 30
percent.
These soils are loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic,
shallow Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Tassel loamy fine sand in an area
of Otero -Tassel complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes, 950
feet north and 1,900 feet west of the southeast corner of
sec. 22, T. 8 N., R. 58 W.
A1—0 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)
loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; weak
fine granular structure; soft, very friable; mildly
alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C1-7 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) fine
sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive;
slightly hard, very friable; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2r-19 inches; calcareous sandstone.
These soils commonly have free carbonates at the
surface. Depth to sandstone ranges from 10 to 20
inches. Content of rock fragments in the profile ranges
from 5 to 30 percent. The A horizon has value of 5 to 7
when dry and 4 or 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 2
to 4.
Terry series
The Terry series consists of moderately deep, well
drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on smooth
to dissected plains. These soils formed in calcareous
sandy residuum derived from sandstone. Slope is 0 to 9
percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
Typical pedon of Terry sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent
slopes, 500 feet east and 1,200 feet south of the
northwest corner of sec. 20, T. 8 N., R. 59 W.
A1-0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy
loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist;
moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable;
mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
82 Soil survey
B2t-5 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic
structure; slightly hard, very friable; very few thin
clay films on faces of peds and lining interstitial
pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C1 ca -17 to 32 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)
loamy sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; single
grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately
alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
C2r-32 inches; calcareous sandstone.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 29 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 12 to 20 inches.
The profile is 0 to 15 percent coarse fragments. Depth to
sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The A horizon
has value of 5 to 7 when dry and 3 or 4 when moist, and
it has chroma of 1 to 3. The B horizon commonly is 9 to
18 percent clay. It is neutral or mildly alkaline. The C
horizon is moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Thedalund series
The Thedalund series consists of moderately deep,
well drained, moderately permeable soils on fans, upland
ridges, and plains. These soils formed in calcareous
loamy residuum derived from fine-grained sandstone,
shale, and siltstone. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic
Ustic Torriorthents.
Typical pedon of a Thedalund loam in an area of
Thedalund-Keota loams, 3 to 9 percent slopes, about
600 feet north and 2,340 feet west of the southeast
corner of sec. 15, T. 15 N., R. 61 W.
A1-0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, dark
grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate fine
granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
AC -3 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, grayish
brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak coarse angular
blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth
boundary.
C1-13 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)
loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak fine
and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly
hard, friable; violently effervescent; moderately
alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
C2r-25 inches; calcareous siltstone.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 4 inches.
Content of siltstone fragments in the profile ranges from
0 to 15 percent but commonly is less than 10 percent.
Depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The
control section commonly is loam, but in some pedons it
is very fine sandy loam or light clay loam. It is 18 to 35
percent clay and 15 to 45 percent sand that is fine or
coarser. The A horizon has value of 5 to 7 when dry and
3 to 5 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 to 4. It is
mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
Treon series
The Treon series consists of shallow, well drained,
moderately rapidly permeable soils on dissected plains,
upland ridges, and escarpments. These soils formed in
calcareous loamy residuum derived from sandstone.
Slope is 5 to 20 percent.
These soils are loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow
Torriorthentic Haplustolls.
Typical pedon of Treon fine sandy loam, 5 to 20
percent slopes, 1,800 feet west and 600 feet south of
the northeast corner of sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 64 W.
A1-0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam,
dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and
medium granular structure; soft, very friable; strongly
effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C1ca-7 to 11 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine
sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive;
slightly hard, very friable; disseminated lime; violently
effervescent; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth
boundary.
C2r-11 inches; calcareous fine-grained sandstone.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 12
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 0 to 4
inches. The profile is 0 to 10 percent coarse fragments.
Depth to sandstone ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The A
horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and 2 or 3 when
moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. It is neutral to
moderately alkaline. The C horizon commonly is fine
sandy loam, but in some pedons it is sandy loam. It is
mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
Vona series
The Vona series consists of deep, well drained and
somewhat excessively drained, moderately rapidly
permeable soils on smooth to dissected plains. These
soils formed in calcareous sandy alluvial or eolian
material. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic
Haplargids.
Typical pedon of Vona sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent
slopes, about 1,000 feet west and 5 feet north of the
southeast corner of sec. 19, T. 10 N., R. 64 W.
A1-0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, brown
(10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium granular structure;
soft, very friable; mildly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
B2t-6 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic
structure; slightly hard, very friable; mildly alkaline;
clear smooth boundary.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 83
B3-10 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) coarse
sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse
prismatic structure; soft, very friable; mildly alkaline;
gradual wavy boundary.
C1-15 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; strongly effervescent;
moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C2ca-30 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist;
massive; soft, very friable; common fine irregularly
shaped seams and soft masses of lime; strongly
effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 15 to 35 inches.
Depth to free carbonates ranges from 8 to 24 inches.
The A horizon has value of 5 or 6 when dry and 3 to 5
when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. It is sandy loam
or loamy sand. The B horizon commonly is sandy loam,
but in some pedons it is fine sandy loam. It is neutral or
mildly alkaline. The C horizon is moderately alkaline or
strongly alkaline.
Wages series
The Wages series consists of deep, well drained,
moderately permeable soils on dissected plains and
alluvial fans. These soils formed in calcareous loamy
alluvium. Slope is 0 to 9 percent.
These soils are fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic
Argiustolls.
Typical pedon of Wages fine sandy loam, 6 to 9
percent slopes, 220 feet west and 700 feet north of the
southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 11 N., R. 65 W.
A1-0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy
loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist;
moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, very
friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
B2t-4 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy
clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)
moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting
to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky;
hard, firm; many thin clay films on faces of peds;
mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.
C1 ca -14 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) light
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium
subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable;
violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual
wavy boundary.
C2ca-29 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)
loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; common fine slightly oblong seams
of lime; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 12 to 15 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 15
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 10 to 14
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B
horizon commonly is sandy clay loam, but in some
pedons it is light clay loam or loam. It is 18 to 35 percent
clay and is 20 to 65 percent sand. The B horizon is
neutral or mildly alkaline. The C horizon is moderately
alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Weld series
The Weld series consists of deep, well drained, slowly
permeable soils on smooth plains. These soils formed in
calcareous, loamy eolian material. Slope is 0 to 6
percent.
These soils are fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic
Paleustolls.
Typical pedon of Weld loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes,
300 feet west and 500 feet south of the northeast corner
of sec. 23, T. 8 N., R. 56 W.
A1-0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium
prismatic structure parting to weak medium and
coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable;
neutral; clear smooth boundary.
A2-7 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and
medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine and
medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable;
neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
B21t-9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay,
brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine and medium
prismatic structure parting to strong fine and
medium angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;
common moderately thick clay films on faces of
peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
B22t-14 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
heavy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong
fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm,
sticky and plastic; few thin clay films on faces of
peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Baca -18 to 22 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay
loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and
medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable,
sticky and plastic; strongly effervescent; strongly
alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
C1 ca -22 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)
loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,
very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;
violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth
boundary.
C2ca-28 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)
loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive;
soft, very friable; violently effervescent; strongly
alkaline.
Thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 34 inches.
Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 14
84
inches. Depth to free carbonates ranges from 13 to 20
inches. The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 when dry and
2 or 3 when moist, and it has chroma of 2 or 3. The B2t
horizon commonly is light clay or heavy clay loam and is
35 to 45 percent clay. The C horizon is moderately
alkaline or strongly alkaline.
85
references
(1) American Association of State Highway [and
Transportation] Officials. 1970. Standard
specifications for highway materials and methods of
sampling and testing. Ed. 10, 2 vol., illus.
(2) American Society`for Testing and Materials. 1974.
Method for classification of soils for engineering
purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487-69. In 1974 Annual
Book of ASTM Standards, Part 19, 464 pp., illus.
(3) United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Soil
survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18, 503 pp.,
illus. [Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued
May 1962]
(4) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210,
21 pp.
(5) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil
taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv.
Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436, 754 pp., illus.
Very low
Low
Moderate
High
Very high
87
glossary
ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.
AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.
Commonly such soil formed in recent alluvium or on
steep rocky slopes.
Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from
the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is
similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly
aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon dioxide
and lower in oxygen.
Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single
mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as
granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods
are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.
Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of
alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher), or so high a percentage
of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the
total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant
growth is restricted.
Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, deposited
on land by streams.
Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim after
the removal of soil for construction and other uses.
Revegetation and erosion control are extremely
difficult.
Association, soil. A group of soils geographically
associated in a characteristic repeating pattern and
defined and delineated as a single map unit.
Available water capacity (available moisture
capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water
available for use by most plants. It is commonly
defined as the difference between the amount of
soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount
at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches
of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in inches, in
a 60 -inch profile or to a limiting layer is expressed
as —
Inches
0 to 3
3 to 6
6 to 9
9 to 12
More than 12
Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony,
barren land dissected by many intermittent drainage
channels. Badland is most common in semiarid and
arid regions where streams are entrenched in soft
geologic material. Local relief generally ranges from
25 to 500 feet. Runoff potential is very high, and
geologic erosion is active.
Base saturation. The degree to which material having
cation exchange properties is saturated with
exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K),
expressed as a percentage of the total cation
exchange capacity.
Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and other
unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the
surface.
Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,
subject to flooding.
Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60
centimeters) in diameter.
Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium
carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium
carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with
cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.
Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.
The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,
magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.
Cation -exchange capacity. The total amount of
exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,
expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams
of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated
pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is
synonymous with base -exchange capacity, but is
more precise in meaning.
Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than 15
percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale,
slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches
along the longest axis. A single piece is called a
fragment.
Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or more
soil -penetrating points that loosen the subsoil and
bring clods to the surface. A form of emergency
tillage to control soil blowing.
Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less
than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural
class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,
less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent
silt.
Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface
of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root channels.
Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.
Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on a
particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself and
does not change so long as the environment
remains the same.
Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles 2
millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in
88 Soil survey
diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles (flagstone)
15.2 to 38.1 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) long.
Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.
Cobblestone (or cobble). A rounded or partly rounded
fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.5 to 25
centimeters) in diameter.
Colluvium. Soil material, rock fragments, or both moved
by creep, slide, or local wash and deposited at the
base of steep slopes.
Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or
constructing terraces, diversions, and other water -
control measures on a complex slope is difficult.
Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil in
such an intricate pattern or so small in area that it is
not practical to map them separately at the selected
scale of mapping. The pattern and proportion of the
soils are somewhat similar in all areas.
Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in volume
of soft soil under load.
Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various
sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of concentrated
compounds or cemented soil grains. The
composition of most concretions is unlike that of the
surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and iron oxide
are common compounds in concretions.
Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease with
which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. Terms
commonly used to describe consistence are—
Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not
hold together in a mass.
Friab/e.—When moist, crushes easily under gentle
pressure between thumb and forefinger and can
be pressed together into a lump.
Firm. —When moist, crushes under moderate
pressure between thumb and forefinger, but
resistance is distinctly noticeable.
Plastic. —When wet, readily deformed by moderate
pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form
a "wire" when rolled between thumb and
forefinger.
Sticky. —When wet, adheres to other material and
tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather
than to pull free from other material.
Hard. —When dry, moderately resistant to
pressure; can be broken with difficulty between
thumb and forefinger.
Soft. —When dry, breaks into powder or individual
grains under very slight pressure.
Cemented. —Hard; little affected by moistening.
Contour striperopping. Growing crops in strips that
follow the contour. Strips of grass or close -growing
crops are alternated with strips of clean -tilled crops
or summer fallow.
Control section. The part of the soil on which
classification is based. The thickness varies among
different kinds of soil, but for many it is that part of
the soil profile between depths of 10 inches and 40
or 80 inches.
Corrosive. High risk of corrosion to uncoated steel or
deterioration of concrete.
Cover crop. A close -growing crop grown primarily to
improve and protect the soil between periods of
regular crop production, or a crop grown between
trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.
Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations
tend to cave in or slough.
Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range
plants. Because they are the most palatable, they
are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.
Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or arresting
grazing for a prescribed period.
Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the
surface for the specified use.
Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,
generally a terrace, built to protect downslope areas
by diverting runoff from its natural course.
Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and
duration of periods of saturation or partial saturation
during soil formation, as opposed to altered
drainage, which is commonly the result of artificial
drainage or irrigation but may be caused by the
sudden deepening of channels or the blocking of
drainage outlets. Seven classes of natural soil
drainage are recognized:
Excessively drained —Water is removed from the
soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are
commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow.
Some are steep. All are free of the mottling
related to wetness.
Somewhat excessively drained —Water is
removed from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat
excessively drained soils are sandy and rapidly
pervious. Some are shallow. Some are so steep
that much of the water they receive is lost as
runoff. All are free of the mottling related to
wetness.
Well drained. —Water is removed from the soil
readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants
throughout most of the growing season, and
wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for
significant periods during most growing seasons.
Well drained soils are commonly medium textured.
They are mainly free of mottling.
Moderately well drained —Water is removed from
the soil somewhat slowly during some periods.
Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a
short time during the growing season, but
periodically they are wet long enough that most
mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly
have a slowly pervious layer within or directly
below the solum, or periodically receive high
rainfall, or both.
Somewhat poorly drained —Water is removed
slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant
periods during the growing season. Wetness
markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 89
unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat
poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly
pervious layer, a high water table, additional water
from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a
combination of these.
Poorly drained —Water is removed so slowly that
the soil is saturated periodically during the growing
season or remains wet for long periods. Free
water is commonly at or near the surface for long
enough during the growing season that most
mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil
is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously
saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor
drainage results from a high water table, a slowly
pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly
continuous rainfall, or a combination of these.
Very poorly drained. —Water is removed from the
soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the
surface during most of the growing season. Unless
the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic
crops cannot be grown. Very poorly drained soils
are commonly level or depressed and are
frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is high and
nearly continuous, they can have moderate or high
slope gradients.
Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,
from an area.
Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or
colloidal suspension from one place to another
within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material
through eluviation are eluvial; those that have
received material are illuvial.
Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material accumulated
through wind action; commonly refers to sandy
material in dunes or to loess in blankets on the
surface.
Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by water,
wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by such
processes as gravitational creep.
Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic
processes acting over long geologic periods and
resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the
building up of such landscape features as flood
plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural
erosion.
Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid
than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the
activities of man or other animals or of a
catastrophe in nature, for example, fire, that
exposes the surface.
Excess alkali (in tables). Excess exchangeable sodium
in the soil. The resulting poor physical properties
restrict the growth of plants.
Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the soil.
The soil does not provide a source of gravel or sand
for construction purposes.
Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil
that restrict the growth of some plants.
Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in
the soil that restrict the growth of most plants.
Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity
through accumulation of moisture. Summer fallow is
common in regions of limited rainfall where cereal
grains are grown. The soil is tilled for at least one
growing season for weed control and decomposition
of plant residue.
Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water
into the soil.
Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide
plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper
balance, for the growth of specified plants when
light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth
factors are favorable.
Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a soil,
expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight,
after the gravitational, or free, water has drained
away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 days after a
soaking rain; also called normal field capacity,
normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity.
Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.
Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,
slate, shale, or (rarely) schist, 6 to 15 inches (15 to
37.5 centimeters) long.
Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a
stream and is subject to flooding unless protected
artificially.
Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.
Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.
Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by use
or disturbance.
Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil
moisture. Frost action can damage roads, buildings
and other structures, and plant roots.
Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers
especially to the processes or soil -forming factors
responsible for the formation of the solum, or true
soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.
Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,
resulting in the reduction of iron and other elements
in the profile and in gray colors and mottles.
Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway,
typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as
protection against erosion. Conducts surface water
away from cropland.
Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3
inches (2 millimeters to 7.5 centimeters) in diameter.
An individual piece is a pebble.
Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent,
by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not
prominently flattened, up to 3 inches (7.5
centimeters) in diameter.
Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked
pores of underlying material below the water table.
Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running
water and through which water ordinarily runs only
after rainfall. The distinction between a gully and a
90 Soil survey
rill is one of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle
to farm machinery and is too deep to be obliterated
by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser depth and can
be smoothed over by ordinary tillage.
Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to
the surface, having distinct characteristics produced
by soil -forming processes. In the identification of soil
horizons, an upper case letter represents the major
horizons. Numbers or lower case letters that follow
represent subdivisions of the major horizons. An
explanation of the subdivisions is given in the Soil
Survey Manual. The major horizons of mineral soil
are as follows:
O horizon. —An organic layer of fresh and
decaying plant residue at the surface of a mineral
soil.
A horizon. —The mineral horizon at or near the
surface in which an accumulation of humified
organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.
Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was
originally part of a B horizon.
B horizon. —The mineral horizon below an A
horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of
transition from the overlying A to the underlying C
horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive
characteristics such as (1) accumulation of clay,
sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;
(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or
browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4)
a combination of these. The combined A and B
horizons are generally called the solum, or true
soil. If a soil does not have a B horizon, the A
horizon alone is the solum.
C horizon. —The mineral horizon or layer,
excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected
by soil -forming processes and does not have the
properties typical of the A or B horizon. The
material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike
that in which the solum formed. If the material is
known to differ from that in the solum, the Roman
numeral II precedes the letter C.
R layer —Consolidated rock beneath the soil. The
rock commonly underlies a C horizon, but can be
directly below an A or a B horizon.
Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part
of the organic matter in mineral soils.
Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped
according to their runoff -producing characteristics.
The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of
soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The
slope and the kind of plant cover are not considered
but are separate factors in predicting runoff. Soils
are assigned to four groups. In group A are soils
having a high infiltration rate when thoroughly wet
and having a low runoff potential. They are mainly
deep, well drained, and sandy or gravelly. In group
D, at the other extreme, are soils having a very slow
infiltration rate and thus a high runoff potential. They
have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,
have a permanent high water table, or are shallow
over nearly impervious bedrock or other material. A
soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups if part of
the acreage is artificially drained and part is
undrained.
Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one
horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,
material is removed from an upper horizon and
deposited in a lower horizon.
Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or roots
penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is absolutely
impervious to air and water all the time.
Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that
increase in amount as the more desirable plants are
reduced by close grazing. Increasers commonly are
the shorter plants and the less palatable to
livestock.
Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the
immediate surface of soil or other material, as
contrasted with percolation, which is movement of
water through soil layers or material.
Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the
surface of the soil at any given instant, usually
expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be
limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the
rate at which water is applied at the surface.
Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area
and grow after the climax vegetation has been
reduced by grazing. Generally, invader plants follow
disturbance of the surface.
Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in
production of crops. Methods of irrigation are —
Border. —Water is applied at the upper end of a
strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled
by small earth ridges called border dikes, or
borders.
Basin —Water is applied rapidly to nearly level
plains surrounded by levees or dikes.
Controlled flooding. —Water is released at intervals
from closely spaced field ditches and distributed
uniformly over the field.
Corrugation. —Water is applied to small, closely
spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close -
growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in
only one direction.
Drip (or trick/e).—Water is applied slowly and
under low pressure to the surface of the soil or
into the soil through such applicators as emitters,
porous tubing, or perforated pipe.
Furrow. —Water is applied in small ditches made
by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for
tree and row crops.
Sprinkler. —Water is sprayed over the soil surface
through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.
Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or
tile lines until the water table is raised enough to
wet the soil.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 91
Wild flooding —Water, released at high points, is
allowed to flow onto an area without controlled
distribution.
Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.5
centimeters) or more across. Large stones adversely
affect the specified use of the soil.
Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or
other material by percolating water.
Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil
passes from a plastic to a liquid state.
Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles,
28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less than 52
percent sand particles.
Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt -sized
particles, deposited by wind.
Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support
loads.
Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt
loam, or silt.
Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and low
in organic material. Its bulk density is more than that
of organic soil.
Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop
production and prevention of soil damage.
Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no natural
soil and supports little or no vegetation.
Moderately coarse textured soil. Sandy loam and fine
sandy loam.
Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay
loam, and silty clay loam.
Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,
including the texture, structure, porosity,
consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and
biological properties of the various horizons, and the
thickness and arrangement of those horizons in the
soil profile.
Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that vary
in number and size. Mottling generally indicates poor
aeration and impeded drainage. Descriptive terms
are as follows: abundance —few, common, and
many, size —fine, medium, and coarse; and
contrast —faint, distinct, and prominent. The size
measurements are of the diameter along the
greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5
millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15
millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more
than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).
Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of
the three simple variables —hue, value, and chroma.
For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color of
10YR hue, value of 6, and chroma of 4.
Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 and
7.3. (See Reaction, soil.)
Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant
essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron,
and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and
water.
Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in
various stages of decomposition.
Outwash, glacial. Stratified sand and gravel produced
by glaciers and carried, sorted, and deposited by
glacial melt water.
Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and
mineral material in which soil forms.
Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a
granule, a prism, or a block.
Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil."
A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to
permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from
about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10
square meters), depending on the variability of the
soil.
Percolation. The downward movement of water through
the soil.
Peres slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water
through the soil adversely affecting the specified
use.
Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water
to move downward through the profile. Permeability
is measured as the number of inches per hour that
water moves downward through the saturated soil.
Terms describing permeability are:
Very slow less than 0.06 inch
Slow 0.06 to 0.20 inch
Moderately slow 0.2 to 0.6 inch
Moderate 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches
Moderately rapid 2.0 to 6.0 inches
Rapid 6.0 to 20 inches
Very rapid more than 20 inches
Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on
features that affect its use and management. For
example, slope, stoniness, and thickness.
pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and
alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)
Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or
pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.
Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the
liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of moisture
content within which the soil remains plastic.
Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil
changes from semisolid to plastic.
Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly
below the plowed layer.
Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed depressions.
The water can be removed only by percolation or
evapotranspiration.
Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil
material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the
same size. Because there is little difference in size
of the particles, density can be increased only
slightly by compaction.
Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where surface
or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult or
expensive to install.
92 Soil survey
Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing
a specified plant or sequence of plants under
specific management.
Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending
through all its horizons and into the parent material.
Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that
maintains enough cover to protect the soil and to
maintain or improve the quantity and quality of
desirable vegetation.
Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural
vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike
plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or
browsing. It includes natural grasslands, savannas,
many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and areas
that support certain forb and shrub communities.
Range condition. The present composition of the plant
community on a range site in relation to the
potential natural plant community for that site.
Range condition is expressed as excellent, good,
fair, or poor, on the basis of how much the present
plant community has departed from the potential.
Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil,
and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a
distinct natural plant community. A range site is the
product of all the environmental factors responsible
for its development. It is typified by an association of
species that differ from those on other range sites in
kind or proportion of species or total production.
Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a
soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH
7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction
because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degree of
acidity or alkalinity is expressed as —
Extremely acid
Very strongly acid
Strongly acid
Medium acid
Slightly acid
Neutral
Mildly alkaline
Moderately alkaline
Strongly alkaline
Very strongly alkaline
pH
Below 4.5
4.5 to 5.0
5.1 to 5.5
5.6 to 6.0
6.1 to 6.5
6.6 to 7.3
7.4 to 7.8
7.9 to 8.4
8.5 to 9.0
9.1 and higher
Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,
considered collectively.
Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,
weathered, or partly weathered mineral material that
accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in
place.
Rippable. Bedrock or hardpan can be excavated using a
single -tooth ripping attachment mounted on a tractor
with a 200-300 draw bar horsepower rating.
Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a
diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,
pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.
Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil is
shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.
Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated
by plant roots.
Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream
channels from an area. The water that flows off the
surface of the land without sinking into the soil is
called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil
before reaching surface streams is called ground-
water runoff or seepage flow from ground water.
Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an amount
that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil does not
contain excess exchangeable sodium.
Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral
fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in
diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a
soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more
sand and not more than 10 percent clay.
Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly
sand -size particles.
Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles deposited
from suspension in water. The chief kinds of
sedimentary rock are conglomerate, formed from
gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; shale, formed
from clay; and limestone, formed from soft masses
of calcium carbonate. There are many intermediate
types. Some wind -deposited sand is consolidated
into sandstone.
Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through the
soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified use.
Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are
almost alike, except for differences in texture of the
surface layer or of the underlying material. All the
soils of a series have horizons that are similar in
composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a
clay deposit.
Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of
soil material from the land surface by the action of
rainfall and runoff water.
Shrink -swell. The shrinking of soil when dry and the
swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can
damage roads, dams, building foundations, and
other structures. It can also damage plant roots.
Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that
range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002
millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05
millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil that is 80
percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay.
Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly silt -
sized particles.
Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces produced
by one mass sliding past another. In soils,
slickensides may occur at the bases of slip surfaces
on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, prisms,
and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, where
there is marked change in moisture content.
Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled,
crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of
exchangeable sodium. The soil is generally silty or
clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in
productivity.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 93
Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to movement
downslope when loaded, excavated, or wet.
Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the
horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical
distance divided by horizontal distance, then
multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a
drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.
Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special
practices are required to insure satisfactory
performance of the soil for a specific use.
Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water
into the soil.
Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3
inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones
adversely affect the specified use of the soil.
Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by
exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a
sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation
extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The
degrees of sodicity are—
SAR
Slight Less than 13:1
Moderate 13-30:1
Strong More than 30:1
Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's
surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has
properties resulting from the integrated effect of
climate and living matter acting on earthy parent
material, as conditioned by relief over periods of
time.
Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 mm in
equivalent diameter and ranging between specified
size limits. The names and sizes of separates
recognized in the United States are as follows:
Millime-
ters
Very coarse sand 2.0 to 1.0
Coarse sand 1.0 to 0.5
Medium sand 0.5 to 0.25
Fine sand 0.25 to 0.10
Very fine sand 0.10 to 0.05
Silt 0.05 to 0.002
Clay less than 0.002
Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C
horizon, in which the processes of soil formation are
active. The solum in soil consists of the A and B
horizons. Generally, the characteristics of the
material in these horizons are unlike those of the
underlying material. The living roots and plant and
animal activities are largely confined to the solum.
Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60
centimeters) in diameter.
Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers
that interfere with or prevent tillage.
Striperopping. Growing crops in a systematic
arrangement of strips or bands which provide
vegetative barriers to wind and water erosion.
Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil
particles into compound particles or aggregates. The
principal forms of soil structure are platy
(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates
longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with
rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and
granular. Structureless soils are either single grained
(each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive
(the particles adhering without any regular cleavage,
as in many hardpans).
Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on the
soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects the soil
from wind and water erosion after harvest, during
preparation of a seedbed for the next crop, and
during the early growing period of the new crop.
Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of
the solum below plow depth.
Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,
ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.
Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.
Subsurface layer. Technically, the A2 horizon. Generally
refers to a leached horizon lighter in color and lower
in content of organic matter than the overlying
surface layer.
Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during
the summer to control weeds and allow storage of
moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A
practice common in semiarid regions, where annual
precipitation is not enough to produce a crop every
year. Summer fallow is frequently practiced before
planting winter grain.
Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its
equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth from
4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently
designated as the "plow layer," or the "Ap horizon."
Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across
sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to
the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so
that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a
prepared outlet. A terrace in a field is generally built
so that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended
mainly for drainage has a deep channel that is
maintained in permanent sod.
Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or
undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.
Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and
clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural
classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine
particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam,
silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay
loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand,
loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further
divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or "very
fine."
Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material
too thin for the specified use.
Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related
to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling emergence,
and root penetration.
Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base
of a hill; part of a foot slope.
94
Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most
favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily
rich in organic matter and is used to topdress
roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.
Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, zinc,
cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, are in soils in
extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant
growth.
Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in general,
than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above
the lowlands along streams.
Variant, soil. A soil having properties sufficiently
different from those of other known soils to justify a
new series name, but occurring in such a limited
geographic area that creation of a new series is not
justified.
Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors
assumed to be inherited from the parent material
rather than to be the result of poor drainage.
Weathering. All physical and chemical changes
produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the
earth's surface by atmospheric agents. These
changes result in disintegration and decomposition
of the material.
Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of coarse
grained particles that are well distributed over a wide
range in size or diameter. Such soil normally can be
easily increased in density and bearing properties by
compaction. Contrasts with poorly graded soil.
tables
96
TABLE 1. --ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS
Soil survey
Map
symbol
Soil name
Acres
Percent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Altvan fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Altvan fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Argiustolls-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 9 percent slopes
Ascalon fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Ascalon fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Ascalon-Blakeland complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes
Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes
Avar fine sandy loam
Avar-Manzanola complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Badland
Bankard loamy fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Blakeland loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Blakeland loamy sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes
Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Bresser sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Bushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Bushman fine sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Bushman-Curabith-Canyon complex, 0 to 20 percent slopes
Cascajo gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes
Cushman fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Cushman fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Dacono clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Eckley sandy clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Eckley sandy clay loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Eckley-Dix-Blakeland complex, 6 to 20 percent slopes
Epping silt loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
Haplaquolls-Fluvaquents complex, frequently flooded
Haverson loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Keith loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Kim -Mitchell complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Kim -Mitchell complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Kim -Shingle complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes
Manter sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Manter sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Manzanola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Midway clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
Nucla loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Nucla loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Nunn loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Nunn clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Olney loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Olney loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Olney fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Olney fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Otero sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Otero sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Otero -Tassel complex, 6 to 30 percent slopes
Paoli fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Paoli fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Peetz gravelly sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes
Peetz-Altvan complex, 0 to 20 percent slopes
Peetz-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent slopes
Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Renohill fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Renohill fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Renohill-Shingle complex, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Rosebud fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Rosebud fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Shingle clay loam, 0 to 9 percent slopes
Stoneham fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Stoneham fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Tassel loamy fine sand, 5 to 20 percent slopes
Terry sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Terry sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Thedalund-Keota loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Thedalund-Kenta loams, 3 to 9 percent slopes
See footnote at end of table.
42,939 3.0
4,412 0.3
2,532 0.2
195,887 13.8
68,193 4.8
5,110 0.4
1,332 0.1
11,689 0.8
22,655 1.6
5,381 0.4
7,322 0.5
7,716 0.5
1,005 0.1
1,998 0.1
2,406 0.2
1,830 0.1
4,505 0.3
13,258 0.9
16,029 1.1
20,876 1.5
664
3,205 0.2
9,257 0.6
1,364 0.1
1,535 0.1
10,559 0.7
37,172 2.6
1,491 0.1
34,780 2.4
7,075 0.5
64,150 4.5
22,796 1.6
12,515 0.9
3,424 0.2
3,776 0.3
15,267 1.1
4,589 0.3
3,894 0.3
643 *
50,113 3.5
22,355 1.6
1,940 0.1
556 *
143,897 10.1
47,540 3.3
7,172 0.5
14,778 1.0
15,697 1.1
5,537 0.4
2,788 0.2
25,924 1.8
5,791 0.4
10,326 0.7
98,774 6.9
39,279 2.7
29,229 2.0
46,342 3.2
6,813 0.5
3,740 0.3
7,398 0.5
20,921 1.5
16,580 1.2
9,175 0.6
2,222 0.2
23,851 1.7
1,823 0.1
4,467 0.3
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part
TABLE 1. --ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS --Continued
97
Map
symbol
Soil name
Acres
Percent
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Treon fine sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes
Treon-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent slopes
Ustic Torriorthents-Rock outcrop complex, 9 to 40 percent slopes
Vona loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Vona loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Vona sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Vona sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes
Wages fine sandy loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Wages fine sandy loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes
Weld loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes
Water
Total
757 0.1
3,724 0.3
9,373 0.7
2,560 0.2
12,478 0.9
10,403 0.7
19,242 1.3
11,247 0.8
7,012 0.5
11,406 0.8
1,059 0.1
1,429,520 100.0
* Less than 0.1 percent.
98 Soil survey
TABLE 2. --YIELDS PER ACRE OF NONIRRIOATED CROPS AND PASTURE
[Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the
soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil. Only the soils suited to
nonirrigated crops and pasture are listed]
Soil name and
map symbol
Wheat
Barley
Annual hay crops
1
4
7
Altvan
Ascalon
Ascalon-Bushman-Curabith
15
Bresser
17
Bushman
21
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31
Kim -Mitchell
34
Manter
36
Manzanola
38
Nucla
40, 41
Nunn
42
Olney
44
Olney
46
Otero
49
Paoli
54
Platner
55
Renohill
Bu
26
26
25
25
20
18
25
18
22
25
18
25
18
20
30
24
26
17
21
30
25
Bu
30
30
28
30
24
30
20
27
30
30
35
28
30
25
35
30
Ton
1.5
1.5
1.25
1.5
1.25
0.75
1.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
1.25
1.5
0.5
0.75
1.5
0.7°
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 99
TABLE 2. --YIELDS PER ACRE OF NONIRRIGATED CROPS AND PASTURE --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Wheat
Barley
Annual hay crops
58
Rosebud
61
Stoneham
64
Terry
66
Thedalund-Keota
71
Vona
73
Vona
75
Wages
77
Weld
Bu
30
18
22
18
13
18
20
30
Bu
35
20
26
18
13
23
25
35
Ton
1.5
0.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
100 Soil survey
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
[Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of
"slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated]
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas
Picnic areas
Playgrounds
Paths and trails
1
2
Altvan
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
4
5
Rock outcrop.
Ascalon
Ascalon
6*:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
8*:
Ascalon
9
Bushman
Curabith
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13
Blakeland
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
flooding,
percs slowly.
Severe:
flooding,
percs slowly.
Slight
Severe:
flooding.
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Slight
Moderate:
flooding.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
small stones.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe
slope.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Moderate:
small stones.
Severe:
flooding.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
flooding.
Slight.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 101
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas
Picnic areas
Playgrounds
Paths and trails
14
Blakeland
15
Bresser
16
Bresser
17
Bushman
18
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21
Cushman
22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
See footnote at end of table.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
I
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones,
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight.
Severe:
erodes easily.
Severe:
erodes easily.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
102 Soil survey
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas I Picnic areas
Playgrounds I Paths and trails
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31*:
Kim
Mitchell
32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34
Manter
35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38
Nucla
39
Nucla
40
Nunn
41
Nunn
42
Olney
43
Olney
Severe:
flooding.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
slope,
dusty.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
slope,
dusty.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
small stones.
Moderate:
slope,
dusty.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones,
dusty.
Moderate:
slope,
dusty.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
small stones,
depth to rock.
Slight (Slight Moderate:
I I slope,
I I small stones.
Slight Slight Severe:
I slope.
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight Moderate:
I small stones.
Severe: (Severe:
depth to rock. I depth to rock.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
small stones,
dusty.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
small stones,
slope.
Slight Slight Moderate:
I I small stones,
I I slope.
Slight
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight.
Slight Slight.
Severe:
slope.
Slight.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 103
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas
Picnic areas
Playgrounds
Paths and trails
44
Olney
45
Olney
46
Otero
47
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55
Renohill
56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
See footnote at end of table.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
small stones.
Moderate:
small stones,
dusty.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones,
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
small stones,
depth to rock.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
104
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil survey
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas
Picnic areas
Playgrounds
Paths and trails
58
Rosebud
59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61
Stoneham
62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64
Terry
65
Terry
66*:
Thedalund
Keota
67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Ustic Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71
Vona
72
Vona
73
Vona
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope,
small stones,
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
small stones,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
small stones.
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
erodes easily.
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
erodes easily.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 105
TABLE 3. --RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Camp areas
Picnic areas
Playgrounds
Paths and trails
74
Vona
75
Wages
76
Wages
77
Weld
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
dusty.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
dusty.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
small stones.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
dusty.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
dusty.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
106
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT
Soil survey
[Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of
"slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated]
Soil name and
map symbol
Shallow
excavations
Dwellings
without
basements
Dwellings
with
basements
Small
commercial
buildings
Local roads
and streets
1
2
Altvan
Altvan
3+:
Argiustolls.
4
5
Rock outcrop.
Ascalon
Ascalon
6+:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
8+:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
9
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11+:
Badland
12
Bankard
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Slight
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
too clayey.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
See footnote at end of table.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
flooding.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
shrink -swell.
Severe:
flooding.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
shrink -swell.
Severe:
flooding.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
slope,
frost action.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
frost action.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope,
frost action.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
flooding,
frost action.
Moderate:
flooding,
frost action.
Severe:
low strength,
shrink -swell.
Severe:
flooding.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 107
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
13
Soil name and
map symbol
Blakeland
14
Blakeland
15
Bresser
16
Bresser
17
Bushman
18
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21
Cushman
22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
Shallow
excavations
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
See footnote at end of table.
Dwellings
without
basements
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
flooding.
Dwellings
with
basements
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
flooding.
Small
commercial
buildings
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
depth to rock.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope,
depth to rock.
Severe:
flooding.
Local roads
and streets
Slight.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
flooding.
108
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil survey
Soil name and
map symbol
Shallow
excavations
Dwellings
without
basements
Dwellings
with
basements
Small
commercial
buildings
Local roads
and streets
30
Keith
31*:
Kim
Mitchell
32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34
Manter
35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38
Nucla
39
Nucla
40, 41
Nunn
42
Olney
43
Olney
44
Olney
45
Olney
46
Otero
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Moderate:
too clayey.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
too clayey.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Moderate:
slope,
shrink —swell.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope.
Severe:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Moderate.:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Severe:
low strength.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Slight.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Slight.
Moderate:
slope,
shrink -swell.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Severe:
low strength,
shrink -swell.
Severe:
low strength,
slope,
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
frost action,
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
frost action,
shrink -swell.
Severe:
low strength,
shrink -swell.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 109
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
47
Soil name and
map symbol
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55
Renohill
56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
58
Rosebud
59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61
Stoneham
Shallow
excavations
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave,
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Dwellings
without
basements
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
shrink -swell,
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Dwellings
with
basements
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
depth to rock,
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
shrink -swell.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Small
commercial
buildings
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope.
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope.
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
shrink —swell,
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Local roads
and streets
Slight.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
frost action.
Severe:
slope.
Slight.
Severe:
low strength.
Severe:
low strength.
Severe:
low strength.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
low strength.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
low strength.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
110 Soil survey
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Shallow
excavations
Dwellings
without
basements
Dwellings
with
basements
Small
commercial
buildings
Local roads
and streets
62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64
Terry
65
Terry
66*:
Thedalund
Keota
67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Ustic
Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71
Vona
72
Vona
73
Vona
74
Vona
75
Wages
76
Wages
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
cutbanks Cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Severe:
cutbanks cave.
Slight
Slight
See footnote at end of table.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink —swell.
Slight
Moderate:
slope,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope,
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
shrink —swell.
Moderate:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell,
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Slight
Moderate:
shrink -swell,
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
slope.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
low strength.
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Moderate:
low strength.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
slope,
frost action.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
slope,
frost action.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Slight.
Moderate:
frost action.
Moderate:
frost action.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part
TABLE 4. --BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT --Continued
111
77
Soil name and
map symbol
Weld
Shallow
excavations
Slight
Dwellings
without
basements
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Dwellings
with
basements
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Small
commercial
buildings
Moderate:
shrink -swell.
Local roads
and streets
Moderate:
low strength,
frost action,
shrink -swell.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
112
TABLE 5. --SANITARY FACILITIES
Soil survey
[Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of
"slight," "moderate," "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was
not rated]
Soil name and
map symbol
Septic tank
absorption
fields
Sewage lagoon
areas
Trench
sanitary
landfill
Area
sanitary
landfill
Daily cover
for landfill
1
2
Altvan
Altvan
3':
Argiustolls.
Rock outcrop.
4
5
Ascalon
Ascalon
6':
Ascalon
Blakeland
7':
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
8':
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
9
Avar
10':
Avar
Manzanola
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Moderate:
percs slowly,
slope.
Severe:
poor filter.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Slight
Severe:
poor filter.
Moderate:
percs slowly.,
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
percs slowly.
See footnote at end of table.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
flooding.
Moderate:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
flooding,
too clayey.
Moderate:
flooding,
too clayey.
Slight
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
flooding.
Moderate:
flooding.
Slight
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy.
Fair:
too sandy.
Fair:
too sandy.
Fair:
too sandy,
slope.
Poor:
too sandy.
Fair:
too sandy.
Good.
Poor:
small stones.
Fair:
too sandy,
slope.
Fair:
slope.
Poor:
small stones.
Fair:
too clayey.
Fair:
too clayey.
Good.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 113
TABLE 5. --SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Septic tank
absorption
fields
Sewage lagoon
areas
Trench
sanitary
landfill
Area
sanitary
landfill
Daily cover
for landfill
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13
Blakeland
14
Blakeland
15, 16
Bresser
17, 18
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21
Cushman
22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Severe:
flooding,
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
See footnote at end of table.
Severe:
seepage,
flooding.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
flooding,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
too sandy.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
flooding.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy.
Poor:
too sandy.
Poor:
too sandy.
Poor:
small stones.
Good.
Good.
Poor:
small stones.
Poor:
area reclaim,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
114 Soil survey
TABLE 5. --SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Septic tank
absorption
fields
Sewage lagoon
areas
Trench
sanitary
landfill
Area
sanitary
landfill
Daily cover
for landfill
26*:
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31*:
Kim
Mitchell
32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38
Nucla
39
Nucla
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
flooding,
percs slowly.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
flooding.
Slight Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate: Moderate:
percs slowly. seepage,
slope.
Slight Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Slight
Moderate:
percs slowly,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
See footnote at end of table.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
too sandy.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
too clayey.
Moderate:
too clayey.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
flooding.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
too sandy.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
too sandy.
Good.
Fair:
small stones.
Good.
Fair:
small stones.
Good.
Fair:
small stones,
slope.
Poor:
area reclaim,
slope.
Fair:
too sandy.
Good.
Poor:
area reclaim,
hard to pack.
Fair:
too clayey,
small stones.
Fair:
too clayey,
small stones.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 115
TABLE 5. --SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Septic tank
absorption
fields
Sewage lagoon
areas
Trench
sanitary
landfill
Area
sanitary
landfill
Daily cover
for landfill
40, 41
Nunn
42, 43, 44
Olney
45
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52':
Peetz
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55
Renohill
56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Severe:
percs slowly.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter.
Severe:
poor filter,
slope.
Severe:
percs slowly.
Severe:
depth to rock,
percs slowly.
Severe:
depth to rock,
percs slowly.
Severe:
depth to rock,
percs slowly.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe: Slight
seepage,
too clayey.
Moderate: Slight
too sandy.
Moderate: Slight
too sandy.
Slight Slight
Severe: Severe:
slope. slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage,
slope,
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Poor:
too clayey,
hard to pack.
Fair:
too sandy.
Fair:
too sandy.
Fair:
small stones.
Poor:
slope.
Poor:
area reclaim,
slope.
Good.
Good.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy.
Poor:
seepage,
too sandy,
small stones.
Fair:
small stones.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
See footnote at end of table.
116 Soil survey
TABLE 5. --SANITARY FACILITIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Septic tank
absorption
fields
Sewage lagoon
areas
Trench
sanitary
landfill
Area
sanitary
landfill
Daily cover
for landfill
57*:
Shingle
58
Rosebud
59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61
Stoneham
62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66*, 67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Ustic
Torriorthenta.
Rock outcrop.
71, 72, 73, 74
Vona
75
Wages
76
Wages
77
Weld
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Moderate:
percs slowly.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe: Severe:
poor filter. seepage.
Moderate: Severe:
percs slowly. seepage.
Moderate: Severe:
percs slowly. seepage,
slope.
Moderate: Moderate:
percs slowly. seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock,
seepage.
Moderate:
too sandy.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
too clayey.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
depth to rock,
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock,
seepage.
Slight
Slight
Slight
Slight
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good.
Good.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Fair:
too sandy.
Good.
Good.
Fair:
too clayey.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part
TABLE 6. --CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
117
[Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of
"good," "fair," "poor," "probable," and "improbable." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was
not rated]
Soil name and
map symbol
Roadf ill
Sand
Gravel
Topsoil
1, 2
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
Rock outcrop.
4, 5
Ascalon
6':
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
8*:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
9
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
See footnote at end of table.
Probable
Improbable:
too sandy.
Fair:
small stones,
area reclaim,
thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones,
slope.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Probable Probable Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones,
slope.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones,
slope.
Probable Probable Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Probable
Improbable:
too sandy.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
118
TABLE 6. --CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
Soil survey
Soil name and
map symbol
Roadfill
Sand
Gravel
Topsoil
13, 14
Blakeland
15, 16
Bresser
17, 18
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21, 22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24, 25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31', 32*:
Kim
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Good
Good
Good
Good
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Fair:
low strength.
Fair:
shrink -swell.
See footnote at end of table.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Probable
Probable
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Probable
Probable
Probable
Probable
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Poor:
thin layer.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Fair:
small stones.
Fair:
small stones.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim,
small stones.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Fair:
area reclaim,
small stones.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim,
small stones.
Poor:
thin layer.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
thin layer.
Good.
Poor:
small stones.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part
TABLE 6. --CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
119
Soil name and
map symbol
Roadfill
Sand
Gravel
Topsoil
31*, 32*:
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38, 39
Nucla
40, 41
Nunn
42, 43
Olney
44, 145
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49, 50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
Good
Fair:
shrink -swell.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Good
Poor:
area reclaim,
low strength.
Fair:
shrink -swell.
Good
Good
Good
Good
Fair:
slope.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Good
Good
Good
See footnote at end of table.
Improbable: Improbable: Good.
excess fines. excess fines.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
small stones,
slope.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. too sandy,
small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones,
slope.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
slope.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Probable Probable Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Probable Probable Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim.
Probable Improbable: Fair:
too sandy. small stones,
area reclaim,
thin layer.
120 Soil survey
TABLE 6. --CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Roadfill
Sand
Gravel
Topsoil
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55, 56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
58, 59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61, 62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66*, 67':
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Ustic Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71, 72
Vona
Fair:
slope.
Good
Poor:
area reclaim,
low strength.
Poor:
area reclaim,
low strength.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Good
See footnote at end of table.
Probable
Probable
Improbable: Improbable:
excess fines. excess fines.
Poor:
small stones,
area reclaim,
slope.
Poor:
small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones,
area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. small stones.
Improbable: Improbable: Fair:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim,
thin layer.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim.
Improbable: Improbable: Poor:
excess fines. excess fines. area reclaim.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Fair:
too sandy,
small stones.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 121
TABLE 6. --CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Roadfill
Sand
Gravel
Topsoil
73, 74
Vona
75, 76
Wages
77
Weld
Good
Good
Good
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Improbable:
excess fines.
Fair:
small stones.
Poor:
area reclaim.
Poor:
thin layer.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
122 Soil survey
TABLE 7. --WATER MANAGEMENT
[Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of
"slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated]
Soil name and
map symbol
1, 2
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
Rock outcrop.
4, 5
Ascalon
6*:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*:
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
8':
Ascalon
Bushman
Curabith
9
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13
Blakeland
Limitations for --
Pond Embankments,
reservoir
areas
Severe:
seepage.
dikes, and
levees
Severe:
seepage.
Severe: Severe:
seepage. piping.
Severe: Severe:
seepage, piping.
slope.
Severe: Slight
seepage,
slope.
Severe: Severe:
seepage. piping.
Severe: Severe:
seepage. piping.
Severe: Severe:
seepage. seepage.
Severe: Severe:
seepage, piping.
slope.
Severe: Severe:
seepage, piping.
slope.
Severe: Severe:
seepage, seepage.
slope.
Moderate: Severe:
seepage. piping.
Moderate: Severe:
seepage. piping.
Moderate:
seepage.
Moderate:
thin layer.
Severe: Severe:
seepage. seepage,
piping.
Severe: Slight
seepage.
See footnote at end of table.
Drainage
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Features affecting --
Irrigation
Soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Droughty,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Droughty
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Excess sodium,
excess salt.
Excess sodium,
excess salt.
Peres slowly ---
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Terraces
and
diversions
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Slope,
soil blowing.
Slope,
too sandy,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing ---
Large stones ---
Slope,
soil blowing.
Slope,
soil blowing.
Slope,
large stones.
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing ---
Peres slowly ---
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Grassed
waterways
Favorable.
Droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Droughty.
Favorable.
Droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope.
Slope,
droughty.
Excess sodium,
excess salt.
Excess sodium,
excess salt.
Peres slowly.
Droughty.
Droughty.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 123
TABLE 7. --WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Limitations for --
Features affecting --
Pond
reservoir
areas
Embankments,
dikes, and
levees
Drainage
Irrigation
Terraces
and
diversions
Grassed
waterways
14
Blakeland
15, 16
Bresser
17
Bushman
18
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21, 22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24, 25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Slight
Slight
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Slight
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Droughty,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing,
slope.
Soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Depth to rock,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Depth to rock,
elope,
erodes easily.
Slope
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
fast intake.
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Depth to rock,
slope,
erodes easily.
Excess salt -
Slope
Slope,
too sandy,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing ---
Slope,
large stones.
Depth to rock
Slope,
too sandy.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Too sandy
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Slope,
too sandy,
soil blowing.
Slope,
too sandy,
soil blowing.
Slope,
too sandy,
soil blowing.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Too sandy
Erodes easily
Slope,
droughty.
Droughty.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Slope,
droughty.
Depth to rock.
Slope,
droughty.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Excess salt.
Erodes easily.
See footnote at end of table.
124
TABLE 7. --WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
Soil survey
Soil name and
map symbol
31*, 32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38
Nucla
39
Nucla
40, 41
Nunn
42, 43
Olney
1414, 45
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49, 50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Limitations for --
Pond
reservoir
areas
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate:
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Embankments,
dikes, and
levees
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
thin layer.
Severe:
seepage,
piping.
Moderate:
thin layer.
Moderate:
hard to pack.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Moderate:
thin layer,
hard to pack.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Drainage
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Features affecting --
Irrigation
Slope,
excess salt.
Slope,
erodes easily.
Slope,
excess salt.
Depth to rock,
slope.
Soil blowing ---
Peres slowly ---
Peres slowly,
depth to rock.
Favorable
Slope
Peres slowly,
slope.
Droughty,
fast intake,
soil blowing.
Droughty,
soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
soil blowing.
Droughty,
soil blowing.
Fast intake,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Terraces
and
diversions
Favorable
Erodes easily
Slope
Slope,
depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Peres slowly ---
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Favorable
Favorable
Peres slowly Soil blowing Soil blowing Soil blowing Slope,
soil blowing.
Slope,
depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Slope,
too sandy.
Slope,
too sandy.
Grassed
waterways
Favorable.
Erodes easily.
Slope.
Slope,
erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Peres slowly.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Peres slowly.
Droughty.
Droughty.
Droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Slope,
droughty.
Slope,
droughty.
See footnote at end of table.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 125
TABLE 7. --WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Limitations for --
Features affecting --
Pond Embankments,
reservoir dikes, and
areas levees
Drainage
Irrigation
Terraces
and
diversions
Grassed
waterways
52*:
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55, 56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
58, 59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61, 62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66*:
Thedalund
Keota
67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
slope.
Moderate:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Moderate:
seepage,
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
thin layer.
Severe:
thin layer.
Severe:
thin layer.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
thin layer.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Soil blowing,
slope.
Droughty,
slope.
Peres slowly —
Peres slowly,
depth to rock,
slope.
Peres slowly,
depth to rock,
slope.
Depth to rock,
slope.
Soil blowing,
depth to rock,
slope.
Depth to rock,
slope.
Soil blowing,
slope.
Fast intake,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing,
depth to rock.
Depth to rock,
excess salt.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Depth to rock,
slope,
excess salt.
Depth to rock,
slope,
erodes easily.
Soil blowing,
depth to rock,
slope.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Slope,
too sandy.
Favorable
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Soil blowing ---
Slope,
depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Depth to rock
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Depth to rock
Depth to rock,
erodes easily.
Slope,
depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Favorable.
Slope,
droughty.
Peres slowly.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Depth to rock.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Slope,
depth to rock.
Depth to rock.
Depth to rock.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Depth to rock.
Erodes easily,
depth to rock.
Slope,
depth to rock.
See footnote at end of table.
126 Soil survey
TABLE 7. --WATER MANAGEMENT --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Limitations for --
Pond
reservoir
areas
Embankments,
dikes, and
levees
Drainage
Features affecting --
Irrigation
Terraces
and
diversions
Grassed
waterways
69•:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70':
Ustic
Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71
Vona
72
Vona
73
Vona
74
Vona
75, 76
Wages
77
Weld
Severe:
depth to rock,
slope.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Severe:
seepage.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Moderate:
seepage,
slope.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
seepage,
piping.
Severe:
seepage,
piping.
Severe:
seepage,
piping.
Severe:
seepage,
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Severe:
piping.
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Deep to water
Soil blowing,
depth to rock,
slope.
Fast intake,
soil blowing.
Fast intake,
soil blowing,
slope.
Soil blowing ---
Soil blowing,
slope.
Soil blowing,
slope.
Peres slowly,
slope.
Slope,
depth to rock,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Too sandy,
soil blowing.
Soil blowing ---
Favorable
Slope,
depth to rock.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Favorable.
Peres slowly.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 127
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES
[The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated]
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches 4
Percentage passing
sieve number --
10
40
200
Liquid Plas-
limit ticity
index
1
2
Altvan
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
4
Rock outcrop.
Ascalon
5
Ascalon
6*:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*, 8*:
Ascalon
Bushman
In
0-6
6-27
27-60
0-3
3-23
23-60
0-8
8-22
22-60
0-6
6-21
21-60
0-8
8-26
26-60
0-15
15-60
0-8
8-26
26-60
0-10
10-60
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, loam,
sandy clay loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly coarse
sand, coarse
sand.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, loam,
sandy clay loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly coarse
sand, coarse
sand.
Fine sandy loam
Sand;, clay loam,
clay loam, loam.
Fine sandy loam,
loamy fine sand,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam, loam.
Fine sandy loam,
loamy fine sand,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam, loam.
Fine sandy loam,
loamy fine sand,
sandy loam.
Loamy sand
Loamy sand, loamy
coarse sand,
sand.
Fine sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam, loam.
Fine sandy loam,
loamy fine sand,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Very fine sandy
loam, loam,
sandy loam.
See footnote at end of table.
ML, SM
CL
SP, SP-SM
ML, SM
CL
SP, SP-SM
SM
SC, CL
SM
SM
SC, CL
SM
SM
SC, CL
SM
SM-SC
SP -SC,
SM-SC
SM
SC, CL
SM
SM, ML
ML, SM
A-4
A-6, A-7
A-1
A-4
A-6, A-7
A-1
Pct
0
0
0
0
0
0
A-2, A-4 0
A-6 0
A-2 0
A-2, A-4 0
A-6 0
A-2 0
A-2, A-4 0
A-6 0
A-2 0
A-2 0
A-2 0
A-2, A-4 0
A-6 0
A-2 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
100
95-100
75-95
100
95-100
75-95
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
80-100
100
95-100
70-90
100
95-100
70-90
90-100
90-100
95-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
90-100
80-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
70-85
85-100
25-35
70-85
85-100
25-35
70-95
80-100
70-95
70-95
80-100
70-95
70-95
80-100
70-95
40-60
35-60
70-95
80-100
70-95
65-85
70-85
40-55
70-80
0-10
40-55
70-80
0-10
25-50
40-55
20-35
25-50
40-55
20-35
25-50
40-55
20-35
15-30
5-25
25-50
40-55
20-35
35-55
40-55
Pct
25-35 NP -10
35-50 15-25
25-35
35-50
15-25
20-40
15-25
20-40
15-25
20-40
NP
NP -10
15-25
NP
NP -5
10-20
NP
NP -5
10-20
NP
NP -5
10-20
NP
10-30 5-10
20-25 5-10
15-25 NP -5
20-40 10-20
NP
20-25 NP -5
20-25 NP -5
128 Soil survey
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
7', 8*:
Curabith
9
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13
Blakeland
14
Blakeland
15
Bresser
16
Bresser
Depth
In
0-10
10-25
25-42
42-60
0-3
3-8
8-60
0-3
3-8
8-60
0-3
3-60
0-6
6-34
34-60
0-15
15-60
0-12
12-60
0-15
15-37
37-60
0-15
15-34
34-60
USDA texture
Loam
Very channery
sandy loam.
Channery sandy
loam.
Very channery
loamy sand.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, clay
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam, sandy
loam.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, clay
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam, sandy
loam.
Clay loam
Clay loam, clay,
silty clay.
Loamy fine sand
Fine sand, sand,
loamy sand.
Gravelly sand,
very gravelly
loamy sand, very
gravelly sand.
Loamy sand
Loamy sand, loamy
coarse sand,
sand.
Loamy sand
Loamy sand, loamy
coarse sand,
sand.
Sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam.
Loamy coarse
sand, gravelly
loamy sand, very
gravelly loamy
sand.
Sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
clay loam.
Loamy coarse
sand, gravelly
loamy sand, very
gravelly loamy
sand.
See footnote at end of table.
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
SM, SM-SC, A-4
ML, CL -ML
OM, GM -GC, A-1, A-2
SM, SM-SC
SM A-1, A-2
OP -GM A-1
SM A-2, A-4
CL, CH A-6, A-7
SC, SM-SC, A-6, A-4,
CL, CL -ML A-2
SM A-2, A-4
CL, CH A-6, A-7
SC, SM-SC, A-6, A-4,
CL, CL -ML A-2
CL, CL -ML A-4, A-6
CL A-6, A-7
SP-SM, SM
SP-SM, SM
GP, SP,
GP -GM,
SP-SM
A-2, A-3
A-2, A-3,
A-1
A-1, A-2,
A-3
SM-SC A-2
SP -SC, A-2
SM-SC
SM-SC A-2
SP -SC, A-2
SM-SC
SM
SC
SP -SC
SM
SC
SP -SC
A-1, A-2
A-2, A-6,
A-7
A-2
A-1, A-2
A-2, A-6,
A-7
A-2
Frag- I
manta I
> 3 I
inchesL 4
Pct I
0
10-20
5-10
45-55
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-5
0-5
0
0-5
0-5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-5
0
0
0-5
Percentage passing
sieve number --
95-100
40-60
60-80
30-50
10
90-100
35-55
55-75
25-45
140
65-85
25-35
35-65
15-25
90-100 85-100 55-95
100 95-100 85-100
loo 95-100 55-95
90-100 85-100 55-95
loo 95-100 85-100
100 95-100 55-95
95-100 80-95 70-95
95-100 90-100 85-95
95-100
80-100
35-75
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
80-100
75-100
35-75
90-100
80-100
90-100
80-100
75-100
75-100
35-85
75-100
75-100
35-85
50-75
40-70
20-60
40-60
35-60
40-60
35-60
35-50
50-70
20-50
35-50
50-70
20-50
200
35-55
10-20
15-35
5-10
30-50
65-90
30-65
30-50
65-90
30-65
50-75
65-90
5-25
5-35
0-15
15-30
5-25
15-30
5-25
20-35
30-50
5-10
20-35
30-50
5-10
Liquid Plas-
limit ticity
index
Pet
25-35 5-10
20-30 NP -10
20-30 NP -l0
NP
20-30 NP -5
35-50 20-35
20-35 5-15
20-30 NP -5
35-50 20-35
20-35 5-15
25-40 5-20
35-50 20-30
NP
NP
NP
10-30 5-10
20-25 5-10
10-30 5-10
20-25 5-10
15-25 NP -5
30-55 15-30
20-30 5-10
15-25
30-55
20-30
NP -5
15-30
5-10
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 129
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches
Percentage passing
sieve number --
4 10 40
Liquid Plas-
limit ticity
200 index
17
Bushman
18
Bushman
19':
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
CascaJo
21, 22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
In
0-10
10-60
0-6
6-60
0-6
6-60
0-10
10-25
25-42
42-60
0-3
3-14
14
0-3
3-24
24-60
0-10
10-29
29
0-4
4-21
21-26
26-60
0-9
9-15
15-60
Fine sandy loam
Very fine sandy
loam, loam,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Very fine sandy
loam, loam,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Very fine sandy
loam, loam,
sandy loam.
Loam
Very channery
sandy loam.
Channery sandy
loam.
Very channery
loamy sand.
Gravelly loam ----
Very fine sandy
loam, loam,
gravelly loam.
Weathered bedrock
Gravelly sandy
loam.
Very gravelly
sandy loam, very
gravelly loamy
sand, very
gravelly sand.
Very gravelly
loamy sand, very
gravelly sand,
gravelly sand.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, sandy
clay loam, loam.
Weathered bedrock
Clay loam
Clay loam, clay,
gravelly clay
loam.
Sandy clay loam,
loam, silt loam.
Sand, gravelly
sand.
Sandy clay loam
Gravelly sandy
clay loam, sandy
clay loam, clay
loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly loamy
sand, very
gravelly sand.
See footnote at end of table.
SM, ML
ML, SM
SM, ML
ML, SM
SM, ML
ML, SM
SM, SM-SC,
ML, CL -ML
GM, GM -GC,
SM, SM-SC
SM
GP -GM
OM, SM
ML, SM,
SC, GM
GM, SM
GP -GM, GP,
GM
GP, SP,
GP -GM,
SP-SM
SM-SC
CL
CL
CL
CL, SC
SP
SC, CL,
CL -ML,
SM-SC
SC, GC, CL
SM, SP—SM,
GP —GM, GM
Pct
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-1, A-2 10-20
A-1, A-2 5-10
A-1 45-55
A-4 0-5
A-4 0-5
A-1, A-2, 0-10
A-4
A-1 0-15
A-1 0-15
A-2, A-4 0
A-6 0
A-6 0
A-6, A-7 0
A-6 0
A-1 0
A-6, A-4 0
A-2, A-6 0
A-1 0
80-100 75-100 65-85
80-100 75-100 70-85
80-100 75-100 65-85
80-100 75-100 70-85
80-100 75-100 65-85
80-100 75-100 70-85
95-100
40-60
60-80
30-50
60-80
60-95
50-75
15-50
io-60
100
100
85-100
75-100
75-100
50-90
95-100
55-85
50-85
90-100
35-55
55-75
25-45
50-75
50-95
50-75
15-50
10-60
75-100
90-100
75-100
60-100
75-100
50-90
95-100
50-85
30-75
Pct
35-55 20-25 NP -5
40-55 20-25 NP -5
35-55 20-25 NP -5
40-55 20-25 NP -5
35-55 20-25 NP -5
40-55 20-25 NP -5
65-85 35-55 25-35 5-10
25-35 10-20 20-30 NP -10
35-65 15-35 20-30 NP -10
15-25 5-10 NP
45-60 35-50 --- NP
45-95 35-75 15-20 NP -10
30-50 10-40 NP
5-30 0-20 NP
5-30 0-10 NP
70-90 25-50 20-25 5-10
85-95 70-85 25-35 10-15
75-95 70-80 30-40 10-20
55-95 50-85 35-45 15-25
50-95 40-85 25-40 10-20
20-45 0-5 NP
75-90 35-55 25-35 5-15
30-65 20-55 25-40 10-20
15-45 5-15 NP
130 Soil survey
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
25
Soil name and
map symbol
Eckley
26*•
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*•
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
Depth
In
0-8
8-14
14-60
0-8
8-14
14-60
0-12
12-37
37-60
0-12
12-60
0-3
USDA texture
Sandy clay loam
Gravelly sandy
clay loam, sandy
clay loam, clay
loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly loamy
sand, very
gravelly sand.
Sandy clay loam
Gravelly sandy
clay loam, sandy
clay loam, clay
loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly loamy
sand, very
gravelly sand.
Gravelly loamy
sand.
Gravelly loamy
coarse sand,
very gravelly
sand.
Very gravelly
coarse sand,
very gravelly
sand, gravelly
coarse sand.
Loamy sand
Loamy sand, loamy
coarse sand,
sand.
Silt loam
3-17 Loam, silt loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
17 Unweathered
bedrock.
0-12
12-60
0-4
4-20
20-60
Loam
Stratified clay
loam to sand.
Loam
Silt loam, silty
clay loam, loam.
Silt loam, loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
See footnote at end of table.
Classification IFrag- Percentage passing
lments sieve number --
Unified AASHTO I > 3
Linches 4 10 40 200
I Pct
A-6, A-4 0 95-100 95-100 75-90 35-55
A-2, A-6 0 55-85 50-85 30-65 20-55
A-1 0 50-85 30-75 15-45 5-15
A-6, A-4 0 95-100 95-100 75-90 35-55
A-2, A-6 0 55-85 50-85 30-65 20-55
A-1 0 50-85 30-75 15-45 5-15
SM, SP-SM A-1, A-2 0 50-80 50-75 30-60 5-25
SP, SP-SM, A-1, A-2, 0 40-90 35-75 15-60 4-25
SM, GP A-3
A-1 0-5 30-60 25-60 10-35 0-10
A-2 0 95-100 90-100 40-60 15-30
A-2 0 95-100 80-100 35-60 5-25
A-4 0 100 95-100 90-100 70-85
A-4, A-6 0 100 100 85-95 60-75
SC, CL,
CL -ML,
SM-SC
SC, GC, CL
SM, SP-SM,
GP -GM, GM
SC, CL,
CL -ML,
SM-SC
SC, GC, CL
SM, SP-SM,
OP -GM, GM
SP, GP,
SP-SM,
OP -GM
SM-SC
SP -SC,
SM-SC
ML, CL,
CL -ML
ML, CL,
CL -ML
ML
ML
ML, CL -ML
CL
ML, CL,
CL -ML
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-6, A-7 0
A-4, A-6 0
95-100
95-100
100
100
100
80-100
75-100
Liquid Plas-
limit ticity
index
Pct
25-35 5-15
25-40 10-20
25-35
25-40
10-30
20-25
15-30
15-35
NP
5-15
10-20
NP
NP
NP
NP
5-10
5-10
NP -10
NP -15
75-90 50-75 20-35 NP -10
75-90 50-60 20-35 NP -l0
100 85-100 85-100 20-35 NP -10
100 95-100 85-100 30-45 10-25
100 90-100 85-100 20-35 NP -15
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 131
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches
Percentage passing
sieve number --
4
10
40
200
Liquid
limit
Plas-
ticity
index
31*, 32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38, 39
Nucla
40
Nunn
41
Nunn
42
Olney
In
0-3
3-60
0-7
7-60
0-3
3-60
0-4
4-11
11
0-3
3-28
28-60
0-3
3-48
48-60
0-3
3-11
11
0-4
4-60
0-7
7-23
23-60
0-8
8-22
22-60
0-5
5-34
34-60
Loam
Loam, clay loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
Silt loam
Loam, very fine
sandy loam, silt
loam.
Loam
Loam, clay loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
Clay loam
Clay loam, loam
Unweathered
bedrock.
Sandy loam
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, loamy
sand, loamy fine
sand.
Clay loam
Clay loam, clay,
silty clay.
Clay loam, silty
clay loam.
Clay loam
Clay, clay loam,
silty clay loam.
Weathered bedrock
Loam
Loam, clay loam
Loam
Clay loam, clay
Clay loam, loam,
gravelly sandy
clay loam.
Clay loam
Clay loam, clay
Clay loam, loam,
gravelly sandy
clay loam.
Loamy sand
Sandy clay loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, fine
sandy loam.
See footnote at end of table.
ML
CL, CL -ML,
SC, SM-SC
ML, CL -ML
ML, CL -ML
ML
CL, CL -ML,
SC, SM-SC
CL
CL
SM, ML
SM, ML,
CL -ML,
SM-SC
SM
CL, CL -ML
CL
CL
CL
CL, CH
ML, SM
CL -ML, CL
CL, SC,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL, CH
CL, CL -ML,
SM-SC, SC
CL, SC,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL, CH
CL, CL -ML,
SM-SC, SC
SM
SC, CL
SC, SM-SC,
CL, CL -ML
Pdt
A-4 0-5
A-4, A-6 0-5
A-4 0
A-4 0
A-4 0-5
A-4, A-6 0-5
A-6 0-5
A-6 0
A-2, A-4 0
A-2, A-4 0
A-2, A-4, 0
A-1
A-4, A-6 0-5
A-6, A-7 0-5
A-6 0-5
A-6 0
A-6, A-7 0
A-4 0-5
A-4, A-6 0-5
A-6, A-4 0-5
A-6, A-7 0-5
A-4, A-6 0-5
A-6, A-4
0-5
80-100
80-100
100
100
75-100
75-100
100
100
80-100 75-100
80-100 75-100
75-100 75-100
75-100 75-100
95-100 75-100
95-100 75-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
75-100
95-100
80-100
80-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
95-100
75-100
80-95
90-100
90-100
75-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
80-95
90-100
60-100
80-95
A-6, A-7 0-5 95-100 90-100
A-4, A-6 0-5 80-100 60-100
A-2 0 95-100 90-100
A-6 0 95-100 90-100
A-4, A-6 0 95-100 95-100
60-90
70-95
90-100
85-100
60-90
70-95
65-100
65-100
45-85
50-85
40-85
70-95
85-95
80-95
70-100
90-100
60-90
65-95
70-95
85-95
60-90
70-95
85-95
60-90
60-90
80-100
75-95
55-75
35-85
80-100
65-100
55-75
35-85
50-80
50-80
25-55
30-55
15-50
50-75
65-90
60-90
70-95
70-95
45-70
50-75
45-75
65-75
35-75
45-75
65-75
35-75
10-20
40-55
35-55
Pct
20-35
25-40
20-35
20-35
20-35
25-40
35-40
30-40
15-25
25-40
35-50
30-40
30-40
35-60
20-30
20-35
20-40
35-60
15-40
20-40
35-60
15-40
25-35
20-35
NP -5
5-15
NP -10
NP -10
NP -5
5-15
15-20
10-20
NP
NP -5
NP
5-20
20-30
10-20
10-20
20-35
NP -5
5-15
5-20
20-35
5-20
5-20
20-35
5-20
NP
10-20
5-15
132 Soil survey
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
>3
inches
Percentage passing
sieve number --
4
10
40
200
Liquid
limit
Plas-
ticity
index
43
Olney
44, 45
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*
Otero
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
In
0-4
4-31
31-60
0-6
6-18
18-60
0-5
5-60
0-5
5-60
Loamy sand
Sandy clay loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, fine
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam
Sandy clay loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, fine
sandy loam.
Sandy loam
Sandy loam, fine
sandy loam.
Sandy loam
Sandy loam, fine
sandy loam.
0-7 Loamy fine sand
7-19 Fine sandy loam,
loamy very fine
sand.
19 Unweathered
bedrock.
0-15
15-45
45-60
Fine sandy loam
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
0-13 Fine sandy loam
13-45 Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
45-60 Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
0-4 Gravelly sandy
loam.
4-60 Very gravelly
sand, very
gravelly loamy
sand.
0-4 Gravelly sandy
loam.
4-60 Very gravelly
sand, very
gravelly loamy
sand.
0-3
3-23
23-60
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, loam,
sandy clay loam.
Gravelly sand,
gravelly coarse
sand, coarse
sand.
See footnote at end of table.
SM
SC, CL
SC, SM-SC,
CL, CL -ML
SM
SC, CL
SC, SM-SC,
CL, CL -ML
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
ML, SM
A-2
A-6
A-4, A-6
A-2
A-6
A-4, A-6
A-2
A-2, A-1
A-2
A-2, A-1
A-2
A-4
Pct
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SM, ML A-4 0
SM A-4 0
SM A-2, A-4 0
SM, ML A-4 0
SM A-4 0
SM A-2, A-4 0
SM A-1, A-2 0-5
GP, GP -GM A-1 0-10
SM
GP, GP -GM
ML, SM
CL
SP, SP-SM
A-1, A-2
A-1
A-4
A-6, A-7
A-1
0-5
0-10
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
90-100
95-100
90-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
75-100
95-100
80-100
75-100
75-95
35-45
75-95
35-45
0 100
0 95-100
0 75-95
90-100
90-100
95-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
80-100
75-100
95-100
80-100
75-100
50-75
30-40
50-75
30-40
100
95-100
70-90
60-90
80-100
75-95
70-95
80-100
75-95
50-80
40-80
50-80
40-80
65-95
75-95
70-85
60-85
55-85
70-85
60-85
55-85
25-45
15-20
25-45
15-20
70-85
85-100
25-35
10-20
40-55
35-55
20-35
40-55
35-55
10-35
20-35
10-35
20-35
15-30
40-65
40-60
35-50
30-50
40-60
35-50
30-50
15-30
0-10
15-30
0-10
40-55
70-80
0-10
Pct
25-35
20-35
15-25
20-40
20-35
20-25
15-25
20-25
15-25
30-35
25-35
35-50
NP
10-20
5-15
NP -5
10-20
5-15
NP -5
NP -5
NP -5
NP -5
NP
NP -5
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP
NP -10
15-25
NP
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 133
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches 4
Percentage passing
sieve number --
10
40
200
Liquid
limit
Plas-
ticity
index
53':
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55
Renohill
56
Renohill
57':
Renohill
Shingle
58
Rosebud
59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61, 62
Stoneham
In
0-4
4-60
0-4
4-24
24-60
0-5
5-18
18-32
32
0-4
4-17
17-29
29
0-4
4-13
13-29
29
0-4
4-11
11
Gravelly sandy
loam.
Very gravelly
sand, very
gravelly loamy
sand.
Loam
Clay, clay loam,
silty clay loam.
Gravelly sandy
loam, sandy
loam, fine sandy
loam.
Fine sandy loam
Clay, clay loam
Clay loam
Weathered bedrock
Fine sandy loam
Clay, clay loam
Clay loam
Weathered bedrock
Fine sandy loam
Clay, clay loam
Clay loam
Weathered bedrock
Clay loam
Clay loam, loam
Unweathered
bedrock.
0-5 Fine sandy loam
5-19 Clay loam, loam
19-38 Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, very
fine sandy loam.
38 Weathered bedrock
0-4
4-16
16-28
28
0-4
4-11
11
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, loam
Sandy loam, sandy
clay loam, very
fine sandy loam.
Weathered bedrock
Clay loam
Clay loam, loam,
sandy clay loam.
Unweathered
bedrock.
0-5 Fine sandy loam
5-8 Clay loam, sandy
clay loam, loam.
8-14
14-60
Loam, clay loam
Sandy loam,
gravelly sandy
loam.
SM
GP, GP -GM
CL -ML, CL
CL, CH
SM-SC, SC,
CL -ML, CL
A-1, A-2
A-1
A-4, A-6
A-7, A-6
A-2, A-4,
A-6
SM, ML A-4
CL, CH A-7, A-6
CL A-6
SM, ML A-4
CL, CH A-7, A-6
CL A-6
SM, ML
CL, CH
CL
CL
CL
CL, SC
CL
SM, ML,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL, SC
CL
SM, ML,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL
CL
A-4
A-7, A-6
A-6
A-6
A-6
A-4, A-6
A-6, A-7
A-4, A-6,
A-2
A-4, A-6
A-6, A-7
A-4, A-6,
A-2
A-6
A-6
SM, ML A-4, A-2
CL, sc, A-6, A-4
CL -ML,
SM-SC
CL, SC, A-4, A-6
SM-SC,
CL -ML
SM, GM A-2, A-4
Pct
0-5
0-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-5
0
0
0
0
75-95
35-45
90-100
90-100
75-100
85-100
95-100
85-100
85-100
95-100
85-100
85-100
95-100
85-100
75-100
75-100
95-100
95-100
95-100
0 95-100
0 95-100
0 95-100
0-5
0
75-100
75-100
0 80-100
0 95-100
0 95-100
0-5
65-100
50-75
30-40
75-100
85-100
60-95
80-100
90-100
80-100
80-100
90-100
80-100
80-100
90-100
80-100
70-100
75-100
80-100
80-100
80-100
80-100
80-100
80-100
70-100
75-100
75-100
90-100
75-100
60-100
25-45
15-20
70-95
80-100
55-70
70-80
90-100
80-95
70-80
90-100
80-95
70-80
90-100
80-95
65-100
65-100
70-85
80-100
60-85
70-85
80-100
60-85
65-100
65-100
60-85
80-100
60-95
50-85
15-30
0-10
50-70
60-95
30-60
45-55
75-95
70-80
45-55
75-95
70-80
45-55
75-95
70-80
50-80
50-80
40-55
60-85
30-60
40-55
60-85
30-60
50-80
50-80
30-55
35-80
45-75
15-50
Pct
NP
NP
25-35 5-15
35-60 15-30
20-30 5-15
NP
35-65 20-35
30-40 15-25
--- NP
35-65 20-35.
30-40 15-25
NP
35-65 20-35
30-40 15-25
35-40 15-20
30-40 10-20
25-40 10-20
30-50 10-25
20-40 NP -l0
25-40 10-20
30-50 10-25
20-40 NP -10
35-40 15-20
30-40 10-20
10-20 NP -5
25-35 5-15
15-30 5-15
NP
See footnote at end of table.
134
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
Soil survey
TABLE 8.--ENOINEERINO INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches 4
Percentage passing
sieve number --
10
40
200
Liquid
limit
Plas-
ticity
index
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66':
Thedalund
Keota
67':
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69':
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70':
Ustic
Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71, 72
Vona
In
0-7
7-19
19
0-5
5-17
17-32
32
0-3
Loamy fine sand
Fine sandy loam,
loamy very fine
sand.
Unweathered
bedrock.
Sandy loam
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam,
loamy sand.
Weathered bedrock
Loam
3-25 Clay loam, loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
25 Weathered bedrock
0-4
4-35
35
0-3
Loam
Silt loam, loam
Weathered bedrock
Loam
3-24 Clay loam, loam,
very fine sandy
loam.
24 Weathered bedrock
0-4
4-35
35
Loam
Silt loam, loam
Weathered bedrock
0-7 Fine sandy loam
7-11 Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
11 Weathered bedrock
0-7 Fine sandy loam
7-11 Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
11 Weathered bedrock
0-2
2-20
20-60
Loamy sand
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, loamy
sand.
See footnote at end of table.
SM
ML, SM
SM, ML
SM, ML
SM
CL -ML, CL,
SM-SC, SC
CL -ML, CL,
SM-SC, SC
ML
ML
CL -ML, CL,
SM-SC, SC
CL -ML, CL,
SM-SC, SC
ML
ML
A-2
A-4
A-2, A-4
A-4
A-2, A-4
A-4
A-6, A-4
A-4
A-4
A-4
A-6, A-4
A-4
A-4
SM, ML A-4, A-2
SM, ML A-4, A-2
SM, ML A-4, A-2
SM, ML A-4, A-2
SM
SM
SM
A-2
A-2, A-4
A-2
Pct
0
0
0-5
0
0-5
0-5
0-5
0
0
0-5
0-5
95-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
80-100
80-100
95-100
95-100
80-100
80-100
0 95-100
0 95-100
0 75-100
0 75-100
0 75-100
0 75-100
0
0
0
100
100
100
90-100
90-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
95-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
95-100
95-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
75-100
90-100
90-100
90-100
65-95
75-95
70-90
70-85
70-85
70-95
70-95
85-95
85-95
70-95
70-95
85-95
85-95
55-95
55-95
55-95
55-95
60-90
60-90
50-85
15-30
40-65
30-60
40-60
25-50
Pct
20-25
NP
NP -5
NP
NP
NP
40-75 20-30 5-10
40-80 25-35 5-15
60-80 25-35 NP -10
85-95 25-40 NP -10
40-75 20-30 5-10
40-80 25-35 5-15
60-80 25-35 NP -10
85-95 25-40 NP -10
25-65 15-25 NP -5
25-65 15-25 NP -5
25-65
25-65
15-30
30-45
15-30
15-25
15-25
NP -5
NP -5
NP
NP
NP
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 135
TABLE 8. --ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth USDA texture
Classification
Unified
AASHTO
Frag-
ments
> 3
inches
Percentage passing
sieve number --
4
10
40
200
Liquid
limit
Plas-
ticity
index
73, 74
Vona
75
Wages
76
Wages
77
Weld
In
0-6
6-15
15-60
0-4
4-14
14-60
0-4
4-12
12-60
0-9
9-18
18-22
22-60
Sandy loam
Fine sandy loam,
sandy loam.
Sandy loam, loamy
sand.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, sandy
clay loam, loam.
Loam, fine sandy
loam, sandy clay
loam.
Fine sandy loam
Clay loam, sandy
clay loam, loam.
Loam, fine sandy
loam, sandy clay
loam.
Loam
Clay loam, silty
clay, clay.
Silt loam, loam,
silty clay loam.
Silt loam, loam,
sandy loam.
SM
SM
SM
SM, ML,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL, SC
CL, CL -ML,
SC, SM-SC
SM, ML,
SM-SC,
CL -ML
CL, SC
CL, CL -ML,
SC, SM-SC
A-2, A-4
A-2, A-4
A-2
A-4, A-2
A-6
A-4, A-6
A-4, A-2
A-6
A-4, A-6
ML, CL —ML A-4
CL A-6, A-7
CL —ML, CL A-4, A-6
ML, CL —ML, A-4
SM, SM—SC
Pct
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
90-100
95-100
95-100
90-100
95-100
95-100
100
100
100
100
90-100
90-100
90-100
75-100
90-100
75-100
75-100
90-100
75-100
95-100
100
95-100
75-100
60-90
60-90
50-85
60-85
75-95
60-95
60-85
75-95
60-95
85-100
95-100
85-100
60-100
30-45
30-45
15-30
30-65
35-75
35-70
30-65
35-75
35-70
60-85
85-95
70-95
35-85
Pct
15-25
25-40
15-30
15-25
25-40
15-30
20-30
35-50
20-35
20-30
NP
NP
NP
NP -5
15-25
5-15
NP -5
15-25
5-15
NP -10
15-30
5-15
NP -10
' See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
136 Soil survey
TABLE 9. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
[The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors --T" apply to the entire
profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer.
Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated]
1
2
Soil name and
map symbol
Altvan
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
4
5
Rock outcrop.
Ascalon
Ascalon
6*:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*, 8*:
Ascalon
9
Bushman
Curabith
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13
Blakeland
Depth
In
0-6
6-27
27-60
0-3
3-23
23-60
Clay
Pct
15-20
20-35
0-5
15-20
20-35
0-5
Moist
bulk
density
0/cm
1.30-1.50
1.20-1.50
1.50-1.70
1.30-1.50
1.20-1.50
1.50-1.70
Permea-
bility
In/hr
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
>20
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
>20
0-8 5-15 --- 2.0-6.0
8-22 20-30 0.6-2.0
22-60 3-12 2.0-6.0
0-6 5-15 --- 2.0-6.0
6-21 20-30 0.6-2.0
21-60 3-12 2.0-6.0
0-8 5-15 --- 2.0-6.0
8-26 20-30 0.6-2.0
26-60 3-12 2.0-6.0
0-15 3-8 --- 6.0-20
15-60 2-5 6.0-20
0-8 5-15 --- 2.0-6.0
8-26 20-30 0.6-2.0
26-60 3-12 2.0-6.0
0-10 10-18 --- 2.0-6.0
10-60 10-18 2.0-6.0
0-10 19-22 --- 0.6-2.0
10-25 8-18 2.0-6.0
25-42 10-18 2.0-6.0
42-60 10-12 6.0-20
0-3 10-20 --- 0.6-2.0
3-8 35-50 <0.06
8-60 15-35 0.6-2.0
0-3 10-20 --- 0.6-2.0
3-8 35-50 <0.06
8-60 15-35 0.6-2.0
0-3 27-35 0.2-2.0
3-60 35-45 0.06-0.2
0-6 2-10
6-34 2-10
34-60 2-10
0-15 3-8
15-60 2-5
6.0-20
6.0-20
>20
6.0-20
6.0-20
Available
water
capacity
In/in
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.02-0.04
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.02-0.04
0.11-0.16
0.13-0.15
0.06-0.13
0.11-0.16
0.13-0.15
0.06-0.13
0.11-0.16
0.13-0.15
0.06-0.13
0.06-0.09
0.05-0.08
0.11-0.16
0.13-0.15
0.06-0.13
0.13-0.15
0.15-0.17
0.13-0.19
0.05-0.09
0.09-0.12
0.02-0.06
0.09-0.14
0.10-0.11
0.09-0.12
0.09-0.14
0.10-0.11
0.09-0.12
0.19-0.20
0.15-0.18
0.05-0.08
0.05-0.08
0.05-0.06
0.06-0.09
0.05-0.08
Soil
reaction
6.1-7.3
6.6-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.1-7.3
6.6-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-9.0
6.1-7.3
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-9.0
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.9-9.0
7.9-9.0
7.4-9.0
>8.4
>8.4
7.4-9.0
>8.4
>8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.1-7.3
6.6-7.3
Salinity
Mmhos/cm
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<4
<2
<2
<2
<2
2-4
2-8
8-16
2-4
2-8
8-16
<4
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
Shrink -
swell
potential
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Low
Moderate
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Erosion
factors
K
0.20
0.32
0.10
0.20
0.32
0.10
T
4
4
Wind
erodi-
bility
(group
3
3
Organic
matter
Pct
1-2
1-2
0.17 5 3 1-2
0.20
0.17
0.17 5 3 1-2
0.20
0.17
0.17 5 3 1-2
0.20
0.17
0.10 5 2 2-4
0.10
0.17 5 3 1-2
0.20
0.17
0.10 5 3 1-2
0.10
0.20 3 6 <1
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.20 5 3 .5-1
0.24
0.20
0.20 5 3 .5-1
0.24
0.20
0.24 5 4L 1-2
0.28
0.10 5 2 .5-1
0.10
0.10
0.10 5 2 2-4
0.10
See footnote at end of table.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 137
TABLE 9. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS --Continued
14
Soil name and
map symbol
Blakeland
15
Bresser
16
Bresser
17
Bushman
1.8
Bushman
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21, 22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24
Eckley
25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Depth
In
0-12
12-60
0-15
15-37
37-60
0-15
15-34
34-60
0-10
10-60
0-6
6-60
0-6
6-60
0-10
10-25
25-42
42-60
0-3
3-14
14
0-3
3-24
24-60
0-10
10-29
29
0-4
4-21
21-26
26-60
0-9
9-15
15-60
0-8
8-14
14-60
0-8
8-14
14-60
0-12
12-37
37-60
0-12
12-60
0-3
3-17
17
Clay
Pct
3-8
2-5
8-20
20-30
3-10
8-20
20-30
3-10
10-18
10-18
10-18
10-18
10-18
10-18
19-22
8-18
10-20
10-12
10-20
10-25
5-15
0-15
0-5
10-20
25-35
27-40
35-60
15-35
0-5
20-25
20-35
0-5
15-25
20-35
0-5
20-25
20-35
0-5
7-18
2-10
0-3
3-8
2-5
10-20
10-20
Moist
bulk
density
O/cm
1.20-1.40
1.30-1.50
1.50-1.70
1.70-1.90
1.70-2.00
1.20-1.40
1.20-1.40
Permea-
bility
In/hr
6.0-20
6.0-20
0.6-6.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-20
0.6-6.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-20
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.2-0.6
0.2-0.6
0.6-2.0
>20
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
>6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
>6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
>6.0
0.6-6.0
6.0-20
>20
6.0-20
6.0-20
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
Available
water
capacity
In/in
0.06-0.09
0.05-0.08
0.11-0.13
0.15-0.18
0.05-0.08
0.11-0.13
0.15-0.18
0.05-0.08
0.13-0.15
0.15-0.17
0.13-0.15
0.15-0.17
0.13-0.15
0.15-0.17
0.13-0.19
0.05-0.09
0.09-0.12
0.02-0.06
0.15-0.18
0.13-0.18
0.07-0.11
0.05-0.08
0.05-0.06
0.13-0.15
0.14-0.18
0.19-0.21
0.15-0.21
0.13-0.18
0.05-0.07
0.16-0.18
0.13-0.16
0.03-0.06
0.16-0.18
0.13-0.16
0.03-0.06
0.16-0.18
0.13-0.16
0.03-0.06
0.13-0.22
0.04-0.06
0.02-0.04
0.06-0.09
0.05-0.08
0.21-0.23
0.18-0.20
Soil
reaction
6.1-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.1-7.3
6.1-7.8
6.6-7.8
6.1-7.3
6.1-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.9-9.0
7.9-9.0
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.1-7.8
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
6.1-7.3
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
Salinity
Mmhos/cm
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<4
<2
<4
Shrink -
swell
potential
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
<2 Low
<4 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Moderate
<2 Moderate
<2 High
<2 Moderate
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Moderate
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Moderate
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Moderate
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
<2 Low
Erosion
factors
K
0.10
0.10
0.17
0.20
0.10
0.17
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.24
0.43
0.17
0.10
0.10
0.37
0.32
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.17
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.43
0.43
T
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
2
5
2
3
5
5
5
2
5
2
Wind
erodi-
bility
group
2
3
3
3
3
3
6
8
8
5
6
3
3
3
3
2
4L
Organic
matter
Pet
2-4
2-4
2-4
1-2
1-2
1-2
<1
.5-1
.5-1
>2
2-4
2-3
2-3
2-3
1-2
2-4
.5-1
See footnote at end of table.
138 Soil survey
TABLE 9. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Depth
Clay
Moist
bulk
densit
28*:
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31*, 32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33*:
Kim
Shingle
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38, 39
Nucla
40
Nunn
41
Nunn
42
Olney
43
Olney
44, 45
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*:
Otero
In
Pct
0-12 10-27
12-60 18-35
0-4 15-25
4-20 20-35
20-60 10-20
0-3 15-27
3-60 18-35
0-7 15-27
7-60 8-18
0-3 15-27
3-60 18-35
0-4 27-35
4-11 20-35
11 ---
0-3 10-20
3-28 9-18
28-60 5-15
0-3 20-35
3-48 35-45
48-60 30-40
0-3 30-40
3-11 35-45
11 ---
0-4 15-25
4-60 18-35
0-7 15-25
7-23 35-45
23-60 25-40
0-8 27-35
8-22 35-45
22-60 25-40
0-5 5-10
5-34 18-30
34-60 15-30
0-4 5-10
4-31 18-30
31-60 15-30
0-6 10-20
6-18 18-30
18-60 15-30
0-5 10-20
5-60 5-18
0-5 10-20
5-60 5-18
0/cm
1.20-1.30
1.10-1.20
1.30-1.40
1.20-1.40
1.20-1.40
Permea-
bility
In hr
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
0.2-2.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
0.2-0.6
0.06-0.2
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.2-2.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
0.2-2.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
6.0-20.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
6.0-20.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-6.0
0.6-2.0
o.6 -6.o
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
Available
water
ca acit
In in
0.14-0.18
0.14-0.18
0.20-0.24
0.18-0.22
0.20-0.22
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.22-0.24
0.17-0.22
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.19-0.21
0.16-0.21
0.12-0.16
0.11-0.14
0.08-0.14
0.19-0.20
0.15-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.14-0.18
0.14-0.18
0.13-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.15-0.18
0.10-0.18
0.15-0.20
0.15-0.18
0.10-0.18
0.06-0.10
0.13-0.15
0.11-0.15
0.06-0.10
0.13-0.15
0.11-0.15
0.11-0.15
0.13-0.15
0.11-0.15
0.11-0.13
0.08-0.12
0.11-0.13
0.08-0.12
Soil
reaction
Salinity
Shrink -
swell
otential
Erosion
factors
K
T
Wind
erodi-
bility
arouo
Organic
matter
PH
7.4-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.1-7.3
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.9-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.9-8.4
7.4-9.0
7.4-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.6-8.4
7.9-9.0
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.1-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.1-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
Mmhos/cm
Pct
<8 Low 0.24 5 4L .5-2
<8 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.32 5 6 1-3
<2 Moderate 0.32
<2 Low 0.43
<2 Low 0.32 5 4L .5-1
<8 Moderate 0.32
<2 Low 0.43 5 4L .5-1
<2 Low 0.43
<2 Low 0.32 5 4L .5-1
<8 Moderate 0.32
<2 Moderate 0.32 2 4L <1
<2 Moderate 0.49
<2 Low 0.15 5 3 2-4
<2 Low 0.15
<2 Low 0.15
<4 Moderate 0.24 5 4L 1-2
<2 High 0.28
<8 Moderate 0.24
2-4 Moderate 0.43 1 4L .5-2
2-8 High 0.43
<2 Low 0.28 5 4L 1-2
<2 Moderate 0.32
<2 Moderate 0.24 5 6 2-4
<2 High 0.28
<2 Moderate 0.24
<2 Moderate 0.24 5 6 2-4
<2 High 0.28
<2 Moderate 0.24
<2 Low 0.15 5 2 .5-1
<2 Moderate 0.24
<2 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.15 5 2 .5-1
<2 Moderate 0.24
<2 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.20 5 3 1-2
<2 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.20 5 3 .5-2
<4 Low 0.17
<2 Low 0.20 5 3 .5-2
<4 Low 0.17
See footnote at end of table.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 139
TABLE 9. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
48*:
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55
Renohill
56
Renohill
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
58
Rosebud
59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
Depth
In
Clay
Pct
0-7 2-8
7-19 5-12
19 ---
0-15 10-20
15-45 8-18
45-60 8-18
0-13 10-20
13-45 8-18
45-60 8-18
0-4 5-10
4-60 0-8
0-4
4-60
0-3
3-23
23-60
0-4
4-60
0-4
4-24
24-60
0-5
5-18
18-32
32
0-4
4-17
17-29
29
0-4
4-13
13-29
29
0-4
4-11
11
0-5
5-19
19-38
38
0-4
4-16
16-28
28
0-4
4-11
11
5-10
0-8
15-20
20-35
0-5
5-10
0-8
15-20
35-50
10-20
8-18
35-45
30-40
8-18
35-45
30-40
8-18
35-45
30-40
27-35
20-35
8-20
23-35
15-26
8-20
23-35
15-26
27-35
20-35
Moist
bulk
density
G/cm
1.60-1.80
1.50-1.75
1.30-1.50
1.20-1.50
1.50-1.70
1.30-1.50
1.15-1.30
1.30-1.50
1.30-1.50
1.15-1.30
1.30-1.50
See footnote at end of table.
Permea-
bility
In/hr
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
>20
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
0.6-2.0
0.06-0.2
0.6-6.0
2.0-6.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
2.0-6.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
2.0-6.0
0.06-0.2
0.2-0.6
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
Available
water
capacity
In/in
0.10-0.12
0.15-0.17
0.14-0.17
0.14-0.17
0.12-0.14
0.14-0.17
0.14-0.17
0.12-0.14
0.07-0.10
0.03-0.06
0.07-0.10
0.03-0.06
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.02-0.04
0.07-0.10
0.03-0.06
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.20
0.09-0.16
0.13-0.15
0.14-0.16
0.19-0.21
0.13-0.15
0.14-0.16
0.19-0.21
0.13-0.15
0.14-0.16
0.19-0.21
0.19-0.21
0.16-0.21
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.11-0.17
0.16-0.18
0.15-0.17
0.11-0.17
0.19-0.21
0.16-0.21
Soil
reaction
PH
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
7.4-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
7.4-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.1-7.3
6.6-8.4
7.4-9.0
6.6-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.6-7.3
7.4-7.8
7.9-8.4
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.9-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.9-9.0
6.6-7.8
6.6-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.4-9.0
7.4-9.0
6.6-8.4
6.6-7.8
7.4-8.4
6.6-8.4
6.6-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-9.0
7.9-9.0
Salinity
Mmhos/cm
Shrink -
swell
potential
Erosion
factors
K
T
Wind
erodi-
bility
_group
Organic
matter
Pct
<2 Low 0.17 2 2 .5-1
<2 Low 0.24
<2 Low 0.17 5 3 2-4
<2 Low 0.20
<2 Low 0.20
<2 Low 0.17 5 3 2-4
<2 Low 0.20
<2 Low 0.20
<2 Low 0.17 5 8 2-4
<2 Low 0.10
<2 Low 0.17 5 8 2-4
<2 Low 0.10
<2 Low 0.20 4 3 1-2
<2 Moderate 0.32
<2 Low 0.10
<2 Low 0.17 5 8 2-4
<2 Low 0.10
<2 Low 0.24 5 4 2-4
<2 High 0.20
<2 Low 0.28
<2
<2
<4
<2
<2
<4
<2
<2
<4
Low 0.28 3 3 .5-1
High 0.32
Moderate 0.37
Low 0.28 3 3 .5-1
High 0.32
Moderate 0.37
Low 0.28 3 3 .5-1
High 0.32
Moderate 0.37
<2 Moderate 0.32 2 4L <1
<2 Moderate 0.49
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
Low 0.20 4 3 1-2
Moderate 0.28
Low 0.28
Low 0.20 4 3 1-2
Moderate 0.28
Low 0.28
<2 Moderate 0.32 2 4L <1
<2 Moderate 0.49
140 Soil survey
TABLE 9. --PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
61, 62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66*:
Thedalund
Keota
67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Ustic
Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71, 72
Vona
73, 74
Vona
75
Wages
76
Wages
77
Weld
Depth Clay
In Pct
0-5 10-20
5-8 20-35
8-14 20-35
14-60 ---
0-7 2-8
7-19 5-12
19 ---
0-5 10-20
5-17 9-18
17-32 5-17
32 ---
0-3 15-25
3-25 18-35
_
25 0-4 5-20
4-35 5-18
35 ---
0-3 15-25
3-24 18-35
24 ---
0-4 5-20
4-35 5-18
35 ---
0-7 10-20
7-11 10-20
11 ---
0-7 10-20
7-11 10-20
11 ---
0-2
2-20
20-60
0-6
6-15
15-60
0-4
4-14
14-60
0-4
4-12
12-60
0-9
9-18
18-22
22-60
3-8
10-18
3-15
5-10
10-18
3-15
12-20
18-35
15-35
12-20
18-35
15-35
15-27
35-45
20-35
15-25
Moist
bulk
densi4y
O/cm
1.60-1.80
1.50-1.75
Permea-
bility
In/hr
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
6.0-20
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
0.6-2.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
2.0-6.0
Available
water
capacity
In/in
0.11-0.15
0.14-0.18
0.14-0.18
0.08-0.12
0.10-0.12
0.15-0.17
0.13-0.15
0.13-0.15
0.13-0.15
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.14-0.16
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.16-0.18
0.14-0.16
0.14-0.16
0.14-0.16
0.14-0.16
0.14-0.16
Soil
reaction
2H
6.6-7.8
6.6-7.4
7.9-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-7.8
6.6-7.8
7.9-9.0
7.9-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.9-8.4
7.4-9.0
7.4-8.4
7.9-9.0
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
7.4-8.4
Salinity
Mmhos/cm
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<8
<2
<2
<2
<8
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
Shrink -
swell
potential
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
6.0-20 0.09-0.11 6.6-7.8 <2 Low
2.0-6.0 0.12-0.14 6.6-7.8 <4 Low
6.0-20 0.08-0.11 7.9-9.0 <4 Low
2.0-6.0 0.11-0.13 6.6-7.8 <2 Low
2.0-6.0 0.12-0.14 6.6-7.8 <4 Low
6.0-20 0.08-0.11 7.9-9.0 <4 Low
2.0-6.0 0.11-0.15 6.6-7.8 <2 Low
0.6-2.0 0.14-0.21 7.4-8.4 <2 Moderate
0.6-2.0 0.11-0.18 7.9-8.4 <2 Low
2.0-6.0 0.11-0.15 6.6-7.8 <2 Low
0.6-2.0 0.14-0.21 6.6-7.8 <2 Moderate
0.6-2.0 0.11-0.18 7.9-8.4 <2 Low
0.6-2.0 0.16-0.20 6.6-8.4 <2 Low
0.06-0.2 0.18-0.20 6.6-8.4 <2 High
0.6-2.0 0.16-0.18 7.4-9.0 <2 Moderate
0.6-2.0 0.12-0.18 7.9-9.0 <2 Low
Erosion
factors
K
0.17
0.24
0.24
0.17
0.17
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.32
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.32
0.37
0.37
0.43
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.28
0.15
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.24
0.24
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.28
T
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
Wind
erodi-
bility
group
3
2
3
4L
4L
4L
41,
3
3
2
3
3
3
6
Organic
matter
Pct
.5-1
. 5-1
.5-2
. 5-2
.5-1
.5-2
. 5-1
2-4
2-4
. 5-1
.5-1
1-3
1-3
2-4
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
TABLE 10. --SOIL AND WATER FEATURES
["Flooding" and terms such as "rare" and "brief" are explained in the text. The symbol > means more than. Absence of an entry
indicates that the feature is not a concern]
Soil name and
map symbol
Hydrologic
group
Flooding
Bedrock
Frequency
Duration
Months
Depth
Hardness
Potential
frost action
Risk of corrosion
Uncoated
steel
Concrete
1, 2
Altvan
3*:
Argiustolls.
Rock outcrop.
4, 5
Ascalon
6*:
Ascalon
Blakeland
7*, 8*:
Ascalon
9
Bushman
Curabith
Avar
10*:
Avar
Manzanola
11*.
Badland
12
Bankard
13, 14
Blakeland
15, 16
Bresser
17, 18
Bushman
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
D
D
C
A
A
B
A
None
None
None
None
None
None --1
None
Rare
Rare
None
Frequent -
None
None
None
See footnote at end of table.
Brief
Mar -Jun
In
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>6o
Moderate
Low
Low.
Moderate High Low.
Moderate High Low.
Low Low Low.
Moderate High Low.
Low Low.
Low Low Low.
Moderate High Moderate.
Moderate High Moderate.
Low High Moderate.
Low Moderate Low.
Low Low Low.
Moderate Moderate Low.
Low Low.
tied wey1oN 'opeloioo 'AunoO pleM
TABLE 10. --SOIL AND WATER FEATURES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Hydrologic
group
Frequency
Flooding
Duration
Months
Depth
Bedrock
Hardness
Potential
frost action
Risk of corrosion
Uncoated Concrete
steel
19*:
Bushman
Curabith
Canyon
20
Cascajo
21, 22
Cushman
23
Dacono
24, 25
Eckley
26*:
Eckley
Dix
Blakeland
27
Epping
28*:
Haplaquolls.
Fluvaquents.
29
Haverson
30
Keith
31*, 32*:
Kim
Mitchell
33':
Kim
Shingle
A None
A None
D None
A None
C None
C None
B None
B None
A None
A None
D None
B Rare
B None
B None
B None
B None
D None
See footnote at end of table.
In
>60
>60
10-20
>60
20-40
>60
>60
>60
>60
>6o
10-20
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
10-20
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low.
Low Low.
High Low.
Moderate Low.
High Low.
High Low.
Moderate Low.
Moderate Low.
Low Low.
Low Low.
High Low.
High Low.
Moderate Low.
High Low.
High Low.
High Low.
High Low.
TABLE 10. --SOIL AND WATER FEATURES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Hydrologic
group
Flooding
Bedrock
Frequency
Duration
Months
Depth
Hardness
Potential
frost action
Risk of corrosion
Uncoated Concrete
steel
34, 35
Manter
36
Manzanola
37
Midway
38, 39
Nucla
40, 41
Nunn
42, 43,44, 45 ----
Olney
46, 47
Otero
48*:
Otero
Tassel
49
Paoli
50
Paoli
51
Peetz
52*:
Peetz
Altvan
53*:
Peetz
Rock outcrop.
54
Platner
55, 56
Renohill
B
C
D
B
C
B
B
B
D
B
B
A
A
B
A
C
C
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None to rare
None
None
None
None
None
None
See footnote at end of table.
In
>60
>60
10-20
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
10-20
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
>60
20-40
Soft
Soft
Soft
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Low.
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
Low.
Moderate.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Low.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part
1
W
TABLE 10. --SOIL AND WATER FEATURES --Continued
Soil name and
map symbol
Hydrologic
group
Frequency
Flooding
Duration
Months
Bedrock Risk of corrosion
Potential
Depth Hardness frost action Uncoated Concrete
steel
57*:
Renohill
Shingle
58, 59
Rosebud
60
Shingle
61, 62
Stoneham
63
Tassel
64, 65
Terry
66*, 67*:
Thedalund
Keota
68
Treon
69*:
Treon
Rock outcrop.
70*:
Us tic
Torriorthents.
Rock outcrop.
71, 72, 73, 74 ----
Vona
75, 76
Wages
77
Weld
C None
D None
B None
D None
B None
D None
B None
C None
C None
D None
D None
B
B
C
None
None
None
In
20-40 Soft Low High Low.
10-20 Soft Low High Low.
20-40 Soft Moderate High Low.
10-20 Soft Low High Low.
>60 --- Low High Low.
10-20 Soft Low High Low.
20-40 Soft Low High Low.
20-40 Soft Low High Low.
20-40 Soft Low High Low.
10-20 Soft Moderate High Low.
10-20 Soft Moderate High Low.
>60
>60
>60
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
High
High
Low.
Low.
Low.
* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Weld County, Colorado, Northern Part 145
TABLE 11. --CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS
Soil name
Family or higher taxonomic class
Altvan
Ascalon
Avar
Bankard
Blakeland
Bresser
Bushman
Canyon
Cascajo
Curabith
Cushman
Dacono
Dix
Eckley
Epping
Haverson
Keith
Keota
Kim
Manter
Manzanola
Midway
Mitchell
Nucla
Nunn
Olney
Otero
Paoli
Peetz
Platner
Renohill
Rosebud
Shingle
Stoneham
Tassel
Terry
Thedalund
Treon
Vona
Wages
Weld
Fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Natrargids
Sandy, mixed, mesic Ustic Torrifluvents
Sandy, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic Haplustolls
Fine —loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Coarse —loamy, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic Haplustolls
Loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Ustollic Calciorthids
Loamy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Calciustolls
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Clayey over sandy or sandy -skeletal, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic Haplustolls
Fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torrifluvents
Fine -silty, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Coarse -silty, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torriorthents
Fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torriorthents
Coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Clayey, montmorillonitic (calcareous), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Coarse -silty, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torriorthents
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Torriorthentic Haplustolls
Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolla
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Coarse -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torriorthents
Coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Haplustolls
Sandy -skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Calciustolls
Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Paleustol,ls
Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic, shallow Ustic Torriorthents
Coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Fine -loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Ustic Torriorthents
Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Torriorthentic Haplustolls
Coarse -loamy, mixed, mesic Ustollic Haplargids
Fine -loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Paleustolls
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1982 0-348-977 OL 3
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