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Home My WebLink About950284.tiff- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Waste Services Corporation 6037 77th Avenue Greeley, Colorado 80634 11el/ A Waste Management Company 303/330-2641 January 25, 1995 ,1 C!'.,( Mr. Roger Doak Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Hazardous Materials & Waste Management Division HMWMD-SWIM-B2 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80222-1-530 Mr. Trevor Jiricek Weld County Department of Health 1517 16th Avenue Court Greeley, CO 80631 SUBJECT: CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL (CWSL) BIODIVERSITY BASELINE INVENTORY AND MANAGEMENT PLAN Dear Mr. Doak and Mr. Jiricek: Enclosed for your information is the plan entitled "Biodiversity Baseline Inventory and Management Plan" dated December 1994, prepared by Rust Environment and Infrastructure (Rust) . This Biodiversity Management Plan was developed for CWSL pursuant to our Corporate environmental principles. Waste Management Disposal Services of Colorado Inc. , an operating subsidiary of WMX Technologies, Inc. (WMX) is the owner and operator of the CWSL. In 1990, WMX adopted 14 environmental principles which constitute the Environmental Policy of WMX. The fundamental premise of this Environmental Policy is the prevention of pollution and enhancement of the environment. The 14 environmental principles are applicable to all WMX companies throughout the world. The third environmental principle under this policy is that the company is committed to the conservation of nature and will manage its facilities such that there is no net loss of wetlands, or other biodiversity, on the Company's property. To this end, CWSL is pleased to present the enclosed biodiversity plan for your information. The objective of the Biodiversity Management Plan is to protect and enhance existing biodiversity at CWSL. At the CWSL, activities associated with meeting this objective include restorating soil borrow areas to appropriate agricultural use and increasing biodiversity consistent with the Closure/Post-Closure plan for the site. O' sC\C\:\CC% c50284 0�4�� ?L0�3'1 _Letter Roger Doak and Trevor Jiricek page 2 January 24, 1995 CWSL intends to begin implementation of Phase 1 of the enclosed Plan during 1995. However, the implementation of the Plan requires the following minor modifications to the approved Closure/Post- Closure Plan and Development Standard # 16 of revised USR-1012 : - Modify grass species list presented in Appendix C of the Closure/Post-Closure Plan to include those shortgrass prairiespecies as identified in the Rust -Biodiversity Management Plan (Section 6.2) . - Modify Development Standard # 16 of revised USR-1012 to allow for the return of the buffer property to agricultural use rather than revegetation with native grasses, wherever feasible. Section 3 . 1. 1 of the Biodiversity Management Plan indicates that the site is located in what was once a Shortgrass Prairie -ecosystem. Rust therefore recommends the revegetation program consist of native grass species in mixtures representative of communities that comprise a Shortgrass Prairie ecosystem. The recommended grass species are intended to recreate, to the extent possible, conditions similar to those found in a native shortgrass prairie ecosystem. The list of recommended native shortgrass species are included in Section 6.2 of the plan. This list of recommended native shortgrass species is a more extensive species list than was originally included in the approved Closure/Post- Closure plan for CWSL. The Closure/Post-Closure plan specifies four grass species of -which two (Thickspike Wheatgrass and Prairie Sandreed) are not recommended by Rust for reclamation of a Shortgrass Prairie ecosystem. These grasses are not welladapted to this climate nor do they survive as well in previously disturbed areas. The recommended list of grasses includes nine native shortgrass prairie species and six species of wildflowers. The recommended grasses are classified as warm season, and cool season grass species. The selection of these seasonal grasses and wildflowers will enhance our ability to establish a grass and vegetative cover that will continue to germinate throughout the temperature changes of the growing season. This approach will provide a more dense vegetative cover, enhance biodiversity, and facilitate habitat area for small mammal and -grassland bird species. A significant focus of the Weld County Comprehensive Plan is the optimization of available agricultural land. Returning portions of the permitted borrow areas on the buffer property to agricultural production would be an enhancement, consistent with the comprehensive plan. The current development standards of revised wp51\letter\bio95 F: cwsl 4.18 950284 Letter Roger Doak and Trevor Jiricek Page 3 January 24, 1995 USR-1012 limits reclamtion to revegatation with native grass species. CWSL is eager to begin implementation of the Biodiversity Management Plan and hereby files the above minor changes with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment and the Weld County Departments of Health and Planning Services. These minor modifications do not affect the intent of the Closure/Post-Closure plan or the Use by Special Review Development Standards; rather they support and enhance one primary goal of closure of a sanitary landfill: to preserve biodiversity through conservation, reclamation and restoration. If you have any questions regarding this plan please contact us at 654-1133 or 330-2641. Sincerely, e. — Na„ c Bill Hedberg Alan Scheere Division V.P. Landfill Operations Environmental Specialist As/as Enclosure cc: Dale Hall, Chairperson, WCBOC w/enc. Chuck Cunliffe, WCDPS w/enc. Kathleen Kalamen, WQCD w/enc. Victor Sainz, WCQD w/o enc. Randy Thompson, Rust w/o enc. Courtney Crawford, Colo. Div. of Wildlife M/enc. Terry McKee, U.S. Army Corp. of Eng. w/enc. Michael Shay, WGSCS, w/enc. wp51\letter\bio95 F: cwsl 4.18 9502'84 Final Biodiversity Baseline Inventory and Management Plan Prepared for: Waste Management Disposal Services of Colorado, Inc. Central Weld Sanitary Landfill Weld County, Colorado December 1994 RUST ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE 950294 I Weld Co. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY E-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 WMX BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 1 1.2 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE 1 1.3 TECHNICAL APPROACH 2 2.0 FACILITY OPERATIONS 4 3.0 FACILITY AND REGIONAL BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS 6 3.1 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6 3.1.1 Vegetation Characterization 6 3.1.2 Wildlife 6 3.1.3 Parks, Preserves, and Other Natural Features 7 3.14 Threatened and Endangered Species 7 3.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 8 3.2.1 Geology 8 3.2.2 Topography and Soils 9 3.2.3 Hydrology 10 3.24 Climate and Meteorology 10 3.2.5 Natural and Geologic Hazards 10 3.2.6 Adjacent Lands 11 4.0 FIELD METHODS 12 4.1 CORE PARAMETERS 12 -4.1.1 Vegetation 12 4.1.2 Birds 13 4.1.3 Mammals 14 4.2 OPTIONAL PARAMETERS 14 4.3 GENERAL PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS 15 5.0 INVENTORY RESULTS 16 5.1 VEGETATION 16 5.1.1 Reclaimed Grassland 16 5.1.2 Disturbed/Weedy 17 5.1.3 Remnant Shortgrass Prairie 17 5.1.4 Saltgrass Meadows 18 5.1.5 Wetlands 18 5.1.6 Vegetation Mapping Units 18 5.2 BIRDS 19 5.3 MAMMALS 19 5.4 RARE, THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES 20 1 December 1994 9502134 1- Weld Co. Chapter Page b.0 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN 21 6.1 BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES 21 6.2 FACILITY BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN 21 6.3 GENERAL MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 23 6.4 COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 24 6.4.1 Historical Vegetation Patterns 24 6.4.2 Special Concerns 25 6.4.3 Wetlands 25 6.5 MONITORING PROGRAM 26 7.0 REFERENCES 28 TABLES 3-1 VEGETATION SPECIES OBSERVED AT THE CENTRAL WEI D SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO 3-2 MAMMALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO 3-3 BIRDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CENTRAL WET D SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO 3-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS OCCURRING ON THE CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL,WELD COUNTY, COLORADO-PART 1 3-5 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS OCCURRING ON THE CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO PART 2 3-6 REGIONAL CLIMATALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO 9a 0- 4 11 December 1994 Weld Co. 5-1 SMALL MAMMAL LIVE TRAPPING RESULTS FROM OCTOBER 21 TO OCTOBER 25, 1994, CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL, WELD COUNTY, COLORADO FIGURES 2-1 REGIONAL SITE LOCATION MAP 2-2 GENERAL SITE LOCATION MAP 2-3 REVISED-FINAL GRADES 3-1 SOILS MAP 3-2 SEISMIC HAZARD MAP - DENVER AND SURROUNDING AREA 3-3 BASE OF THE LARAMIEFOX HILLS AQUIFER 4-1 BELT-PLOT SAMPLING CONFIGURATION LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A FEDERAL AND STATE OF COLORADO THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES B SMALL MAMMAL FIELD TRAPPING-SHEETS C COLORADO'S 21 TROUBLESOME WEEDS LIST OF PLATES 1 BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY iii 2e5„feR44 Weld Co, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 1990, WMX Technologies, Inc. (WMX) adopted a Corporate policy of "no net loss of wetlands, or other biodiversity on the Company's property." Waste Management Disposal Services of Colorado, Inc., an operating subsidiary of WMX, is the owner and operator of the Central Weld Sanitary Landfill (CWSL). The_goal of the CWSL Biodiversity Management Program is to manage site biodiversity such that no loss of baseline diversity will be evident during post-closure. This report contains the results of the Biodiversity Baseline Inventory and management and monitoring recommendations developed by RUST Environment & Infrastructure (RUST) for the CWSL. The baseline measure of biodiversity was established for the CWSL through the review of existing site and regional background resource data and on site sampling during September and October, 1994. Quantitative inventories were completed for the two of the three core parameters: vegetation and small mammals. Birds were surveyed using a semi-quantitative method. The detailed process for the conduct of a site biodiversity inventory and preparing this report is contained within-the Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993). The site is located in what was once a Shortgrass Prairie ecosystem. Plant communities found on-site included: Reclaimed Grassland, Disturbed/Weedy, Remnant Shortgrass Prairie, Saltgrass Meadows, and Wetlands. No threatened or endangered species were found during the inventory. The CWSL Biodiversity Management Plan presented in Chapter 6.0 has been developed for the CWSL to assist the site manager in making informed decisions consistent -with WMX's BiodiversityPrinciple. This management plan integrates the results of the-baseline inventory and the closure plan for the site. The overall objectives -of-the CWSL Management Plan are: 1) mitigate the loss of any of the community types found on-site, 2) -monitor and control the encroachment of exotic species and invasive native species, and 3) enhance the existing closure plan to address restoration/reclamation of the closed landfill with native vegetation species. Monitoring is suggested for CWSL to measure the success of the Biodiversity Management Plan. The monitoring approach is to conduct a quantitative survey of the three core parameters which are vegetation birds and mammals immediately after CWSL closure, at three years, and then at six years. The need for further monitoring will be determined by trend analysis and calculation of vegetation species similarity indices in the closed landfill compared with an idealized native community expected for the area. 950284 E-1 December 1994 Weld Co. 1.0 INT-RODUCTION 1.1 WMX BIODIVE-RSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM In 1990, WMX Technologies, Inc. (WMX) adopted a Corporate policy of "no net loss of wetlands, or other -biodiversity on the Company's property." This Corporate principle establishes an ambitious goal of natural resourceprotection and restoration,and generally means that facility managers should attempt to avoid temporary disturbance of native plant and animal communities whendeveloping, operating, or modifying their facilities. When this disturbance cannot be avoided, mitigation measures should be employed as an offset. The biodiversity policy should be applied to each facility based on the merits of the property to support biodiversity. It is not-the intent of the biodiversity principle to establish a nature preserve when this end use is not chosen. A Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993) was developed to assist site managers in the biodiversity decision-making process. Thisprocess provides site managers with a consistent approach to implementing the corporate policy at-the facility level. The approach developed for the manual consists of three major elements: a baseline biodiversity inventory, development of hiodiversity management recommendations, and a monitoring program. The Guideline describes specific procedures for conducting the baseline biodiversity inventory and development of management and monitoring plans based onaplant community-level approach. This report presents the -results of a biodiversity inventory completed at the Central Weld Sanitary Landfill (CWSL) using the _guidance document approach. The remainder of this Introduction briefly describes the technical approach as presented in the Guideline. Section 2 presents an overview of the CWSL operations. Facility and regional background characteristics are presented in Section 3. Field methods employed during the biodiversity inventory site investigation are described in Section 4. The results of the site investigation are_given in Section 5. Section 6 presents the specific management recommendations for meeting the Corporate principle at the CWSL, and describes the monitoring program. References are presented in Section 7. 1.2 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE What is "biodiversity" and why is it important? The term biodiversity is a short-hand method of referring to she variety of plants and animals in nature and-the communities in which they occur. Biodiversityincludes three levels of natural diversity: • The variety of ecosystems (or distinct communities) in an area. • The number and abundance of plant and animal species in each ecosystem or community. The genetic variability within each species. 950294 1 December 1994 Ii Weld Co. Biodiversity, and the maintenance of that diversity, is important to man in a number of ways, including: ecologically,'educationally, aesthetically, ethically, and not the least,-economically. The importance of biodiversity from-an-economic standpoint-stems from the fact that 25 percent of the U.S. Gross National Product is biologically based,and over one-halfall our medicines today are derived-from biological materials. Medicines from biological materials result in many billions of dollars of economic activity annually. 1.3 TECHNICAL APPROACH The CWSL is comprised-of three general areas: 1) active and closed portions of the landfill; 2) buffer zone soil borrow area previously active agricultural; and 3) buffer zone drainage area. CWSL is currently conducting closure activities at the landfill footprint. One goal of closure is to preserve biodiversity through conservation,reclamation and restoration. Conservation is the wise management of natural resources. Thus, conservation at the CWSL suggests _that natural resources exist (native communities) and can be managed within the boundaries of the property; and at CWSL, this means within portions of the surrounding buffer zone drainage area. Reclamation and restoration, on the other-hand, suggests restoring to a previous condition (buffer zone soil borrow area previously active agricultural), or to native communities (landfill footprint). Using this approach, the three levels of natural }diversity (genetic, species and community/ecosystem) may be maintained or enhanced. It maybe maintained because natural source of genetic material in species is conserved and serves as a "seed" source. It may be enhanced because non-native species and weedy communities are replaced by latersuccessisonal (more mature) communities. While atruly comprehensive biodiversity management program would directly manage all of the levels of biodiversity, practicality and limited resources require facility managers to manage for one level (i.e. community/ecosystem level) which then indirectly influences the other two levels. The procedures utilized in the preparation of the CWSL Baseline Biodiversity Inventory and Management Plan follow the methods presented in the Biodiv'ersity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993). The Guideline was developed using an approach to biodiversity management that, although not all-encompassing, is ecologically meaningful and scientifically sound. The basic premise of the approach is that certain ecological parameters are known to be related to the biodiversity occurring in a given area, and by measuring and managing these parameters, one can effectively monitor, manage and maintain (or enhance) the biodiversity for that facility in-an indirect manner. The parameters selected for measurement are related to the ecological tenet that a large refuge area can support a greater number of species than can a number of separate, smaller ones totaling the same size. There is much debate as to what the underlying mechanisms are for this relationship (Simberloff,1988). Some of the suggested mechanisms are that largerareas contain a greater variety of habitats, are more likely to contain the range of resources necessary to support a given species (e.g., space, food sources, potential mates, etc.), have lower population extinction rates for a given species, and have larger immigration rates. 950284 T 2 December 1994 Weld Co, Additionally, animal species are ultimately dependent on plants for their survival. This dependence may be direct, as in the case of herbivores, or may be indirect for species that use plants for shelter or that prey on herbivores. Regardless of the exact mechanism of the dependence, given the above consideration, it is assumed that the measurement of the size, shape, and distribution of plant communities at a facility will provide effective parameters for the management of biodiversity. Consequently, the basic approach outlined in the Guideline calls forfacility-specific and regional background information reviews, on-site mapping of plant communities and compilation of lists of plants, birds,and mammals associated with those plant communities. At some facilities (as geographic location and ecological conditions justify), benthic macroinvertebrate lists and reptile and amphibian lists may also be prepared for associated communities. The plant community maps are compiled in a computer-based geographic information system (GIS), and-the resultant polygons are analyzed in terms of area, length of edge, edge to area ratio, species richness, and contiguousness. In addition to the core information on plants, birds, and mammals, each -WMX facility undergoing a biodiversity inventory is evaluated with respect to the need and appropriateness of studying individual species or performing in-depth analyses of the plant communities. The presence of threatened or endangered species, critical or rare habitats, or known keystone species, enter into the decision to conduct such evaluations. The core information, along with any species-specific or in-depth community information, forms the baseline inventory for a facility and serves as the benchmark from which the facility-specific management goals are formed and against which management success will be measured. This report presents the results of the inventory for the CWSL. Although federally threatened and endangered species occur in the region, none were_found at CWSL during this baseline inventory. 950284 7 3 December 1994 Weld Co, 2.0 FACILITY OPERATIONS CWSL is located in Weld County, Colorado, five miles southwest of Greeley and three miles northeast of Milliken (Figure 2-1). Weld County Road 27 1/2 (77th Avenue) bounds the site on the east and provides access to the facility. The site along with buffer zones covers approximately 210 acres in the southwest quarter of Section 32, Township 5 North, Range 66 West of the 6th Prime Meridian (Figure 2-2). Elevations range from about 4750 feet to 4840 feet (National Geodetic Survey Datum of 1929). Of the 210 acres, approximately 100 acres act as a buffer zone for CWSL. Portions of the buffer zone will be used for environmental monitoring/remedial activities and as a-source of soils to be used in the operation and closure of CWSL. The original Certificate of Designation was issued to the facility by Weld County in October 1971. Sometime between 1971 and 1976, Browning Ferris Industries operated the site until ownership was transfered to Weld Landfill, Inc. Between 1979 and 1989 ownership was with Colorado Landfill, Inc. and Waste Services Inc. The facility has been owned and operated by Waste Management Disposal Services of Colorado, Inc. (WMDSC) since 1991. The existing facility accepts=residential, commercial, and industrial solid wastes. No hazardous waste, radioactive waste or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are accepted at the facility. CWSL also accepts special wastes which are evaluated on a case by case basis in accordance with the facility's "Access Control Plan for Special Waste Identification". Since the acquisition by WMDSC, operations and environmental-monitoring plans have been developed for-the facility. The Closure/Post-Closure Plan describes the closure of CWSL as one disposal unit. CWSL has been designed to be operated, monitored and closed as one disposal unit. The Closure/Post- Closure Planprepared by RUST Environmental BcInfrastructure (RUST 1993) addresses the site as a whole and not as individual phases for closure activities. The-final grade design includes slopes between 5% and 10% to promote surface water runoff and minimize erosion (Figure 2-3). The final cover includes three components: • Infiltration Layer: A minimum 1.5 ft soil layer with permeability </= 1 x 10-5 cm/sec. • Erosion Layer: Aminimum 6 inch soil layer over the infiltration layer. This soil layer will serve as the reclamation layer for reseeding. • Vegetation: A reseeding schedule is planned with native species adapted to site conditions. The current plan has included reseeding recommendations from the USDA Soil Conservation Service (Greeley Field Office). 4 Deca�4 T - Weld Co, The current approved-plan is to return the site to agricultural use. Closure activities also include construction of permanent surface watermanagement structures that are designed-to manage nin- on and run-off from the 100 year storm event. Post-closure care and maintenance of the site according -to the approved plan includes prevention of nuisance conditions, environmental monitoring and maintenance of final cover. Tile post-closureperiod is 30 years unless a shorter time frame is demonstrated-that achieves the protection of human-health and the environment to the Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment (CDPHE). 950284 5 December 1994 1 Weld Co. 3.0 FACILITY AND REGIONAL BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3.1.1 Vegetation Characterization The CWSL is located on agricultural land in what was once part of the Shortgrass Prairie ecosystem, the most arid of the midcontinental grasslands. The Rocky Mountains form the western boundary of the shortgrass prairie, and in Colorado, the shortgrass prairie extends from the Front Range to western Nebraska and Kansas. In Weld County the terrain is rolling and is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, thunderstorm activity mixed with hail, and shallow soils with little organic material build-up. Remnant shortgrass prairie is dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), yucca (Yucca glauca), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha, O. compressa), and various forts in shallow soils. Midgrasses also occur in the shortgrass prairie, especially in more protected areas or in deeper soils. These include western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithir), needle-and-threadgrass (Stipa comata), little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), among others. Shrubby species associated with the shortgrass prairie include fringed sage (Artemisiafrigida), rubber rabbitbrush (Chtysothamnus nauseosus) and skunkbrush (Rhus aromatica). When disturbed the-shortgrass prairie is alsocharacterized by a preponderance of weedy forts, particularly introduced species. A list-of species identified at the CWSL is found in Table 3-1. 3.1.2 Wildlife A list of mammals potentially occurring at CWSL is presented in Table 3-2. This list includes game animals, medium and small mammals,and predators. Agricultural development coupled with later urbanization has been a major force in changing the character of the fauna of eastern Colorado from presettlement conditions to the present mix of introduced species -and native remnants. As native habitat is lost or reduced the larger speciesalso disappear. Gone are the big game animals such as the buffalo (Bison bison), black bear (Ursus americanus), and elk (Cervus canadensis). The gray wolf (Canis lupus), cougar (Fells concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus) have also disappeared or moved -to other remote areas of the state. However, on occasion, some of-these species -are observed in urban or agricultural areas away from their present distributions. The common species are small -mammals such as the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). The mixture of urban, natural and agricultural areas in southwestern Weld County supports a variety of bird species. A list of bird species potentially occurring at CWSL was prepared from field observations and a review of available literature (Table 3-3). The common species include several species of gulls, American robin (Turdus migratorius), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), eastern kingbird (Tyrannus trannus), 6 De 950 84 Weld Co, barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), black-billed magpie (Pica pica), vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), red-tailed hawk (Buten jamaicensis), and Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni). 3.1.3 Parks, Preserves, and Other Natural Features There are a small number of city parks and ponds in the City of Greeley, approximately 5 miles northeast of the CWSL. In addition, the southwest corner of the Pawnee_National Grassland is 24 miles to the northeast of the CWSL. Within a 25 mile radius there are seven reservoirs used for irrigation, or boating, fishing, pionicing and camping. These are: • Lower Latham Reservoir - 7 miles east, • Darling Reservoir - 9 miles northeast, • Seeley Lake - 8 miles north, • Horseshoe Reservoir - 23 miles northwest, • Carter Lake - 25 miles west, • Milton Reservoir— 12 miles southwest, and • Barbour Ponds - 18 miles southwest. The Cache La Poudre River flows from west to east approximately 7_miles north of the CWSL, and the Big Thompson River lies approximately 1/2 mile south. The Big Thompson generally flows to the east where it joins with the South Platte River two miles to the east. Smaller ponds associated with _irrigation storage and return flows occur throughout the area. Vegetation associated with these_rivers, ponds, and drainage-systems have been classified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in their wetlands inventory of Weld County. The majority of wetlands are classified as Palustrine/Open Water, Palustrine/Emergent, and Riverine/Lower Perennial and Riverine/Intermittent. 3.1.4 Threatened and Endangered Species The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Colorado Field Office, maintains the list of federally listed and candidatespecies and their status in Colorado. This database includes a listing of species and their occurrence (or observation) in the state by county. "Endangered" status denotes species in greatest danger of extinction, while "threatened" usually indicates species that may become endangered in the near future if present trends continue. State endangered species lists contain all federally-listed species occurring in the state, plus others such as species at the limits of their range. Often species on these lists are uncommon statewide, though not necessarily nationally or globally endangered. In addition to officially listed species, federal and state endangered species programs also include "candidate" species 7 December 95028i4a Weld Co. that agencies have not finished evaluating. In Colorado, species of "state special concern" are species about which their abundance or distribution is little known or understood. The Colorado Natural Heritage Program's (CNHP)Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI)classifies each vegetative community and vulnerable flora and fauna species with a simple code corresponding to its global and state status. Global status is indicated by a "G" ranking,and state (regional) status by an "S" rank. In general, species and communities with ranks of 1 to 3 are considered to be of concern, whereas ranks of 4 to 5 imply the resource is not rare or threatened. For example, an element that is critically imperilled both globally and regionally would receive the rank G1S1. The NHI Working List describes the scientific name used by the state Natural Heritage Inventory Program for each community and species, along with its-global and state element_rank and status. The NH1 list of "Significatant Natural and Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species Known From -Weld County", (18 November 1994) is listed in Appendix A. Tabular information resulting from reviews of file data_for endangered, threatened and special status species from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also listed in Appendix A. Federal candidate and State species of special concern have no federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. On the CNHP list, there are 6 mammals, S birds, 1 amphibian, 4 fish, 1-mollusc and 7 plant species listed for Weld County. From the USFWS list, there are T1 bird, 4_mammal, I insect, 1 fish, and 4 plant species listed for Weld County. The USFWS includes 13 Category 1 or 2 species and 8 threatened or endangered species. 3.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.2.1 Geology The region of Weld County, as mapped by Crosby (1978), shows that the CWSL is on- he rolling upland unit of the Colorado Piedmont section of the Great Plains Physiographic Province. This is characterized by broad areas of flat to gently_rolling terrain, separated by major stream valleys (Golder Associates 1993). Three geologic units exist on the site. These are the: • Surficial, unconsolidated unit, • Upper weathered bedrock unit, and • Lower weathered bedrock unit. The surficial unconsolidated unit is Quaternary-aged eolian silty clay to clayey silt, and the bedrock units are Upper Cretaceous age representing either the Laramie or the Fox-Hills Formation (Golder_Associates 1993). 950TCS4 8 December 1994 1 Weld Co 3.2.2 Topography and Soils The CWSL is located on gently rolling topography at elevations ranging from 4750 feet to 4840 feet, and overlooks the Big Thompson River floodplain approximately 1 mile to the south. Present land use is-agricultural (corn and alfalfa) and pasture. Some low lying areas that act as drainage ways have been impounded to store irrigation water. This is The case on property adjacent to the western edge of CWSL where 2 man-made ponds are referred to as Spomer Lakes (3 and 4). These lakes receive irrigation return water, natural drainage and water diverted around the CWSL by a surface water diversion system. In addition, ground water flow is directed to Spomer Lake No. 2 through a landfill underdrain which runs north-south under the western portion of the landfill. Four different soil types occur across the project site. These soils include Aquolls and Aquepts flooded, Kim loam, Otero sandy loam, and Tassel fine sandy loam. The Aquolls and Aquepts flooded soil type is the substrate for the depressions in the smooth plains and along the bottoms of natural drainage ways along the western buffer zone. These soils are deep,poorly drained and_formed in_recent alluvium. The soils are mottled, mildly-to moderately alkaline loamy or clayey and sometimes have a gleyed layer in the underlying material. They are representative-of hydric soils of-the area. Kim loamis a deep, well-drained soil on smooth plains and alluvial fans formed-in mixed eolian deposit and parent-sediment from a wide variety of bedrock. Typically the surface layer is brown to pale brown loam about 12 inches thick. The lower part to a depth of 60 inches is pale brown fine sandy loam. This soil type occurs across most of-the northeast side of the landfill footprint. Otero sandy loam is a deep, well-drained soil of the plains which isformed in mixed outwash and eolian deposits. The surface layer of this soil type is brown sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The underlying material is pale brown calcareous fine sandy loam to a depth of approximately 60 inches. This soil type is found over a small portion of the southwest side of the landfill footprint. Finally, Tassel fine sandy loam is a shallow, well-drained soil occurring on upland breaks. This soil was formed in residuum from sandstone. The surface layer of this soil type is light yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The underlying material is light yellowish brown very fine sandy loam. Sandstone occurs at a depth of about 11 inches. Tassel fine sandy loam occurs across the southeastern corner of the landfill footprint. Surrounding soils types also include -Nelson Fine Sandy Loam, and Colby Loam. Soil characteristics for these soils are tabulated in Tables 3-4 and 3 5. Figures 3-1 shows the soil types in and around-the CWSL. 9 r2e§itintill T Weld Co 3.2.3 Hydrology Surface flow and shallow groundwater-from the north of the site is diverted around the CWSL by means of a surface water culvert and french drain system. These diversion systems extend along the northern and eastern edges of the active landfill. Surface water diverted to the west flow directly into-Spomer Lake=No. 4. Groundwater diverted to the west flow into a new pond constructed near the northwestern-edge of the site. Groundwater diverted to the east fills a retention pond behind the shop building near the entrance to the landfill. Surface waters diverted to the east of the facility flow south-southeast toward the Big Thompson River. Several geohydrologic studies have been completed at the CWSL (Warzyn Engineering Inc. 1984; Industrial Compliance 1991,4992; Golder Associates 1993). The general conclusion of the first two reports is that the shallow ground water flow is southerly along the surficial material-upper bedrock contact. The Golder report indicated that time saturated zones were present at the site. A perched zone which is located offsite of-the northeast corner of the CWSL, and the other two are associated with the Upper Weathered Bedrock and upper portion of the Lower Weathered Bedrock (Golder Associates 1993). The Upper Weathered Bedrock zone is considered part of the Laramie-Fox Hills Aquifer (Golder Associates 1993) (Figure 3-3). 3.2.4 Climate and Meteorology Climate and_meteorology data are collected in Greeley from thelocal airport. In addition, local meteorologic conditions have been summarized from the "Soil -Survey of Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1980). These regional data are reported in Table 3-6. Weld County is part of the Great Plains Physiographic Province, Colorado Piedmont section (Hansen 1978). This area_is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and precipitation which falls mainly as rain. Hansen (1978) has summarized 84 years of records. The mean temperature for January was 24.7°F and the mean July temperature was 72.3°F. The extremes in temperature during this period were -45°F and 107°F. The mean annual precipitation is calculated at r1.1 inches; 5.4 inches-was the minimum and 20.9 the maximum. April through September are the wettest months. Prevailing winds are from the west. Data from -an onsite anemometer showed that average daily wind speeds from September to December are about 5mph (Golder Associates 1993). 3.2.5 Natural and Geologic Hazards Because of distance from and elevation above the Big Thompson River floodplain, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has classified the CWSL as Zone C, subject to minimal flooding (FEMA-Map 080266-0750C, 1982). The Environmental Protection_Agency (EPA) criterion for seismic impact zone classification is not exceeded at the site (Figure 3-2). Potentially active fault zones are approximately 27 miles to the south. These are the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Fault and the Valmont Fault (Kirkham and Rodgers 1981). 950284 10 December 1994 Weld Co, 3.2.6 Adjacent Lands The land adjacent to the CWSL is agricultural and pasture with scattered residences. Much of the agricultural lands in the area are prime agricultural lands (USDA_Soil Conservation Service 1992). Residential density in the area is low at 7 residences within 1/2 mile of the CWSL (USGS 7.5' Miliken Topographic Quadrangle, photorevised 1969). 950284 11 December 1994 Weld Co. 4.0 FIELD METHODS Procedures used in the preparation of the CWSL baseline biodiversity inventory followed those outlined in the Biodiversity _Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993). Background information on regional ecology, species lists of birds and mammals, and-endangered resources was obtained and reviewed in the development of the site specific sample plan. _A large scale aerialphotographic sprint of the CWSL was analyzed and preliminary boundaries of vegetation communities mapped to develop a list of the number and types of plant communities expected at the facility. A summary of this procedure is described in-Section 4.1.1. Bird-censuring transects were established in conjunction with the vegetation transects to identify bird species present. Direct observation and bird signs, including tracks, castings or tests, supplemented transect information. Bird survey procedures are presented in Section 4.1.2. Small-mammal trapping was completed in the Reclaimed Grassland and Saltgrass Meadow plant communities using Sherman live traps. The small mammal trapping lines were aligned with vegetation belts for association between_trapping data and plant data. The number of small mammalscaught_per 100 trap-nights was calculated as an index of relative abundance. Sand-pit tracking was not used to census large mammals since site conditions along drainages and ponds allowed for track identification at four locations. Small mammal trapping and track identification are described in Section 4.1.3. 4.1 CORE PARAMETERS 4.-1.1 Vegetation The terrestrial vegetation assessment consisted of both prefield and field components. Prefield components included background information review, examination of aerial photographs and preliminary delineation of community boundaries on a transparent mylar sheet placed over the aerial photo field map. The field component of the vegetation assessment included a survey of the-canopy, shrub, and herb layers for each plant community, as well as verification of the preliminary boundaries established by the aerial photo analysis. For purposes of the baseline inventory, three vegetation strata, or layers, were recognized: canopy, shrub, and herb. These are-defined as follows: • The canopy consists of trees that_have a trunk diameter greater than or equal-to-10 cm at 1.4 m above the ground (i.e. > 10 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]). • The shrub layer is defined as those woody plants (including trees) with DBH < 10 cm. • The herb layer is defined as all nonwoody plants, including seedlings (first year growth) of woody plants. ss0z84 12 December 1994 Weld Co. Vegetative cover estimates were determined using the belt-plot transect sampling technique. A detailed-description of the belt-plot method is presented in Section 2.3.2.1 of the Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993). Belt transects are rectangular areas used for assessing the canopy layer (Figure 4-1). To minimize bias, the location of each belt was determined by random selection from a systematic grid. Each belt was further divided into plots for surveying the shrub and herb layers. The shrub-and herb plots were located within each belt with a systematic grid, and actual plots to be sampled-were chosen randomly. The number of plots investigated for each strata depended upon the size of the community and the diversity of the plant species. Since the only trees on the landfill site are ornamental plantings near the residence, canopy layer was_not determined. At the Spomer Lakes on the western edge of the site, the few trees that occur were counted and DBH measured. These occurred outside of randomly chosen plots. In the shrub layer, percent cover of each species was estimated and thenumber of stems of each species was counted in each plot. In the herb layer, the percentcover was estimated for the common herb species (those with at least 5 percent cover), and a species list of all individuals found was prepared for each plot. Voucher specimens (examples of biological field materials needing further identification) were collected for unknown or questionable speciesfor laboratory confirmation. Soerensen's Index of Similarity was calculated as presented in the Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1992). The calculation is based on a comparison of 10 native plant species expected to be found in-an "idealized community" of each community type found in the project area, and the species with the 10 highest importance values from the community sampled. For each plant community, the Soerensen's Index of Similarity was calculated according to the following formula: K = [(2j)/(A + B)] x 100 where K = Soerensen's Index of Similarity, j = number of species common to both communities, A = number of species in Community A (= 10; the idealized community), B= number of species in Community B (the community samples). Values range from 0.0 (if none of ihe species are common to the two communities), to 100 (if all species are in common to both communities). 4.1.2 Birds The birds that utilize the CWSL were characterized through avian listening transects (Emlen Lines) (SEC Donohue, 1993). Emlen line monitoring consists of walkingalong an established transect at a constant rateand counting all birds singing or calling along the transect. Transects of approximately 100 m were established along a vegetation assessment belt in each community and monitored within three hours of sunrise. Each transect was monitored once each day during the field investigation between September12 and September 19, 1994. In addition, observations of birds were made during visits to the site from October 12 to October 25, 1994. 950284 7 13 December 1994 1_ -- Weld Co. Avian listening station information was supplemented with notes of direct observation and bird signs including bird tracks and nests observed during the field reconnaissance. -A list of bird species from the geographic area was extracted from A Field Guide to Western Birds (Peterson, 1990) and Birds of the Central Rockies (Wassink 1991). 4.1.3 Mammals The-small mammals that use CWSL were characterized through a live trap survey as outlined in the Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue-1993). The small mammal survey was conducted between October 21 and October 25, 1994. Small mammal trap lines were established in the Reclaimed Grassland (closed area of the landfill) and Saltgrass Meadow communities. The Saltgrass Meadow community is a long narrow band of vegetation associated with 3 other communities: Remnant Shortgrass Prairie, Emergent Wetland, and Sedge/Cattail. This community ranges in width from approximately 30 feet to 150 feet over a mile distance. Small mammal trap lines were aligned with one edge on the established vegetation assessment belts to correlate small mammal data with vegetation data. Twenty small mammal trapping stations were established along-each trap line. Traps were spaced at equal intervals with two live traps at each station. In the Reclaimed Grassland community, two parallel rows of 10 trapping stations each were utilized. In the Saltgrass Meadow community one trap line of 20 stations was used. Spacing between pairs of traps was approximately 50 feet. At each location traps were baited with oatmeal and placed in runways around herbaceous vegetation. The traps were set on the afternoon of the first day and inspected each morning of days-two through four. To avoid heat stress to the animals, traps-were closed during midday and reset each night. To avoid hypothermia, 4-5 cotton balls were placed in each trap as nesting material. All animals captured were identified to species, sexed, weighed, marked, and released. Small mammal information was recorded on Small Mammal Sampling data sheets as presented in Appendix B. Captured animals were marked by toe-clipping one of the toes-from one of the hind feet. The number of small mammals caught per 100trap nights was calculated as an index of density. The results of the small mammal survey are presented in-Section 5.1.3. Large mammals that utilize the CWSL-were characterized through direct observation of animals and their sign, including tracks, burrows and scat. The site conditions-were-such that sand pit/scent posts procedures were not employed. It was apparent that larger mammals made frequent use of the Spomer Lakes area, and track identification -along the banks and shores would return more information than scent-post surveys. 4.2 OPTIONAL PARAMETERS Examples of optional non-core parameters are amphibians, reptiles and fish. These were not investigated at the CWSL. g513°284 14 December 1994 Weld Co, 4.3 GENERAL PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS The technical approach outlined in the Biodiversity Guidance Manual (SEC Donohue, 1993) was developed with three goals in mind: 1) the approach must be scientifically defensible; 2) the data must be biologically meaningful and useful in the management of biodiversity; and 3) the effort must be cost-effective. While the technical approach meets these goals,there are a number of limitations to the approach. It is recognized that the inventories are not comprehensive with respect to all of-the species on the facility, or even some major groups of organisms. Plants, birds, and-mammals were chosen as the core groups to be addressed at all facilities, and some taxa, such as Sects, are not addressed except from an-endangered species standpoint. As noted in the Guideline, there were various reasons for focusing on some groups and not others, e.g., the extremely brief nature of insect activity periods. Another limitation of the procedures is chat-the data collected represent a "snapshot" of the biotic resources on the facility at a particular point in time and do not address the inherent variability in biological-systems due to such factors as changes in seasons -and population density, and migration patterns of bird species. To address the former factor, it is recommended that follow- up monitoring be conducted during the same season as the original field activities in order to provide comparable data sets. Also due to-the limited duration of field work, the procedures employed yield absence/presence information of the species and provide a estimate of relative abundance at that time rather than providing population density estimates of birds or mammals. Lastly, the information provided in the inventory report -and management plan will aid the facility managers in complying with various environmental regulations such as those relating to wetlands and endangered species by identifying the existence of sensitive or protected resources. However, the procedures presented do not result in statutory wetland-delineations and, depending on the timing of field work, may not result in a definitive determination of the presence or absence of a particular protected species. 350284 15 December 1994 Weld Co, 5.01NVENTORY RESULTS This section summarizes the results of the baseline biodiversity inventory for the three 1cey biodiversity components or core parameters: plants, birds, and mammals. The number of species present for each component are summarized along with other pertinent data gathered during the baseline inventory. 5.1 Vegetation Floristically, the CWSL can be divided into three major zones: 1) Active landfill with sporadic establishment of weedy species along access ways and shoulders. 2) Closed landfill reseeded to crested wheatgrass and smooth brome and invaded by weedy species. 3) Buffer zone of -pasture, alfalfa, _renurant shortgrass prairie and wetland communities. The vegetation at The CWSL is xypical of abandoned rangeland and disturbed rural sites. Herbaceous vegetation is dominated by a small number of grass species, with a large component of weedy forbs. _Most of the weedy species present are members of two families,Brassicaceae and Asteraceae. Some of the native grasses and forbs are probably remnants of previous native communities; ethers may have either invaded following disturbance or were planted. Woody species also include several relict native plants. A species list is provided in Table 3-1. The _closed portion of the CWSL includes a reclaimed grassland and disturbed/weedy plant community. These have developed from -soil disturbances associated with operation of the landfill and reseeding efforts during closure. The buffer zone along the western edge of the property has several vegetation-types representative of a shortgrass prairie ecosystem. These vegetation types include remnant shortgrass prairie, saltgrass meadows and wetlands. The buffer zone on- he southern and eastern edge of the site is in alfalfa or pasture grasses. This area will be excavated for cover on the closed landfill and then reseeded to alfalfa or pasture grasses. Plant associations are fairly distinct and are characterized by a complement of dominant plant species. The results of the baseline inventory for each natural plant community are presented in Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Plate 1 shows the mapping units including vegetation communities as they existed in September 1994. 5.1.1 -Reclaimed Grassland Some areas of the landfill have been closed -and reclaimed using a midgrass seed mixture. Dominant graminoid species include smooth brome (Bromus inermis), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), thickspike wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), and redtop bent 95-0294 16 December 1994 1- - -- Weld Co. (Agropyron cristatum), thickspike wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum), and redtop bent (Agrostis stolonifera). Dominant reclamation forbs observed include aster (Aster falcatus) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinale) -and white sweetclover (Melilotus alba) were the dominant weedy forb species observed during the site visit. These two clovers may also have been part of the seed mix for closure. Associated invaders included kochia (Kochia scoparia), Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica), annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvense), prostrate dcnotweed (Polygonum aviculare), flixweed (Descurania sophia), and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum). Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) is'also invading the closed landfill along the fringe which adjoins native communities. Several -remnant shortgrass prairie species, buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) and slender wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum), were observed an the reclaimed-areas. 5.1.2 Disturbed/Weedy Disturbed areas occur across the landfill site due to frequent surficial soil disturbance from landfill activities. The disturbed areas consist of bare ground and invading weedy plant species. Dominant weedy species include annual sunflower, curly dock (Rumex crispus), buffalo bur (-Solanum rostratum), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), western ragweed (Ambrosia psilo- stachya), horseweed(Conyza canadensis), common cocklebur(Xanthiumstrumarium), goosefoot (Chenopodium album), fetid marigold (Dysodia papposa), witchgrass (Panicum capillare), - cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca), and bristly foxtail (Setaria verticillata). 5.1.3 Remnant Shortgrass Prairie Remnant native prairie inclusions were observed along the buffer property, particularly toward the western side and along the Spomer Lakes. At present, many of-these areas are grazed by livestock. The native upland areas are_dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), western-wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), redtop bent, cheatgrass, buffalograss, aster, broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), musk thistle (Carduus nutans), skeletonweed (Lygodesmia juncea),scarlet globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea),and scarletgaura (Gaura coccinea). Several succulents were observed including pricklypear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha and O. compressa), and yucca (Yucca glauca). This remnant prairie also supports additional midgrass species such as smooth brome (an introduced species which has invaded from reseeded areas), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) and Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis). Due to the heavy grazing on this community type, weedy invaders were observed along with bare ground. Weedy invaders include kochia, Russian thistle, bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata), and snow-on-the-mountain (Agaloma marginata). Several small inclusions of low shrubland occur in the western buffer zone. These sites were dominated by skunkbrush (Rhus aromatica) with wax currant (Ribs cereum) as a secondary associate. These inclusions were usually on northeastfacingberms or hillsides. Native grasses 950284 17 December 1994 I- Weld Co were observed in the understory including blue grama, redtop bent, and western wheatgrass. These sites are small and may be giving way to upland mixed grassland. 5.14 Saltgrass meadows The saltgrass meadows form-a narrow band of vegetation between the upland remnant prairie and the wetlands and ponds. Saltgrass is the dominant species. Baltic rush (luncus balticus), three-square, foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) and tall fescue are also common in this association. Along the emergent wetland and ponds, saltgrass gives way to great bulrush (Scirpus validus) and broad-leaf cattail (Typha latifolia). On the upland side, saltgrass becomes an understory species to rubber rabbitbrush and other low shrub species. 5.1.5 Wetlands Palustrine/emergent/persistent wetlands occur across the site along ditches, drainage ways, ponds, and depressions. The well-developed wetlands are primarily restricted to the western buffer zone, with the most extensive continuous wetlands occurring to the west and south of the site along the Spomer Lakes. Dominant overstory species include plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides), Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia), and peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides). Overstory species are mostly restricted to the pond margins. Midstory species include coyote willow (Salix exigua) which is often a monoculture due to fluctuation in surface water levels. Broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia) is also found in large monocultures along pond margins, outside of culverts, along drainages, and in depressions which pool surface runoff. Midstory vegetation is edged by great bulrush (Scirpus validus), three-square (Scirpus americana), pale smartweed (Persicaria lapathifolia) and salt cedar (Tamarix ramosissima). Understory species are sparse and intermixed. Those observed include curly dock, horseweed, pale smartweed, common yellow evening-primrose (Oenothera strigosa), and spike rush (Eleocharis palustris). The wetlands are heavily impacted by cattle grazing and pond drainage, therefore monocultures and saline conditions dominate. Over 80 percent of the upland areas surrounding the wetlands on the site are dominated by saltgrass, hard fescue (Festuca arundinacea), rubber rabbitbrush and bare ground. Less impact was observed on the south-side of the site where wetlands were apparently protected from herbivory by fencing. 5.1.6 Vegetation Mapping Units Areas of the landfill footprint are mapped as Active Landfill, Reclaimed Grassland and Final Cover. These mapping units constitute the greater portion of disturbed areas at CWSL. The Remnant Shortgrass Prairie is mapped as separate communities comprising the following: • Low Shrubland • Midgrass SSIL2S4 18 December 1994 1 Weld Co • Shortgrass • Rhus The Wetlands are also divided into 3 separate mapping units as follows: • Cattail • Sedge/Cattail • Emergent Wetland The Saltgrass Meadows are -mapped as Saltgrass, and agricultural areas as Cultivated and Cultivated/Old Field. 5.2 BIRDS A-list of bird species observed and expected to occur in and around the CWSL (Table 3-3) were taken from information on range and habitat found in Peterson (1991) and Wassink (1991). During the field reconnaissance, 38 bird species were observed along the established listening transects, or through direct observation of birds or bird signs during other portions of the field reconnaissance. The-house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus) were common around the shops, buildings and residence on site. The gulls (Larus argentatus, L. caljfornicus, L. occidentalis) were common at the active landfill areas and Spomer Lakes. The common species along the boundaries of the CWSL, particularly along the Spomer Lakes, were the white- crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys), western meadowlark(Sturnella neglecta),red-winged blackbird (Agelaiusphoeniceus), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). 5.3 MAMMALS Mammal species observed and expected to occur in and around the CWSL (Table 3-2) were taken from information on range and habitat found in Burt and Grossenheider (1980), with a -summary of the trapping and track identification results. Five small mammal species, deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), silky pocket mouse (Ferognathus flavus), the house mouse (Mus musculus)and the meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei ?) were captured during the small mammal trapping. The most abundant mouse in the reclaimed grassland was the deer mouse. Only the deer mouse and the western harvest mouse were captured in the reclaimed grassland. Along the saltgrass meadow, the common species were the deer mouse and prairie vole. The meadow jumping mouse and silky pocket mouse were captured once each in this habitat. Capture information is listed in Table 5-1. 950284 19 December 1994 Weld Co. A colony of blacktailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) occupies a portion of the CWSL buffer area near Spomer Lakes 3 and 4. Over 120 burrows were counted in this area. Prairie dogs may periodically invade the active landfill, and active burrows were also observed there. Track identification revealed that the raccoon (Procyon lotor), skunk (probably Mephitis mephitis), Coyote (Canis latrans), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), fox (probably Vulpes fulvus) and badger (Taxidea taxis) are common in the area. Both the badger and the muskrat were observed near the Spomer Lakes. 5.4 RARE,THREATENED, OR ENDANGERED SPECIES No threatened or endangered plant or animal species were found at the site during the field reconnaissance or quantitative plant sampling effort undertaken as part of this baseline inventory study. However, listed and Candidate species do occur in the vicinity because of the open, rural nature of the site and proximity to the Big Thompson River and South Platte River, and may use the western buffer area as habitat. It is possible that several bird species, such as the Bald Eagle or Peregrine Falcon, may fly over the site. Habitat is available for the black tern and mountain plover, and these two species may also occur in the area. Federal Candidate species are those for which ecological data are incomplete or not available for determination of threatened or _endangered status. Candidate species have no protection under the Endangered Species Act. One Federal and 7 State of Colorado plant species of concern are recorded for Weld County: • Colorado Butterflyweed (Gaura neomexicana rotundifolius) - Federal/State • Dwarf Milkweed (Asclepias unicialis) - State • Mountain Cat's-Eye (Cryptantha cana) - State • Showy Prairie Gentian (Eustoma russellianum) - State • Ute Ladies' Tresses (Spiranthes diluvialis) -State • Wyoming Feverfew (Parthenium alpinum) - State Given-the plant communities occurring on-site, and the grazing pressure, it is unlikely that-any of these species occur at the facility. None were observed during the biodiversity inventory. 950284 20 December 1994 Weld Co. 6.0 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES The goal of the Biodiversity Management Program is to manage site biodiversity at CWSL so that no net loss occurs in baseline diversity post-closure. The biodiversity benchmark was established by the baseline inventory presented in Chapter 5.0. The management plan will aid the site manager to make informed biodiversity management decisions when developing, operating, or modifying the facility. The management plan will identify options for offsetting adverse effects to native -plants and animals when these impacts cannot be avoided; will recommend strategies for minimizing short-term losses; and will recommend management options that will complement end arse, -comply with the WMX environmental principle on biodiversity, and comply with requirements for the CWSL. The objective of the CWSL Biodiversity-Management Plan is to protect existing biodiversity as the facility moves toward closure, restore soil borrow areas to previous agricultural use, and increase biodiversity consistent with the closure plan that proposes to use native grass species for reclamation over closed portions of the landfill. The objectives of the management plan can be met by: 1) Protecting existing communities not slated for landfill activity; 2) Mitigating the loss of any community type; 3) Monitoring-the encroachment of undesirable invading exotic and native species; and 4) Designing reseeding schemes to slope, aspect and soil conditions of the final vegetation cover. 6.2 FACILITY BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN The first objective of the Biodiversity Management Plan will be supported by recognizing that native communities exist within the boundary of the CWSL, and that these need protection from disturbance. These areas occur in/he western buffer area and are not part-of soil borrow areas or the active landfill. The second objective can be_supported through primarily planting native species when reseeding closed areas of the landfill, and by removing exotic species where feasible. Exotic species that have been planted as windbreaks and are beneficial to wildlife would remain, such as Russian olive. The establishment of exotics and undesirable native species may be monitored to properly evaluate options for their control. This can provide support to the third objective. In addition, temporary grass cover over areas planned for closure can aid in the control of undesirable species. The fourth objective will be supported by close cooperation of the CWSL site manager and reclamation consultant to clarify the reclamation plan to include appropriate native prairie species. 950284 21 December 1994 I Weld Co. Because the CWSL was once part of the shortgrass prairie ecosystem, closure will be with shortgrassprairie vegetation species in mixtures representative of communities of that ecosystem. For example, areas with southern exposure and shallow soils may receive a mixture of sand dropseed, blue grama and tuffalograss. Northern exposures which generally have greater soil moisture may receive mixtures of western wheatgrass, little bluestem and big bluestem. "These examples are intended to recreate, to the extent possible,site conditions that will support native -species in communities similarto those in native shortgrass prairie. The following species are recommended for consideration in the preparation of seed mixes: WARM SEASON GRASSES COOL SEASON GRASSES WILDFLOWERS Blue grams Green needlegrass Blackeyed Susan Buffalograss Sand dropseed Goldenrod Little bluestem Western-wheatgrass Penstemon Sand Bluestem Yarrow Sideoats grama Gaillardia Switchgrass Painted Daisy This management plan is divided into 3 phases to address the different activities that require attention. This will facilitate implementation of the plan over time. Phase I activities will be incorporated into a current planting and facility maintenance schedule; Phase II activities will be implemented through closure; and Phase III activities will occur post-closure. Although the phases are presented in approximate chronological order, the implementation of any of the recommended activities is up to the discretion of the site manager. Phase I The Closure/Post-closure Plan should be modified and implemented for the closed portions of the landfill. Present closed portions of the landfill have been planted to smooth brome and crested wheatgrass, both non-native species. These species serve to control dust and the invasion of undesirable species, and to improve the aesthetics of the site. If no further disturbance will occur in these areas, a final seed mixture of shortgrass prairie-species should be specified. If further disturbance is planned, a temporary cover of suitable species can be used. The sedimentation basins are part of the Surface Water Control plan at CWSL. These basins will remain operational for surface water management and,to the extent possible, maintained as open water ponds with emergent wetland species along their perimeters. If this is not possible, then the depressions in the ponds may collect water and support an-emergent wetland community that will provide additional wildlife habitat on the landfill. The new sedimentation basin near Spomer Lake 4 should be protected from cattle grazing to eliminate damage to soils by compaction, and damage to wetland species by trampling and herbivory. These two sedimentation ponds presently function as marginal wildlife -habitat. Protection will enhance their use by wildlife. In addition, emergent wetland species from the Spomer Lake areas ran be used as planting stock (transplantation) for these sedimentation ponds. 22 DecemQr149 84 Weld Co. summer has resulted in widespread damage to -the cattail and sedge communities, and has interrupted the natural succession from open pond (submerged aquatic) to Emergent wetland. Cattle should not be allowed in these areas. Phase II Phase II activities include maintenance, monitoring and Evaluation activities designed to steer the course of biodiversity and its maintenance or enhancement. The$iodiversity Guideline (SEC Donohue 1993) provides examples of monitoring and evaluation strategies and goals. The purpose of this phase of activities is to collect meaningful data such that-the site manager can evaluate success of restoration and reclamation. Excluding cattle from the buffer zone wetlands, reseeding of soil borrow areas, temporary reseeding of disturbed areas, and evaluating reseeded closed landfill areas are a11 examples of-Phase II activities. Phase III After/he final cover has been_placed over the landfill, it should be seeded with native shortgrass prairie species consistent with topographic aspect, -exposure and elevation to recreate native communities representative of-this ecosystem. The existing Closure/Post-Closure Plan should be-modified to include the appropriate mix of shortgrass prairie species. The present seed mix in the Closure Plan (RUST 1993) should be modified to eliminate non-native grass species, and to specify forbs for reseeding. Grasses on the landfill cap should be allowed to grow to facilitate habitat area for small mammals and grassland bird species. Additionally, wildflowers may be planted on the cap to attract butterflies and other pollinators. Consideration can be given to the creation of visitor/hiking shelters with information on landfill closure goals. If a scenic lookout area is established on the top of the landfill, a hiking trail should beestablished to minimize the impact of-hikers on the restored prairie grassland. If consideration is given to allowing the landfill to revert to cattle grazing, a proper cattle stoc-king plan should be prepared to protect the reclaimed area from overgrazing. if the residence remains, it may serve as a visitor center, and the surrounding grounds as a shortgrass prairie garden with species clearly identified and labeled for visitor enjoyment and education. 6.3 GENERAL MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS In each community, the encroachment of exotic species and invasive native species should be monitored and controlled where feasible. These invasive species should be identified and individual plants removed before they produce seed and spread within restored communities or to other portions of the facility. Guidelines for the control of the most noxious weeds has been prepared by the Colorado Weed Management Association: "Colorado's 21 Troublesome Weeds" (no date) (Apprendix C). 950284 23 December 1994 Weld Co. If the facility will be utilized for recreational uses, public use should be confined to-cut trails and recreational areas. Access to natural-areas should be limited. Recreational trails for hiking and nature appreciation should be constructed to minimize compaction of soils, damage to plants, and activities of animal life. Mountain bikes and other activities -which may damage natural areas should be prohibited. Any support facilities, such as shop, storage buildings,roads, and picnic areas should be concentrated in areas of previous disturbance and away from natural areas,-where feasible. The use of pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and biological controls should be limited. Although some form of control, such as mowing, may be necessary to groom areas for compliance withpermits, chemical controls disrupt natural ecological processes. These should not be used at all in natural communities except for spot applications for invasive species control (e.g., kochia or Russian thistle). Records of application should be kept for two years from date of application. In Colorado, some herbicides may only be applied by a certified herbicide applicator. Specific community-management recommendations may include reseeding and mowing. Spot reseeding, soil tillage-and amendments may be required on small areas that were unsuccessful during initial seeding efforts. Mowing is an affective tool for controlling invasive species, but should be as infrequent as possible. 6.4 COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 6.4.1 Historical Vegetation Patterns Historical vegetation community characterizations were determined by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) (SCS 1980) by examining relict, undisturbed prairie areas across Weld County. Information about dominant plant species, associated wildlife species, soils, and landscape features was obtained. This information should be used to modify the existing Closure/Post- Closure Plan for the landfill site in an attempt to return the site to natural conditions. The wetland-vegetation on the site prior to disturbance was dominated byswitchgrass (Panicum virgatum), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), saltgrass, alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Indiangrass (Sorgastrum nutans), western wheatgrass, slender wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum), sedges (Carex sp.), and rushes (Juncus sp.). Cattails (Typha sp.) and bulrushes (Scirpus sp.) dominated the wettest sites and shallow open water areas. Many of these species have been eliminated through overgrazing and trampling of soils. The upland vegetation on the site prior to disturbance was dominated by short to mid-grass grasses. Blue grama was probably the most dominant species associated -with the site. Associated species include western-wheatgrass, buffalograss, needle-and-thread (Stipa comata), broom snakeweed, fringed sage (Artemisia frigida), and -yucca. Good reclamation seed candidates for the upland sites of the landfill include sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), little bluestem (Adropogon scoparium), western wheatgrass, bluegrama, and green needlegrass (Stipa viridula). 24 Decembet` § 284 1 Weld Co. Some sandy microsites occur within the upland grasslands and were probably dominated by different grass species than the loamy upland sites. Sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii), sand reedgrass (Calamovi fa longifolia), and blue grama were the dominant graminoid species present on these microsites prior to the construction of the landfill. At present, most of these microsites have disappeared due to intense surficial soil disturbance. The site will support a diverse midgrass community, but as range condition deteriorates, shortgrass species overtake the midgrass and -outcompetes it. If range trend continues downward, weedy invaders and numerous forbs eventually outcompete the shortgrass species. This is the present situation in the buffer zone-where remnant prairie is dominated by weedy invaders. 6.4.2 Special Concerns Special concerns for the project site include wetlands, use of non-native plants for_reclamation, and planting of midgrass plant species in the reclamation effort. Wetlands are extensive along the western buffer area. These warrant special care when the landfill is closed in the future. Elimination of, or decreasing stocking_rates of, livestock would be prudent to protect existing and future wetlands. Live, bare-root wetland-trees and shrubs could be used to ensure in-kind wetland replacement or creation. Wetland seed mixtures are not very successful, especially if a site is under herbivore stress. Transplanting of on-site-wetland vegetation would be efficient and cost-effective and has been shown to fie potentially-successful on a pond west of the landfill if protected from cattle grazing. Non-native, or introduced, plant species should be avoided. Non-native species tend to out- compete and discourage native grasses and forbs causing a poor range condition over time. Also, native species would create a better community structure for future multi-use-activities like livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native seed sources are now available to make shortgrass prairie restoration feasible and economical. Finally, the planting of midgrass plant species would be advisable in order to return the site to near-natural conditions. A midgrass community type has a better range class than does blue grama-buffalograss due to the diversity and general palatability of midgrass vegetation. However, site reconstructed soil and moisture conditions will determine the degree to which midgrasses outcompete shortgrasses. A proper mixture of cool and warm season grasses is critical to the development of a natural midgrass community structure. Species such as needle- and-thread, western wheatgrass, and prairie sandreed could encourage the development and establishment of a midgrass community. Some shrubs, forbs and succulents such as skinkbrush, yucca and fringed sage, should be included to improve wildlife suitability by providing cover, nesting, and food. 6.4.3 Wetlands The emergent aquatic wetland community is dominated by cattail (Typha latifolia),three square (Scirpus americanus) and great bulrush (Scirpus validus). Marsh communities_provide habitat for a variety of animals including muskrats, and several songbird and duck species (Curtis 25 aef 404 Weld Co. 1959). Care should be-taken to identify invasions of purple loosestrife, a noxious weed in Colorado. The mergent wetland community should be allowed to undergo natural succession. The diversity of this community may be increased in the future as part of wetland mitigation or enhancement projects, if required. No specific management is required for submerged aquatic communities. Factors which determine the vegetative species make-up of this community are light intensity, which is a combination of water depth, color and turbidity, water movement, water chemistry, and the nature of the substrate (Curtis, 1959). Care should be taken to identify invasive plants. The community should be monitored yearly for invasives. Purple loosestrife may appear as an emergent around the perimeter. The sedimentation basins will remain operational for proper surface water management. However, the grass cover of the ditches and sedimentation ponds should be_allowed to remain high during most of the year and mowed only as often as necessary as prescribed in the project closure plan developed for the facility. They-should-be visually inspected on a regular basis and cleared of silt or encroaching vegetation as needed to maintain function. The emergent aquatic communities is characterized by having-a high water table for most of the year. Emergent aquatic communities provide a number of importantfunctions,including wildlife habitat and erosion control. If this community is to be established along waterways, transplant materials can be obtained from the Spomer Lakes area. 6.5 MONITORING PROGRAM A monitoring program consists of data gathering and analysis methodologies that are repeated at specified time intervals. The recommended time intervals are: • The first growing season after closure. • Three years after closure. • Six years after closure. These field and office methodologies are to be strictly followed in order to insure That the data collected at different times are comparable. Data generated through themonitoring program will provide data to:verify The biodiversity benchmark, detect or track changes to the benchmark biodiversity, -and identify needed changes to the biodiversity management program. Stereoscopic and color aerial photographs produced by Aero-Metric Engineering as part of WMX's ongoing aerial photograph program were examined to delineate facility features and existing plant communities onto a base map. These graphic data have been digitized and entered into the GIS. As monitoring proceeds at the time intervals recommended above, monitoring results will be mapped and entered into the GIS. The GIS-generated base map for eachspecified time interval will then be compared to the original baseline monitoring base map constructed during the biodiversity study for evaluation of vegetation species similarity indices between the closed landfill and the idealized community, and trend analysis. If the trend analysis shows 950284 26 December 1994 Weld Co, vegetation density, cover and composition values are positive and similarity indices equal to or greater than 0.75, closure with a self sustaining vegetation cover will be deemed successful and quantitative monitoring will cease. Field sampling protocols are detailed in the Biodiversity Management Guideline (SEC Donohue, 1993). During the initial site biodiversity inventory, sampling transects were established to gather ecological data on vegetation, birds, and mammals. These transects will now be used to monitor the status of these ecological resources-to assess success of the biodiversity program. The monitoring data field procedures should be identical to procedures used during the site characterization study, and are repeated to gather comparable monitoring data. The approach for CWSL is to conduct field monitoring the first growing season after closure, and then at three years and six years after closure. Following each monitoring period, trend analysis and -vegetation similarity indices will be calculated and compared to an idealized vegetation community expected for the area. A positive trend toward achieving the appearance of this idealized community (S.I. =/> 0.75) will be a measure of successful restoration and enhancement. Field monitoring will be conducted in late summer to facilitate comparison with the baseline data. 27 �9 r 1994 Weld Co. 7.0 REFERENCES Flora of the Great Plains. 1986. T.M. Barkley, editor. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1392 pp. Soil Conservation Service (SCS). 1980. Soil Survey of Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. September 1980. Stubbendieck, J., Stephan L. Hatch, and Kathie J. Hirsch. 1986. North American Range Plants, third edition. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 465 pp. Weber, William A. 1976. Rocky Mountain Flora. Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press, 479 pp. Weeds of the West. 1992. Tom D. Whitson, editor. Larimie, Wyoming: University of Wyoming, the Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universites Cooperative Extension-Services, 630 pp. Bailey, R.G. 1978. Ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah. Bower, J.E. and J.H. Zar. 1977. Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, IA. Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C., and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI, Washington, D.C. Curtis, J.T. 1959. Vegetation of Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Dorney, J.R., G.R. Guntenspergen,J.R. Keough, F. Stearms, Composition and Function of an Urban Plant Community, Urban Ecol. 8 (1-2), 1984. SEC Donohue, Inc. Biodiversity Management Guidelines, prepared-for Waste Management, Inc., Oak Brook, Illinois, February 1993. USDA Soil Conservation Service, June, 1991, Hydric Soils of the United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1982. Map No. 080266-0750C. Golder Associates Inc. 1993. Hydrogeologic and Geotechnical Characterization of Central WeldSanitary Landfill, Weld County, Colorado. 28 De Q284 Weld Co. Hansen, W.R. Chronic & Matelock, J. 1978. Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and Vicinity, Colorado. U.S. Geologic Survey Professional Paper 1019,59 pp. Industrial Compliance, Inc. 1991. Groundwater Investigation Waste Services Corporation, Central Weld Sanitary Landfill. Warzyn Engineering, Inc. 1984. Hydrogeologic Assessment, Greeley Landfill, Weld County, Colorado. Crosby, E.S. 1978. Landforms in the Boulder-Fort Collins, Greeley Area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado. U.S. Geologic Survey Map I-855-H. Rust Environmental Infrastructure. 1993. Closure/Post-Closure Plan, Central Weld Sanitary Landfill. Weld County, Colorado. 950284 29 December 1994 f . - J Cr k * x x X k ■ -0 2 1 * x a 4 E 0 * x 4 * x * ! ( ■ . 3 / ) x x * * m x _x cg/ ] 4 �_ 1 /12 ) ƒ x x x * m * x X x * * k0. o ak /\ _ _ -z ( -I4 x x x x x x x ] / § u i \ � | 2 \ { § ( ■ \ } / / 0 1 - Ca ) a ) 2 ® k k \ ) \ ) / 0 k \ % ] ) / J ) 7 k ] J ƒ / / } $ C / \ \ $ / 1 3 2 % ƒ $ Z \ \ ] j } } k ` ■ \ ] e . | « ¥ § ) - 2 « ] a iIhn a \ k / nt / \ \ t \ II I GO k 4 X x * x * x x x k x x . 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A $ § , k I ) k ( | \ \ \ 2 ! — 2 ; \ t k \§ a - E i % - & k E c - Z. \ ) \ � § f ■ � 3 .0 ) a a § § ! E , E E ] \ ) } / / 4 4 \ ) a $ \ } } \ \ 4 4 a 3 « 414 CO N 0 1 WI V, 1 /ƒ / \ & 2 , j I 1 E $ § f 2 ! ) & = , 2 C.) S | ■ { x x x x 211E alp j - )a / ( 2CO m m a * OCAk ) ■ . k $ I s c 7 7 } tgo / § \ \ | r . 2 0 $ a § \ k ) o I. - a. ! ! z ® 4 ` \ ^ I - § k ) ® ® . . i 4 i ) ! ° ƒ ƒ} 3 , 24 -ii f \ \ a ) ) ] % } t lark\ ' _ A A 4 4 K - TABLE 3-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOBS OCCURRING ON THE CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL WELD COUNTY, COLORADO PART 1 Name (map C-apability Slope High Water Table High Water Permeability symbol) Class (%) Depths (feet) (Depth Table Months (inches per to seasonal water hour) table) Aqualls and VIw 0 0.5 - 1.0 Apr. - Jun. NA Aquepts (4) Colby loam (15) 'Ile - IVe 1 -3 > 6.0 NA 0.6 - 2.0 Kim loam (32) Ile -We 1 - 3 > 6.0 NA 0.6 - 2.0 Kimloam (33) tie - IVe 3 - 5 > 6.0 NA 0.6 - 2.0 Kim loam (34) We -VIe 5 - 9 > 6.0 NA 0.6 - 2.0 Nelson fine We - We 3 - 9 > 6.0 NA 2.0- 6.0 sandy loam (38) Otero sandy We - VIe 5 - 9 > 6.0 NA 6.0 - 20.0 loam (53) Tassel fine VIe 5 - 20 > 6.0 NA 2.0 - 6.0 sandy loam (61) Notes: ' Denotes capability class when soils-are irrigated. Source: Soil Survey of Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part, U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service, 1979. 950284 we GO , N \\ `• j z 2 ) z $ 2 ,: § 7 a) | r - \ « z /) } } k } }, , z { w g • § 2 8 ) . k \ \ z r r r r r m ) j ] - \ \ § C ( \ I , a , , ; , , Is \ g ° k g z / d 2 2 ) \ 2 ) \ § c ] � 4 ) S / ) \ \ \ E _ § / 2 4 7 ] 1 2 2 § \ ! � � § . . 00 / \ § \ \ ] j ] ] \ [ {) § S .5 % \ § 0 z z z z z z z . 2 / - £J j $ , 2 / \ /w ) is ( - � \ ; # t a . 0 i | k } 11 al g li - I V ] t P. ) / _» w a , k . ; z a 2 � ■ i } � ) 41 - ) % \7 \ 1 .• u § \ ) k � 1§ \ � & 1 \. � ) \ ) -) ] ] a ` k /) 2 ■ « � » 1j $ ƒ ) \ )% \ sf\ $ yI . B7■ ) { ®� } I ) f ; § k @ 7 /Z j ^ 2 3 - E- \ z ! l TABLE 3-6 REGIONAL CLIMATALO13ICAL CHARACTERISTICS CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Average Average Month Average Temperature (°F) Average Number of IDate of First Snowfall Frost-Free Frost' Precipitation Average Average (in,) Days (in.) Daily Daily Maximum Minimum January .35 39.9 10.5 5.3 122 - 163 September 16 February .29 45.3 16.4 4.6 March .76 51.2 22.5 8.1 April 1.36 61.8 32.7 4.3 May 2.16 72.6 43.3 .3 June 1.81 82.8 52.0 .0 July 1.24 89.3 57.3 .0 August 1.22 86.9 54.9 .0 September 1.33 77.8 44.6 .6 October .91 66.8 33.8 3.0 November .53 50.8 21.7 5.4 December .31 42.0 13.9 4.1 NOTES: 'Average minimum temperature±elow 32°F. Source: Soil Survey of Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part, 1979. 950284 TABLE 5-1 SMALL MAMMAL LIVE TRAPPING RESULTS FROM OCTOBER 21 TO OCTOBER 25, 1994 CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Number Number Captured Captured at at Reclaimed Spomer Lake Grassland Total Species No. 2 Captures Prairie Vole 12 0 12 Microtusm ochrogaster House Mouse 5 0 5 Mus musculus Deer Mouse 39 25 64 Peromyscus manuculatus Silky Pocket Mouse 1 0 1 Perognathus flavus Western Harvest Mouse 1 0 1 Reithrodontomys megalotis Meadow Jumping Mouse 1 0 1 Zapus hudsonius preblei Total Captures 59 26 85 950284 W d I 2 O G W ZO N g to 3 d N �� • wWG -J }]] W QO yQ � ��7.. CC 7 0I- t WjV0 W V • y NNV V Q 2Zi CO .Q • • • A.i-r-f. r_••is & r 7/ 4 Fes.. M�• C//� ' 1 °11 1.•k1-S 7..:.f al-1 Piaime--aA-'.-auMs_w"Ms ieit.:jr-m41l1q7A er' litit-vt 9 , C _ _� _1. mRt 1 in.A._22. ,m1 .•.-- a r ritrieLesera irifelL-:: - :\ibrii.^ aim' 1".16WCit- • .1‘;L.--541 laiguilsrls aim i4v.!:S:.!.; ..., .E... 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A 1 '..L. .;/,•_, .1 , r 41,12.,,iiiiIrr .."0., y 1° Ai301 :N"t iiIll ,,,, .1-13:,:..4, 0:0N A3a I 31VN313 I suald31s)1 A9 NMV80 I tip.'91-oc Ao 31V0 I :AA 03A0eldddV I :A9 030310 -.0— 2.3m 4.35m ..... 1 .25m / --a- f- Ohm Canopy Belt 14.5m j l Herb • . . 1 blot Shrub Plot 1 6.9m In this example, a 1O0m2 belt (6.9m x 14.5m) is nested with smaller shrub plots and herb plots. Three shrub and four -herb plots have been selected at random for investigation (shaded). Belt corners should be marked with metal pipe a.s permanent markers for subsequent surveys. 95®284 SEPT 1994 FIGURE 4-1 RtlaENVIRONMENT& BELT-PLOT SAMPLING CONFIGURATION INFRASTRUCTURE CENTRAL WELD SANITARY LANDFILL BIODIVERSITY SURVEY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO APPENDIX A FEDERAL AND STATE OF COLORADO THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES 950284 (I camz > wa it it it * it WaE-. Q * * * * it itGO O - N IIu ca [ wa 4, 3 it- it . * it * O LI vao3aw > * * it it * 0 IIvov) E✓ .. .aa ¢ * it it vozw `-. 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AIJ $ 20 ƒ \ ] ) . § f § \ \ 3 ƒ% ) illf \ 77 = 41 a Ees -e t * § \ ) )§ ILI C A ( ® ; § ] ) -2 � SIGNIFICANT NATURAL COMMUNITIES-AND 31ARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES KNOWN FROM 5GE 1 WELD COUNTY DATA PROVIDED BY THE COLORADO NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM ON 18 NOV 1994 SCIENTIFIC COMMON GLOBAL STATE FEDERAL STATE FEDERAL NAME NAME RANK RANK STATUS STATUS SENSITIVE ' Animals: Vertebrate " Amphibians ACRIS CREPITANS aL-ANCHARDI -BLANCHARD'S CRICKET FROG G5T5 52 -U "" Birds ARDEA HERODIAS GREAT BLUE HERON 1G5 53B,SZN BUTEO REGALIS FERRUGINOUS HAWK G4 53B,S5N C2 SC IS CHARADRIUS MONTANUS MOUNTAIN PLOVER G3 S2B,SZN C2 SC FS HALIAEETUS EEUCOCEPHALUS BALD EAGLE G4 S1B,53N LE T NUMENIUS AMERICANUS LONG-BILLED CURLEW G5 S2B,SZN C2 SC -PS PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN G3 S1B,SZN SC PHALACROCORAX AURITUS -DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT G5 S2B,SZN PLEGADIS Ca1IHI WHITE-FACED IBIS 1S5 52B,SZN C2 U FS " Fish CARPIOOES CARPIO RIVER CARPSUCKER G5 S2 ETHEOSTOMA EXILE IOWA DARTER OS 52 SC ETHEOSTOMA NIGRUM JOHNNY DARTER G5 53 SC FUNDULUS SCIADICUS PLAINS TOPMINNOW G4 52 C2 FS " Mammals LAGURUS CURTATUS SAGEBRUSH VOCE G5 S3 MUSTEL-A NIGRIPES BLACK-FOOTED FERRET G1 SH LE E NEOTOMA CINEREA RUPICOL-A BUSHY-TAILED=I00DRAT SUBSP. O5T? 52 SOREX-NANUS DWARF SHREW G5 S3 FS VULPES VELOX SWIFT FOX G4 53? C2 U FS ZAPUS HUDSONIUS PREBLEI PREBLE'S MEADOW JUMPING MOUSE -G5T2 S2 C2 SC FS * Natural Communities " Natural Communities ARTEMISIA FILIFOLIA/ANDROPOGON NORTHERN SANDHILL PRAIRIES G2 52 HALLII ATRIPLEX CANESCENS/BOUTELOUA SHORTGRASS PRAIRIES G3 S3 GRACILIS BOCU-SCSC PHASE ERIOGONUM GREAT PLAINS-MIXED GRASS GU Si FLAVUM PRAIRES DISTICHLIS SPICATA VAR STRICTA GREAT PLAINS SALT MEADOWS G4 53 JUNIPERUS SCARP WOODLANDS G3 S2S3 SCOPULORUM/SCHI ZACHYR IUM SCOPARIUM " Animals: Invertebrate " Mollusks ANODONTOIDES FERUSSACIANUS CYLINDRICAL PAPERSHELL G5 S2 U " Plants: Vascular (� 9SO,3j SIGNIFICANT NATURAL-COMMUNITIES AND RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES KNOWN FROM 'AGE 2 WELD COUNTY DATA PROVIDED BY THE COLORADO NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM ON 18 NOV 1994 SCIENTIFIC tOMMON GLOBAL STATE FEDERAL STATE FEDERAL NAME -NAME RANK -RANK STATUS STATUS SENSITIVE *** Plants ASCLEPIAS UNCIALIS DWARF MILKWEED G3 52 CZ FS CRYPTANTHA CANA -MOUNTAIN CAT'S-EYE G5 52 EUSTOMA RUSSELLIANUM SHOWY PRAIRIE GENTIAN GS 53 C2 GAURA NEOMEXICANA SSP COLORADO BUTTERFLY WEED G5T1 S1 C1 FS COLORADENSIS PARTHENIUM ALPINUM WYOMING FEVERFEW G2 S1 FS SPIRANTHES OILUVIALIS UTE LADIES' TRESSES G2 S1 LT 31 Records Processed 95-0284 APPENDIX B SMALL MAMMAL FIELD TRAPPING SHEETS 9511284 ' _ �(��■ INFRASTRUCTURE Small Mammal sampling a a -Date• /o -2! - 9¢ Location: C U�1 S L — UJ W ab ' Ttojext No.: Trapline: SQ°Ywa72 LAME. 4 Observes: Jae �T R-htt/ Stet- 41- -1 Station ■ Number Species Sex Weight Notes S L - I ■ 5L -2 4 ■ 5L-& 'fenrvtten C 3� a 4 pe twh 55L- Li Zaus hrt ? F IL rt , /lriv(4 into-LA.* ■ 4 <Sul7 4o{ NTL c arch Z• ▪ -La- 5 'l m eC utt M 4,5 1 4UL repro/v(411 4 ,sty-7 _ 311,1 {Ll r nn Nt z� Ad. - re.?SL-g der near a 5L- Q — S L— 1) -- ▪L- cZ a SL- (�j — !e f y hi) Z`�� Ad( vto4. - rage ye nqa� ■ — ' r St- le i�Pr nzi M LY3� '&, c'o t'2pr sz_- lc? -- I -zeeRev 4/93 `. 950284 ERD 1017 RUSTENVIRONMENT& INFRASTRUCTURE Small Mammal Sampling Date: j0 - Z! - 9 4 Location: CW S L • -Project No.: Trapline: C - 3 s74j REuA/WI) .231:1b Observers: ,Joe r'IER)/Jo/ Sear 4141i Station Number Species Sex Weight Notes Notes / /y , (/-) 1,0 - 3 - '- I Jr - L �/ � / W�. Suekr,,1d;4- t w '� L T lM" ��1 (�, rti)4 rP4r45(ve1 p/LrPrs fa.�naRi; CIJ _ J - ID I - 2� Pt.( nM. nF a 4- zt �� APwLo r - a- n A4rt Ato act. oaf fcpro��c�;�i F 7 J r � Rev. 4N3 S50284ERD IU17 a ENVIRONpMENT& RV E ... __ _. Small Mammal Sampling Dare: lr -�a-,71,1 Illation: WMT -1-4J/ill ' wMe1/4r- LA lie i I Project No.: q / /q Trapline: S . N obi Srr -A /'<V f, v a Station ✓ Number Species Sex Weight Notes y0ath 4k,r l lj-( Z 5-) ■ 3 5-3 -;e4 Man /VI 02Dj yrf -eprad�cr<; Lie -Li 5-µ ■ 1 4y 1 eseaproe .S - 7 M/s.»„ae. Yes mn� 'M Met 10179 B�f h fZ prod ve-A'✓P s C -5 - y —_- R s -q l0 3—to , A It M - i Pei. /lila til M a.5_ no* ccovot0oef; ✓e i - PI --2 pe.c A & I Pcr Maw M 1 aaj I a-4l1_ V, rre- r-C-P rlave41 to I f ruie4 are a t/ 14-3 Per. gmaN . M d65_ renr6AveliIv-e rrcarfulC If IV _L Per te.a A. F /79 i (r ,J -..1 M(in I M;c. oel<< F/f a95 Lea, _ P reeitaaJ 4 u -7 Pc'( Ma v\ - c's C.Q p e G( a 64 )1 -K _Pero Flay. F 1d-4) 19 }JAq per mar F 2.35 950284 L Rev.4193 ERD 1017 RugENVIRONMENT& �UCTURE Small Mammal Sampling -Bare: i tl actl 1 ora,ion: Li MI vvI - 1 Project No.: q / Trapline: (A) Observers: Sco# Lit, Station Number Species Sex Weight Notes ct, lnJ — I --r� e( I mah /4 M 19S boi R ecn p fv r t / Re CAPiu re it-/.-a l / bki L.9-4 Pei fi‘ar /V\ / Ca\ l�Eey (liurt Per MaK r • �771 PYrghini- (N-,6 ro • ? < MGl 1n 4 dD� ho-t- f cet0t6&J C-3 : i E c- na h r Al ?assi-vi preS,„iN : f g 1o • Rev.4/93 9502840 toil a i MKTENVIRONMENT& INFRASTRUCTURE Small Mammal Sampling I Date: Z1 /9L74' Jrr Lion: ObO0 L 1 Project No: � � Trapline: leSPINE `I ' I Observers: CA ' " ,0,AIa I i i Station I Number Species Sex Weight Notes 1 z0 s l 9 gr man ly! 2 4- 4 /7 o 1 i y ea-ma/in 01 Z.? ,4 eecter eY mot ✓l e3 "�a t 1 Per niash in Z7 A n 1, ' i-c Orclt Z2 Ju✓ lc m�q ryl,w, F/ z 4 4 1 oroAn T Z6 _sib • /�^,!- r ✓ r S m a� in2� A .797o 1 i3 ?or i1IrM M �7 s4 Na>,/ u �A m an 4-1 25 61 Iry s ice-- Cir`-er m WK. rv1 zZ A /?o cap ' M z Ayz.until - rC,pno 1 I° _ 9 Man mil M is R re I 7 ✓4r rnuc iii is 4 of /n -AR, r -a Per nram in 24 -A ,eca f Is 3 _ r`rh,col , F _2e A AYo ctp ro 3 Z ..--- 3 1 / C- 950284Ro-- Rev.4/93 1017 RilfrENVIRONMENT& INFRAST RUCTURE Small Mammal Sampling i. i n��]) Date. Qci 24 I T//fi�9$ I Marion: v""S 1.-. NI L y Project No.: / / Ttappline: KE � z A4J L Le J. ERI,UU JuIUIIl • o)c 5U61T frt;zt L _Station Number Species Sex Weight Notes L C I Per Wit if, 19 &a p c' L 53 9✓ m a-4-, M 24 . f`cx`7 r s1/ — 1 SS t 54 S 7 Ili neon_ i 8 4ca�p - o'/d h 01 d�u SE V I S 9 rev nmaM I- 1 18 L L. S16 irmon P1 z2 X4 - re ro 4 L Ai/0 &ma,, L I ZZ ,vor- c IQ - N 9 em r _ z¢ . 447, i rb 4 fiet L AI 9 1 /U 7 L /06 i. Nr ,U3 14 N Z /1 / Pe/ lylann + 2 I A 179 Rev. 493 \/ ss©2141UIl T ENVIRONMENT Small Mammal Sampling L /6 -2S - 94 1'ration: ew S 1— Date- 1 Project No.: Trapline: .SPONeK L971a obi j Station Number Species Sex Weight Notes /I//Je ovck F- 2-6 Jaw 1 26 /U1 c ant, f ss A nrri - ar, L. 44Oc- orris 44 23 JO) 19 f,- mom-, Pt /e s.t. )14,c, wr,i-i- F z0 JuLi I P Per mak F 2-7 &efre 12/r t.4 '6 3 rebel) t.i 4c& Plc oic- H Ado h1iceli � ore- F 53 Pre�/� - t✓Gad "' Ir"r° IL Mc crc (Z ,n -frail) IA 23 Z ( Ufa J'¢/ a✓J F 29` LrRLoi Fres L lie ,'i ,cti F ZR � C eV' Inch YVI 23 `Ad nen-1 ro I4 rr1o•, M z 3 cleric/ )rt-74 ` ,- rrJGro M 1-7 So A.l cleric/ (3 r m r� 23 ...cap re�oro 1 12- Per me 1i tM LC Zecet vcp,-v L II NO 7iz4PC • I Iv 9 t'9ws me s _ill , 6("0 L — 7 • 6 -- C fir "Min sir 27 *Got) 7 4 3 i 2- , i ( r--- 950284 ' Rev.093 6RD IU17 ENVIRONMENT& INFRASTRUCTURE Small Mammal Sampling Date: is- ZS- 94 ltrarion: CWS L /��, . Project No.: Trappline: recta/ / bra�'1i (/ Ir/v"""'[,14 C UIt j Observers: r//11 ERlND ,9':3 Q l 1 rein n rq s 0001 T C a k I L Station L Number Species Sex Weight Notes L 1 gr.- mlzn d/I Zm 6ca p EZ L L ,96 Per- ,pan c 26 ¢car pre cy E7 Cg — V9 Fr in0n , K 19 _ gear L Vio Yer man all U a, L 4/o '— Vig Lag - L 4 6 lir n10r7 9 2.--7 /Zec-°f /a 7ir5 r S- V It i ti 3 lamer ;not)? fro 27 4,Ley Z tASl Rev.4/93 950284 Elm toil APPENDIX C COLORADO'S 21 NOXIOUS WEEDS 950284 Colorado's 21 Troublesome Weeds � 4 k 4-- Cf Y \ Y 14 1 f j n � -950284 • ,r Colorado's 21 Troublesome Weeds This guide was prepared by: Colorado Weed Management Association Photographs provided by USDA,Soil Conservation Service Cosponsored by: _USDA Soil Conservation Service USDI Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office Colorado Section,Society for Range Management USDA Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Region We appreciate the assistance from Colorado State University,Dr.Robert Zimdahl for use of portions of the text of Weeds of Colorado. S50284 I . Contents Weed Page Foxtail Barley 6 The plants described in this brochure are the Field Bindweed most troublesome and costly weeds in the 8 state of Colorado.An enormous amount of Downy Brome 10 time and money is spent each year to manage Skeletonleaf Bursage or - Colorado's millions of acres infested with these Silver-Leaf Poverty Weed 12 undesirable plants. Jointed Goatgrass 14 A large percentage of this time and money is Diffuse Knapweed 16 spent by those in agriculture, Colorado's third Russian Knapweed 18 leading industry. Crops are literally choked out Kochia 20 by these undesirable plants. Livestock are Prickly Lettuce 22 affected by irritating and poisonous plants that ylixweed Tansy Mustard 24 cause weight loss,-other afflictions and Perennial Pepper-Grass 26 possible death.Weed control costs, as well as Redroot Pigweed 28 lost productivity,are reflected back to you and , Common Ragweed 30 all consumers through higher commodity prices. Volunteer Rye 32 Weeds also threaten human health.According to the National Institute of Health,weed -Sandbur 34 allergy is theprincipal allergy in the United Leafy Spurge -36 States. Five million dollars are spent annually Canada Thistle 38 treating hay-fever alone. Musk Thistle 40 These plants also severely reduce the value of Russian Thistle 42 non-agricultural land,including residential Yellow Toadflax 44 property,parklands and wilderness.Urban, Whitetop 46 suburban,and mountain-residential property , owners are spending millions of dollars each year to control weeds that decrease their land values. i 1 2 3 950284 The total weed picture cannot bepainted in Perhaps the greatest threat these weeds pose is the scope of this brochure.Suffice it to say that to one of Colorado's most prized possessions, 5 weeds are becoming an urgent national its natural resources. Outdoor recreation concern,and in one way or another, the • activities are greatly affected by weed problems described herein affect you as well infestations.Wildlife are known to abandon as everyone in the state of Colorado. It is weed infested range and move to surrounding paramount,therefore,that you and all citizens 1 cropland and residential areas causing of this state realize a responsibility to control -extensive damage. Loss of ecological diversity, these and other weeds. Now is the time,and native plant communities,soil,big game range, cooperation is the key. and other natural resources is hard to track monetarily. These losses cost you and everyone else in the state. Millions of dollars are spent by federal,state and local government agencies, and by the private sector to battle weed problems.The U.S. Forest Service,U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Soil Conservation Service,National Park Service,Bureau of Land Management and i other agencies are all waging war in Colorado's forests,wildlife preserves,national parks and on private lands in an attempt to save our -natural heritage from noxious weeds. State agencies such as the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation are struggling-to reclaim lost wildlife habitat and recreational sites. Cities and counties go to great lengths to manage -weeds on county open space parks, road right- of-ways and other county lands and urban development areas. • 4 5 950284 Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) II I • FOXTAIL BARLEY is a member of the Grass family, Barley tribe. It is a native perennial grass which grows in thick tufts or bunches.The stems are smooth, up to 2 feet tall, erect, and ' sometimes reclining on the ground at their base. The leaf sheaths are smooth,loose,shorter than the internodes with erect, rough, 2 to 5 inches long, narrow, flat, gray-green blades. Its heads ` or spikes are 2 to 4 inches long, nodding,with I spreading, slender barbed awns each 1 to 11Fe ; inches long. The seeds are yellow, hairy at the j a tip, and about Vs inch long. • Foxtail Barley is injurious to livestock because I the barbed awns pierce the gums and tongue, causing ulcerations and swellings. It grows on any soil,wet or dry,in fields,meadows,pastures, / waste places, and is widely distributed over / Colorado from 3,400 to 10,000 feet. It thrives in alkaline areas. I 1` 'i r); N. 6 7 4 950284 Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) • FIELD BINDWEED is a member of the Morning-glory family. This creeping perennial was introduced from Europe. It reproduces by seeds and horizontal roots. The stems are smooth,slender,slightly angled, 1 to 4 feet long, • and spread thickly over the ground or twine around erect plants or other objects.The leaves are alternate, 1 to 2 inches long with great variation in shape.They are more or less arrow- shaped with spreading, pointed, or blunt lobes at the base. The flowers are bell or trumpet- shaped, white or pink, and about }/a to 1 inch broad. ' • Field bindweed is a problem throughout Colorado. It is one of the most competitive perennial weeds. A two- or three-year food supply is stored in the extensive underground root system. This makes it hard to kill by cultivation because roots will live as long as their t �, .p food reserve lasts. Seeds can also stay viable in the soil for up to 40 years. It is widespread in '.d 6 cultivated areas, pastures, lawn and gardens, s roadsides, and waste areas, over Colorado from 4,000 to 8,000 feet- '/ V/" 8 9 950284 Downy Brome (Thymus tectorum L.) 1 • DOWNY BROME, a member of the Grass family,Fescue tribe,is an annual or winter annual introduced from Europe. It usually germinates in the fall, lies over winter and produces seed early in the spring. It has smooth, slender erect stems. The plant grows 6 inches to 2 feet high from a much-branched base. The sheaths and \ ,\1 \ leaves are covered with fine,soft hair The leaves are Va-'b inch wide and flat. The head is much- ` branched and somewhat drooping. Seeds are �� 1\ ' 1. long and flat with an awn about as long as the �,), p � � i seed. It matures seed early spring, before most 1 1 `1 I other grass species or crops. /1 i t • Downy Brome is a strong invader and creates II : -i , �- f' a serious fire hazard when mature.Mature plants II v, A .,h 1 turn purple or brown. It grows in fields, waste k \ I - ''A places and roadsides and is widely distributed • I" ; \\-\I \ in Colorado from 4,000 to 9,000 feet. � v • • it l� i ' 10 11 950284 Skeletonleaf Bursage or (Ambrosia tomentosa Silver-leaf Poverty Weed Nutt.) i-SKELETONLEAF BURSAGE is a member of the Aster family, Ragweed tribe. It is a native • creeping perennial which reproduces by seeds and horizontal roots.The stem is 4 to 18 inches high,branched,and somewhat bushy.The leaves • are alternate, white beneath with minute hairs, smooth, green above, 2 to 5 inches long, and dissected into narrow, irregularly margined lobes or segments. The flowers are very small and the heads are formed in a pale green, elongated cluster that is 1 to 3 inches long.The seed capsules are straw-colored when ripe and ti have sharp,short spines on the surfaces. • Skeletonleaf bursage grows in arid environ- ` Y� ments,prairies,pastures,waste places,roadsides, t (r and is a weed in cultivated and irrigated fields. t t It is most common in northcentral, central and t `° northwestern Colorado from 5,000 to 8,000feet, but may be found wherever land is cultivated. ;N.( 12 13I S50284 Jointed Goatgrass (Host) Ces. or I. [73Aiticum cylindricum Aegilops cylindrica Host.] IA I''I \ . • JOINTED GOATGRASS isi a member of the Grass family,Barley tribe.It is anon-native grass introduced from Turkey in the late 1800's. It is a winter annual, reproducing by seed and i grows 15 to 30 inches tall in erect stems which branch at the base to give the plant a tufted appearance. The leaf blades are ' /4 to ' inch wide (usually smooth) with small auricles at the base.The root system is shallow and fibrous. The most distinguishing characteristic is the 2 to 4 inch jointed, cylindrical, balanced seed head. \ • Seeds of Jointed Goatgrass are attached to their rachis segment and shed in June and July ,' during and prior to wheat harvest. The seeds are very similar in size and shape to wheat seed and therefore difficult to screen out. Jointed , Goatgrass is becoming an increasing problem in the dryland areas of Eastern Colorado. 1 ' I • I1I 14 15 -' 250284 Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) i1 'd • DIFFUSE KNAPWEED is a member of the Aster family, Thistle tribe. Diffuse knapweed was introduced from Europe and is a biennial or t / short lived perennial forb which reproduces 1 , only by seed.The plant usually produces a single off'1 , + ' "y. „ • - main much-branched stem that is 11/2 to 2 feet f tall.A basal rosette of leaves is present in young ''k, !`:ff f �' 3, plants with each leaf divided into narrow • o • ,` " - • ' ` l .. segmenthen leaves are young a thin nap s. When is present. Stem leaves in the mature plant I t become much reduced as you ascend to the � r � •- • tip and alternate one per node. Flowers are mostly white,sometimes purple and are located 1, 1t `; on each branch tip.The bracts surrounding each flower bear 4 to 5 pairs of lateral spines and one terminal spine. .' • Diffuse knapweed can be found in pastures, • riparian areas, roadsides and waste areas in Colorado. It is a tough competitor on dry sites and rapidly invades and dominates disturbed areas.It is widespread and increasing in the state, particularly along the Front Range. This weed is also poisonous to horses. 16 17 350284 ' i . Russian Knapwe-ed (Centaurea repens L.) vii •-RUSSIAN KNAPWEED is a member of the fi\ 0-r v i Aster family, Thistle tribe and is a creeping ' N. c b, t •1'` perennial introduced from Europe. It repro- 1 1\ \' ; 1' , :• ot duces by seeds and rhizomes.The vigorous roots I ;‘Kr C,‘,•Y tt1, are black.Rhizomes which are both vertical and 1 1 % , jy I !idm t 11 j horizontal in the soil may or may not be black. 1 ,� ;'`IJ`t Act A `t, The ridged stems are erect, rather stiff, 9S { 'II, ,.. 1'y �; `le;'r. •, l'Y! ' branched, and 1 to 3 feet high. Young stems l , r\' 'j +t:'1. , ,,, r are covered with soft gray hairs or nap. The 1. \� ` , k 1 1 - ,1 ' upper leaves are small and narrow with broken '1 \( \t\r ii;/ edges.Leaves attached midway up the stem have ` f til \ 1 t �� j r slightly toothed margins, while basal leaves are l • ' ' -', deeply notched. The flowers are thistle like, .\• 1 j \"""�� solitary, terminal, 1/3 to 1/2 inch in diameter l 'j and lavender to white.The plant flowers in June I _{, if•Na` to August and seeds produced in late summer ; :A iv 1,NI Sri to early fall. a _ i ' ' ' t "i/ • Russian knapweed is one of the most serious �� noxious weeds in Colorado. It is very difficult j ih to control or eradicate once it becomes established. It grows in cultivated fields, along : i/ ditch banks, fence rows and roadsides, and in • waste places. It is distributed throughout Colorado, except in the eastern plains area and is especially prevalent on the Western Slope from 4,500 to 7,500 feet. It is also very poisonous to horses. i. 18 19 -- 950284 Kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] h • KOCHIA, a member of the Goosefoot family, was introduced from Europe and is an annual, ' • reproducing by seed.The stems are erect,round, slender, pale green, much branched and I to 6 feet high.Leaves are narrow,bright green,hairy, • ' " + numerous and are attached directly to the stem. . The upper leaves are narrow. The flowers are d inconspicuous,in the axils of upper leaves.Seeds are about 1/16 inch long, wedge-shaped, dull t , brown and slightly ribbed. k " • Kochia can be found in cultivated fields, roadsides and waste places throughout the state, up to 8,500 feet.It has become a major problem on roadsides, waste places and non-cultivated fp fields. In Autumn the plants may become red and later turn brown, breaking away from the `v G root,tumbling over the ground,scattering large amounts of seed. '6 i ;: r : . , r f \ - P L °- *- 20 21 950g84 Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) lot • PRICKLY LETTUCE is an annual or winter annual, reproducing by seed. This introduced weed is a member of the Aster family and grows • 2 to 6 feet tall.The stem is erect,round,smooth z or sparingly prickly at the base. Its leaves are bluish-green, deeply lobed with wavy, prickly • toothed margins and white midribs. The leaves -H 2 are also alternate, oblong, clasp the stem and are often twisted to a vertical position. The \� (' ! flowers are numerous and yellow L i /� • Prickly lettuce can be found in cultivated \, ;Ej fields, roadside areas and waste places through- out Colorado but is most common in the north- \� �1- / central and western parts of the state from 4,500 / to 6,000 feet. , 4 ! It I 22 �3 950284 Flixweed [Descurainia sophia 1', (L.) Webb Ex. Prantl] amyl • FLIXWEED, a member of the Mustard family, is very-similar and often confused with Tansy Mustard. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. It is an introduced annual or winter annual which , reproduces by seeds. The stem is erect, ' branched and 4 to 30 inches high. The leaves are alternate, 2 to 4 inches long, dissected to /X give a lacy appearance. The stem and leaves are covered with fine hairs. The flowers are small, r 4 pale yellow, and occur in small clusters at the y ; ci Pu y y tips of elongated racemes. The seed pods are S I/4 to inches long and on a stalk Tansy Mustard i 'i seed pods are shorter and fatter. ct 1 dal k. + • Flixweed is widely distributed and one of the ,w .,!v ` first weeds to appear in spring. Most of the Y ., '�+, 1 ..r� � Descurainia in the state is Flixweed rather than �` -� 4 �zc:s'�. Tansy Mustard. It grows in pastures, cultivated • ` `u areas, alongroadsides and in waste areas. It is �, becoming t increasing problem in alfalfa fields. i L L It is scattered over Colorado up to 5,000 feet.• r • :'-� °i, 24 25 950284 Perennial Pepper-Grass (Lepidium latifolium L.) i . • PERENNIAL PEPPER-GRASS or TALL WHITE- . TOP is a member of the Mustard family. It was introduced from either southern Europe or west Asia and is a deep-rooted perennial plant with y. an extensive, vigorous creeping root system , "..„› 4 reproducing by seed and rootstalks. Perennial Pepper-Grass is similar to whitetop; however, et �'} it is taller standing 3 to 5 feet and has a heavy, °r;,'� .: ir -fir sometimes woody crown. The lower leaves are I.a o 1 4 oblong with toothed margins and the upper -.MI •',, I t: - 4? leaves do not clasp the stem as in whitetop. ff Flowers are white. t� _ N fa. ' • y',. 4 ` • Perennial Pepper-Grass can be found in • • c"+ A'" pastures, riparian areas, roadsides and waste w1tirto i •r°� places. It has a limited range in north-central �ji, / i x t and south-central Colorado from 5,500 to 8,000 a feet. Where found in the State, such as in San r' / Luis Valley and along the South Platte Drainage, thousands of acres have been taken over by this 1. * / r plant. � / 26 27 950284 Redroot Pigweed (Ameranthus retroflexus L.) 4 • REDROOT PIGWEED is a member of the Amaranth family. It is a non-native plant . ) introduced from Europe or tropical America and is an annual reproducing by seed. The stem is light green, erect, stout, tough, rough-hairy, 1 much branched and 1 to 6 feet tall with a long, somewhat fleshy, red taproot. The leaves are alternate with the lower ones ovate, about 3 to 6 inches long, pointed at the tip, dull green, rough-hairy,with prominent ribs and veins.The upper leaves are smaller, narrower and more ' . ^,,h� lance-shaped. Flowers are small, green and ir^" •" • w9 densely crowded in large, bristly, simple or branched, terminal or axillary clusters. • Redroot Pigweed grows in cultivated fields, ' �/ pastures,roadsides and waste places in Colorado up to 8,500 feet.It is one of the most prominent, non-native annual plants found in cultivated �� fields in eastern Colorado. b' - , i l l 1\ '2. a 28 29 950284 Common Ragweed (Ambrosia elatior L.) I rris lit I • COMMON RAGWEED is a member of the Aster family,Ragweed tribe. It is a native annual plant which reproduces by seed. The stem is 1 to 31/2 feet tall, erect, finely haired, and much branched. The leaves are thin, 2 to 4 inches long, once or twice dissected,dark green above and paler underneath. Both male and female flowers are found on this plant.Solitary clusters 11. of flowers can be found in the axils of the upper '�- 't. leaves and they are cup-shaped forming numer- ous drooping heads. • The pollen of Common Ragweed causes many people to suffer from hay fever. In Colorado millions of dollars are spent for hay fever relief r a It is common in cultivated fields, meadows, p roadsides, and waste places. It is widespread in the eastern half of Colorado from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. • ;.,;l a I '' • �ii� 30 37 -950284 Volunteer Rye (Secale Sp.) 40 ti • VOLUNTEER RYE, also called COMMON or ANNUAL RYE,is mostly an annual that is believed to be derived from S. Montanum a perennial native in the mountains of southwestern Asia. The first blade is tall,narrow and vertical.Blades are covered with short hair and have prominent veins above and a midrib below Sheaths are covered with short hairs. The spikes are 4-6 inches long,slender and long bearded. ^^� • Volunteer Rye can be found throughout eastern Colorado in wheat fields, roadsides, ditches,and waste places. It has become a major problem in the wheat fields in Colorado. Volunteer Rye typically costs the Colorado farmer 8-10 bushels of wheat yield per acre. _]. i / I r 32 33 950284 Sandbar [Cenc-brus longispinus (Hack.) Fern.] • SANDBUR is a member of the Grass family, Panicgrass tribe. It is a non-native grass, introduced from Europe and reproduces by seed.Stems are 8 inches to 3 feet long,ascending or prostrate and often form mats.Early the stems are erect and later they are reclining on the \ ground and much branched. The leaf sheaths are somewhat flattened,very loose,and smooth 41 with hairy margins. Leaf blades are flat,smooth, \ F _ 2 to 6 inches long, about '/a inch wide, dark , . a. , green, and round on their margins. The plant has 10-30 burs with each bur about '/< inch in diameter and thickly set with stiff,barbed spines. tsj k • Sandbur grows in cultivated fields, pastures, roadsides and waste places,but favors sandy soil. % It is widespread especially in the eastern half It i / " - of Colorado from 3,500 to 6,500 feet. The burs ;, `I` cause mechanical injury in livestock and become P 1111 j entangled in sheep wool. z � ,� , 34 35 950284 Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) ri, r • LEAFY SPURGE, a member of the Spurge family, was introduced from Europe. It is a creeping perennial which reproduces by seed and extensive creeping roots. The roots can extend as deep as 30 feet and are extremely a •'� wide spreading. The shoots grow erect, 1 to R . Al 3 feet high, are pale green and unbranched " except for flower clusters. Leaves are alternate, -O r 4 �> ik,fit %. narrowly linear with smooth margins, about 'A ' -t, 4k inch wide, and 1 to 4 inches long. The small ;a a.. . , 1,4 yellow-green flowers are enclosed by a pair of _ -G 'w e yellowish-green,heart-shaped bracts.The bracts ' -'` ., �� 't' have the appearance of flowers. The pods are ` -{�! „1.c three-seeded. The plant including the root has _'. 11:;w✓: kik a milky latex. 4. Vim -f! t Ott, . p' ' • Leafy spurge is an extremely difficult plant E ' to control because of its extensive sprouting �, ` ` " root system and is probablythe most serious �i F£- noxious weed threat in Colorado. It is adapted ;` to a wide variety of habitats in the state and ` i ` i l .'`'` "\ is very competitive with other plant species. If .y it becomes established in rangeland,pasture and Y\` ` ` riparian sites,it may exclude all other vegetation ;• _�„r 4'�`•; due to its competitive nature. Although it is '«.,.%,, :, A unpalatable to cattle, sheep eat spurge and do I \7 ` well on it and are, therefore, a useful cultural 'z control tool. 36 37 502t34 Canasta Thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] • CANADA THISTLE is a member of the Aster family, Thistle tribe and it was introduced from "s 3 a•_ -Europe. It is a creeping perennial which " reproduces by seeds and fleshy,horizontal roots. The erect stem is hollow, smooth and slightly hairy, 1 to 5 feet tall, simple, and branched at • " ; the top. The leaves are set close on the stem, slightly clasping, and dark green. Leaf shape varies widely, from oblong to lance-shaped. Sharp spines are numerous on the outer edges '"•`- '- ` of the leaves and on the branches and main stem of the plant.The flowers are small and compact; about N inch or less in diameter, and light pink to rose purple in color. The seeds are oblong, \.\ "' flattened,dark brown and approximately 9e inch< PP Y long. _ S • Canada thistle emerges in April or May in most parts of Colorado. It is one of the most ,. + widespread,and economically damaging,of the F•;= noxious weeds in Colorado. Infestations are found in cultivated fields, riparian areas, pastures, rangeland, forests, lawns and gardens, roadsides, and in waste areas. Because of its seeding habits, vigorous growth and extensive underground root system,control or eradication is difficult. It is distributed over Colorado from FI 4,000 to 9,500 feet. 38 39 950284 • Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans L.) Ik I • MUSK THISTLE is a member of the Aster family,Thistle tribe.It is an introduced biennial, winter annual, or rarely annual which repro- duces by seed. The first year's growth is a large (� j compact rosette from a large, fleshy, corky taproot. The second year stem is erect, spiny, _.'11 2 to 6 feet tall and branched at the top. The ' t / leaves are alternate, deeply cut or lobed with ^-1 7 five points per lobe, very spiny, 3 to 6 inches - = long and extend (clasp) down the stem. The =7i,. !.F'y wavy leaves are dark green with a light green midrib and mostly white margins.The large and r showy flowers are terminal, flat, nodding, 11/2 ` a" ' '1 ;f/ to 21/2 inches broad, purple, rarely white, and ' 1 v surrounded by numerous, lance-shaped, spine- } § .'.. f tipped bracts. Blooms appear in late May and r } '+ June and the seed in June or July. Seeds are straw-colored and oblong. • Musk thistle is commonly found in pastures, roadsides and waste places. It prefers moist, bottomland soil but can be found on drier r J' uplands also. It is becoming an increasing problem throughout Colorado, particularly along the Front Range. z -40 -41 950284 Russian Thistle 1 (Salsola-iberica Sennen & Pau) • RUSSIAN THISTL-E is a member of the Goosefoot family.It was introduced from Russia and is an annual which reproduces by seed. It is a round,bushy,much-branched plant growing 1 to 31/2 feet ham. The branches are slender, succulent when young and woody when mature. The leaves are alternate with the first ones being }4 4 1 )21 dark green, soft, slender, and 1 to 21 inches long. These drop off and later leaves are short, stiff, spiny, and not over h inch long, with two sharp-pointed bracts at the base. The flowers h, are small, inconspicuous, green-white or pink t and are usually solitary in the leaf axils. Seeds sit 4' , I are about 1/16 inch in diameter and conical. jrf 1,: -' �` > A • i,•- ' • Russian thistle grows on dry plains, in ' t�� F, cultivated fields, roadsides and waste places, � ' -", t ' . f ` cp'�s chiefly in grain-growing areas. At maturity, the y� r �, - ,,, 44. plant breaks off at the base and because of its , t " round shape becomes an excellent tumbleweed, iy e L ," k ••• - . '� ( ��...:::,,, :, scattering seeds for long distances. It is 1 yc*" •hS v ii. t widespread over Colorado up to 8,500 feet. ' . IS fit„ ' 0 �t ,'t L \A� 4 • y- rM `YIt. ie to. t t ilk ' $ \ ; tib . � 42 43 .�,F. `)30284 Yellow Tbadflax (Linaria vulgar s Mill.) •YELLOW TOADFLAX, sometimes called Common Toadflax and Butter and Eggs, t resembles the snapdragon in appearance and is a member of the Figwort Family.a It was .': introduced from Europe asn ornamental and r has now become a serious problem to rangeland C, .', and mountain meadows. It is a perennial = C1 { ---. - reproducing from seed as well s tom under- .' ‘1 (. r4i ground rootstalk. The stems of Yellow Toadflax f',.�,�I are from 8" to 2'-all and leafy. Leaves are pale green, alternate, narrow and pointed at both ends. The dowers are bright yellow with deep orange centers.Theseflowers are about an inch 1 N. long and blossom in dense clusters along the stem as it lengthens and grows. The fruit is round, about '/a" in diameter, brown and / rG '�' contains many seeds. // •\\ • Yellow Toadflax emerges in April and May in most parts of Colorado. It is adapted to a variety of site conditions, from moist to dry and does \\ well in all types of soils. Its displacement of desirable grasses not only reduces ecological diversity,it also reduces rangeland value and can \ I lead to erosion problems. Because of its early vigorous growth, extensive underground root V system and effective seed dispersal methods, Yellow Toadflax can be difficult to control. 44 45 950284 Whitetop [Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.] Ai i -. WHITETOE a member of the Mustard family, was introduced from Europe probably in alfalfa ror seed.It is a creeping perennial which reproduces „..'•. „•••; by seed and creepingsoots. The extensive root �r r system spreads horizontally and vertically-with t "fi ' o ita frequent shoots rising from the root stock It • "s?'-e grows erect from 10 to 18 inches high and-has ' ,',` -: a gray-white color. The alternate leaves clasp -, 1 the stem and are oval or oblong with toothed or almost smooth margins. The leaves are often ' covered with very fine white hairs. Each leaf ' is 1/2 to 2 inches long with blunt ends. The l flowers are white, and ye inch across and are ,,, numerous in compact flat-top clusters which give the plant its name.The seed pods are heart- , shaped and each contain two oval,finely pitted, 1.\'1 red-brown seeds each about 1/12 inch long. • Whitetop is one of the earliest perennial weeds to emerge in the spring, with flowers produced in late April and May.It grows in waste l places, cultivated fields, and pastures, and is capable of vigorous growth on the irrigated, alkaline soils of the West.It has become a major ;' problem in certain pastures and cultivated areas in Colorado from3,500 to 8,500 feet. 46 47 950284 • East Cheyenne County Pest District List of 51 S 1st,County Courthouse Resource Agencies by County Cheyenne Wells CO 80810 (719)-767-8111 Conejos County Extension Service 17705 State Hwy 215 LaJara CO 81140 Colorado State University (719)274.5200 Extension Weed Specialists _Castilla County-Extension Service Dr.George Beck(Range&Pasture)491-5370 Courthouse Annex,356 Main DrPhil Westra(Crop)491-5219 PO Box 334 Weed Research Building San Luis CO-81152 Ft Collins CO 80523 (719)672-3663 Adams County-Extension-Service Crowley County-Extension Service 9755 Henderson Road N Main Street,County Courthouse Annex Brighton COA0601 Ordway CO 81063 • 659-4150 (719)267-4741 Alamosa County Extension Service Custer CountyExtension Service 610 State,PO Box 329 205 So 6th,PO Box 316 Alamosa-CO 81101 Westcliffe CO 81252 (719)589-2271 (719)7832514 Arapahoe County Extension Service Delta County Extension Service 5804 S Datum Courthouse-Annex,5th and-Palmer Littleton CO 80120 Delta CO 81416 730-1920 -874-3519 Archuleta County Extension Service Denver CountyExtension Service 455 San Jun Street,POBox 370 1700 So Holly St Pagosa SpringsCO 81147 Denver CO 80222 264-5931 692-5600 Baca County Extension Service Dolores County 772 Colorado St Dove Creek Weed Control District Sprinfield CO 81073 PO Box 527 (719)523-6971 Dove Creek CO 81324 Bent County Extension Service 677-2283 708 Carson Avenue Douglas County Extension Service Las Animas CO 81054 355 So Wilcox,Suite 111 (719)456-0764 Castle Rock CO 80104 Boulder CountyWeed District 688-3096 9595 Nelson Rd Box B Eagle Count Extension Service Longmont CO 80501 Fairgrounds Rd,-P0 Box 239 776-4865 or 444-1121 EagleCO 81631 Chaffee County Extension Service 328-7311,Ext.247&248 10165 County Rd 120 Elbert County Extension-Service SatidaCO 81201 325 Pueblo,PO Box 128 (719)539-6447 48 Simla CO 80835 (719)541-2361 49 • • LaPlata County Extension Service ElPaso CountyBxtension Service 25th&Main,PO Box 2607 108 N Pine,4th Floor Durango CO 81302 Colorado Springs CO 80905 247-4355 (719)520-6450 Larimer County Weed Control District Fremont County Extension Service PO Box 1190 ,vL 7th and Macon,County Courthouse Ft Collins CO-80522 PO Box 590 221-7712 Canon City CO 81212 Las Animas County Extension Service (719)275d514 Pin 101,County Courthouse Garfield County Extension Service Trinidad CO 81082 109 8th Street,Suite 307 (719)-846-6881 Glenwood Springs CO 81601-3303 Lincoln County Extension Service 945-7437 718 3rd Avenue,County Courthouse Grand County Extension Service PO Box 68 PO Box 475 Hugo CO 80821 Kremmiing CO 80459 (719)743-2542 724-3436 Logan County Pest Control District Gunnison County Extension Service POBox 950 200 E Virginia,County Courthouse Sterling CO 80751 Gunnison CO 81230 522-7857 641-1260 Mesa County Huerfano County Extension Service Grand Valley Pest Control District Main Street,County Courthouse -PO Box 2000-028 Walsenburg CO 81089 Grand Junction CO 81502 (719)7382170 243-3865 Jackson County Extension Service Mineral County Extension Service 5th and Logan,PO-Box 1077 Creede CO 81130 Walden CO 80480 (719)658-2848 723-4298 Moffat County Extension Service Jefferson County Open Space 200 W Victory Way,County Courthouse _ Weed Control-Pest Craig CO 81625 18301 W 10th Avenue,Suite 100 824-6673 = Golden CO 80401 Montezuma County Extension Service 278-5986 8m 102,County Courthouse Kiowa County Extension Service Cortez CO 81321 County Court House,PO-Box 97 565-3123 Eads CO 81036 Montrose County (719)438-5321 Uncompahgre Pest Control-District Kit Carson CountyAUeedDistrict 1577 Pennsylvania PO Box 162 Montrose CO 81401 Stratton CO 80836 249-5065 348-5875 Morgan County Extension Service 914E Railroadltd,PO Box 517 50 -Fort 6,249933g�co 80701 51 950284 Otera County Extension Service 411 10th St,PO Box 190 Routt County Extension Service Rocky Ford-CO 81067 -PPO Box 772380 (719)254-7608 Steamboat Springs CO 80477 879-0825 Ouray County Extension Service 1001 N 2nd Street San Miguel-West Montrose County Extension Service Montrose CO 81401 1 PO Box 130 249-3935 Norwood CO 81423 327-4393 Park County Extension Service 880 Brogue,PO Box 603 Sedgwick County Extension Service FairplayLO 80440 c/o Weed Control District (719)8362771 Ext 237 Third and Cedar Julesberg CO 80737 Phillips County Extension Service 4743479 PO Box 328 Summit County Extension Service Holyoke CO-80734 PO Box 70 854-3616 Frisco CO 80443 Pitken County Extension Service 668-3595 1001-one Pine Rd Teller County_Extension Service Aspen CO 81611 County Courthouse,-P0 Box-368 925-5185 Cripple Creek CO 80813 Pitken County Land Management&Weed Control (719)689-2552 506 E Main Washington County Weed Control District Aspen CO 81611 181-Birch 923-6116 Akron CO 80720 Prowers County Extension Service 345-6625 1001 S Main,Maxwell Bldg Weld County Extension and Pest&Weed Department Lamar COlt1052 425 N 15th Avenue (719)336-7734 Greeley CO 80631 Pueblo County Extension Service 356-4000,-Ext 4465 10th&Main,County Courthouse Pueblo CO 81003 County a County Extension Service (719)i43-3500 Ext 3190 County Courthouse Wray CO 80758 Rio-Blanco County Extension Service 332-4151 PO Box 270 Meeker CO 81641 878-4093 Rio Blanco County Weed Control PO Box 579 Meeker CO 81641 878-5081 Rio G-rande&Saguache County Extension Service 610 State,PO-Box 329 Alamasa CO 81101 (719)589-2271 52 53 950281 i Glossary • Involucre — A circle ofibracts under a flower Acute — Sharp pointed. cluster. Annual—A plant which completes its life-cycle Lanceolate — Lance-shaped; several times from seed to seed in one year. Lasting one longer than wide. growing season. Linear — Narrow and_flat with parallel sides Ascending — Growing upward or up-curved. like a grass leaf blade. Auricle — Claw-like or an ear-like projection Node — The place on astem where leaves or at the base of the blade of grasses. branches normally originate. Awn —A slender,usually terminal bristle. Noxious —A plant considered to be extremely destructive or harmful toagriculture. Axil—The upper angle where a leaf or a branch joins the stem. Ovate, Ovoid — Egg-shaped with the broadest -end near the base. Axillary— Situated in an axil. Perennial — A plant living for three or more Biennial—A plant which lives in two calendar years. years. The first year is usually a vegetative form such as atosette of leaves and the second Rachis — The central elongated avis to an year the plant grows a flowering shoot, sets inflorescence or a compound leaf. seeds, and dies. Rhizome — Underground stem. Blade — The flat expanded part of a leaf. Riparian area—Is the area of land immediately Bract — A reduced or modified leaf often adjacent to a water supply such as a river, surrounding the base ofa flower. { lake or pond. Calyx — The outer-parts ofa flower composed I Rosette — A cluster of closely crowded leaves of leaf like parts called sepals. in a compact circle atground level. Clasping — A term used when the blade of Sessile — Without a stalk of any kind. a leaf reaches partly or entirely around the Sheath — Lower part of the leaf which stem. surrounds the stem. Fibrous — Composed of or resembling fibers. Spike — An inflorescence with the flower Inflorescence — The flowering part of the -sessile on an -elongated axis. Usually the plant. younger flowers are at the tip. 55 54 950284 • • Succulent — Fleshy and full of juice. Taproot — The_primary root continuing the axis of the plant downward. Terminal — At the top or the end. Winter annual — A plant where the seed germinates in the -fall and the seedling survives the winter and completes its growth in the spring of the next season. Additional brochures may be purchased from Colorado Weed-Management-Association 9755 Henderson ltd. Brighton,Colorado 80601 56 950284 Hello