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Home My WebLink About981098.tiff [ 'ARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES Weld County Administrative Offices, 1400 N. 17th Avenue, Gree,,.y, CO 80631 Phone(970) 353-6100, Ext. 3540, Fax (970) 353-6312 USE BY SPECIAL REVIEW APPLICATION Application Fee Paid ..Z2 3 1p.OG Receipt# /4 a Date B-5-9(! Recording Fee Paid Receipt# Date Application Reviewed TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT: (Please print or type, except for necessary signature) LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL REVIEW PERMIT AREA: PARCEL NUMBER: 1 4 8 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 (12 digit number-found on Tax I.D. Information or obtained at the Assessor's Office. Section 2 , T 2 N, R 61 W-Total Acreage 320 Zone District Overlay Zone Property Address (if available) None Proposed Use Composting Animal Wastes SURFACE FEE (PROPERTY OWNERS) OF AREA PROPOSED FOR THE SPECIAL REVIEW PERMIT Name: Oran K. Cunning & D. Joy Address: 12630 Holly St Cunning 303 City/State/Zip: Brighton. Co Home Telephone: 452-1649 Business Telephone - 80601 Name: Myron L, Cunning Address: 3422 Hwy 52. 970 City/State/Zip: Wigging. Co Home Telephone: 432-5521 Business Telephone - 80654 APPLICANT OR AUTHORIZED AGENT(if different than above) Name: o_ K. Farms Compost Address: 12630 Holly St City/State/Zip: Hrighton, CD 80601 Home Telephone: 303-452-1649 Business Telephone: _ DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES USE ONLY Case# Flood Plain: a Yes o No Geologic Hazard: o Yes o No I hereby state that all statements and plans submitted with the application are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Weld County Planning Dept. Signature: Owner or Authorized t AUG 51996 5 ' RECEIVED 981098 OK Farms Compost 12630 Holly St. Brighton, Colorado 80601 303-451 -9100 1 . How is this proposal consistent with the Weld County Comprehensive Plan? Composting of agricultural by-products, chicken and feedlot manure, will reduce the amounts of raw material to be disposed of in Weld county. Changing these materials to a stable soil amendment product reduces odors and greatly limits any possible risks to subsurface water sources . 2 . How does this proposal meet the intent of the zone district it is located in? The area it is located at is zoned agriculture with the nearest residential structure approximately 2 miles away. 3 . How is this use compatible with future development as stated in the Weld County Comprehensive Plan? If yes how? There is no future development planned for this area. This has been, and considering it ' s location, will always be an agriculture zoned area. 4 . What type of uses surround this site? Is this request compatible with surrounding uses? The surrounding uses are agricultural, dryland farming operations, very compatible . 5 . Is this property located within a-Flood Hazard zone, Geologic Hazard zone, or Airport Overlay zone - san does it meet these special requirements? It is not in any of these zones . 6 . What efforts have been made to conserve productive agricultural land? The site chosen is in a parcel of 320 acres of dryland farm owned by Oran, Joy, and Myron Cunning, also owners of OK Farms Compost . This parcel adjoins another parcel of 320 acres also owned by the Cunning' s . The particular area of the site is on the least productive portion of this parcel . Combining windrows after composting process has begun reduces the need for using a larger area . 981098 7 . How will public health, safety and welfare be protected? In the choosing of this particular site all of these items were taken into consideration. We chose the site based on the fact that this property is the farthest from any inhabited area that is owned by the Cunning' s . It is not near any surface water source nor is there subsurface water close enough to the surface to be endangered. 8 . What will the site be used for? Composting of Chicken and Feedlot manure received from farms/feedlots in Weld county. Yard wastes, such as grass clippings and leaves may also be composted in the future . No permanent disposal of any wastes will be done on this property. 9 . How close is this site to other residential structures? As stated in #2 approximately 2 miles . 10 . How many people will be employed at this site and what hours will they work? 1-2 people will be hauling raw materials to the site, dependant upon availability of product, and finished compost from the site . 1-2 people manage the compost windrows . At most a total of 1-5 people . Operations could be required 7 days a week, 6 : 00 AM to 7 : 00 PM due to extreme weather conditions, special shipment requirements, or emergency situations . However, it is anticipated operating hours will normally occur Monday through Saturday from 7 : 00 AM to 5 : 00 PM. 11. How many people will use this site? The site is not open to general public use . The owners and employees of OK Farms Compost only are allowed, the same numbers as identified in #10 . 12 . What type and how many animals, if any, will be on this site? None . 13 . What type and how much, if any, operating and processing equipment will be utilized on site? 1 Windrow turner, 1 Farm Tractor, 2 Tractor Trailers and possibly a compost screener. 14 . What type and how many structures will be erected(built) on this site? Presently none are planned. However a maintenance shop may be added at a future date . 981098 15 . What kind (type, size, weight) of vehicles will access this site and how often? 2 Tractor Trailers to haul raw product to site, approximately 80, 000 lbs . loaded. 1 Twin Axle Tractor to haul finished product . Employees/Owners personal vehicles . Generally no more than 15 loads per day of raw and finished products will be hauled with exceptions for weather/emergency conditions . 16 . Will this site use a septic system or public sewer facilities? Neither, restroom facilities are available at OK Farms 4 miles away. If in the future a maintenance shop is built, restroom facilities wll be available in the shop. A septic system will be installed. 17 . Are you proposing storage or stockpiles of wastes on this site? No . 18 . How often will debris, junk, or waste be disposed of? By what means? As they are received, daily if necessary. They will be transported to other property owmned by OK Farms where they will be disposed of via Grey Brothers Trash removal . 19 . How long will it take to construct this site and when will construction begin? No construction is necessary. 20 . Explain the proposed landscaping plans and erosion control measures associated with this site? Proposed planting of trees along the south side of the site, bordering Highway 52 . All of the property around the site will continue to be used as dryland farm ground. The farm practices no-till farming to reduce erosion and conserve moisture . The site was also chosen due to the minimal opportunity for erosion. 21. Explain any proposed reclamation procedures when termination of the Special Review use begins. The site will be returned to it ' s original status, dryland farm ground. 981098 22 . Explain the need for the proposed use (activity) in Weld County. The Weld County Comprehensive Plan states that Weld County is a "complete farm and food system" . The composting operation is an instrumental part of the complete system by producing a product ready for consumers and/or agriculture use after it has been processed. Spreading raw materials on agricultural land tends to increase the salt, nitrate, and metal contents in soils rapidly. Composting these materials reduces the nitrate content to a manageable level and almost eliminates the salt and metal contents . The composted materials will not only benefit the soils with it ' s nutrient value but also by providing a substance to the soil to help conserve moisture . 23 . Who will provide fire protection for this site? The compost is wet, (40% to 75% moisture) in nature and is non-flammable . Trucks entering the site will meet DOT requirements regarding fire extinguisher' s . No permanent or temporary buildings are on site at present . A 6 thousand gallon water storage tank will be on site . 24 . What or who will provide water to this site? Potable water will be brought to the site in portable containers . A well permit will be sought for any additional needs . 25 . How will storm water drainage be handled on the site? As explained in #20 the site chosen had erosion control in mind, with the no-till farming operation surrounding the site, storm water from the site will be absorbed on the property. 981098 WELD COUNTY ROAD ACCESS INFORMATION SHEET Weld County Public Works Department 933 North 11th Avenue, P.O. Box 758, Greeley, Colorado Phone: (970) 356-4000, Ext. 3750 1. Applicant Name O. K. Compost Phone 303-452-1649 Address 12610 Holly st City Brighton State Co Zip80601 2. Address or location of access Section 2 Township 2N Range 61w Subdivision - Block - Lot - Weld County Road# 1 a Side of Road N N S E or W Distance from&number of intersecting 1/4 mi E of url 91 3. Is there an existing access to the property? Yes X No #of accesses / 4. Site Sketch: 1 ri I Site. \ (1" �IIN- LL` It Jk_ Nys� 1I 11 5.Proposed use: - Permanent Residential/Agricultural Industrial Temporary _ Commercial _ Subdivision _ Other OFFICE USE ONLY Road ADT Date Accidents Date Road ADT Date Accidents Date Drainage Requirement: Culvert Size Length Other Comments: Installation authorized _ Information Insufficient Special Conditions Reviewed by: Title: 981098 15of £5 OK FARMS COMPOST Composting , Organic Fertilizer and Soil Amendment Production Facility REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATION TO THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH/ENVIRONMENT AND SPECIAL USE PERMIT TO WELD COUNTY, COLORADO SUBMITTED BY: Oran , Craig and Myron Cunning OK FARMS COMPOST 12630 Holly Street Brighton , Colorado 80601 303/451-9100 OK FARMS 3422 Highway 52 Wiggins , Colorado 80654 970/432-5521 PREPARED BY : Cal Kuska KUSKA/ASSOCIATES 8547 East Araphaoe Road , J-221 Greenwood Village , Colorado 80112 303/791-8639 981098 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS LETTER PLUS 4 ATTACH. /� O ^li/J BIOREMEDIATION "��' JJJ J V 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE..1-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELE-FAX (303)791-8639 FEBRUARY 3, 1998 FAX TO: Mr. Trevor Jiricek FAX NO. 970/356-4966 Weld County Health Department 1517 16th Avenue Court Greeley, CO 80631 RE: Certificate of Designation Application Status, 0. K. Farms Compost, Weld County, CO Dear Mr. Jiricek: We have been asked by our client to respond to you regarding the status of the control of seepage from the surface water control ponds to be constructed at this site. These structures have not been completed, as you might remember that an early fall blizzard occurred about the time the October 21, 1997 letter request was made by Stephen Laudeman with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Solid Waste Unit. It has been impossible to accomplish this work due to weather and planning constraints, but they do intend to accomplish this control and monitoring re— port work after mid—March or in early April 1998. They have, however, continued to compost the dairy manure which they have been receiving, as one of the major advantages of aerobic composting is the ability to process materials 365 days of the year. O.K. Farms has been delivering mature compost to farmers in the area, and they are continuing to use the product with highly successful results. One organic farmer just east of the compost site reported that he obtained yields of 150 bushels per acre of white corn for certified organic flour at a cost of $48.00 per acre for organic compost fertilizer. Another user north of Prospect Valley who has just purchased a farm after moving from a poultry operation near longmont told the Cunnings that farmers using chemical fertilizers have killed the soil in the area, and he expects no amount of chemical fertilizer to sustain yields for them in the future. Farmers are having to conduct their own research, and this takes time to get definitive proof of compost value. We are attaching three recent reports relating to the lack of taxpayer support for organic farming practices through the USDA, the national decline and degradation of both soil and water quality, and questions being raised by a Cornell University (New York) study regarding the EPA land disposal regulations. As soon as O.K. Farms can establish dates for the completion of the necessary water control and monitoring work, we will notify your office. truly, Y� Cal Kusk cc: Stephen Laudeman Oran Cunning Campostable Paper 981098 _ . . J�r;trek 2 mot ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH FOUNDATION = iii Y , FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT:Mark Lipson 408-426-6606 Tuesday, October 14, 1997 Bob Scowcroft 408-426-6606 BOARD OF USDA NEGLECTS ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH DIRECTORS Breakthrough Study Reveals Research Bias Tom Pavich President (Santa Cruz, Ca.) Searching for the "0-Word", a study released today by the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF), shows that the U S. Department of AEtiulture devotes less than Raoul Adamchak one-tenth of one percent of its research budeetso oceanic-fainting systems. The study found only Kathy Aman 34 research projects that specifically studied organic farming, out of 30,000 projects in USDA's Roger Blobaum Current Research Information System (CRIS)database. Bill Brammer Mel Coleman,Sr. "Organic farming can contribute significantly to the nation's food security, environmental and Woody Deryckx economic goals, but this potential is not being-recogni7t.d," according to Mark Lipson, author of Mary Jane Evans the study and a working organic vegetable grower. "USDA has been unwilling,or unable to pursue Phil Foster the type of research and development that could increase the efficiency and wider adoption of Lewis Grant organic methods." Sibella Kraus Ingrid Lundberg "Organic growers have had to rely on their own trial and error, with little or no support from Mark Mayse public research institutions," Lipson says. "These farmers successfully produce every crop with Ron Rosman" Richard Smith competitive yields; yet there are..many,specific problems.that.growers face which require research conducted in an organic setting. We know organic farming works; with research support it can ,Scowcroft work even better." According to the study, USDA spending>on':Rresearch,idevoted to organics .-zecutive Director unounts to no more than$1.5 million annuallvatut ofatota budgetofShStrillinei4riagricultural research and education. `,,.` 71� +: *ft rteit aje 3 tf`:ib a ,,:.E x ,73EtL'`ni'9`+ roF - The lack of research support-stands in stark contrast to thettecono nicatinwthsOf the organic industry. "Organic foods are a $3.5 billion marketplace in this alone, with an annual growth rate of,20%'overttheilasttseven years,",states': ►i tit6Director of the Organic Trade Association iniGreenfield,Mass "it is veryttPDOIStingihatitliereis so little research and development for organic production." -4- trwxr'f`t ti s- '-ir - Over a period of two years, OFRF analyzed USDA's research database to determine the "organic content" of the federal agricultural research portfolio, as a part of its National Organic Research Policy Analysis project (NORPA). While a handful of organic research projects were identified, they are "few and far between". 'There are some token projects," says Lipson, "but there is no deliberate commitment to pursue organic farming as a strategic objective." The failure to invest in organic research is due in part, Lipson believes, to long-standing ideological hostility towards organics within USDA and university research institutions. To break the taboo against the"O-word",the study recommends that USDA make a formal policy statement acknowledging the value of organic farming research. The study further recommends incorporating organic fanning information into all of USDA's research and education programs. "Organic farming research should not be isolated in an obscure office or hidden within a single program," says OFRF's Executive Director Bob Scowcroft. "Organic farming is a legitimate focus for every research, education and marketing division within USDA." -more- P.0 Box 440 Santa Cruz,California 95061 tel.408-426.6606 fax:408-426-6670 email: research@ofrf.org I OOY. rcc.,Ird �eawoII.ear omm n_kr 981098 7 USDA RESEARCH NEGLECTS ORGANICS,p.2 - OFRF took on the study because it had repeatedly identified the lack of formal research and education as a significant barrier to farmers who wanted to start growing organically. "The government is too slow to wait for but too big to ignore," Scowcroft states. "It's time the progressive interests in agriculture join with environmental and consumer activists to demand that USDA take organic research seriously. American farmers need research on alternative systems, and the American people want this to be a higher priority for the expenditure of their tax dollars." The USDA needs no new authority.from Congress to pursue organic farming research,=Lipson points out. 'The USDA can direct more resources to studying organic farming right now, under many different programs." The Senate Agriculture Committee recently acknowledged this in its report arrompanying its markup of SB 1150, which would renew funding authority for USDA's research and education programs. The full 84-page document Searching for the "0-Word" is available from OFRF, PO Box 440, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. A$15 donation to the foundation is requested. The study was supported by grants from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation. (650 words) Editor's Notes: The Organic Farming Research Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit foundation. Our purpose is to foster the improvement and.cwdespread adoption of organic farming practices..To achieve this goal,we've defined our mission as: to sponsor research related to organic farming,.to disseminate : research results to organic farmers and to growers interested in adopting organic production systems, and to educateahepublic:and decision-makers about organic farming issues. Since 1990.OFRF has Wardedovena$400,000 in competitive and donor-directed grants in support of sixty-nine research 3andiedutaUontprojects:anyone in North America may apply to OFRF for organic farming research and education funds.Our deadlines for submitting grant applications are January 15 and July 15, each year. Guidelines and a complete list of all OFRF funded projects are available from the OFRF office. See attached Executive Summary for additional information and recommendations. KUSKA/ ASSOCIATES 3547 E. ARAPAHOE RD. STE. J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE, CO 80112 1303)-791-8639 • Searching For the "O-Word": Analyzing the USDA Current Research Information System for Pertinence to Organic Farming by Mark Lipson The Organic Farming Research Foundation EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background U.S. sales of organic foods exceeded $3.5 billion in 1996. The organic foods sector has grown at an average rate of .20% annually for the last seven years. Over 10,000 U.S. farms are engaged in profitable, agronomically successful commercial production without reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Organic farming encompasses every region of the country and every crop grown in the U.S. Despite this positive record, the potential of organic farming remains largely ' undeveloped. Research and development support for organic farming systems is needed to fulfill the promise of highly productive, non-toxic, ecologically sound agriculture. To assess the state of organic farming research,.the Organic Farming Research Foundation initiated the National Organic Research Policy Analysis project (NORPA).During 1995 and 1.996 the NORPA project conducted a study to identify and catalogue federally supported agricultural research that. pertains specifically to the understanding and improvement of organic farming. In,addition,the study contains a brief history of organic research policy and policy recommendations to USDA. Methodology ,c The study used the.Current Research Information System (CRIS) database which contains about 30,000 summaries of research projects supported by USDA. There is not a specific `organic'classification within the CRIB system, so an indirect search strategy.was,developed. An initial screening of the CRIS database was performed using 71 keywords related to organic farming.systems. This process returned a pool of approximately 4,500 distinct project summaries. A rating scheme for evaluating 'organic-pertinence" was developed based on the research _ topic, as well as the project's experimental context. Each o1 the 4,500 projects was reviewed and rated for organic-pertinence. Aggregate FY1995 funding data for organic-pertinent projects was compiled by USDA staff and forwarded to OFRF. Results Some excellent organic research projects were found, but they were few and far between. The results of the CRIS search found only 34 projects rated as "Strong Organic", meaning that the project was explicitly focused on organic systems or methods, and described an experimental setting consistent with conditions found on working organic farms. These projects represent less than one-tenth of one percent of USDA's research portfolio, both numerically and fiscally. An additional 267 projects were rated as "Weak Organic", meaning that the research topic was compatible with organic methods, but not explicitly placed in a context of organic agriculture. The "Strong Organic" projects with FY1995 funding received a total of$1.5 million in federal funding, although even this small amount overstates the actual support of organic-pertinent activities. 981098 Organic Farming Research Foundation Searching For the•O-Word', Executive Summary . , Conclusions While some organic-pertinent research does exist, these projects mostly are unrelated to any coherent strategy or analysis of organic farmers' needs. Organic farming systems represent a vital scientific frontier in the development of environmentally sound agriculture. The growth of the organic production sector is also an important economic opportunity and an element of sustainable rural development. The national agricultural research system has failed to recognize this potential, let alone explore it seriously or help to improve the performance of organic farming systems. :This failure is contradictory in light of policy goals seeking reduced environmental risks in agriculture (e.g. The President's IPM Initiative), greater diversity in cropping patterns(e.g. `Freedom to Farm" legislation), and the incorporation of`sustainability" as a guiding policy principle. Recommendations 1. USDA should issue a basic policy statement recognizing that organic farming can play a significant role in meeting the nation's agricultural, environmental, and economic development needs. • 2. Collection and dissemination of information about organic agriculture should be a routine and expected task for all relevant USDA agencies. 3. Current efforts to improve the CRIS system should incorporate a defmition of organic-pertinence and integrate it into the reporting system. 4. Implementation of USDA national initiatives (e.g., Fund for Rural America, - National Research Initiative, Integrated Pest Management, Food Safety, etc.) should support and utilize organic farming research and education. 5. Specific research and development support should be allocated for implementation of the National Organic Program. 6. USDA should undertake a national initiative for organic farming research, including: *Assessment by all USDA research and education agencies of the potential contributions of organic farming to their Mission and Goals. *Facilitating the development of scientific goals for organic farming research, bringing together producers and scientists to construct a long-term scientific agenda. *Funding for multidisciplinary investigations emphasizing on-farm organic systems analysis, combining research and extension. * Establishing a national network of dedicated organic experiment stations, guided by local organic farmers. *** Searching for the "O-Word' (84 pgs.)is available from the Organic Fanning Research Foundation, P.O. Box 440, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. A donation of$15 is requested. OFRF is a tax-exempt, 501 c(3)charitable organization, dedicated to promoting the adoption of organic farming methnds. ii PLEASE DELIVER TO: Cal Kaska 86/11/97 The Composting Council 3.11 114 south PM Street PRESS �r C�, AS( (703)789.240Tfax comcouncll@aol.com Contact: Rebecca Roe June 11, 1996 -s For Immediate Release NEW PUBUCATION ADDRESSES LINK BETWEEN SOIL AND WATER QUALITY Alexandria, VA-"The decline and degradation of soil starts a chain reaction with profound consequences for water quality" begins the recently published Composting Council document The Soil and Water Connection: Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, this guide highlights the use of compost to effectively preserve, purify, restore and remediate the soil and water resources. Each year, erosion, runoff as welles nutrient and chemical contamination cost billions of dollars in damages to our nation's soils and thus.waterways. This document emphasizes the importance of soil quality and its resulting impact on water quality. 1 - "Understanding the link between soil quality and water quality is fundamental to public acceptance of compost and composting operations. Armed with a better understanding of the need to use organics in protecting soil and water quality, the Council is building public/private partnerships with national environmental organizations, private companies, farmers, civic groups and government officials," said Charles Cannon, Executive Vice President of the Composting Council. Designed with the watershed manager in mind, this educational tool reaches out to anyone willing to accept the challenge of using organics. As people get to know compost through hands-on projects, they willicome to understand the need for organics recovery and re-use. Using organics to protect soil and water is a first step towards a sustainable society. To obtain a copy of the Soil and Water Connection ($5 Members, $10 Nonmembers), contact the Composting Council at(703) 739-2401 or at comcouncil@aol.com . The Composting Council continues to represent a broad spectrum of the growing composting industry and to promote the role of quality composting in integrated waste management Members include composters, compost product suppliers,compost users,consumer products companies,academic institutions, consultants, public officials, nonprofit organisations and environmentalists The Council's principal objectives are to promote all types of composting, encourage the production of high quality compost that will meet the demands of a growing market define compost as a recycled material,and serve as an information clearinghouse for the industry. J 981098 'LEASE DELIVER TO: Cal Kuska 06/11/97 The Composting Council 114 South Pitt Street Ale LE5l Alexandria, VA 22614(703)739.2401 : (703)739-2407 fax comcouncileaol.com Contact: Rebecca Roe June 11. 1996 — For Immediate Release CAN 503 RULES BE USED FOR MSW COMPOST? New.Study Examines Applicability Terry Logan, Professor of Soil Chemistry at Ohio State University, recently led a team of scientists that completed a study for the C.omposting Council appling the risk assessment • methodology of EPA's 40 CFR Part 503 biosolids rules to MSW compost. An Assessment of Health and Environmental Risks of Trace Elements and Toxic Organics in Land-Appiled Municipal Solid Waste Compost is now available from the Composting Council.The study examines degradation, leaching and plant uptake values in field experiments conducted at the University of Iowa and in greenhouse studies at North Carolina State University. Results show that actual concentrations of trace elements in MSW composts tend to be lower than those in biosolids.Thus, the common practice of states applying federal biosolids rules to compost made from other organic feedstocks is justified. WATER.EN VIRONMENT FEDERATION: COMPOSTING COUNCIL MEMBER .:::OONPERENCE-iN:AUGUST • WINS PRESTIGIOUS AWARD .Tiio:Water Environment Eedent1en•• : Silver Creek Materials Chosen for jwgi✓rAriaaorijdtSdtiart' I+E:'ttleEfutrCetraliig. Governor's Award ="y taiitiht l : • } , Wp ," :=. Fort Worth.TX-Composting Council member Y palf•,( .�t Sip : Robert Dow of Silver Creek Materials has recently been awarded the 1997 Governor's ifa: : Award for Environmental Excellence in Texas. Pfi clefpEiiisiA dit;AtlgtY3t 6: The award Is part of the CLEAN TEXAS 2000 ;t atee!li'& d �+li tffiUSRWQI�G(Is ::y ••pollution prevention program Silver Creek was :.:MalSWe n1ilt f„q py 0Aelrig0:ffia•Year •--, selected by both the Texas Natural Resource 2OD1 Jis Apeciflaallvde:elOn*d:tar grpv -. Conservation Commission(TNRCC) and the ::sucEr.as�.cisii) rF:Bf.. -*- b:&: : ::.:::: : ::. Governors Blue-Ribbon Selection Committee. ' ess[otmT . water On May 29,Dow waspresented with the award conatFuotion:'prnt:'::::�: ..�..........� . :��: - .:... ..:. . t treatrnen'Cmana�ersx�7tF�inlftl� �d»::.�_»� as recognition of Silver Creek's efforts to divert processors;::egorytt xn ffFidkut" , ^•• 150 tons of organic waste from landfills per day ...:.,O,.. ........_ r through composting. 'The North Texas region is reaeacCi�sre;:pblilialh i>i......a .....ilRt' w ....,.... .. a wonderful place to live and work, and I love :: t doing my part to keep it that way,*said Dow- " i """' `'` :" 9.0 484.2400 Congratulations to Robert Dow for playing his t3..uzanne'5hut�r'nf`1KI81'%at�(. 5) rg 4x::731'3:or:eimait::sahutt wefarg•- • part to promote organics recovery in the U.S. The Composting Council continues to represent a broad spectrum of the growing composting industry and to promote the role of quality composting in integrated waste management Members include conrposters, compost product suppliers, compost users,consumer products companies, academic institutions, consultants, public officials, nonprofit organizations and environmentalists. The Council's principal objectives are to promote all types of composting,encourage the production of high quality compost that will meet the demands of a growing market, define compost as a recycled material,and serve as an information clearinghouse for the industry. _ .a . i .u., fir: _1. 5 O o c O y C .0 C ^C V O c = E s.. .E L) av N m N ro 'K .E ro boob ou 'E ^`0 .... O .C b O N ... IA ,y O c. E W x00300 -o "-' Ea,wz' 3 •-' �, - a..00 01:' oa01Eo - oi Ct Z 5 o w 3 ro c ., u b u w 'T) 'a a CS a ≥ � c '� roo = g -84C. wi o ro � v m a0 1- o w ro v `3 N y 4. c 0' ° 7 .a o 3 ('. ° CIL >cidE 4) 0 "'L A a c a o 3 T O N O� Oro Oro 2 T m .UC .0 -.E �/ • U N C ' N u F ro Q ro Mil • = o ° Aal 0o � 0 Ego C N o 0 ortl N O i.0 s O C r ,-Ct oacE 3t ° c ° ro g a) “ � cRcciE ' ti "" " t° 0 6.m fry) •� '�" '0 ro s v a ') ti i .C 0 E .. l 3 v C, 4.C. o 5: 0 v oN o aki -s t cid z 03 o• to o ❑ a ea o .. 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L1a T Ln O O U �' .. 0 IS G 0C W C E p �fy � m.� of ET � a, Q .c' Q o y > c O 6. 0 W t � � C ' H0 ' 981098 a STATE OF COLORADO Roy Romer,Governor OF.t:o Patti Shwayder, Executive Director Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION *«�G��; http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/ •1876 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 222 S.6th Street,Room 232 Denver,Colorado 80246-1530 Grand Junction,Colorado 81 501-2 768 Colorado Department Phone(303)692-3300 Phone(303)248-7164 of Public Health Fax(303)759-5355 Fax(303)248-7198 and Environment October 21, 1997 Mr. Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates 8547 East Arapahoe Road, Suite J-221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 RE: Certificate of Designation Application Addendum #3 O. K. Farms Compost Weld County, Colorado Dear Mr. Kuska: The Solid Waste Unit has received and reviewed Addendum #3 to the Certificate of Designation Application for the O. K. Farms Certificate of Designation Application. This information was included with your letter of September 12, 1997, and included information on surface water drainage for the facility and other operational issues. Based on a review of the information provided in the recent addendum, we have found that our earlier concerns regarding the surface water control plan have been largely addressed. The only outstanding issue has to do with control of seepage from the surface water control ponds should water with elevated contaminant levels accumulate in the ponds. We are aware that ground water at the site is relatively deep, and that significant amounts of water will not likely accumulate in the ponds. Despite these conditions, we feel it would be appropriate to compact the base of each pond. We will not prescribe a permeability specification or particular construction methods, but we will require that an undisturbed soil sample from the base of each pond be submitted to a soils laboratory for permeability determination, and that the test results be provided to us and the County for review. We appreciate the flexibility of O. K. Farms and Kuska/Associates in addressing our many concerns regarding the operation and monitoring of this facility. After receipt of a written response to our above concerns regarding the surface water ponds, we anticipate issuing our final recommendation for approval to Weld County. 981098 Mr. Cal Kuska October 21, 1997 Page 2 If you have any questions regarding this matter or need any further clarification, please contact me at (303) 692-3462. Sincerel Steph Lau man, P.E. Geologi al Engineer Solid Waste Unit Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division cc: O. K. Farms, 12630 Holly Street, Brighton, Colorado 80601 Trevor Jiricek, Weld County Health Department File: SW/WLD/OKF/2 981098 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS BIOREMEDIATION September 12, 1997 8547E ARAPAHOE RD.STE 7221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELE-FAX (303)791-8639 Stephen Laudeman P.E. Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80222-1530 Dear Steve: We are enclosing information, Addendum #3, for the Certificate of Designa- tion requirements for the OK FARMS COMPOST facility located in Section 2, Town- ship 1 North, Range 61 West, Weld County, Colorado. The items are as follows: 1. Compost Facility Drainage. We are attaching the drainage plan for the operation as prepared by Lee Cunning and Tom Gibbens to satisfy the requirements of Section 2.1.6 of the Colorado Solid Waste Regulations. They have provided the 25 year and 100 year information for the site, as well as their design and calcula- tions. 2. Nuisance Control. We are enclosing a copy of a letter sent the Weld County Department of Health by the owner/operator of OK FARMS COMPOST, Oran Cunning, on May 23, 1997 outlining their procedures for controlling flies which have been the only reported nuisance. A copy of a letter by John Pickle, Weld County Health Offi- cer, is also attached, as it was sent you and others, dated July 26, 1997. Accord- ing to Mr. Pickle's letter to Kuska/Associates on September 8, 1997, there have been no recent fly complaints. The OK FARM COMPOST operators have been following their proposed fly spray and windrow turning plan. 3. Compost Materials Sources. OK FARMS COMPOST has arranged to bring to their site dairy manure from two Wiggins area dairies at the rate of 75 to 80 tons per day. They also will bring to the site chicken litter from the egg farm in Hudson at the rate of 20 to 25 tons per day. They have been land applying chicken litter onto their farm land for the past several months, and they will continue to practice this with the balance of the litter. There are no plans to accept any additional mater- ials at this location. They are maintaining records of the materials received and monitoring the process to achieve the maturity necessary for the end usage. 4. On-Site Sanitary Facilities. OK FARMS COMPOST would like to appeal the ver- bal request during the site visit by Trevor Jiracek and yourself to lease a portable toilet for this location. Unlike seasonal field harvesting of vegetables, the opera- tion of this compost operation is year around and the owners are the only employees at the site. One of the owners, Myron Cunning, lives within a mile and one-half, so they will all find it more comfortable year around, and they will be able to use wash water without it being frozen. If additional questions arise after reviewing this en m, leall me. Composlable Paper CAL KUSKA 981098 - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 05/27/1997 08:54 3034521649 0 K FARMS PAGE 01 Post-it°Fax Note 7671 C41°35/27/97 t$ t 1 To Cal Kuska From Oran Cunning co'/Den Kuska/Assoc. D°- O.K.Fazms Compost Phones 303-791-8639 Mona303-452-1649 Fax x 303-791-6639 Fa," 303-452-1649 (call May 23, 1997 first) Mr. Trevor Jiricek Environmental Protection Services Weld Co. Department of Health 1517 16th Ave Court Greeley, Co 80631 Dear Mr. Jiricek: In response to your letter of May 15, 1997, we are submitting our revised plan of fly control. As we discussed with you on your May 8, 1997 visit to the site, that placing the raw chicken litter in windrows and turning, was not composting satisfactorily and not controlling flies effectively. We discussed with you at that time our plan for controlling flies which was to blend the incoming chicken litter and feedlot and dairy manure and straw as a bulking agent into a static windrow to accelerate the composting process. After this maxture has been placed in static windrows for a period of time and composting of materials has reached a point that is not conducive to fly reproduction, the materials will be placed in smaller windrows to complete composting. The windrows on the north have been turned and we have not seen any evidence of flies being produced in these windrows. We are in the process of combining these and adding bulking agents to finish the composting of this material. We will continue to spray on a regular basis to keep flies under control. We will be using Diabrome and Insectrin for the spray, Yourp truly, or n K. Cunr O. K. Farms Compost cc: Cal Kuska 981099 Oren Cunning O.K. Compost Health Officers Hearing (10,7*- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 1517 16TH AVENUE COURT GREELEY, CO 80631 IADMINISTRATION (970) 353-0586 • HEALTH PROTECTION (970) 353-0635 COMMUNITY HEALTH (970) 353-0639 COLORADO FAX (970) 356-4966 July 26, 1997 M Oren Cunning O.K. Compost 12630 Holly Street Brighton, Colorado 80601 Re: Health Officer Hearing Dear Mr. Cunning: The purpose of this letter is to summarize the Health Officer hearing which was held on Friday, July 25, 1997. As you know, this hearing was held to discuss the nuisance conditions recently observed at your facility, O.K. Compost, located near the intersection of WCR 93 and Colorado Highway 52. As you acknowledged in this hearing, due to a break-down of equipment (both a loader and spraying equipment) the site had deteriorated to a nuisance condition. The condition was due to the number of flies originating from the facility. As a result, during this hearing you made several commitments to control flies in the future. They are as follows: 1) Spraying the facility with an approved insecticide will occur no less than weekly and will occur on an "as needed basis". You have indicated that adequate turning of the windrows would eliminate the necessity to continue spraying. 2) You will continue to turn the windrows at a frequency to break the fly breeding cycle (a minimum of every 10 days). You have indicated that ideally you will turn the windrows every 3-5 days, depending upon the maturation of the compost. 3) < You will notify Trevor Jiricek at (970) 353-0635, extension 2232, in the event you have equipment failure or other conditions which may 981098 44(rt .Ili I C. COLORADO September 8, 1997 Kuska/Associates 8547 E. Arapahoe Road, STE. J221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 Mr. Kuska: I am in receipt of your fax of September 5, 1997. I assume from the substance of the memo, that you are requesting an extension of the September 1 deadline set at the Hearing on July 25, 1997. That hearing, as you recall, dealt with the complaints received by our Department regarding OK Farms Composting. Please refer to my letter of July 26, 1997, specifically item#4, which states: "All outstanding technical issues will be resolved with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment concerning your Certificate of Designation by September 1, 1997." Our intention was that the County be able to proceed expeditiously with consideration of your application for a Use by Special Review Permit. Given the difficulties you mentioned in your September 5th memo, and the fact that we have received no additional complaints since our Hearing, I am willing to extend the deadline to September 15, 1997. Should issues arise which would make meeting this deadline difficult, it is your responsibility to set up a meeting with myself,Trevor Jiricek, and Mr. Cunning prior to that deadline to discuss any further extension's of time. The objective here is that OK Farms Composting,timely apply for,obtain and operate in compliance with, the design and maintenance standards established in that permit. I appreciate the difficulties you have incurred in submitting your application and data to the state, but it is important that you communicate directly with this office, as your application is no longer just a matter for the state, but is also a condition of our July 25th Hearing. Further, it is also important to note that in the final analysis, it is the Weld County Board of Commissioners that will issue, or not issue, the appropriate Permit, based partially upon comment from staff. It is in your client's best interest that you work closely with our office. 981098 In closing, if I can be of any service in expediting this matter with the state, please feel free to contact me. Sincerel S. ick e, RS,,�H Director XC: Oren Cunning, Owner Steve Laudeman, CDPHE Lee Morison, Asst. Co. Atty Monica Mika Daniels, Planning & Zoning 981098 C a O ..C a •r1 44 ., N ro ro a a - a F. •C 0 a O 0 ro F] xwr1 E O C U a) 't7 Q ro 0m•. I 'o Oct JJ r0 0 ror ia ai 0 _I a) .O o E ap 4- O w 0 a) CO • ,``, t, a) 4-) F. .O 0 T H .ri W •rl T 'o W4, T > `CI 'in U N W co O CD 1.1 'd W .l' •o 0 .d LO 0 coCO CD a ( � IV 4-) v CO f, 0 r-a fq O 'rn z r1 C 0 u O Et W C �I o E � ° a C E > > •.U >,mma' o � M ro 4) a) U f, a. Q m \o °C°.� x w a U v) . v (� a rn CO ° .H fa. 0 a) a f, r-I 0 3 x c S I a a E u oaa 44 co n X W >.P, (d 4 44 Li: °o. 0' W� OP W O -H C) a ri \ N C O ro F N ro+ E o N F, U CC C C •r>i 4-I ~ U a) w a) E o .C a a) C)) LH C � 0 {-I En 4-3 a ,0 E ouaal a 04 " ro cll 0 U 3a airi 3 . 4 ) - to O a) ,--16 vH) a) o O o0 3 E x 0E C C .E 0 3 a u Q) P 0 O ° O C r-I E re N •� a) x C cn TO k+ '-1 ;-1 •H o C0P4 ° 00 a 3 •i 1.4 m cn P., C..) mW •CI � w •Ui o � N - Xr• -1 4i >, N W y.., >. ^ o co ova) o0 0 U •• C a C • CO yN U O, O U a w I I-, 3 C a cis E 0 'o H -w) ro a 3 .ral 0 0 oo X OFD o' a) > C a [J2. a 4 W cn 3 N C Fa. U 3 an < rn O � g ct zw w 981098 TO: Cal Kuska FROM: Tom Gibbens SUBJECT: Compost Facility Surface Drainage DATE: September 10, 1997 Mr. Kuska, After speaking with you and working with Lee Cunning, the following Surface Drainage Plan is submitted for O.K. Farms Compost site: The difference between the 100-year 24-hour event and the 25-year 24-hour event was such a small amount(3.8" versus 3.0" respectively) it is recommended that rather than retaining the 25-year 24- hour event and designing a release for the 100-year 24-hour event, O.K. Farms Compost retain the entire 100-year 24-hour event. The Site is located on a small ridge which run Southeast (SE)to Northwest (NW) dividing the area into two separate drainage areas. The NW drainage is 45 acres and the SE drainage is 35 acres. There is insignificant if any run-on flow and the retention ponds would hold any run-off between Highway 52 and the compost site. Two retention ponds have been sized (see attached calculation materials)to retain the 100-year 24- hour event with collection ditches located on the West, North, and East boundaries to divert run-off to these ponds. The pond for the SW drainage area is located on the NW corner of the site and will retain 8.25 acre-feet with one foot of freeboard. The pond for the NE drainage area is located on the NE corner of the site and will retain 10.25 acre-feet with one foot of freeboard. The north drainage collection ditch should have a capacity of 32 cubic feet per second (cfs) near the northeast retention pond;the east drainage collection ditch should have a capacity of 61 cfs near the northeast retention pond and 69 cfs will flow directly into the northeast retention pond. The west drainage collection ditch should have a capacity of 130 cfs near the southwest detention pond. Calculations, tables, figures and site plans used to develop the surface water control plan are enclosed. Procedures for Determining Peak Flows in Colorado and Technical Release 55; Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds were the main sources of reference. If you have any questions or need additional information please call me at 970-667-7678 or Lee Cunning at 970-226-5220. far Tom Gibbens enclosures; 981098 Project: ok FG(rns (o 'po3t Project No. By: _ O r, (.2 ; n h P t Checked: Date: 9/O /� Sheet 1 of b /. R(� r� un On Sur 7 4 c e riot." F „ro ,-j� S;k�'. ' aA , t�, ere. ; S rp Sur cc, Ce. run - on ie / hfe. Sr9e due H S e LP 3 /J cc, /e c/ Oh F Sn c !/ rhJje, rorn ;nq Si to /VW, r S t)r , 4 )6 pad if I rj r,. J NE bre,; , 43 lS 10p (rl cncres) 132O gun , cor trap ' 3. 8 ,o S/0 S O/rja : nije 5/O e. .)) ( 35- gores 1650" Rah 30s 3os atop => I. S 1ofte Y/owr ' /'rocs? Vice.J (Or n ; , j C'Pea r /oWS In color no//o ( F ir` 5 - 7) a,op _' 8 For }no y ,„ - ! / Ap ; Q) S r. 7.0 - jor 2S yenr - 2yAr /arc <,1) r F i ro„ 981098 Project: ° k FarH, S (o.4",off Project No. By: 7r", -1 . 6 2, Checked: Date: 7/./0/9 Sheet 2 of n So ' / l yfoS , t' /`' , HE MRCS. NE 2 sr acres o n0 Gcce. J; ?Le ( 1c c f :f 4S Ca 1.4 / •£ tit n 't . S W 5 .5 gcre.S o P 80 gcre. S : e is s .r : /; ems US /✓ c r��b �C 5 in �eo A- Flows ; n Co loco o% A0Jen � S S0 ; / 6rou, ; s G Cs-oz of3iZoPS:/tj Cony Ts So , / Grote IS Y> ( -5o/% of 31%uor S:/e ) W l .ls So; / oro (P ; S C ( ioa%ooI65go /sie) Us;n5 Tot/e, 2-p SS 26 0f TR /oF; c,/ C�rve Nom4ec /J for fro /0W � Are So ,' l . NT ,Ur^;.. a Je . SO; / Gr0 vet "dr U6 CA J2n SO4 Gro ✓p C = 9/ CA/ 2 I % G U52 (W .= 9O Ski 6in,'n n Je % s /O0 % te a; / 6,0,p C - - - tare use CA1 = Curve 9 / �..� C /. -; Ti r )f 3. (i � i- H we C „,o > 7. 73 {'�, 3, _ 1 . r? . /✓ � Qzs � a r,. .- v - � �. C7 , i , Project: )f( / t,'rrv'.5 .---'0^ r1 < ' Project No. A ° s Checked: . ' L7. Dote: °/5 Sheet 3 of O 3 , ,-).. 1r. , - � Q, / , O /: .�/GwS IJJ C' J b , I -. r. . " lr:• f(, toO'er. 2.rM , YI .a. • .- . . f ,1' 1 ; ( 1-c.. . `.,) t''),- n , n // /:, 5,0 = O . / e i,rs i nip Dro � � , a � ) ? 2o = o, r � , S r� - ` h v rn O ''Li/ 1, ,r -, _ ' _�, , v 7 cL C 6Nn � //F 6ra: , _ _ ^ 70 4 or / /./ r. „ ,-, ne f, 0 c ; 7 Jr-,.,. . . _ . 981098 J Project: O / Fcrr"C3 Co>rpos / Project No. By: /o,77 G, 6 62.n S Checked: ;.) [ Date: 7/0Sheet '17 of 3 . I i - p %r; n c r o 5 .:sir n: , -, ,--/ cZp ;oo �pr /h — ( / 8Z ) _ 3 ? i s ,/` J , F ,cf r I Thy- c 18j , , • 981098 .1 Project: C/c Fe.rmS Cow/ooS //:- Project No. By: �/9 Checked: Date: //Er" 6 / 7 Sheet of O I11 fi i / e Re hell;op-, Vol v e Cc /cc, 1c. 1 o � : O/00 TDr J .k/ Dr oil r c j e p,o, = 2 , $3 Area 3c .1 < re $ 2`$3 (3Socces, _ cg'. 25 ac re _ {� 12 /If re ?lc v ref', Vol/ eb r /T. IJ / Or JP .. Y Q,00 fbr NL= /re' ; c J e- 2. 7-3 015— Cr, ;) _ . 4cre - f101- )2 71/ refs- �;a„ 025" 16r S / Dr C7. , . . 3 2, O ( 3S Gcr s _ j CC/ gcre )- O2r iDr Nt t/rr, , LIZ I / H 981098 ..... 100 ....�....o • 99 0 o • 98 ... • ........ c m E 97 a 96 ... 95 —� 55. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Area in Square Miles Figure S-2 RATIOS FOR AREAL ADJUSTMENT OF POINT RAINFALL-24 HOUR NOTE : SC S Criteria requires no areal adjustment for drainage areas less than 10.0 sq. mi. 21 981098 1 Table S-2 SOIL SERIES NAMES AND HYDROLOGIC CLASSIFICATION FOR COLORADO SOILS March 1980 SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP Aaberg D Bassel B Brinkert C Absarokee C Batterson D Broadmoor C Absted D Bayard B Bross B Acacio B Bead C Brussett B Acasco D Becks C Bucklon D Acree C Beckton C Buena Vista B Adel B Beenom D Buffmeyer B Adena 3Ccrte PC C Begay B Buford D Adilis B Belmear C Buick C Agneston B Benteen C Bulkley C Agua Fria C Big Blue D Budnyman C Alamosa C Bijou B Bushman (T) A Albinas B Bijou, mod. deep B Bushvalley D Alda C Billings C Cabin B Aliens Park C Billings, GR C Cadoma D Almont D Substrata Cahona B Almy Variant C Billings, Shale C Calkins C Altvan B Substrata Campo C Alvarado B Binco D Campus B Andreeson C Blackman C Canyon D Animas C Blackwell D Capulin B Ansel B Blakabin C Carbol D Anselmo B Blakeland A Carlstrom C Antero C Blanyon C Carnero C Antrobus B Blendon B Carracas D Anvik B Blevinton B Caruso C Apache D Bloom D Cascajo A Apishapa C Bluerim B Castelleia B Arena D Bobtail C Cathedral D Arle C Boettcher C Cebolia C Arvada D Bogan C Cebone C Ascalon B Bonaccord D Cerro C Ashcroft B Bosler B Chaffee C Atencio B Bostwick B Chapin C Avalon B Bottle C Chappell B Avar D Bowdish C Charlos B Ayon B Bowen B Chaseville A Azeltine B Boyle D Chedsey C Baca C Breece B Cheeseman B Badito C Bresser B Cheyenne B Bailer D Bresser, GR B Chilton B Bangston A Substrata Chipeta D Bankard A Variant Chris C Barcus A Bridgeport B Christianburg D Barishman C Briggsdale C Chubbs C 29 981098 fli: Table S-2 (continued) March 1980 SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP Cimarron C Doak B Fulcher C Clayburn B Dobrow D Gapo D Clergern, B Doct C Garber B Cliffdown B Dollard C Garita B Cliffhouse C Dominguez C Garo D Coalmont C Dominson A Garrett B Cochetopa C Driggs B Gas Creek D Colby Sin •e sNi B Duffson B Gateview B Collbran C Dunday A Gateway C Collegiate D Dunton C Gaynor C Colombo B Dunul A Gelkie B Colona C Dwyer A Genola B Colorow B Eachuston D Gerrard C Columbine A Eastonville B Gibbler C Comodore D Eckley B Gilcrest B Coni D Edgewater D Girardot D Coors (T) C Edloe B Gladel D Copperdale (T) B Elbeth B Glenberg B Corlett A Ellicott A Glendive B Corta D Els C Glenton B Costilla A Elsmere C Goemmer C Cotopaxi A Embargo C Gold Creek D Cowdrey C Emerald B Goldvale C Crespin C Empedrado B Goshen B Crestvale C Endlich C Gothic C Critchell B Englewood C Gove B Crowfoot B Epping D Grafen C Cruckton B Ethelman B Granath B Cumbres C Etoe B Granile B Curabith A Evanston B Grantsdale B Curecanti B Eyre D Graypoint B Cushman C Falcon D Green River C Dacono C Falfa C Greenough B Dahlquist B Farisita D Grenadier B Dailey A Farnuf B Grimstone B Dalhart B Fern Cliff B Gunbarrel B Darling B Flatirons (T) C Hogga D Dateman B Fleer D Handran B Dawes C Fluetsch B Hapney C Deacon a Fola B Harbord B Deertrail C Fondis C Hargreave B Delson C Forelle B Harlan B Denver C Fort Collins B Harsha B Derrick B Foxcreek D Harvey B Detra B Frisco B Haverly C Dewville B - Fruita B Haverson B Dinnen B Fruitland B Havre B Dix A Fughes C Hawksell B 30 981098 Table S-2 (continued) March 1980 SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP Haxtun B Kofami (T) B Mack B Hayford C Kubler C Manburn D Heath C Kuma B Manhattan B Heflin B Kutch C Manter B Heide C Kutler C Manvel B Herzman (T) D Laird B Manzanola C Hesperus B LaJara D Matcher B Hierro B Lake Creek C Mayflower C Hinman C Lamanga C Mayoworth C Hiwan (T) D Lamo C McClave C Holderness C Lamphier B McCook B Homelake C Laney B McGinty B Hooper D Laporte D McIntyre B Hopkins B Larand B Medano D Hossick B Larim B Meeteetse C Hunchback D Larimer B Mendenhall D Hyannis B Larkson C Menoken B Ildefonso B Las C Meredith B Iles C Las Animas D Mergel B Iliff C Lasauses D Mesa B Inavale A Lazear D Midway D Irigul D Leadville B Mine B Irim C Leal B Minnequa B Jarre a Leaps C Miracle B Jenkins C Leavitt B Mirror B Jerry C Lebsack C Mishak C Jodero B Legault (T) D Mitchell B Judy C Leighcan B Moen C Juget D Leyden (T) C Mogote C Julesburg B Limber B Molas D Kassler A Limon C Monte B Kather C Lincoln A Montez B Kebler B Lininger C Mord C Kech D Lismas D Morop C Keeldar B Litle C Morset B Keith B Littlebear B Morval B Keota C Loma C Mosca B Kettle B Lonetree A Mosher D Keyner C Longmont C Mount Home B Kezar B Loup D Moyerson D Kildor C Louviers D Muggins C Kim B Loveland C Mulstay C Kippen A Lucky B Mysten A Kirtley C Luhon B Nathrop B Kittredge B Lulude B Naturita B Klondike D Lunch D Navajo C Koen D Lymanson C Naz B Kornman B Macfarlane B Nederland B 31 991099 1 3 Table S-2 (continued) March 1980 y SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL s SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP T Neesopah B Pescar C Redrob B f Neiman C Peyton B Redthayne B J Nelson B Piceance B Redtom B Nepesta B Pictou B Redvale C 1 Neville B Pierian B Renohill C J Newcomb A Piltz C Resort (T) D Newfork D Pinata C Rhone B 1 Newlin B Pinelli C Richfield C Nihill B Pinkham B Ricot C Niwot C Platner C Rizozo D Nikhu C Platoro B Rocky Ford B INorka B Platte C Rogert D Norriston A Pleasant C Rooney (T) D Norte A Plome B Rosane D I Northwater B Poncha A Rosebud B Nortonville C Potter D Roubideau C Nucla B Potts B Roxal D Numa B Poudre C Ruby B Nunn C Powderhorn C Rule B Nutras C Primen (T) D Ryan Park B Nystrom D Pring B Saguache A Olney B Progresso C Sambrito B Orchard B Promontory C Sampson B Ordway C Ptarmigan C Samsil D 1 Orsa A Pulpit C San Arcacio B Osgood A Pultney C San Isabel A Otero B Purner D San Luis B Ouray B Quackenbush B Sanford B Owen Creek C Quamon B Sapinero B Pagoda C Quander B Saraton C Pagosa C Rabbitex B Satanta B 1 Palma B Radersburg C Sawatch D -. Palmer Canyon B Rago C Sawcreek B Pando B Raleigh (T) D Schamber A - Paoli B Rance C Schofield C I Parachute B Randman D Scholle B Parkview B Rarick C Schrader C Parlin C Ratake D Scott C Passar C Ravola B Scout B Pastorius B Rawah C Seitz C Peeler B Razor C Sharps C Peetz A Razorba B Shavano B . Pendergrass D Redcloud B Shawa B Peninsula C Redcreek C Shingle D Penrose D Redfeather D Shrine B Percetopn B Redlands B Shule C Perrypark B Rednun C Siebert A Persayo D Redridge B Silas B 32 981098 Table S-2 (continued) March 1980 SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SOIL SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP SERIES GROUP Sili C Tomichi A Walden D Silvercliff B Tongue River C Walknolls D Singerton B Torsido C Wann C Sixmile C Trag B Waybe D Skyway B Travelers D Weber B Sneffels C Travessilla D Weld 7' '" ') C Space City A Treon D Wellsville B Spicerton D Tridell B Westcreek B Sphinx (T) D Tripp B Westplain C Sprucedale (T) D Trout Creek C Wetmore D Standley (T) C Troutdale B Wetterhorn C St. Elmo A Troutville B Wheatridge B l Stapleton B Truckton B Wichup D Stecum B Trump D Wigton A Stoneham B Tullock B Wiley B Stroupe C Turret B Witt B ; Stumpp D Tyrone C Wix B Stunner B Uffens B Woodhall C , Sudduth C Uinta B Work C Sundance B Ula B Wormser C Sunshine C Ulm C Yampa C Supervisor C Ulysses B Yochum C Tabernash B Unaweep B Yoder B Table Mountain B Uncompahgre D Youga B Tamp B Upson B Youman C i Tanna C Uracca B Youngston B i Tarryall C Utaline B Yovimpa D Tassel D Ute D Zinzer B Tealson D Vale B Zoltay C Tellman B Valent A Tellura C Valentine A Teoculli B Valmont C Terry B Valto D Tex B Vamer D Thedalund C Vandamore C Thiel B Vasquez C Thoroughfare B Vastine C Thornburgh B Veatch C Tiagos B Vebar B Tigiwon B Veldcamp (T) C Tilton B Venable D Tine A Verde C Tinytown B Vernal B Tisworth C Villa Grove B Tivoli A Vona B Tolman D Vulcan C Tolvar B Wages B Tomah B Wahatoya C NOTE: (T) indicates a tentative classification. 33 981098 r .. Table 2-2b.—Runoff curve numbers for cultivated agricultural lands' Curve numbers for Cover description hydrologic soil group— Hydrologic Cover type Treatment? condition? A B C D (e/ 1 LA--/01/40/crc. Fallow Bare soil — 77 86 91 . 94 Crop residue cover(CR) Poor 76 85 90 93 Good 74 83 88 90 Row crops Straight row(SR) Poor 72 81 88 91 Good 67 78 85 89 SR + CR Poor 71 80 87 90 Good 64 75 82 85 Contoured(C) Poor 70 79 84 88 Good 65 75 82 86 C + CR Poor 69 78 83 87 Good 64 74 81 85 Contoured & terraced(C&T) Poor 66 74 80 82 Good 62 71 78 81 C&T + CR Poor 65 73 79 81 Good 61 70 77 • 80 Small grain SR Poor 65 76 84 88 Good 63 75 83 87 •: ' SR + CR Poor 64 75 , 83 86 Good 60 72 80 84 C Poor 63 74 82 85 Good 61 73 81 84 C + CR Poor 62 73 81 84 Good 60 72 80 83 C&T Poor 61 72 79 82 Good 59 70 78 81 C&T + CR Poor 60 71 78 81 Good 58 69 77 80 Close-seeded SR Poor • 66 77 85 89 or broadcast Good 58 72 81 85 legumes or C Poor 64 75 83 85 rotation Good 55 69 78 83 meadow C&T - Poor 63 73 80 83 Good 51 67 76 80. 'Average runoff condition,and I., = 0.28. •Clop resider rum-applies only if residue is on at least 5'4 of the surface throughout the year.. "Hydrologic-condition is bused on combination of factors that affect infiltration and runoff.including(a)density and canopy of vegetative aras.(b)amount of rear-round cover.(c)amount of grass or close-seeded legumes in rotations,(d)percent of residue cover on the land sur- face(good ) 2tY4). a nd(e)degree of surface roughness. Pow: Factor::impair infiltration and tend to increase runoff. Good: Factors encourage average and better than average influatiun and tend to decrease runoff. 2-6 (210-VI-TR-55, Second Ed., June 1986) - 981098 CURVE 90 RUNOFF FOR INCHES OF RAINFALL Tenths 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Inches 0 0.01 0.02 0.06 0 . 1 ) 0. 14 C.20 0.26 1 0.32 C.39 0.46 0. 53 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.93 1.01 2 1.09 1. 18 1. 27 1. 35 1.44 1.53 1 .62 1.71 1 .80 1. 89 asuss3.78 5 3.88 3.97 4.07 4. 17 4.26 4. 36 4.46 4.56 4.65 4.75 6 4.85 4.94 5.04 5. 14 5.24 5. 33 5 .43 5.53 5.63 5.73 7 5.82 5.92 6.02 6. 12 6.22 6. 31 6 .41 6.51 6.61 6. 71 8 6.81 6.91 7. 00 7. 10 7. 30 7 .40 7.5C 7.60 7.6S 9 7.79 7.89 7.99 8. 09 8. 19 6. 29 MI ® 8.58 8.68 10 9.67 it �® 10.17 1C. 27 �� 1C.57 10.66 12 10.76 1C. 86 10.96 11. 06 11.16 11. 26 11 .36 11 .46 11.56 11.66 13 11 .76 11.86 11. 96 12.05 12 . 15 12. 25 12.35 12.45 12.55 12.65 14 013.45 ® 13.65 15 13.75 13.85 13. 94 14.04 14. 14 14. 24 14.34 ® 14.64 16 14.74 14. 84 14. 94 15.04 15. 14 15. 24 15 .34 15.44 15.54 15.64 17 15.74 15.84 15. 94 16.04 16. 23 16.33 16.43 16 .53 16.63 18 16.73 16. 83 16.93 17.03 17. 23 17 .33 17 .43 17.53 17.63 19 17.73 17.83 17. 93 18. 03 18. 13 18. 23 18 .33 18.43 18.53 18.63 20 18.73 18. 83 18.93 19.03 19. 13 19. 23 19 .33 19.43 19.52 19.62 (P-0.25)2 _ NOTE: Runoff value determined by equation Q — P+ 0.8 S REFERENCE: National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, HYDROLOGY 70 981098 CURVE RUNOFF FOR INCHES OF RAINFALL 91 Tenths Inches 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 0. 00 G.01 0.03 0. 07 0.12 0. 17 C.23 0. 29 1 0.36 C.43 0. 50 0. 58 0.66 0. 74 0.82 0.91 C.99 1.08 2 1 .16 1.25 1. 34 1. 43 1 .52 1.61 1 .70 1.79 1 .89 1.98 Qzc p, 0 3 2.07 2. 16 2. 26 2. 35 2.45 2. 54 2 .64 2.73 2.83 2.92 4 3.02 3. 11 3. 21 3. 31 3.40 3. 50 3.59 3.69 3.79 3. 85 5 ' 3.98 4.08 4. 18 4. 27 4.37 4. 47 4.57 4.66 4.76 4. 86 • 6 4.96 5.06 5. 15 5. 25 5.35 5.45 5 .55 5.64 5 .74 5. 84 7 5.94 6.04 6. 14 6. 23 6.33 6.43 6.53 6.63 6.73 6.83 8 6.92 7.02 7. 12 7. 22 7.32 7.42 7.52 7.62 7.72 7.81 9 7.91 8.01 8. 11 8.21 8.31 8.41 8 .51 8.61 8.71 8.8C 10 8.90 9.00 9. 10 9.20 9.30 9.40 9 .50 9.6G 9.70 9.8C 11 9.90 1C.00 10.09 10. 19 10.29 16. 39 10.49 10.59 1C.69 10.79 12 10.89 10.99 11. 09 11. 19 11 .29 11. 39 11 .49 11.59 11.69 11.78 13 11 .88 11.98 12.08 12. 18 12.28 12. 38 12 .48 12. 58 12.68 12.78 14 12 .88 12.98 13. 09 13. 18 13 .29 13. 39 13.48 13.58 13.68 13.78 15 13.88 13.97 14. 07 14. 17 14.27 14. 37 14.47 14.57 14 .67 14. 77 16 14. 87 14.97 15.07 15. 17 15.27 15. 37 15.47 15.57 15.67 15.77 17 15.87 15.97 16. 07 16. 17 16.27 16. 37 16 .47 16.57 16 .67 16.77 18 16.87 16.96 17. 06 17. 16 17.26 17.36 17.4[, 17.56 17.66 17. 76 19 17.86 17.96 18. 06 18. 16 18.26 18. 36 18 .46 18.56 18 .66 18. 76 20 18.86 18.96 19. 06 19. 16 19.26 19. 36 19.46 19. 56 19 .66 19.76 NOTE: Runoff value determined by equation Q - (P-0.2 S)2 P+ 0.8 S REFERENCE: National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, HYDROLOGY 71 981098 e 40,000 — _ 10.0 — 8.0 - .,..� 30,000 — — 6.0 - — 20 20,000 _ 4.0 - - 3.0 30 - - SI/ — 2.0 — _ 40 10,000 12 — SO -- NE 1.0 0 . ___ 8,000 __ = 8 2 60 •) l 2 6,000 - 6 .. — 80 �L,, 2 - j v '4 100 4. 4,000 1 W 4. W - 2 _ x 2 2 3,000 — �r5 •2 Q W __� O.1$ — 200 W ts r,. W 2 W 2,000 —' tie — . 1 V - 1 410sw V p li ^ JI — 300 2 1320NE 2 .05 - — 400 O 4. la 1,000 — W / 600 800 — . '— Iv i600 — — 800 500 — —1,000 .01 - ] 400 — 300 Eaompli: L• 7250 f t. H• 130 ft. —2,000 200 — T�0.57 An. —3,000 `1 —4,000 100 — —5,000 I Civil Engineer 1940 J NOMOGRAPH TO DETERMINE TIME OF CONCENTRATION t J For Use on Drainage Areas 1,000 Acres FIGURE S- 6 26 9stC 98 Figure S-I Peak Discharge in csm Per inch of Runoff Versus Time of Concentration, Tc Type I I Storm Distribution Type II-A Storm Distribution 3 4 5 e T e 9 - 0.2 10 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 I ______� -zY 8:—fi e: -�: 10000.1�_x-Z= C SC Bi'...-E.--_ _ � 5sx:.��Y.-_=-, ......::ni ?9� M—CG��- eel �^__—T-- =...C: .. �.a� 900 ....."=.1-=24.- --M-H800 67��.."L E ===== C= --s:::. 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T ho/Arai . 3-36' ° '. ti/ 0 , iv i,/ V(9 , " \ T tot -`` f T .J 04.90 ; ce-''t t0 \ . • P, • \ . '--\'.,.\ \ • / . . . .t. , r ._.__, 400 n• • \ A/- ' • \_.. . 10' '. ANMNi.tw cc Y/v L•••a...,vr....v+Je.J.. .J. '"'":,.1 ^.t 2 ) i (\) /---:,\. .'• .. -- • ASS------- r\-\,\_.\\\.... . I (/ (...CY- _,,,,,, / .: (,,,,, . ..., . . ( . , \J, R: I _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 flrw;ng9e • • • �...) : \ • \• goo Re4e„f,oy, y . ' \ --\,,N __ ' 11Dr.;"ci 3 e- ___,, _____ AA 1 , \ • ArrOwS 4 \\\ ; \ ( . „ 1 � .\\JA 4800 .1 .-N.i'lk‘'\* '�"��,Are2° • ,N E Diq . 1286.0: MC'S / 1 a v(2 J' s.sy, ti s�.pe bras 6,t • : 3 Ages 4130 484 ` ) ` 1 ( 7 * 4s ��\‘‘\. ( \ ik . ( SW , 1 LEGEND ( . . . ( i ✓r Rl.„e. Line - - - /(\ \\\ � � Ran-off �,O �}r r o�.1.S •1� �� Dr Si-,w4 ^ 4t\: ;c4„- C. COLORADO September 8, 1997 Kuska/Associates 8547 E. Arapahoe Road, STE. J221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 Mr. Kuska: I am in receipt of your fax of September 5, 1997. I assume from the substance of the memo, that you are requesting an extension of the September 1 deadline set at the Hearing on July 25, 1997. That hearing, as you recall, dealt with the complaints received by our Department regarding OK Farms Composting. Please refer to my letter of July 26, 1997, specifically item#4, which states: "All outstanding technical issues will be resolved with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment concerning your Certificate of Designation by September 1, 1997." Our intention was that the County be able to proceed expeditiously with consideration of your application for a Use by Special Review Permit. Given the difficulties you mentioned in your September 5th memo, and the fact that we have received no additional complaints since our Hearing, I am willing to extend the deadline to September 15, 1997. Should issues arise which would make meeting this deadline difficult, it is your responsibility to set up a meeting with myself, Trevor Jiricek, and Mr. Cunning prior to that deadline to discuss any further extension's of time. The objective here is that OK Farms Composting, timely apply for, obtain and operate in compliance with, the design and maintenance standards established in that permit. I appreciate the difficulties you have incurred in submitting your application and data to the state, but it is important that you communicate directly with this office, as your application is no longer just a matter for the state, but is also a condition of our July 25th Hearing. Further, it is also important to note that in the final analysis, it is the Weld County Board of Commissioners that will issue, or not issue, the appropriate Permit, based partially upon comment from staff. It is in your client's best interest that you work closely with our office. 981098 In closing, if I can be of any service in expediting this matter with the state, please feel free to contact me. Sincerel S. mice/77.-7, RS, MSEH Director XC: Oren Cunning, Owner Steve Laudeman, CDPHE Lee Morrison, Asst. Co. Atty Monica Mika Daniels, Planning &Zoning 981098 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS BIOREMEDIATION 970-356-4966 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TEL E-FAX(303)791-8639 September 5, 1997 FAX TO: John Pickle Health Officer Weld County Greeley, CO FROM: Cal Kuska, Kuska/Associates _ .161Q SUBJECT: Certificate of Designation Permit Request for O.K. Farms Compost, Weld County, Colorado We are sorry that there has been some difficulty in meeting the deadline for submission of the final data, which is the surface water control plan design, to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. We do, however, plan to have this material submitted to them by a water, control specialist by September 15, 1997. The plan has been developed and is being reviewed for submission to the State; copies of this material will be sent along to Trevor Jiricek of your agency. The specialists have been in contact with Stephen Laudeman of the State Health Department. In a letter dated August 28, 1997, we notified Mr. Laudeman that there would be a delay in the submission past the September 1 date and sent copies to Mr. Jiricek. Our objective is to satisfy the requirements as set forth by Mr. Laudeman in their discussions. You will be notified as soon as the plan is forwarded along to the State. cc: Trevor Jiricek, Weld Dept. of Health Oran Cunning Myron Cunning Lee Cunning Compostable Paper 961099 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.SM.3-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA August 28, 1997 T LE-FAX (303)791-8639 Stephen Laudeman Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Solid Waste Unit 4300 Cherry Creek Drive S. Denver, CO 80223-1530 Dear Steve: Since the inception of the livestock residue composting operation, O.K. Farms Compost, which is on the Cunning Farms property on Highway 52 in eastern Weld County, Colorado, it has been their desire to operate the facility with management techniques that would be sensitive to the environ- ment and maintain the integrity of the farm property, allowing it to be re- turned to row-crop farming at any time in the future. The requirements for a method of surface water control as set forth in Section. 2.1.6 of the Colorado Solid Waste Regulations were designed for landfills which are permanent entombments of municipal solid waste or possibly for waste storage lagoons which have had some degree of perman- ence and both deter the chances for returning the property to farming. Initially we discussed the application of compost biological berms to control and treat runoff from agricultural composting operations, and we still feel that this option should be given a trial since it has worked else- where. We have discussed this treatment measure with U.S. Geological Sur- vey personnel in water management, and we have asked for assistance through the son of one of the property and operation owners to find an affordable water control specialist for preparation of a plan. Copies of the correspond- ence between Lee Cunning and the specialist are enclosed. It is recognized that if this approach is not workable., the operators will modify the land- scape. When you and Trevor Jiricek toured the operation on May 8, 1997, the two compost windrows which serve the purpose of collecting and treating any runoff from the facility were explained. Since that time the operation has received an over-abundance of rainfall for Colorado, and the technique has been working effectively as reported by the Cunnings who are at the site nearly every day. Since we have had difficulty obtaining a specialist for providing the necessary submission information (which is unfortunately based on guide- lines supplied by a USDA Soil Conservation Service Manual on urban, rather than rural, parameters), we are asking that the deadline for a final sub- Composmble Paper 981098 Stephen Laudeman -2- August 28, 1997 mission date of September 1, 1997 be extended until the specialist can fully evaluate and prepare a suitable plan for the Department. We recognize that the composting regulations and the value of compost are still in their infancy in Colorado, and we hope that these evaluations of alternative approaches to runoff control and treatment will be important to future operation developments. To date, over 100 compost biofilters that treat storm water runoff are operating along highways in Oregon, Washington and California, and the firm holding the patent for these biofilters toured Colorado composting operations to learn more about production techniques. They are now franchising their patent around the country to commercial and agricultural composters. State Highway Departments are using these biofilters not only for treatment capa- bilities, but also for their lower cost and maintenance. For agricultural area applications, both of these advantages apply. Illinois has studied the benefits of soil organic matter in the soil, as has Pennsylvania State University, for the treatment of oil, grease, sedi— ments and especially nutrients from fertilizers, pesticides and raw matter. Engineering firms are now recommending a bed of compost to serve as a bio— filter for both leachate and organic gas containment and treatment in new landfill structures. We will keep you advised on the specialists' time table in preparing the plan. We do have documentation of work studies made here as well as some others in our technical files. Yours truly, Cal Kuska cc: Trevor Jiricek , Weld Dept. of Health Oran Cunning Myron Cunning 981098 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE.3-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELE-FAX (303)7914639 RESEARCH BY ILLINOIS GROUNDWATER CONSORTIUM PROVES BENEFITS OF SOIL ORGANICS "The researchers found that regardless of the nitrogen application rate, about 40% of the fertilizer ended up in the plant. In other words, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use stayed constant whether 60 pounds an acre was applied or 240. So what happened to the 60% of the fertilizer applied in 1994 that didn't get used? Most of the leftover (about 85%) was converted to organic nitrogen over the growing season: it was bound up with the humus, or organic matter content, of the soil. Immediately post—harvest, it was not in a form that could leach down to groundwater." University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. "Nitrogen is very unpredictable. Through plant uptake, organic matter decomposition, and other chemical reactions, nitrogen changes from organic form to inorganic (mineral) forms and vice versa. Only mineral nitrogen, in the form of ammonium-nitrogen or nitrate-nitrogen; can be taken up by crops. (The third type of mineral nitrogen, nitrite, is toxic to plants if present in soil at high levels). In short, overfertilization won't increase yields: it just costs more money and contributed to nitrate contamination of groundwater and surface-water supplies." Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. . "Researchers estimate that as much as 44% of all nitrogen fertil- izer applied in the Mississippi River watershed has made its way to the Gulf of Mexico. High nitrate levels in bodies of water can trigger algae blooms that deplete oxygen for dead zones. - Such a dead zone reportedly extends for approximately 3,500 square miles where the Mississippi drains into the Gulf." University of Illinois, Champaign—Urbana. "Farmers whose soil contains high levels of clay and organic matter probably need not worry much abou t atraziner ala then, ng down to deep groundwater supplies reduce leaching chemical use where feasible. Finally, build up soil organic matter content." Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. "Do policy makers or even scientists pay enough attention to the life of the soil? Even among professionals, soil is often viewed as • inert, pulverized rock, needing only an occasional dose of chemical fertilizers to maintain it. This narrow approach is insufficient to foster the work of environmentally sustainable development: In fact, without a living soil, civilization would collapse." Earthkind USA and Environment Liaison Centre International. 95'098 THE SOIL IS A VAST ECOSYSTEM . . . BUT PROBABLY THE LEAST APPRECIATED OR UNDERSTOOD ECOSYSTEM ON EARTH. These two paragraphs,extracted from "Growing More Food, Doing Less Damage" Environment 1996, tells the plight of the World's declining food supply. The losses of topsoil, the poisoning of water and its growing shortages apply both to agriculture and horticulture alike: Improving Fertilizer Efficiency i- One of the main constraints on yield growth is rice's ability to take up nitrogen from the soil. Rice plants use only 30 to 40 percent of the nitrogen added by farm- ers, a rate of efficiency that has remained about the same for -the last 25 years. Furthermore, neither farmers nor researchers can accurately gauge how much nitrogen should be added during the growing season to maximize yields 37 If uptake efficiency were increased to 50 percent, as it has been at research stations, farmers would need one- third less nitrogen.38 Phasing out subsidies for fertilizers could also have important benefits. Below-market prices have led to ineffi- cient use of this input and favored nitrogen over other nutri- ents. Raising prices would encourage more judicious use of chemical fertilizers, greater use of organic fertilizers, and fertility-enhancing crop rotation 39 Of course, in areas that are just beginning to use fertilizers, subsidies may still have a role to play. Over the long term, however, the need for subsidies can be eliminated by investing in distribution infrastructure, providing innovative ways to share risks and finance, and encouraging regional cooperation in fertilizer production and procurement 4° 37. R.G. Gassman and R.R. Harwood, "The Nature of Agricultural Systems: Food Security & Environmental Balance," FOOD POLICY, 20, No. 5, 1995. 442-44. 38. Ibid. 39. P.L. Pingali and M.W. Rosegrant, "Confronting the Environmental Consequences of the Green Revolution in Asia,"Environment & Pro- duction Technology Division Discussion Paper No. 2, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 1994. 40. International Food Policy Research Institute, "A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment: The Vision, Challenge and Recommended Action,"Washington, D.C. 1995. p. 33. i . h )(ERISCApE The OBldal Publication ofXeriscape Colorado! Volume 3,Number 4 WATER CONSERVATION THROUGH CREATIVE LANDSCAPING July/August l99; ., ••}r 'i�Y v( -y3 } Hum YT�I�i �s is the Soil's Blood • r,., t .. -. ' rt ,r t 'f�:!;.. By Cal Husks the sail,making the soil a nutrients for these organisms. 1 t--�r l r�' t r,;.`i�' Humus is essential to fer- favorable substrate for plant Humus sm.Mulch .y .Vr:i `4� >; y\•4v l is ,±:g t t. he soil.Its the humus content growth. The colloidal structure •- ^ ' % 4r that gives soil the reserve fatili- Benefits of Humus imparted by a soil's humus • �f. .yneeded to � ;ell' y /1 ty produce optimum Without humus,most of content exerts a balancing m b� l� : yields or vegetative growth the nutrients in soil minerals effect by retaining excess nutri- r).-.V- , Y' ^ t under the broadest spectrum of t-emain unavailable to plans. ems and keeping than avail- AI ' . ' growing cooditions.At the same This is because of soil's able to plant rods.Non-humi- �k+� h `t 'Y wa thy produces cation exchange and water- fled water- Y-_,......,- fff: . time,this heal sal organic memea;either raw „• -. + -plains that are•nuaidotudly well :holdingpropaties.In sandy or even'partially decayed,will ,i, % J. `bdaotxd If u m ten isprodao ' - sdi,anon exchange and not saw the Now t- ' ,''' '1'7 r . 'm , impart t samebigh levels of en it nmst quit� huding mus the t are getting to understand the Ad�ag the affiance between the „ ' -- ' `+'�` r * nut•rition as well. males sandy soils heavier;it terms'compost,"which is it r ;r' t;i`'4,•-:7--S•.,;-5. ' As a stabilizing influe a reduces pore space,thereby humified raw organic matter. -, , -:r q, on all organic life,humus plays improving these qualities. and"mulch,which is usually ";i a ,t,4., , :. an even greater role in the In clay and loam soils ground materials which must 1.;,� '�• -.A; 1'�f,. enttireecosystem.Among the . which have too little pore over time decompose or rot.In ` f. '":;.-:‘,-.:::::;:vi: � <r_ �to recognize the sigma- space.humus works in the this case this green,undigested ' ,r ,t canoe of humus were Albert opposite direction.Unlike material will disturb the soil ':�� - Howard and SA Waksoaa sand,these soils se aheady balance maul the raw waste has 1 t• ft �r ,f After marry years of lady-and heavy,They tend to pack down been decomposed and digested .:1. I `. i J- ,. wok in India,Sir Howard eon- so that roots and rain water or by sal microorganisms which r12•• t eluded that the conversion of inigation cannot easily pone will basttallythethe tthrw-act- i { vegetable and animal manures ttate.Adding humus to these in&anaerobic species, 1 , 3 ' into humus was followed by a soils makes them lighter. This explains whys home r t ,,i�- .definite improvement in the increasing pore space and gardener who mulches their } :- q�- - it health of the sops and of the improving uldt roman plants and flowers with .;•7-5--,''' yP" ;.., livestock feeding oh the crops. Sails with humus(mea- grass clippings,and then turns I 1 ` tt waksman in his own shed as soil agaoic matter this mull into the soil at the s "� /, book,Humus,concluded that content)are more fertile for end of the year,experiences a �.- , .. A ; • humus tends to serve as a • other seasons as welt The decline in yields or notices a t ;, �, check upon plant life.It saves source of renewal of soil fertili- yellowing of the leaves and !'. as a reserve and a stabilizer for , ty is the constant exchange that death.The mulch can save its '` 41c,-.): - 1"1",,;.:1:1,71.:,' .ti tiplace between the nutri- purpose,just as plastic aheet- l.i e organic life on this planet It takes also plays a prominent role in tional substrate and soil ing,to conserve moisture by v ''',"" the formation of most soils, microorganisms.Stable,high- cutting� °� 8 evaporation or to con- s I r tiy, , exerting a physical,chemical quality humus provides a con- trot the germination of weeds, -•,, -,,;,.i.;,,.;.;,,t_ t. - rat-. ;.c • and biological influence upon scanty available supply of 981098 m o •E ,v_ gee a ' 0 o c v ti u m e r' o L. € u 0.. 2 2.• � 1,3 tO 0g '..` r�. � g174 - E - oc c .5 Z• •cWsE D, 3u V ° "o, E u .�2u ' Lewus '5 � � u 'R-.Lg E = uo3 •- av =$ f- " Co� g 13 c3 ya5 . o30rs � = a4 �oLI0 • 5yy '8 eon `—� ua65= a ob" a v. 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Oo+ 1+• 3 t jilillil 90 r tC `� 822 c c $• E c an • u p� i3 V `o v o 2 '0. a s.x 0..> O 5 v •Y g O J U U C J 4 to N P� L 'O U L u o '.y. C V •O - O O l�S o T 3 r m .g a m = 3 .. ? a o f N ` w0 0 -y c u c 2 0 . 0 u ,,, LE, C m g E S `- o c a 'a -• o E .c g 3 c a" u o. m o 0. A00 t) h ≥ S a c _ y _ L >. 0 U E N -. or, 0 g k e V L U L C V N >• N n+. 3 .o ° u c om x•w. E $ •e n o c "' 'A C` O o -`—�' E- .• Q >g. c -- m — a0' o o = o a a 0 0 • -= in N 6 `id o a, m E eo a E c --' a o 7 u m o .t., c i° v = c u j c y a v. y 3 a= o °, o `o v = o u t ��' L -$ o eo to m S o u -`. m m m Ed M Cl. v `m .... I- L '- O. r mi.. itilittllIalint 4311111=11611111 . for Leachate and Landfill Gas f nanagement Systems Daniel P. Duffy A landfill essentially is an hydraulic system designed to manage liquid and gaseous flows in an environmentally safe manner.A wide variety of management systems and control strategies are available to the landfill engineer and operator. Thepiping,wells,pumps,ditches,headers,sumps,and tanks asso- adequate final cover system. dated with the landfill's operations are held in place by a sta- Unfortunately,computer models of landfill leachate production ble structure of earth,compacted waste,and geosynthetics.The have severe limitations in predictive accuracy.The results of these liquids and gases managed by the landfill's hydraulic systems analyses should be considered as"guesstimates"only.There simply either are generated by the deposed waste itself or by the passage of are too many outside variables affecting the landfill and within the liquids through the waste. structural characteristics of the deposited wastes.In addition to typ- • ical percolation-generated leachate,a possibly significant portion of The Basics of Leachate Management Systems leachate generated within the landfill is the consequence of deposit- Since leachate primarily is formed by the percolation of precipita- ed waste losing its accumulated moisture content primarily as a result tion into and through the deposited waste,the best leachate mini- of settlement and consolidation of waste.This results in loss of void mization and control strategy is a good cover system.There are two space to hold the moisture,which usually occurs in significant quail- types of cover systems.The first is an operational cover either con- tities only late in the operational lifetime of the landfill as lower lev- sisting of soil cover placed over the waste's working face at the end els of waste are consolidated by the weight of the more recently of each work day(daily cover)or for longer periods of time over the deposited waste above.Newly deposited waste actually has a poten- top of the current lift of waste(intermediate cover).The purposes of tially large absorptive capacity.Fstimares of the amount of petrola- thesecoversaretominimizethebreed- lion that can be absorbed and trapped ing of disease vectors.the blowing of {I • ,. -,, by waste range as high as 20%by vol- . • litter,and the formation ofdust.Reduc- *t +Y� � •-;',C1.\•.,:::, " 'x' ume.Once a complete lift or two of lion of percolation and subsequent NN, -'T ' '� , ' - waste has been deposited in a landfill minimizationofleadtateisnotthelxi- cell,that is the possibility of mini- • �y Peb of operational ,,....._„ mal leachate production until the farmaficovers. •x' ' �'z- 'Q" absorptive capacity of the deposited The effects on leachatearei Ifon by ..-.-, waste is exceeded. in place(not coverp and p cleft• ;"-. The remains are an oveasimplifi- pl (n stripped away prier to , cation,however.Waste is heteaoge- covern could u m6ot low-permeability tesay neoas in both content and strucbue. covesht form ed • of its physical and layers that act to impede percolation _ �descriptions P YS through the waste and subsequent ` mechanical characteristics are leachate formetion. - .assumedaveaagesemly.Fracturezones However,final coversystems con- -andlsrgevoidscaaetauinwaste,Pro- sisting of low-permeability recant- vicfmg pathways for potentially large pacted and=predictable amounts of perco- Oveda)soil caps. with or without • lation.Convasely,thepotettbalexists dedesignedto grarombruce litres,are �pa� "lenses"to form of igaelaionint yredeposiedmotmt mihelandfillaboveunremovedcover ofpaoolofionintotlredeQcuitedwaste ;1r 1Lis is date in combination with sir- •sal layers ce areas dlow ptxrrteabil- face watertunoffdiversionsttucaaes. itywaste.FautherMett,runoff ofpre- erosion and sedimentation controls. cipitation from exposed waste slopes granularsoflageocompositedralaurge • also is considered leachate.In some . layers installed above the final cover, sbmt-tam situations the amount of and the evapotranspiration action of leachate generated by exposed waste the vegetated final cover's root sys- . smfaoetunoffcangreatly exceed more tem.Computer modeling of percale- , typical means of leachate production. tion, water storage and leachate Leachate,no matter how it is gen- production in landfills usually indi- crated,must be prevented from leav- rates minimal(if any)leachate gener- • ing the landfill and contaminating anion in landfills serviced by an adjacentgmundwater.Contaiumentof rx�.,vonLI4Itt .r.-y� 981098 - I the leadtate is the function of the landfill's horizontally.For typical landfills with exten- waste.eventually becoming leachate.How- - , liner bather system,usually of a composite sive landfill depths,vertical well installation ever, the constituents of typical LFG con. design constructed of both low-petmeabili- is preferred.Horizontal wells similar to per- densate are potentially more•hazardous in • ty recompacted soil and over-layer of forated trench drains for groundwater man- both type and quantity than normal leachate. geomembrane.Installed above the liner bar- agement,usually are used for shallow waste . For this reason some states do not allow riersystemisaleachatecollectionandremoval deposits or as perimeter systems to intercept driplegs.Instead they require the traps be con- system consisting of high permeability gran- migrating LFG near the ground surface.All nected to special condensate discharge lines ular soil and/or geocomposite drainage blan- LFG wells have a zone of influence(ZOi) which carry the condensate loon-site storage kets.Their function is to direct leachate flows analogous to the draw-down radius of a tanks.Final treatment and disposal ofcollected to a series of perforated or slotted collection groundwater extraction well.The extent of condensate is similar to that of leachate. pipes connected totheextraction sump.These the ZOI varies with depth of waste,lengths implementation pipes eithercan be polyvinyl chloride(PVC) of the slotted and solid segments of the well, or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) The configuration of the final cover system,and The basic descriptions given above for sumps are recessed areas located in the low- applied negative pressure heads.Spacing of leachateand LFG managementsysterns leave est part of each landfill cell.Set in large diam- the LFGextraction wells takes intoaccount open the question of which types of system eterpipes installed at thebottom of the sumps the need for complete coverage of the land- components to use.There is no one solution. are extraction pumps discharging leachate fill while avoiding excessive overlapping. (If there were,engineerssuchas myself would through flexible hoses.These hoses are locat- insufficient coverage may result in accumu- have to look for new careers.)Each landfill ed in riser pipes extending to the surface. lationor migration of LFG in areas unaffected is unique in terms of layout,configuration, Once removed from the landfill,leachate by the extraction well system.Excessive over- regulatory requirements,public perceptions, either is pumped to on-site storage tanks or lap results in an inefficient operating system climate,adjacent land usage,isolation to other .directly discharged to adjacent sanitary sew- and unnecessary capital expenditure. structures,zoning restrictions,groundwater es.If the site topography is favorable.dis- Active LFG systems consist of extraction hydrogeology, and rainfall patterns. One charge exclusively can be performed by wells connected via header and lateral example of the choices involved in design- gravity flow drains. However, most sites pipelines to a central blower facility.Header ing a landfill hydraulic system concerns a rel- require some form of additional lift station or pipelines circle the entire landfill in one or atively simple component of a leachate wet well to overcome elevation or friction more loops.The loops are needed to allow managementsystem,thecollectionpipelines. heads in the discharge system. Some states continuous flow of landfill gas even if a part PVC leachate collection pipe usually require on-site pretreatment of leachate prior of the headerpipeline is blocked by an obstruc- comes with predrilled holes to allow inflow to its leaving the site.The wastewater treat- tion.Branchingofffromtheheaderpipeline(s) ofleachate.These holes measurethree-eighths ment facility receiving the leachate also may are laterals connecting the header to individ- to one-half inch in diameter and are set in a - require some degree of pretreatment. ual wells.The wells typically are construct- pair of parallel lines along the bottom half of ed of rigid PVC that can withstand the thepipe.PVC pipe is easily installed,requir- The Basics of Landfill Gas knocking about thatoccursduring well instal- ing manual insertion of the belledsocket pipe Management Systems lation.The header and lateral pipelines usu- ends of each pipe segment. Rubber gaskets • Landfill gas(LEG)primarily is generated by ally are made of more flexible polyethylene typically are used to guide the pipe end instal- the decomposition of the organic content of or HDPE for ease of trench installation.The lation.These rubber gaskets will dissolve in the deposited waste.Of chief concern is the blower applies a negative pressure head to the presence of leachate,but in a perforated potahtiallyexplosivemethaneco FG ntentofL . the entire system The amount of pressure collection pipeline a"leaky'pipe joint is not If unchecked, LFG migrating off-site can required depends on anticipated extraction a concern.PVC unfortunately is very rigid numulate in local buildings until the'1ower rates and the potential head losses incurred and therefore more prone to cracking than explosivelim. isachieved,resultmginahaz- byLFGasittravelsthroughthepipenetwak. more-flexible HDPE.PVC therefore requires ardous situation. Furthermore, LFG can The blower usually discharges LFG to a amorestablegmvewsandpipebeddingtobrace severely stress vegetation adjacent to theland- flare stack where the methane component of the pipe walls. fill or in the landfill's final cover.Therate of LFG safely is ignited and burned off.Often, HDPE pipeline usually comes preslotted LEG production varies widely from landfill however,theflaredL Gisusedtoheataboil- to allow inflow of leachate.The slots typi • - to landfill according to waste composition, err that runs an electric generator.The eke- tally are three-eighths inch in width and run • age of the deposited waste,and local climate tricky can be used on-site,orsoldto the local inapair.ofparallel rows along the sides of conditions.As with predictions of leachate power grid.LFG also can be collected and the Pipe Being more flexible,HDPE is less production rates,even the best estimates of piped off-site to other facilities,or collected likely to crack under applied waste and soil LFGgeneraton rates also are limitedinaccu- in storage tanks for later use. loadings, vever,H PEinstastonismore racyduringtheoperationallifetimeofthesite. A by-product of LFG collection is con- costly, requiring The simplest LFG system consists of a deasate As LFG moves through the extras ali e the butt fusing and exact seiesofpassivewellsconnectedtoventsthat lion system,its tempeaaae cools,resulting : gmnent of the pipe ends with a machine spadanydaigned fl pipes purpose.Instead ofextend well above the landfill's final cover. intbepracipitationof any condensatecanied ' installing radiy�dnal h se The vents provide a vertical migration path by the gas.The condensate flows along the ; l e pipe segments,extensive way for the LFG, minimizing the potential pipe system with gaseous flows either con- pla s of fused pipeline need to be dragged for horizontal, off-site migration. Often cunendy or countercurrently with the gas, . in mace by on site equipment Furthermore, HDPE pipe strength is prone to creep degra- "whidigigs"are attached to the vent open- depending on the slope gradient of the pipe. dation by long-term application of overbur- ing.These are designed to catch prevailing The simplest method of condensate man- H th owever. isisaproblemonlyinlandfills breezes and spin.The spinning createsaneg- ,.agement utilizes traps located at low points . with extensive operational lifetimes and post- ative pressure head(or suction)near the vent in the pipe system.These traps dischargecon-i closurecare periods. opening.The negative pressure increases the densate directly back into the landfill through Collectedleachateriods. is removed by sub- LFG flows to the well. an attached dripleg.The condensate is then meColle led umps typically operated by a built- Wells either can be insect led vertically or diluted somewhat as it percolates through the - ._. I ANunuv/PunnC+xv 199'/ • The control of the system described above is performed by an with operational control)can be done either locally at each sump or internal electronic switching system operated by the transducer a- at the landfill's main office.Local monitoring consists of a high-level sor.Electrical power for this system and for operating the impeller alannuiggetedbyexcaslveleacltateleadmeasurementsbythetnuts- motorisprovidedbyacornosion resistantpower IinecomtwbonNn- dear sensor These alarms usually are flashing lights commonly ning down the riser pipe.All electric operating and control systems referred to of the e ligh t specials," eci als, monitoring from associated at a dis- against power leachate urges. especially mea resulting fr fshrom lightning be P located in the main office.The board is connected elec- There is power surges,pneumatically maty controlled from lightning strikes. play board There a class of pneumariplly and operated leachate tronic:tlly to each sump's transducer sensor. Central monitoring is extraction pumps thatdo notrelyonelectronicswitch- es.Operational control is provided by"pneumatic logic circuits"consisting of capillary pressure tubes. Most states require that no more than While an interesting concept,these robes have a ten- . dency to accumulate moisture and (especially in northern-tier states)freeze,thus blocking the logic circuit.A third type of pump control is the simple one foot of leachate head buildup be floater switch.This usually is employed in lift sta- tions or wet wells where exaactedleachatehas accu- mulated in a manhole-type structure.Araising of the allowed on the liner barrier layer floater ann by a rising leachate level triggers the pump's operation. Any operating system requires feedback for suc- cessful fory elites where manual observation of local operation.Interestingly,centralcontoloftheleachateextrac- recommended ery�B don system is not typical.Seldom are leachate pumps simultaneously alarms would not be convenient,or for sites with limited personnel operating .The various waste cells in an operation landfill vary in available for regular sump inspections.Indications of pump failure waste thicknesses and cover conditions.Acurrent cell with minimal require manual removal,repair,and/or replacement of the pump. waste deposits and only operational cover will generate leachate in Contmloflandfillgasflowsthroughtlteexaaction system-swells, greater quantities and frequencies than an older cell serviced by a headers,and laterals also is more often than not a manual operation. final cover system.The chief concern in learharr monitoring is pump A well balanced extraction system provides a minimum of 10 in.of malfunction resulting inexecessiveleachateheadaccumulation.The water column(50i-lb./sq.ft)of negative suction pressure head at feedback provided by operational monitoring(not to be confused each LFG extraction well.Given the heterogeneous nature of waste r ` e l k h \ r `t in transducer sensor.The trans- '' sx Itii T ' d'ucer sensor measures the prey- • • 7 r �' " sure onthesubmergedextraction t III r- la-4.- ei F pump resulting from leachate _ ' acarmulation in the sump.Once . __ " ' tee: - to i measured pressure indicates that (Ipt-"` \, ,4 s +. Y = ' hasoccurred,tasufficientleachatehellerad pdup _" era,' ) R - rte: , : " i 5 has occurred,the impeller pump r 1 "- • r leachate up the riser pipe through ::•;,;:7.'irA"'sf begins operation. pumping the 1st - , -- .1,........„...a...,--•;e:,- l t.'„fi t „ tir �.^ t dteflexible discharge hose.Most psr" t . states require that no more than } " y. -•,-i an;:. ; t be allowed on the liner tamer „--:;44::4---'%,-,. T..s �,,, a r '�₹,i i ,, ti / — what the recessed sump areas rzi r,,....' r h 1 a% s v s T ' '71. ` where the extraction pumps are .mss a � f-.c+.> 0 b �.I �,i L. to this mlpicallyareanexoepaat - ../ c - E ,r 1 :0'10, , N this Nle.Most pumps require , -f' a+ .rya .e� +i s^� -.:-.2.,:. h, t n 4"` ,J> more than one foot of head pna Ea. • � f„x.` ;�41 •, :I'. ,z .r,,..., to pumping in order to prevent ` fv.- "• � / cavitation and potential pump I • !, . s s ; burn out Therefore leachate ,.,,c,e rj y I: lowert an the surrounding urroun thgeefeet w �r,,..�`•g3 � 1, ' ^q , ;� '7_� '� lowerthanthesurroundingland " . i Y¢ e"" fill floor to allow sufficient l x x� r , t �r l^ • ./ ` " ' ' 'I pumpinleachat accumulation prioragainst tov- �. ,� „dy tti i,.. y1 -` - , pumping.To guard against cav a '�'� "�+ '> �. '^>r. , p`es: e - ` nation and burnout,most pumps <_" e •, rd.:1 2 i r , , mmoffwhen leachateheadmthe --, rx�` S hit` rf r` yE xj . ';i3 sump falls to six inches. 98i09_i and the considerable Suction in gas gener- applied to landfill operations.These include pane because the liner is tested under an . ationrates that occurs in older waste deposits, the development of new techniques and the applied load and after the liner has been - , 1 the gas flows as actually generated will vary application of old techniques to new uses. exposed to possible damage. considerably across the landfill.The opera- Thebiofilterrepteserttsawell-established A leachate or LFG management system tion of LFG systems installed over complet- technology.Standardsanitary septic tanksor is just that a system. Every system has.an Sportions of a still-active landfill will be leaching fields are biofilters.What is new is external boundary whereextemal influences, effected by the exposed waste conditions of theirapplication to LEG management.Biofil- forces,and materials cross into the system. the adjacent operational areas.Either condi- nation is the removal and oxidation oforgan- Once in the system,these external factors are tion will result in widedifferentiation between icgases known asvolatileorganiccompounds processed by the system componentsanddis- individual extraction-well flow rates and the (VOCs)from contaminated gases by beds of charged back across the boundary in a new estimated average flow rate for the landfill as compost or soil.Biofilters are constructed of form.Rainfall enters the landfill as percola- a whole. abed of soil and/or compost under which lies tion and emerges as extracted leachate. Flow and pressure-head measurements a distribution system of perforated pipe.Soil Microorganisms and organic waste combine and compost have relatively large voids and in the landfill to produce LFG. Both are particles with comparatively large surface hydraulic systems managing liquid and areas.Contaminated gases are pumped into gaseous flows in an environmentally safe Biofilters are thebeiviatheundel ' orated i net- YmgP P pe manner.Successful systems require a moni- construeted of work.VOCcontaminatessorbtotheorgan- toting system that provides the necessary is surfaces of the soil or compost particles information for proper feedback and adjust- and are oxidized by microorganisms into ment of the system operation. MSW. a bed of soil CO2.Volatileinorganiccompoundsalsocan besorbed andoxidi7ed intocalciumsalts.Gas Guest author Daniel P. Duffy,PE is a pm- and/or compost biofilters tend to be more efficient than sep- fessional enrironurenml engineer with die tic fields or other liquid biofilters since gases Engineering and Environmental Affairs flow more readily through soil and are inner- Depamneot at Rumpke ll'aste Inc.in Cincin- under which lies a entlymorebiodegradablewith99%itmoval nazi,OH. efficiencies readily achievable. distribution system It is unfortunate that this technology has been superseded by more standard LEG incin- of perforated pipe elation techniques.Though it requires alarg- er operational footprint than a flare stack assembly.its operational costs are insignifi- are taken at each extraction well.A typical cant,and they last indefinitely.If the usual measurement device is an orifice flow plate _. reluctance(unfoundedinthisinstance)against installed as part of the well's discharge con- putting pollutants intothegroundcanbeover- nection to the lateral pipeline.Row can be come,the aesthetics of a hidden and unob- manua lyadjustedbyatum-wheelcontrolled uusive biofilter are superior to that of a flare butterfly valve also located at the well head. assembly with its continuous flame and noise. The industrial blowers,either modified or It can be expected that this technology,used specifically designed for landfill gas extrac- extensively in Europe and Japan,will even- tion,are designed to provide a constant appli- lually be used more in the United States. cation of negative pressure head. No leachate system will function if a ctit- A typical LFG flare system requires an ical component ofthesyste ifails.Thisespe- additional12in.of water column head(62.4 ciallysauetfthelerhatecontainmentsystem Ibisq.ft.pressure)from the blower system is breached and leachate escapes to contam- • to overcome resistance within the flare stack inateadlanantilroundwatat'iheoontaminans and ignition system.The flare typically is will show up in adjacent monitoring wells, enclosed in a securely fenced area.The stack but there will be no sure way of telling where can extend up 10 to 20 ft in height depend- the leak is occurring.ITO-voltage,electrical ing on local conditions.Usually designed for leak-detention systems can be used to assist continuous burning of LFG,the flare stack in accurately locating geomembrane leaks. relies on automatic ignition systems.Tern- This is a relatively new technique,mostly perature sensors will detect the blowing out used to detect leaks in geomembrane-lined of a flare and switch on the spark ignition lagoorsorponds.However,itisequallyappli- system. Occasionally, though not recom- cable to landfill finer monitoring ''mended,a site may have to rely on manual The electrical leak-location method is to , reignitionofablown-outflare stack.The sea- impress a voltage across the geomembrane liner and to detect areas where electrical cur- sors can record a flare blowout at a central or off-site location, signaling the need for rent flows through water or moisture in leaks in the liner.Because geomembranes may be reignition or maintenance. damaged while emplacing protective cover • New Advances soils or leachate collection layers,an electric The above does not represent the tined wort leak-detection survey of the soil-covered in leachate and LEG mama^_alnent and ran- geomembrane is highly effective for loam- trot. New advances are continually being in=leaks in the l incr.This technique isappro- _ - ♦ - IAm wafts xrexr 1997 AUG 27 '97 03:47PM SEAR—BROWN GROUP FC P.1 MEMORANDUM TO: Tom Gibbens Poa t-It°Fax Note 7671 cat' 3110 A Ares ► FROM: Lee Cunning r'gf /Cu S.4��• From /e SUBJECT: Compost Facility Drainage co loco co. DATE: 27 August 1997 Phone ft ^ / ,,6.7 rT 'Mono 44 776.. ..-....,,..........-- ....—.�._....,�«• Fax x `7t- reef Mr. Gibbens, • First of all, I really appreciate you taking the time and effort to try and help out on this project. What I need is this: 1, A surface water control plan design. C(O)PY A. The section in the regulations the State of Colorado is referring to is Section 2.1.6. I have enclosed a copy with this memorandum (Sheet A). B, Steve Laudeman from the State of Colorado response to what is needed is also enclosed. Steve states that the surface water control plan must meet or exceed Section 2.1.6. He wrote specifically what he is looking for and I have also enclosed his needs herein(Sheet B). 2. I have all geology and soils reports, groundwater reports, well locations and maps of the site showing soils, wells, roads, drainage, rainfall, water features, etc. 3. My home phone number is (970)226-5220, the person Myron Cunning is working with directly who is submitting the Certificate of Designation is Cal Kuska of Kuska/Associates, his phone number is(303)791-8639, The person handling the processing of the application at the State of ColoradoSolid Waste Unit Hazardous Materials and Waste Management . Division is Steve Laudeman, his number is (303)692-3462. Myron Cunning's home number is (970)432-5521 but it may be easier to find him on his cellular phone (970)590-0222 or 0223. 4. My understanding is the State is just looking for a brief paragraph calculations, figures and a site map showing rainfall amounts, run-on amounts, run-off amounts, where the water is going,where will it be retained and how much retention is required. The map should show collection ditches on the downstream side of the site to a retention pond. No berm design or 9 ditch design should be required, just where the ditches need to be, how much water the ditches need to carry, where the retention pond will be located and how many acre-feet the pond needs to retain. 5. Cal Kuska along with Myron Cunning have been trying to get a 'Biological Berm' (A Mature Compost Berm on the downstream end of the site)to pass for the surface run-off plan. Steve Laudeman has stated"It must be demonstrated that this method of surface water control will meet the full requirements os Section 2.1.6 of the Solid Waste Regulations". I don't know anything about these types of berms, therefore I can't help them in this area and I am going with traditional retention methods. From what Cal has told me, this 'Biological Berm' is much more environment friendly than a retention pond. 981098 ;' RUG 27 '97 0 :48PM SEAR-BROWN GROUP Fc P.2 �+•' • 6. I believe I have all the information you will need to complete this surface water run-off design using the Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds (Technical Release 55). The TR55 was suggested by Steve Laudeman. I can help out whenever necessary, but I will have to do it ` in the evenings and weekends. I am going out to Wiggins on August 31 to visit(my family and the site), let me know what you think and how much you need to charge. THANK YOU very much for taking the time to look this over. Let me know if you have any questions or suggestions. Ji Lee Cunning enclosures: • : d-. 981098 AUG 27 '97 03:48PM SEAR-BROWN GROUP FO � � p, 3 S ee (B) Owners and operators of all solid waste disposal': sites and facilities shall implement a program a :sal facility for detection and the prevention of the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) wastes and hazardous wastes. This program must include: (1) Random inspections of incoming loads unless the owner or operator takes other steps to ensure that incoming loads do not contain such wastes; (2) Records of any inspections; (3) Training of facility personnel to recognize these wastes; and (4) Notification of the Department if these wastes are discovered at the site and facility. Upon receipt of such notification, the Department, after consultation with the local governing body having jurisdiction, may require that the ground water monitoring program of the site and facility be altered to include adequate monitoring for parameters that would detect the release of the hazardous waste or wastes disposed of on site. 2 . 1.3 Nuisance conditions shall not exist at or beyond the site boundary. All reasonable measures shall be employed to collect, properly contain, and dispose of scattered litter including frequent policing of the area, and the use of wind screens where necessary. The facility shall be managed in such a manner that noise, dust and odors do not constitute a hazard to human health. The facility shall be managed in such a manner that the attraction, breeding and emergence of birds, insects, rodents and other vectors do not constitute a health hazard. 2.1.4 Water pollution shall not occur at or beyond the point of compliance. 2.1.5 No significant aquifer recharge areas, as may be designated by the Colorado State Engineer's office or the Department's Water Quality Control Commission, shall be adversely impacted by solid waste disposal. '2.1.6 Sites and facilities shall, design, construct, and maintain: (a) A run-on control system to prevent flow onte_ the active facility during the peak discharge from a _;25-year4-hour storm; and (b) A run-off control ( system to: (1) coirect the water volume resulting from a 25-year, 24-hour storm eve and (2) E the water z ', volume resulting from a 00-year, 24-hour s o event. ('Y2f' �'2. (See also Section 2. 5.7) . y Qua° r 3.6 " 2.1.7 Sites and facilities shall be adequately fenced or secured to prevent waste material and debris from leaving REVXSED NOVEMBER 30, 1994 52 98109© OK COMPOST CHRONOLOGY TO DATE cc- cappv Summer 1996 As the result of several complaints to our Department and the Planning Department Mr. Cunning submitted an application for a USR and began the CD process with the CDPHE. May 8, 1997 I observed site with Steve Laudeman, and representatives of OK Compost. I observed conditions which, if not addressed, could encourage the breeding of flies. As a result, I advised Mr. Cunning, in a letter dated May 15, 1997,that the potential fly breeding conditions were of concern to us. I also advised him that it did not appear that the current methods of controlling flies did not appear to be adequate and requested that he submit an updated fly control plan. May 27, 1997 I received a copy of a fly control plan. The plan consisted of turning the windrows and continued spraying of flies. July 10, 1997 In response to a complaint I observed the facility. I observed a nuisance condition due to the number of flies. Numerous photographs were taken to document the situation. July 11, 1997 Notified Mr. Cunning by telephone that a certified letter had been mailed to him stating that the site was considered a nuisance. I also advised him of the Health Officer Hearing. July 15, 1997 to We received 5 additional complaints concerning flies at this facility. July 17, 1997 July 22, 1997 I observed the site. I observed a slight improvement to the nuisance condition. I would consider these "border-line" nuisance conditions. As of this date, there are still a significant number of flies at the site. • 981098 ,t ‘rpc r____ DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 1517 16TH AVENUE COURT GREELEY, CO 80631 O ADMINISTRATION (970) 353-0586 HEALTH PROTECTION (970) 353-0635 Co COMMUNITY HEALTH (970) 353-0639 COLORADO FAX (970) 356-4966 July 11, 1997 ropy Certified Letter No.: P 414 601 836 Oren Cunning O.K. Compost 12630 Holly Street Brighton, Colorado 80601 Re: July 10, 1997, Site Visit to O.K. Farms Composting Facility Dear Mr. Cunning: As we discussed on the telephone on Friday, July 11, 1997, in response to a complaint, on Thursday, July 10, 1997, I observed the O.K. Farms Composting site. The site is located north of Colorado Highway 52, between Weld County Road's 93 and 95. The complainant alleged that the operation of the facility was resulting in a large population of flies. The purpose of the site visit was to assess the number of flies associated with the facility, as well as assessing the facility's attempt to control flies on site. As you are aware, we have previously received complaints concerning flies at this facility. In addition, in a letter dated May 15, 1997, we advised you that we were concerned with the potential fly breeding conditions we observed during a site visit on May 8, 1997. You did advise our Department of your fly control plan in a May 23, 1997, letter. However, it is apparent that current fly control measures are not adequate and that the site is a nuisance in accordance with 25-1-613, C.R.S., as amended. Therefore, we have scheduled you for a Health Officer Hearing with the Weld County Health Officer, John S. Pickle. The hearing is scheduled for Friday, July 25, 1997, at 10:30 a.m. The hearing will be held at the Weld County Health 981098 Oren Cunning O.K. Composting July 11, 1997 Page 2 Department, located at 1517 16th Avenue Court, Greeley. This is an informal hearing, however, you may choose to have your attorney present. The purpose of the hearing is to discuss the current conditions at the facility and potential remedial actions to eradicate and control flies at this site. Please be advised, that failure to attend this hearing will result in additional action in accordance with 25-1-613, C.R.S., as amended. If you have any questions, please call me at (970) 353-0635, extension 2232. Sincerely, kill revor Jiricek Supervisor Environmental Protection Services tj\643 cc: Steve Laudeman, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Cal Kuska, Kuska Associates Monica Daniels-Mika, Weld County Planning Department John S. Pickle, Weld County Health Department 981098 • t� DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 1517 16TH AVENUE COURT 111 D' C GREELEY, CO 80631 ADMINISTRATION (970) 353-0586 PROTEC TION (970) 353-0635 COLORADO COMMUNITY HEALTH (970) 353-0639 FAX (970) 356-4966 May 15, 1997 Oren Cunning O.K. Compost 12630 Holly Street Brighton, Colorado 80601 Re: May 8, 1997, Site Visit to O.K. Farms Composting Facility Dear Mr. Cunning: As you are aware, on Thursday, May 8, 1997, myself and Steve Laudeman of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, observed the O.K. Farms Composting site. The site is located north of Colorado Highway 52, between Weld County Road's 93 and 95. There were many purposes to the site visit. One of the primary purposes was to observe the facility's methods to eradicating flies and preventing nuisance conditions. As we discussed, our Department recently received a complaint concerning flies originating from the facility. Last year we also received similar complaints. We are aware that the nearest home from this facility is greater than one mile. However, according to the United States Department of Agriculture' adult flies will travel 5 miles or more. Thus a fly condition at this facility could affect many homes in the area. During the site visit both Mr. Laudeman and I observed a considerable number of flies. Based on observations on this date, the current number of flies does not 'Pickens, L.G., E.T. Schmidtmann, and R.W. Miller. How to Control House and Stable Flies Without Using Pesticides. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 673, 14 pp. 981098 Oren Cunning O.K. Farm Composting May 15, 1997 Page 2 currently constitute a nuisance condition. However, we are concerned that if adequate measures are not implemented immediately, conditions at the site could worsen. This is of particular concern because the "fly season" is quickly approaching. Based on our observations of the site, it appears that the current method(s) of controlling flies is not effective. Therefore, we are requesting that you review your current fly control plan and submit a revised more detailed interim fly control plan. This plan should be implemented until the facility has completed the permitting process. The plan should consist of all measures the site intends to use to control fly populations. These include spraying, placing manure into windrows, etc. In addition, we strongly recommend that the windrows located on the north portion of the site be removed, or mixed with a bulking material and placed into active composting windrows immediately. We feel that these windrows are contributing to the fly condition at the site. We are requesting that the fly control plan will be submitted no later than May 27, 1997. If you have any questions, please call me at (970) 353-0635, extension 2232. Sincerely, e Trevor Jiricek Supervisor Environmental Protection Services tj\643 cc: Steve Laudeman, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Cal Kuska, Kuska Associates Monica Daniels-Mika, Weld County Planning Department 98t098 J ,O.-111} . Zee Cra�tib` STATE OF COLORADO Roy Romer,Governor 1pc•co Patti Shwayder, Executive Director r. Dedicated to protecting and improving the hea/th and environment of the people of Colorado c:-74,-..^ I HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION • 44 49 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 222 S.6th Street,Room 232 1816 Denver,Colorado 80222-1530 Grand Junction,Colorado 81501-2768 d rao Colo Department Phone(303)692-3300 Phone(303)248-7164 P Fax(303)759-5355 Fax(303)248-7198 of Public Health and Environment May 8, 1997 Mr. Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates 8547 East Arapahoe Road, Suite J-221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 RE: Surface Water Control Information O. K. Farms Compost Weld County, Colorado Dear Mr. Kuska: As we discussed at our meeting on April 29, I have copied some pertinent sections from the Solid Waste Regulations regarding the control of surface water at waste disposal facilities. In addition, I have enclosed a copy of Chapter 2 of Soil Conservation Service Technical Release 55, regarding estimation of runoff volume. I hope you find this information useful in preparing the surface water control plan for the O. K. Farms composting facility. It should be noted that design of surface water control plans can he complicated, and while the information provided here is applicable, more information may he needed to execute a complete design. If you have any questions regarding this matter or need any further clarification, please contact me at (303) 692-3462. Sincer y, Ste a se an, P.E. Geoid' i I Engineer Solid Waste Unit Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division attachments cc: O. K. Farms, 12630 Holly Street, Brighton, Colorado 80601, w/o attachments Trevor Jiricek, Weld County Health Department, w/o attachments File: SW/WLD/OKF/2 981098 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS April 1, 1997 BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE.3-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELE-FAX (303)791-8639 Stephen Laudeman P.E. Colorado Department of /n��O)Pn �7 Public Health & Environment C V 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80222-1530 Dear Steve: Per your letter of March 26, 1997 we are supplying answers in the form of addendum #2 for the Certificate of Designation requirements for the OK FARMS COMPOST facility located in Section 2, Township 1 North, Range 61 West, Weld County, Colorado. The five concerns in your review are being addressed as follows: 1. Collection and Control. Our definition of these two terms identifies the construction of a dam which would detain runoff accumulation and give the similar results of a pit, pond or lagoon. The compost containing windrow would result in absorption and treatment which is now being acknowl— edged as superior handling of runoff and leaching. Some examples of support for compost filtering is attached. 2. Nuisance Control. Odor problems are the single biggest threat to any solid waste (dumpsters & transfer stations) , sewage treatment, land dis— posal (sewage or manures) , and composting operation. Aerobic composting does not generate odorous compounds, as anaerobic processes do. There are three primary sources of odors at a composting facility: odorous raw materials, ammonia lost from high—nitrogen materials, and anaerobic condi— tions within windrows and piles. Anaerobic conditions can be minimized by proper management of the mix so that moisture levels don't exceed 60%, temperatures elevations as soon as possible over 130° F. and thorough and regular aeration of the mass. There will be instances where raw materials will be staged for introduction to new windrows. Anaerobic conditions could exist in these piles, but the operator recognizes that the breakdown of this material should be done during periods when neighbors aren't hanging up the laundry or cooking on the backporch grill. Experience has shown that this handling can be done during a cold day when windows are closed, during a light drizzle or during a day when the wind is blowing odors away from an objectionable neighbor. All of the dairies with whom we have worked report that fly numbers are down by up to 90%. This is due to two reaons: one, composting pro— vides them with a 365—day a year management control, and two, the ten day fly breeding cycle is disrupted. Composting, like farming, is management sensitive, and the control of site nuisances are best addressed with a thorough understanding of the causes of odors, the timely handling of materials, and the use of proper aerating and turning equipment. Composiabie Paper 991098 Kuska/Associates Laudemann —2- 3. Feedstocks. Rural Weld and Morgan counties have large amounts of animal manures, and even green trimmings, refused feeds, high nitrate laden feedstocks, that are currently being land disposed or landfilled. Currently the OK FARMS COMPOST facility receives poultry litter, dairy and feedlot manures, and they have purchased wood chips from a recycler to stabiilize the moisture level of wet organics and to pro— vide a carbon source for high nitrogen matter. With the current efforts of the Southwest Public Recycling Association (SPRA) to establish composting operations as a means of utilizing collected recyclables that are "flat" in value, there may be some interest in receiving some of this to mix with the animal manures. This would only be an interest to OK FARMS COMPOST if there was an incentive for them. 4. Record Keeping. The attached form is a sample of the log which will be maintained at the site for review by regulators. Since this operation will haul the majority of the raw materials to the site, the drivers will maintain logs of their pickups and deliveries to the composting operation. Unlike sewage sludge or septage, the monitoring of the composting operation is not as intensive. Moisture levels, temperatures, maturity levels and quality will easily be judged by the composting equipment operator, and with individual windrow controls it can easily be remediated by the combining of windrows, introduction of moisture or additional turnings to control oxygen distribution. 5. Maturity and Quality of Compost. Compost maturity should not be con— fused with compost quality. Maturity means the energy and nutrient containing materials have been combined into a stable organic mass. Quality relects maturity but also reflects the chemical makeup of the compost substrates. Immature composts can interfere with plant growth (like raw manure, sewage sludge and raw green wastes) through nitrogen immobilization and ammonia toxicity or by causing oxygen de— ficiency in soils or potting media, The two most successful measurements for compost maturity are the Solvita test by Woods End Laboratory,Mt. Vernon, ME or the seedling test developed by the World Health Organization in 1978. Soil tests and other testing procedures to date have been very inconsistent. One identical sample sent to five different laboratories had results with absolutely no similarity. Even the State of California studies on organic agriculture show that they are unable to judge organic or biological fertility on a chemical analysis basis. If additional questions arise, please feel free to call on us. Yours truly, Cal Kuska cc: Chris Goranson, Weld County Oran, Craig & Myron Cunning Canposmble Paper 981098 STATE OF COLORADO Roy Romer,Governor Patti Shwayder,Executive Director 4,,% Co(Q Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado tM )Nafr \ HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION kt 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 222 S.6th Street,Room 232 •1876.? Denver,Colorado 80222-1530 Grand Junction,Colorado 81501-2768 Phone(303)692-3300 Phone(303)248-7164 Colorado Department Fax(303)759-5355 Fax(303)248-7198 of Public Health and Environment March 26, 1997 Mr. Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates 8547 East Arapahoe Road, Suite J-221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 RE: Review of Certificate of Designation Application O. K. Farms Compost Weld County, Colorado Dear Mr. Kuska: The Solid Waste Unit has received and reviewed the supplemental information provided by you regarding the above referenced facility. Specifically, your March 10, 1997 letter with attachments contained further information on surface water control, hydrogeology of the area, and a site map. This information was provided in response to our January 8 letter, which requested additional information to continue our review of the application. Based on a review of the information provided with your letter, we find that the Certificate of Designation Application for the O. K. Farms Compost facility is substantially complete, and we have proceeded directly with the technical review of the application. Our technical review of the application has resulted in a number of concerns, as presented below. These concerns must be adequately addressed in writing to allow our technical review to continue. Our concerns are as follows: 1. • The application includes the proposal to provide for surface water control with a berm of mature compost around a portion of the site perimeter (February 4, 1997 addendum, page 12). It must be demonstrated that this method of surface water control will meet the full requirements of Section 2.1.6 of the Solid Waste Regulations. Of particular importance is the definition of the terms "collect" and "control" in terms of surface water control. Copies of pertinent sections of the Regulations are attached for your reference. If it cannot be adequately demonstrated that the proposed surface water control plan will meet the requirements of Section 2.1.6, the proposed plan must be revised, or some alternative method must be proposed. 2. On page 10, Section IV, item 2 of the original application, it is stated that 981O99 Mr. Cal Kuska March 26, 1997 Page 2 the facility will be operated in a manner as to avoid excessive odors, fly breeding, or other nuisance conditions. More specific information on the measures to monitor for and correct these types of situations must be provided. Such information must include means to determine if a problem exists and the specific measures to be taken if such a situation occurs. 3. The proposed feedstocks for the facility are discussed in Section I, item 1 and in Section IV, item 3 of the application. It is not clear from these discussions what the exact nature and quantities of the different materials will be. Please provide further information on the different feedstock sources, including estimated annual quantity of each, and a description of the nature of the material. 4. The operational plan must include a recordkeeping system to include such information as the types and quantities of materials accepted at the site, measures taken to determine if nuisance conditions exist, description of any corrective measures taken, description of illegal dumping or loads of feedstock refused, and other pertinent operational information. These records must be maintained and must be available at the site during regulatory agency inspections. 5. Section IV, item 5 of the application discusses the methodology used to determine compost maturity. It would be beneficial to provide written documentation of the World Health Organization seedling test discussed in this section and any other tests proposed for the mature compost. We will continue our technical review of the application after receipt of this additional information in a comprehensive written response, or a revised application, as appropriate. If you have any questions regarding this matter or need any further clarification, please contact me at (303) 692-3462. Sincerely, Ste en deman, P.E. Geol gical Engineer Solid Waste Unit Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division cc: O. K. Farms, 12630 Holly Street, Brighton, Colorado 80601 Trevor Jiricek, Weld County Health Department File: SW/WLD/OKF/2 981098 rat. WASTEWATER SOLUTIONS Leaf compost is at the root of new stormwater runoff treatment system 1113 SAN JOAQUIN HILLS TRANS- fast-flT ush stormwater runofl.OiVwater The filter media trap particulates,absorb poration Corridor is an 18-mile, separators slow stormwater velocity,allow- organic chemicals,and remove soluble and multilane,dividedtollhighway ing coarse sediments to settle and oil droplets insoluble heavy metals. Floating surface between San Juan Capistrano and to float to the surface.Because the size of the scums,oil and grease also are removed. Newport Beach(Orange County), equipment needed to slow stormwater flow After trickling through the compost,the fil- Calif.The corridor,which opened July 24, sufficiently for the separators to treat high tered water is drained into a collection pipe is intended to relieve severe traffic conges- flows effectively was considered too large,an and discharged into the stream course. Lion created by Orange County's rapid alternative solution was sought. System maintenance consists of period- growth. The treatment system chosen is based ically removing sediments and debris,and Clean Water Act regulations require on the Compost Stormwater Filter(CSF•), loosening the top surface to regain perme- major transportation projects,business and developed by environmental engineers at ability.Spent filter media are removed, industrial facilities,and residential develop- Stormwater Management(formerly CSF tested and recomposted to biodegrade ments to include provisions for treating poi- Treatment Systems;Portland,Ore.).Runoff remaining organic pollutants.The compost luted stormwater before it reaches public flows into detention ponds installed at 40 is usable in landscaping and erosion control waterways.To comply with these regula- low points along the highway.The runoff applications,and as daily cover for landfills. tions,the San Joaquin Hills project was then is diverted into concrete structures, Replacement frequencies for the filter media required to detain and treat stormwater where it percolates through a patented fil- depend on pollutant load. runoff to ensure that increased peak flows ter medium consisting of dried,granulated According to Stormwater Management, and pollutants do not affect receiving streams compost pellets made from fallen leaves. the CSF system: and estuaries. The material is •Effectively treats stormwater runoff, The treatment odorless and micro- removing up to 90 percent of solids,oils system had to be bially stable. and greases,and heavy metals; adaptable to the • Can handle high volumes of runoff diverse challenges from such impervious areas as roads,park- of collecting and ing lots and industrial sites; treating storm- •Requires less than one-tenth the land water runoff from / needed for conventional best management a highway run- practices; ning through — •Costs less to install than conventional mountainous and - - -_. -- treatment methods; fully developed land incapable of absorb- •Has minimal operations and mainte- ing runoff. __ _.. - nance requirements; Wetlands,water qualityponds and grassy ._ j _.. •Provides effective spill containment swales traditionally have been used to col- i --- i, and rapid recovery;and lect and treat stormwater.However,these • Offers a managed approach to remedies require appropriate geographic t---, stormwater treatment. conditions and regular maintenance to han- The company has designed units for die effectively large volumes of stormwater • other applications,including commercial runoff containing solubilized pollutants. and industrial parking lots,residential devel ... The San Joaquin Hills project's environ- opment,and waste transfer stations. mental impact statement suggested using Compost filter media(top),concrete vault For more information,call the company oiVwater separators with detention basins to (bottom). at 503/240-3393 or fax 503/240-9553. ■ 26 Environmental Solutions• September 1996 981098 EARTHKIND, THE GLOBAL Y �ENVIRONMENTAL ARM OF THE Ind Z HSUS, WORKS t ,� KUSKA/ASSOCIATES . 8547 F Arapahoe Rd. Sdt; J-221 TO PROTECT Greenwood' ,.jags,co 80112 BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEMS AND PROMOTE >HUMANE, .' J k L• SUSTAINABLE o„Many people the soil is just can L,,yield 30,000 one-celled animals, ' dirtt lifeless except for a few 50,000 algae, 400.000 fungi, and 2.5 bil I DEVELOPMENT. ,a „ l; earthworms, ':uninteresting and lionbacteria. ined Quite the,opposite is true: - Do policy makers or even scientists the soil is a vast ecosystem but pay enough attention to the life of the lr itbhbly the;bast appreciated,or under- soil?Even among professionals,soil is of- sl sad ecosynt on Earth t , ten viewed as inert,pulverized rock,need I Z 'z. y}at y, ..lbp �eaofhfpirli esoil, tC5 in only an occasional,dose of chemical ¢IT ftnagin �e"St is'a'niictnscopie l , 'fertilizers to maintain it."this narrow ap- g;r a,,:of :hylztg animals .-and r plants. proach is insufficient to foster the work of - vetd led out"aeross the great continents' environmentally sustainable development. i nfplanet it, one square yard of typical In fact, without a living soil, civilization l ? put! taature, sotM,k'45,000 stnall,earthwonns, would collapse.Maintaining and enhanc- 1 '41,Iiin.illion rolSitdwonns7and,48,00Qtiny ing the fertility of the soil is vital in feed `4titeeLts and ,tiffes can be found.One gram - ing the world's growing population. S us- (03*-ounces.) Qffertile agricultural soil tamable agriculture is an impossibility IM ril illg .-/.. Y is Q , ..„ _ , We have a deep interconnection to the life that inhabits the dark regions of the topsoil.We literally depend upon this life for our survival. •i — ,a r • , , »,�r s" 3 •.,t -- � g py,. i twnane .SocieLv 'hnit-r•:'. ,tnLtr; HSUS NEWS • Winter1996 kr 981098 {';; \re t ., F jdfe-,, c F2'� 4',.N , 7 a* ,4 r t ai its 14 Y t c$ eiii 7: i _ .'?.''.;',N..-..11 b ms e s yr -- Y 4"11.y f 7 R � ra. 1f t P EARTHKIND> - Jt �� "`Li 02, IN ACTION 'IlTI y 7t a etb, F'It'ill !l� l H .ir ii l ai I�, yjgnll ' nut EARTHKIND, RENEW proaches in twenty-six categories no ' rr i ' :" AMERICA JOIN FORCES tionwide:' One example is the 131ae1 �.i;, Bear Conservation committee, which ira .e:,,.,„, cam America is the premier non- drafted a contprehensnve restoration plait profit or miiation in die Inured furl ounianr's black bear. T" States that identities and promotes Renew America coordinates the Na ., environmental success stories. Racked tional Awards Council fbr fnyironmm� r - . • :': by p em rominent eironmental leaders;ntd tal Susuaivability, composed orrenowned ,, .11,11.- :it otganitation, Renew :America Hire- !cadets of top emnonmental. corporate, t a scuts the postive'lace of the envrron-'✓ and cohununity groups. l he council ea ' inertial inoveinem in the United States tablishes program guidelines and selects a' • _ iiii1 today. Renew America's the winners of its annual chairwoman. Claudine search for innovative pro `. Schneider. former mem- "RENEW crams. -We provide pas'i- ,e ti bee of Congress and AMERICA WILL five reinforcement to %Forgets dp a 'd ip }"i the iivin soil• national em successful and re vlicable P e. CONTINUE rams. spotlighting htim sustainable forestry must begin with - leader, points out, "If we programs. I g d soil preservation are going to move the AS A SOURCE outstanding, groups that rid ' < 1 country forward ernsrron- OF ENVIRON- arc working on a grass- 7-9,Wut,t71) , ` ` slbf grgatt ..utter mental!),we need to show MENTAL SOLO- roots. regional.or national .- . " dam'es07t y- 0 epxtatipon 4 people the road to sue- i.IONS.,, level to promote em iron :the�(t91pg S9 1' b%ble fpree must 'd cess where practical volt- mental sust indnlih: iii f.,_. beght wlttlu ttig$the elan of our >.': tons have been worked —John A. Hoyt says I;xecuove Director ,planet f taAY ..; ` out and replicaole pro- Debbie Shier. TJnder r'h 4 g Q p 4�ptferS, whlch,prPvide '1 grams developed- In I cbr uarS the top cn- much of tho.atpr fo our cities and for 1 Recently, Renew America touted vironntental programs in the country our agrichl*taitiaitdrt systems, need `. forces with LarthICiud to strengthen its will be honored at the competition's an organic serJ-tp edifure the,rain and ', program reach nation:d it and. perhaps, awards ceremony. IIundredsof new sue- acleahan4p' <, t$si grmeates4gward extend its opualiorts two the interns cess stories Will be added to Hie/roesom- .Oneblonde' QS;',-oflnch huplus soil ' honal arena. "As a pro rant u( I(noh- mental Sur,e.cs h/./cv. kartlrkind is . ft11t4 +i epVisigd.1951i Kind Renew Amazes will continue its making it possible for Renew 1mcrica ' P.1,1k `,4 rise; aging role as a Icadut source of en manner', to put its d;uabase ou the AVorld Wide ' s-. ,4 t fdID1V from tal solutions. \\cue e,peeiully 'howled \Web. I brat one-tl-a Lind du tb rse is r °,9-. 'LE, il into,fl:,..,-,-,....,.8.„:._,, at3 earns that Renew Amcnca o il! be 6 okrn. Idled with stories that are not only in- ' andirivers jV{ ,b 'vex ,r.; .I with us side by side rowwd our common ,pirin but capable of being repeated in How r A\tr iespeet�for the a ohieclrve ptnteuim:, reslorin_;, and en- other communities in America and rlivingsOti';fke tic tt!4tganteal(y.grown 1 humerus the errsrromncnl se that our around line world. 4. food,teach bile c 1,dren,ahout the'micro : eonuuunitics will be aealths. sustain If you wish to get an application Ibt scopic IifeAfthaU,0.S study the inter- able,and tilled svirh hope;'said lobo A. the competition and tell your success dependence;mteion'nection,and value of I loyt,president of I athh r rel. j story about protecting animals or the en- all life,large and;smallti Tina I lobson, founder and president vironment, please call (202) 232-2252 With the:'help etScLence,we are begin- of Renew America, notes."Sixteen Itun- -. or write to Renew America at I-1(10 16th ning to grasp hov asto4ushingly rich with died success stories are listed iu Renew + St., N\N, Suite 710, Washington, DC life our soils are:-As-We identify, catalog, America's Enviranminrn!An,-eel l !ideas, , 20036. .1m: Hardie, Esq., incentive di- and study the habitat and environmental which documents solution-oriented ap- : rector Earthkind(US.I) conditions necessary for the teeming bio- diversity of burplanet,it is profoundly im- 1,a `:r i` ' portant to appreciate the.awesome 8nmronment Liaison C¢ntr¢(Ylt¢r9�7rt}on in the tivorld. The coalition was created in fits we derive from the living organisms [ al. Mr. Hartke was recently elected"U.S.- 1974 by the United Nations Environment in the soil.—Jan Hartke, Esq., ereca- representative to the board of directors of Programme as the "voice of tire grass _ lire director; EarthKind (US4). Rani! the Environment Liaison Centre Interns- mots." It non r represents more than n S'enannrahe, Ph.D-, co-eaecal,me duerne, liana!, the largest environmental coalition thousand owl;onnrental groups. HSUS NEWS • Winter 1996 - 41 and the considerable reduction in gas gener- applied to landfill operations.These include prate hecause the liner is tested under an ationratesthatoccursinolderwastedeposits. the development of new techniques and the applied load and alter the liner has been the gas flows as actually generated will vary application of old techniques to new uses. exposed to possible damage. considerably across the landfill.The opera- The biofilterrepresentsawell-established A leachate or LFG management system tion of LFG systems installed over complet- technology.Standard sanitary septic tanks or is just that: a system. Every system has an ed portions of a still-active landfill will be leaching fields are biofilters.What is new is external boundary whereexternal influences, effected by the exposed waste conditions of theirapplication to LFG management.Biofil- forces, and materials cross into the system. the adjacent operational areas.Either condi- trationis the removal and oxidation oforgan- Once in thesysteni,these external factors are tion will result in wide differentiation between icgasesk'Iowa as volatile organic compounds Processed by the system components and dis- individual extraction-well flow rates and the (VOCs)from contaminated gases by beds of charged back across the boundary in a new estimated average flow rate for the landfill as compost or soil.Biofilters axe constructed of fonn.Rainfall enters the landfill as percola- a whole. a bed of soil and/or compost under which lies tion and emerges as extracted leachate. Flow and pressure-head measurements a distribution system of perforated pipe.Soil Microorganismsandorganicwastecombine and compost have relatively large voids and in the landfill to produce LFG. Both are particles with comparatively large surface hydraulic systems managing liquid and Biofilters are areas.Contaminated gases are pumped into gaseous flows in an environmentally safe the bed viatheunderlyingperforatedpipenet- manner.Successful systems require a moni- eonstructed of work.VOC contaminates sorb to the organ- toring system that provides the necessary is surfaces of the soil or compost particles information for proper feedback and adjust- and are oxidized by microorganisms into menu of the system oper tion. MSW a bed of soil CO2.Volatile inorganic compounds also can be sorbed and oxidized into calcium salts.Gas Guest author Daniel P. Daffy, PE, i.soPrO- and/or compost biofilters tend to be more efficient than set fessiona! enrirnnmenrnl engineer with the tic fields or other liquid biofilters since gases Engineering and Environmental Affairs flow more readily through soil and are inher- Department ntRuarpke Waste Inc. inCincnr under which lies a entlymorebiodegradablewith99%removal nail,OH. efficiencies readily achievable. distribution system It is unfortunate that this technology has been superseded by more standard LFG incin- of perforated pipe eration techniques.Though it requires a larg- er operational footprint than a flare stack assembly.its operational costs are insignifi- are taken at each extraction well. A typical cant, and they last indefinitely. If the usual measurement device is an orifice flow plate reluctance(unfounded in this instance)against installed as part of the well's discharge con- puttingpollutants into the ground can beover- nection to the lateral pipeline. Flow can be come, the aesthetics of a hidden and unob- manually adjusted by atum-wheel-controlled trusive biofilter are superior to that of a flare butterfly valve also located at the well head. assembly with its continuous flameandnoise. The industrial blowers, either modified or It can be expected that this technology,used specifically designed for landfill gas extrac- extensively in Europe and Japan,will even- tion,are designed to provideaconstantappli- tually be used more in the United States. cation of negative pressure head. No leachate system will function if a nit- A typical LFG flare system requires an ical component of the system fails.This espe- additional12 in.of water column head(62.4 ciallyistrueiftheleachatecontainmentsystem IbJsq.R pressure)from the blower system is breached and leachate escapes to contam- toovercomeresistancewithintheflarestack inateadjacentgroundwater.Thecontanrinants and ignition system. The flare typically is will show up in adjacent monitoring wells, but there will be no sure way of telling where enclosed in a securely fenced area.The stack can extend up 10 to 20 ft.in height depend- the leak is occurring.High-voltage,electrical ing on local conditions.Usually designed for leak-detection systems can be used to assist continuous burning of LFG,the flare stack in accurately locating geomembrane leaks. relies on automatic ignition systems.Tem- This is a relatively new technique, mostly perature sensors will detect the blowing out used to detect leaks in geomembrane-lined of a flare and switch on the spark ignition lagoonsorponds.However,it is equally appli- system. Occasionally, though not recom- cable to landfill liner monitoring. 'mended,a site may have to rely on manual The electrical leak-location method is to _. reignition ofablown-out flare stack.Thesen- impress a voltage across the geomembrane sots can record a flare blowout at a central liner and to detect areas where electrical cur- or off-site location, signaling the need for rent flows through water or moistureinleaks reignition or maintenance. in the liner.Because geomembranes may be damaged while emplacing protective cover New Advances soils or leachate collection layers,an electric final word leak-detection survey of the soil-covered The above does not represent the in leachate and LEG management and con- into is hiehls effective for local- trol. New advances are continually being in leaks in the liner.Thistechniqueisappro- J•fl .+av/erne.tits 1997 p p 981098 The control of the system described above is performed In :In with operational control)can be done either locally at each sump or internal electronic switching system operated by the transducerscn- at the landfill's main office.Local monitoring consists of a high-level ' sor. Electrical power for this system and for operating the impeller alarm triggered by excessive leachatehead measurements by the trans- motor is provided by acorrosion-resistantpower-lineconnection run- ducer sensor. These alarms usually art flashing lights, commonly ning down the riser pipe.All electric operating and control systems referred to as"blue light specials,"that are conveniently visible from associated with leachate management systems should be protected most parts of the landfill.Central monitoring is performed at a dis- against power surges, especially resulting from lightning strikes, play board located in the main office.The board is connected elec- There s a class of pneumatically controlled and operated leachate ironically to each sump's transducer sensor. Central monitonn_ is extraction pumps that do not rely electronic switch- ` es. Operational control is provided by "pneumatic logic circuits"consisting of capillary pressure tubes. Most states require that no more than While an interesting concept,these tubes have a ten- `1 dency to accumulate moisture and (especially in northern-tier states) freeze, thus blocking the logic circuit. A third type of pump control is the simple one foot of leachate head buildup be floater switch.This usually is employed in lift sta- tions or wet wells where extracted leachate has accu- mulated in a manhole-type structure.A raising of the floater aim by a rising leachate level triggers the allowed on the liner barrier layer pump's operation. Any operating system requires feedback for suc- cessful operation.Interestingly,central control of the leachateextrac- recommended for very large sites where manual observation of local tion system is not typical.Seldom are leachate pumps simultaneously alarms would not be convenient,or for sites with limited personnel operating . The various waste cells in an operation landfill vary in available for regular sump inspections.Indications of pump failure waste thicknesses and cover conditions.A current cell with minimal require manual removal,repair,and/or replacement of the pump. waste deposits and only operational cover will generate leachate in Control of landfill gas flows through the extraction system's wells. greater quantities and frequencies than an older cell serviced by a headers.and laterals also is more often than not a manual operation. final cover system.The chief concern in leachate monitoring is pump A well balanced extraction system provides a minimum of 10 in.of malfunction resulting in execessive leachate head accumulation.The water column(50+lbJsq. ft.)of negative suction pressure head at feedback provided by operational monitoring (not to be confused each LFG extraction well.Given the heterogeneous nature of waste t11 in transducer sensor. The trans- i M1; III - �� r ducer sensor measures the pies- sure on the submerged extraction I ! � - iB ' pump resulting from leachate r 1 . 'o. I t '� r -: 'I. f�R,t9 accumulation in the sump.Once ,r1-77.7 �a measured pressure indicates that " L n . te:', '' °'� asufficientleachateheadbuildup -: r" �s has occurred,the impeller pump , ' ' ---‘)..,144�l,,,,,et 7 's ( - . r begins operation, pumping the ri-it, q lC leachateup theriserpipe through "*S;" - • ,,:,d �+)r - r.- 7 ' M V� 5 r 4 .11 I .. �._- i'• the flexible discharge hose Most &-. , „ - r states require that no more than f v _s A v y one foot of leachate head buildup F77:— • • ...:La:..;,..;...r. be allowed on the liner barrier tW' , -r•`" .l , J .. -w ,,.; layer. The recessed sump ';'flsr . � r:.. `areas r l f 7 :. c ]=. where the extraction pumps are ' "- q ' �{} located typically are an exception r-. r. /' I•r A ,c- �i — _Ii rr to this rake.Most pumps require �.,.`�, � *�`�� ` F �'t- + , � .-,:.::„....,._:::„. ,_,.,.4 .„:„±„,.,?„,,:„.„...„. more than one foot of head prior ' > '{ ;l 1f r' ' :C A to pumping in order to prevent :,•. !sc. �'• + ,�.,�+., r n ' '. rr t 7' cavitation and potential pump ail , . ' r .' i '� "" , s burn-out. Therefore leachate c- ( f / ' sumpsareusually two tothreefeet CC�.rr:i� .a� p ' z r ' 1 - .% . } lower than the surrounding land r-_, �>. ctr Y r 1 �f4 fill floor to allow sufficient l'' Y i leachate accumulation prior to Y . h e' pumping.To guard against cav e eir ,--n �`• n L e. 1 I _ ' r > r r'ft: itation and burnout,most pumps _ ' rr p p �. -� ✓ „ r�� R�. l`�- l�� fin .- r . � � '�ilrl� ."....e,. 'I tum off when leachate head in the `7�4..F.. ..- w� . a" ;' t- �. - � � d sump falls to six inches. �"'y }2.i . l�` i 'r,✓•---.../.: ,. ---,, ,.-...;: , sump i" •;,i rl;-'�t'P,`�Z ,.ems•. ; } `ti' sr • the leachate is the function of the landfill's horizontally.For typical landfills withexten- waste,eventually becoming leachate How- liner bather system,usually of a composite sive landfill depths,vertical well installation ever. the constituents of typical LFG con- design constructed of both low-permeabili- is preferred.Horizontal wells,similar to per- densate are potentially more hazardous in ty recompacted soil and over-layer of formed trench drains for groundwater man- both type and quantity than normal leachate. geomembrane.Installed above the liner bar- agement,usually are used for shallow waste For this reason some states do not allow riersystem isa leachatecollection and removal deposits or as perimeter systems to intercept driplegs.Instead they require the traps be con- system consisting of high permeability gran- migrating LFG near the ground surface.All netted to special condensate discharge lines ular soil and/or geocomposite drainage blan- LFG wells have a zone of influence (ZOI) which cany the condensate to on-site storage kets.Their function is to direct leachate flows analogous to the draw-down radius of a tanks.Final treatmentanddisposalofcollected to a series of perforated or slotted collection groundwater extraction well. The extent of condensate is similar to that of leachate. pipesconnected to the extraction sump.These the ZOI varies with depth of waste,lengths implementation pipes either can be polyvinyl chloride(PVC) of the slotted and solid segments of the well, or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) The configuration of the final cover system,and The basic descriptions given above for sumps are recessed areas located in the low- applied negative pressure heads.Spacing of leachateandLFG management systems leave estpartofeach landfill cell.Set inlargediam- the LFG extraction wells takes into account open the question of which types of system eterpipes installed at the bottom of the sumps the need for complete coverage of the land- components to use.There is no one solution. are extraction pumps discharging leachate fill while avoiding excessive overlapping. (If there were,engineers such as myself would through flexible hoses.These hoses are locat- Insufficient coverage may result in accumu- have to look for new careers.)Each landfill ed in riser pipes extending to the surface. lationormiation ofLFG in areas unaffected is unique in terms of layout, configuration, Once removed from the landfill,leachate bytheextraction well system.Excessive over- regulatory requirements,public perceptions, either is pumped to on-site storage tanks or lap results in an inefficient operating system climate,adjacent land usage,isolation to other .directly discharged to adjacent sanitary sew- and unnecessary capital expenditure. structures, zoning restrictions, groundwater ers. If the site topography is favorable.dis- Active LFG systems consist of extraction hydrooeology, and rainfall patterns. One charge exclusively can be performed by wells connected via header and lateral example of the choices involved in design- gravity flow drains. However, most sites pipelines to a central blower facility.Header ing a landfill hydraulic system concems a rel- require some form of additional lift station or pipelines circle the entire landfill in one or atively simple component of a leachate wet well to overcome elevation or friction more loops.The loops are needed to allow management system,the collection pipelines. heads in the discharge system. Some states continuous flow of landfill gas even if a part PVC leachate collection pipe usually require on-site pretreatment of leachate prior of the headerpipelineis blocked byanobstruc- comes with predrilled holes to allow inflow to its leaving the site.The\vastewater treat- tion.Branchingoff from theheaderpipeline(s) of leachate.These holes measure three-eighths ment facility receiving the leachate also may are laterals connecting the header to individ- to one-half inch in diameter and are set in a - require some degree of pretreatment. ual wells.The wells typically are construct- pair of parallel lines along the bottom half of ed of rigid PVC that can withstand the the pipe.PVC pipe is easily installed,requir- The Basics of Landfill Gas knocking about that occurs during well instal- ing manual insertion of the belled socket pipe Management Systems lation.The header and lateral pipelines usu- ends of each pipe segment. Rubber gaskets Landfill gas(LFG)ptimatiI is generated by ally are made of more flexible polyethylene I the decomposition of the organic content of or HDPE for ease of trench installation.The typically rubberd to gaskee ts will ipe disndsolve deposited waste.Of chief concern is the blower applies a negative pressure head to the These gaskets dissolve in potentially explosive methanecontentofLFG. the entire system. The amount of pressure the presence of leachate,but in a perforated If unchecked, LFG migrating off-site can required depends on anticipated extraction collection coe pipeline a"leaky"le ly is is t not accumulatein local buildings until the`lower rates and the potential head losses incurred a concern. reP m re prone t unfortunately is very n and therefore more prone h efore cracking qi than explosive limit"is achieved,resulfinginahaz- by LFG asithavelsthrough the pipe network. more-flexible HDPE.PVC theiefotErequires ardous situation. Furthermore, LFG can The blower usually discharges LFG to a a more stable gravel/sand pipe bedding to brace severelystressvegetationadjacenttotheland- flare stack where the methane component of the pipe walls. fill or in the landfill's final cover.The rate of LFG safely is ignited and burned off.Often, HDPE pipeline usually comes preslotted LFG production varies widely from landfill however,the flared LFG is used to heat a boil- to allow inflow of leachate. The slots typi- to landfill according to waste composition, er that runs an electric generator.The elec- tally are three-eighths inch in width and run age of the deposited waste,and local climate tricity can be acrd on-site,or sold to the local in a pair of parallel rows along the sides of conditions. As with predictions of leachate power grid.LFG also can be collected and the pipe.Being more flexible,HDPE is less production rates,even the best estimates of piped off-site to other facilities,or collected likely to crack under applied waste and soil LFG generation rates also are limited in accu- in storage tanks for later use. loadings.However.HDPE installation is more racyduringtheoperationallifetimeofthesite. A by-product of LFG collection is con- costly, requiring the butt fusing and exact The simplest LFG system consists of a densate.As LFG moves through the extrac- alignment of the pipe ends with a machine series of passive wells connected to vents that tion system,its temperature cools,resulting specially designed for this purpose.Instead of extend well above the landfill's final cover. in the precipitation of any condensate car ied installing individual pipe segments,extensive The vents provide a vertical migration path= by the gas.The condensate flows along the lengths of fused pipeline need to be dragged way for the LFG, minimizing the potential pipe system with gaseous flows either con- in place by on-site equipment.Furthermore, for horizontal, off-site migration. Often currently or countercurrently with the gas, HDPE pipe strength is prone to creep degra- "whirligigs"are attached to the vent open- depending on the slope gradient of the pipe. dation by loner teen application of overbuy- ing.These are designed to catch prevailing The simplest method of condensate man- den.However.this isa problem only in landfills breezes and spin.The spinning creates aneg- agement utilizes traps located at low points withextensive operational lifetimes and post- ative pressure head(or suction)near the vent in the pipe system.Thesetrapsdischaige con- closure care periods. opening.Thene oat ive pressure increases the densate directly back into the landlillthrnueh Collected leachate is removed by sub- LFG flows to the well. an attached dripleg. The condensate is then mersible pumps typically operated by a built- Wells either can be installed vertically or diluted somewhat as it percolates through the hyIJAIVR'bu k un' IVY? 981098 ter',"0 II ilitilin glik . it. jil ' " . .for leachate and Laodf ill Gas fflaoageoient Systems Daniel P. Duffy A landfill essentially is an hydraulic system designed to manage liquid and gaseous flows in an environmentally safe manner. A wide variety of management systems and control strategies are available to the landfill engineer and operator. The piping,wells,pumps,ditches,headers,sumps,and tanks asso- adequate final cover system. ciated with the landfill's operations are held in place by a sta- Unfortunately,computer models of landfill leachate production ble structure of earth,compacted waste,and geosynthetics.The have severe limitations in predictive accuracy. The results of these liquids and gases managed by the landfill's hydraulic systems analyses should be considered as"guesstimates"only.There simply either are generated by the deposed waste itself or by the passage of are too many outside variables affecting the landfill and within the liquids through the waste. structural characteristics of the deposited wastes.In addition to typ- ical percolation-generated leachate,a possibly significant portion of The Basics of Leachate Management Systems leachate generated within the landfill is the consequence of deposit- Since leachate primarily is formed by the percolation of precipita- ed waste losing its accumulated moisture content primarily as a result tion into and through the deposited waste, the best leachate mini- of settlement and consolidation of waste.This results in loss of void mization and control strategy is a good cover system.There are two space to hold the moisture,which usually occurs in significant quan- types of cover systems.The first is an operational cover either con- tities only late in the operational lifetime of the landfill as lower lev- sisting of soil cover placed over the waste's working face at the end els of waste are consolidated by the weight of the more recently of each work day(daily cover)or for longer periods of time over the deposited waste above.Newly deposited waste actually has a poten- top of the current lift of waste(intermediate cover).The purposes of tially large absorptive capacity.Estimates of the amount of percola- these covers are to minimizethebreed tion that can be absorbed and trapped ing of disease vectors,the blowing of by waste range as high as 20%by vol- .. the 4�,:"s•' ume.Once a complete lift or two of non of percolation ihs 1 r,-&,',117:.:, �, \ \, s5,:.„..k...;.:!;;;,,,— waste has been deposited in a landfill of percolation and subsequent - �, minimization ofleachateisnotthepri- cell, there is the possibility of mini- mazy purpose of operational covers. - -tea>. ..,, mal leachate production until the The effects on leachate formation by . - ,r, " ". � absorptive capacity of the deposited operational covers are indirect If left• waste is exceeded. in place (not stripped away prior to The remains are an oversimplifi- placementofadditionalwaste)thesoil cation,however.Waste is heteroge- cover cotild form low-permeability neous in both content and structure. layers that act to impede percolation - All descriptions of its physical and through the waste and subsequent mechanical characteristics are leachate formation. assumedaverages only.Fracture zones However,final cover systems con- and large voids can exist in waste,pro- sisting of low-permeability recom- viding pathways for potentially large pacted soil caps, with or without • and unpredictable amounts of perco- overlaying geomembrane liners, are lation.Conversely,the potential exists designed to greatly reduce the amount for perched leachate"lenses"to form ofpercolation into the depositedwaste. _ .,.---.,4S' ' •' „ m the landfill above unremoved cover This is done in combination with sur- soil layers or areas of low perneabil- facewaterrunoffdiversionstructures, ity waste.Furthermore,runoff of pre- erosion and sedimentation controls, cipitation from exposed waste slopes granularsoilorgeocompositedrainage also is considered leachate. In some layers installed above the final cover, short-term situations the amount of and the evapotranspiration action of leachate generated by exposed waste the vegetated final cover's root sys- surface runoff can greatly exceed more tem.Computer modeling of percola- typical means of leachate production. lion, water storage and leachate Leachate,no matter how it is gen- production in landfills usually indi- erated,must be prevented horn leav- rates minimalOf any)leachate gener ing the landfill and contaminating ation in landfills serviced by an adjacent.groundwaicr.Contaunnent of e 20 inm5W Management- - I.A.I ,xi ll nnm en\ 1997 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE.J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELL-FAX (303)791-8639 RESEARCH BY ILLINOIS GROUNDWATER CONSORTIUM PROVES BENEFITS OF SOIL ORGANICS "The researchers found that regardless of the nitrogen application rate, about 40% of the fertilizer ended up in the plant. In other words, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use stayed constant whether 60 pounds an acre was applied or 240. So what happened to the 60% of the fertilizer applied in 1994 that didn't get used? Most of the leftover (about 85%) was converted to organic nitrogen over the growing season: it was bound up with the humus, or organic matter content, of the soil. Immediately post—harvest, it was not in a form that could leach down to groundwater." University of Illinois, Champaign—Urbana. "Nitrogen is very unpredictable. Through plant uptake, organic matter decomposition, and other chemical reactions, nitrogen changes from organic form to inorganic (mineral) forms and vice versa. Only mineral nitrogen, in the form of ammonium—nitrogen or nitrate—nitrogen, can be taken up by crops. (The third type of mineral nitrogen, nitrite, is toxic to plants if present in soil at high levels). In short, overfertilization won't increase yields: it just costs more money and contributed to nitrate contamination of groundwater and surface-water supplies." Southern Illinois University—Carbondale. "Researchers estimate that as much as 44% of all nitrogen fertil— izer applied in the Mississippi River watershed has made its way to the Gulf of Mexico. High nitrate levels in bodies of water can trigger algae blooms that deplete oxygen for dead zones. Such a dead zone reportedly extends for approximately 3,500 square miles where the Mississippi drains into the Gulf." University of Illinois, Champaign—Urbana. "Farmers whose soil contains high levels of clay and organic matter probably need not worry much about atrazine or alachlor leaching down to deep groundwater supplies. To reduce leaching then, reduce chemical use where feasible. Finally, build up soil organic matter content." Southern Illinois University—Carbondale. "Do policy makers or even scientists pay enough attention to the life of the soil? Even among professionals, soil is often viewed as inert, pulverized rock, needing only an occasional dose of chemical fertilizers to maintain it. This narrow approach is insufficient to foster the work of environmentally sustainable development. In fact, without a living soil, civilization would collapse." Earthkind USA and Environment Liaison Centre International. 981O98 THE SOIL IS A VAST ECOSYSTEM . . . BUT PROBABLY THE LEAST APPRECIATED OR UNDERSTOOD ECOSYSTEM ON EARTH. These two paragraphs,extracted from "Growing More Food, Doing Less Damage" Environment 1996, tells the plight of the World's declining food supply. The losses of topsoil, the poisoning of water and its growing shortages apply both to agriculture and horticulture alike! Improving Fertilizer Efficiency One of the main constraints on yield growth is rice's ability to take up nitrogen from the soil. Rice plants use only 30 to 40 percent of the nitrogen added by farm- ers. a rate of efficiency that has remained about the same for -the last 25 years. Furthermore, neither farmers nor researchers can accurately gauge how much nitrogen should be added during the growing season to maximize yields.37 If uptake efficiency were increased to 50 percent, as it has been at research stations, farmers would need one- third less nitrogen.38 Phasing out subsidies for fertilizers could also have important benefits. Below-market prices have led to ineffi- cient use of this input and favored nitrogen over other nutri- ents. Raising prices would encourage more judicious use of chemical fertilizers, greater use of organic fertilizers, and fertility-enhancing crop rotation 39 Of course, in areas that are just beginning to use fertilizers, subsidies may still have a role to play. Over the long term, however, the need for subsidies can be eliminated by investing in distribution infrastructure, providing innovative ways to share risks and finance, and encouraging regional cooperation in fertilizer production and procurement.40 37. R.G. Cassman and R.R. Harwood, "The Nature of Agricultural Systems: Food Security & Environmental Balance," FOOD POLICY, 20, No. 5, 1995. 442-44. 38. Ibid. 39. P.L. Pingali and M.W. Rosegrant, "Confronting the Environmental Consequences of the Green Revolution in Asia,"Environment & Pro— duction Technology Division Discussion Paper No. 2, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 1994. 40. International Food Policy Research Institute, "A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and the Environment: The Vision, Challenge and Recommended Action,"Washington, D.C. 1995. p. 33. Windrowrpile temperature monitoring record Windrow, pile.or cell number Date constructed Ingredients and comments Temperature(=F) Date Time i Moisture Odor Distance from end of pile rating rating •feet feet I feet feet I a 4 ' I � J 981098 pages 42-44 of 44-page 42 report prepared by World Health Organization , Dubendorf , 2 . 18 . Seed Test Switzerland , 1978 . "Methods of Analysis of Sewage Slugde , Solid 1 ) Definition Wastes and Compost" The seed test with germinating plants gives first indications if a mature compost is favorable to plant growth. A compost may be called mature only if the seed test is positive . 2 ) Principle A standard number of seeds of a fast growing and relatively sensitive plant (e .c7. barley) is grown under identical con- ditions in different mixtures of compost and soil. Two weeks later, the following properties of the sprouts are compared with a standard sample: germination, weight as received, weight when dried and weight of the ash. By comparison, the suitability of a compost for agricul- tural purposes can be evaluated. 3 ) Procedure Fill 15 plantpots with different mixtures of compost and ordinary soil . The volumetric ratios should be 0 : 1 , 1 : 3 , 1: 1 , 3 : 1 , and 1 :0 . Prepare three pots each with the same ratio , and plant 30 seeds into each pot. Cover the compost/ soil mixture with 200 ml of quarz-sand (grain size : 1-1 . 5mm) and let the seeds cerminate under identical , natural con- ditions . After two weeks , harvest the sprouts and evaluate as follows: The results of germination in the standard-pot (no compost) are taken as 100 % . The results obtained in the other pots are reported as percentage of the results of the standard pot. The seedtest is evaluated by the follo- wing parameters: Germination: The number of germinated seeds in a pot, ex- pressed as percentage of all planted seeds and related to the standard pot. 100 • K 100 • SS • SK K in % _ _ KC SC . Sp K = success of germination relative to a standard pot KS = success of germination of a sample pot KC = success of germination of a standard pot SS = number of germinated seeds in a sample pot SC = number of germinated seeds in the standard pot Sp = number of planted seeds in a sample pot SK = number of planted seeds in the standard pot 981098 41 Weight as received: Cut and weight the sprouts from each pot . The result is retorted as: a) fresh weight relative to the standard sample, and b) fresh weight per single plant in relation to the control sample . 100 • E a) F in % = F K FK = weight as received of all sprouts in a pot of the standard sample . Fp = weight as received of all sprouts in a pot of the sample. 100 . Fm • m b) F per single plant in 2 = FK n•m = number of sprouts in the standard pot. n = number of sprouts in the sample pot. Dry Weight: Dry the harvested sprouts (see 2. 2 . Water Content and Dry Residue) and weigh them. The result is reported: a) relative to the standard sample , and b) as dry weight per single plant relative to the standard sample . 100 Go a) G in % = G K GK = dry weight of all sprouts of the standard sample. Gp = dry weight of all sprouts of the sample . 100 • G . m b) G per single plant in % = GK n•m = number of sprouts in the standard sample . n = number of sprouts in the sample. 44 Ash Weight: Combust the dry sprouts (see 2. 3 . Volatile Substance) and weight the ash. The result is reported: a ) relative to the standard sample, and b) as ash weight per single plant relation to the standard sample . 100 . A a) A in % _ Ax AK = ash weight of all sprouts of the standard sample Ap = ash weight of all sprouts of the sample 100 . A .. m b) A per single plant in % = AK n m = number of sprouts in the standard sample . n = number of sprouts in the sample . 4) Notes Additional qualitative informations can be obtained by com- paring the growth of the roots visually. Kuska/Associates •ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS •COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS •BIOREMEDIAT)ON 8567 E ARAPAHOE RD..STE J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80112 USA CAL KUSKA fax/phone FRAN KUSKA 1303)791-8639 981098 c, r �CJ U Eilwo EDM FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Woods End®Research Laboratory• PO Box 296• Mt Vernon ME 04352 • 207-293-2457 Contact : Celinda Montoya 800-451-0337 Washington DOT adopts Woods End' s Solvita Test Kit under Recycled Materials Procurement Standards (Mt .Vernnn MR - Feh_2.„_ 1997) . The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) now requires compost acquired under WSDOT specifications be checked with the Solvita Compost Maturity kit produced by Woods End Research Laboratory, Inc. of Mt Vernon, Maine if the maturity of the compost is questioned. Compost must also meet Washington State Department of Ecology' s (DOE) Interim Compost Quality Guidelines . "The Solvita test kit appears to provide a rapid, accurate and inexpensive means to verify maturity of products prior to -ppli cation by contractors . . ' said Mark Maurer of WSDOT. Under Wash- ington State rules, compost products if available must be considered for construction and roadside restoration contracts which specify soil amendments . According to Woods End President Dr. William Brinton, 'this is one of several states and agencies which are considering adopting this simple test for mandatory or voluntary examination of com- post products . Hitherto, only very expensive and time-consuming lab procedures were available to measure compost respiration, an index of maturity. ' Official validation trials have been completed by the State of Maine Cooperative Extension Service and Cornell University which indicate 'accuracy and reliability of the Solvita test kit for measuring compost condition. . ' according to Dr. Brinton. Woods End Laboratory provides environmental services and products for farmers and the environmental industry and has been in busi- ness since 1974 . a, _ NOW COMPOSTING JUST GOT EASIER. k `9 ®OLVITk 1\ -1 O h `.t ; MP ST X41 $p•, /` O _ Fp �./ t ` Gs/ y ,F t Maturity �_ tom " ��~� 4 i......nY is '�"°.._._...) COMPOSTIt r�wnw Y 77 _ pS P�,m ofJN.M) IM f.. t ' The SolvitaTM Compost Maturity Test Kit is an important analytical tool which: • Enables users and producers of compost and recycled residues to conduct their own tests. • Permits rapid and efficient monitoring of decomposition progress and determination of compost use readiness. • Provides quality results in just 4 hours at a fraction of the cost of laboratory fees. A true scientific breakthrough, the Solvita Compost Maturity Test is simple to use, economical and reliable. This new product will help both users and producer reach new quality standards for a finished product. Ipi& O 11. V I T ATM A Research a r c from Woods End Laboratory Inc.,It an international leader in agricultural systems with a specialty in compost research and development. by WOODS END° RESEARCH 981098 The SolvitaTM kit is more than just a plain biological respiration test. It provides a compre- hensive and practical instruction guideline which tells you: • How to measure the stage of your compost decomposition • How to determine the best use of your compost based on its current state • How to troubleshoot the compost process based on the Solvita results Whether or not you already use laboratory procedures like 02 and CO2 respirometry to measure stability or maturity, the Solvita kit has been extensively correlated with standard procedures and gives comparable information. The accuracy and usefulness of the Solvita test has been demonstrated in government and university trials'. Solvita Test Kits Correlate with Standard Laboratory Procedures ' MI2.5 a }r t i , # 2.0 k� : 14 .,i . ' i 1 aat, ___.�__... ID 6 , . I I p'f Y 1 4 Y g( g'Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 H °m °* SOLVITA COLOR NO . = E - The Solvita Compost Maturity Test Kit (Product No: 2261) is provided in a package of 6 units. Each six-pack contains: ✓ Six Test Jars ✓ One Tamping Jar ✓ Six Gel Paddles V One Comprehensive Instruction ✓ Six Buffer Packs Guide with Color Charts Refill Kits are also available (Product No: 2262). The refill package includes supplies for six tests; jars from complete kits can be reused up to ten times — saves money and eliminates waste. See Price List and Order Form for terms and ordering information. A Solvita users group newsletter subscription will be included in your first order. Woods End® Research Laboratory, Inc. O LV I TM P.O. Box 297, Mt. Vernon, ME 04352 Phone: 207-293-2457 Fax: 293-2488 by WOODS END® RESEARCH email: solvita@woodsend.org ©Woods End®Research 4/96 " '1.Tests performed by Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Maine Department of Agriculture, University of Maine Cooperative Extension Service. Ohio State University, Cornell University (in process 1996) New from Woods End Research Laboratory ope,expanded the lab into compost testing with a service which is now widely used by commercial composters, Below are excerpts from materials recently provided to us by growers,and municipalities. Woods End Research Laboratory, Inc., Old Rome Rd., Rt. #2, Recently, Woods End released the SolvitaTM Compost Box 1850,Mt.Vernon,ME 04352,phone 207-293-2456. Maturity Kit, which enables composters to directly mea- sure quality of compost in the field in just four hours. [WERL] ...is offering growers a special new soil test.The Replacing a lab test that costs five times more, the Solvita new procedure measures both the quality of filth as well as kit means that producers and users of compost no longer biological factors. Dr. Will Brinton, the laboratory's foun- have to guess about whether it is mature or not...If you are der,explained:"Most soil labs focus primarily on inorgan- a grower or composter who depends on the quality and is nutrients and estimate deficiencies based on the crops' condition of compost products, you are likely to find our calculated needs. But soil fertility is much more than nu- kit very useful—and all for less than$15 per test! trients alone. Factors such as aggregate stability and bio- Here are some of the advantages of the Solvita test:Fast, logical turnover are equally important." reliable measure of compost respiration.Can be performed Measuring aggregate quality and biological turnover has without any lab materials. Accurate, cost-effective results eluded commercial soil labs for years, says Dr. Brinton, in only four hours. Concise interpretation guideline for largely because of the costs involved. However, a recent compost use. breakthrough in testing technique at Woods End has en- abled the lab to perform the analysis rapidly and reliably.... The Woods End soil test also includes a test for soil res- piration,a procedure requiring an entire week."The respi- ration test we offer is based on trials showing a correlation of one-week respiration and annual nitrogen release in the KUSKA/ASSOCIATES field—helping overcome the inadequacy of estimating the release," says Brinton. Woods End also analyzes for the 8547 E. ARAPAHOE RD. STE. J-221 standard nutrient and organic content, as performed by GREENWOOD VILLAGE, CO 80112 most labs. "We've added the analysis for water-stable ag- gregates and biological respiration on top of a standard (303)-791-8639 analysis. This improves the usefulness of testing and re- veals important properties that aid in monitoring soil man- agement practices,"emphasizes Brinton.... Woods End believes that it is important to distinguish humus,tilth,and nutrients as separate but interrelated fac- tors that determine soil fertility.There is no theory that can be universally applied to explain a soil's condition.Rather, a variety of traits,some of them not easily measured—like soil porosity and nutrient bioavailability—together form the dynamic wholeness of fertility. Being able to properly test traits other than chemical nutrients alone and apply the information usefully is what makes for optimal and sustainable crop production. Four important cornerstones...are offered in the Woods End system: Standard Soil Nutrient Audit;Biological and Textural Tests; Skilled Fertilizer Assessment; Optional Nutrient Budgeting.Woods End soil tests employ the most appropriate standard nutrient assessment techniques— backed up by national proficiency accreditation. Addi- tionally, the test provides innovative measures for soil ag- gregate stability and soil biological activity.These are im- portant traits which reveal how current management is affecting soil life and tilth quality. Finally, we use a soil database tabulated from years of soil testing to improve regional precision and interpretation of our test.... With regard to fertilizer recommendations,Woods End has unparalleled experience in evaluating all types of soil amendments, farm wastes, and composts. By combining these skills with the actual soil test results,we are able to offer a highly targeted and useful report. A special option we offer is nutrient budgeting,used to evaluate fertility from a whole-system viewpoint.We rec- ognize that effective soil management requires more than soil test data alone.Evaluating nutrient budgets can reveal traits not readily seen in soil analyses and which are more important to long-term viability of cropping and fertilizer practices.... Woods End was founded in 1974 by Dr.Brinton and Dr. Robert Panics as a soil testing service.The popular text- book Fertile Soil:A Guide ...grew out of a decade of their work together. Brinton, who studied extensively in Eur- 981.099 Kuska/Associates ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS March 10, 1997 BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.STE.J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE,CO 80112 USA TELE-FAX (303)791-8639 Stephen Laudeman P.E. r�^1 O py Colorado Department of ((�J" Public Health & Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver, CO 80222-1530 Dear Steve: Per our telephone discussion of today we are sending you the required extra copies of the addendum for the OK FARMS COMPOST facility located in Section 2, Township 1 North, Range 61 West, Weld County, Colorado. We are also sending the necessary copies (3) to Chris Goranson, Weld County Planning,for distribution to other staffers, and to our clients Oran, Craig and Myron Cunning. We appreciate your thorough review of the documents as well as your willingness to give us a meeting prior to the submission of the quantity documentation copies. Y s truly, • Ca Kuska cc: Chris Goranson Oran, Craig & Myron Cunning Composmble Paper 981098 February 4, 1997 Addendum OK FARMS COMPOST -12- VII. SOIL FEATURES 1. The OK Farms Compost Facility, located in Section 2, Township 1 North, Range 61 West, Weld County, Colorado, lies in the north— eastern edge of the USGS mapped Laramie—Fox Hills Aquifer in the Denver Basin. According to the USGS miscellaneous geologic investigation, Map 1-791, 1972, thin—bedded sandstone, shale, and coal of the Laramie Formations, and sandstone and shale of the Dawson Formation, overlie the Laramie—Fox Hills Aquifer. The approximate contact of shales of the Laramie Formation and the underlying Laramie—Fox Hills Aquifer at this location is approx— imately 1,500 feet. 2. According to the soil features of the OK Farms Compost site, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service reports the soil names as being primarily Weld with a small area of Colby and Adena in the northeast portion of the 80 acre compost site. All three of these soils have a depth greater than 60 inches to bed— rock. The Weld soils possess slow permeability, and their avail— able water holding capacity is high. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard is low. The Colby—Adena soils are at the uppermost and steeper convex of the land. The permeability is also slow and the water holding capacity is also high. The surface runoff is medium. The completed reports in detail are enclosed with this application. VII. WATER FEATURES 1. The highest elevation of the site in the northeast corner slopes gently from the eastern perimeter to the lower elevation western edge. This allows the site to drain, eliminating water collection, to allow continuous operations even during rainy periods. Along the western (lower) edge of the site a windrow of mature compost is positioned to retain any runoff from between the wind— rows, biologically treating it with intense microbial life. It can handle large volumes of runoff, holding up to twice its weight in liquid. Unlike a berm, which has little or no biological treatment capabilities, the windrow will not permit standing water. After the rains cease the compost turner can be used to turn, aerate and re—compost the living filter. This type of filter has proven effective as a runoff treatment system by compost operations, and it is now being utilized in California along highway systems to treat nutrient runoff contain— ing solids, oils and greases, and heavy metals. 2. According to reasearch conducted by the USGS and the State of Illinois. the absence of organic matter in the oil allows nutrients 981.098 February 4, 1997 Addendum OK FARMS COMPOST —13- -- and toxics (from synthetic chemical fertilizers and raw organics) to leach to drinking water supplies for both humans and livestock. 3. Studies conducted by Robert L. Wershaw, USGS—Denver, indicate that organic acids leached from compost by water form coatings on mineral surfaces that are 'similar to the natural coatings on soil mineral particles. His finding indicates that these humus coatings are bilayer membranes with the exterior surface of these membranes composed mainly of carboxylic acid groups that will interact with ionic species. The interiors of the membranes are composed of nonpolar function groups into which hydrophobic com— pounds will partition. Thus, he concludes, the leachates in compost will restore humus levels in depleted soils and act as a natural biological filter for ions, such as potentially polluting nitrates, and even trap nonpolar materials such as oils. 4. The Illinois studies conclude that "regardless of the nitrogen (chemical) application rate, about 40% ended up in the plant. So what happened to the 60% of the fertilizer that didn't get used? Most of the leftover (about 85%) was converted to organic nitrogen over the growing season: it was bound up with the humus, or organic matter content,of the soil. Immediately post—harvest, it was not in a form that could leach down to groundwater." Another Illinois study group reported that "farmers whose soil contains high levels of clay and organic matter probably need not worry much about atrazine and alachlor (herbicides) leaching down to deep groundwater supplies." 5. The recent U.S. General Accounting Office Report to Congres on the Status of Agriculture, GAO/RCED-95-104FS, reported that Colorado has the highest percentage of cropland that cannot sus- tain long-term crop productivity because of erosion by wind and water. With 59% of the cropland in Colorado classified as non-sustainable, it means that organic matter and humus is nearly at desert levels. Farmers in Weld County have now realized that organic matter levels, fertilized even with chemicals and raw manure, are only between 1 and 1.5%. 6. The USDA NRCS, which is charged with proper conservation and development of agricultural natural resources, states that flooding frequency is expressed as none, and that the duration is not expressed, since they consider local information about the extend and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods. VIII. PERMITTED WELLS 981098 February 4, 1997 Addendum OK FARMS COMPOST -14- 1. The only two wells permitted by the Colorado Division of Water Resources are the two in Section 2 commissioned by the owners of OK FARM COMPOST as monitoring wells on October 16, 1996. 2. The soil profile for these wells is shown in the application as supplied by the well driller, and it indicates that they were bailed dry at a depth of 624 feet. 981098 STATE OF COLORADO Roy Romer,Governor Patti Shwayder,Executive Director �oe-c e Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado „ HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 222 S.6th Street,Room 232 •476• Denver,Colorado 80222-1530 Grand Junction,Colorado 81501-2768 Phone(303)692-3300 Phone(303)248-7164 Colorado Department Fax(303)759-5355 Fax(303)248-7198 of public Health and Environment January 8, 1997 Mr. Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates 8547 East Arapahoe Road, Suite J-221 Greenwood Village, Colorado 80112 RE: Completeness Review of Certificate of Designation Application O. K. Farms Compost Section 2, Township 1 North, Range 61 West Weld County, Colorado Dear Mr. Kuska: An application for Certificate of Designation for a composting facility was received in this office on December 12, 1996. The Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities Act (CRS 30- 20-109) and the regulations promulgated thereunder (6 CCR 1007-2) (the Regulations) require a preliminary completeness review of Certificate of Designation Applications for solid waste facilities. In accordance with this, the Solid Waste Section of the Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division (the Division) has performed such review. Based on the results of this review, it appears that your Certificate of Designation Application (the Application) is incomplete. The Division cannot begin its formal review until the following items are clarified: 1. A surface water control plan designed for the 25 year 24 hour storm event was not included with the Application. Such a plan must include an engineering design of storm water channels and basins adequate to contain all drainage from the 25 year 24 hour precipitation event. The plan must also include a map of the site, drawn to a convenient scale, that shows all surface water control features. Also, calculations using an accepted runoff determination method must be provided. 2. It will be necessary to provide information on the geology and hydrogeology in the vicinity of the facility. This information would include a geologic map of the area, some discussion of the geologic units underlying the facility, information on the depth to shallow ground water, and a map showing all permitted water wells -- with permit numbers --within a one mile radius of the facility. Information on the hydrogeology in the vicinity of the site is available in various publications of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Colorado 981098 Mr. Cal Kuska January 8, 1997 Page 2 Geological Survey, including the Water-Supply Paper series. Information on permitted water wells is available from the State Engineers Office of the Colorado Department of Natural Resources. 3. To allow us to better understand how this facility will fit into the surrounding environment, a map showing roads, structures, surface water features, and similar information must be provided. This map must cover an area up to two miles from the site in all directions. Such maps are usually prepared from U. S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle maps. We will continue our technical review of the application after receipt of this additional information in a comprehensive written response, or a revised application, as appropriate. Please note that it is not the intent or purpose of a preliminary completeness review to imply anything concerning the final approval of a proposed operation. Also, the Division may request additional information in order to clarify aspects of your proposal. The Division is required to bill for its review of technical submittals, pursuant to CRS 30-20- 109 (2) (b). The current hourly rate is $72.47. It is anticipated that the total time required for the Division's review of the submittals on this site should not exceed twenty hours. We look forward to receiving your revised application. If you have any questions regarding this matter or need any further clarification, please contact me at (303) 692-3462. Sincer 1 p en eman, P.E. Ge ogical Engineer Solid Waste Section Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division cc: O. K. Farms, 12630 Holly Street, Brighton, Colorado 80601 Trevor Jiricek, Weld County Health Department File: SW/WLD/OKF/2 981098 I REPORT DATE 01/30/97 COLORADO WELLS, APPLICATIONS, AND PERMITS PAGE 1 COLORADO DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PERMIT D CO OWNER INFORMATION ACTIVITY STATUS 1ST USED ANNUAL ACRES GEOL WELL WELL WATER SEC LOCAT'N TOWN P CD DATE CD DATE WD MD DB USE DATE APROP IRA AQFR YIELD DEPTH LEVEL COORDINATES QTRS SC SHIP RANGE M 56046 1 62 2 BAR 2 BOX 48 ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 03/16/72 EP 05/08/74 1 9 KL SWSW 18 03N 61 W S 29426M5 8 62 OK FARMS BOX 519 FT MORGAN, CO 80701 MH 10/09/96 1 7 2 O M GW SESW 2 1 N 61 W S 29427MH 8 62 OK FARMS BOX 519 FT MORGAN, CO 80701 MH 10/09/96 1 7 2 0 M GW SWSW 2 1 N 61 W S 4246 1 62 WENGER CHARLES L & WENGER ROBERT 6900 W 26TH AVE LAKEWOOD, CO 80215 1 7 2 8 08/21/59 12.00 127 72 0150N,2120W NENW 4 1 N 61 W S 90635 1 62 HALLIGAN LORNE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 06/15/77 10.00 78 35 0144S,1996W SESW 4 1 N 61 W S 4586 1 62 MORSE ALICE W ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 09/30/59 10.00 238 90 NENE 5 1 N 61 W S 4583R 1 62 SIRIOS BROTHERS 6316 COUNTY RD.89 ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1200.00 72 24 NWNE 5 1 N 61 W S 73744 1 62 WHITFIELD WADE & KELLY L 5824 WCR 87 ROGGEN, CO 80652 03/29/74 1 7 2 89 06/20/74 1.00 GW 15.00 280 88 0410N,0075W NWNW 5 1 N 61 W S 6973R 1 62 SCHLIDT GEORGE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 05/10/54 1600.00 70 21 SWNW 5 1 N 61 W S 43215 1 62 WHITFIELD WADE & KELLY L 5824 WCR 87 ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 09/14/70 GW 10.00 240 52 2600N,0100W SWNW 5 1 N 61 W S 8625R 1 62 HI.AD CHARLES ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1000.00 59 23 SWSE 5 1 N 61 W S "O10F 1 62 HILD CHAS ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 03/30/55 120.00 1000.00 58 28 06005,2632E SWSE 5 1 N 61 W S 3751 1 62 SCHLIDT GEORGE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 06/24/59 10.00 68 27 SWSW 5 1 N 61 W S 3995E 1 62 SCHLIDT GEORGE RrnCEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 02/27/63 1600.00 87 31 SWSW 5 1 N 61 W S 6972R 1 62 SCHLIDT GEORGE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 05/05/35 1500.00 81 43 SWSW 5 1 N 61 W S 51789 1 62 SCHLIDT GEORGE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 10/02/72 1.00 15.00 284 101 0100S,0400W SWSW 5 1 N 61 W S 59639 1 62 CONROY FRANKLIN & LOUISE ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 09/10/72 15.00 270 1320N,0075E NENE 6 1 N 61 W S 7014R 1 62 SHELTON ANNA M ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1400.00 56 26 SENE 6 1 N 61 W S 12981 1 62 RIPPE EMIL RT 2 BOX 99 DENVER 32, CO 00000 1 7 2 89 09/25/62 16.00 64 38 SESE 6 1 N 61 W S 13267R 1 62 RIPPE EMIL ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 05/02/50 1100.00 62 22 SESE 6 1 N 61 W S 38649 1 62 RIPPE EMIL AT 2 BOX 99 DENVER, CO 80202 1 7 2 8 07/18/69 30.00 238 55 SESE 6 1 N 61 W S 132817 8 62 WELD COUNTY GREELEY, CO 80632 NP 08/24/83 RC 09/26/83 1 8 03/14/85 SWSE 6 1 N 61 W S 132817 1 62 WELD COUNTY OF P.O. BOX 758 GREELEY, CO 80632 2 7 2 0 08/31/83 15.00 300 100 02125,1751W SWSE 6 1 N 61 W S 132889 1 62 WELD COUNTY OF P.O. BOX 758 GREELEY, CO 80632 1 H 12/30/52 50.00 60 01425,1770E SWSE 6 1 N 61 W S 981098 REPORT DATE 01/30/97 COLORADO WELLS, APPLICATIONS, AND PERMITS PAGE 2 COLORADO DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES PERMIT D CO OWNER INFORMATION ACTIVITY STATUS 1ST USED ANNUAL ACRES GEOL WELL WELL WATER SEC LOCAT'N TOWN P CD DATE CD DATE WD MD DB USE DATE APROP IRR AQFR YIELD DEPTH LEVEL COORDINATES QTRS SC SHIP RANGE M 5904 R 8 62 WEICKUM EDWIN L. 4761 WCR 87 ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 05/19/82 EP 08/23/82 1 1 NENE 7 1 N 61 W S 5904F 8 62 WEICKUM E L ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 05/19/82 1 1 NENE 7 1 N 61 W S 126163 A 8 62 WEICKUM E L ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 06/18/82 1 89 NENE 7 1 N 61 W S 5904R 1 62 SHELTON ELBERT R ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1200.00 70 31 NENE 7 1 N 61 W S 931R 1 62 CHRISTEN JOSEPH T & GRETTA 0 ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1800.00 82 25 SWSE 7 1 N 61 W S 4169 R 8 62 ROARK C M GREELEY, CO 80632 NP 07/12/82 1 1 SESW 7 1 N 61 W S 4169F 1 62 ROARK C M ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 05/17/63 1800.00 85 37 SESW 7 1 N 61 W S 15444 1 62 ROARK C M ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 05/23/63 15.00 75 35 SESW 7 1 N 61 W S 147942 A 8 62 CHRISTEN JOSEPH L. ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 04/23/87 SA 1 89 09/14/87 GW NWNE 8 1 N 61 W S 147942 1 62 CHRISTEN JOSEPH L. 43550 HWY 52 ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 89 06/20/87 15.00 77 0140N,2438E NWNE 8 1 N 61 W S 11672R 1 62 SCHMIDT GLEN E ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 1 1800.00 96 23 SWNW 8 1 N 61 W S 156 8 62 RIPPE ARNOLD 0 & NELDA V 5041 WELD CNTY RD B7 ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 02/05/96 1 7 2 8 KLF 1985N,0761W SWNW 8 1 N 61 W S 141025 8 62 MOREHEAD E ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 08/16/85 SP 09/16/85 1 89 NESE 8 1 N 61 W S 141025 A 8 62 MOREHEAD E ROGGEN, CO 80652 NP 08/16/85 1 89 GW NESE 8 1 N 61 W S 141025 1 62 MOREHEAD ELEANOR 4483 WCR 89 ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 89 09/05/85 1.00 15.00 83 57 21125,0345E NESE 8 1 N 61 W S 73578 1 62 KEEFER GARY L STAR RT BOX 96A HUDSON, CO 80642 1 7 2 9 03/25/74 15.00 295 92 25008,0275W NWSW 8 1 N 61 W S 126999 1 62 EPPLE RUSSELL C. 16436 CO. RD. 19 FT. MORGAN, CO 80701 1 89 10/23/67 15.00 80 0054S,0472W SWSW 8 1 N 61 W S 32928 1 62 CHRISTENSEN HENRY 400 S POPLAR WAY DENVER, CO 80202 1 7 2 8 02/03/68 6.00 537 226 SWSW 13 1 N 61 W S 981098 REPORT DATE 02/04/97 COLORADO WELLS, APPLICATIONS, AND PERMITS PAGE 1 COLORADO DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES /PERMIT D CO OWNER INFORMATION ACTIVITY STATUS 1ST USED ANNUAL ACRES GEOL WELL WELL WATER SEC LOCAT'N TOWN p CD DATE CD DATE WD MD DB USE DATE APROP IRR AQFR YIELD DEPTH LEVEL COORDINATES QTRS SC SHIP RANGE M 10901 1 62 SIRIOS AL ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 03/20/62 20.00 100 35 SWNW 33 2 N 61 W S 12618 1 62 WURM ED ROGGEN, CO 80652 1 7 2 8 08/27/62 15.00 72 45 - NENW 34 2 N 61 W S 24111F 8 1 HOLMQUIST A BYERS, CO 80103 NP 05/10/78 1 7 2 1 SESE 1 2 S 61 W S 981098 `' I M'. 1 L �, �' 723 f 0 47/17X. .. V /4J81I V N / ', I Ill I , I ) ').\'5 \, , 1 �� (. n l 4700 I i —7'3( n I V 0 73 ?1.•11 ii I 0 i, I I 111444 4 7 3 9 __—__ _- - — V ? /446 I, / 5 /7// \ I' I )7 \ Well 4 r CS I; 1, , h I `�1 ).,),,3 f� o I 1' i — I 4a40 • II II I' I II li II t, I /448 , I ` -.c /� 475,d ;ell ,.._ - _.. 1`�' A .� )W— In I 3 ;, 6p -) tT,t � 1-1Ot)-Cs, 280 I1.. oss 4o I 11'2 4773 I \ „g- I N r� iv nOrt(', •((1 Z Moyr�'deg, '6'.9 to/ K .��-Sch--• Kiowa � 3 I � � 1 — 52 4878 , /487 � II none, no 3 — 7 0 1 'i Alkl e 12 I � —I 4435 L • I 1 4a/ol \ - I /46 - 4888 — �...-. t, 4826 �• �� i/49 /47/I CP I u� l 4` \ U 1� .. \ 7J l 1 •• ° _.. ,'.... -... 4857 -• I 2 --.:/ / B0i..„88 8 la 11 II .. „' ' 1—N)., , 7) 4 260 cz - GO N O GO Kuska/Associates • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS •COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E.ARAPAHOE RD.ST E.J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 00112 USA December 11 , 1996 (303) 791-8639 fax/tel Glenn Mallory Colorado Department of ^ O --.�J_J� Public Health & Environment ((��" 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South Denver , Colorado 80222-1530 Dear Glenn : We are submitting a request for a Type 1 Type Composting Facility in far eastern Weld County , Colorado on behalf of OK FARMS COMPOST , a division of OK FARMS , of Brighton and Wiggins , Colorado . Simultaneously with this request for a Certificate of Designation , OK FARMS COMPOST is requesting a special use per— mit for their dryland farmed property , allowing them to site a compost operation within the boundaries of a 640 acre parcel . The majority of the materials to be composted at OK FARMS COMPOST will be generated within a close proximity of the operation , and it will consist of mainly agricultural residues which are being land disposed . Yours truly , Cal Kuska cc : Chris Goranson Weld County Planning Oran , Craig & Myron Cunning 981098 , mEmORAnDUm "I V I k Chris Goranson, W.C. Planning Department October 21, 1996 To Det!' COLORADO Trevor Jiricek, W.C. Health Department From Subject: OK Compost Certificate of Designation Our Department has reviewed your memo of October 9, 1996, and Cal Kuska's letter of October 7. 1996, concerning OK Compost's request to delay submittal of necessary documents and information required as a part of an application for a Certificate of Designation. Mr. Kuska's request is based on the fact that the Colorado proposed Composting Regulations have recently been withdrawn from consideration, pending future possible statutory amendments. However, according to a memo from Glenn Mallory dated September 19, 1996, and subsequent discussions with Glenn, the purpose of the withdrawal of the proposed composting regulations is due to an attempt to initiate less stringent requirements on smaller "greenhouse" type composting sites through statutory amendments. The Solid Waste statute, as currently written, does not allow for the establishment of standards and regulations dependent upon facility size or process volumes. According to Glenn, any future amendment would likely not affect the requirement of OK Compost to obtain a Certificate of Designation. Therefore, it is our Departments opinion that this facility should proceed with the County's permitting process, including the application materials for a Certificate of Designation. In addition, OK Farms should continue to use the latest draft of the composting regulations as a guideline for the submitted materials. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call me tj\472 cc: Glenn Mallory, C.D.P.H.E. Lee Morrison, W.C. Attorneys Office Weld County Planning Dept. OCT 2 5 1996 Aa Noy . 4) O K5 ka/4550C%alEC 981.098 OK FARMS COMPOST Composting , Organic Fertilizer and Soil Amendment Production Facility REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF DESIGNATION TO THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH/ENVIRONMENT AND SPECIAL USE PERMIT TO WELD COUNTY, COLORADO SUBMITTED BY: Oran , Craig and Myron Cunning OK FARMS COMPOST 12630 Holly Street Brighton , Colorado 80601 303/451-9100 OK FARMS 3422 Highway 52 Wiggins , Colorado 80654 970/432-5521 PREPARED BY: Cal Kuska KUSKA/ASSOCIATES 8547 East Araphaoe Road , J-221 Greenwood Village , Colorado 80112 303/791-8639 981.098 • OK FARMS COMPOST -1- OPPORTUNITY FOR ORGANICS WASTE DIVERSION AND BENEFICIAL UTILIZATION IN WELD COUNTY , COLORADO PROJECT REVIEW : Organic materials , wet , dry , used and unused , provide a unique reusage . To begin with , every living human and animal uses organic raw materials and also generates an amount of discharge which is thrown , buried or flushed away . These include individuals , animals , governments , municipalities , farmers , food processors , retailers , res— taurants , manufacturers , and other community , commercial and institutional sources . These organic materials can all be reutilized in a stabilized and beneficial form by the process of compost— ing . They become , under the process of biological and chem— ical degradation , a replacement or supplement for chemical fertilizers , wetlands peat , and are proving to be the most effective way to retain and rebuild the sustainability of the World ' s soil . COMPOSTING: THE ULTIMATE FORM OF RECYCLING: Composting is becoming an increasingly popular waste management alternative around the globe , as generators of wet and dry organics look to the improvement of current waste management practices . The compostable waste volume can be reduced by 50 to 85 percent with the finished compost being used successfully as a replacement for synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesti— cides , and non—renewable wetlands peat which is thousands of years old . In the composting of many wet organics there is a re— duction or elimination of many of the toxics in raw materials and in synthetics which are proving to be water pollutants , causing cancers , birth defects and sterility . The composting process involves the action of naturally occurring microorganisms on biodegradable materials . The metabolic activity of these organisms under controlled con— ditions changes the chemical composition ( including volume reduction) of the mass and generates heat by activity . When the biodegradable food supply is depleted , heat generation slows and the mass cools down . Just like all living bodies , these microbes require a proper balance of food sources , moisture and air to activate , thrive and reproduce . Materials which are stockpiled .or landfilled still contain microbial life which will be re- 9Si.OQ OK FARMS COMPOST -2- activated when the the proper conditions exist with food , air and water even years and years later . One aerobic microbe can become 300 million in a period of 24 hours if the con- ditions are made ideal for aerobic composting . The nutrients which these microorganisms require are defined in terms of the nitrogen to carbon ratio . The higher the ratio , the faster the decomposition occurs . Green trimmings contain higher amounts of nitrogen (and moisture ) than brown or dry organics , so the green tend to decompose more rapidly . They also can become odorous if not supplied air , as only anaerobic micro- organisms are odor formers . Aerobic organisms are quick act- ting decomposers leading to the formation of oxidized end pro- ducts such as carbon dioxide , water and sulfates . Generally these compounds are considered to be stable and relatively non- offensive . Anaerobic organisms are sluggish and live in an oxygen void environment like a landfill or in the soil . These organisms release end products which are partially decomposed such as organic fatty acids , aldehydes , alcohols , hydrogen sulfide and other nuisance conditions . They possess the rotting characteristic . Other natural occurring nutrients , such as potassium , phosphorous and a multitude of valuable trace minerals , will also encourage aerobic decomposition . In synthetic chemical fertilizers these trace minerals are added cost , and in peat they are all but non-existant . Cellulose is the slowest to de- compose , but there are naturally occurring enzymes in some agri- cultural organics which have proven to be ' quick acting ' with cellulose-a major waste stream component . WHY WELD COUNTY AND COLORADO NEED COMPOSTING AND COMPOST : Colorado , including Weld County , ranks last in the U . S . (GAO/RCED 95-104FS) , with the percent of cropland that cannot sustain long-term crop productivity because of erosion of top- soil by wind and water , 1992 . Colorado ties New Mexico with 59 percent of the cropland in that degraded condition . Colorado reported in the National Water Quality Inventory in 1992 that over 75 percent of the lake , reservoir and pond acres were impaired and all was due to agriculture . Unfortu— nately , the farmer is held accountable for any pathogen or nitrate impairment when municipal sewage sludge or septage is disposed on farmland . With Colorado ' s declining humus or organic matter levels , some under one percent , the soil loses its ability to utilize the soluble forms of nitrogen in chemials , manures or sewage . Studies by researchers at the University of Illinois found that regardless of the nitrogen application rate ( soluble form) , about 40 percent ended up in the plant . What happened to the 981.0P C. OR FARMS COMPOST -3- unused 60 percent portion of the nitrogen? They found that the leftover (about 85 percent) was converted to organic ( in- soluble) nitrogen over the growing season , but only if the soil had an appreciable amount of humus or organic matter . Otherwise , they found that it leaches down to groundwater or runs off to surface water supplies . Raw and rotting organics increase the need for pesti- cides for insect and weed control . Additional Illinois stud- ies report that low levels of atrazine and other pesticides are linked to chromosome damage even at levels below the EPA drinking water safety threshold . Farmers with livestock man- ure have justified the purchase of composting equipment alone just on the savings realized by not purchasing herbicides . • Illinois reported that farmers whose soil contains high levels of organic matter probably need not worry about atrazine or alachlor leaching down to deep groundwater supplies . Research has shown that crude organic matter (manures , sewage , corn stalks , etc . ) stimulate biological activity in the soil for only a short period . Compost stimulates these biological processes , but it also enhances the supply of ac— cumulated fertility which is the real oasis of a fertile , pro— ductive soil with toxic attenuating capabilities . Most of California ' s 80, 000 farmers , like society as a whole in California , want to reduce pesticide and fertilizer use ; this has forced the state agricultural institutions to evaluate organic , low—input (organic and chemical) , and conventional chemical agriculture . The major thrust for this is the result of Proposition 65 which holds them directly accountable for the use of chemicals that can cause cancer , birth defects or sterility . California generates 10 million tons yearly of green and wet organics , excluding sewage and manures , and studies show that the composted materials are improving yields and profits on their slowly degrading soils . If the Illinois studies of the Mississippi River water— shed hold true for the South Platte River watershed , the humans and animals downstream may encouter the same nitrate pollution problems . Nebraska has had hog operations and California has had dairies that were shut down because of nitrate water poisoning . Illinois reports that as much as 44 percent of all nitro— gen fertilizer applied in the Mississippi watershed has made its way to the Gulf of Mexico . Such a dead zone reportedly extends for approximately 3 , 500 square miles where the River drains into the Gulf . 981.098 OK FARMS COMPOST -4- California has developed a nitrogen isotope ratio test which allows them to identify sources of nitrates such as animal feedlots , horse corrals , dairy waste lagoons , manure applied to land , municipal sewage , on-site septic systems , urban and agricultural fertilizer , natural soil organics , and geological sources . Composting and compost are not only a pollution pre- vention rather than a pollution delay opportunity . They are a necessity for regenerating our degraded land--both rural and urban . The five major causes of soil degradation are the lack of humus or organic matter , erosion of topsoil , acid- ification , excessive salinity and compaction . All five are now being addressed with the use of compost for long-term sustain- ability . 981098 OK FARMS COMPOST -5- I . STATEMENT OF OK FARMS COMPOST BUSINESS INTENT 1 . OK FARMS COMPOST will operate a large-scale compost operation in far eastern Weld County to convert agri- cultural raw organics , primarily chicken litter and feedlot manure , along with green trimmings from small rural communities into stable and non-offensive re- placements for chemicals and peat . 2 . The mature compost will be sold to crop and food producers , landscape contractors , nursery growers , or to be used for crop productivity on the property of OK Farms and the neighbors . By composting the weed seeds and pathogens will be destroyed , so as not to pass their detriments along to humans and animals through the water supply . If crop diseases are present in the incoming materials , a reintroduction to following year crops will not occur . 3 . Nitrates , which are growing at levels in the water and are harmful to both animals and humans , are converted to a non-leaching form by composting . Based on the Illinois studies the value of building humus levels is important for those still wishing to continue chemical uses . 4 . By adding one ton of compost to an acre , the producer is able to increase the organic content by 10 percent . An Ignacio farmer who has used compost to regenerate his soil has averaged a 32 percent increase in humus matter in nine fields after the first two years . It has meant greater yields and lower irrigation use , and better hay quality , without chemical applications . II . PERMITTED USE 1 . The Weld County Comprehensive Plan states that Weld County is a ' complete farm and food system ' . The implementation of a composting operation fulfills the objective by reducing the land disposal of raw manures , seasonal storage of potentially leaching or runoff materials , generation of odors , landfilling of certain farm residues , and the import of fertiizers , pesticides and peat from outside of Colorado . Composting completes the cycle for a complete farm and food system within the county borders . 2 . This facility will implement the standards of design 981O9U OK FARMS COMPOST -6- performance for a Type I compost facility as set forth in the Colorado Composting Regulations ( draft six ) , Section 14 , 17CR 11 , 11-94 . 3 . Incoming non-toxic organic streams will be received and staged in windrows with or without other farm and green-trimming streams , so as to maintain the necessary blend for fast aerobic composting activity . The utilization of a flail-type compost turner will negate the need to pre-grind or pre-mix the materials prior to placement in the windrows . This allows the material to be handled less , so thermophilic , aerobic action can occur almost immediately . The odors that most people associate with composting are related to the stockpiling of materials for grinding which is the slowest and highest maintenance process that can be used . Once the windrowed mass is turned the aerobic activity is instantaneous . The incoming organics will reduce in size following each subsequent pass through the windrow. If the mass does not have an appreciable temperature rise , it may be necessary to add moisture or wet organics or adjust the recipe to adjust microbical needs for carbon or nitrogen. 4 . The compost facility will be operated on a year around basis to allow immediate processing (not stockpiling) of the incoming organics . Hot or cold , dry or slight— ly wet weather are not a deterent to outdoor windrow composting in Colorado . Experience with the industry indicates that finished compost is shipped to end users during every month of the year due to the diversity of compost ' s use . No other waste management technique has that capability . III . OPERATION AND DESIGN OF OK FARM COMPOST FACILITY 1 . The facility , OK FARMS COMPOST , will be so identified on all correspondence , signage , production , marketing and filings . Its purpose is to convert potentially polluting raw organics into a stable reusable compost that is pleasant to store and handle , non—toxic , and possesses a value added to the recipient and producer . 2 . OK FARM COMPOST is an operation of Oran , Craig and Myron Cunning who also own the 640 acre dryland farm on which the compost operation will be located . _ 3 . The property is zoned agricultural with the nearest 981098 OK FARMS COMPOST -7- 1 residence nearly two miles away . The legal descrip- tion in Weld County is Section 2 , Township N , Range 61W , and it is geographically located one-fourth mile east of Road 93 on the north side of Colorado Highway 52 . It is approximately two miles from the western edge of the Morgan County line . The remote location , sparse population , all-season highway access , and the fact that the site is not in a 100-year flood zone makes it ideal for composting . By the nature of the area it is expected that dryland farming , and not urbanization , will continue for years to come . The location is also well positioned for short delivery to the farm market which is just begin- ning to develop in the valley to the north . 4 . The compost facility will not be open to the general public , as most of the organics will be brought to the site by trucks owned and operated by OK FARMS COMPOST . One to two persons will haul raw materials , and these same individuals will manage the composting operation . The normal hours of operation will be Monday through Saturday from 7 : 00 AM to 5 : 30 PM . Operations could be required seven days a weeks with hours extended up to three hours due to extreme weather , shipment re- quirements or other emergencies . At this time up to five persons could be present at any one time . 5 . The compost site and surrounding farmland is minimum till farmed at this time for water conservation , erosion control and soil rebuilding of a degree . There are no livestock or buildings now, but a maintenance structure could be erected in the future . 6 . A small grove of trees currently exists along Highway 52 at the southwest corner of the property , and there will be a line of trees planted along the highway to screen the operation . The site has a desired slope for windrow composting of two to four percent , and there is no runon from the upper end . The windrows will run from the high end on the east to the lower end on the west . Any runoff from the site will be collected in a windrow of mature compost perpendicular to the active windrows . It will serve as a biological filter , and it can„be turned with the windrow turner should it become water— logged . There will be no standing water which occurs 9910:vi OK FARMS COMPOST -8- with a berm . 7 . The legal address for OK FARM COMPOST is at 12630 Holly Street , Brighton , Colorado 80601 , 303/451-9100, and one of the partners and operators of the compost operation , Myron Cunning , lives four miles east of the site at OK FARMS , 3422 Highway 52 , Wiggins , Colorado 80654, 970/432-5521 . This location has trash service supplied by Grey Brothers Trash Removal for the disposal of any non- compostables or junk gathered at the compost site . This farm also has sanitary facilities for the employees , and when the truck drivers are on the highway they will continue to utilize facilites at normal truck stops . 8 . Hauling equipment will consist of two tractor trail- ers capable of carrying 80, 000 pounds . One twin axle truck will haul finished compost for delivery . Other than these trucks the only other vehicles at the location will be those of employees or owners . The anticipated traffic to the site will involve no more than 15 loads per day of raw and finished product except in special instances . 9 . If and when the compost operation ceases , the owners of OK FARMS COMPOST will return the site to its original status as dryland farmed ground . All mature and immature compost will be removed and land applied or landfilled . 10 . Processing equipment will consist of a flail—type , tractor power take—off driven compost turner . This turner , the most prevalent in the World , will turn , grind , aerate and blend the materials in the windrows . The tractor powering the turner is equipped with a loader bucket for dressing the sides of the windrows , to maintainthe alleys and access roads , consolidate the windrows as they shrink and load the trucks for deliveries . A grinder , used by the farm , will be used if coarse materials or bales are added to the windrows for carbon . In the future , as the market dictates , screening equipment may be infrequently used . 11 . The windrows will begin at heights up to five feet and widths of 12 to 14 feet . The length of the individual windrows will be approximately 250 to 300 +7ViO86 OK FARM COMPOST -9- feet long for best product control and versatility in producing different composts . 12 . The duration of the composting cycle will range from four to six weeks , depending upon the nature of the incoming materials (source , moisutre levels , carbon/nitrogen ratio and somewhat local weather) . The end uses will also determine the necessary time for maturity levels from potting mixes to land reclamation . 13 . One access road from Highway 52 with a culvert will be used . It will be protected by a locked cable— type gate , and a drainage ditch along the highway will prevent other entry . The property will be marked by signs at either end of the property and along the highway to indicate Private Property , No Public Entry or Disposal . Illegal dumping in the ditch will be cleaned up by the owners , and if the trash contents can be identified, notification will be made to the Weld County Sheriff or authorities . 14 . The compost will have a moisture content between 30 to 80 percent , so it is immediately not flammable . All trucks entering the property will meet DOT requirements regarding fire extinguishers , and a 6 , 000 gallon water storage tank will be onsite . The nature of agricultural by-products is such that moistures are too high for combustion . Potable water will be brought to the site for the employees which is normal in a farming operation . A well permit will be sought if additional needs are required , but agricultural compost operations seldom require moisture additions . Bore test for site attached . 15 . The attached documentation on the compost site prop- erty was specifically prepared by the Brighton office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service in September 1996 to satisfy the needs for site ge- ology , erosion potential and hydrogeological data . The information 'was prepared and sent by Ms . Lori Glasser , Administrative Assistant , NRCS, 303/659- 7004 . The NRCS has included information on chemical and physical properties of the soils , soil features , sanitary facilities , water management , classifi- 99109ti OK FARMS COMPOST —10— cation of soils , and engineering properties . IV . OPERATING STANDARDS OF OK FARMS COMPOST 1 . It would only seem reasonable that the owners/ residents/ operators of the farm and the composting operation would have more sensitivity and concern to the environmental impacts than would those dis- posing of raw manures on a large range of farm fields (miles and miles apart) , sewage sludge on farmland in watersheds serving rural residents with drinking water or landfills owned by absentee corporations . 2 . The Cunnings intend to manage this facility in a manner that will not initiate blowing trash , cause malodors that will be a nuisance or allow fly breeding . The material being composted will not attract birds or wild animals , and the noises of the machinery operation will not be over that of a normal farming operation . 3 . It is the plan to accept raw organics from a select group of manure generators and municipal entities , if an interest arises , so that accurate control can be maintained on incoming quantities and qualities . By using the windrow, rather than batch methods of composting , a variety of composts can be produced to satisfy the preferences of certain customers-- farm and urban . 4 . The service roads and alleyways between windrows will be maintained by the tractor/loader to assure that no irregularities develop on the operating surface . The living filter will allow bioremediation of any runoff leachate , and the humus buildup into the pores of the hard packed base will serve to bind up the nitrogen from becoming nitrate polluting in ground or surface waters . 5 . The Cunnings will utilize the seedling test which is recommended by the World Health Organiztion for de- termining compost maturity , and they will utilize the compost maturity test for professionals developed by the most respected soil and compost analysis labor- atory worldwide , Woods End Laboratory , Mt . Vernon , Maine . This test can give the operator an accurate , cost-effective results in only four hours with a con- cise interpretation guideline for compost use . 6 . All materials received at the facility , and composts 981098 OK FARMS COMPOST -11- produced , will come under the Feedstock Category number one as developed by the draft composting plan developed by the Colorado Department of Health . V . CLOSURE PLANS 1 . The OK FARMS COMPOST owner/operators and the OK FARMS owners will return the compost site to its original use as dryland farming should the operation be dis- continued or sold to another individual . If the new owner elects to continue the operation , they will be notified that both the State and County must be consulted . 2 . This closure will not require any demolition or re- habilitation after deliveries are stopped and mater- ials removed for reutilization . 981098 us&s Wi' i 11 5W, CO - 1950 O.K.COMPOST MOR&aN Sec. 2 T 1 N R EA W WELD COURT'( LINE v\,1 \ 4e2o \ I (- \ '1 4750 Aeoo Well I C) 479/° \- 798 al i\ L ,i M I\ �_ \ L' N \ .. c--- 4750 4 N r B,° 1\ N , (, ,N N -�___.`f \\ , n V a84 I V N .. r li , / ^ 479 ! \ ,\ \ , X4830 O r„, . . ) 1 I i' 7-) \ Ate. 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TEST LOG - 386 ' FROM SOUTH SECTION LINE 1355 ' FROM WEST SECTION LINE NE-SW SECTION 2, T1N, R61W MH-29426 0 - 2 LOAM 2 - 29 CLAY 29 - 32 SAND & FINE SAND 32 - 39 CLAY 39 - 41 CLAY, SMALL TRACES OF GRAVEL 41 50 - -- SHALE BLOSSOM 50 - 62 ' 6" WEATHERED SHALE BAILED DRY 981098 United States Natural Resources 57 W. Bromley Lane Department of Conservation Brighton, CO 80601 Agriculture Service Phone: 303 659-7004 September 12 , 1996 Mr. Oran Cunning • 12630 Holly Brighton, CO 80601 Dear Mr. Cunning: Enclosed, please find the information you requested. We are happy to provide this information to you. If you should have any questions regarding this information or if you need further assistance, please feel free to call . Sincerely, O11112-t&ittaa-e-5---) Lori Glasser Administrative Assistant 981098 c_- .?i el 3S SL. y c6e C_} 2, , / /J,5L.,..) % 6 I Ccp 26 - 34S it, : ._+? Tom. S •'• .1 ..�i�l.� F_. Ya 10 ` ' 9� i,. 1 x 2 _ 7L 1 vat 77 ` n .int 15 - a.+ '^ s: �• • - � .,J • 5 Z• ��. ypxr s z '. 4 a , .. .y 7 - -."--it.'“, ;, 18 ' Ate. *';'r $ • . y } a f� ti T 80 • b. ' ---,t'...-.'r--j. T tr a .tea 4,-v� W ,.yt , q` '. i • � 79 mori\1/2 13 • , ._,_ • .... . I:.'' ' ' � � - _ e, .... __ En- SF AOS:CULTURE PAGE i OF 4L-.RA- RESOURCE: CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SWl/4-Sec.2-1N-1161W rap symbol Depth Clay 1 Cation- ; Soil ; Calcium Gypsum :Salinity, Sodium ano soil name ;exchange ;reaction 'caroonate 'adsorption ;capacity ' ratio In Pct mep/100g pH Pct Pct ;mmhos/cm 1 :ciby 0-7 15-27 5.0-20.0 7.4-8.4 0-5 --- --- --- 7-60 18-27 5.0-20.0 7.4-8.4 5-15 --- --- --- =cena 0-6 15-27;10.0-20.0; 6.6-7.8 --- --- --- --- 6-9 27-35;10.0-25.0; 6.6-7.8 0-5 --- --- --- 9-60 15-27; 5.0-15.0; 7.4-8.4 5-15 --- --- --- , I *sic 0-8 15-27;15.0-30.0; 6.6-7.8 -- --- --- --- 8-15 35-50;20.0-30.0; 6.6-7.8 0-4 --- --- --- 15-60 ; 20-35:20.0-30.0; 7.4-9.0 2-6 --- 0-2 --- 60-64 15-25;15.0-25.0; 7.4-9.0 2-6 --- 0-2 --- F 1 F 1 I 1 98109 :. CEPARTMENT OF AGRICULIuRE PAGE 2 OF NAT.RAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/9s CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS Encnote -- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar sails. LAT as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer .s given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in o:aTeter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, and plasticity, the ease of sail dispersion, and other soil properties. Tne amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. -::N EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CECI is the total amount of cations held in a soil in such a .a that they can be removed only by exchanging with another cation in the natural soil on. CEC is a measure of the ability of a soil to retain cations, some of which are cant nutrients. Soils with low CEC hold few cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizers than soils with high CEC. Soils with high CEC have the potential -- retain cations, thus reducing the possibility of pollution of ground water. E.22L REACTION is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For many soils, v,o'.,=s have been verified by laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting rips and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and staoilization, and determining the risk of corrosion. -:;UM CARBONATE is the percentage by weight of calcium carbonate in the fine-earth raterial, less than 2 millimeters in size. G,:S'JM is the percentage by weight of hydrated calcium sulfates 20 millimeters or s=tiller in size, in the soil. --INITY is a measur of soluble salts in the soil at saturation. It is expressed IS to electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter a: :3 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and laboratory measurements at representative 's of nonirrigated soils. • T^e salinity of irrigated soils is affected by the quality of the irrigation water d by the frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of soils in individual fields :a- differ greatly from the value given in the report. Salinity affects the suitability of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as construction material, and .•s potential of the soil to corrode metal and concrete. -::IJM ADSORPTION RATIO (SARI expresses the relative activity of sodium ions in :range reactions in the soil. SAR is a measure of the amount of sodium relative to -alcium and magnesium in the water extract from saturated soil paste. p 981098p ..-. DEPARTENT Si AcPICULTCR_ •Hcc nATJPAL PESCURCES CONSERVATION 5ERICE ,. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Oran Cunnina Composting Facility - SW1/4-Sec.7-1K-R61W :Entries under 'Erosion factors--T apply to the entire Profile. Entries unoe• wino ercgtoilit7 croup and "wind erocability Index" apply only to the surface iayerl ;Erosion factors:Wind :Wine nap symbol Oeptn Clay Moist Permea- ;Avaiiaole: Shrink- ;Organic; ;eroci-;erodi- and soil name ouik bility ' water : swell : matter; :bility;bility oensity :capacity ;potential; , K Kf T ;group ,index : ;in Pct g/cc Inihr , In/in : Pct ;cloy 0-7 15-27:1.25-1.40; 0.60-6.00 :0.14-0.18:Low :0.55-2.0: 0.37,' 0.37;: 5 ; 4L ; 86 7-60 18-27;1.15-1.30: 0.60-2.00 :0.15-0.20;Low :0.5-1.0: 0.43: 0.43; I , , I ' A:oena 0-6 15-27',1.25-1.40; 0.60-2.0O:0.14-0.18;Low ;1.0-3.0 0.28: 0.28: 5 : e 46 6-9 ; 27-35:1.15-1.40: 0.20-0.60 :0.16-0.18;Low :0.5-1.0; 0.28: 0.28; 9-60 : 15-27:1.25-1.40: 0.60-2.00 :0.16-0.18:Low ;0.0-0.5 0.37; 0.37: ; I I I 1 , I I I 1 1 1 1: : : F : I I I weld ; 0-8 15-271.25-1.40; 0.60-6.00 :0.14-0.17:Low :2.0-4.0 0.24; 0.241, 3 : 6 : 48 8-15 35-50:1.30-1.40; 0.06-0.20 :0.18-0.20:High ;0.5-2.0 0.28: 0.28: : : 15-60 : 20-35:1.25-1.35 0.60-2.00 ;0.16-0.18:Moderate :0.5-1.0 0.28: 0.28; : 60-64 15-25;1.25-1.40 0.60-2.00 :0.12-0.16:Low ;0.5-1.0, 0.28; 0.28: I I I I I I , , 1 1 I 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE L OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Enanote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. CLAY as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. MOIST BULK DENSITY is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field moisture capacity, the moisture content at 1/3 bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this report, the estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. PERMEABILITY refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of downward movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil drainage systems, septic tank absorption fields, and construction where the rate of water movement under saturated conditions affects behavior. AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect the retention of water and the depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL is the potential for volume change in a soil with a loss or gain of moisture. Volume change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of • clay minerals in the soil and on measurements of similar soils. If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is often needed. Shrink-swell potential classes are based on tha change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The change is based on the soil fraction less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The classes are 'Low,' a change of less than 3 percent; `Moderate,' 3 to 6 percent; and 'High,' more than 6 percent. "Very high," greater than 9 percent, is sometimes used. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued ORGANIC MATTER is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. In report 3, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. EROSION FACTOR K indicates the susceptibility of the whole soil (including rocks and rock fragments) to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. EROSION FACTOR Kf is like EROSION FACTOR K but it is for the fine-earth fraction of the soil. Rocks and rock fragments are not considered. EROSION FACTOR T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. WIND ERODIBILITY GROUPS are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their resistance to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. Soils are grouped according to the following distinctions: 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine sands. These soils are generally not suitable for crops. They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult to establish. 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material. These soils are very highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy looms, fine sandy loams, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and silty clay loams. These soils are erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent clay. These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control wind erosion are used. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 4 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/ll/9t PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued 5. Noncalcareous lows and silt loans that are less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loans, sandy clays, and hemic soil material. These soils are slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control wind erosion are used. 6. Noncalcareous loans and silt loans that are more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay loans that are less than 35 percent clay. These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control wind erosion are used. 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loans that are less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control wind erosion are used. 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion because of coarse fragments on the surface or because of surface wetness. The WIND ERODIBILITY INDEX is used in the wind erosion equation (ME01. The index number indicates the amount of soil lost in tons per acre per year. The range of wind erodibility index numbers is 0 to 300. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 SOIL FEATURES Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SWl/4-Sec.2-IN-R61M Bedrock Cemented pan Subsidence Risk of corrosion — —_--_ Potential Map symbol ; frost action Uncoated and soil name Depth ;Hardness Depth Kind Initial Total steel Concrete In ; In In In I I I I 18: I I I I Colby >60 --- --- --- I --- ;Low ;Low Low I I I I I I I Adena >60 --- ; --- --- I -- --- ;Low ;High ;Low I I I I I I I ]9: I I I I Weld >60 ; ; I --- --- Moderate ;High ;Low I I I I I I 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 SOIL FEATURES Endnote -- SOIL FEATURES This report gives estimates of various soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and on observations during soil mapping. The rock is either "Soft" or "Hard". If the rock is "Soft' or fractured, excavations can be made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is "Hard' or massive, blasting or special equipment generally is needed for excavation. Cemented pans are cemented or indurated subsurface layers within a depth of 5 feet. Such pans cause difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified as "Thin" or "Thick". A "Thin" pan is less than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made by trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. A 'Thick" pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that blasting or special equipment is needed in excavation. Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence results from either desiccation and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually over a period of several years. This report shows the expected initial subsidence, which usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which usually is a result of oxidation. Not shown in the report is subsidence caused by an imposed surface load or by the withdrawal of ground water throughout an extensive area as a result of lowering the water table. Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most important factors considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other rigid structures. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors creates a severe corrosion environment. The steel installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion tnan steel in installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. For uncoated steel, the risk of- corrosion, expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High", is based on soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High'. It is based on soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. • 981098 NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SW1/4-Sec.2-1N-R61W ---- ------------------- Map Soil name and description Symbol ---------------- 18 Colby-Adena loans, 3 to 9 percent slopes These gently sloping to moderately sloping soils are on plains, hills and ridges at elevations of 4,750 to 4,900 ft. The Colby soil makes up about 55% of the mapunit, and occupies the steeper convex parts of the landscape. The Adena soil makes up about 30% of the unit, and occupies the less steep slightly concave parts of the landscape. About 15% of the mapunit are Kim and Weld loans.. The Colby soil is deep and well drained. The surface is pale brown loam about 7 in's thick, and the underlying material to a depth of 60 in's is very pale brown silt loam. Permeability is moderate, and available water capacity is high. Surface runoff is high and the water erosion hazard is high. The Adena soil is also deep and well drained. Typically the surface layer is brown loam about 6 in's thick. The subsoil is a brown to very brown clay loam about 3 in's thick, and the substratum to a depth of 60 in's is a very pale brown silt loam. Permeability is slow, and available water holding capacity is high. Surface runoff is medium, and the water erosion hazard is moderate. 79 ' Weld loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes The Weld soil is a deep, well drained soil. It is formed on smooth plains from eolian material. The surface is a loam. The subsoil is a heavy clay loam and light clay. The underlying material is a silt loam. The soils have slow permeability. Their available water holding capacity is high. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is low. • 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 SANITARY FACILITIES Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SN1/4-Sec.2-1N-R61N (The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) , I Map symbol Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench ; Area Daily cover and soil name absorption areas sanitary sanitary ; for landfill fields landfill landfill , 18: Colby Moderate: Severe: Slight Slight Good percs slowly slope Adena Moderate: Moderate: ;Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage, slope 79: Weld Moderate: Moderate: Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage, slope • 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 SANITARY FACILITIES Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES This report shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are considered 'Slight' if soil properties and site features generally are favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; 'Moderate' if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and 'Severe' if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. This report also shows the suitability of the soils for use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of 'Good' indicates that soil properties and site features are favorable for the use and good performance and low maintenance can be expected; 'Fair' indicates that soil properties and site features are moderately favorable for the use and one or more soil properties or site features make the soil less desirable than the soils rated 'Good"; and 'Poor' indicates that one or more soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the use and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION FIELDS are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 to 72 inches is evaluated. The ratings are base on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect public health. Groundwater can be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the surface. There must be unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances require that this material be of a certain thickness. SEWAGE LAGOONS are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. This report gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, I or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are excavated to provide material for the embankments. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. Excessive seepage due to rapid permeability of the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. SANITARY LANDFILLS are areas where solid waste is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of landfill, trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil form a source away from the site. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation need to be considered. The ratings in this report are based 981098 • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/90 SANITARY FACILITIES Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders. highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rate 'Slight' or 'Moderate" may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. DAILY COVER FOR LANDFILL is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Soil texture, wetness. coarse fragments, and slope affect the ease of removing and spreading the material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky or cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil blowing. After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the best workability, more organic matter than the rest of the profile. and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. 981098 J.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 WATER MANAGEMENT Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SWl/4-sec.2-1N-R61W (The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) Limitations for-- Features affecting-- Map symbol Pond ; Embankments, ; Aquifer-fed ; Terraces and soil name reservoir ; dikes, and excavated ; Drainage Irrigation and Grassed areas levees ponds diversions ' waterways ---- -------- — -------- ------- -------- 18: Colby ;Moderate: Severe: Severe: Deep to water ,Slope, Erodes easily Too arid, seepage, ; piping , no water ; erodes easily erodes easily slope Adena ;Moderate: 'Severe: Severe: Deep to water ;Slope Erodes easily ;Too arid, ' seepage, ; piping no water ; erodes easily slope I , 79: Weld Moderate: Severe: Severe: Deep to water ;Peres slowly Favorable ;Too arid, seepage piping no water ; ; percs slowly , , 1,: 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 WATER MANAGEMENT Endnate -- WATER MANAGEMENT This report gives information on the soil properties and site features that affect water management. The degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir areas; embankments, dikes and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are considered 'Slight' if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and 'Severe' of soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. This report also gives for each soil the restrictive features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and diversions, and grassed waterways POND RESERVOIR AREAS hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area. EMBANKMENTS, DIKES, AND LEVEES are raised structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against overflow. In this report, the soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to determine these properties. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects trafficability. AQUIFER-FED excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation. DRAINAGE is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to bedrock, to a ceaented pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and potential frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium , or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11196 WATER MANAGEMENT Endnote -- WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued IRRIGATION is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The design and management of an irrigation system are affected by depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The construction of a system is affected by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The performance of a system is affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil reaction. TERRACES AND DIVERSIONS are embankments or a combination of channels and ridges constructed across a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe hazara of wind or water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability adversel/ affect maintenance. GRASSED WATERWAYS are natural or constructed channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after construction. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 1 • NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/90 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SW1/4-Sec.2-IN-R61M (An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics that are outside the range of the series) Soil name Family or higher taxonomic class Adena USTOLLIC PALEARGIDS, FINE-LOAMY, MIXED, MESIC Colby ARIDIC USTORTHENTS, FINE-SILTY, MIXED (CALCAREOUS), MESIC Weld ARIDIC PALEUSTOLLS, FINE, MONTMORILLONITIC, MESIC • 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 1 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 PRIME FARMLAND Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SW1/4-Sec.2-IN-R61N Map ; Soil name symbol; 19 ;Weld loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes (where irrigated) 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 WATER FEATURES Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SW1/4-Sec.2-1N-R61W Flooding High water table and ponding Map symbol ;Hydro- ; Water ; : Maximum and soil name ; logic Frequency Duration Months table ; Kind of Months Ponding ponding ;group depth ;water table; duration depth 1 1 1 Ft i i Ft 1 I 1 1 1 18: i I Colby B None --- I --- >6.0 I I 1 1 I 1 Adana ; C None --- >6.0 79: I Weld ; C ;None --- --- >6.0 1 I 1 1 I I 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 WATER FEATURES Endnote -- WATER FEATURES This report gives estimates of various soil water features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration of water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long-duration storms. The four hydrologic soil groups are: Group ' A'. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group `B'. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group 'C'. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group 'D'. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in this report, the first letter is for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, nor is water in swamps and marshes. This report gives the frequency and duration of flooding and the time of year when flooding is most likely. Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as 'None', "Rare', 'Occasional", and 'Frequent'. 'None' means that flooding is not probable; 'Rare' that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions; 'Occasional' that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years; and "Frequent" that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years. Duration is expressed as 'Very brief' if less than 2 days, 'Brief" if 2 to 7 days, 'Long' if 7 to 30 days, and 'Very long' if more than 30 days. The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth; and absence of distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not subject to flooding. Also considered are local information about the extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 WATER FEATURES Endnote -- WATER FEATURES--Continued Information on the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than that provided by detailea engineering surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency levels. High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a seasonal high water table applies to undrained soils. The estimates are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in this report are the depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water table, that is, "Apparent', 'Artesian", or 'Perched"; and the months of the year that the water table commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated in this report. An 'Apparent' water table is a thick zone of free water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. An 'Artesian" water table exists under a hydrostatic beneath an impermeable layer. When the impermeable layer has been penetrated by a cased borehole, the water rises. The final level of the water in the cased borehole is characterized as an artesian water table. A 'Perched' water table is water standing above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or 'Perched'. water table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet are indicated. Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration, evaporation, or a combination of these processes. This report gives the depth and duration of ponding and the time of year when ponding is most likely. Depth, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated. Depth is expressed as the depth of ponded water in feet above the soil surface. Duration is expressed as "Very brief' if less than 2 days, 'brief' if 2 to 7 days, "Long' if 7 to 30 days, and 'Very long' if more than 30 days. The information is based on the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic ponding and on local information about the extent and levels of ponding. 981098 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 09/11/96 ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES Oran Cunning Composting Facility - SM1/4-Sec.2-1N-R61M I — — Classification ; Fragments Percentage passing Map symbol Depth USDA texture ; sieve number-- ;Liquid; Alas- and soil name >10 ; 3-10 limit:ticity Unified AASHTO inches:inches —4 ; 10 : 40 200 ;index I I I I I I In Pct Pct ; Pct ' I , , I I I 18: 1 1 1 I I 1 1 Colby 0-7 Loam CL-ML, CL A-4 0 0 100 100 :85-95 60-75 25-30; 5-10 7-60 ;Silt loam ML A-4 0 0 ; 100 ; 100 ;90-100 80-90 30-35; 5-10 I I I I I I Adana 0-6 Loam CL-ML, CL A-4 0 0 100 100 85-95 ;60-15 25-30 5-10 6-9 Clay loam, CL A-6 0 0 100 100 90-100'70-85 30-35 10-15 silty clay loam 9-60 Loam, silt CL-ML, CL ;A-4 0 0 100 100 ,85-100,50-85 25-30, 5-10 loam, very fine sandy loam ' I I I I I I I I I I 79: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Meld 0-8 ;Loam ;CL-MI, CL A-4 0 0 100 100 ;85-95 ;60-75 25-30; 5-10 8-15 Silty clay CL A-6, A-7 ; 0 0 100 100 :95-100:85-95 35-50; 15-30 loam, silty I ' clay, clay 15-60 Silt loam, CL-ML, CL A-4, A-6 0 0 100 95-100:85-100:70-95 20-35 5-15 loam, silty clay loam 1 60-64 Silt loam, ML, CL-ML, A-4 0 0 100 75-100 60-100 35-85 20-30 NP-10 loam, sandy SM, SC-SM loam I , 981098 J.S. DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/11/96 ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES Enanote -- ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES This report gives estimates of the engineering classification and of the range of index properties for the major layers of eacn soil in tne survey area. Most soils nave layers of contrasting properties within the upper 5 or 6 feet. DEPTH to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. The range in depth and information on other Properties of each layer are given in the published Soil Survey for each soil series under 'Soil Series and Their Morphology.' TEXTURE is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. 'Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an appropriate modifier is added, for example, 'gravelly." Textural terms are defined in the Soil Survey Glossary. Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification system and the system aaooted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. The UNIFIED system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use as construction material. Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter ana according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW. GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect roadway construction and maintenance. In this system, tne fraction of a mineral soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven groups from A-i through A-7 on the basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the oasis of visual inspection. If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7- 5, or A-7-6. As an additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group index number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Rccx FRAGMENTS larger than 3 inches in diameter are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight oasis. The percentages are estimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weight cercentage. Percentage of soil particles passing designated sieves (PERCENTAGE PASSING SIEVE NUMBER--Iis the Percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates mace in the field. LIQUID LIMIT and PLASTICITY INDEX (Atterberg limits) indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The estimates are based on test data from the survey area or from nearby areas and on field examination. The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Inus, if the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points) across classification boundaries, the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in this report. 981098 Ls°. l I DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES PHONE (970)353-6100,EXT.3540 FAX (970)352-6312 O WELD COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES 1400 N. 17TH AVENUE • GREELEY, COLORADO 80631 COLORADO October 28, 1996 c- cl pyr Cal Kuska Kuska&Associates 8547 E.Arapahoe Rd., Ste. J-221 Greenwood Village, CO 80112 Subject: USR-1129,being part of the W2 of Section 2,TIN,R61W of the 6th P.M.,Weld County, Colorado. Dear Mr. Kuska: The Weld County Attorney's Office,Weld County Health Department,and Weld County Planning Department have reviewed your request to place the afore-mentioned USR permit on hold until "more definitive guidelines can be presented." It is not apparent from the provided materials how any of the changes under review will affect your clients site. This appears to be further substantiated by the information provided in your letter received October 9th, 1996. Therefore,it is the opinion of the Planning Department that the facility should proceed with the Use by Special Review permit. I have attached comments from the Weld County Health Department for you to review. Should you have any questions,I may be reached at the above address and telephone number. Sincerely, Chris Goranson Current Planner pc: Oran Cunning Trevor Jiricek,Weld County Health Department Lee Morrison, County Attorney's Office enclosure: Memorandum, Trevor Jiricek,Weld County Health Department 981098 470 111EITIORAilDUM WIIID�• Chris Goranson, W.C. Planning Department October 21, 1996 To oaf COLORADO Trevor Jiricek, W.C. Health Department From Subject: OK Compost Certificate of Designation Our Department has reviewed your memo of October 9, 1996, and Cal Kuska's letter of October 7, 1996, concerning OK Compost's request to delay submittal of necessary documents and information required as a part of an application for a Certificate of Designation. Mr. Kuska's request is based on the fact that the Colorado proposed Composting Regulations have recently been withdrawn from consideration, pending future possible statutory amendments. However, according to a memo from Glenn Mallory dated September 19, 1996, and subsequent discussions with Glenn, the purpose of the withdrawal of the proposed composting regulations is due to an attempt to initiate less stringent requirements on smaller "greenhouse" type composting sites through statutory amendments. The Solid Waste statute, as currently written, does not allow for the establishment of standards and regulations dependent upon facility size or process volumes. According to Glenn, any future amendment would likely not affect the requirement of OK Compost to obtain a Certificate of Designation. Therefore, it is our Departments opinion that this facility should proceed with the County's permitting process, including the application materials for a Certificate of Designation. In addition, OK Farms should continue to use the latest draft of the composting regulations as a guideline for the submitted materials. If you have any questions,please do not hesitate to call me tj\472 cc: Glenn Mallory, C.D.P.H.E. Lee Morrison, W.C. Attorneys Office • Weld County Planning Dept. OCT 2 5 1996 A 4._ 11111 anz.vac" 9 Nov. 4 / % (Cu.(' /455DCIates 981098 • Kuska/Associates t `' • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • COMPOSTING SPEOAUSTS • BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E ARAPAHOE R0.STE J221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE.CO 80112 USA October 7 , 1997 (303)791-8639 fax/tel Chris Goranson Current Planner Weld County Department of Planning Services 1400 North 17th Avenue Greeley , CO 80631 Re : Composting at VI-9600125 , Legal Description : W2 of Section2 , Township lN , Range 61W of the 6th P.M. , Weld County , Colorado Dear Mr . Goranson : We have been gathering data to comply with the request to prepare documentation for a Certificate of Designation based on the proposed requirements of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment composting regulations . According to the attached correspondence the viability of these standards appear to be in doubt until after the Legislature addresses the language in several of the State statutes relating to Solid Waste Disposal sites . For this reason we are asking that the requirements made to Mr . Oren Cunning , 12630 Holly Street , Brighton , CO 80601 , and the owner and operator of the site , be put on hold until more defin- itive guidelines can be presented . It is our intention as the most experienced composting tech— nicians in the state to continue to consult with them to operate their facility in a manner that will be an asset and not a negative to the nieghbors , the County and the State . Since we had agreed to provide the submittal within a 45 day period , we would appreciate receiving your decision as soon as possible . Yours truly , Cal Kuska cc : Oren Cunning 981098 STATE OF COLORADO Roy Romer,Governor -pf Co Patti Shwayder,Executive Director kit* Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado „`7 �«� , ;' HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION .476'I� 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 222 S.6th Street, Room 232 Denver,Colorado 80222-1530 Grand Junction,Colorado 81501-2768 Colorado Department Phone(303)692-3300 Phone(303)248-7164 to ado Health Fax(307)759-5355 Fax(303)248-7198 ofand Environment September 30, 1996 Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates 8547 E. Arapahoe Rd. Suite J-221 Greenwood Village, Co 80112 Re: Comosting, Draft Regulations SW ADMIN Composting Dear Cal: I am responding to your letter dated September 16, 1996 concerning certain concerns regarding the draft composting regulations. Accompanying your letter was a packet of composting related information and copies of a September 12 , 1996 letter to Senator Don Ament and Representative Lew Entz , Chairmen of the Senate and House Agricultural Committees, respectively. There is also a September 13 , 1996 letter to Thomas Kourlis a Commissioner with the Colorado Department of Agriculture. I wish to take this opportunity to correct some errors and misconceptions in the above referenced correspondence. The draft composting regulations, if enacted, will not require a farmer or rancher to obtain a certificate of designation as long as they are composting materials generated from that farm or ranch. Section 30-20-102 (3) C.R.S. of the Colorado Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities Act exempts such activities from a Certificate of Designation (CD) . Paragraph 14 . 1. 2© in the draft regulations also exempts those entities that are exempt by statute. If materials are brought in from other sources a CD would be required. It is not and has not been the intent of this Department to require a CD for composting of manures and yard wastes generated on the farm or ranch and composted on the farm or ranch. In section 30-20-103 C.R.S. a composting facility is specifically designated as a facility that requires a CD. Part of the CD process is a public hearing. Generally those concerned with the proposed facility are, in part, concerned with the origin of the wastes or material to be composted. As we well know, the various organic materials that are used for composting feedstocks may cause mal-odors, serve as fly breeding grounds, cause surface water run off problems or contaminate ground water. Composting 981098 is not always limited to manure and yard waste. Consistently requests for information concerning composting are received by the solid waste staff and include, in addition to manure and yard waste, slaughterhouse wastes, dead animals, waste food and food processing wastes, biosolids, organic industrial wastes and petroleum containing materials; in any or all combinations. I think that a farm or ranch that deals with its own manure and yard waste or crop residue on site is one thing. However, the importation of materials from off site whether they are manure, yard waste or other materials can soon become problematic. The public hearing and public notice process is to help to get concerns out in the open so they may be dealt with. Once the farm or ranch would begin to import materials for composting they are adding a use that they did not previously have. Truck loads of grass clippings may put off an awful odor and become a fly breeding ground quite quickly on a hot summer week. I should also point out that the land application of domestic or municipal sewage sludge (biosolids) is regulated under a different statutory authority. The Biosolids Regulations (5 CCR 1002-19) is under the purview of the Water Quality Control Division. However, composting facilities that may receive less that 20% biosolids for their mixture would come under the purview of the draft solid waste composting regulations. As a final note, I will shortly be finalizing my recommendations to the Board of Health concerning the draft composting regulations. My recommendation comes after two years of working with this topic, and discussions with you and others and visiting several composting sites. My recommendation will be to withdraw the proposed regulations from further consideration. It has become evident that there is not the flexibility in the existing statute to deal with the very small sites effectively and economically (to them) and, recently, to deal with Boulder County's concept of taking yard wastes to farms for composting. The draft regulations would deal with medium to large sites quite effectively and in a more equitable manner that the current case- by-case method. We may publish them as a guideline for those sites. While other states have statutory authority to allow "permit by rule" and registration that would obligate a small facility maintenance of some minimum standard without having to go through a CD type of process, we do not have this ability. I do think that something of this sort would help the composting effort while maintaining a level of public health and environmental protection. I hope that this helps to clarify the situation. I do appreciate the time that you have taken to share your expertise with me and the ad hoc co ' ttee dealing with compost. I may be reached at 303/692-34 5 if ou have further comments. S ' ely, e n� Mallory Solid Waste Unit L r Hazardous Materia s nd Waste Management Division cc Senator Don Anent Rep. Lew Entz Comm. T. Kourlis 981098 Kuska/Associates • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • BIOREMEDIATION 8547 E ARAPAHOE RD..STE J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80112 USA (303) 791-8639 fax/tel September 20, 1996 Senator Sally Hopper Chairwoman , Health & Environment State of Colorado 21649 Cabrini Road Golden , CO 80401 Dear Senator Hopper: As the committee that oversees the Colorado Department of Health actions , we wanted you to see correspondence we have sent to the Agriculture committee, Commissioner and to the Health Department regarding the inclusion of animal manure under the category of Solid Waste . Our letters are rather explanatory , but we would be happy to share more in depth information regarding the impact this class- ification will have on animal agriculture as well as the citizen- ry of the State of Colorado . The nitrate and pathogen issue , along with the condition of soil productivity and herbicide leaching ramifications , are grow- ing in concern with a wide range of the public . That ' s the reason that both Alfalfa' s and Wild Oats are experiencing such rapid growths , and the industry itself had a 26% growth last year while the balance of the supermarket industry was flat . Hopefully your committee will look at the impact that this inclusion will have not only on the application of environmentally friendly composting operation establishment , but for those whose neighbors want to shut them down from raising animals . The sludge disposal story needs to be told as well . If all of the farmers thought that sludge was a fertilizer worth using , then why is Denver Metro , Ft . Collins , Littleton—Englewood , Broom— field and others buying farms of their own? Please let us know if we can help . Yours truly , Cal Kuska cc : Dick Mutzebaugh--Highlands Ranch 981098 Kuska/Associates • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • • COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • MOREMEATON 8547 E ARAPAHOE RD.STE.J-2221 September 13 , 1996 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80112 USA (303)791-8639 fax/tel Thomas Kourlis Commissioner Colorado Department of Agriculture �� n 700 Kipling 1 C�-J o Lakewood , CO 80215-5894 Dear Commissioner Kourlis : Colorado ' s animal agriculture manure is not solid waste. But if the Colorado Department of Health composting regulations are implemented , it will become just that . Some states are finding so much value in composting and compost that they are re- moving all forms of urban yard trimmings from the solid waste classification . We do not feel that animal agriculture deserves another hurdle , allowing the public to oppose expansion or new develop- ments on the grounds the facility is generating garbage . Just today , after sending the attached letter to the chair- men of the legislature ' s two ag committees , we heard from a farm- er that they were charged by one neighbor at a public hearing of starting a landfill in the future . The regulations are still in, the draft stages , and we feel that your Department needs to know that your constituents are just now realizing its impact . Even for those not composting there can be future problems for land disposal because astute opponents will fihd the classification in the regulations . Your support for those now composting ,and others in the future , is appreciated by all , as both farmers and urban users of compost will be benefitted . Yours truly , Cal Kuska 981098 Kuska/Associates • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • • BIOREMEDIATION 0547 E ARAPAHOE RD..STE J-221 September 16 , 1996 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80112 USA (3O3) 791-8639 fax/tel Glenn Mallory - Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South � O \ _D V/J Denver , CO 80222-1530 � Dear Glenn : We are sending you copies of letters send to the Chairmen of the legislature agricultural committees as well as the State Commissioner of Agriculture . As we have written to you , the Colorado Board of Health and these legislators before , we do not believe that animal manures , and yard trimmings for that matter , should be placed in the cat- egory of solid waste . Both farmers and county regulators really don ' t realize the ramifications of this inclusion. Already some have been accused of running landfills . Not only are current or potential compost- ing operations being charged , but now we have heard that lagoons (which then should include sludge beds) , stockpiles of horse manure , and even land disposal of livestock wastes are being called dumps . We feel that the issues in the regulation of waste disposal should be environmental protection , including groundwater quality , topsoil improvement and disease prevention . Recently a prospective large-scale livestock operation which was being faced with some extraordinary requirements by County officials told them they would have to consider other states . They then answered that these requirements being requested weren ' t the intent of the regulations . They responded , "then why are they written and presented in that manner" . Hopefully this same situation doesn ' t arise to discourage improvements in our waste management practices . Yours truly , Cal Kuska Kuska/Associates . • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • BIOREMEDIATION September 17 , 1996 8547E ARAPAFIOE RD_STE.J-221 GREENWOOD VILLAGE.CO 80112 USA (303) 791-8639 fax/tel Jim Rubingh Colorado Department of Agriculture Division of Markets 700 Kipling St . Suite 4000 Lakewood , CO 80215-5894 Dear Mr . Rubingh: We have just received the media releases on the New Image unveiling and the insights survey . We have been conducting our own surveys as we meet with farmers on there own properties , speak at events like the Innovations In Agriculture , Boulder Organic Fair , Kansas Composting Conference with Colorado attend- ees , Wood Recycling conferences in Lakewood and Durango , COPA annual meeting , citizens ' groups and workshops . Their questions to us are , what will be the future of Colorado agriculture based on the U. S . General Accounting Office report (attached) that 59% of Colorado cropland cannot sustain long-term agriculture? They are also concerned that over 75% of lake , reservoir and pond acres are impaired , and all of this is due to agriculture . We don ' t agree with this , though, as we feel that sewage sludge and on-site sewage disposal systems are size- able culprits as well . According to CSU scientists we lead the nation with 88% of the sewage disposal on agricultural land . If the Colorado Department of Health gets approval for its inclusion of animal manures as solid waste , there will be present and future ramifications for animal agriculture . We know of cases already where this group of producers have been harassed by the neighbors . One of these was a United Airlines pilot , with plenty of free time and a half million dollar home three miles away . When dairymen tell us that their manure compost has kept them out of the red , and others tell us that they wish they had started doing this 20 years ago , we realize that agricultural practices are due for a change . One of these is the largest private dairy in the State . An organic farmer in Ignacia , who also happens to be a pediatric dentist in the Denver area , has just started his own compost operation after importing compost . One of his many positive stories , besides higher yields and water savings , was a woman who tried his timothy hay because her horses had colic . In two days on the organic hay the colic was gone , so she went back with the conventionally grown hay to use it up . The colic returned . His 10—year old daughter wouldn ' t eat any tomatoes , taking them off her Big Macs, but when he had her try a compost grown tomato she said, "is this what tomatoes should really taste like . " 981098 Rubingh —2— We hope that the Division of Markets will aid these farmers who are being responsible stewards of the soil and water . If you , or members of your group , would like a briefing on what is happen— ing and what needs to happen to keep Colorado sustainable in the years to come , please give us a call . In the meantime , we hope that you will speak with your Commissioner Kourlis , taking a stand that animal manure should not be categorized as solid waste . That ' s garbage any way you look at it . trul Ca Ruske t .aRr, Kuska/Associates • ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET CONSULTANTS • COMPOSTING SPECIALISTS • SIOREMEDIATION C�O'LQ)� ENW ED VILLAGE RD_STE J-221 USA GREENWOOD VILLAGER 801(2 USA September 12 , 1996 (303) 791-8639 fax/tel Letter sent to Senator Don Ament , Chairman of Senate Agricultural committee , and Senator Lew Entz , Chairman of House Agricultural committee for State of Colorado with article from California Agriculture magazine , entitled "Nitrogen isotope ratios identify nitrate contamination sources" . This allows them to identify source of nitrates within the same watershed or groundwater basin such as animal feedlots , horse corrals , dairy waste lagoons , manure applied to land , municipal sewage effluent or sludge , on— site sewage disposal systems , urban and agricultural fertilizer , natural soil organic matter and, in some cases, geologic sources . When you see or hear the words , Solid Waste , the first thing you think about is garbage . Blood pressures start to rise and neighbors form opposition groups in rapid order . They call the County Commissioners , planning departments , health officials , write letters to the editor , and sign petitions against a landfill in their backyard . Their agenda is etched in stone ! NIMBY. If the new composting regulations being prepared by the Col— orado Department of Health are implemented , this is going to be a regular occurrence in agricultural communities across the State . The farmer or rancher will be severely penalized . Currently we are working with a number of farm generators of wet organics , and they are doing a service for Colorado ' s soil sus— tainability and water quality protection as well as for themselves . Just about every dairyman we ' ve started has told us they are making more on their manure compost than they are on the milk. They are avoiding costs of bedding , fly control , manure storage , herbicide usage , and a knowledge that their own and animal 's drinking water won ' t get higher in nitrates . But several of these individuals , in consultation with County and State regulators , hear that they will have to apply for a C . D. (Certificate of Designation) , requiring a public hearing . Under the current plan placing this under the Solid Waste regs . , this means that public notices will state it as such. Needless to say , this will bring (and has already brought) people from near and far , causing high costs of defense and education , delays and probably potential lawsuits . This same State agency , on the otherhand , allows municipal sewage sludge disposal on agricultural land without a Certificate of Designation under the Solid Waste banner. Where it ' s required • it comes under the land application classification . As a matter of note Colorado leads the nation in the agricultural land disposal of sewage sludge at 88%. This wet organics , with nitrates and path— ogens , contains elements injurious to both well water drinking humans and animals . 981098 Compost Regulations —2— If at all possible we would like to arrange a meeting with you and your committee members , as we have a considerable amount of support data which might be helpful . We can bring some of the farmers with whom we work , and we would welcome Health Department personnel as well . They know our feelings on this matter . Agriculture doesn ' t deserve to be the dumping ground or be dumped on by either the municipalities , the counties , or the State of Colorado . Hopefully you will extend us an invitation . Yours truly, Cal Ruska NOTE: We encourage you to write your own letter to these agricultural committee members who should be "Standing Up for the Future of Colorado Agriculture" . Lew Entz, 1016 North 11th Lane , Hooper , CO 81136 Don Ament, Rte , 1 , Box 142 , Iliff, CO 80736 40 tivol; PL' at DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES 1 PHONE (303)353-6100,EXT.3540 C. FAX (IVE 352-6315 WELD COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES 1400 N. 17TH AVENUE COLORADO GREELEY, COLORADO 80631 July 1, 1996 Oran Cunning 12630 Holly Brighton, CO 80601 Subject: VI-9600125, Legal Description: W2 of Section 2, Township 1N, Range 61W of the 6th P.M., Weld County, Colorado Dear Mr. Cunning: It has come to the attention of the Department of Planning Services' staff that the uses on the above described property may not be in compliance with the Weld County Zoning Ordinance. The potential noncompliance with the zoning ordinance is a composting facility located on the property without a Special Review Permit. Please call me within five working days of the date of this letter to review the concerns with me. Sincerely, (Ity-v-,_ Julie Chester Zoning Compliance Officer pc: VI-9600125 Lyle Moore, Jeff Stoll, Weld County Health Department SERVICE,TEAMWORK,INTEGRITY,QUALITY 981098 DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES ' C11(11,..6-......\\ PHONE (970)353-6100,EXT.3540 COU FAX (970)352-6312 C. WELD COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES 1400 N. 17TH AVENUE GREELEY,COLORADO 80631 COLORADO August 21, 1996 O.K.Farms Compost 12630 Holly St. Brighton,CO 80601 Subject: USR 1129-Animal Waste Composting Facility Dear Applicant: Attached with this letter is a memorandum dated August 19, 1996 from the Weld County Health Department, stating in part that the facility will require a Certificate of Designation(C.D.)and "be subject to the rules and regulations promulgated under the Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities Act, 30-20-100.5,C.R.S., as amended." I have included additional information regarding these requirements along with this letter as provided by the Weld County Health Department for you to review. If you should have any questions concerning the Certificate of Designation or any comments regarding the attached information,Trevor Jiricek with the Weld County Health Department may be able to assist you in this matter at(970)353-0635. If I may be of further assistance,I may be reached at the above address and telephone number. Sincerely, Chris Goranson Current Planner pc: Trevor Jiricek, Weld County Health Department USR-1129 case file enclosure: Memorandum dated August 19, 1996, Weld County Health Department • Draft VI, Solid Waste Composting Regulation, Section 14 17 CR 11, 11-94 981098 DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES Weld County Administrative Offices, 1400 N. 17th Avenue, Greeley, CO 80631 Phone (970) 353-6100, Ext. 3540, Fax(970) 353-6312 USE BY SPECIAL REVIEW APPLICATION Application Fee Paid Receipt# Date Recording Fee Paid Receipt# Date Application Reviewed by: TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT: (Please print or type, except for necessary signature) LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL REVIEW PERMIT AREA: PARCEL NUMBER: 1 4 8 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 (12 digit number-found on Tax I.D. Information or obtained at the Assessor's Office. Section 2 , T 2 N, R 61 W-Total Acreage 320 Zone District Overlay Zone Property Address (if available) None Proposed Use Composting Animal Wastes SURFACE FEE (PROPERTY OWNERS) OF AREA PROPOSED FOR THE SPECIAL REVIEW PERMIT Name: Oran K. Cunning & D. Joy Address: 12630 Holly St Cunning 303 City/State/Zip: Brighton. Co Home Telephone: 452-1649 Business Telephone - 80601 Name: Myron L. Cunning Address: 3422 Hwy 52. 970 City/State/Zip: Wiggins. CO Home Telephone: 432-5521 Business Telephone - SU654 APPLICANT OR AUTHORIZED AGENT(if different than abovel Name: o_ K. Parma Colppost Address: 12630 Holly St City/State/Zip: Brighton. CO 80601 Home Telephone: 303-452-1649 Business Telephone: _ DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES USE ONLY Case# Flood Plain: o Yes o No Geologic Hazard: o Yes o No I hereby state that all statements and plans submitted with the application are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. Signature. Owner or Authorized t 5 Wplri Cry!Pity Planning Dept. AUG 2 1 1996 I . r JIVED Memorandum To: Chris Goranson, W.C. Planning Department CC: Roger Doak, C.D.P.H.E. Lee Morrison, W.C. Attorneys Office From: Trevor Jiricek, W.C. Health Department Date: August 19, 1996 Subject: U.S.R.-1129, O.K. Farms Compost The E.P.S. Division has reviewed the application for USR-1129 submitted by O.IC Farms Compost. The Division has determined that this application is insufficient as submitted. This facility will require a Certificate of Designation (C.D.) and be subject to the rules and regulations promulgated under the Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities Act, 30-20-100.5, C.R.S., as amended. The applicant must submit an application in accordance with Section 1 and 2 of the "Regulations Pertaining to Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities" (6 CCR 1007-2). In addition, the Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment is currently very near completion of a set of composting facility regulations. Once approved, these regulations will be found in Section 14 of the above mentioned Regulations. While not yet approved by the Board of Health, the Division believes that any C.D. application should also address any criteria or issues addressed in Section 14 of those regulations. I have included copies of Sections 1 and 2, and the latest draft copy of Section 14 of the Regulations Pertaining to Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities. If you, or the applicant have any questions please do not hesitate to call me. tj\433 cc: Roger Doak, C.D.P.H.E. 981098 Hello