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Home My WebLink About993067.tiff EXHIBIT INVENTORY CONTROL SHEET Case ORD #210 -WINDSOR SERVICE AREA ROAD IMPACT FEE PROGRAM Exhibit Submitted By Exhibit Description A. Don Warden News Article (10/19/99) B. Planning Staff Notice to local contractors C. D. E. F. G. H. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. 993067 sill w w 5 3 E 8 a'- o o m z s_ 1G N O�Ia O O N� Y. D O IL M O ih E 1°Ow O'J 00 II1I4h wh 0 4 U Ovw ovi ° m o d 8 } O .g5§ o33 c °mo.d re .g 8 w N E N u 3 .c°3 g o ES CD gw liN .52363 p m :III a,1 d ›, - 3 E �.. c 51 Z W n CD 'SS- v Q ; 080-6 E EE . 3 V W i 114 of z .2 o q '�.E 5 t .$Fxin TS 0 ZZ Z & U bu o'° >b = a 3 'a m Z c O y T E 1(d Ea y Y O.d ain 't) 1 A g I � >.'69, y 4 yy W °U N bm ^ m N.d N h+ y O U O 33ab7i aals Imo m a,d� a �3 y't4 8 CO0 ti N ll etg A w °dw ,g 61— y o'O dR .Al E b wie ��j'J iry�. pN aT 9H N YEC ET to L !`.� C 2-811 ° ° r3 hmc .890 ,3 .O g I b N..N C O O Iri .L , g ---. 0 ' 3,g °' 7 ' O c w c N O ' 412 3' 0—o y 5 'a n�._! a,. •- C 3 �3 �..s3 �95cgd.2ub° °co C y C 'Mil 11112 A � co 4s, a woas p o 15 > p3 0 E LsaVmc6'n O rJ' N.rJ'w E ! n' d 5 O o it'e ! '6.2 33 S 'o = m w = c. a h c C4 g `4 ' U d m $ a O w 0 m 5 iV ` o n.E li w C 3 a °50 CD 3 ° a ggc b > c f v osEZ ; V tbN cv E C'.9'€ '5.4 m `. Y . F_ la 1 0 . • m `m .E FL b9 N,.i O 2 E. 4l y�y 0 m . rJ' ° o E '.6-417i but O v y c ¢ lkill 7 N ,Tmg E G dUU L « 0q C pp c m` LL o — o O) 'R b 641 s' � 3i , y z =U = y, p m LL d E i N mow x W �v o.a , O ao e d d g m 73w v o$, v d .EIv W a ix2a O F ow aa' vL` o . ,-aT �? D S ^ 0.o5.0 a" _a GA Ip EXHIBIT o 3 fir WI 6 > E00 a2 = i— ■ c� o• c a E :o TA 76 To: Carol Harding As of October 27, 1999, all Weld County Building Inspectors were supplied with the attached notices to distribute to contractors across the county. Copies were also made available at the front office of the Planning Department on this same date. Please call me with questions. Trisha Swanson I. EXHIBIT 11 fM.b tc NOTICE 1999, allparcels located in the Windsor Service Area, as Effective December 1, } defined in Ordinance 210 will be required, at the time of building r Service lAxea Road adhere to the Road Impact Fee Structure as defined in th Im act Fee Pro am. :a . t 1 i J t I { t I I I , I e t ' ' t I I I (-1.1.0) • r:,(;//i i ••—• ? :,. .I t .I t ` I -- • sit :I WCR 76 - r`r�� I �I �,y`�� Sevefuaca � WCR 74 a / y_4/(z, i1.7 1 10_, ii r,,. IA 1 104):"-\-/ "-4 \ • L.' F WCR 92 ' .al -- -.- 21 I �� v ... .I t N/f 94F WCR 60--41,- »...«.. ;;1 I _ 1.ili:Ii I I I'''''''.0. toed,/ -.::---.--01— AI LEGEND0. i) I 34 . PasedRlrada d . Gravel Roads .......... . swat'Ara aatodul BEFORE THE WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, PLANNING COMMISSION RESOLUTION OF RECOMMENDATION TO THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Moved by Bryant Gimlin that the following resolution be introduced for passage by the Weld County Planning Commission. Be it resolved by the Weld County Planning Commission that the application for: ORDINANCE 210: WINDSOR SERVICE AREA ROAD IMPACT FEES ORDINANCE 211: SOUTHWEST WELD SERVICE AREA ROAD IMPACT FEES PLANNER: Monica Daniels-Mika be recommended favorably to the Board of County Commissioners for the following reasons: The Weld County Comprehensive Plan calls for a responsible government. A government that is far reaching and proactive to changes within our community. Weld County is experiencing an unprecedented pattern of growth, one which is clearly identified in two unique areas, Southwest Weld and the Windsor area. The adoption of the attached fee programs satisfies the following goals as stated in the Weld County Comprehensive Plan, as amended: I Goal 6 All new industrial development should pay its own way. C Goal 7 All new commercial development should pay its own way. R Goal 4 All new residential development should pay its own way. PUD Goal 5 All new planned unit development should pay its own way. UGB Goal 3 The County and municipalities should coordinate land use planning in urban growth boundary areas, including development policies and standards, zoning, street and highway construction, open space, public infrastructure and other matters affecting orderly development. MUD Goal 1 To plan and to manage growth within the 1-25 Mixed Use Development area and Urban Development Nodes, so as to balance relevant fiscal, environmental, aesthetics, and economic components of the area. MUD Goal 3 To provide efficient and cost-effective delivery of adequate public facilities and services which assure the health, safety, and general welfare of the present and future residents of Weld County and the area. MUD Goal 7 All new development in the Mixed Use Development area should pay its own way. Motion seconded by Michael Miller. VOTE: For Passage Against Passage Absent Cristie Nicklas Jack Epple Arlan Marrs Stephen Mokray John Folsom Fred Walker Bruce Fitzgerald Michael Miller Bryant Gimlin RESOLUTION Ordinance 210 and Ordinance 211 Page 2 The Vice Chair declared the resolution passed and ordered that a certified copy be forwarded with the file of this case to the Board of County Commissioner's for further proceedings. CERTIFICATION OF COPY I, Trisha Swanson, Recording Secretary for the Weld County Planning Commission, do hereby certify that the above and foregoing resolution, is a true copy of the resolution of the Planning Commission of Weld County, Colorado, adopted on November 16, 1999. Dated the 16th of November, 1999. Trisha Swanson Secretary WELD COUNTY ROADWAY IMPROVEMENT PLAN WINDSOR AND SOUTHWEST STUDY AREAS Prepared for: Weld County 915 Tenth Street P.O. Box 1948 Greeley, CO 80632 Prepared by: Felsburg Holt & Ullevig 7951 East Maplewood Avenue, Suite 200 Englewood, CO 80111 303/721-1440 FHU Reference No. 98-237 July, 1999 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEMS 3 FORECASTS 8 Demographic Forecasts 8 Traffic Forecasts 12 Capacity 12 Roadway Classification 16 Road Improvement Needs 19 Traffic Signals 23 New Roads 24 SUMMARY OF IMPROVEMENT NEEDS 29 APPENDIX - MAJOR ROADWAY INVENTORIES Felshuig Holt&Ulevig Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 . Study Areas 2 2. Windsor Study Area - Inventory of Gravel and Paved Roads 4 3. Southwest Study Area - Inventory of Gravel and Paved Roads 5 4. Windsor Study Area - Existing Daily Traffic Volumes 6 5. Southwest Study Area - Existing Daily Traffic Volumes 7 6. Sub-Area Growth Factors 1995 to 2020 - Windsor Study Area 9 7. Sub-Area Growth Factors 1995 to 2020 - Southwest Study Area 10 8. Windsor Study Area - Year 2020 Daily Traffic Forecasts 13 9. Southwest Study Area - Year 2020 Daily Traffic Forecasts 14 10. Urban Growth Areas 17 11. Windsor Study Area - Capacity Improvement Needs 2O 12. Southwest Study Area - Capacity Improvement Needs 21 13. Windsor Study Area - Major New Roads 25 14. Southwest Study Area - Major New Roads 26 LIST OF TABLES 1. Demographic and Traffic Growth Projections 11 2. Daily Capacities of Paved Two-Lane Roads 15 3. Unit Cost Assumptions 18 4. Project Summary - Improvements to Existing Roads 22 5. Signal/Intersection Project Needs 23 6. Recommended New Roadways 27 7. Improvement Cost Summary 29 Felsburg Holt&Ullevlg Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas INTRODUCTION Two areas within Weld County are experiencing growth pressures expected to bring substantial new development to largely undeveloped, agricultural areas. Weld County and municipalities within these areas have identified the need to develop roadway plans to accommodate anticipated development within these areas, and to develop a financing mechanism to implement roadway plans. The purpose of this report is to develop a roadway improvement plan for these areas. This roadway improvement plan will then form the basis of an impact fee program that will facilitate the funding and implementation of needed roadway improvements on major county, city and town roads. Since the roadway plan is geared towards county, city and town roads, roadway improvement needs on state and U.S. highways are not evaluated. Such improvements are within the jurisdiction of the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT). On the county, city and town road system needs that are not directly attributable to development, such as safety improvements and bridge rehabilitation projects, are also excluded from the plan. The roadway improvement plans are based on short-range needs and needs projected for the Year 2020. Figure 1 shows the two study areas. The Windsor Study Area is an approximately 90 square mile area bounded by Weld County Road (WCR) 84 on the north, WCR 27 and the City of Greeley on the east, US 34 on the south, and the Weld/Larimer County line on the west. In addition to unincorporated parts of Weld County,the Town of Severance and part of the Town of Windsor are included in the Windsor Study Area. The Southwest Study Area is a 126 square mile area bounded by State Highway (SH) 66 on the north, WCR 19 on the east, SH 7 and WCR 2 on the south, and the Weld/Boulder County line on the west. In addition to unincorporated parts of Weld County, all or portions of the Cities of Longmont, Broomfield, and Northglenn, and the Towns of Erie, Frederick, Firestone, and Dacono are included in the Southwest Study Area. Felsburg Hon& Ullevig Page 1 en en ,n CC CC FELSAURG 3 l HOLT & ULLEVIG WCR84 A t 14 4 WCR80 / „ 7 85 LEGEND TIalsTW WCR76 = Southwest Study Area WCR 74 L �ton = Windsor Study Area 392 th re Li WCR 82 - �1 WCR 60 34 855 ypass34 i� ilk Greeley o 2 57 34 pffuse,_ �„ IL Eva c —I Iql ,� _—j xnSalle RI WCR 48'L - ea Johnstow ,r I- WCR 46 @ I, H Berthoud n "1` illiken 25 Gilc -1 60p85, WCR 36 7 WCR34 - � Meal— F ' ) Platteville LARIMER COUNTY a./— J Longmont l 119 / Z € 5 -J r I. LI g -� r- -1 �Firestoi o 0 ��pc� 7 I k Fa.t WCR 14 i � � 52 y Lupton L I IL WCRB - - IT Nk -L Erie u WCR2 rN\ A \':& \ *rightot Broomfield —Northglenn a ¢ In ¢ L ¢ 3 Figure 1 3 3 3 0 STUDY AREAS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 3/4/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas EXISTING ROADWAY SYSTEMS Figure 2 depicts the existing Windsor Study Area roadway network. A segment-by-segment roadway inventory is also provided in the Appendix. The study area is traversed by US 34 and three State Highways, including SH 257, SH 392, and SH 14. The County and city roads depicted on Figure 2 form the major roadway system for the Windsor Study Area. All section-line roads are included, along with other roads that have significant continuity. Local roads that only serve particular developments and do not have significant continuity are not included as part of the major roadway system. There are generally County and city roads on a one-mile grid system, although there are numerous gaps in this grid system where there are physical constraints or where development has not yet created the need for public roads. Of the 131 .5 miles of major county, city and town roads included in the roadway inventory, 73.2 miles are currently gravel roads and 58.3 miles are paved. All county, city and town roads currently have one through lane in each direction. Figure 3 depicts the existing Southwest Study Area major roadway network, with a detailed inventory provided in the Appendix. The Southwest Study Area is traversed by Interstate 25 and four east-west state highways, including SH 7, SH 52, SH 119, and SH 66. This study area also has a one-mile grid system of County and city roads, with several gaps. Of the 192.6 miles of major county, city and town roads included in the roadway inventory, 106.5 miles are currently gravel roads and 86.1 miles are paved. All county, city and town roads in the Southwest Study Area also currently have one through lane in each direction. Traffic count information available from the County's roadway inventory and from other jurisdictions has been compiled. These data have been supplemented by additional counts collected to fill gaps in existing data. The resulting traffic volume data are summarized on Figures 4 and 5, with more detailed count information provided in the roadway inventory found in the Appendix. Most volume data reflect counts taken over the past three years, although older counts are included in some cases. At many location, counts were not available on all road segments, but reasonable traffic volume estimates could be made based on nearby data. Figure 4 shows that State and U.S. highway volumes in the Windsor Study Area range from more than 20,000 vehicles per day (vpd) on US 34 to approximately 1,000 vpd on segments of SH 257. Among county, city and town roads, the highest volumes include more than 7,500 vpd on WCR 17 through the Town of Windsor and more than 4,000 vpd on segments of WCR 74 and WCR 66. Other roadway segments with volumes in excess of 1,000 vpd are found on WCR 19 and on roads near the City of Greeley. Figure 5 shows that traffic volumes on 1-25 through the Southwest Study Area are approximately 50,000 vpd. Volumes on east-west State Highways 7, 52, 119, and 66 are in the 5,000 vpd to 15,000 vpd range, with the highest volumes on SH 119. County and city roads with volumes in excess of 1,000 vpd include WCR 1 on the border of Weld and Boulder Counties, segments of WCR 5 and 8 in the Erie area, and WCR 13 through the northern part of the Study Area. Felsburg Holt&Udevig Page 3 INFELSBURG co a) in HOLY 67. wt-: w ULLEVIG CC U IWCR 84 --a 7 7 ? :I I , , :•I I I I I I. — r .II , 0 ® WCR B0 -1--- -1- -- - - ' -I— I , .II I :1 , :I Vim..- 1 Ii WCR 76 : lit IuI\: ? Severance WCR 74 i "\ //// 1 I y I I 1 II8 dQ s I:rli ./- . mi r 0 :II II /J/.I / - _ r�l - J ...II� v H , l I River -, _ La I get WCR 62 O -- `�'' I 57 'mil/!�� ..J/JIL r WCR 60 Tr - -- - �, 34. .07/2 ': it I I.._34 ✓. .I ® i" 34 LEGEND = Paved Roads Figure 2 Gravel Roads WINDSOR STUDY AREA FN = Study Area Boundary ^ INVENTORY of GRAVEL and PAVED ROADS North Weld County Impact Fees 99-237 3/2/08 PFELSBU RG H0LT & ULLEVIG — — I •I f Mead f " LARIMER COUNTY !' /J./,��' WCR 30r ` "" 25 - L - -S. 1 - - Longmont:V/0 WCR 24I if //�� 1 I I I I 1 1 m. 3 a • i • k i I WCR 14 52 1 V/l' - - T 1 , 1 1` • 1 Y- 1 1 1 07 ` 4if _ f 6 1 , WCR 8: \\-:+ y 1 ��- T iee4 ' I 1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 „. \\,\\ • . 4.. .r, I ., 1 WCR2• ' " - 7 !' II i r in cc Broomfield 7- Northglenn m ¢ O ¢ cc ¢ LEGEND 3 0 Paved Roads = Gravel Roads Figure 3 Study Area Boundary SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA INVENTORY of GRAVEL and PAVED ROADS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-297 7/15/99 IIFELSBURG CO orn La FIHOLT & ^' N ULLEVIG ¢O EC \• U \+ I N::::2s 215 --____ 110 100 125 125 WCR 84 ti to in in in N r co in N N N 4500 3850 3600 14 I o 3800 A 1 175 185 50 120 WCR 80 u 15 115 I to ® to co Ncv e to ‘:,\l I 155^ 105 70 �1:' $ \:\ o0 100 - A . I °_° ``\.\.." 140 WCR 76 185 75 N \\� r2 t :\:1:� Severance V �� 30 1675 1320 2790 2 4280 48252,„"\-..; _/- ' 2 WCR 74 I z \ id / �Z 0 o 0 95 0 195 70 90 85 I/ / n O o I N o n 1O 20 '- ,.„4 � 50 .- co 55 285 125 b 00 'it, 3 275 v cter' r L ; 10,600 L / c • ,5700 392 5000 4000 a :► H N YIf t Y .Y co N I I J .. 280 • a i 410 �• a o , r go1115 ��. lt_ River •.oOK315 '? 25 1 04. 1p QQ6L, �, --1` ,_-I WCR 62 in WCR60 7 "//J ._!l_t 11,0r '4:" `34 to a n o to IV in l La o 1 20,400 20,400 // o 1 34 �C...n...., w i► I 13,100 2115 0 I ® < N it LEGEND na = Study Area Boundary Figure 4 WINDSOR STUDY AREA QSources: Weld Country, CDOT, Larimer County and Greeley EXISTING DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES North Weld County Impact Fees 98.2371/21/99 pFELSBURG ' HOLT & ULLEVIG LARIMER COUNTY I ,,,, //// Mead WCR 3O 11,100 it 4800 o In 95 a a N 145 130 145 55 105 80 in VY\. \+\\+\+Vl O N ZS 0 .---O N co :\.\.� N CO CO oo N i ' a0 170 `� 165 n 0 J 115 N 210 N in Longmont e N O r Lo WCR 24•s'/"� 7 i� m 2170 1,000 13,700 14,200 Ln 0 N 0 0 N210 (/: e. co In, in 100 Q 90 90 / l Q C? 700 605 90 �/ C m 3 355 425 F'� r 200 o o rI 105 - �7f"� a V ,�C /r 175 k / 135 N N 1tti 0 40 150 Tr m e / , O m co m 52 9050 ��/!!!/// 125 WCR 14 • 0 8700 8300 Val N ,° o 8—\350 Th N p in co. in co 150 0J! / (93,20j N 40 220 N 0 n f�i2. 0 � 7 50 a 50 30 .Tr' L-/ 60 30 N N r / in / Q WCR 8' 1175 595S 865 1680 415 240r 65 25 o in co � co 3200 975 N I 0co. 55 70 25 p N 0 0to WCR21 68cc glenn Q cc LEGEND = Figures Study Area Boundary SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA � Sources: Weld County, Erie, CDOT FN/\ and Counter Measures EXISTING DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 7/8/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas FORECASTS Demographic Forecasts Identification of roadway improvement needs requires traffic volume forecasts on study area roadways. A combination of two techniques was used to develop these forecasts. First, the study area was divided into sub-areas. Trip generation growth rates in these sub-areas were estimated based on forecasts of household and employment growth. These trip making growth rates were then applied to existing traffic volumes to develop forecasted traffic volumes. Second, traffic forecasts for several major roadways in parts of the study areas have been prepared as part of other planning processes, including those for the North Front Range region, Town of Erie, MUD area, and the I-25 widening project between SH 7 and WCR 8. Also, CDOT prepares estimated traffic growth rates for all roadways that comprise the state highway system. Traffic forecasts developed through these two methods were reviewed,then balanced and adjusted for reasonableness to create traffic forecasts that were used for further analysis. Figures 6 and 7 show the sub-areas that were used to develop growth rates. Table 1 shows the available household and employment estimates and forecasts for these sub-areas. Sources of information are shown. In some cases, definitive estimates and forecasts are not available, and assumptions used to develop forecasts are stated. In the Southwest Study Area, available forecasts do not cover the entire study area, so growth rates for adjacent areas are proposed to be used. For example, Mixed Use Development (MUD) area growth rates were applied to the extreme northwest portion of the study area and Firestone growth rates were applied to the northeast portion of the study area. Traffic growth factors were derived using a double weighting of household growth and a single weighting of employment growth (where available). This is based on the approximate trip generation rates that can be expected for households versus employees. Feisburg Holt&UNevig Page 8 p FHOLELSBURG r rn to Y & ULLEVIG ¢ ¢ , CC \•l WCR 84 14 wcR6o N • ' SU = -A 'M °� 2.6 57 V 2 WCR 76 Severance WCR 74 S t o O a v • a EELEY INFLU N ' h ' EA 11 .1 ��e o�te River - WCR 62 WCR 60 ■ - EA as • 13. / :• . 257 ' 34 LEGEND X.X = Trip Generation Growth Factor (2020 Trip Generation/1995 Trip Generation) Figure 6 SUB-AREA GROWTH FACTORS 1995 TO 2020 0 WINDSOR STUDY AREA North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 3/2/99 piFELSBURG HOLT & ,', ULLEVIG rel Mead , d/ LARIMER COUNTY WCR 30 I mawM AREA W/ 12}4 IR : ST * NE Longmont 7ZZ /� A RE A WCR 24 1 .8 A . Or 0.- , _1-- 4 ' ,/,'(Al 1 ' ' 4 o g ` i :fJIK m WCR14 52 V.' ERIE ' I,� / f 5 ' AREA 0 0 D ONO I 2.8 r d rr1 A - EA I! WCRB r ee fo Ap, Y4 %S4* AREA.5 A‘IDrits0 sk\S . WCR 2 �� O cc v Lo r on Broomfield \ ¢— Northglenn cc CC CC 0 0 0 0 LEGEND X.X= Trip Generation Growth Factor (2020 Trip Generation/1995 Trip Generation) Figure 7 SUB-AREA GROWTH FACTORS 1995 TO 2020 .. SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA North weld County Impact Fees 98-237 3/1/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Table 1 Demographic and Traffic Growth Projections Area Source Households Employment Traffic Growth 1995 2020 Growth 1995 2020 Growth Factor Factor Factor Windsor Study Area North of SH NFR 732 2,240 3.1 518 640 1.2 2.6 392 Windsor Core NFR 1,937 2,877 1.5 657 732 1.1 1.4 Greeley NFR 544 3,502 6.4 697 12,736 18.3 11.1 Influence Area South of NFR 35 485 13.9 4 4 1.0 13.2 Windsor Southwest Study Area MUD Area MUD Plan 100** 3,200 32.0 800" 5,950 7.4 12.4 Erie Planning Erie Comp Plan 1,155 3,250 2.8 N/A 6,290 N/A 2.8 Area Dacono Dacono Comp 1,015 1,992 2.0 N/A N/A N/A 2.0 Planning Area Plan l Frederick Frederick Comp 451 1,174 2.6 N/A N/A N/A 2.6 Planning Area Plan Trends"" Town of Weld Co. Comp 582 1,053 1.8 N/A N/A N/A 1.8 Firestone Plan Trends SE of Estimated, Based 61 1,920 31.5 N/A N/A N/A 31.5 I-25/CR 8 on Average 1 DU/5 Acres * Based on 2x weighting of household growth and lx weighting of employment growth, as available. •• Estimates based on MUD plan and 1996 aerial photography. ••• Based on average of MUD plan moderate and aggressive annual forecasts of housing units and commercial square footage. •••• Based on 3.9% compounded annual growth observed 1990 to 1994. •"1** Based on 2.4% compounded annual growth observed 1990 to 1993. Felsburg Holt&UI/evig Page 11 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Traffic Forecasts Figures 8 and 9 show the Year 2020 traffic forecasts that were developed from the combination of previous forecasts and forecasts derived using demographic growth factors. Forecasts for each roadway segment are also shown in the inventories provided in the Appendix. These tables also list the forecast source for each segment, which include sub-area growth factors, previous forecasts, or adjusted forecasts using a combination of sources and adjustments for reasonableness. The roadway inventories in the Appendix provide summaries of vehicle miles of travel (VMT) on the major County and city roadway systems. In the Windsor Study Area, County and city road VMT is forecast to increase by more than three times, from 106,000 currently to 368,000 in 2020. VMT in the Southwest Study Area is projected to increase nearly six times from 105,000 current VMT to 601,000 in 2020. Capacity A roadway's capacity is the maximum traffic volume that can be accommodated at desired levels of service. Capacity is defined differently for different roadway types: Unpaved Roads According to State Health Department dust abatement guidelines, all roads with an average daily traffic volume greater than 200 vehicles should be paved or treated for dust abatement. Within air quality non-attainment areas, which applies only to the southeastern part of the Windsor Study Area that is within the Greeley non-attainment area, there is a lower 1 50 daily traffic threshold. Since dust abatement loses its effectiveness quickly,frequent treatments are needed, causing high maintenance costs over time. In order to minimize maintenance costs and comply with State Health Department regulations, this plan includes paving of roads that meet State dust abatement thresholds. The maximum volume thresholds of 200 vehicles per day for most of the study areas can be used to define the capacity of gravel roads. The lower 150 vpd threshold is applied to urban areas; however, all unpaved roads that directly serve developed or developing areas are designated in this plan as needing paving, even if traffic volume data are not available to determine whether specific volume thresholds are met. Thus, only low-traffic roads in undeveloped areas would remain unpaved. Felsburg Holt&Ullevig Page 12 piFELSBURG m a In I Ii. 0 600 300 300 300 300 WCR 84 O O N p n to N OO InI e' 9700 9000 14 I p N —� 8700 J 500 500 130 300 WCR 80 40 300 p N ® O N V I _ 400 300 -`RdN 180 O ;;`_31 p F�\-1F,:, O 300 ,, 400 WCR 76 \:. O \: \~ O p I�p `/ / :�\\+l Severance 1n cm "'---t 00 4900 3300 WCR 74 I \700 L 84100 ` 4 G + l m A -j I I m_ 240 r� 500 180 230 220 U Ip ,6 o m O w , V O m po a 0 o n ch/ 130 m ,70 70f 300 o ,a-7 1 3 700 N ...„0 o) O a m r I 15,100 , 6900ID O 8600 O 4800 OO •� N ON. m . N N on is o 3100 p 4600 co o Sin _ 4000 p o0 0to O 8000 m River ' tfe leg �A�-v---� \• 1 v454. IA WCR 62 I ,Soo 4100 900 ooh 57 9,100 O 1600 �fA 35,610 / WCR 60 o �,,,z•! r 34 o;I pN. w o ✓ p , � o � m :, n'I 58,600 55,200 11 •� /I�' to 34 32,700 l 410,d to o rt 134/sy, LEGEND ` Figure 8 Study Area Boundary WINDSOR STUDY AREA FN YEAR 2020 DAILY TRAFFIC FORECASTS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-297 7/15/99 pFELSBURG ' HOLT 62, ULLEVIG LARIMER COUNTY 26,60a Mead WCR 30 O o 11,500 O 3120 12 0 c;.,:\ 1800 1600 ' 1800 700 190 140 N \.\:\:\ .i O vt."c\: O o 25 �O co O \'� O9 A W \ N et 2100 �` 2100 O I 210 po coO 500 O O Longmont :1/./.4 /®a o WCR 24 15,200 1800 16,400 17,000 O OO OO 0 t+OO) n o, N. F- ___..e 180 B 1 8700 7500 1100 160 o O o O o V I ` N co o , 400 • m I O / c 300 I— O ..— I/S No 500 a '/ 40 0 — k co S 110 400 el a 0 U Ov 52 12,700 300 WCR 14der w o 12,200 11,600 �// O / p\11,700 .O' 3 0 e o p I o0 400 N 80 600 oo N 1 r . ®200o O o / M n in n 8 i O 130 O 60 /-7-7- e 120 o 60 O Op O N r o o EN o o! WCR 8. 13,0 23,000 24,00C 25,000 500 6500 1800 400 I? N b 1600./ \ 3600 4900 i� vy1, p D O /�/ O co 0 j m 180 2100 800 1 1��L.\ 0 m•� T1I ,��••,I in O O �. W N N WCR 2 \\` _ �' 4 O O 21 000 N •••• 2400 1600 r cc v in C77 Broomfield ¢ Northglenn tc cc LEGEND Figure 9 = Study Area Boundary SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA FN YEAR 2020 DAILY TRAFFIC FORECASTS North Weld County Impact Fan 98-297 7/6/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Paved Two-Lane Roads A concept of level of service (LOS) is commonly used to define the quality of traffic flow on various roadway types, based on a comparison of traffic volumes with roadway characteristics. A LOS scale ranging from A to F is used to define the quality of flow, with LOS A referring to an essentially free-flow situation and LOS F referring to the highest levels of congestion, with traffic volumes exceeding the intended capacity of the roadway. LOS C is used as the LOS standard for County roads in this plan, based on Mixed Use Development Plan standards. Based on the nationally accepted source for highway capacity evaluations, the Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board, approximate maximum daily traffic volumes have been developed for two-lane roadways to maintain the LOS C standard. To estimate daily traffic thresholds, typical traffic flow characteristics were used, including 11 % of daily traffic during a peak hour, peak hour directional traffic split of 60%/40%, 18% of vehicles being trucks, buses, or recreational vehicles, 0.94 peak hour factor, and an average between ' parameters for rolling and flat terrain. Also, full 12-foot lane widths were assumed, since all paved roads in the major roadway inventory have widths of 24 feet or greater. Using these assumptions, Table 2 shows LOS C volume thresholds for different shoulder widths. Table 2 Daily Capacities of Paved Two-Lane Roads Usable Daily Shoulder (Ft.) Capacity 6 6,000 vpd 4 5,500 vpd 2 4,900 vpd 0 4,200 vpd Urban and Multi-Lane Roads Capacities of urban roadways with separate left-turn lanes and roads with two or more through lanes per direction are generally higher than those for two-lane rural roads. Capacities for these roadways were estimated based on capacities per hour per lane that have been developed in the North Front Range regional planning process. Application of similar peaking characteristics as were used for two-lane analysis yielded LOS C capacity estimates of 8,300 vpd for two-lane urban roads and 16,600 vpd for four-lane roads. Felaborg Holt&Ugavlg Page 15 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Roadway Classification There is a wide disparity between County and individual municipal roadway classification systems and nomenclature. For example, the Frederick Comprehensive Plan generally designates all section line roads as arterial streets and the plan includes an extensive collector road system with half-mile spacing. This system contrasts with the County's classification system that designates a large portion of section line roads as local streets. A simplified classification approach is used in this plan to reconcile the various classification systems that exist within the study areas, and to respond to the specific needs for development of an equitable impact fee program. This approach is driven by roadway capacity needs and area types. Therefore, this plan relates to a major roadway system that includes all section line roadways and other roadways defined in existing plans that are judged to have significant continuity and non-local traffic-carrying functions. Urban and rural designations used to define roadway needs were based on the Weld County Urban Growth Boundary Map (December, 1998) and the Mixed Use Development planning area in the northern part of the Southwest Study Area. Urban growth areas for the two study areas are shown in Figure 10. It should be noted that incorporated areas that are not within urban growth boundaries were not considered as urban areas. Rural Two Lane Roads • Weld County's historical standards for two-lane rural roads include 12-foot lanes and 4-foot, typically gravel, shoulders. These standards are applied to rural roads in this plan with relatively moderate traffic volume forecasts (less than 3,000 vehicles per day). For rural roads with higher traffic volume forecasts, higher standards with 6-foot paved shoulders are applied. These standards would apply to all section line roads, including those that may be designated as local roads on a County or municipal classification system. Based on Weld County's roadway construction experience, costs for these two-lane rural road sections are estimated at $250,000/mile for paving of gravel roads with the typical 4-foot gravel shoulder standard, $500,000/mile for paving of gravel roads to a full 6-foot paved shoulder standard, and $1,250,000/mile to construct new roads to either standard. Urban Two-Lane Roads The Mixed Use Development Plan "Collector / 2 Lane With Painted Median" cross-section standard was applied to section line and other major 2-lane roadways within urban areas. This cross-section includes a 50 foot paved surface with one through lane and a bike lane in each direction and a median/left-turn lane. A 15 foot area on either side of the road is added with six foot sidewalks, creating an 80 foot right-of-way width. Based on MUD cost estimates, inflated to 1999 levels, the cost of this roadway type would be $1 ,750,000/mile. • Felsburg Holt&Wlevig Page 16 on co Lo CC CC pi FELSBURC o>. HOLT & ''..z.-,-- ULLEVIG WCR84 14 A t 14 WCR 80 as 57 ai It WCR 76 'n r.'.j tram tj Piton WCR 74 j _ _ - \N INI)SOIt r STUDY kith k • • • 392 Il is// / R,,. ✓,'/ I,, LEGEND — WCR 62 F 7 !i� / WCR 60 / i/.. X34 iq. . = Urban Growth Areas �� % jCD 34 34 ■ l w __ _ _.so ___ - 1r I I ,411 hnstowin_ alh WCR 48 ■ ii_i 1°w WCR 46 xn" 56 I 1 Berthoud A illiken 25 ■■ Gilct 600 ■ I as WCR 34 _ WCR 34 APeat Platte,ille ..... ••• -r✓ Longmont_ / 19 MU♦ DACONO, tiOUH��l?ti"I `'I" ' A'EA FIRESTONE & 0 t. i� FREDERICK S7'l'I)1" AREA G../ .,;'/ C 'y/i % • IGA AREA rM r // / r. 1 ' WCR 14 ./, / 52 _r, Lupton �iiii ■ WCR 8 Erie UN [i WCR2 right( Broomfield •-Northglenn m cc in N 3 er cc r cc 0 0 CC O Figure 10 7 3 0 URBAN GROWTH AREAS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 3/2/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Four-Lane Arterials Roadways where projected volumes exceed two-lane road capacity would be designed individually to meet particular roadway requirements. The Mixed Use Development Plan "Arterial / 4 Lane With Painted Median" cross-section standard was used as a typical 4-lane cross-section for costing purposes. This section includes a 76 foot street within a 100 foot right-of-way. Based on MUD cost estimates, inflated to 1999 levels, the cost of this roadway type would be $1,600,000/mile to widen an existing 2-lane road and $1 ,950,000/mile to construct a new roadway. Unit Cost Summary Table 3 provides a summary of the unit cost assumptions used for planning purposes in this report Table 3 Unit Cost Assumptions Roadway Type Unit Cost Pave Rural Road $250,000 (Per Mile) Pave Rural Road (Full Section) $500,000 (Per Mile) Improve to 2-Lane Urban Road $1,000,000 (Per Mile) Widen From 2 to 4 Lanes $1,600,000 (Per Mile) New 2-Lane Rural Road $1,250,000 (Per Mile) New 2-Lane Urban Road $1,750,000 (Per Mile) New 4-Lane Road $1,950,000 (Per Mile) Traffic Signal $100,000 (Per Intersection) Intersection Improvements at Rural $300,000 (Per Intersection) Signalized Intersections Bridge Widening $65 (Per Square Foot) Felsburg Holt&Ullevig Page 18 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Road Improvement Needs Existing capacities for each roadway segment were compared with existing and forecasted traffic volume to determine what improvements are needed. Improvement needs are identified in the roadway inventories provided in the Appendix. Short-range needs are defined as those improvements that are needed based on existing traffic levels and should, therefore, be programmed for in the short-range . Year 2020 needs are those improvements that are needed based on Year 2020 traffic forecasts. These roadway improvement needs are depicted on Figures 11 and 12. For both study areas, paving of gravel roads is the most widespread project need, with a total of 61.8 miles of roadway paving projects in the Windsor Study Area and 93.9 miles in the Southwest Study Area. Widening projects to create four-lane roadways are less extensive, with 11.1 miles in the Windsor Study Area and 14.4 miles in the Southwest Study Area. However, the high unit costs for these projects generates estimated costs of approximately $18 million and $23 million for these widening projects in the two study areas. Costs for three of the roadway widening projects in the Windsor Study Area include widening of bridges. Table 4 provides a summary of improvement needs on existing roadways. The total cost for improvements to existing roadways is $51.1 million for the Windsor Study Area and $95.5 million for the Southwest Study Area. Felsburg Holt&Ulievig Page 19 o, co If) N CFBLSBURG 0 CC ' -Th "v � HOLT & 0 0 Et ULLEVIG WCR 84 ; Ls- I i M y 14 S I. WCR8o2- - - - - - - -�2 ti A I ® S I I I - (TIMNAT(i / RES. - I I I WCR 76 1 - - Severance WCR 74 ' ) a t o o o zlzu W /HHHH L-----n---, ■ L 1 392 . Windsor = I �� HHHH - ..... HHHHHHH 2 liM}If1 c� ate _River -,S� .-_ , 4 w C - °• 1 U I WCR 62 . . . 'inn — I 257 t Greet•y • r WCR 60 34 257 LEGEND 34 ti = Pave Rural Road Bypass 1110 = Pave Urban Road IIIIIII = Improve Urban Road Standard = Widen to 4 Lanes Figure 11 O = Traffic Signal Illlllllllilllllllll = Short Range Needs WINDSOR STUDY AREA 177. 4 = Long Range Needs CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT NEEDS North Weld County Impact Fees 9P-237 3/4/99 . FLSBURG LARIMER COUNTY - •..•.. I Mead C4HOLTE & -- WeR : 66 rr ULLEVIG ', F 7 _K r l I \/ IHIIHIIy ��WI INfljHIN11HIN11F Longmont / WCR 24 / z P.z -_ U W G °z r J _,C __ L_ Firestone Iv Freder k -- - WCR 14 52 / Dacono ` J HIHIIIHIHII HIIIHHHIHII IIHIIHIIHIPHIIHIIHIIHII 2 WCR : - � � � IIIILHHHHHjt IHHHI 141 • 1 -- \ Erie \ HMI WI• 0 �\ RR0 vI,N WCR2 I 7 `. �A ` 1 r cc Broomfield ` Northglenn ¢ o cc ¢ Et O 0 0 LEGEND MIIIIMM = Pave Rural Road NIIIII = Pave Urban Road = Improve Urban Road Standard = Widen to 4 Lanes O = Traffic Signal Figure 12 HNHHHHHIHH = Short Range Needs SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA FN •I=Nwi = Long Range Needs CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT NEEDS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 7/15/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Table 4 Project Summary - Improvements to Existing Roads Number of Length Type Projects (Miles) Cost Windsor Short-Range Paving (Rural) 8 9.0 $2,250,000 Paving (Rural Full) 3 5.0 S2,500,000 Paving (Urban) 4 3.5 $3,470,000 Urban 2 Lane 1 3.0 $3,000,000 S11,220,000 Long-Range Paving (Rural) 33 37.8 S9,460,000 Paving (Full) 1 1.5 $750,000 Paving (Urban) 5 5.0 $5,000,000 Urban 2 Lane 5 6.7 $6,720,000 Widen to 4 Lanes 12 11.1 $18,320,000 $40,250,000 Southwest Short-Range Paving (Rural) 3 4.0 $1,000,000 Paving (Full) 4 1.9 $950,000 Paving (Urban) 8 8.9 S8,900,000 $10,850,000 Long-Range Paving (Rural) 29 35.2 $8,830,000 Paving (Full) 4 5.5 $2,750,000 Paving (Urban) 38 38.4 $38,400,000 Urban 2 Lane 12 11.6 $11,610,000 Widen to 4 Lanes 14 14.4 $23,080,000 S84,670,000 Felsburg Halt&Ullevig Page 22 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Traffic Signals Traffic forecasts are compared with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Federal Highway Administration), peak hour traffic signal warrants to determine which intersections are likely to warrant traffic signals by the year 2020. At intersections of two-lane rural roads at which signals are warranted, it is assumed that an estimated $300,000 geometric improvement project would accompany signalization. Table 5 lists the 18 intersections at which traffic signals are forecast to be warranted by the year 2020. Table 5 Signal/Intersection Project Needs Additional Intersection _ Signal Costs Improvement Costs Windsor Study Area WCR 66/WCR 17 $100,000 WCR 64.75/WCR 23 $100,000 $300,000 WCR 64 (0 Street)/WCR 27 (83rd Avenue) 5100,000 WCR 64/WCR 29 (71st Avenue) $100,000 WCR 62/WCR 27 $100,000 WCR 74/WCR 15 $100,000 WCR 74/WCR 19 $100,000 WCR 58/WCR 27 $100,000 Study Area Total 8800,000 $300,000 Southwest Study Area WCR 6/WCR 7 $100,000 WCR 8/WCR 1 (CL Road) $100,000 WCR 8/WCR 3 $100,000 WCR 8/WCR 5 $100,000 WCR 8/WCR 7 $100,000 WCR 8/WCR 13 $100,000 $300,000 WCR 20.5/WCR 1 (CL Road) $100,000 WCR 20.5/WCR 7 5100,000 WCR 24/WCR 13 5100,000 WCR 26/WCR 1 (CL Road) $100,000 Study Area Total j $1,000,000 $300,000 Felsburg Holt&Ullevig Page 23 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas New Roads New roadways that are needed to complete major roadway systems for the two study areas have been identified by two methods. First, existing comprehensive and transportation plans were reviewed, including those related to Windsor, Greeley, Frederick, Erie, Dacono, and the Mixed Use Development area. New roadway recommendations contained in these plans were examined to determine which ones should be included in major roadway plans based on their planned function and level of specificity of the recommendation. For example, several roads that are included in a plan to form a hypothetical half-mile grid of streets were not included. Second, the grid of mile-spaced section line roads was reviewed to identify key missing links. These links were included as recommended new roads at locations where the missing link would help to complete a logical roadway network and where no overwhelming constraints to construction were identified. The resulting new roadways are listed in Table 6, along with the source of the recommendation and estimated construction costs based on unit costs described previously. New roadways are depicted on Figures 13 and 14. The cost of new roadways is estimated at $27.1 million for the Windsor Study Area and $25.3 million for the Southwest Study Area. Figure 14 also shows three potential new 1-25 interchanges that have been proposed by a local jurisdiction or in a previous plan. Costs for these potential interchanges are not included in new road costs, since they would be within 1-25 right-of-way. Felsburg Holt&Ullevig Page 24 el rn u0 N delC' FELSBURG CC Q CC : HOLT & U (k.. <� U ULLEVIG WCR84 i 14 1 / WCR 80 I 1 1 57 i :` : ' I • 1. ' 1 WCR 76 '� _• �. 1 Sever.nee WCR74 : try .. / - 0 V } ---c )' eliell Ir.; _ii, /If ,. N io �c _River •. ,' , ' WCR 62 LI- . I ® / /, . WCR 60 34 ---.I 4 . 34 LEGEND • = New Roadway Figure 13 WINDSOR STUDY AREA MAJOR NEW ROADWAYS North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 0/27/99 ' FELSBURG HOLT & ULLEVIG I Mead A LARIMER COUNTY{ ---- - — —WCR3 '% 66 c, , 25 -\ / . 1 r, Longmont:777 � j / •. WCR 24 !s . . / 4D l0 F7 88 Ellin r ! o i WCR 141 62 V/1' A \ vsov• li '41— - - 1 WCR 8 : i•- 4 \---- IT # --/ES ri \ WCR2j 7 Lo cc ct cn Broomfield ¢ Northglennr cc LEGEND = New Roadway Figure 14 : . = Potential New Interchange MAJOR NEW ROADWAYS V SOUTHWEST STUDY AREA North Weld County Impact Fees 98-237 3/10/99 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Table 6 Recommended New Roadways Recommendation Length Cost Road Location Source Type (miles) ($1000's) Windsor Study Area WCR 17 SH 14 to WCR 84 To complete 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 network WCR 25 WCR 74 to WCR 80 To complete 2-Lane Rural 3.0 83,750 network WCR 27 WCR 80 to SH 14 To complete 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 network WCR 27 WCR 76 to WCR 78 To complete 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 network WCR 72 WCR 13 to WCR 15 Windsor Plan 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 WCR 72 WCR 19 to WCR 21 To complete 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 network WCR 70 WCR 15 to WCR 19 Windsor Plan 2-Lane Urban 2.1 $2,625 WCR 70/15.5 WCR 13 to SH 392 Windsor Plan 2-Lane Urban 2.7 $3,375 WCR 66.5/21.5 WCR 19 to WCR 66 Windsor Plan 2-Lane Rural 2.3 $2,875 WCR 64 WCR 13 to Windsor Plan 2-Lane Rural 1.0* $1,250* WCR 17* WCR 60.5(4th St.) WCR 27183rd Aye) Greeley Plan 2-Lane Urban 0.5 $875 to Greeley CL WCR 58.5(16th St.) Greeley CL.to Greeley Plan 2-Lane Urban 3.5 $6,125 Greeley CL Windsor Area Subtotal I 19.1 $27,125 Southwest Study Area WCR 7.5 SH 119 to WCR MUD Plan 2-Lane Urban 0.5 $875 24.5 WCR 7.5 SH 119 to 1-25 Fr. MUD Plan 4-Lane 2.7 $5,265 Rd. @ WCR 20.5 Arterial WCR 9.5 I-25 Fr. Rd. @ WCR MUD Plan 4-Lane 3.4 $6,630 20.5/WCR 24.5 Arterial WCR 15 WCR 18 to WCR 20 To complete 2-Lane Urban 1.0 $1,750 network WCR 17 WCR 10 to WCR 12 Dacono Plan 2-Lane Rural 1.0 $1,250 WCR 10 WCR 11 to WCR 15 Dacono Plan 2-Lane Rural 2.0 $2,500 Fe'sburg Holt&Ullevig Page 27 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas Table 6(Continued) Recommended New Roadways Recommendation Length Cost Road Location Source Type (miles) ($1000's) WCR 8 Existing Terminus to Erie Plan 4-Lane 0.8 $1,560 County Line Arterial WCR 4 1-25 to County Line Erie Plan 2-Lane Rural 4.4 $5,500 Southwest Subtotal 15.8 $25.,330. Grand Total 34.9 $52,455 * Segment from WCR 15 to WCR 17 is committed with developer funding; cost includes WCR 13 to WCR 15 segment only. Feisburg Holt&UWlevig Page 28 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas SUMMARY OF IMPROVEMENT NEEDS Table 7 summarizes the identified project needs, including improvements to existing roads, traffic signals and intersection improvements, and new roadways. Table 7 Improvement Cost Summary Short-Range Long-Range Total Project Type ($1,000's) ($1,000's) ($1,000's) Windsor Study Area Existing Roadway $11,220 $40,250 $51 ,470 Improvements Signals/Intersections - $1,100 $1,100 New Roads - $27,125 $27,125 Study Area Total $11,220 $68,475 $79,695 Southwest Study Area Existing Roadway $10,850 $84,670 $95,520 Improvements Signals/Intersections - 81,300 $1 ,300 New Roads - $25,330 $25,330 Study Area Total $10,850 $111 ,300 $122,150 Felsburg Holt&Ullevig Page 29 Weld County Roadway Improvement Plan Windsor and Southwest Study Areas APPENDIX MAJOR ROADWAY INVENTORIES Felsburg Holt&Ullevig O D 55555 5 5 I 5 5# 55 15 55 55 C ir ^ - pRw § a § as I a a §g al § RE ggpp ppqq pp m ER A A §m SS § V8P SS § 56 E S S ew a a M8 s a ? ag ssa R i 2 J .. g i p' a 4 p p yido u� 2. 1122232 . p CC 6 u— < a 5,555 „ 55 ,55555 ,5555555 ,55 5505 = 885 ,5 I555 555555555 55555255 € m = mmmmmmmmgm 5 = 55mmm5m mm = m mmgm mmm eSssg9a55 mmmm5mmm zI 1411 44444444 z " " "'3 "' iii ^ ^ 3 3 3 ^ 3i hg- .4 3^'^ " N °iH^ 3 3 ? i" zzi33 cr ««« « « « « « « « « « n « nnnnnnn « n « « n«« R « rR = nn« « « « «R n «« RRR = R N g c $Qn ; e ₹e [ eel a ; Y l-li S HHI a II ! ! 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