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Home My WebLink About940339.tiff HEARING CERTIFICATION RE: PUBLIC FORUM CONCERNING PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS A public hearing was conducted on April 6, 1994, at 7:00 p.m. , with the following present: Commissioner W. H. Webster, Chairman Commissioner Dale K. Hall, Pro-Tem Commissioner George E. Baxter Commissioner Constance L. Harbert Commissioner Barbara J. Kirkmeyer Also present: Acting Clerk to the Board, Carol Harding Assistant County Attorney, Lee Morrison County Attorney, Bruce Barker Director of Planning Services, Chuck Cunliffe Planning Department, Ed Stoner Planning Department, Barry Krammer Director of Health, John Pickle Health Department, Trevor Jiricek Director of Finance and Administration, Donald D. Warden The following business was transacted: I hereby certify that pursuant to a letter dated March 15, 1994, and duly mailed priority, first class to all known interested parties March 15, 1994, a public hearing was conducted to gain input concerning Weld County's proposed Oil and Gas Regulations. Chairman Webster called the meeting to order and informed those in attendance that the purpose of the meeting is to accept public comments regarding the draft Weld County Oil and Gas Regulations. He explained no formal action concerning the adoption of the regulations can or will take place at this time, and he stated that before the regulations could be adopted as amendments to the Weld County Zoning Ordinance and Weld County Building Code Ordinance, at least one hearing would have to be held in front of the Weld County Planning Commission and three readings in front of the Board of County Commissioners. He concluded there may not be opportunity to address all questions raised during this hearing; however, questions that are not addressed will be referred to staff for a later response. Lee Morrison, Assistant County Attorney, summarized the provisions of the draft regulations. He stated the proposed regulations anticipate amendments to the Weld County Zoning and Building Code Ordinances, and no formal action can take place at this time. Mr. Morrison highlighted the following portions of the draft: a staff-administered Site Plan approval process for most oil and gas operations covered by the regulations; certain facilities which require a Special Review Permit (USR Permit) would continue to require the USR Permit; a process for appeal to the Board of County Commissioners would be available to the operator who would be unable to obtain a Site Plan approval in a form that is satisfactory to the operator; the Site Plan process has requirements for submittal of information regarding the planned operations, reclamation, restoration, emergency response, and other baseline information regarding wildlife, utilities, etc. ; to the extent the State's financial guarantees are found to be insufficient to guarantee performance, additional financial guarantees would be required by the County, as well as proof of insurance; performance standards include incorporation of soil segregation replacement provisions of the Wattenberg Special Order and application of said provisions to the entire County; larger reserve pits would require special justification; setback provisions; surface agreements, in certain circumstances, could, be substituted for the application of these rules regarding reclamation and fencing requirements; existing wells would not 940339 (ooi9 , _ PUBLIC FORUM CONCERNING PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS PAGE 2 be required to go through the Site Plan process, but would be inventoried and a Certificate of Compliance would be provided indicating current compliance with applicable regulations and the Building Code provisions; and new operations would then become subject to these proposed regulations. Building Code amendments are proposed to require that oil field equipment meet NFPA Codes, industry standards, and are certified to meet those standards. State Representative Bill Jerke reviewed the actions of the Oil and Gas Commission over the past months and discussed the merits of SB #177. He said the bill enhances the Oil and Gas Commission authority so that it will have the ability to develop, produce, and utilize oil and gas in a manner that is consistent with the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. He also said it improves the Commission makeup by adding one Commissioner and requiring at least two Commissioners to be from the agricultural or environmental community; the Commission will have the authority to regulate the handling and disposal of exploration and production waste; the bill incorporates reclamation standards, including segregation of top soil; requires notification to include the property owner, as well as the local government entities; increases the amount of bonding which is required; makes provision for enforcement through the Oil and Gas Commission; and provides for surface owner environmental indemnification. Representative Jerke also stated there are four additional regulators who will be in the field. Mary Kopfman, J & M Machine Company of Platteville, voiced her opposition to any additional regulations stating her business, which supports four families, largely contributes to the overall economy within the County. She continued, since each oil rig supports 100 people, we are talking about a very large economic impact. Fred Gibbs, Front Range Land and Mineral Owners Association, spoke in favor of the regulations, stating there is a need to standardize regulations throughout the County. He approved the County matching the Wattenberg field special rules which were adopted by the State, and he urged the Commissioners to monitor the regulations closely. R. Russell Anson, attorney representing the Front Range Land and Mineral Owners Association, pointed out concerns with SB #177, stating it gives the Oil and Gas Commission authority to regulate, with no protection offered to surface owners. He explained it does not include reclamation standards, and further bonding requirements need to be included. Mr. Anson voiced his support of the proposed regulations; however, he offered written suggestions for minimum requirements that should be included to strengthen the rights of the surface owner. His suggestions include compensation for damages associated with drilling and initial completion of the well; compensation for damages associated with use of the surface estate for oil and gas extraction; a formula for determining damages that are fair and reasonable to both parties; and a method of dispute resolution that would resolve disputes between the owner and operator without the necessity of litigation, such as arbitration, mediation, etc. Mr. Anson also presented copies of an article from Hart 's Oil and Gas World explaining the "highest production at the lowest cost is the credo that cuts the mustard" in Weld County and a copy of a La Plata County Resolution adopted to provide that the local authority allows special exception to be granted in matters of dispute when the boundaries of local authority overlap with State authority. Jane Carlson, attorney representing her family, who are both mineral owners and land owners in Weld County, briefly applauded past efforts that have brought positive changes to the oil companies and the Oil and Gas Commission. She spoke against duplication by Weld County of the Oil and Gas Commission Regulations, and she suggested waiting to to see what is 940339 PUBLIC FORUM CONCERNING PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS PAGE 3 done on a State level. She feels the County's efforts should be directed to the land use portion of the regulations; however, she warned the Commissioners against regulating to the point of damaging the oil industry in the County. Sunny McGechie, Carlson Oil and Gas, Inc. , reiterated the State is taking appropriate action and regulations should be left at one level. She said the strength of the regulations is in having the entire State together and stated her concerns that the oil companies will pull out if they are over- regulated. Ray Dyer stated the Commissioners are more concerned about the landowners than about all the taxes and jobs that are created in Weld County through the oil industry. He reiterated the gas and oil companies will go outside of Weld County if they are regulated too much. Mr. Dyer discussed his concerns about the effect the loss of tax revenue will create throughout the County. He also mentioned there are landowners being reimbursed for damages; however, they fail to reimburse their renters for their portion of damages. He concluded more regulations are not necessary at this time. Chairman Webster stated the consensus of the Commissioners at this time is to recess for a few minutes to allow the Board to rectify the audio and seating problems. (Let the record reflect the proceedings were not taped past this point. ) Upon reconvening, Chairman Webster announced the Board decided to continue this hearing for approximately 30 days, during which time representatives for the surface owners and oil companies will be included in small discussion groups, which may also include County staff, in an attempt to reach a compromise regarding the areas of contention in the proposed regulations. However, Chairman Webster indicated the Board will continue to receive testimony from anyone in the audience who wishes to address the issue at this time. Bruce White, representing the Colorado Oil and Gas Association (COCA) , stated he believes a compromise can be reached in this manner within the 30-day period of time. Mr. Anson stated he also is agreeable to this approach. Fred Becker, Secretary of the Christ Community Church in Roggen, expressed his concerns regarding the possible contamination of the Fox Hill Aquifer, which has previously been locked in but is now being accessed by deep drilling operations. He stated abandoned wells are inadequately plugged and the aquifer is being perforated numerous times, which will cause problems when rusting of casing occurs, allowing chemicals and gases from the wells to seep into the water. Mr. Becker clarified that the church has not had problems with Elk Exploration drilling wells on its property. Ron Jacobs, attorney representing Elk Exploration, a member of COGA, spoke against the proposed regulations and enumerated the cooperation shown by the oil companies when they accepted the Wattenberg Special Orders and assisted in drafting SB #177. He also spoke of the work done by the surface damage committee and said he believes it will be successful in dealing with that issue. He agreed with the idea of a consortium to work out contentious issues; however, his preference would be not to split into smaller groups to reach a solution. 940339 PUBLIC FORUM CONCERNING PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS PAGE 4 Bob Sencenbaugh, landowner, stated his experiences with Snyder Oil Company drilling wells and responding to problems have all been positive. He noted the technological changes occurring, such as magnetic imaging, which extends the life of the oil field. He stated he is against the proposed regulations and believes regulations such as these are written by attorneys to create a new level of bureaucracy. Jeff Welborn, attorney representing COGA, on behalf of Amoco Production Company, Associated Natural Gas, Inc. , Basin Exploration, Inc. , Freedom Energy, Inc. , HS Resources, Inc. , North American Resources Company, Prima Energy Corporation, Snyder Oil Corporation, and Vessels Oil and Gas Company, stated written comments prepared by his associate, Molly Sommerville, were presented previously. He discussed the surface owners task force and stated there is a cohesiveness in the task force mainly because they want to achieve a result. Rich Griebling, Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, explained his comments have been submitted in written form, including an outline of recent Commission actions. Chairman Webster adjourned the meeting at 9:30 p.m. This Certification was approved on the 13th day of April, 1994. APPROVED: ATTEST: MI% BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS WELD COUNTY, OLORADO Weld County Clerk to the Board //( BY: (J Y Vi/ MAIL/, . H. Webster, Ch irman Deputy CI,��rk to the Board L Daley. Hall, Pro- em TAPE #94-19 (PROCEEDINGS WERE j NOT TAPED AFTER RECESS) ,Geol;ge Baxter Constance L. Harbert BC0019 Barbara J. Kirkme er 940339 k>: ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS 6TH DAY OF APRIL 1994: DOCKET II PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS DOCKET Ii DOCKET II DOCKET II PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET II (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING ,c iAldePL-;ic1s 305,Oextez Si, II. C., c4,i a, hoescOa?*6%c47c. 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T�I f1�o C 7,-E"I-E'� /19 ir �z •, G 79r d / fie oi /may SA/MC Gle��.O✓e'r b Ye AidOi Ml �� -4.11: el 7 IrlittletC4" eca;c. -fipP5 _,E.,/cj ire 5- " 1 / l'I 1VI'jN�t`sciv/I.C of <;401(.._ a)On....- 5574 Nc yotil kris /4 e of/Erb 46 Kai 4, a; e er f/ S 11 .z° ;/hAl.C „\-,0,4F1- U33 //(,) . c-/(9�i v a�,� v teas b\ a..( , c r/�G s //i1.Y 41-/42y,4ti�.o A0 / G,,a.�s' ,c,/- Gig , �- - 1- 7/tiO c c Levi/Nev./7-- (-,K „lb .(,,,,di eros,5 C��h acs© // y S '(sf s 'I /+/er5�C\ Yla,_o/u bJC, st;-:., ,- /2,/,4,2,,',''''f' 0iletecsl,G IL e()_, aril P.(K av,030,a-aDn7 >�//c- /LEA,�6, �,d , _ ,ra _ (7C 4_,, , A , •e.( v ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET II /at6p65e,4 6, / c'^u 5 45 Rey o%i(045 DOCKET # DOCKET II DOCKET II PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET 0 (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. - NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING / /e GO 6 / e/u.rr n& rc �'c?/, co ', e #/„ / 144.'5,A/on /e . 51'0‘---) / 1 o�414-663 2 ti -/ Sr/414.C_. arc e l-., C°' g U to ?j c o ) 1--C-2 7/9/-47e1 ide Cr ec jL //Fen)/w .(c/alaAttr 3 7a 6 Co l (la .% i c- rya 637 a; aen c2 .///oo lid c R 9 o y y c /(c, fr 6 J Z 40/_s ( ty/nr,z_ t�/o7 6. 241�i4 .KI/�e€4 (v 9e / .ery er- �36e £ S�- ,/� l �c�f�.�)_ ,�oG3 Ya nG d o� i.4.4 / 797? (o e/2 ,39 gicere s ea, C?o . &-z26,?-1 ti ' 3 . /a/8 .z arm Ai-zee/4,4e coo 866r/ - / 9 tinfoil fro j Co SL7�y9( (�.'�l?) yell we 10 Orl I (9 10052_ � _ t ivsz. IL //4‘., al(24-1, Yled;frcea/ 4 fra-.6!", ,7'/ ais k 1 e 'i (e) fiD63y eheryl Fro , d RI bos Rios Crreelej Co 804.3y <Cz'-.._-- 4,9'/3 ev 7 221-57," Ore eay la go6 T Y ,az i i �!"�°Z' � L.s17 / s.I�1va � .eFFd�� cep_ 8ot,3/ la ,Q/ s-etALL y- Co tro63/ lam" .-7-1/45 ?7 s< Rio 6 iz n"//r/ Co- 8o E r � riE� Lithe QS 13 21 - 1L1a E l CA) SOtecd i ;h` /A ily Agit 3'lt`efr. 12, tvimis eD RD, ao / ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET II pvoposea 01 $ awd Oas RegtIui Gtts DOCKET # DOCKET # DOCKET II PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET II (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING e£4 c . � fl ; v ft)9572,�1� } 9-1 7 I ® „4-6 acea(vj/ 1'04 3� i `,92c'6 is ve nvobzy e1/21 / 8-063 I �lt' "' .2/02 / 7 Kid"1,7 v -',a (e z ?oofc /A,E'� y0 To Rezcd 350.2 inA,ewocas/. Iah.41.J cc.io. 8o6.Ro 'RD BO_ IX Je 4e rIo Naysz 383 ,PtynoJrL> f tc 1evl/le (0 s` St Ad 3s?,6y29 A .C/w+ .,. VI'S') -- v LIG/S'5 `7y/ (Mil/lace-lye' h r goSze (33-`/13C / hit 4a cto 3 kof-A 9 tik e-� , , kle/-/%-7C‘s 02736/f 3,r1, 4//- �, /G . (06,2z.F 354 -035 / . / 't6 G%-e- 4i-•jai/c C_ , go O/ 'rr/s`s /�.. /44-7 a61 G i ay..e/a/ c e) ,ca Y, 3101-e--30z F Ld44U / 4_ /z a/ f f- . Lcefl0 toe -L./ n- roO /cc AA 0.-145, p0 Box 6Y2) Gse.c(F rc S063/ 3C‘'S afloat- (c e 1 -, 3/V T UU:o,, /a.c e, (O /VOWS 04 i` n..,,� 3,7 ro., L //4 C, ,� o 06ys s 6r / /T//5:a"/ w,v/ //DA V/ c i626 w, 1 s(,�`z4.5 6Rte/e�, '663/ 3/-j2- 7¢s9 L6),e,t9 x O - Z. j 2 C /C-..z.;,‘ C/;^ . 7,-,,R-, ,1 Q� Cc A-occ e'+ Y(e� -a-yep �� f cv 3c /Ar? / /f. 04,5-5- c,> .Kos4/ )7!,G-ei- 1 :„ 9Io3�& �K5�_ Fr. �. � �S�o`�2 137--3527 Aot ecTrtI Rob co st air 6-1raYIey0 @6o71S6- co ?2, .tR 1L Pt m ,es 4iPG' -Co tk Avg, 6r'ee I e?/ ea, 4%66c) 35-6-00 7•Z Lilo 4 01 mends 4833 ii 1 I !>r Lattejandr (d Fl6 S37 9 a-76 y f 01 me 2-et /c' H7 G,e6e-/Ey,. Co. f()63 i �� 111.5 _ 1�'""" c� J �� r lf+� cuzEs — a ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET II DOCKET it DOCKET II DOCKET it PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET li (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING cli v le/I eit. 2 ChetrjA e- 'Creed co mi; / V67/74//..e_ awn ( cfo& / Lete �it V J Q/ .69-// 4,LJ ., e cede 440 r ��. q ( 16- / e/ gC�4 1 POlo 021:5! ` it 7 5 QsQ fry r 7!{6 —cc),2( ? /30/ /3elk-er Sf Ois;it z_3// /1/Y— pf: Lou e1cArG"/ L �j�3 V v AlA/ (✓*& Mk" vale tG fl 4/4771 *ite C.1 /G-Laa. 3 30—c/ g --3 haiztl ti0) }4a&) 2528 /g7Haztd&: deif 330-4623 7:4-1 / f 3 9a t, w, �� s� ;4« e y 5-‘�izy fai 7 t#WN 4 1669/ ‘,5 -1(497 r l � �f/4 ./O4177.,2(0 /s/5./. E2r e eby St Go 3,1 5 C 3 a7S�-6 fend- 1 rig 0nnircpit ft5 2i45Ave Pk 611oli N\> SSae. l 35,-rfA9 .9.;o, Mkdlpts>6 330i k7tA-t ct-w,c- r2-J tv' s,l'Pciriv0 331 - SS°° CAI/ x/441 ck gc,i ci pot Crkpel fee .550G3(-- 3 Q 3'P5" ,r__` at 374/z41uc('Z S"3 EAmaG .SOCIS liSq-09 55 ?7es71`A ? >s‘cio F" Sr F. L JP » 1 a Fs,-7350 t\,t; `? \\C g , t 1. 4-S C-}- 1 k, ea FA::`2-a- -mac iQN\c" D". kOQ lior- a 7) k -Z{ Gr'esj a, - 2.2sy �Oi C'�- 1\,,_v w 4,. „ ,,;„ s, �c' J ‘,-„,„3 l-s,„,,R, cis '133 6/ c7 Da,/ S 4(055 fr S 5 c6 S- ter(la,.,/ Sf Arora re, g 2:%-y9 p tkt*AEL Cci etY z8S wf-tr3 LO, QQ 27 GCt1 - s--- S3 4rA le� 1 Thce Sc) ) Pmumee C or'cLe 532) _ 7633 ltei, //1/ //Pt Alt /9at 4?Al an,' XI"�l,.�s- - — - ,o y „l/009 1 atAee%f <'' 26131 35339,23 9OA/ n fin/ A' "piles ieyy 0 L77,-iA4v 1.24S/ 70's- e2 v$� ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET // DOCKET // DOCKET # DOCKET # PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET N (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING Nn0,H Di VI Gl_�_+n Oki - ,x/D�7 (T. l . Ld ---- L t ' ,,' 04 `-Tci(UJ (2t1t 04, Q/QQ . a . .2-9/-7 s s/.-52"i t , t o fce ,G� D 2`06'0 a (0 s, &io - WN . ' r q0//O AI/ 'L- Y/ , w.7ho7 . X,tek<t .1 t. JK-G(.�c, t. &D,, Aso (ma c Q 3 12,-; ( 4- 1s lr G I £r .�� V C fl / O7,2, (792_. / 'C z7 f ri .47 w Y\u X 31 U- G (12.5 - 3670 I _ u , yz , - . BOP 701 &reel` die) C -z.3c -de e '1 ;�. ��%O- ? 2 D - V G,-, C(,,Z g d C_ z O / s%✓ "eel��5--.4 i kG S ° it) c -/ 120 --e-.- Lz9 �I . SAE' 7I 3o • ate Attic 2 2�c.=Y Cv �'4 3i • fl, Q&. ----) fib $c 1 er 4 4,P. c P7 4 , ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS 6th DAY OF April 1994: DOCKET It PROPOSED OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS DOCKET /t DOCKET II DOCKET U PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET ft (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. �� ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING — Peekner Sa38'A4 t�.0Q. C.PL£tcy Co . . P r ,c7:3.,R PaaJn c Dr_ �Cra.4 . 212:, MCA ni /a 3 t et aid- /yy7ao.!/1r.'t'o) 82 b 3.1 ":"glhude--6145(04 N )-i )1 4kRt,,®uA Idl 4�ST2s�, sr AtRy /o/ lat 9 trg0 tee Vaic? At �,E'?vr/er, /97 S c,8�ce �s � 'IAAI/III ,yam J�l� p �/1 / ,,' 1 /� �1 y /' trek /�icA4 cu 323/ ✓ Ati,4,- 6!e Wryorie# - Iub/ !YI /l'.6.66 //44 f1Qo,Jidr4 k tJn , 30071 wCIC.s-0 egtey ,,/o,L. --C,C01 Z2- cAr/e -st),,, rya .6ir . /9 0,7444 NV do arB4-ogler 1ZIej /6ZJ sit 13 dl 6rtaulerCD tO wa,.k_ g.,,)cc\ r tic* a-Av:r. 5k, 2.c5se,ti , C„ sce,a. /'1;kt- /l`-.laayA /; h 2rn 3774 sr 's' ) ££va.es co . c"' &GLC> /I'I tzLf MC < < if( n.) you 3 i Th vS� 7 fOCC41 5 CO Rel,"zO h'Pvt i G0-��` 2447 )1 fi � e. .ee%. 6 . i'n 3/ 6nn'i SN-butbM 712- 6osS Pk_ Love ierl� o . ` / / aliat this k-' i4r3ol F_ /33 />r-t ,7 i, a, (v. o fir ,11111- 3v/5r C4Ftenne DR. ' &ste� lc v /U.l r /192 Ai atia /7-Ae-1:-,`�'e-" Ar`6v\V- 311 `en,\\( v) 5\ . Y`,O0tic`t ) c1® . o kil V Avn Ary��_�'� 2 1i EJELyA c.--C- �� co -C31 C n .oi C d�-2(.LIC ito 4933 Iei , to ,0(n 3 4 -et /117/4,„t/ 99 31N /). ,4. Co :06351 �Lel--d-SRi)J41 N L in l e /9 J T3 C73. _ S-2- I �10-PC �C, So 4, K a —` Ica oee7 went eu ,- .D. 2 . pl' Eteu,t1c eo . obSI �>c r= Q-S1titL 0 —'4-0'7 Lucie Co CO. Z`5 (4-i-levi to cc. io l -4;--, at4.i .21(v 1 "'M.35671) O . B ric mokr On i Won I ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET // DOCKET 0 DOCKET # DOCKET 11 PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET U (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING t/4'AYz/f I)s iit 74/z& 1O24/AA D s:€73, . F fir\ \__ t+.4..,4'J ckSf' mw&F11 � vae \�\M\M'5\ a -1,, --3cp / ` 5v63/ c /ye/ _5- ina et,-S .� k lk� , ,_t1.,. .2'l C /n t Ev, u Co. i/ /-1-5 Rini 'rM CO & (5 ---,Z' 2--01,C c-;4-, t--;; .4-�c...Y R ,../1?-1, k<�,L, i, ek knelt) do ) 3Lx Cif & ,t p 7 9 7 fQlllucy'W S )UF6 T t 17)! 1-5-1-4 C)k'EELEy (0 s'Oka) /e c4 oega,(7� ,@ iO>,d £/u '%s/'" /u.+- c..- Lr 1 anf on7c e..,%; ci'os vy r _ • AA:.t -s �e�, goo/ ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET 0 DOCKET 0 DOCKET 0 DOCKET U PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET 0 (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING / aF �L yin a cram_ rir It I m i,,+eley x o-t sf4(2eC nie riir fa<-, ATTENDANCE RECORD HEARINGS ARE AS FOLLOWS ON THIS DAY OF 1994: DOCKET // DOCKET # DOCKET # DOCKET # PLEASE write or print your name legibly, your address and the DOCKET # (as listed above) or the name of the applicant of the hearing you are attending. NAME ADDRESS HEARING ATTENDING �� , J / [ / AGENDA Informal Hearing RE : Draft Weld County Oil & Gas Regulations I . Introduction II . Summary of Draft Regulations III . Public Comments IV. Adjourn 940399 Introduction to Informal Hearing Regarding Oil and Gas Regulations The purpose of this meeting is to accept public comments regarding the draft Weld County Oil and Gas Regulations . No formal action concerning the adoption of these regulations can or will take place at this time. Before these provisions could be adopted as amendments to the Weld county Zoning Ordinance and Weld County Building Code Ordinance, at least one hearing would have to be held in front of the Weld County Planning Commission and three readings in front of this Board. The primary purpose tonight is to obtain input from the affected public and industries; there may not be opportunity to address all questions you may have during this hearing. Questions that are not addressed will be referred to staff for a later response. Sign-up cards are available and need to be completed if you wish to speak. Please indicate if you wish to receive any additional written materials and include a mailing address . We want to give everyone a chance to speak but we ask that you avoid duplication of testimony. We will be calling two names and ask, if you are on deck, that you come to the front of the room to be prepared to speak. 940339 513 / 77Pek— Sannari_ )417 s� its 471-Ca /tfet -447- 4 s-c-rm ✓ii.la .vi:i Second Regular Session Fifty-ninth General Assembly LLS NO. 94-0559.01 Dm SENATE BILL 94-177 STATE OF COLORADO REREV1SED BY SENATORS Ament, Norton, and Wattenberg; ENGROSSED also REPRESENTATIVE Jerke. AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES & ENERGY APPROPRIATIONS A BILL FOR AN ACT 101 CONCERNING REGULATION OF OIL AND GAS. AND MAKING AN 102 APPROPRIATION IN CONNECTION THEREWITH. Bill Summary (Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does not necessarily reflect any amendments which may be subsequently adopted.) States that the purpose of this act is to address the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Colorado oil and gas conservation commission (commission) and that nothing in the act shall be construed to affect the existing land use authority of local governmental entities. Increases the number of members on the commission and changes the training and experience qualifications for members. Gives the commission the authority to regulate the disposal of salt water and oil field waste so as to prevent and mitigate significant adverse environmental impacts on any air, water, soil , or biological resource resulting from oil and gas operations. Authorizes the commission to promulgate rules on the conduct of oil and gas operations to ensure proper reclamation of land and soil affected by oil and gas operations and to ensure protection of the topsoil . Directs the commission to require every operator to provide assurance that it is financially capable of fulfilling any obligation imposed by rule to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public in the conduct of oil and gas operations or to ensure proper reclamation of land and soil and protect topsoil during such operations. Specifies various methods of demonstrating such financial assurance. ts Requires the commission to provide a means for the giving m of reasonable advance notice of the commencement of oil and gas operations to the appropriate local governmental and surface a N owners whose lands will be affected. Permits the commission to H d r assign its inspection and monitoring functions but not its enforcement authority through intergovernmental agreement or by private contract; except that no such assignment shall allow for EXHIBIT 1940339 Capital letters indicate new material to be added to existing statute. -- Dashes through the welds indicate deletions from existing statute. — the imposition of any new tax or fee by the assignee or give the assignee a contingent fee. Increases the time period for notification of a commission hearing to issue rules or orders. Increases the time period for an interested party to file a written protest to the granting of a petition by the commission. Establishes a maximum penalty amount for a violation of the "Oil and Gas Conservation Act", a rule, or order of the commission or of any permit which does not result in significant waste of oil and gas resources or damage to correlative rights or does not result in a significant adverse impact on public health, safety, or welfare. Directs the commission to promulgate rules which establish a penalty schedule appropriate to the nature of the violation and provide for consideration of aggravating or mitigating circumstances. Sets forth procedures for collection of penalties. Authorizes the commission to issue a cease and desist order if an operator fails to take corrective action or if there is evidence of a violation under emergency circumstances. Sets forth the procedures for issuance of a cease and desist order. Increases the amount of the unobligated portion of the oil and gas environmental response fund. Eliminates the requirement for producers or purchasers to provide information regarding the percentage of each owner's interest in oil and gas. Sets forth the types of expenditures that can be made out of the fund. Relocates provisions relating to the mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. Requires the commission to provide reasonable notice, except in emergency situations, prior to the entry onto lands or waters in connection with the investigation of adverse environmental impacts. Authorizes the commission to issue orders to mitigate a significant adverse environmental impact on any air, water, soil , or biological resource as a result of oil and gas operations. 1 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado: 2 SECTION 1. Legislative declaration. The general assembly 3 declares that the purpose of this act is to address the 4 regulatory and enforcement authority of the Colorado oil and gas 5 conservation commission and that nothing in this act shall be 6 construed to affect the existing land use authority of local 7 governmental entities. 8 SECTION 2. 34-60-102 (1), Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 -2- 177 940 339 1 Repl . Vol . , is amended to read: 2 34-60-102. Legislative declaration. (1) It is declared 3 to be in the public interest to foster, encourage, and promote 4 the development, production, and utilization of the natural 5 resources of oil and gas in the state of Colorado IN A MANNER 6 CONSISTENT WITH PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, AND 7 WELFARE; to protect the public and private interests against the 8 evils of waste in the production and utilization of oil and gas 9 by prohibiting waste; to safeguard, protect, and enforce the 10 coequal and correlative rights of owners and producers in a 11 common source or pool of oil and gas to the end that each such 12 owner and producer in a common pool or source of supply of oil 13 and gas may obtain Mi-s A just and equitable share of production 14 therefrom. It is not the intent nor the purpose of this article 15 to require or permit the proration or distribution of the 16 production of oil and gas among the fields and pools of Colorado 17 on the basis of market demand. It is the intent and purpose of 18 this article to permit each oil and gas pool in Colorado to 19 produce up to its maximum efficient rate of production, subject 20 to the prohibition of waste, and subject further to the 21 enforcement and protection of the coequal and correlative rights 22 of the owners and producers of a common source of oil and gas, 23 so that each common owner and producer may obtain ii-ie A just and 24 equitable share of production therefrom. 25 SECTION 3. 34-60-103, Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 26 Repl . Vol . , is amended BY THE ADDITION OF THE FOLLOWING NEW -3- 177 940339 1 SUBSECTIONS to read: 2 34-60-103. Definitions. As used in this article, unless 3 the context otherwise requires: 4 (4.5) "EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION WASTE" MEANS THOSE 5 WASTES THAT ARE GENERATED DURING THE DRILLING OF AND PRODUCTION 6 FROM OIL AND GAS WELLS OR DURING PRIMARY FIELD OPERATIONS AND 7 THAT ARE EXEMPT FROM REGULATION AS HAZARDOUS WASTES UNDER 8 SUBTITLE C OF THE FEDERAL "RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY 9 ACT OF 1976", 42 U.S.C. SEC. 6901 TO 6934, AS AMENDED. 10 (6.5) "OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS" MEANS EXPLORATION FOR OIL 11 AND GAS, INCLUDING THE CONDUCT OF SEISMIC OPERATIONS AND THE 12 DRILLING OF TEST BORES; THE SITING, DRILLING, DEEPENING, 13 RECOMPLETION, REWORKING OR ABANDONMENT OF AN OIL AND GAS WELL, 14 UNDERGROUND INJECTION WELL, OR GAS STORAGE WELL; PRODUCTION 15 OPERATIONS RELATED TO ANY SUCH WELL INCLUDING THE INSTALLATION 16 OF FLOWLINES AND GATHERING SYSTEMS; THE GENERATION, 17 TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, TREATMENT, OR DISPOSAL OF EXPLORATION 18 AND PRODUCTION WASTES; AND ANY CONSTRUCTION, SITE PREPARATION, 19 OR RECLAMATION ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH OPERATIONS. 20 (6.8) "OPERATOR" MEANS ANY PERSON WHO EXERCISES THE RIGHT 21 TO CONTROL THE CONDUCT OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS. 22 (7.5) "PERMIT" MEANS ANY PERMIT, SUNDRY NOTICE, NOTICE 23 OF INTENTION OR OTHER APPROVAL, INCLUDING ANY CONDITIONS OF 24 APPROVAL, WHICH IS GRANTED, ISSUED, OR APPROVED BY THE 25 COMMISSION. 26 (10.5) "SURFACE OWNER" MEANS ANY PERSON OWNING ALL OR 940339 -4- 177 1 PART OF THE SURFACE OF LAND UPON WHICH OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS 2 ARE CONDUCTED, AS SHOWN BY THE TAX RECORDS OF THE COUNTY IN 3 WHICH THE TRACT OF LAND IS SITUATED, OR ANY PERSON WITH SUCH 4 RIGHTS UNDER A RECORDED CONTRACT TO PURCHASE. 5 SECTION 4. 34-60-104 (2) (a), Colorado Revised Statutes, 6 1984 Repl . Vol . , as amended, is amended to read: 7 34-60-104. Oil and gas conservation commission - report 8 - publication. (2) (a) EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 1994, the commission 9 shall consist of s SEVEN members appointed by the governor, 10 with the consent of the senate. At least one member shall be 11 appointed from each congressional district in the state EXCEPT. 12 THAT ONE MEMBER SHALL BE FROM WEST OF THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE. 13 One member TWO MEMBERS shall NOT be a member of the public 14 sector who is not employed by the oil and gas industry AND SHALL 15 BE INDIVIDUALS WITH FORMAL TRAINING OR SUBSTANTIAL EXPERIENCE 16 IN AGRICULTURE, LAND RECLAMATION, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, OR 17 SOIL CONSERVATION. FIVE MEMBERS SHALL BE INDIVIDUALS WITH 18 SUBSTANTIAL EXPERIENCE IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY, AND AT LEAST 19 TWO OF SAID FIVE MEMBERS SHALL HAVE A COLLEGE DEGREE IN 20 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OR PETROLEUM ENGINEERING. NO MORE THAN FOUR 21 MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION SHALL BE MEMBERS OF THE SAME POLITICAL 22 PARTY. A vacancy on the commission occurs whenever any member 23 moves out of the congressional district from which he SUCH 24 MEMBER was appointed. Any member who moves out of such 25 congressional district shall promptly notify the governor of the 26 date of such move, but such notice is not a condition precedent -5- 177 `03,39 ! 1 to the occurrence of the vacancy. The governor shall fill the 2 vacancy as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection (2) . 3 4 In case one or more 5 vacancies occur on the same day, the governor shall designate 6 the order of filling vacancies. 7 SECTION 5. 34-60-104.5 2 ( ) (d), Colorado Revised 8 Statutes, 1984 Repl . Vol . , is amended to read: 9 34-60-104.5. Director of commission - duties. (2) The 10 director of the commission shall : 11 (d) Appoint, pursuant to section 13 of article XII of the 12 state constitution, such clerical and professional staff AND 13 CONSULTANTS as may be necessary for the efficient AND EFFECTIVE 14 operation of the commission and SHALL exercise general 15 supervisory control over said staff; and 16 SECTION 6. 34-60-106 (1) (d) , (2) (d), (11) , and (12), 17 Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 Repl . Vol . , as amended, are 18 amended, and the said 34-60-106 is further amended BY THE 19 ADDITION OF THE FOLLOWING NEW SUBSECTIONS, to read: 20 34-60-106. Additional powers of the commission. (1) The 21 commission also has authority to require: 22 (d) 23 24 25 (2) The commission has the authority to regulate: 26 (d) ' field wastc:. OIL -6- 17 7 940339 1 AND GAS OPERATIONS SO AS TO PREVENT AND MITIGATE SIGNIFICANT 2 ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON ANY AIR, WATER, SOIL, OR 3 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE RESULTING FROM OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS TO THE 4 EXTENT NECESSARY TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, AND WELFARE, 5 TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND TECHNICAL 6 FEASIBILITY. 7 (11) The commission shall promulgate rules and 8 regulations to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the 9 general public in the > 10 CONDUCT of oil and gas 11 OPERATIONS. 12 (12) 13 14 THE COMMISSION, IN CONSULTATION WITH 15 THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION AND THE COMMISSIONER OF 16 AGRICULTURE, SHALL PROMULGATE RULES TO ENSURE PROPER RECLAMATION 17 OF THE LAND AND SOIL AFFECTED BY OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS AND TO 18 ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF THE TOPSOIL OF SAID LAND DURING SUCH 19 OPERATIONS. 20 (13) THE COMMISSION SHALL REQUIRE EVERY OPERATOR TO 21 PROVIDE ASSURANCE THAT IT IS FINANCIALLY CAPABLE OF FULFILLING 22 ANY OBLIGATION IMPOSED UNDER SUBSECTIONS (11) AND (12) OF THIS 23 SECTION. IN COMPLYING WITH THIS REQUIREMENT, AN OPERATOR MAY 24 SUBMIT FOR COMMISSION APPROVAL, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ONE OR MORE 25 OF THE FOLLOWING: P6 (a) A GUARANTEE OF PERFORMANCE WHERE THE OPERATOR CAN 7 -7- 9J139 1 DEMONSTRATE TO THE COMMISSION'S SATISFACTION THAT IT HAS 2 SUFFICIENT NET WORTH TO GUARANTEE PERFORMANCE OF ANY OBLIGATION 3 IMPOSED BY RULE UNDER SUBSECTIONS (11) AND (12) OF THIS SECTION. 4 SUCH GUARANTEE AND DEMONSTRATION OF NET WORTH SHALL BE ANNUALLY 5 REVIEWED BY THE COMMISSION. 6 (b) A CERTIFICATE OF GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE IN A 7 FORM ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMMISSION WHICH NAMES THE STATE AS AN 8 ADDITIONAL INSURED AND WHICH COVERS OCCURRENCES DURING THE 9 POLICY PERIOD OF A NATURE RELEVANT TO AN OBLIGATION IMPOSED BY 10 RULE UNDER SUBSECTIONS (11) AND (12) OF THIS SECTION; 11 (c) A BOND OR OTHER SURETY INSTRUMENT; 12 (d) A LETTER OF CREDIT, CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT, OR OTHER 13 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT; 14 (e) AN ESCROW ACCOUNT OR SINKING FUND DEDICATED TO THE 15 PERFORMANCE OF ANY OBLIGATION IMPOSED BY RULE UNDER SUBSECTIONS 16 (11) AND (12) OF THIS SECTION; 17 (f) A LIEN OR OTHER SECURITY INTEREST IN REAL OR PERSONAL 18 PROPERTY OF THE OPERATOR. SUCH LIEN OR SECURITY INTEREST SHALL 19 BE IN A FORM AND PRIORITY ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMMISSION IN ITS 20 SOLE DISCRETION AND SHALL BE REVIEWED ANNUALLY BY THE 21 COMMISSION. 22 (14) THE COMMISSION SHALL PROVIDE A MEANS FOR GIVING 23 REASONABLE ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF OIL AND GAS 24 OPERATIONS TO THE APPROPRIATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SURFACE 25 OWNERS WHOSE LANDS WILL BE AFFECTED THEREBY. 26 (15) THE COMMISSION MAY, AS IT DEEMS APPROPRIATE, ASSIGN -8- 1 77 940339 1 ITS INSPECTION AND MONITORING FUNCTION, BUT NOT ITS ENFORCEMENT 2 AUTHORITY, THROUGH INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT OR BY PRIVATE 3 CONTRACT; EXCEPT THAT NO SUCH ASSIGNMENT SHALL ALLOW FOR THE 4 IMPOSITION OF ANY NEW TAX OR FEE BY THE ASSIGNEE IN ORDER TO 5 CONDUCT SUCH ASSIGNED INSPECTION AND MONITORING, AND NO SUCH 6 ASSIGNMENT SHALL PROVIDE FOR COMPENSATION CONTINGENT ON THE 7 NUMBER OR NATURE OF ALLEGED VIOLATIONS REFERRED TO THE 8 COMMISSION BY THE ASSIGNEE. 9 (16) THE COMMISSION HAS THE AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH, 10 CHARGE, AND COLLECT FEES FOR SERVICES IT PROVIDES, INCLUDING BUT 11 NOT LIMITED TO THE SALE OF COMPUTER DISKS AND TAPES. 12 SECTION 7. 34-60-108 (2), Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 13 Repl . Vol . , is amended to read: 14 34-60-108. Rules - hearings - process. (2) No rule, 15 regulation, or order, or amendment thereof, shall be made by the 16 commission without a hearing upon at least ten TWENTY days' 17 notice, except as provided in this section. The hearing shall 18 be held at such time and place as may be prescribed by the 19 commission, and any interested person shall be entitled to be 20 heard. 21 SECTION 8. 34-60-109, Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 22 Repl . Vol . , is amended to read: 23 34-60-109. Commission may bring suit. If it appears that 24 any person is violating or threatening to violate any provision 25 of this article or any rule, regulation, or order made under 26 this articic, FAILS TO COMPLY WITH AN ORDER ISSUED PURSUANT TO -9- 177 540333 1 SECTION 34-60-121, the commission, through the attorney general , 2 shall bring suit in the name of the state against such person 3 in the district court in the county of the residence of the 4 defendant, or in the county of the residence of any defendant 5 if there is more than one defendant, or in the county where the 6 violation is alleged to have occurred, to restrain such person 7 from continuing such violation or from carrying out the threat 8 of violation. In such suit the court may grant injunctions, 9 prohibitory and mandatory, including temporary restraining 10 orders and temporary injunctions. Proceedings for appellate 11 review or any other proceedings for review may be taken from any 12 judgment, decree, or order in any action under this article as 13 provided by law and the Colorado appellate rules, and all 14 proceedings in the trial and appellate court shall have 15 precedence over any other proceedings then pending in such 16 courts. No bonds shall be required of the commission in any 17 such proceeding or review. 18 SECTION 9. 34-60-121 (1), Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 19 Repl . Vol . , is amended, and the said 34-60-121 is further 20 amended BY THE ADDITION OF THE FOLLOWING NEW SUBSECTIONS, to 21 read: 22 34-60-121. Violations and penalties. (1) Any person 23 OPERATOR who violates any provision of this article, or OF any 24 rule, regulation, or order of the commission, OR OF ANY PERMIT 25 shall be subject to a penalty of not more than one thousand 26 dollars for each act of violation and for each PER day that such -10- 177 940339 1 violation continues. unless the penalty for such violation is 2 otherwise specifically provided for and made exclusive in this 3 article. ANY SUCH PENALTY SHALL BE IMPOSED BY ORDER OF THE 4 COMMISSION, AFTER A HEARING IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 5 34-60-108, OR BY AN ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER BY CONSENT ENTERED INTO 6 BY THE COMMISSION AND AN OPERATOR. FOR A VIOLATION WHICH DOES 7 NOT RESULT IN SIGNIFICANT WASTE OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OR 8 DAMAGE TO CORRELATIVE RIGHTS OR DOES NOT RESULT IN A SIGNIFICANT 9 ADVERSE IMPACT ON PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OR WELFARE, THE MAXIMUM 10 PENALTY SHALL NOT EXCEED TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS. THE COMMISSION 11 SHALL PROMULGATE RULES THAT ESTABLISH A PENALTY SCHEDULE 12 APPROPRIATE TO THE NATURE OF THE VIOLATION AND THAT PROVIDE FOR 13 THE CONSIDERATION OF ANY AGGRAVATING OR MITIGATING 14 CIRCUMSTANCES. AN OPERATOR SUBJECT TO A PENALTY ORDER SHALL PAY 15 THE AMOUNT DUE WITHIN THIRTY DAYS OF ITS IMPOSITION, UNLESS SUCH 16 OPERATOR FILES A JUDICIAL APPEAL. THE PENALTIES OWED UNDER THIS 17 SECTION MAY BE RECOVERED IN A CIVIL ACTION BROUGHT BY THE 18 ATTORNEY GENERAL AT THE REQUEST OF THE COMMISSION IN THE SECOND 19 JUDICIAL DISTRICT. MONEYS COLLECTED THROUGH THE IMPOSITION OF 20 PENALTIES SHALL BE CREDITED FIRST TO ANY LEGAL COSTS AND 21 ATTORNEY FEES INCURRED BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL IN SUCH A 22 RECOVERY ACTION AND THEN TO THE OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL 23 RESPONSE FUND, CREATED IN SECTION 34-60-124. 24 (4) WHENEVER THE COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR HAS 25 REASONABLE CAUSE TO BELIEVE A VIOLATION OF ANY PROVISION OF THIS 26 ARTICLE, ANY RULE, REGULATION, OR ORDER OF THE COMMISSION, OR -11- 177 94030,9 1 ANY PERMIT HAS OCCURRED, WRITTEN NOTICE SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE 2 OPERATOR WHOSE ACT OR OMISSION ALLEGEDLY RESULTED IN SUCH 3 VIOLATION. THE NOTICE SHALL BE SERVED PERSONALLY OR BY 4 CERTIFIED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED, TO THE OPERATOR OR THE 5 OPERATOR'S AGENT FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS AND SHALL STATE THE 6 PROVISION ALLEGED TO HAVE BEEN VIOLATED, THE FACTS ALLEGED TO 7 CONSTITUTE THE VIOLATION, AND ANY CORRECTIVE ACTION AND 8 ABATEMENT DEADLINES THE COMMISSION OR DIRECTOR ELECTS TO REQUIRE 9 OF THE OPERATOR. 10 (5) (a) IF AN OPERATOR FAILS TO TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION 11 REQUIRED PURSUANT TO SUBSECTION (4) OF THIS SECTION, OR WHENEVER 12 THE COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR HAS EVIDENCE THAT A VIOLATION OF 13 ANY PROVISION OF THIS ARTICLE, OR OF ANY RULE, REGULATION, OR 14 ORDER OF THE COMMISSION, OR OF ANY PERMIT, HAS OCCURRED, UNDER 15 CIRCUMSTANCES DEEMED TO CONSTITUTE AN EMERGENCY SITUATION, THE 16 COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR MAY ISSUE A CEASE AND DESIST ORDER 17 TO THE OPERATOR WHOSE ACT OR OMISSION ALLEGEDLY RESULTED IN SUCH 18 VIOLATION. SUCH CEASE AND DESIST ORDER SHALL REQUIRE SUCH 19 ACTION BY THE OPERATOR AS THE COMMISSION OR DIRECTOR DEEMS 20 APPROPRIATE. THE ORDER SHALL BE SERVED PERSONALLY OR BY 21 CERTIFIED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED, TO THE OPERATOR OR THE 22 OPERATOR'S AGENT FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS AND SHALL STATE THE 23 PROVISION ALLEGED TO HAVE BEEN VIOLATED, THE FACTS ALLEGED TO 24 CONSTITUTE THE VIOLATION, THE TIME BY WHICH THE ACTS OR 25 PRACTICES CITED ARE REQUIRED TO CEASE, AND ANY CORRECTIVE ACTION 26 THE COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR ELECTS TO REQUIRE OF THE -12- 177 940339 1 OPERATOR. 2 (b) THE COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR MAY REQUIRE AN 3 OPERATOR TO APPEAR FOR A HEARING BEFORE THE COMMISSION NO SOONER 4 THAN FIFTEEN DAYS AFTER THE ISSUANCE OF A CEASE AND DESIST 5 ORDER; EXCEPT THAT THE OPERATOR MAY REQUEST AN EARLIER HEARING. 6 AT ANY HEARING CONCERNING A CEASE AND DESIST ORDER, THE 7 COMMISSION SHALL PERMIT ALL INTERESTED PARTIES AND ANY 8 COMPLAINING PARTIES TO PRESENT EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENT AND TO 9 CONDUCT CROSS-EXAMINATION REQUIRED FOR A FULL DISCLOSURE OF THE 10 FACTS. 11 (c) IN THE EVENT AN OPERATOR FAILS TO COMPLY WITH A CEASE 12 AND DESIST ORDER, THE COMMISSION MAY REQUEST THE ATTORNEY 13 GENERAL TO BRING SUIT PURSUANT TO SECTION 34-60-109. 14 (6) IF THE COMMISSION DETERMINES, AFTER A HEARING 15 CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 34-60-108, THAT AN OPERATOR 16 HAS FAILED TO PERFORM ANY CORRECTIVE ACTION IMPOSED UNDER 17 SUBSECTION (4) OF THIS SECTION OR FAILED TO COMPLY WITH A CEASE 18 AND DESIST ORDER ISSUED UNDER SUBSECTION (5) OF THIS SECTION 19 WITH REGARD TO A VIOLATION OF A PERMIT PROVISION, THE COMMISSION 20 MAY ISSUE AN ORDER SUSPENDING, MODIFYING, OR REVOKING SUCH 21 PERMIT OR MAY TAKE OTHER APPROPRIATE ACTION. AN OPERATOR 22 SUBJECT TO AN ORDER THAT SUSPENDS, MODIFIES, OR REVOKES A PERMIT 23 SHALL CONTINUE THE AFFECTED OPERATIONS ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF 24 BRINGING THEM INTO COMPLIANCE WITH THE PERMIT OR MODIFIED PERMIT 25 AND SHALL DO SO UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE COMMISSION. ONCE 26 THE AFFECTED OPERATIONS ARE IN COMPLIANCE TO THE SATISFACTION -13- 177 946339 1 OF THE COMMISSION AND ANY PENALTY NOT SUBJECT TO JUDICIAL REVIEW 2 OR APPEAL HAS BEEN PAID, THE COMMISSION SHALL REINSTATE THE 3 PERMIT. 4 (7) WHENEVER THE COMMISSION OR THE DIRECTOR HAS EVIDENCE 5 THAT AN OPERATOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A PATTERN OF VIOLATION OF 6 ANY PROVISION OF THIS ARTICLE, OR OF ANY RULE, REGULATION, OR 7 ORDER OF THE COMMISSION, OR OF ANY PERMIT, THE COMMISSION OR THE 8 DIRECTOR SHALL ISSUE AN ORDER TO SUCH OPERATOR TO APPEAR FOR A 9 HEARING BEFORE THE COMMISSION IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 10 34-60-108. IF THE COMMISSION FINDS, AFTER SUCH HEARING, THAT 11 A KNOWING AND WILLFUL PATTERN OF VIOLATION EXISTS, IT MAY ISSUE 12 AN ORDER WHICH SHALL PROHIBIT THE ISSUANCE OF ANY NEW PERMITS 13 TO SUCH OPERATOR. WHEN SUCH OPERATOR DEMONSTRATES TO THE 14 SATISFACTION OF THE COMMISSION THAT IT HAS BROUGHT EACH OF THE 15 VIOLATIONS INTO COMPLIANCE AND THAT ANY PENALTY NOT SUBJECT TO 16 JUDICIAL REVIEW OR APPEAL HAS BEEN PAID, SUCH ORDER DENYING NEW 17 PERMITS SHALL BE VACATED. 18 SECTION 10. 34-60-122 (1) (b) and (2) (a), Colorado 19 Revised Statutes, 1984 Repl . Vol . , as amended, are amended to 20 read: 21 34-60-122. Expenses - fund created. (1) (b) In addition 22 to the charge imposed by paragraph (a) of this subsection (1) , 23 the filing and service fee required to be paid under section 24 34-60-106 (1) (f), and the fees authorized for other services 25 provided by the commission by section 34-60-106 (12) , there is 26 imposed on the market value at the well of all oil and natural -14- 1 77 340339 1 gas produced, saved, and sold or transported from the field 2 where produced in this state a surcharge not to exceed 3 two-tenths of one mill on the dollar, to be deposited in the oil 4 and gas environmental response fund created pursuant to section 5 34-60-124. The commission shall , by order, fix the amount of 6 such surcharge in the first instance and may, from time to time, 7 reduce or increase the amount thereof as, in its judgment, the 8 expenses chargeable against the oil and gas environmental 9 response fund may require; except that the commission shall make 10 every reasonable effort to assure that the unobligated portion 11 of the fund does not exceed five hundred thousand ONE MILLION 12 dollars at any time. 13 (2) (a) On or before March 1, June 1, September 1, and 14 December 1 of each year, every producer or purchaser, whichever 15 disburses funds directly to each and every person owning a 16 working interest, a royalty interest, an overriding royalty 17 interest, a production payment and other similar interests from 18 the sale of oil or natural gas subject to the charge imposed by 19 subsection (1) of this section, shall file a return with the 20 commission showing the volume of oil , gas, or condensate 21 produced or purchased by him during the preceding calendar 22 quarter, AND the actual sales value of such oil , gas, or 23 condensate, including the total consideration due or received 24 at the point of delivery. and the name, address, and percentage 25 interest of each owner of interest in the oil-or gas, as shown 26 by the records of the person submitting such return; except that -15- 177 940339 1 no such list need be submitted if the ownership interests have 2 not-changed since the last return was submitted and the producer 3 er--purchaser so states on the return. The party furnishing the 4 list shall state that the information is believed to be 5 accurate, but that the party need not warrant the correctness 6 eV-the-data set- out therein. Any use made of such list by the 7 state of Colorado or any of its agencies or by any political 8 subdivision of the state shall be at the sole risk of the state, 9 such agency, or such political -subdivision, and no liability 10 shall - be suffered by the party -as a result of furnishing any 11 information under this subsection (2) . Such return shall be 12 accompanied by the total amount of the charges due on all 13 interests in the oil or gas except those interests exempted 14 under the provisions of subsection (4) of this section. 15 SECTION 11. 34-60-124, Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 16 Repl . Vol . , as amended, is amended to read: 17 34-60-124. Oil and gas environmental response fund. 18 (1) There is hereby created in the state treasury the oil and 19 gas environmental response fund, to which shall be credited the 20 following moneys: 21 (a) The revenues from the surcharge imposed by the 22 commission pursuant to section 34-60-122 (1) (b) ; 23 (b) Moneys reimbursed to OR RECOVERED BY the commission 24 in payment for costs incurred pursuant to section 34 60 125 FUND 25 EXPENDITURES; 26 (c) Any moneys appropriated to such fund by the general -16- 177 1 assembly; 2 (d) Any moneys granted to the commission from any federal 3 agency for the purposes outlined under subsection (4) of this 4 section; 5 (e) PREPAYMENTS BY OPERATORS, IN SITUATIONS WHERE A 6 RESPONSIBLE PARTY CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED, AS A CREDIT AGAINST THE 7 SURCHARGE IMPOSED BY SECTION 34-60-122 (1) (b) , WHETHER IN CASH 8 OR THROUGH THE PROVISION OF SERVICES OR EQUIPMENT, IN ORDER THAT 9 THE COMMISSION MAY CONDUCT THE ACTIVITIES PROVIDED FOR IN 10 SUBSECTION (4) OF THIS SECTION; 11 (f) MONEYS RECOVERED FROM THE SALE OF SALVAGED EQUIPMENT, 12 AS PROVIDED FOR IN PARAGRAPH (c) OF SUBSECTION (6) OF THIS 13 SECTION. 14 (2) The moneys in the oil and gas environmental response 15 fund shall not revert to the general fund at the end of any 16 fiscal year. 17 (3) The moneys in the OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE 18 fund shall be subject to annual appropriation by the general 19 assembly. 20 (4) The fund shall be used as provided in section 21 34 60 125 to mitigate adverse environmental impacts on 22 subsurface soil , surface soil , groundwater, nearby surface 23 waters, or nearby surface vegetation, resulting from the 24 drilling, operation, or production of oil and gas from wells 25 which have been abandoned or plugged and abandoned, to the 26 extent that mitigation is necessary to protect public health, -17- 177 3:0339 1 safety, and welfare at a specific site and to the extent 2 appropriate, considering current economic -and technological 3 feasibility. The fund may also be used to investigate 4 allegations of adverse environmental impacts. THE FUND MAY BE 5 EXPENDED BY THE COMMISSION, OR BY THE DIRECTOR AT THE 6 COMMISSION'S DIRECTION, PRIOR TO, DURING, OR AFTER THE CONDUCT 7 OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS TO INVESTIGATE, PREVENT, MONITOR, OR 8 MITIGATE CONDITIONS THAT THREATEN TO CAUSE, OR THAT ACTUALLY 9 CAUSE, A SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON ANY AIR, 10 WATER, SOIL, OR BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE. THE FUND MAY BE EXPENDED 11 TO GATHER BACKGROUND OR BASELINE DATA ON ANY AIR, WATER, SOIL, 12 OR BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE WHICH THE COMMISSION DETERMINES MAY BE 13 SO IMPACTED BY THE CONDUCT OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS. THE FUND 14 MAY BE EXPENDED TO INVESTIGATE ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ANY 15 PROVISION OF THIS ARTICLE, OR OF ANY RULE, REGULATION, OR ORDER 16 OF THE COMMISSION, OR OF ANY PERMIT WHERE THE ALLEGED VIOLATION 17 THREATENS TO CAUSE OR ACTUALLY CAUSES A SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE 18 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. 19 (5) The director of the oil and gas conservation 20 commission shall prepare an annual report for the executive 21 director of the department of natural resources, the general 22 assembly, and the governor regarding the operations of and 23 disbursements from the fund. 24 (6) FOR THE PURPOSES PROVIDED FOR IN SUBSECTION (4) OF 25 THIS SECTION, THE COMMISSION IS AUTHORIZED TO: 26 (a) ENTER ONTO ANY LANDS OR WATERS, PUBLIC OR PRIVATE; -18- 177 940339 1 AND. EXCEPT IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. THE COMMISSION SHALL 2 PROVIDE REASONABLE NOTICE PRIOR TO SUCH ENTRY IN ORDER TO ALLOW 3 A SURFACE OWNER, LOCAL GOVERNMENT DESIGNEE, OPERATOR, OR 4 RESPONSIBLE PARTY TO BE PRESENT AND TO OBTAIN DUPLICATE SAMPLES 5 AND COPIES OF ANALYTICAL REPORTS; 6 (b) REQUIRE RESPONSIBLE PARTIES TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATION 7 OR MONITORING ACTIVITIES AND TO PROVIDE THE COMMISSION WITH THE 8 RESULTS; 9 (c) CONFISCATE AND SELL FOR SALVAGE ANY EQUIPMENT 10 ABANDONED BY A RESPONSIBLE PARTY AT A LOCATION WHERE THE CONDUCT 11 OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS HAS RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE 12 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EXCEPT THAT THIS AUTHORITY SHALL BE 13 SUBJECT TO AND SECONDARY TO ANY VALID LIENS, SECURITY INTERESTS, 14 OR OTHER LEGAL INTERESTS IN SUCH EQUIPMENT ASSERTED BY ANY 15 TAXING AUTHORITY OR BY ANY CREDITOR OF THE RESPONSIBLE PARTY. 16 (7) IF THE COMMISSION DETERMINES THAT MITIGATION OF A 17 SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON ANY AIR, WATER, 18 SOIL, OR BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE IS NECESSARY AS A RESULT OF THE 19 CONDUCT OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS, THE COMMISSION SHALL ISSUE 20 AN ORDER REQUIRING THE RESPONSIBLE PARTY TO PERFORM SUCH 21 MITIGATION. IF THE RESPONSIBLE PARTY CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED OR 22 REFUSES TO COMPLY WITH SUCH ORDER, THE COMMISSION SHALL 23 AUTHORIZE THE NECESSARY EXPENDITURES FROM THE FUND. THE 24 COMMISSION SHALL BRING SUIT IN THE SECOND JUDICIAL DISTRICT TO 25 RECOVER SUCH EXPENDITURES FROM ANY RESPONSIBLE PARTY WHO REFUSES 26 TO PERFORM SUCH MITIGATION OR ANY RESPONSIBLE PARTY WHO IS -19- 177 940339 I SUBSEQUENTLY IDENTIFIED, SUCH ACTION TO BE BROUGHT WITHIN A 2 TWO-YEAR PERIOD FROM THE DATE THAT FINAL EXPENDITURES WERE 3 AUTHORIZED. MONEYS RECOVERED AS A RESULT OF SUCH SUIT SHALL 4 FIRST BE APPLIED TO THE COMMISSION'S LEGAL COSTS AND ATTORNEY 5 FEES AND SHALL THEN BE CREDITED TO THE FUND. 6 (8) (a) FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, "RESPONSIBLE PARTY" 7 MEANS ANY PERSON WHO CONDUCTS AN OIL AND GAS OPERATION IN A 8 MANNER WHICH IS IN CONTRAVENTION OF ANY THEN-APPLICABLE 9 PROVISION OF THIS ARTICLE, OR OF ANY RULE, REGULATION, OR ORDER 10 OF THE COMMISSION, OR OF ANY PERMIT THAT THREATENS TO CAUSE, OR 11 ACTUALLY CAUSES, A SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TO 12 ANY AIR, WATER, SOIL, OR BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE. "RESPONSIBLE 13 PARTY" INCLUDES ANY PERSON WHO DISPOSES OF ANY OTHER WASTE BY 14 MIXING IT WITH EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION WASTE THAT THREATENS 15 TO CAUSE, OR ACTUALLY CAUSES, A SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE 16 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TO ANY AIR, WATER, SOIL, OR BIOLOGICAL 17 RESOURCE. 18 (b) EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH (a) OF THIS 19 SUBSECTION (8) , "RESPONSIBLE PARTY" DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY 20 LANDOWNER, WHETHER OF THE SURFACE E.STAIE, MINERAL ESTATE, OR 21 BOTH, WHO DOES NOT ENGAGE IN, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR, THE 22 CONDUCT OF OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS. 23 (9) FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, ANY PERSON WHO IS FOUND 24 TO BE A RESPONSIBLE PARTY SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE CONSENTED TO ^5 THE JURISDICTION OF THE COMMISSION AND THE COURTS OF THE STATE 26 Of COLORADO. EACH RESPONSIBLE PARTY SHALL BE LIABLE ONLY FOR -20- 177 946339 1 A PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF ANY COSTS IMPOSED UNDER THIS SECTION 2 AND SHALL NOT BE HELD JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY LIABLE FOR SUCH 3 COSTS. 4 SECTION 12. 34-60-125, Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 5 Repl . Vol . , as amended, is repealed as follows: 6 34-60-125. Mitigation of adverse environmental impacts. 7 (1) If the commission determines that mitigation is necessary 8 at an oil or gas well and the owner can be identified, the 9 commission may order- the owner to mitigate any adverse 10 environmental impacts as provided for in section 34 60 124 (4)- 11 Such order shall be served upon the owner personally or by 12 certified mail , return receipt requested, and shall require the 13 owner to mitigate such adverse environmental impacts as 14 expeditiously as the commission may determine. The commission 15 may also order the director of the commission to use moneys from 16 the environmental response fund to mitigate such adverse 17 environmental impacts if the owner fails to do so or if the 18 owner cannot be identified. The commission may also order the 19 director to use moneys from the environmental response fund to 20 investigate allegations of adverse environmental impacts. The 21 commission may file suit in the district court for the judicial 22 district in which the well is located to recover from the owner 23 of the well the costs incurred by the director in investigating 24 and mitigating the adverse environmental impacts. The moneys 25 obtained as a result of any suit brought pursuant to this 26 subsection (1) shall be credited to the oil and gas -21- 177 940339 1 environmental response fund created in section 34 60 124 (1) : 2 {2) for the purpose of implementing the provisions of 3 this section, the commission is authorized: 4 (a) To enter onto any lands or waters, public or private,- 5 and-to evaluate adverse environmental impacts when it has reason 6 to believe that such impacts are occurring; 7 (b) To monitor or test or require the owner to monitor 8 or test the well , subsurface soil , surface soil , groundwater; 9 surface waters,-or surface vegetation. If the commission or its 10 des-ivies takes the samples or performs the tests, the commission 11 or-its designee shall provide reasonable notice, if possible, 12 to-the owner, specifying the date, time, and place the samples 13 will be taken or the tests will be performed and shall provide 14 the owner an opportunity to be present at such time. A 15 duplicate sample taken for testing shall be provided -to any 16 per--son-the commission or its designee reasonably believes may 17 be the owner of the well, if such person makes a request 18 the-refor. A duplicate eopy of the analytical report pertaining 19 to-the samples taken pursuant to this paragraph (b) shall be 20 provided as soon as practicable to any person the commission or 21 its-designee reasonably believes may be the owner of the well . 22 (c) To sell for salvage the equipment and material which 23 is removed from the well for the purpose of covering the costs 24 of mitigation. 25 (3) for purposes of this section, unless the context 26 otherwise requires, "owner" means the person, as defined in -22- 177 940339 1 section 34 60 103 (8), who exercised the right to drill into and 2 produce from a pool and to appropriate the oil-or gas produced 3 therefrom either for himself or others or for himself and 4 others. Such term includes the owner of a well capable of 5 producing oil or gas, or both. "Owner" also includes any 6 assignee or grantee of an interest from a former owner; except 7 that, for purposes of this section, any person having fee title 8 to the minerals at the termination or expiration of a lease who 9 did not pay any share of the expenses of drilling or operating 10 the well shall not be an owner. Each owner shall be liable only 11 for a share of the costs incurred for mitigation proportionate 12 to such owner's working interest share in the well . 13 SECTION 13. 34-60-126, Colorado Revised Statutes, 1984 14 Repl . Vol . , as amended, is repealed as follows: 15 34-60-126. Credit allowed for prior payment for 16 mitigation of environmental impacts. (1) Subject to approval 17 by the-commission, there shall be allowed as a-credit against 18 the charge imposed pursuant to section 34 60 122 (1) (b) , an 19 amount equal to the value of approved contributions made by the 20 producer or purchaser to mitigate adverse environmental impacts 21 at an oil -or gas well where the owner cannot be identified. 22 Such credit may be allowed for approved contributions made after 23 March 1, 1990. The amount of credit available, including 24 carry ovcrs, shall not exceed the producer's or purchaser's 25 current liability for the charge imposed pursuant to section 26 34 60 122 (1) (b). Any excess shall be carried over and shall -23- 177 94033.9 1 be available as a credit against the producer's or purchaser's 2 succeeding liability for such charge. 3 (2) Approved contributions, for the purpose of such 4 credit, shall include contributions of services or property or 5 payment of money to the commission or any other person to 6 mitigate adverse environmental impacts as provided for in 7 section 34 60 124 (4) at an oil or gas well where the owner 8 cannot be identified. 9 (3) Certification of eligibility for credit for an 10 approved contribution for a specified value or amount must be 11 transmitted by the executive director of the department of 12 natural resources to the director of the commission and the 13 producer or purchaser. 14 SECTION 14. Appropriation. (1) In addition to any other 15 appropriation, there is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys 16 in the oil and gas environmental response fund not otherwise 17 appropriated, to the department of natural resources. for 18 allocation to the oil and gas conservation commission, for the 19 fiscal year beginning July 1. 1994. the sum of two hundred 20 thirty-two thousand one hundred thirty-one dollars ($232.131) 21 and 4.0 FTE, or so much thereof as may be necessary. for the 22 implementation of this act. 23 (2) In addition to any other appropriation. there is 24 hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the oil and gas 25 environmental response fund not otherwise appropriated, to the 26 department of law, for the fiscal year beginning July 1. 1994, -24- 177 940 339 1 the sum of ten thousand three hundred sixty dollars ($10.360) 2 and 0.2 FTE, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the 3 implementation of this act. 4 SECTION 1L Safety clause. The general assembly hereby 5 finds, determines, and declares that this act is necessary for 6 the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, and 7 safety. -25- 177 940333 J SUMMARY OF AMENDMENTS TO THE OIL AND GAS COMMISSION ACT • Commission Authority. The proposed amendment clarifies the Commission's charge to foster, encourage and promote the development, production and utilization of oil and gas in Colorado by specifying that the Commission must do so in a manner which is consistent with protection of the public health, safety and welfare. • Commission Make-Up. The proposed amendment would add a seventh commissioner to the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission with at least two commissioners required to have agricultural or environmental expertise, and two required to have petroleum geology or engineering expertise. • E & P Waste. The Commission is given authority to regulate the handling and disposal of exploration and production waste, and this waste is defined to conform to the EPA/RCRA definition. • Reclamation. The proposed amendment requires the Commission to regulate to insure proper reclamation of land and segregation of topsoil affected by oil and gas operations. • Bonding. Under the proposed amendment, the Commission must require the posting of financial assurances to secure each operator's obligation to reclaim affected lands and to secure the obligation to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public in the conduct of oil and gas operations. • Enforcement. The Commission's enforcement powers are greatly expanded and clarified including the authority to deny the issuance of permits to operators who are in violation of the rules and to issue cease and desist or other appropriate orders where rules are being violated. • Environmental Response Fund. The scope of the Environmental Response Fund is expanded so that it is clearly usable both before, during and after oil and gas operations to monitor and test theoretical adverse environmental impacts and to investigate and remedy actual adverse environmental impacts. (/f e4V ' s ie<«eLEXHIBIT 40330 SUGGESTED MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE DAMAGE AGREEMENT I. COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES ASSOCIATED WITH DRILLING AND INITIAL COMPLETION OF THE WELL TO INCLUDE: A. Construction of an access road. B. Preparation and use of the drill site area. C. Preparation and use of reserve pits. D. Construction and installation of production equipment and facilities such as a flow line, a separator and a tank battery . E. Loss of growing crops. F. Damages to any property of landowner, including, but not limited to, trees, shrubbery, grasses, irrigation wells, fences, bridges, pipelines, ditches, or irrigation and drainage systems . II . COMPENSAWN FOR DAMAGES ASSOCIATED WITH USE OF THE SURFACE ESTATE FOR OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION TO INCLUDE: A. Loss of land productivity. ., B. Lost land value. C. Lost value of improvements. D. Contamination of water, land or wildlife habitat. III • A FORMULA FOR DETERMINING DAMAGES THAT ARE FAIR AND REASONABLE TO BOTH PARTIES IV. A METHOD OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION THAT WOULD RESOLVE DISPUTES BETWEEN THE OWNER AND OPERATOR WITHOUT THE NECESSITY OF LITIGATION, SUCH AS ARBITRATION, MEDIATION, ETC. s EXHIBIT I 94033E __:. HART'S OILadGAS GAS WORLD REGIONAL COVERAGE OF U.S. EXPLORATION, DRILLING AND PRODUCTION 1-4, �i V ,fin f .el ,1 i ,# irk ,'CY 'j 4y; V . . t y t " A ` ' N COLD IN NORTHEAST DRIVES GAS ACTION �; ‘ MUD-TO-CEMENT MIX ' CUTS GULF COSTS r,c,,, )! _ MIDCONTINENTTRIES H4. 3-D SEISMIC SEARCH . • ` i t 4 PERMIAN BASIN FIRMS TRY AZOTEA MESA I p• . ,7 -"I "„ . D-J CASH FLOWS IN i:. sit0 ROCKY MOUNTAINS t.,_. 'mow iii.l':u`' PACIFIC OIL YIELD ` _. GAINS IN NEVADA MARCH 1994 is, I- r m E x . 1 W - T'N'auuoAeg-mmi.nd I: - 21 yFars and¢hyryl 4,y . lda6 T , . PROFILE: BOB ALEXANDER, PAGE 16 HART '� .. PI IRI Fe'r+.�..- e403;9 IOCKY MOUNTAIN PRODUCTION —k • .. Poor-boy drilling boosts D-J cash flow for operators with enough locations cutting edge of that mustard cutter to a fine,thin line. In the Denver-Julesburg Basin, northeast of Denver,operators Gerrity Oil & Gas Co. of Denver drill some of the cheapest wells for their depth in the country is the teacher here. It took the play into the big leagues and cost- to try and reach some of the worst reserves. cutting techniques to the point where vendors allowed they'd Costs run something like More likely, a good well will rather have cash than wait for $170,000 for an easily drilled well produce some 10 Mbo and 200 Gerrity's bill-paying cycle to below 7000 feet and a couple of frac MMcfg, while a well outside the eventually come around to them. Jobs to open up the tight Codell and sweet spot makes more like 10 Mbo Gerrity used slim-hole comple- Niobrara formations in the D-J and 100 MMcfg over a 15-year life. lions where it could.That's 2%-Inch Basin. But, some 40% of that casing in single-zone wells where In this area, these are blanket production comes within the first the gas-oil ratio was high enough formations. It's tough to drill a hole two years. While that makes the that the wells wouldn't load up. that doesn't find something. That's wells questionable from a net profit "The use of slim-hole technology one reason Weld County, Colorado, standpoint (after land and has allowed us to economically is the most active county in the administrative costs), the rash flow expand the basin, while the cost U.S. looks good. savings are providing higher profit In the play's sweet spot, four "Highest production at lowest margins,"says Brian J. Cree, senior townships just south of Greeley, cost," is the credo that cuts the vice president and chief operating Colo., a real good well could make mustard here, and the key officer. up to 75 Mboe. operators here have honed the /Jp Tough deals tightened the i� O GnU/h!(/n zconTAIN it%art ' ) 3 07S N = FOUNDED 1928 O '� / FILTRATION • STEAM • PROCESS EQUIPMENT B X 7'-�S/ REBBIj ROCKY MOUNTAIN "SERVING THE FILTRATION NEEDS DIAMOND BIT REBUILDERS OF THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY SINCE 1926." Bringing your PDC products back up to API specs is our job- Bringing down your drilling costs is our promise! Representing Filtration Equipment from the following firms: •Lower"Cost Per Foot." •Over 35 years of experience CUNO INC. liquid, air, gas •Highest quality PDC components LAKOS SEPARATORS solid/liquid separation •Minimum turnaround time NAFCO gas, air, liquid •The only independent PDC product repair service RLM INDUSTRIES specialty strainer • available in the Western Hemisphere to date. fabrication Inquiries are always welcome. YARDNEY permanent media 1350 East Highway 40•Vernal,Utah 84078 MOTT FCC slurry oil filters Phone'(801)781-BITS•Fax:(801)781-2601 METALLURGICAL Toll Free: (800) 675-BITS 6330 N.WASHINGTON,UNIT 12 •DENVER, 80216 `PHONE(03)88-0227 FAX(303)288-0848 or (800)60 33-2468 Circle 170 Circle 171 Mar` 14940339 �UUaaaa■au.r aa..aa.■■.a.■.a i "9CKY MOUNTAIN PRODUCTION =• REMEM: LAST WINTER? iii I INSULATE YOUR WELLHEADS AGAINST FREEZE-UP efficiency of basin operations. For IIEngineeredInsulation Syetems C ustom'Jr alma]in ul llrd t,cuts provide max m Inc Iree>n up MNinstance, if Gerrity to a service protection in the coldest of wealh( a MI ki'Mir ll tt led r u r I tin,, I to r II,„e eat design company and offered it enough well E.I.S.insulated Jackets retool he it,3'ode prevenling fluid and jobs to keep two crews busy for two a y4 wind penetration Each Jackal is custom Pulort d to fit your its NN^• JIM v^ . ■ years, In exchange for a low price, partwthn+ollhoatl or llo me nd is durtblc rt lightweight mmivi in easy upon and apse fory e mc,d woes; that service company would shave 009 i For more infom,at on ple se omact costs to the bone to get the II `` ENGINEERED business. INSULATION - That led to minimum crews doing I 1• SYSTEMS, INC. ll maximum efficient work. ill ' `. Iao6J248-says to orn,,t,rl k,ne [Milt s.MT 69101 MI The miserly formations invite ��NI•I•��MEMERIMEN��ME�I♦MI♦IM�� money-saving innovation. For kyle 172 example, the waxy crude carries water into the tank batteries,enough water that the Share Your Success With Reprints From may refuse to accept a crude trader load. z��y>r+x,O L and p ipq�nrll When the hauler rejected one of I HARTS IL GA ► OMD Snyder Oil Corp.'s loads, it looked for a better solution than a f Share reprints of articles featuring your company in Hart's Otl and Gas World $250/tank hot-oil treatment. with your customers and investors. Show those interested in your operations that Instead, it dumps $20 worth of you're seen in all the right pages. chemicals and a two-pound block of ice in the tank. The ice drops to I I Add reprints to quarterly and annual reports and other information packages. For the bottom, rolls the tank, mixes even more impact,we'll help you customize your reprints to your specific needs. the chemicals and knocks out the For complete information, call Barbara water, all for about$50 a tank. HART'S Snyder also gave a wellbore to a VanSickle: 800/832-1917 OIL 'GAS WORLD contractor who permitted it and set it up as a disposal well. That saved Circle 173 Snyder 35¢/bbl on water disposal, r according to Gary Haefele, Denver _ ` { a f ST" ice president and Denver- 1 d ip i �Ej r k x , f m, ulesburg Basin business unit , r manager. ' t r Snyder's contractors and service a live c Til't II vib • a '14 •. k•µ • Ss•r5 Wlth t . � � • companies monitor casing runs C• 'L ^t4•.K li r ire,' , i• ,"," '1�M FD -t 2J 11 . and frac jobs. That cuts the cost of g ' ,J by W• • a consultant and forces the f slq, VrU • Y Y 0 Y• rr r •- •r h• •eliv r5 less? •fie contractors and service companies $ • ^, - �' rr to do reliable work. " t f14::'-:,14%.,,.,..„':•,:, " Mf ,'X ; HS Resources Inc. of San Is• C•/fl •l Di -, ^`'r, e ns" s Francisco, which does business as ` ^ r *" ' Elk Exploration, is another major 1 ^+ +^r"0 *tl r�r I j $ - " player. It finds better production r+� •r , . j from advanced frac techniques and • 4,9 t i:; I , logging analysis. a . k* •' - � '° And, it matches the other 'u.+ .r� 't'^ te ,L° to ,rri companies in cost-cutting. It has s�� i°:NJ1 ta- i,r.ri,t y armed its pumpers with hand-held a ,, computers. They record their readings on the computers, return Ca// the Mountain Men (303) 243-5295 to the field office and dump the information into central computers. 1-800-548-3604 Basin Exploration Inc. of Denver, another of the big four in the basin, gives its pumpers laptop portable computers for the same MOOLNTAI AIR OUNTAIN purpose. By reducing the number of times information gets con- verted from one piece of paper Divisions of MAD5CO•P.O.Box 55367•Grand Junction,Colorado 81505 to another, the chances of error drop drastically. • Circle 174 56•Had's Oil and Gas World 940339 r .JAN de, '44 1':M5 LR FLHIA C:0IINTI' F'_i r 1 �l = EXHIBIT r k RESOLUTION NO. 1993-46 A RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF LA PLATA COUNTY, COLORADO, AMENDING THE LA PLATA COUNTY OIL AND GAS REGULATIONS BY ADDING A NEW N SECTION 6.206 ESTABLISHING A SPECIAL EXCEPTION I, PROCEDURE FOR OPERATIONAL CONFLICTS WITH OIL AND GAS Jr CONSERVATION COMMISSION REGULATIONS.c, cte) o WHEREAS, the Board of County Commissioners of U Plata County, Colorado, c, r I adopted the La Plata Oil and Gas Regulations by and through Resolution No. 1988-53; and k P U ro a WHEREAS, said Regulations were legally challenged by certain representatives of C4 I- the oil and gas industry by the filing of a lawsuit entitled Bowen-Edwards v. Board of County o• a ,I Commissioners of La Plata County, Colorado; and c) c_ a fr)no -iii WHEREAS, said lawsuit questioned whether the authority of Colorado Counties to a w h regulate in the oil and gas area pursuant to the County's land-use authority was not ,'o ¢ ji cvuaplctcly preempted by the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Act; and c h a. z !, WHEREAS, the Colorado Supreme Court in Bowen-Edwards v. Board of County Commissionerg* 830 P.2d 1045 (Colo. 1992), held that Counties were not expressly or Cr _J j impliedly preempted by the Oil and Gas Conservation Act; and I WHEREAS, the Colorado Supreme Court held in J3owen-Edwards, supra, however, that where operational conflicts exist between the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission regulations and local land use regulations, the local regulations must 'give way where said regulations materially impede or destroy the states interest, 830 P.2d at 1059; and I WHEREAS, the Colorado Supreme Court also stated that this determination must be made on an ad-hoc case by case basis, 830 P.2d 1060; and WHEREAS, it is the purpose of this Resolution to establish a special exception I procedure to determine whether operational conflicts exist in the context of a particular application, to provide an administrative remedy therefor, and an appeals process; and WHEREAS, §§30-28-118(2)b and 30-28-117(3) C.R.S. authorizes Counties to grant II special exceptions to land use regulations. i I NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY h COMMISSIONERS OF LA PLATA COUNTY, COLORADO, AS FOLLOWS: I 1, That Article VI of the U Plata County Permit System, being the Oil and Gas Regulations, as adopted by and through Resolution No. 1988-53, are hereby amended by the addition of a new Section 6.206 to read as follows: I 940339 I JHfI 07 '04 lkt: Li; F'LHTH I:cFij IT`r' (� /S J8 O -t , I RESOLUTION NO. 1993-46 Page 2 I "6.206 Special Exception - Operational Conflicts - O.G.C.C. Rules j (A) Special exceptions to these regulations may be granted where the requirements of these regulations actually conflict in operation with the requirements of the Oil and Gas Conservation Act or implementing regulations. All applications where a special exception due to I operational conflicts is requested shall be processed as a major facility and heard in a noticed public hearing by the Board of County Commissioners acting in a quasi-judicial capacity, pursuant to §30-28- II117, 118 C.R.S. The applicant shall have the burden of pleading and ii proving an actual, material, irreconcilable operational conflict between the requirements of these regulations and those of the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission in the context of a specific application. For purposes of this section, an operational conflict exists where the County condition of approval or regulation actually conflicts in operation with the state statutory or regulatory scheme and said conflict would . materially impede or destroy the states interest in the development, production, utilization of oil and gas resources in the state, and the protection of the public health, safety and welfare. An operational conflict may occur where the County regulation prohibits an activity which the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, or its valid regulations, has clearly authorized, or authorizes an activity which the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, or its valid regulations, has clearly prohibited. Additional County requirements in areas regulated hby the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, which also fall within I County land use powers and which are necessary to protect the public II health, safety and welfare under the facts of the specific application , I presented, and which do not impose unreasonable burdens on the applicant, shall be presumed not to present an operational conflict, If II the Board finds, based upon competent evidence in the record, that compliance with the requirements of these regulations shall result in an : operational conflict with the state statutory and regulatory scheme, a II special exception to these regulations may be granted in whole or in part, but only to that extent. The Board may condition the approval of I I a special exception as necessary to protect the public health, safety and '1 welfare by mitigating any adverse impacts arising from the grant of I' approval. (B) In the event the applicant or any interested party wishes to seek judicial review of a final Board decision on the exception request, appeal to the District Court shall be pursuant to C.R.C.P. Rule 106(a)4." I I I IAN n6 'q4 17:n7 LA Ft-. 1 -c�i i L F. 4 (354 (338 RESOLUTION NO. 1993-46 j Page 3 2. That the recitation of legal authority contained in Resolution No. 1988-53 is nereuy incorporated by reference as if set forth in full, and that the opinion of the Colorado Supreme Court in ,Bowen-Edwards v. Board of County Commissioner', 830 P.2d 1045 (Colo. 1992) is also incorporated herein as if set forth in full herein. DO`IVg,&Nri AD PTE MANGO, LA PLATA COUNTY, COLORADO, this 4az 99 , 1993. • .a .444,40--;. --“'�i BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS ' LA PLATA COUNTY, COLORADO II A :.. " 5 �- Fred W. Kl tt, III, Chairman Deputy o the and �� ' ' Frank Joswic tce-Chairman ey APP AS ORM: a.‘, ff rt Shirley B, s�C/omG> issioner anc ravos La Plata County Attorney KKG/mar Distribution: 7 - 30 -7 Planning Services / County Attorney u/ Spindle Files ? 8✓60, -71, 940 339 1974291994 4`► �� fp 280 Denver Club Building • SIR 171h Street • Denver, Colorado 80202-4167 • 303/623-0987 • FAX: 303/893-0709 1 April 1994 Independent Petroleum Weld County Commissioners: Association Mr. Bill Webster, Chairman -- — tion Mr. George Baxter of Mr. Dale Hall Mountai• n Ms. Connie Harbert Ms. Barbara Kirkmeyer States Weld County P.O. Box 758 oI-YICFRs& STAFF Greeley, CO 80632 Paul J. Zecchi Dear Commissioners: President Carter G.Mathies The Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain Vice President States (IPAMS) is a non-profit, non-partisan trade Ronald E. Hornig Vice President association representing the interests of over 750 Karen Ostrander-Krug independent oil and natural gas producers, royalty Secretary owners, industry consultants, and service/supply DavidBradstraw companies operating in a ten-state Rocky Mountain Treasurer area: New Mexico, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, North Karyn L. Plank Executive Director Utah, Nebraska, Dakota, Nevada,Dakota, South and F.cen Alexander Woodruff Arizona. Director of Regulatory Affairs IPAMS submits the enclosed comments in response to the draft Weld County Oil and Gas Regulations. IPAMS retains many concerns regarding the proposed regulations. While we realize that the citizens of Weld County have concerns regarding oil and gas development, IPAMS believes these concerns are directly addressed by current Federal and State laws and regulations as well as pending legislation in the Colorado legislature. Introduction In a time of overregulation for all industries, agricultural, timber, mining, and oil and gas, IPAMS is disappointed that Weld County would promulgate such onerous regulations to an industry that is vital to the health of Weld County and the State of Colorado. The proposed regulations duplicate the already sufficient and environmentally conscientious regulatory framework of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) . In addition, the COGCC maintains expert staff and resources in order to fulfill its mission. Weld County does not maintain these resources. 940335 Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 2 The Commissioners of Weld County must realize that to impose an additional regulatory framework at the county level would be devastating to the oil and gas industry, especially small operators of which there are many in Weld County. Clearly, it would be impossible for any type of small business to stay in business if it were required to comply with duplicitous federal, state, and individual county regulations. For instance, most independent oil and gas companies in the Rocky Mountains operate in more than one state and oftentimes as many as seven or eight states. If an operator was required to comply with regulations in scores of oil and gas producing counties, it would be economically impossible to remain in business. IPAMS is unsure of the reasons for promulgating these regulations in the first place. However, we do recognize that the Commissioners of Weld County have concerns regarding the level of oil and gas development in Weld County. IPAMS believes that the best avenue to address these concerns is through the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. IPAMS offers to work with Weld County in addressing these issues through the forum of the COGCC. The draft regulations were designed to deal with issues associated with the Wattenberg field area. This area is unique in that it is some of the richest agricultural land in the United States and also experiences one of the highest levels of oil and gas activity in the country. Regrettably, these two industries sometimes conflict with each other; however IPAMS believes that oil and gas and agriculture can coexist in a complementary environment. The key element to success is clear and direct communication between the involved parties. The topography of Weld County is varied, from high desert, and shortgrass prairie to rich farmland. IPAMS believes these regulations only address complications associated with oil and gas operations in areas of rich farmland. The State of the Oil and Gas Industry Currently, the oil and gas industry is in a state of crisis. While the energy industry in the rest of the country and the Rocky Mountains suffers through one of the worst downturns in history, Weld County enjoys a vibrant economy by being the most actively drilled county in the United States. The rig count for the Rocky Mountain region holds at 61 rigs. Colorado has 27 rigs running, with most of those in Weld County. Wyoming has 18 rigs running and Montana has 5 rigs at work. Clearly, this type of activity is beneficial to the economic strength of all citizens of Weld County. If implemented, the proposed rules would virtually shut down the industry in Weld County overnight. 944a333 Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 3 Oil and Gas Taxes and Revenue The oil and gas industry employs 14,884 people in Colorado. The industry directly pays over $101 million in ad valorem, corporate and severance tax income to state and county governments in 1992. Employees of the oil and gas industry generated over $80 million in income and property taxes to state and local government. Weld County is the second largest producer of oil and gas in the state. In 1992, Weld County produced over 6 million barrels of oil and 98,560, 106 Mcf of natural gas. This production provided over $17 million in ad valorem tax revenue and $78 million in total property tax revenue to Weld County in 1992 , for a total of 21.8 percent of county revenue. This revenue is extremely important to the public school system of Weld County. Oil and gas revenues funded over 23 percent of the Weld County public school systems. It is also important to note that thousands of royalty owners in Weld County enjoy the benefits of oil and gas income. IPAMS Willingness to work With Weld County and COGCC Regulations IPAMS, the Colorado Oil and Gas Association (COGA) , and the Colorado Petroleum Association (CPA) have all worked very hard with members of the environmental and agricultural communities to ensure that oil and gas development in Weld County occurs in an environmentally sound and prudent manner. A significant number of the issues that are raised in the proposed regulations have been addressed by COGCC regulations, many of which were adopted through consensus building meetings between the interested parties. The COGCC regulations cover issues such as notice to surface owners, site reclamation and soil segregation, and direct methods to resolve conflicts in front of the COGCC. IPAMS asks that you allow the current regulations time to work, and if you believe they are not working, we are always available to meet with you to address your issues. Senate Bill 177 Senate Bill 177 is also an excellent example of representatives from the oil and gas industry working with agricultural , environmental, and surface owner constituencies to achieve a consensus. In general, Senate Bill 177 strengthens the provisions of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Act and empowers the Commission to fulfill its duties as the central regulatory body over oil and gas operations in the state. It achieves this through some of the following provisions: 940339 Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 4 Senate Bill 177 adds a provision to the Oil and Gas Conservation Act that directs the COGCC to foster and encourage the utilization of Colorado's oil and gas resources in a manner consistent with protection of public health safety. and welfare. This language requires that the COGCC makes the protection of the public health safety and welfare a number one priority, and therefore addresses many of the concerns set forth in the draft Weld County regulations. Senate Bill 177 ensures that Commissioners of the COGCC are highly qualified, technical experts in the utilization and care of natural resources. Senate Bill 177 requires the COGCC to establish proper reclamation standards and protection of topsoils. It also directs the COGCC to require that operators provide proper financial assurances to the COGCC. Senate Bill 177 creates the framework for the COGCC to promptly deal with violations to Commission regulations. IPAMS believes the provisions set forth in Senate Bill 177 give the COGCC the legislative and regulatory "teeth" that it needs to punish parties that violate Commission regulations. IPAMS suggests that the Weld County Commissioners allow Senate Bill 177 to be signed into law and time to work. This bill was supported by many parties, and it clearly enables the Commission to deal with problems and violations of COGCC regulations. Legal Issues IPAMS believes the draft Weld County Oil and Gas Regulations violate the holdings of the Colorado Supreme Court in the case of the Board of County Commissioners for La Plata County v. Bowen/Edwards Associates. Inc. , 830 P. 2d 1045 (Colo. 1992) and other decisions which have followed that case such as North American Resources Comnany et al v. Town of Frederica, (Colorado Court of Appeals No. 91- CA-1723) decided September 17, 1992) , (not selected for official publication) . The proposed regulations reference provisions of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder as prevailing over or superseding the provisions of these county regulations only "in the event of an operational conflict which materially impedes or destroys the states interest. . . " and then only "if necessary to avoid waste or protect the conductive rights of operators. " (For example, see the provisions of new section 6. 4 on page 6 of the proposed regulations. ) This language is contrary to the actual holding in the Bowen/Edwards case. 940339 Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 5 While the Court in that case did cite some authority with favor to the effect that: "state preemption by reason of operational conflict can arise where the effectuation of a local interest would materially impede or destroy the state interest. . ." ' (830 P.2d at 1059) the actual holding in the case is set forth below: "We hasten to add that there may be instances where the county's regulatory scheme conflicts in operation with the state statutory and regulatory scheme. For example, the operational effect of the county regulations might be to impose technical conditions on the drilling or pumping of wells under circumstances where no such conditions are imposed under the state statutory or regulatory scheme, or to impose safety regulations or land restoration requirements contrary to those required by state law or regulation. To the extent that such operational conflicts might exist, the county regulations must yield to the state interest. . . " 830 P. 2d at 1060. The Colorado Court of Appeals interpreted the Bowen/Edwards decision in the Town of Frederick case as holding that a "preemption would exist only to the extent that county (local) regulations were in conflict with the Act (i.e. , the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Act) and the regulations promulgated thereunder, in which case the local regulations must yield to the state interest." These court decisions specifically provide that any conflict between local regulations and the state Act and regulations must be resolved with the local regulations yielding. Except in the few instances where the proposed regulations specifically reference or require compliance with state law including the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Act or the regulations of the Oil and Gas Commission, these county regulations consistently exceed or conflict with state regulations. Therefore, they should be void under these court decisions. The type of violation most often reflected in the proposed county regulations are exactly the examples cited by the Colorado Supreme Court in the passage quoted from the Bowen/Edwards case, i.e. , (1) imposing technical conditions on the drilling or pumping of wells under circumstances where no such conditions are imposed under the state statutory or regulatory scheme; or ( 2) imposing safety regulations or land restoration requirements contrary to those required by state law or regulation. The proposed Weld County regulations violate the holding of the Bowen/Edwards case to the extent that they attempt, in many instances, to impose "safety regulations or land restoration 94uca t.i Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 6 requirements" contrary to the similar regulations and requirements imposed by the state. The Court emphasized that any conflict between local regulations and state regulations of oil and gas operations must be resolved with the local regulations yielding. Some of the more blatant violations of the Bowen/Edwards decision by the proposed Weld County regulations are as follows: 1) Financial guarantees (Section 120.1) imposed at the discretion of the Board of County Commissioners, if they decide that the existing bonds with the Oil and Gas Conservation Commission are inadequate and they can impose a "blanket bond" in the minimum amount of $500,000; 2) The requirement of each operator to carry an insurance policy in the amount of $1 million (Section 120.2) and, specifically requiring that environmental damage not be exempted from the certificate of insurance; 3) soil removal and segregation requirements (Section 120 .5) ; 4) backfill of pipelines (Section 120.6.1) ; 5) a detailed reclamation and restoration plan (Section 120.7) ; 6) final restoration and re-completion requirements ( Section 120.7 .2 and; 7) requirements related to pit construction (Sections 122 .1, 122. 2 .2 , 122 .2 .3 , and 122. 3) . Section 131 . 1 of the proposed regulations makes several provisions retroactive which could obviously have the effect of shutting down operations which have already been permitted by the state and which are in compliance with state regulations. The proposal allows the county to retroactively impose the insurance requirements of Section 120.2. These requirements are extremely onerous and most likely would be impossible for operators to satisfy. Conclusion IPAMS offers to work with Weld County to address concerns regarding oil and gas operations in the county. We encourage the Commissioners to stay the draft regulations and allow many of the positive, consensus reached solutions to work in Weld County. IPAMS also encourages Weld County to work directly with the COGCC to address the concerns raised in the draft regulations. The oil and gas industry has been an integral part of the socio-economic fabric of Weld County, and IPAMS wants to work with the Weld. County Commissioners in order to continue that relationship. 940339 Weld County Commissioners 1 April 1994 Page 7 Please feel free to contact us at any time with questions or for further information. We appreciate the opportunity to provide you with these comments. Sincerely, °5117, Alexander Woodruff Director of Regulatory Affairs cc: Colorado Oil and Gas Commissioners Richard Griebling, Director, COGCC James Lochhead, Executive Director, Department of Natural Resources Senator Don Ament Representative Bill Jerke �'I��lylj 61:cov6 en O u to .r h M t 01 d 40 , cu •, 0 Iii U E Np 0 "2 E O -2 C 'it C cu Zr, U ptio r 00 0� o k v •� O o O p ti, •v y C U p y O •.Gi U y °l L" .�. N qa '� ail— o r oii . r - ° .t •z o - v •C r C y .� co E O 44 E V ts V ow - v V m U O V p� y iy. '�. U 0) CS O O h • •tl d ? L" .�. VQa Cd Se C to •O Q U U ..C U h CI O '� 00 'ti y p '�"'. 0p 00pz,j � ti U U SA p :v 'SS it t) Vj E N o o p tnab d N y 3 M lUa CA U y r 5 Ct C C U 2. Ol •�:. C3 .' 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O CCC up -'d C." .b .., O ° cC o •'-, C: C E4_, OF O tn p ,�0 o a) ro °J y CI) •�.C o p o A, a) Q '^, m cad }' Cn a = O by.., t)0-+�-, CO cd O O C" U u c Cn O O c, .- O _ •p F et ,� ro G F, U C� C�+w O O +-. P,-ria) a ' •ti 4-, cI d — m 'b tzcp,cn oU 0 o ca oo -0 m -� 3 d o En U o Cd •F, ,) m a o L tv •p c° Cn " o 'o o -d o '-, F, o m '° CSC O, +(-D p bO 0 '� - �' O p �, O - a) O o z O N > U -0 Ct a) N U, 0O 0 2 C 7d O 'J ....i 0) p C: O O r• bO. -d C) •-, - CC ^� O o bO ca a) -O m 0 a) ce o tea) y 'ti p' o ro b EQ c0, -d .d, m ,---,- Ct d C1, a) .- c0, 3 U o Cd -O > cct Cl a) N c6 44 u"; 940339 30-I Copyright L 1993 NFRI.All Rights Reserved NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code 1993 Edition • ( This edition of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, was prepared In the Technical Committee on Flammable and Combustible Liquids. released by the Correlat- ing Committee on Flammable Liquids. and acted on by the National Fire Protection Association. Inc. at its Annual Meeting held May 24-27. 1993 in Orlando, FL. It was issued by the Standards Council on July 23. 1993. with an effective date of August 20, 1993. and supersedes all previous editions. The 1993 edition of this document has been approved by the American National Standards Institute. Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule in the margin of the pages on which they appear. These lines are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Origin and Development of NFPA 30 From 1913 to 1957, this document was written in the form of a municipal ordinance known as the Suggested Ordinance for the Storage, Handling, and Use of Flammable Liquids. In 1957, the format was changed from a municipal ordinance to a code. although the technical provisions were retained. During the 7l-year existence of NFPA 30, numerous editions have been published as conditions and experiences have dictated. A brief review of the major changes adopted with recent previous editions of NFPA 30 follows: In 1984, the chapter on automotive and marine service stations was removed from NFPA 30 and was used as the basis for a separate code. NFPA 30A.Automotive and Marine Service Station Code. In 1987, Chapter 5 ("Industrial Plants"), Chapter 6 ("Bulk Plants and Terminals"),Chapter 7("Process Plants"),and Chapter 8("Refineries,Chem • - _ ical Plants,and Distilleries") were combined into a single chapter entitled "Operations." In 1990, a new Section 4-9 was added to provide requirements for hazardous materials storage lockers and more detailed guidance was added to Subsection 5-3.3.1 for the ven- tilation of process areas and for the estimation of fugitive emissions. This 1993 edition incorporates the following major changes: • An exception has been added to the spill control requirements of 2-3.4 to allow the installation of secondary containment-type tanks without either remote impounding or diking, if certain conditions are met. • Additional requirements have been added to 2-3.4.2 to allow the combined use of remote impounding and diking for spill control systems. • A provision has been added to the emergency relief venting calculation procedure(2-3.6) to allow a 50-percent reduction in the multiplication factors for certain liquids(those whose heats of combustion and rates of burning are no greater than those of ethyl alcohol). • The requirements for installation of tanks inside buildings,Section 2-5,have been completely rewritten.The new requirements are far more comprehensive and are based on Tentative Interim Amendment 90-2 to the 1990 edition of NFPA 30.The new requirements also apply to buildings used exclusively to house storage tanks. • Chapter 4."Container and Portable Tank Storage,"has been completely rewritten so that its requirements are more logically and more clearly presented. In addition, a flow chart has been added to Appendix A to assist the user in determining which subsections of Chapter 4 are applicable in any given case. C • Table 4-2.3 has been amended to allow the use of certain fiber drums for storage of Class II and Class III liquids. • Subsection 4-5.6,covering mercantile occupancies,has been completely revised to state more clearly the requirements for storage of liquids,induding a doubling of the allowable storage density and imposition of a more reasonable maximum allowable total quantity.The revision reflects current trends in retail merchandising. • A new Section 5-5 has been added to provide appropriate requirements for vapor recovery and vapor processing equipment.This addition addresses the increasing use of such systems to meet requirements of the Clean Air Act. • New protection recommendations and background information have been added to Appen- dix D and Appendix E to incorporate recent fire test results. 940339 30-2 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Committee on Flammable Liquids \ -Correlating Committee Leon C.Schaller, Chair The DuPont Company. DE Robert P. Benedetti. Secretary National Fire Protection Assn., MA (Nonvoting) Byron L.Brine, Professional Loss Control. Inc.,TN Steven Landon, Trophy Club Roanoke.TX G.E.Cain, G. E.Cain&Co..DE "Joyce A.Rizzo, Lexicon Environmental Assoc..Inc..PA Edward Hildebrandt, Village of Morton Grove.IL Eugene S.Schmitt, Dept.of State Police.MI Rep. Illinois Fire Inspectors.Assn. Peter J.Gore Wilise, Industrial Risk Insurers.Cf C.L Kingsbaker, Atlanta.GA Rep. Industrial Risk Insurers Committee Scope: To direct the activities of the Technical Committees assigned to it that have primary responsibility for the development and revision of NFPA codes, standards. recommended practices.and manuals pertaining to the storage.transportation.handling,and use of flammable and combustible liquids. Technical Committee on • • Flammable and Combustible Liquids Edward Hildebrandt, Chair Village of Morton Grove,IL Rep. Illinois Fire Inspectors Assn. David L Blomquist, Chevron Corp.,CA Wallace D.Malmstedt, American Ins.Services Group Inc.. Rep.American Petroleum Inst. NY Jon V.Brannan, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,IL Robert E.McClay, Indiana University of Pennsylvania,PA Weldon L.Brundrett, M&M Protection Consultants,TX Rep.American Society of Safety Engineers Michael T.Castellano,Joseph E.Seagram&Sons Inc.,NY Navin D.Mehta, Defense Logistics Agency-W IR,VA Rep. Distilled Spirits Council of U.S. Joseph R Natale, Mobil Research&Development.NJ Robert H.Christopher, The DuPont Company,DE Rep. Nat'l Petroleum Refiners Assn. Rep.Nat'l Paint&Coatings Assn. William E.Rehr, City of Wheaton,IL Jack T.Cranefeld, Factory Mutual Research Corp.,MA Rep.Fire Marshals Assn.of North America John A.Davenport, Industrial Risk Insurers,CI' Robert N.Renkes, Petroleum Equipment Inst..OK Wayne Geyer, Steel Tank Inst.,IL Douglas A.Rivers, 3M Co.,MN Donald L Hierman, Rhone-Poulenc,Inc.,NJ Gerald J.Rosicky, General Motors Corp..MI Rep.Chemical Manufacturers Assn. Rep.NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section Donald M.Johnson, San Bruno,CA Eugene S.Schmitt, Dept of State Police,Fire Marshal Rep.Western States Petroleum Assn. Division,MI Joshy Paul Kallungal, Ontario Fire Marshals Office,Canada Rep. Fire Marshals Assn.of North America .. Russell J.Kerlin, Dow Corning Corp.,MI Brooke B.Smith, Aspen Engineering Inc.,CO Rep. NFPA Industrial Fire Protection Section Thomas K.Tenebonne, Kemper Group.HPR Dept.;KS James D.Kieffer, Hiram Walker&Sons Ltd,Canada Rep.The Alliance of American Insurers Richard S.Kraus, Mobile Oil Corp.-U.S.,VA Harold S.Wass, IRM Insurance,NC Rep.American Petroleum Inst. Jack Woycheese, Gage-Babcock&Assoc.,Inc.,CA ' • Alternates William S.Anderson, 3M Co.,MN - J.W.Cragun, Phillips Petroleum Co.,OK (Alt.to D.A.Rivers) (Alt.to D.L.Jeffries) Brian H.Bender, ICI Americas Inc.,DE Robert D.Grausam, Kemper Group,NY (Alt.to G.J. Rosicky) (Alt.to T.A.Terrebonne) 1993 Edition 9403::19 COSIMITTEE PERSONNEL 30-3 William R.Heits ig, The Dow Chemical Co..MI David G.Mahoney, M&M Protection Consultants, IL (Alt.to R.J.Kerlin) Lamer G.Johnson, Brown-Fonnan Co KY Lae Paige,to I L. Insurance. (Nt.to M.T.Castellano) (AlLee H. SS. NC David C.Kirby, Union Carbide V on to ch ll Wan) Corp.,T" Leos.t SR.H. , The DuPont Company,DE (Alt.to D.L Hierrtun) (Alt,to R.H.Christopher) Martin E.Mager., Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,IL William A.Thomism, Industrial Risk Insurers. IL (Alt.to J.V.Brannan) (Alt.to J.A. Davenport) Voting Alternate David L Hodgden, Owens-Illinois Inc.,OH (Alt. to W. R. Heitrig) • • Nonvoting Michael B.Moore, U.S.Occupational Safety&Health Orville M.Slye, Loss Control Assoc. Inc.,PA Admin.,DC Richard F.Murphy, Terence P. . , U.S. Department of labor.DC Exxon Research&Engr Co.,NJ (Alt.to M.B B.Moore) Robert P.Benedetti, NFPA Staff Liaison Thu iit represent,the memsbenhip at the two the Commuter was balloted on the teat of this edition.SOW,thai time changes in the membership may have occurred. NOTE: Membership on a Committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Associa- tion or any document developed by the Committee on which the member serves. Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on criteria for safe- guarding against fire and explosion hazards associated with the general storage,handling,and use of gam- mable and combustible liquids:and also for documents presenting criteria for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids on firms and isolated construction projects. • • • • • 940339 30-4 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE ( Contents Foreword 30- 5 4.3 Design,Construction,and Capacity of Storage Cabinets 30-29 Chapter 1 General Provisions 30- 5 4-4 Design,Construction,and Operation of 1-I Scope and Application 30- 5 Inside Liquid Storage Areas 30-30 1.2 Definitions 30- 6 4.5 Requirements for Liquid Storage Areas in 1-3 Storage 30- 9 Other Occupancies 30-33 1-4 Pressure Vessel 30— 9 4-6 Hazardous Materials Storage Lockers . . 30-35 1-5 Exits 30- 9 4-7 Outdoor Storage 30-36 4-8 Fire Protection and Control 30-37 Chapter 2 Tank Storage 30- 9 2-1 Scope 30- 9 Chapter 5 Operations 30-37 ( 2-2 Design and Construction of Tanks 30- 9 5-I Scope 30-37 2-3 Installation of Outside Aboveground 5-2 General 30-37 Tanks 30-10 5-3 Facility Design 30-38 2-4 Installation of Underground Tanks . . . . 30-17 5-4 Liquid Handling,Transfer, and Use . . 30-41 2-5 Storage Tank Buildings 30-19 5-5 Vapor Recovery and Vapor Processing 2-6 Supports, Foundations,and Anchorage For Systems 30-44 All Tank Locations 30-25 5-6 Fire Prevention and Control 30-45 2-7 Sources of Ignition 30-25 2-8 Testing and Maintenance 30-26 Chapter 6 Referenced Publications 30-47 2-9 Fire Protection and Identification 30-26 2.10 Prevention of Overfilling of Tanks 30-26 Appendix A Explanatory Material 30-49 2-11 Leakage Detection and Inventory Records for Underground Tanks 30-27 Appendix B Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Chapter 3. Piping Systems 30-27 Exposure for Aboveground Tanks . . 30-53 3-1 Scope 30-27 P Appendix C Abandonment or Removal of 3-2 General 30-27 Underground Tanks 30-55 3-3 Materials for Piping, Valves,and Fittings . . 30-27 . 3-4 Pipe Joints 30-27 Appendix D Suggested Fire Protection for 3-5 Supports 30-28 Containers of Flammable and 3-6 Protection against Corrosion 30-28 Combustible Liquids 30-56 3-7 Valves 30-28 3-8 Testing 30-28 Appendix E Fire Test Data 30-62 3-9 Identification 30-28 Appendix F Fugitive Emissions Calculations . . 30-68 Chapter 4 Container and Portable Tank Storage 30-28 . 4-1 Scope 30-28 Appendix G Referenced Publications 30-70 l` 4-2 Design, Construction, and Capacity of Containers 30-28 Index 30-71 ( • 1993 Edition 940339 GENERAL PROVISIONS 30-5 E NFPA 30 characteristics, that are subject to self-ignition when Liquids Code exposed to the air, that are highly reactive with other sub- Flammable and Combustible Li 9 stances,that are subject to explosive decomposition,or that have other special properties that dictate safeguards over 1993 Edition and above those specified for a normal liquid of similar flash point classification. NOTICE: An asterisk (°) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on 1-1.5 Equivalency. that paragraph in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be found in 1-1.5.1 Nothing in this code is intended to prevent the use Chapter 6 and Appendix G. of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior quality,strength, fire resistance,effectiveness,durability,and Foreword safety over those prescribed by this code, provided technical code, known as the Flammable and Combustibledocumentation is submitted to the authority having jurisdic- This tion to demonstrate equivalency and the system, method.or Code, is recommended for use as the basis for legal regula- device is approved for the intended purpose. dons. Its provisions are intended to reduce the hazard to a degree consistent with reasonable public safety, without 1-13.2 In certain installations the provisions of this code undue interference with public convenience and necessity,of shall be permitted to be altered at the discretion of the operations that require the use of flammable and combustible authority having jurisdiction after consideration of special liquids. Thus,compliance with this standard does not elimi- features such as topographical conditions, barricade's, nate all hazards in the use of flammable and combustible liq- walls, adequacy of building exits, nature of occupancies, uids. (See the Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code Handbook proximity to buildings or adjoining property, and charac- for additional explanatory information.) ter of construction of such buildings, capacity and con- struction of proposed tanks, and character of liquids to be stored, the nature of the process, the degree of private fire Chapter I General Provisions protection to be provided,and the adequacy of the facilities ofr the fire department tod cope with flammable or combus- tible liquid fires. 1-1 Scope and Application. 1-1.5.3 Other regulations,such as for environmental pro- ( 1-1.1 This code shall apply to all flammable and combus- tection, may impose requirements that are not anticipated tible liquids, including waste liquids, except those that are by this code. Where acceptable to the authority having solid at 100°F (37.8°C) or above and those that are lique- jurisdiction,alternate arrangements affording protection at fled gases or cryogenic liquids. least equivalent to that required by this code shall be per- 1-1.2 Requirements for the safe storage and use of the mitred to be used. great variety of flammable and combustible liquids corn- 1-1.6 Existing plants,equipment,buildings,structures,and monly available depend primarily on their fire characteris- installations for the storage,handling,or use of flammable or tics, particularly the flash point, which is the basis for the combustible liquids that are not in strict compliance with the several classifications of liquids as defined in Section 1-2. It terms of this code shall be permitted to be continued in use shall be noted that the classification of a liquid can be at the discretion of the authority having jurisdiction provided changed by contamination. For example,placing a Class II they do not constitute a recognized hazard to life or adjoin- liquid into a tank that last contained a Class I liquid can in property. alter its classification, as can exposing a Class II liquid to ang P psion.Thesudden existence of at on situation that might result in vapors of a Class I quate ex ventilation tila or sudden escalation ,lackf a fire, such t i mer- po liquid via an interconnecting vapor of confined spaces, of adequate emer- line(see 2-3.7.4 and 2-4.3.6).Care shall be exercised in such gency venting of a tank, failure to fireproof the supports of cases to apply the requirements appropriate to the actual elevated tanks,or lack of drainage or dikes to control spills, classification. (NFPA 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Elam- might constitute such a hazard. arable Liquids, Cases, and Volatile Solids, contains flash point and other fire hazard data. NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals 1-1.7 This code shall not apply to: Data,and NFPA 321,Standard on Basic Classification of Flam- mable and Combustible Liquids, also contain information 1.1.7.1 Transportation of flammable and combustible liq- regarding this subject.) uids.These requirements are contained in the U.S. Depart- 1-1.3 The volatility of liquids is increased by heating. ment of Transportation regulations or in NFPA 385,Standard Where Class II or Class III liquids are exposed to storage for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. conditions, use conditions, or process operations where they are naturally or artificially heated to or above their 1-1.7.2 Storage, handling, and use of fuel oil tanks and flash points, additional requirements might be necessary.• containers connected with oil burning equipment. These These requirements include consideration for such items requirements are covered separately in NFPA 31,Standard as ventilation, exposure to ignition sources, diking, and for the lrtstallat'on of Oil-Burning Equipment. electrical area classification. 1.1.4 Additional requirements might be necessary for the 1-1.7.3 Liquefied gases. (See definition.) safe storage and use of liquids that have unusual burning 1-1.7.4 Cryogenic liquids. (See definition.) 940339 30-6 FL\NI\I:\BLEAND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS GOD[: 1-1.7.5 Storage of flammable and combustible liquids on Authority Having Jurisdiction. The "authority having ( farms and isolated construction projects. These require- jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual ments are covered separately in NFPA 395,Standard for the responsible for"approving"equipment,an installation or a Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids at Farms and ho- procedure. fated Sites. 1-1.7.6 Liquids without flash points that can be flamma- NOTE: The phrase"authority haying jurisdiction"is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since jurisdictions ble under some conditions, such as certain halogenated and "approval" agencies vary as do their responsibilities. /e hydrocarbons and mixtures containing halogenated hydro- Where public safety is primary.the"authority having juris- f- carbons. (See .\'FPA 32!, Standard on Basic Classification of diction" may be a federal, state. local or other regional ` Flammable and Combustible Liquids.) department or individual such as a fire chief, fire marshal. chief of a lire prevention bureau,labor department, health 1.1.7.7 Storage and handling of aerosol products. These department.building official,electrical inspector.or others requirements are covered separately in NFPA 30B.Code for haying statutory authority. For insurance purposes. an the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products. insurance inspection department. rating bureau. or other 1.1.7.8 Mists, sprays, or foams. insurance company representative may be the "authority haying jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property 1.1.8 Installations made in accordance with the applica- owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the ble requirements of standards of the National Fire Protec- • "authority having jurisdiction";at government installations, tion Association: NFPA 30A,Automotive and Marine Service the commanding officer or departmental official may be the Station Code; NFPA 32, Standard for Drycleaning Plants; authority having jurisdiction. NFPA 33,Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable and Barrel. A volume of 42 U.S. gal (158.9 L). Combustible Materials; NFPA 34, Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids; Basement. A story of a building or structure having I/2 NFPA 35, Standard for the Manufacture of Organic Coatings; or more of its height below ground level and to which NFPA 36, Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants; NFPA 37, access for fire fighting purposes is unduly restricted. ' Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines; NFPA 45,Standard on Fire Prater- Boiling Point. The temperature at which a liquid tion for Laboratories Using Chemicals; and Chapter 10 of exerts a vapor pressure of 14.7 psia (760 mm Hg). Where NFPA 99, Standard for Health Care Facilities, shall be an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in deemed to be in compliance with this code. question, or for mixtures that do not have a constant boil- ing point,for purposes of this code the 10 percent point of 1-1.9 Metrication. If a value for measurement as given a distillation performed in accordance with ASTM D 86-82, in this standard is followed by an equivalent value in other Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, units,the first stated shall be regarded as the requirement. can be used as the boiling point of the liquid. The given equivalent value is approximate. Boil-Over. An event in the burning of certain oils in an 1.2 Definitions. open top tank when,after a long period of quiescent burn- ing, there is a sudden increase in fire intensity associated Apartment House. A building or that portion of a with expulsion of burning oil from the tank. Boil-over building containing more than two dwelling units. occurs when the residues from surface burning become Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having juris- more dense than the unburned oil and sink below the sur- diction." face to form a hot layer,which progresses downward much faster than the regression of the liquid surface. When this NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association does not hot layer, called a "heat wave," reaches water or water-in- approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, oil emulsion in the bottom of the tank, the water is first equipment, or materials nor does it approve or evaluate superheated and subsequently boils almost explosively, testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of overflowing the tank. Oils subject to boil-over consist of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the components having a wide range of boiling points,includ- - authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on corn- ing both light ends and viscous residues.These character- • pliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the istics are present in most crude oils and can be produced absence of such standards, said authority may require evi- in synthetic mixtures. dence of proper installation,procedure or use.The author- Yn ity having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or label- ing practices of an organization concerned with product NOTE:. A boil-over is an entirely different phenomenon evaluations which is in a position to determine compliance from a slop-over or froth-over. Slop-over involves a minor with appropriate standards for the current production of frothing that occurs when water is sprayed onto the hot listed items. surface of a burning oil. Froth-over is not associated with a fire but results when water is present or enters a tank con- • Assembly Occupancy. All buildings or portions of taming hot viscous oil. Upon mixing, the sudden convey- buildings used for gathering 50 or more persons for such lion of water to steam muses a portion of the tank contents purposes as deliberation, worship, entertainment, dining, to overflow. amusement, or awaiting transportation. Bulk Plant or Terminal. That portion of a property Atmospheric Tank. A storage tank that has been where liquids are received by tank vessel,pipelines,tank car, designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric or tank vehide and are stored or blended in bulk for the through 0.5 psig(760 mm Hg through 786 mm Hg) meas- purpose of distributing such liquids by tank vessel, pipeline, ured at the top of the tank. tank car,tank vehicle,portable tank,or container. 1993 Edition • 940339 GENERAL PROVISIONS 30-7 Chemical Plant. A large integrated plant or that por- (d) As an alternate,ASTM D 3828.Standard Test Methods dun of such a plant other than a refinery or distillery for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester, may be used for where liquids are produced by chemical reactions or used materials other than those for which specific Setaflash in chemical reactions. Methods exist. Closed Container. A container as herein defined, so Fugitive Emissions. Releases of flammable vapor that sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid continuously occur from process equipment during normal nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures. operations.These include leaks from pump seals,valve pack- Combustible Liquids. (See definition of Liquid.) ing, flange gaskets,compressor seals. process drains.etc. Container. Any vessel of 60 C.S. gal (227 L) or less Hazardous Material or Hazardous Chemical. Material capacity used for transporting or storing liquids. presenting dangers beyond the fire problems relating to flash point and boiling point.These dangers can arise from but are Crude Petroleum. Hydrocarbon mixtures that have a not limited to toxicity, reactivity, instability,or corrosivity. flash point below 150°F (65.6°C) and that have not been Hazardous Materials Storage Locker. A relocatable processed in a refinery. . B prefabricated structure, manufactured primarily at a site Cryogenic Liquid. A refrigerated liquid gas haying other than the final location of the structure and trans- - a boiling point below m-130°F (m-90°C) at atmospheric ported completely assembled or in a ready-to-assemble pressure. - package to the final location. It is intended to meet local. Aplant or thatportion of aplant where li state, and federal requirements for outside storage of haz- Distillery. y ardous materials. uids produced by fermentation are concentrated and where the concentrated products may also be mixed, Hazardous Reaction or Hazardous Chemical Reaction. stored, or packaged. Reactions that result in dangers beyond the fire problems Dwelling. A building occupied exclusively for residence relating to flash point and boiling point of either the rear- purposes and having not more than two dwelling units or as tants or of the products. These dangers might include but a boarding or rooming house serving not more than 15 per- are not limited to toxic effects, reaction speed (including sons with meals or sleeping accommodations or both. detonation), exothermic reaction, or production of unsta- ble or reactive materials. Dwelling Unit. One or more rooms arranged for the use of one or more individuals living together as a single Hotel. Buildings or groups of buildings under the r housekeeping unit, with cooking, living, sanitary, and same management in which there are sleeping accommo- tsleeping facilities. dations for hire, primarily used by transients who are lodged with or without meals, including but not limited to Educational Occupancy. The occupancy or use of a inns,dubs, motels, and apartment hotels. building or structure or any portion thereof by persons assembled for the purpose of learning or of receiving edu- Incidental Liquid Use or Storage. Use or storage as a cational instruction. subordinate activity to that which established the occu- pancy or area classification. Fire Area. An area of a building separated from the remainder of the building by construction having a fire Inside Liquid Storage Area. A room or building used resistance of at least 1 hr and having all communicating for the storage of liquids in containers or portable tanks, openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire separated from other types of occupancies. Such areas resistance rating of at least I hr. include: Flash Point. The minimum temperature at which a liq- Inside Room. A room totally enclosed within a build- uid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ing and having no exterior walls. ignitible mixture with air near the surface of the liquid Cut-Off Room. A room within a building and having within the vessel as specified by appropriate test procedure at least one exterior wall. and apparatus as follows: Attached Building. A building having only one common (a) The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity less than 45 wall with another building having other types of occupancies. SUS at 100°F (37.8°C) and a flash point below 200°F (93°C) Liquid Warehouse. A separate, detached building or shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D 56,Standard attaced re . for warehousing-type, de operations Method of Test for Flash Point by the Tag Closed Cup Tester. for liquids. (b) The flash point of a liquid having a viscosity of 45 ( SUS or more at I00°F (37.8°C) or a flash point of 200°F Institutional Occupancy. The occupancy or use of a (93°C) or higher shall be determined in accordance with building or structure or any portion thereof by persons har- ASTM D 93, Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the bored or detained to receive medical, charitable, or other Penshy-Martens Closed Tester. care or treatment or by persons involuntarily detained. . (c) As an alternate, ASTM D 3278, Standard Method of Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been Tests for Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Claud Tester, may attached a label, symbol or other identifying mark of an be used for paints, enamels, lacquers, varnishes, and organization acceptable to the "authority having jurisdic- L related products and their components having flash points tion" and concerned with product evaluation, that main- between 32°F(0°C)and 230°F(110°C)and having a viscos- tains periodic inspection of production of labeled equip- ity lower than 150 stokes at 77°F(25°C). ment or materials and by whose labeling the manufacturer 1993 Edition • • 940339 30-8 Fl_Ul\tsnt.e AND CU11niti t iat.E LH q Ins 11O191 indicates compliance with appropriate standards or pertirr- Office Occupancy. The occupancy or use of a building or mance in a specified manner. structure or any portion thereof for the transaction of business Liquefied Gas. A gas that. under its charged pressure, or the rendering or retching of professional senices. is partially liquid at 70°F (21°C). Operating Unit(Vessel) or Process Unit(Vessel). The Liquid. For the purpose of this code.any material that equipment in which a unit operation or unit process is con- has a fluidity greater than that of 300 penetration asphalt ducted. (See also definition of I'nit Operation or ('nil Process.) when tested in accordance with ASTM D 3. Test for Penetru- f Operations. Aa general rae, thaand includes but is not sue {. felion for Bituminous liquid Materials. When not otherwise a corn- iced to the use. n'ansfrr,storage,and processing of liquids. Sed, the term liquid shall mean both flammable and com- bustible liquids. Outdoor Occupancy Classification. Similar to occu- pancy' classification except that it applies to outdoor oper- Combustible'Liquid. A liquid having a closed cup flash ations not enclosed in a building or shelter. point at or above 100°F (37.8°C). Combustibleligtiids shall be subdivided as follows: Portable Tank. Am-closed vessel having a liquid capac- ity over oU U.S. gallons IN27 Li and not intended for fixed ( Class II liquids shall include those having flash installation. points at or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F (60°C). _ Pressure Vessel. Arivse fired or unfired vessel within the Class IIIA liquids shall include those having flash points at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F (93°C). scope the applicable section of the ASME Boiler and Pres- sure Vessel Code. Class IIIB liquids shall include those having flash Process or Processing. An integrated sequence of points at or above 200°F (93°C). operations. The sequence can be inclusive of both physical Flammable Liquid. A liquid having a closed cup flash and chemical operations, unless the term is modified to point below 100°F (37.8°C) and having a vapor pressure restrict it to one or the other. The sequence can involve, not exceeding 40 psia (2068 mm Hg) at 100°F (37.8°C) but is not limited to, preparation, separation, purification, shall be known as a Class I liquid. or change in state. energy content, or composition. Class I liquids shall be subdivided as follows: Protection for Exposures. Fire protection for struc- Class IA shall include those haying flash points tures on property adjacent to liquid storage. Fire protec- below 73°F (22.8°C) and having a boiling point below tion for such structures shall be acceptable when located 100°F(37.8°C). either within the jurisdiction of any public fire department Class IB shall include those having flash points or adjacent to plants having private fire brigades capable of below 73°F(22.8°C)and having a boiling point at or above providing cooling water streams on structures on property 100°F (37.8°C). adjacent to liquid storage. Class IC shall include those having flash points at or Refinery. A plant in which flammable or combustible liq- above 73°F(22.8°C)and below 100°F (37.8°C). uids are produced on a commercial scale from crude petro- Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list pub- leum, natural gasoline,or other hydrocarbon sources. lished by an organization acceptable to the"authority having Safety Can. An approved container, of not more than jurisdiction" and concerned with product evaluation, that 5 gal (18.9 L) capacity, having a spring-closing lid and maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equip- spout cover and so designed that it will safely relieve inter- ment or materials and whose listing states either that the nal pressure when subjected to fire exposure. equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner. Secondary Containment Tank. A tank having an inner and an outer wall with an interstitial space(annulus)between NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may the walls and having means for monitorin the interstitial vary for each organization concerned with product evalua- g space for a leak. Underground secondary containment tanks tion, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed • unless it is also labeled.The"authority having jurisdiction" are of either Type I or Type II construction. should utilize the system employed by the listing organiza- Type I •A primary tank wra ed an exterior shell lion to identify a listed product pp by that is in direct contact with it. The exterior shell might or Low-Pressure Tank A storage tank designed to with- might not wrap the full 360 degree circumference of the stand an internal pressure above 0.5 psig (33 kPa) but not primary tank. more than 15 psig (103.4 kPa) measured at the top of the tank. Type IL A primary tank wrapped by an exterior shell that is physically separated from it by stand-offs and wraps Mercantile Occupancy. The occupancy or use of a the full 360 degree circumference of the primary tank. I building or structure or any portion thereof for the whole ( - sale or retail displaying, selling, or buying of goods, wares, Stable Liquid. Any liquid not defined as unstable. or merchandise. - Storage Tank Any vessel having a liquid capacity that exceeds 60 gal (227 L), is intended for fixed installation Occupancy Classification. The system of defining the predominant operating characteristic of a portion of a and is not used for processing. building or plant for purposes of applying relevant sections Storage Tank Building. A roofed structure that con- of this code.This may include but is not limited to distilla- tains storage tanks and that limits the dissipation of heat or tion,oxidation,cracking, and polymerization. the dispersion of flammable vapors or restricts fire fighting 1883 Edition 1403 cis FAN cioi u:F. 30-9 access and control and that is installed in accordance with Section \Ill. Div isiun I or Division 2 i Pressure Vessels),as • the requirements of Section 2-3. applicable.of the AS\IE Boiler and Pressure I Asel Code. Unit Operation or Unit Process. A segment of a phvs• 1.4.2 Unfired pressure vessels shall be designed and con- ical or chemical process that may or may not be integrated structed in accordance with Section VIII. Division I or with other segments to constitute the manufacturing Division 2, of the AS\IE Boiler and Pressure I'essel Code. sequence. Unstable Liquid. A liquid that. in the pure state or as 1.4.3 Fired and unfired pressure vessels that do nut con- ( commercially produced or transported, will vigorously form to 1-4.I or 1-4.2 may be used provided approval has polymerize. decompose. undergo condensation reaction, been obtained from the state or other governmental juru- or become self-reactive under conditions of shock, pees- diction in which they are to be used. Such pressure vessels sure, or temperature. are generally referred to as "State Special." Vapor Pressure. The pressure. measured in psia, 1.5 Exits. Egress from buildings and areas covered by exerted by a volatile liquid as determined by MST\I D 323, this code shall be in accordance with NFPA /011,Lye SaJrt Standard .Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- Codes. etas (Reid.Method). Vapor Processing Equipment. Those components of a vapor processing system designed to process vapors or liq- Chapter 2 Tank Storage uids captured during transfer operations. Vapor Processing System. A system designed to cap- 2.1 Scope. This chapter shall apply to aboveground, ture and process vapors displaced during transfer opera- underground,and inside storage of liquids in fixed tanks and dons by use of mechanical or chemical means. Examples in portable tanks whose capacity exceeds 660 gal (2500 L). are systems using blower-assist for capturing vapors and refrigeration, absorption,and combustion systems for pro- 2.2 Design and Construction of Tanks. cessing vapors. Vapor Recovery System. A system designed to capture 2.2.1 Materials. Tanks shall be designed and built in and retain, without processing, vapors displaced during accordance with recognized good engineering standards transfer operations. Examples are balanced-pressure vapor for the material of construction being used and shall be of - displacement systems and vacuum assist systems without steel or approved noncombustible material, with the fol- 1.! vapor processing. lowing limitations and exceptions: Ventilation. As specified in this code, ventilation is for (a) The material of tank construction shall be compati- the prevention of fire and explosion. It is considered ade- ble with the liquid to be stored. In case of doubt about the • quate if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of pro- ducer signifi- of the liquid, or other competent authority shall be properties of the liquid to be stored, the supplier,cant quantities of vapor-air mixtures in concentrations over one-fourth of the lower flammable limit. consulted. (b) Tanks constructed of combustible materials shall be Warehouses. subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdiction General-Purpose Warehouse. A separate, detached and limited to: building or portion of a building used only for 1. Installation underground, or warehousing-type operations. 2. Use where required by the properties of the liq- NOTE: Warehousing operations referred to above are uid stored, or those operations not accessible to the public and include 3. Storage of Class IIIB liquids aboveground in general purpose. merchandise,distribution, and industrial areas not exposed to a spill or leak of Class I or Class II warehouse-type operations. liquid,or -- Liquid Warehouse. (See definition under Inside Storage Area.) 4. Storage of Class IIIB liquids inside a building pro- Wharf. Any dock, pier, bulkhead, or other structure tected by an approved automatic fire extinguishing system. over or contiguous to navigable water with direct physical (c) Unlined concrete tanks shall be permitted to be used access from land, the primary function of which is the for storing liquids having a gravity of 40 degrees API or transfer of liquid cargo in bulk between shore installations heavier.Concrete tanks with special linings shall be permit- and any tank vessel, such as a ship, barge, lighter boat, or ted to be used for other services provided the design is in ( other mobile floating craft. accordance with sound engineering practice. e• (d) Tanks shall be permitted to have combustible or 1.3 Storage. Liquids shall be stored in tanks or in con- noncombustible linings.The choice of a suitable protective tainers in accordance with Chapter 2 or Chapter 4. lining shall depend upon the properties of the liquid stored. 1-4 Pressure Vessel. All new pressure vessels containing liquids shall comply with 14.1, 1-4.2,or 14.3,as applicable. (e) Special engineering consideration might be required. if the specific gravity of the liquid to be stored exceeds that I 1-4.1 Fired pressure vessels shall be designed and con- of water or if the tank is designed to contain liquids at.a • • . structed in accordance with Section I (Power Boilers), or liquid temperature below 0°F(m-17.8°C). . , 940339 30-10 Ft.. MM. %i.E.\Nt)CUM III$itiLE 1.1(21 IDS is(:Unt: 2.2.2 Fabrication. 2-2.5 Pressure Vessels. ( 2-2.2.1 Tanks shall be permitted to be of any shape or 2-2.5.1 The normal operating pressure of the vessel shall type consistent with sound engineering design. not exceed the design pressure of the vessel. 2-2.2.2 Metal tanks shall be welded, riveted and caulked. 2.2.5.2 Storage tanks designed to withstand pressures or bolted, or constructed by use of a combination of these above 15 psig (103.4 kPa) shall meet the requirements of methods. Section 1-4. ` 2.2.3 Atmospheric Tanks. 2-2.6 Provisions for Internal Corrosion. Where tanks ■ are not designed in accordance with the American•Petro- !! 2-2.3.1 Atmospheric tanks, including those incorporating lentil Institute.American Society of Mechanical Engineers. secondary containment, shall be built in accordance with or the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. standards, or if cor- recognieed standards of design,or approved equivalents. rosiun is anticipated brcund that provided for in the Atmospheric tanks shall be built, installed, and used within design formulas used, additional metal thickness or suit- the scopes of their approvals or within the scopes of any of the following: able protective coatings or linings shall be provided to compensate for the corrosion loss expected during the (a) Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Standard for Steel design life of the tank. Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, UL, 142; Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and 2.3 Installation of Outside Aboveground Tanks. Combustible Liquids, UL 58; or Standard for Steel Inside Tanks 2-3.1 This section shall include installations in which tanks for Oil Bunter Fuel, UL 80. I are above,at,or below grade and are without backbit. (b) American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Eighth Edition. 2-3.2 Location with Respect to Property Lines, Public (c) American Petroleum Institute Specifications I2B, Ways,and Important Buildings on the Same Property. Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, Twelfih Edi- 2.3.2.1 Every aboveground tank for the storage of Class tion: I2D, Field Welded Trucks for Storage of Production Liq- I. Class II. or Class lIlA liquids (except as provided in uids, Eighth Edition; or I2F, Shop Welded Tanks for Storage 2.3.2.2),and those liquids with boil-over characteristics and of Production Liquids, Seventh Edition, unstable liquids, operating at pressures not in excess of (d) American Society for Testing and Materials,Standard 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) and designed with a weak roof-to-shell Specification for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester Underground seam (see 2-34.3), or equipped with emergency venting Petroleum Storage Tanks,ASTM D 4021. devices that will not permit pressures to exceed 2.5 psig (e) Underwriters Laboratories Inc, Standard for Glass- (17.2 kPa), shall be located in accordance with Table 2-1. Fiber Reinforced Plastic Underground Storage Tanks for Petro- seam tank spacing is contingent on a weak roof-to-shell leum Products, UL 1316. seam design, the user shall present evidence certifying such construction to the authority having jurisdiction, 2.2.3.2 Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be upon request. • permitted to be used as atmospheric tanks. (a) For the purpose of Section 2-3, a floating roof tank 2-2.3.3 Atmospheric tanks shall not be used for the storage is defined as one that incorporates either: of a liquid at a temperature at or above its boiling point. I. A pontoon or double-deck metal floating roof in 2-2.4 Low-Pressure Tanks. an open-top tank in accordance with API Standard 650, or 2. A fixed metal roof with ventilation at the top and 2-2.4,1 The normal operating pressure of the tank shall roof eaves in accordance with API Standard 650 and con- not exceed the design pressure of the tank. taining a metal floating roof or cover meeting any one of 2.2.4.2 Low-pressure tanks shall be built in accordance the following requirements: with recognized standards of design. Low-pressure tanks (i) A pontoon or double-deck metal floating roof / shall be permitted to be built in accordance with: meeting the requirements of API Standard 650 k a (a) American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620, (ii) A metal floating cover supported by liquidtight `� Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large, metal floating devices that provide sufficient buoyancy to Welded, Lots-Pressbre Storage Tanks, Fifth Edition. prevent the liquid surface from being exposed when half of the flotation is lost. (b) The principles of the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division I of the ASME Boiler and Pressure (11) An internal metal floating pan. roof, or cover that Vessel Code. does not meet the requirements of item 2 in (a) above, or f one that uses plastic foam (except for seals) for flotation. ( 2-2.4.3 Tanks built according to Underwriters Laborato- even if encapsulated in metal or fiberglass, shall be consul-. ties Inc. requirements in 2-2.3.1 shall be permitted to be ered a fixed roof tank. used for operating pressures not exceeding I psig(6.9 kPa) and shall be limited to 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) under emer- 2-3.2.2 Vertical tanks having a weak roof-to-shell seam gency venting conditions. (see 2-3.6.3) and storing Class IIIA liquids may be located at one-half the distances specified in Table 2-1, provided 2-2.4.4 Pressure vessels shall be permitted to be used as the tanks are not within a diked area or drainage path for low-pressure tanks. a tank storing a Class I or Class II liquid. 1993 Edition 940339 TANK STnittGE 30—I I ( Table 2.1 Stable Liquids[Operating Pressure 23 psig(17.2 kPal or Less] Minimum Distance in Ft from Minimum Distance in Ft from Property Line that Is or Can Nearest Side of Any Public Way Be Built Upon.Including the or from Nearest Important Opposite Side of a Public Way Building on the Same Property f. Type of Tank Protection and Shall Be Not Less than 5 Ft and Shall Be Not Less than 5 Ft (- Floating Roof . Protection for exposure? 42 times diameter of tank tie times diameter of tank (See 2-3.L1(all None Diameter of tank but need not I's times diameter of tank • exceed 175 ft Approved foam or inerting 42 times diameter of tank 4e times diameter of tank Vertical with Weak system"on tanks not exceed • - Roof-to-Shell Seam ing 130 ft in diameter" • (See 2.3.5.3) Protection for exposures' Diameter of tank 4s times diameter of tank None 2 times diameter of tank but need 4s times diameter of tank not exceed 350 ft Approved inerting system** 42 times Table 2-6 42 times Table 2-6 Horizontal and Venn- on the tank or approved foam cal with Emergency system on vertical tanks Relief Venting to Limit Pressures Protection for exposures* Table 2-6 Table 2-6 to 2.5 pang None 2 times Table 2-6 Table 2-6 SI Units: 1 ft . 0.3 m. 'See definition of"Protection for Exposures." "See NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems. "'For tanks over 150 ft in diameter, use"Protection for Exposures'or"None,"as applicable. 2-3.2.3 Every aboveground tank for the storage of Class 2-3.2.6 Every aboveground tank for the storage of Class I. Class II, or Class ILIA liquids, except those liquids with IIIB liquids,excluding unstable liquids, shall be located in boil-over characteristics and unstable liquids, operating at accordance with Table 2-5, except where located within a pressures exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) or equipped with diked area or drainage path for a tank(s) storing a Class I emergency venting that will permit pressures to exceed or Class II liquid.Where a Class IIIB liquid storage tank is 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa), shall be located in accordance with within the diked area or drainage path for a Class I or Table 2-2. Class II liquid, 2-3.2.1 or 2-12.2 shall apply. 2-3.2.4 Every aboveground tank for storage of liquids 2-3.2.7 Where two tank properties of diverse ownership have with boil-over characteristics shall be located in accordance a common boundary,the authority having jurisdiction shall be with Table 2-3. Liquids with boil-over characteristics shall permitted, with the written consent of the owners of the two not be stored in fixed roof tanks larger than 150 ft(45.7 m) properties, to substitute the distances provided in 2-3.3.1 in diameter, unless an approved inerting system is pro- through 2-3.3.6 for the minimum distances set forth in 2-12. vided on the tank. - 2.3.2.8 Where end failure of horizontal pressure tanks and 2-3.2.5 Every aboveground tank for the storage of unsta- vessels can expose property,the tank shall be placed with the ble liquids shall be located in accordance with Table 2-4. longitudinal axis parallel to the nearest important exposure. Table 2.2 Stable Liquids(Operating Pressure Crater than 23 psig(17.2 kPa)J Minimum Distance in Ft from Prop- Minimum Distance in Ft from arty Line that Is or Can Nearest Side of Any Public Way Be Built Upon,Including the or from Nearest Important Type of Tank Protection Opposite Side of a Public Way Building on the Same Property Protection for exposure? 14s times Table 2-6 but shall not I42 times Table 2-6 but shall not be less than 25 ft be less than 25 ft Any Type - None 3 times Table 2-6 but shall not be I42 times Table 2.6 but shall not less than 50 ft be less than 25 ft SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3 m. *See definition of"Protection for Exposures." �p., soa3 Edition .740319 30-12 FL1N\I.\BLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 2-3 Boil•Over Liquids ( Minimum Distance in Ft Minimum Distance in Ft from from Property Line that Is or Can Nearest Side of Any Public Way Be Built Upon.Including the or from Nearest Important Opposite Side of a Public Way, Building on the Same Property Type of Tank Protection and Shall Be Not Len than 5 Ft and Shall Be Not Less than 5 Ft Protection for exposures*res' t times diameter of tank b„times diameter of tank Floating Roof[See 2-3.1.ltall None Diameter of tank 16 times diameter of tank Approved foam or inning systrm" Diameter of tank 'is times diameter of tank Fixed Roof(See 2-3.1.41 Protection for exposures* `?tunes diameter of tank 2is times diameter of tank 4 times diameter of tank but need None not exceed '350 ft as times diameter of tank S1 Units: I ft = 0.3 m. (4 - 'See definition of"Protection for Exposures." - "See NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems. Table 2-4 Unstable Liquids Minimum Distance in Ft from Minimum Distance in Ft from Property Line that Is or Can Be Built Nearest Side of Any Public Way or Upon,Including the Opposite Side from Nearest Important Building on Type of Tank Protection of a Public Way the Same Property Tank protected with any • one of the following: Horizontal and Vertical approved water spray, Tanks with Emergency approved inning," Table 2-6 but not less than 25 ft Not less than 25 ft Relief Venting to Permit approved insulation and Pressure Not in Excess of refrigeration,approved 2.5 psig barricade ///''' Protection for expo- 242 times Table 2-6 but not less than • sures•• 50 ft Not less than 50 ft 5 times Table 2-6 but not less than None 100 ft Not less than 100 ft Tank protected with any Horizontal and Vertical Tanks one of the following: with Emergency Relief approved water spray. 2 times Table 2-6 but not less than Venting to Permit Pressure approved inerting, over 2.5 psig approved insulation and 50 ft refrigeration,approved barricade _ Protection for expo- 4 times Table 2-6 but not less than Not less than 100 ft sures" 100 ft 8 times Table 2.6 but not less Mari None - 150 ft Not less than 150 ft SI Units: l ft = 0.3 m. 'See NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Pm ration Systems. "See definition of"Protection for Exposures." Table 2.5 Class IIIB Liquids Minimum Distance Minimum Distance in Ft from Property in Ft from Line that Is or Can Nearest Side of Any Be Built Upon, Public Way or from --- Including the Nearest Important Opposite Side Building on the Capacity Gallons of a Public Way Same Property 12,000 or less 5 5 12,001 to 30,000 10 5 30,001 to 50,000 10 10 50,001 to 100,000 15 10 100,001 or more 15 15 SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3 m; I gal = 3.8 L. 1993 Edition 940a39 TANK STORAGE 30-13 Table 2.6 Reference Table for Use in Tables 2-1 to 2.4 or in an irregular pattern, greater spacing or other means shall be permitted to be required by the authority having Minimum Distance Minimum Distance jurisdiction to make tanks in the interior of the pattern in Ft from Property in Ft from accessible for fire fighting purposes. Line that Is or Can Nearest Side of Any 2-3.3.6 The minimum horizontal separation between an Be Built Upon. . Public Way or from LP-Gas container and a Class I, Class II.or Class I I lA liquid Including the Nearest Important storage tank shall be 20 ft (6 ml.except Class Tank Opposite Side of Building on the $ in the case of a lass Gallons a Public Way Same Property I, Class II, or Class lI1A liquid tank operating at pressures !75 or less 5 exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kpal or equipped with emergency 276 to 730 10 5 venting that will permit pressures to exceed 2.3 psig 731 to 12.000 15 5 (17.2 kPa),in which case the provisions of 2-3.3.1 and 2-3.3.2 12.001 to 30.000 20 5 shall apply. Suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the 30.001 to 50.000 30 10 accumulation of Class I. Class 11,or Class ILIA liquids under 50.001 to 100.000 30 13 adjacent LP-Gas containers such as by dikes-diversion curbs. 100,001 to 500.000 80 23 or grading. Where flammable or combustible liquid storage 500.001 to 1.000.000 100 33 tanks are within a diked area, the LP-Gas containers shall be 1.000,001 to 2.000.000 135 45 outside the diked area and at least 10 ft(3 m)away from the 2,000.001 to 3.000,000 l6≤ 35 - centerline of the wall of the diked The foregoing provi- 3,000.001 or more 175 60 area. $ $ sions shall not apply where LP-Gas containers of 125 gal SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3 m: I gal = 3.8 L. • (475 L)or less capacity are installed adjacent to fuel oil sup- ply tanks of 660 gal (2498 L) or less capacity. No horizontal separation is required between aboveground LP-Gas contain- 2.33 Spacing (Shell-to-Shell) between Any Two Adjacent ers and underground flammable and combustible liquid Aboveground Tanks. tanks installed in accordance with Section 2-4. 2-3.3.1 Tanks storing Class 1, II, or ILIA stable liquids 2.3.4 Control of Spillage from Aboveground Tanks. shall he separated in accordance with Table 2-7, except as 2-3.4.1 Facilities shall be provided so that any accidental provided in 2-3.3.2. discharge of any Class I. II, or II1A liquids will be pre- . 2-33.2 Crude petroleum tanks having individual capaci- vented from endangering important facilities, and adjoin- des not exceeding 126,000 gal (3000 barrels), where ing property, or reaching waterways, as provided for in located at production facilities in isolated locations, need 2-3.4.2 or 2-3.4.3. ._ not he separated by more than 3 ft (0.9 m). • Exception No. 1: Tanks storing Class I//B liquids do not require 2-3.3.3 Tanks used only for storing Class IIIB liquids special drainage or diking provisions for fire protection purposes. shall be permitted to be spaced no less than 3 ft (0.9 m) Exception No. 2: Aboveground secondary containment-type apart unless within a diked area or drainage path for a tanks need not meet the requirements of 2-3.4 if all of the follow- tank storing a Class 1 or II liquid, in which case the provi- ing conditions are met: sions of Table 2-7 shall apply. (a) The capacity of the tank shall not exceed 12,000 gal 2-3.3.4 For unstable liquids,the distance between such tanks (43,420 L). shall not be less than one-half the sum of their diameters. (b) All piping connections to the tank shall be made above the 2-3.3.5 Where tanks are in a diked area containing Class normal maximum liquid level. I or Class II liquids, or in the drainage path of Class I or (c) Means shall be provided to prevent the release of liquid Class II liquids, and are compacted in three or more rows from the tank by siphon flow. ( Table 2.7 Minimum Tank Spacing(Shell-to-Shell) Fixed or Horizontal Tanks Floating Roof Tanks Class I or II Liquids Class ILIA Liquids C All tanks not over 150 1/6 sum of adjacent tank diem- '/6 sum of adjacent tank diam- ys sum of adjacent tank diam- ft in diameter eters but not less than 3 ft eters but not less than 3 ft eters but not less than 3 ft Tanks larger than 150 feet in diameter If remote impounding is 1/5 sum of adjacent tank diam- 1/4 sum of adjacent tank diam- - 46 sum of adjacent tank diam- in accordance with 2-3.3.2 eters eters eters If impounding is around 1/4 sum of adjacent tank diam- 1/s sum of adjacent tank diam- 44 sum of adjacent tank diam- tanks in accordance eters eters eters L with 2-3.3.3 SI Units: 1 ft = 0.3 m. • • 94033: 30-14 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE (d) Means shall be provided for determining the letrl of liquid (c) To permit access, the outside base of the dike at ( in the tank. This means shall be accessible to the delivery operator. ground level shall be no closer than 10 ft (3 m) to any (e) Means shall be provided to prevent overfilling by sounding property line that is or can be built upon. an alarm when the liquid level in the tank reaches 90 percent of (d) Walls of the diked area shall be of earth, steel, con- capacity and by automatically stopping delivery of liquid to the Crete, or solid masonry designed to be liquidtight and to tank when the liquid level in the tank reaches 95 percent of capac- withstand a full hydrostatic head. Earthen walls 3 ft (0.9 m) piry. In no case shall these provisions restrict or interfere with the or more in height shall have a flat section at the top not less roper functioning of the normal vent or the emergency vent. than 2 ft (0.6 ml wide. The slope of an earthen wall shall 1. (/) Spacing between adjacent tanks shall be not less than 3 ft be consistent with the angle of repose of the material of (0.9 no. which the wall is constructed. Diked areas for tanks con- (g) The tank shall be capable of resisting the damage from the taining Class I liquids located in extremely porous soils impact of a motor vehicle or suitable collision bamers shall be may require special treatment to prevent seepage of haz- provided. - ardous quantities of liquids to low-lying areas or waterways (h) Where the interstitial space is enclosed, it shall be provided in case of spills. ` with emergency venting in accordance with 2-3.6. (e) Except as provided in (f) below, the walls of the l( 2-3.4.2 Remote Impounding. Where diked area shall be restricted to an average interior height P g• protection of of 6 ft (1.8 m) above interior grade. adjoining property or waterways is by means of drainage to a remote impounding area, so that impounded liquid will (f) Dikes shall be permitted to be higher than an aver- no[ be held against tanks, such systems shall comply with age of 6 ft (1.8 m) above interior grade where provisions the following: - are made for normal access and necessary emergency access to tanks, valves, and other equipment, and safe (a) A slope of not less than I percent away from the tank egress from the diked enclosure. shall be provided for at least 50 ft (15 m) toward the impounding area. I. Where the average height of the dike containing Class I liquids is over 12 ft (3.6 m) high, measured from (b) The impounding area shall have a capacity not less interior grade,or where the distance between any tank and than that of the largest tank that can drain into it. Where it the top inside edge of the dike wall is less than the height is not possible because there is not enough open area of the dike wall, provisions shall be made for normal oper- around the tanks or it is impractical to provide 100 percent ation of valves and for access to tank roof(s) without enter- capacity remote impounding, it shall be permitted to pro- ing below the top of the dike. These provisions shall be vide "partial" remote impounding for some percentage of permitted to be met through the use of remote-operated the required capacity remote from any tank or adjoining valves,elevated walkways,or similar arrangements. property. The required volume exceeding the capacity of the partial remote impoundment shall be provided for by 2. Piping passing through dike walls shall be y designed to prevent excessive stresses as a result of settle- diking meeting the requirements of 2-3.4.3. ment or fire exposure. (c) The route of the drainage system shall be so located 3. The minimum distance between tanks and toe of that, if the liquids in the drainage systems are ignited, the fire will not seriously expose tanks or adjoining property. the interior dike walls shall be 5 ft (1.5 m). (d) The confines of the impounding area shall be located (g) Each diked area containing two or more tanks shall be so that, when filled to capacity, the liquid level will not be subdivided, preferably by drainage channels or at least by closer than 50 ft(15 m)from any property line that is or can intermediate dikes,in order to prevent spills from endanger- be built upon, or from any tank. Where "partial" remote ing adjacent tanks within the diked area as follows: impounding is used, the liquid level in the partial impound 1. Where storing normally stable liquids in vertical shall meet the requirement of this section.The excess volume cone roof tanks constructed with weak roof-to-shell seam shall meet the requirements of impounding by diking as pro- or floating roof tanks,or when storing crude petroleum in vided or in 2-3.4.3.Tank spacing shall be determined as for producing areas in any type of tank, one subdivision for tanks impounded in accordance with 2-3.4.3. each tank in excess of 10,000 bbl (1,590,000 L) and one . 2-3.43 Impounding around Tanks by Diking. Where subdivision for each group of tanks [no tank exceeding protection of adjoining property or waterways is by means capacity10,000 bbl (1xeeding0,000 15,000L) bblcapaci ( having an L aggregate of impounding by diking around the tanks, such system not exceeding bbl (2,385,000 L). 2. Where storing normally stable liquids in tanks not shall comply with the following: covered in subsection (I), one subdivision for each tank in (a) A slope of not less than I percent away from the tank excess of 2,380 bbl (378,500 L) and one subdivision for shall be provided for at least 50 ft (15 m) or to the dike each group of tanks[no tank exceeding 2,380 bbl(378,500 L) base, whichever is less. capacity] having an aggregate capacity not exceeding 3,570 (b) The volumetric capacity of the diked area shall not be bbl(567,750 L). less than the greatest amount of liquid that can be released • 3. Where storing unstable liquids in any type of from the largest tank within the diked area,assuming a full tank, one subdivision for each tank except that tanks tank.To allow for volume occupied by tanks,the capacity of installed in accordance with the drainage requirements of I. the diked area enclosing more than one tank shall be calcu- NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire laced after deducting the volume of the tanks,other than the Protection, shall require no additional subdivision. Since largest tank,below the height of the dike. unstable liquids will react more rapidly when heated than 1993 Edition 94" 9- , '1'.\\k 1-1O12A4:E 30-Is • when at ambient temperatures, subdivision by drainage num conditions. Tanks and pressure vessels storing (:lass channels is the preferred method. IB and IC liquids shall be equipped with venting devices 4. Whenever two or 'e tanks storing Class 1 lit that shall be normally closed except ehen venting under uids. any one of which is over 130 ft (45 m) in diameter, pressure or \acuum conditions, or with listed flame arres- are located in a common diked area. intermediate dikes tors. 'ranks of '3.000 bbl (476.910 Li capacity or less con- shall be provided between adjacent tanks to hold.at least 10 raining crude petroleum in nude-producing areas, and • percent of the capacity of the tank so enclosed. not includ- outside abosc-ground atmospheric tanks under 23.8 bbl ing the volume displaced by the tank. (3785 Li capacity containing other than Class IA liquids 5. The drainage channels or intermediate dikes shall shall be permitted to have open vents. 1S'er 2-3.6.2.) be located between tanks so as to take full advantage of the 2-3.5.7 Elaine arrestors or venting devices required in available space with due regard fire the individual tank 2-3,5.6 max lx omitted for IB and IC liquids where condi- capacities. Intermediate dikes. where used,shall be not less tints are such that their use mac, in case of obstruction. than 18 in. (43 cm) in height. result in tank damage. Liquid properties justifying the (h) Where provision is made for draining water from omission of such devices include, but are not limited to. diked areas, such drains shall be controlled in a manner so condensation, corrosiveness• crystallization. polvnaeriza- as to prevent flammable or combustible liquids from enter- tion, freezing. or plugging. When any of these conditions ing natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains• exist,consideration may be given to heating, use of devices if their presence would constitute a hazard. Control of employing special materials of construction, the use of liq- drainage shall be accessible under fire conditions from out- uid seals. or inerting (see .VFP.-f 69, Standard on Explosion • side the dike. Prevention Systems). (i) Storage of combustible materials• empty or full 2.3.6 Emergency Relief Venting for Fire Exposure for drums, or barrels, shall not be permitted within the diked Aboveground Tanks. area. 2.3.5 Normal Venting for Aboveground Tanks. 2-3.6.1 Except as provided in 2-3.6.2.every aboveground storage tank shall have some ti Fen of construction or device 2-3.5.1 Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately that will relieve excessive internal pressure caused by expo- vented to prevent the development of vacuum or pressure sure fires. sufficient to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceed- - ing the design pressure in the case of other atmospheric 2-3.6.2 Tanks larger than 285 bbl (45.306 L) capacity tanks, as a result of filling or emptying, and atmospheric storing Class I I IB liquids and not within the diked area or temperature changes. the drainage path of Class I or Class II liquids do not require emergency relief venting. •2-3.5.2 Normal vents shall be sized in accordance with either: (1) the American Petroleum Institute Standard 2.3.6.3 In a vertical tank, the construction referred to in No. 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage 2-3.6.1 may take the form of a floating roof, lifter roof, a Tanks,or(2)other accepted standard;or shall be at least as weak roof-to-shell seam, or other approved pressure- large as the filling or withdrawal connection, whichever is relieving construction.The weak roof-to-shell seam shall he larger, but in no case less than 11/4 in. (3 cm) nominal constructed to fail preferential to any other seam. Design inside diameter. methods that will provide a weak roof-to-shell seam con- ' struction are contained in API 650, Welded Steel Tanks for 2-3.5.3 Low-pressure tanks and pressure vessels shall be Oil Storage. and L'L 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground adequately vented to prevent development of pressure or Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. vacuum,as a result of filling or emptying and atmospheric temperature changes, from exceeding the design pressure 2-3.6.4 Where entire dependence for emergency relief is of the tank or vessel. Protection shall also be provided to placed upon pressure-relieving devices, the total venting prevent overpressure from any pump discharging into the capacity of both normal and emergency vents shall be t tank or vessel when the pump discharge pressure can enough to prevent rupture of the shell or bottom of the exceed the design pressure of the tank or vessel. tank if vertical, or of the shell or heads if horizontal. • Y-9 5.4 If any tank or pressure vessel has more than one If unstable liquids are stored, the effects of heat or gas fill or withdrawal connection and simultaneous filling ur resulting from polymerization, decomposition, .The t sa- withdraw•al can be made,the vent size shall be based on the tion,or self-reactivity shall he taken into account.The total capacity of both normal and emergency venting devices maximum anticipated simultaneous flow. shall be not less than that derived from Table 2-8 except ! 2-3.5.5 The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks equipped with venting to permit pressures exceeding as provided in 2-3.6.6 or 2-3.6.7. Such device may be a self-closing manhole cover, or one using Jong bolts that 2.5 psig(17.2 kPa)shall he arranged to discharge in such a permit the cover to lift under internal pressure. or an additional or larger relief valve or valves. The wetted area way as to prevent localized overheating of, or flame of the tank shall be calculated on the basis of 55 percent of impingement on,any part of the tank, in the event vapors the total exposed area of a sphere or spheroid, 75 percent from such vents are ignited. of the total exposed area of a horizontal tank,and the first 2.3.5.6 Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IA liq- 30 ft (9 m) above grade of the exposed shell area of a uids shall be equipped with venting devices that shall be vertical tank. (See Appendix B for the square footage of typical normally closed except when venting to pressure or vac- tank sizes.) 94033. 30-16 FLAMMABLE. ND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE: Table 2-8 Wetted Area venue Cubic Feet Free Air per Hour" 2-3.6.7 For tanks containing stable liquids, the required ( [14.7 psia and 60W(101.3 kPa and 15.6°C)l airflow rate of 2-3.6.4 or 2-3.6.6 may be multiplied by the appropriate factor listed in the following schedule when Sq Ft CFH Sq Ft CFH Sq Ft CFH protection is provided as indicated. Only one of the follow- 20 21,100 200 211,000 1.000 524.000 ing factors shall be used for any one tank: 30 31.600 250 239,000 1.200 557.000 0.5 for drainage in accordance with 2-3.4.2 for tanks 40 42,100 300 265,000 1,400 587,000 over 200 sq ft (18.6 m°)of wetted area: f 50 52.701) 350 288.000 1.600 614.000 0.3 for water spray in accordance with \FPA 15. Stan- ( 60 63.200 400 312.000 1.800 639.000 dard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, and - 70 73,700 500 354.000 2.000 662,000 • drainage in accordance with 2-3.4.2: 80 84.200 600 392,000 2.400 704,000 90 94.800 700 428,000 2.800 742.0000.3 for insulation in accordance with 2-3.6.7(a); 100 103,000 800 462,000 and over 0.15 for water spray with insulation in accordance with 120 126,000 900 493,000 2-3.6.7(a) and drainage in accordance with 2-3.4.2 (see 140 147,000 1,000 524,000 Appendix B). 160 168,000 180 190,000 Exception:" {there water-miscible liquids whose heats ojrambtts- 200 211,000 • 2lion and rates of burning are equal to or less than those of ethyl alcohol(ethanol)are stored,processed, or handled and where there SI Units: 10 ft' - 0.93 m';36 ft' - 1.0 m'. is no potential fire exposure from liquids other than these liquids, Interpolate for intermediate valor.. the above factors shall be permitted to be reduced by 50 percent. 2.3.6.5 For tanks and storage vessels designed for pres- Drainage shall not be required to obtain this reduction. In no case sures'over I psig(6.9 kPa), the total rate of venting shall be shall the above factors be reduced to less than 0.15. determined in accordance with Table 2-8, except that (a) Insulation systems for which credit is taken shall when the exposed wetted area of the surface is greater meet the following performance criteria: than 2800 sq ft (260 m2), the total rate of venting shall be I. Remain in place under fire exposure conditions. in fo accordance with Table 2-9 or calculated by the following 2 Withstand dislodgment when subjected to hose stream impingement during fire exposure. This require- CFH = 1107 A082 ment may be waived where use of solid hose streams is not Where: contemplated or would not be practical. CFH = venting requirement,in cubic feet of free air per 3. Maintain a maximum conductance value of 4.0 hour Btu per hr per sq ft per degree,Fahrenheit(Btu/hr/sq ftPF) when the outer insulation jacket or cover is at a tempera- A = exposed wetted surface, in square feet ture of 1660°F (904.4°C)and when the mean temperature The foregoing formula is based on Q = 21,000 A°.°2 of the insulation is 1000°F(537.8°C). . 2-3.6.8 The outlet of all vents and vent drains on tanks Table 2-9 Wetted Area Over 2,800 sq ft equipped with emergency venting to permit pressures and Pressures Over 1 psig exceeding 2.5 psig (17.2 kPa) shall be arranged to dis- charge in such a way as to prevent localized overheating of Sq Ft CFH S Ft CFH or flame impingement on any part of the tank,in the event 2,800 742,000 9,000 1,930,000 vapors from such vents are ignited. 3,000 786,000 10,000. 2,110,000 2.3.6.9 Each commercial tank venting device shall have 3,500 892,000 15,000 2.940,000 stamped on it the opening pressure, the pressure at which 4,000 995,000 20,000 3,720,000 the valve reaches the full open position,and the flow capacity 4.500 1,100,000 25,000 4,470,000 at the latter pressure. If the start to open pressure is less than 5,000 1,250,000 30,000 5,190,000 2.5 psig'(17.2 kPa) and the full position is 6,000 1,390,000 35,000 5,900,000 pressure at open 7,000 1,570,000 40,000 6,570,000 greater than 2.5 psig(17.2 kPa),the flow capacity at 2.5 psig 8,000 1,760,000 (17.2 kPa) shall also be stamped on the venting device. The flow capacity shall be expressed in cubic feet per hour of air St Units: 10 ft' - 0.93 m';36 ft' - 1.0 m'. at 60°F(15.6°C)and 14.7 psia (760 mm Hg). 2-3.6.6 The total emergency relief venting capacity for (a) The flow capacity of tank venting devices under 8 in. any specific stable liquid can be determined by the follow- ee t cm) in nominal pipe size shall be determined by actual ing formula: test of each type and size of vent. These flow tests may be ` conducted by the manufacturer if certified by a qualified. (\ Cubic feet of free air per hour = V 1337 impartial observer or may be conducted by a qualified, wit impartial outside agency.The flow capacity of tank venting devices 8 in. (20 cm) nominal pipe size and larger, includ- Where: ing manhole covers with long bolts or equivalent, may be V = cubic feet of free air per hour from Table 2-8 calculated provided that the opening pressure is actually measured, the rating pressure and corresponding free ori- L = latent heat of vaporization of specific liquid in Btu fice area are stated, the word "calculated" appears on the per pound nameplate, and the computation is based on a flow coeff- M = molecular weight of specific liquids dent of 0.5 applied to the rated orifice area. 1993 Edition 940339 !AM:Si n IR.w:E 30-17 (b) A suitable formula lid this calculation is: in tanks ahow vapor spar, under normal operating conditions. is not in the flammable range or is inerted need not meet this require- CFH = 1667 CI A ‘ 1', - P„ ment. (Examples include most (nude oils. residual oils, asphalts. Where: • and water-miscible liquids.) . CFH = venting requirement in cubic feet of free air 2.3.8.5 Filling and emptying connections for Class I. per hour Class II, and Class I I IA liquids that :re made and broken C/ = 0.:i (the flow coefficient) shall be located outside of buildings ai a location free from A = the orifice sq in. any source of ignition and nut less than 5 ft 11.5 nu aunt' P, = the orificeabsolu areae pr in nI'C lil- the tank in inches from any building opening. Such connections for any liq- ullcater uid shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use and shall be properly identified. . P„ = the absolute atmospheric pressure outside the tank in inches of water 2.3.9 Abandonment or Reuse of Aboveground Tanks. 2.3.9.1 Tanks taken out of service or abandoned shall he 2.3.7 Vent Piping for Aboveground Tanks. emptied of liquid, rendered vapor-free, and safeguarded 2-3.7.1 Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance against trespassing. (For further information see API 2015. with Chapter$. Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks; A/'! 2015.♦, A Guide for Controlling the Lead Hazard Associated with Tank Entry and 2.3.7.2 Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I Cleaning; and API 2015B, Cleaning Open Top and Covered liquids are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they shall Floating Roof Tanks.) be located so that the vapors are released at a safe point 2.3.9.2 Only those used tanks that comply with the appli- outside of buildings and not less than 12 ft (3.6 m) above cable sections of this code and are approved by the author- the adjacent ground level. In order to aid their dispersion, iq having jurisdiction shall be installed for flammable or vapors shall be discharged upward or horizontally away combustible liquids service. from closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be trapped by eaves or 2.4 Installation of Underground Tanks. other obstructions and shall be at least 5 It (1.5 m) from building openings. 2-4.1 Location. Excavation for underground storage tanks shall be made with due care to avoid undermining of 2.3.7.3 The manifolding of tank vent piping shall be foundations of existing structures. Underground tanks or avoided except where required for special purposes such tanks under buildings shall be so located with respect to ( as vapor recovery,vapor conservation,or air pollution con- existing building foundations and supports that the loads `. trot. Where tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes shall carried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the tank.The be such as to discharge, within the pressure limitations of distance from any part of a tank storing Class I liquids to the system, the vapors they are required to handle when the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not less manifolded tanks are subject to the same fire exposure. than 1 ft(0.3 m),and to any property line that can be built 2-3.7.4 Vent piping fisr tanks storing Class I liquids shall upon,not less than 3 ft(0.9 m).The distance from any part not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks storing Class of a tank storing Class II or Class III liquids to the nearest II or Class Ill liquids unless positive means are provided wall of any basement, pit,or property line shall be not less to prevent the vapors from Class I liquids from entering than 1 ft (0.3 m). tanks storing Class II or Class III liquids, to prevent con- 2-4.2 Burial Depth and Cover. tamination (see 1-L2) and possible change in classification 2-4.2.1 All underground tanks shall be installed in actor- of the less volatile liquid. dance with the manufacturer's instructions, where available, 2-3.8 Tank Openings Other than Vents for Aboveground and shall be set on firm foundations and surrounded with at Tanks• least 6 in.(15 cm)of noncorrosive inert material such as clean • 2-3.8.1 Each connection to an aboveground tank through sand or gravel well tamped in place.The tank shall be placed in the hole with care, since dropping or rolling the tank into which liquid can normally flow shall be provided with an internal or an external valve located as close as practical to the hole can break a weld, puncture or damage the tank,or the shell of the tank. scrape off the protective coating of coated tanks.(See PEIRPI00-90, Recommended Practices for Installation of Under- 2-3.8.2 Each connection below the liquid level through ground Liquid Storage Systems,for further information.) which liquid does not normally flow shall be provided with 24.2.2 All underground tanks shall be covered with a min- ♦.liquidtight closure.This may be a valve,plug,or blind,or imum oft 11(0.6 m)of earth,or shall he covered with not less ( a combination of these. than 1 ft (0.3 m) of earth on top of which shall be placed a 2.3.8.3 Openings for gaging on tanks storing Class I lit'- slab of reinforced concrete not less than 4 in. (10 cm) thick. uids shall be provided with a vaportight cap or cover. Such Where they are,or are likely to be, subjected to traffic, they covers shall be closed when not gaging. shall be protected against damage from vehicles passing over 2-3.8.4 Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate them by at least 3 ft(0.9 m)of earth cover,or 18 in.(45.7 cm) within 6 in.(IS cm)of the bottom of the tank. Fill pipes shall of well-tamped earth plus either 6 in. (IS te. of reinforced be installed or arranged so that vibration is minimized. concrete or 8 in.(20 cm)of asphaltic When asphal- tic or reinforced concrete paving is used as as rte.part of the protec- Exception: Fill pipes in tanks handling liquids that have a min- )ion, it shall extend at least 1 ft (0.3 m) horizontally beyond imum potential for the accumulation of static electricity or fill pipes the outline of the tank in all directions. 94 0a39-- 30-18 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS(:ODE 2-4.2.3 For underground tanks built in accordance with provided for vapor recovery or other purposes unless the ( 2-2.3.1, the burial depth shall be such that the static head tank and associated piping and equipment are otherwise imposed at the bottom of the tank will not exceed 10 psig protected to limit back-pressure development to less than (68.9 kPa)if the fill or vent pipe are filled with liquid. If the the maximum working pressure of the tank and equip- depth of cover is greater than the tank diameter, the tank ment by the provision of pressure-vacuum vents, rupture manufacturer shall be consulted to determine if reinforce- discs, or other tank venting devices installed in the tank ment is required. vent lines. Vent outlets and devices shall be protected to minimize the possibility of blockage from weather, dirt• or 2-4.3 External Corrosion Protection. Tanks and their insect nests, shall be so located and directed that flamma- piping shall be protected by either: ble vapors will not accumulate or travel to an unsafe loca- (a) A properly engineered, installed, and maintained tion, enter building openings, or be trapped under eaves. cathodic protection system in accordance with recognized and shall be at least 5 ft (L5 m) from building openings. standards of design, such as: Tanks containing Class IA liquids shall be equipped with pressure and vacuum venting devices that shall be nor- 1. American Petroleum Institute Publication 1632. mally closed except when venting under pressure or vac- Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks uum conditions. Tanks storing Class IB or Class IC liquids . and Piping Systems. shall be equipped with pressure-vacuum vents or with 2. Underwriters Laboratories of Canada L'LC- listed flame arrestors. Tanks storing gasoline are exempt 5603.1 M, Standard for Galvanic Corrosion Protection Systems from the requirements for pressure and vacuum venting for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible devices, except as required to prevent excessive back pres- Liquuts. sure,or flame arrestors, provided the vent does not exceed 3. Steel Tank Institute Standard No. sti-P3'o, sti-P33 3-in. (7.6-cm) nominal inside diameter. (See also 2-1.1 of Specification and Manual for External Corrosion Protection of NFPA 30A, Automotive and Marine Service Station Code.) Underground Steel Storage Tanks. 2.4.5.2 Vent Capacity. Tank venting systems shall be provided with sufficient capacity to prevent blowback of 4. National Association of Corrosion Engineers Stan- dard RP-01-69 (1983 Rev.), Recommended Practice, Con- vapor or liquid at the fill opening while the tank is being trot of External Corrosion of Underground or Submerged Metal- filled. Vent pipes shall not be less than I 1/4•in. (3-cm)nom- Gk Piping Systems. inal inside diameter. The required venting capacity 5. National Association of Corrosion Engineers Stan- depends upon the filling or withdrawal rate, whichever is lard RP-02-85, Recommended Practice,Control of External sidi and the vent withlin length. Unrestricted vent piping Corrosion on Metallic Buried, Partially Buried, or Submerged pressure in accordance tanTaks from will ding 2.5 back- Liquid Storage Systems. pressure development in tanks exceeding vent (17.2 kPa).Where tank venting devices are installed in vent (b) Approved or listed corrosion-resistant materials or lines, their flow capacities shall be determined in accor- systems, which may include special alloys, fiberglass rein- dance with 2-3.6.9. forced plastic, or fiberglass reinforced plastic coatings. 2-4.3.1 Selection of the type of protection to be employed Table 2-10 Vent Line Diameters shall be based upon the corrosion history of the area and the judgement of a qualified engineer. The authority having Maximum Flow Pipe Length* jurisdiction may waive the requirements for corrosion protec- GPM SO Ft 100 Ft 200 Ft don where evidence is provided that such protection is not necessary. (See API Publication 1615, Installation of Under- 100 I44-inch 144-inch I4.-inch ground Petroleum Storage Systems,for further information.) 200 I44-inch 11/cinch I t/cinch 2-4.4 Abandonment, Reuse, or Change of Service of 300 11/4•inch It/4-inch 11/2-inch Underground Tanks. 500 144-inch 142-inch 2-inch 500 142•inch 11/cinch 2-inch Y-4.4.1 Underground tanks taken out of service shall be 600 1Y2-inch 2-inch 2-inch safeguarded or disposed of in a safe manner.(See Appendix C.) 700 2-inch 2-inch 2-inch C, 800 2-inch 2-inch 3-inch 2-4.4.2 Only those used tanks that comply with the appli- 900 2-inch 2-inch 3-inch cable sections of this code and are approved by the author- 1,000 2-inch 2-inch 3-inch ity having jurisdiction shall be installed for flammable or s[units: I in. . 2.5 cm: 1 ft • 0.9 m; I gal • 3.8 L. combustible liquids service. Went lines of 50 ft. 100 ft.and 200 ft of pipe plus 7 ells. 24.4.3 Tanks that undergo any change of stored product 24..5 3 Location Arrangement of Vents for Class II shall meet the requirements of Section 2-2. on and ( or Class IIIA Liquids. Vent pipes from tanks storing 2-4.5 Vents for Underground Tanks. Class II or Class ILIA liquids shall terminate outside of the 245.1 Location and Arrangement of Vents for Class I building and higher than the fill pipe opening. Vent out- lets shall be above normal snow level.They shall be permit- Liquids. Vent pipes from underground storage tanks storing Class I liquids shall be so located that the discharge red to be fitted with return bends,coarse screens,or other point is outside of buildings,higher than the fill pipe open- devices to minimize ingress of foreign material. ing, and not less than 12 ft (3.6 m) above the adjacent 245.4 Vent piping shall be constructed in accordance ground level. Vent pipes shall not be obstructed by devices with Chapter 3. Tank vent pipes and vapor return piping 1993 Edition 94033a TANG srottcr. 30-19 shall be installed without sags or traps in which liquid can by means of a spring-loaded check valve or dry-break con- collect. Condensate tanks, if utilized, shall be installed and nection, or other approved device, unless the opening is maintained so as to preclude the blocking of the vapor pipe-connected to a vapor processing system. Openings return piping by liquid. The vent pipes and condensate designed for combined fill and vapor recovery shall also be tanks shall be located so that they will not be subjected to protected against vapor release unless connection of the physical damage.The tank end of the vent pipe shall enter liquid delivery line to the fill pipe simultaneously connects the tank through the top. the vapor recovery line.All connections shall be vaportight. 2-4.55 Where tank vent piping is manifolded, pipe sizes ' shall be such as to discharge, within the pressure limits- 2.5• Storage Tank Buildings. Tank installations storing Class I, II,and 111A liquids shall be permitted inside build- [ions of the system, the vapors they can be required to . handle when manifolded tanks are filled simultaneously. ings where in compliance with this section. Tanks storing Class Ills liquids shall not be required to comply with the Float-type check, valves installed in tank openings con- provisions of this section.A tank installation that has a can- nected to manifolded vent piping to prevent product con- . lamination shall be permitted to be used provided that the opy or roof that does not limit the dissipation of heat or tank pressure will not exceed that permitted by 2-4.2.3 dispersion of flammable vapors and does not restrict fire when the valves close. fighting access and control shall be treated as an outside aboveground tank in accordance with Section 2.3. Exception: For service stations, the capacity of manifolded vent piping shall be sufficient to discharge vapors generated when two 2-5.1 Location. Tanks and any associated equipment manifolded tanks are simultaneously filled. within the storage tank building shall be so located that a 245.6 adjoining buildings or tanks for a period of time consistent Vent piping fur tanks storing Class 1 liquids shall fire in the area shall not constitute an exposure hazard to not be manifolded with vent piping for tanks storing Class II or Class Ill liquids unless positive means are provided with the response and suppression capabilities of the fire to prevent the vapors from Class I liquids fromprovided entering fighting operations available to the location. Compliance P9 with 2.5.1.1 through 2.5.1.5 shall be deemed as meeting tanks storing Class Il or Class III liquids, to prevent con- the requirements of 2-5.1. tamination (see 1-1.2) and possible change in classification of the less volatile liquid. 2-5.1.1 The minimum distance from exposed property 2-4.6 Tank Openings Other than Vents for Underground lines and buildings for tank installations within structures Tanks- having walls with a fire-resistance rating of less than 2 hr - shall be in accordance with Table 2-5.1.1. 2-4.6.1 Connections for all tank openings shall be liquidtight. Exception: As modified by 2-5.1.2. - 2-4.6.2 Openings for manual gaging, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a liquidtight cap or cover. 2.5.1.2 Where a storage tank building has an exterior Coven shall be kept dosed when not gaging.If inside a build- wall facing an exposure, the distances in Table 2-5.1.1 may ing,each such opening shall be protected against liquid over- be modified as follows: flow and possible vapor release by means of a spring-loaded (a) Where the wall is a blank wall having a fire-resistance check valve or other approved device. rating of not less than 2 hr. separationdistance between 24.6.3 Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only the storage tank building and its exposure need not be through the top. Fill lines shall be sloped toward the tank. greater than 25 ft (7.6 m). Underground tanks for Class I liquids having a capacity of (b) Where a blank wall having a fire-resistance rating of more than 1000 gal(3785 L)shall be equipped with a tight not less than 4 hr is provided,the distance requirements of fill device for connecting the fill hose to the tank. Table 2-5.1.1 shall not apply. In addition, where Class IA 2-4.6.4 Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate or unstable liquids are stored, the exposing wall shall have within 6 in.(15 cm)of the bottom of the tank. Fill pipes shall explosion resistance in accordance with good engineering • be installed or arranged so that vibration is minimized. Practice and adequate deflagration venting shall be pro- vided in the non-exposing walls and roof. (See NFPA 68, Exception: Fill pipes in tanks handling liquids that have a min- Guide for Venting of Deflagrations,for information on deflagra- imum potential for the accumulation of static electricity or fill pipes Lion venting.) -in tanks whose vapor space, under normal operating conditions, is not in the flammable range or is inerted need not meet this require- 2.5.1.3 Other equipment associated with tanks, such as men'. (Examples include most crude oils, residual oils, asphalts, pumps, heaters, filters, exchangers, etc.. shall not be and water-miscible liquids.) located closer than 25 ft(7.6 m)to property lines where the adjoining property is or can be built upon or the nearest 2-4.6.5 Filling and emptying and vapor recovery connec- important building on the same property that is not an dons for Class I, Class II, or Class ILIA liquids that are integral part of the storage tank building. made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition and not less than Exception: This spacing requirement shall not apply where expo- 5 ft(1.5 m)away from any building opening. Such connec- sures are protected as outlined in 2-5.1.2. dons shall be closed and liquidtight when not in use and shall be properly identified. Y-5.1.4 Tanks in which unstable liquids are stored shall be separated from potential fire exposures by a clear space 2-4.6.6 Tank openings provided for purposes of vapor of at least 25 ft (7.6 m)or by a wall having a fire resistance recovery shall be protected against possible vapor release " rating of not less than 2 hr. 940339 • 30-20 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE ( Table 2-5.1.1 Location of Storage Tank Buildings with Respect to Property Lines,Public Ways,and the Nearest Important Building on the Same Property Minimum Distance from Property Minimum Distance from Nearest Line that Is or Can Be Built Side of Any Public Way or Upon,Including Opposite Side from Nearest Important of Public Way(ft) Building on Same Property(ft) Stable Liquid Unstable Liquid Stable Liquid Unstable Liquid Emergency Emergency Emergency Emergency Relief Relief Relief Relief Largest Tank2 — Not Not Not .Not Operating over Over over Over over Over over Over Liquid 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Capacity(gal) psig psig psig psig psig psig psig psig Up to 12.000 15 25 40 60 5 10 15 20 12.001 to 50,000 20 30 50 - 80 5 10 15 20 30,001 to 50,000 30 45 75 120 10 15 25 40 50,001 to 100,000 50 75 125 200 15 25 40 60 SI Units: 1 gal .. 3.8 L; 1 ft 0.3 m; I psig w 6.9 kPa. 'Double all distances shown if protection for exposures is not provided.Distances need not exceed 300 ft. 'Capacity of any individual tank shall not exceed 100.000 gal without the approval of the authority having jurisdiction. 2-5.1.5 Each storage tank building and each tank within IA or unstable liquids are being stored. deflagration vents the building shall be accessible from at least two sides for shall be provided to the exterior of the building and any fire fighting and fire control. walls separating this storage from other occupancies shall have explosion resistance in accordance with good engi- 2-5.2 Construction. neering practice. Adequate deflagration venting shall 2.5.2.1 Storage tank buildings shall be constructed so as be provided for the nonexposing walls. (See NFPA 68, to maintain structural integrity for 2 hr under fire expo- Guide for Venting of Defiagrations,for information on deflagra- sure conditions and to provide adequate access and egress lion Venting.) ` for unobstructed movement of all personnel and fire pro- 2-5.2.5 Consideration shall be given to provisions for tection equipment. Compliance with 2-5.2.2 through smoke and heat venting to assist access for fire fighting. 2-5.2.8 shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of (See NFPA 204M, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting,for infor- 2-5.2.1. oration on this subject.) 2-5.2.2 Buildings or structures shall be of at least 2-hr 2.5.2.6 Storage tank buildings shall have exit facilities fire-resistance rating except that noncombustible or tom- arranged to prevent occupants from being trapped in the bustible construction is permitted when protected by auto- event of fire. Exits shall not be exposed by the drainage matic sprinklers or equivalent protection subject to the facilities described in 2-5.4. (NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, approval of the authority having jurisdiction. (See NFPA provides information on the design of exit facilities.) 220, Standard on Types of Building Construction.) 2.5.2.7 Access aisles of at least 3 ft (0.9 m) shall be main- 2-5.2.3 Class I liquids and Class II or Class IIIA liquids tamed for movement of fire fighting personnel and fire heated above their flash points shall not be stored in base- protection equipment. ments. Means shall be provided to prevent liquid spills from running into basements. Where Class I liquids are 2-5.2.8 Clearance between the top of the tank and the stored above grade within buildings with basements or building structure shall be a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m) for other below grade areas into which flammable vapors may buildings protected in accordance with 2-5.8.7.3. For travel, such below-grade areas shall be provided with buildings without fixed fire suppression systems, space mechanical ventilation designed to prevent the accumula- shall be provided to allow for the application of hose don of flammable vapors. Enclosed storage tank pits shall streams to the top of the tank(s)for cooling purposes. not be considered basements. 2.5.3 Ventilation. / 2-5.2.4 Storage tanks shall be separated from other occu- 2.5.3.1 Storage tank buildings storing Class I liquids or panties within the building by construction having at least Class II or Class ILIA liquids at temperatures above their ` a 2-hr fire-resistance rating. As a minimum, each opening flash points shall be ventilated at a rate sufficient to main- shall be protected by either a listed,self-closing fire door or taro the concentration of vapors within the building at or a listed fire damper having a minimum 11/2-hr fire protec- below 25 percent of the lower flammable limit.Compliance don rating and installed in accordance with NFPA 80, with sections 2.5.3.2 through 2-5.3.5 shall be deemed as Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows; NFPA 90A, Stan- meeting the requirements of 2-5.3.1. dard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems; or NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air 2.5.3.2 Ventilation requirements shall be confirmed by Conveying of Materials;whichever is applicable.Where Class one of the following: • 1993 Eaton 940339 TANK STORAGE 30-21 (a) Calculations based on the anticipated fugitive emis- 2-5.4.4 Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or sions. (See Appendix F for calculation methods.) buildings shall be provided with noncombustible, liquidtight (b) Sampling of the actual vapor concentration under raised sills or ramps at least 4 in. (10 cm)in height or shall be otherwise designed to prevent the flow of liquids to the normal operating conditions. The sampling shall be con- ducted at a distance of 5 ft (1.5 m)radius from each poten- adjoining areas. A permissible alternative to the sill or ramp dal vapor source extending to or toward the bottom and u an open-grated trench (across the width of the opening the top of the enclosed storage area. The vapor concentra- inside of the room)that drains to a sale location.tion used to determine the required ventilation rate shall 2-5.4.5 The containment area shall have a capacity not be the highest measured concentration during the sam- less than that of the largest tank that can drain into it. piing procedure. Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to direct (c) An acceptable alternative is to provide ventilation at flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire protec- a rate of not less than I cu ft per min per sq ft of solid floor tion water to a safe location. This might require curbs. area (0.3 m° per min per m'). scuppers,or special drainage systems to control the spread • of fire (see 2-3.4). (Appendix A of NFPA I5, Standard for NOTE: Equipment in enclosed storage areas may deterio- Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, provides infor- rate over time and periodic sampling should be conducted to mation on this subject.) assure that leakage rates have not increased or that the venti- lation rate is adequate for any increase in leakage rates. 2-5.4.6 Emergency drainage systems,if connected to pub- Iry sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be 2.533 Ventilation shall be accomplished by natural or mechanical ventilation, with discharge or exhaust to a safe equipped with traps or separators. location outside the building, without recirculation of the 2-5.5 Vents. exhaust air. Exception: Recirculation ispermitted where it is monitored ton- 2-5.5.1 Vents from tanks inside buildings shall be designed to ensure that flammable vapors are not released tinuously using a fail-safe system that is designed to automatically inside the building. Compliance with 2-53.2 and 2-5.5.3 sound an alarm,stop recirculation,and provide full exhaust to the shall be deemed as meeting the requirements of 2-5.5.1. outside in the event that vapor-air mixtures having concentrations over 25 percent of the lower flammable limit are detected. 2-5.5.2 Vents for tanks inside buildings shall be as 2-5.3.4 Provision shall be made for introduction of required in 2-3.5 and 2.3.6,except that emergency venting _ permit- make-up air in such a manner as to avoid short-circuiting by the use of weak roof-to-shell seam shall not be the ventilation. Ventilation shall be arranged to include all fed. Automatic sprinkler systems designed in accordance floor areas or pits where flammable vapors may collect. with the requirements of NFPA 13,Standard for theorla- non of Sprinkler Systems, shall be accepted by the authority Where natural ventilation is inadequate, mechanical vend- having jurisdiction as equivalent to water spray systems for lotion shall be provided and shall be kept in operation flammable liquids are being handled. Local or spot purposes of calculating the required airflow rates for emer- while ventilation might be needed for the control of special fire rgequicyrements vents in 2-3.6.7,f NFPA 15,provided the met.ty and coverage ter- or health hazards. Such ventilation, if provided, shall be minate thebuilding.15,4-4.4.2 are met. Vents shall permitted to be used for up to 75 percent of the required mrnate outside the ventilation. NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air 2.5.5.3 Vent piping shall be in accordance with 2.3.7. Conveying of Materials, and NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, pro- 2-5.6 Tank Openings Other than Vents. vide information on this subject. 2.5.6.1 Tank openings other than vents from tanks inside Y-5.33 For storage tank buildings with the interior grade buildings shall be designed to ensure that flammable liq- more than 1 ft (30 cm) below the avenge exterior grade, uids or vapors are not released inside the building. Com- continuous mechanical ventilation in accordance with pliance with 2-5.6.2 through 2-5.6.9 shall be deemed as 2-5.3.2(c) shall be provided or a vapor detection system meeting the requirements of 2-5.6.1. shall be provided and set to give a warning alarm at 25 2.5.6.2 All tank openings: percent of the lower flammable limit and to start the mechanical ventilation system. The alarm shall sound at a (a) located at or below the maximum liquid level shall be constantly attended location. liquid tight;and 2-5.4 Drainage. (b) located above the maximum liquid level shall be nor- mally dosed and shall be mechanically secured to prevent 2-5.4.1 Drainage systems shall be designed to minimize release of vapors. ( fire exposure to other tanks and adjacent properties or waterways. Compliance with 2-5.4.2 through 2-5.4.6 shall 2-5.63 Each connection through which liquid can gravity be deemed as meeting the requirements of 2-5.4.1. flow from a tank inside a building shall be provided with 2-5.4.2 A facility shall be designed and operated to prevent an internal or an external valve located as close as practical the normal discharge of flammable or combustible liquids to to the shell of the tank. public waterways,public sewers,or adjoining property. 2-5.6.4 Each liquid transfer connection on any tank stor- ing Class I or Class II liquids inside buildings shall be pro- and the room shall be liquidtight where the walls join the vrded with: floor and for at least 4 in. (10 cm) above the floor. (a) a normally closed remotely activated valve; or .coon 940339 • • 30-22 FLIMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE (b) an automatic-closing heat-activated valve; or constitute a source of ignition for the flammable vapor that (c) another approved device. might be present under normal operations or during a Exception: Connectionsturd jor emergency disposal ro- spill. Compliance with 2-5.7.2 through 2-5.7.6 shall be or to pro- deemed as meeting the requirements of 2-5.7.1. vide for quick cutoff of flow in the event of-fire in the vicinity of 2-5.7.2 All electrical equipment and wiring shall be of a the tank need not meet this requirement. te specified y and 2-5.6.4.1 The requirements of 2-5.6.4 shall be permitted 70 National Elebctrical Code*.installed in accordance with NFPA to be met by the valve required in 2-5.6.3. If a separate 2-5.7.3 So far as it applies, Table 2-5.7.3 shall be used to valve is used, it shall,be located adjacent to the valve required in 2-5.6.3. delineate and classify areasfor the purpose of installation of ditis. In the • 2-5.6.5 Openings for manual gauging of Class I or Class application lo Cclassified areas, auipment underocla crmallassicofied area shall not II liquids, if independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided extend beyond a floor, wall, roof, or other solid partition with a vaportight cap or cover. Openings shall be kept that has no communicating openings. The designation of closed when not in use. Each such opening for any liquid classes and divisions is defined in Chapter 5,Article 500,of shall be protected against liquid overflow and possible NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. (See NFPA 4974, Recom- vapor release by means of a spring-loaded check valve or mended Practice for Classification of Class I Hazardous (Classi- other approved device. Substitutes for manual gauging fled) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process include, but are not limited to, heavy-duty fiat gauge Areas, and ♦97.11, Manual for Classification of Gases, Vapors, glasses, magnetic, hydraulic,or hydrostatic remote reading and Dusts for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) devices, and sealed float gauges. Locations,for guidance.) 2.5.6.6 Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate 2.5.7.4 The area classifications listed in Table 2-5.7.3 are within 6 in. (15 cm)of the bottom of the tank. Fill pipes shall based on the premise that the installation meets the appli- be installed or arranged so that vibration is minimized. cable requirements of this code in all respects. Should this Exception: Fill pipes in tanks handling liquids that have a min- not be the case, the authority having jurisdiction shall have imum potential for the accumulation of static electricity or fill pipes the authority to classify the extent of the area. in tanks whose vapor space, under normal operating conditions, is 2.5.75 Where the provisions of 2-5.7.2 through 2-5.7.4 not in the flammable range or is inerted need not meet this require- require the installation of electrical equipment suitable for ment. (Examples include most crude oils, residual oils, asphalts, Class 1, Division 1 or Division 2 locations, ordinary electri- and water-miscible liquids.) cal equipment, including switchgear, shall be permitted to Y•5.6.7 The inlet of the fill pipe and the outlet of a vapor be used if installed in a room or enclosure that is main- rained under positive pressure with respect to the classified recovery line for which connections are made and broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from area. Ventilation make-up air shall not be contaminated. any source of ignition and not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) away NFPA 496,Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, provides details for these types of from any building opening. Such connections shall be closed tight and protected against tampering when not in installations. use and shall be identified. 2-5.8 Fire Prevention and Control. 2.5.6.8 Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class ILIA liq- 2.5.8.1 General. Storage tank buildings shall have fire pre- uids inside buildings shall be equipped with a device, or , vention control systems and methods, for life safety, for mini- other means shall be provided, to prevent overflow into mizing property loss,and for reducing fire exposure to adjoin- the building. Suitable devices include, but are not limited ing operations and property resulting from fire and explosion. to,a float valve, a pre-set meter on the fill line, a low head Compliance with Sections 2-5.8.1.1 through 2.5.8.7.4 shall be pump incapable of producing overflow, or a liquidtight deemed as meeting the requirements of 2-5.8.1. overflow pipe, at least one pipe size larger than the fill pipe, that discharges by gravity back to the outside source 2-5.8.1.1 This section covers the commonly recognized of liquid or to an approved location. management control systems and methods used to prevent 2-5.6.9 Tank openings provided for purposes or minimize the loss from fire or explosion in tank storage P gs of vapor facilities. The wide range in size, design, and location of recovery shall be protected against possible vapor release by tank storage facilities precludes the inclusion of detailed means of a spring-loaded check valve or dry-break connec- fire prevention and control systems and methods applica- tion or other approved device, unless the opening is pipe- ble to all such facilities. The authority having jurisdiction connected to a vapor processing system. Openings designed can be consulted on specific cases,where applicable;other- for combined fill and vapor recovery shall also be protected wise, qualified engineering judgment shall be exercised in against vapor release unless connection of the liquid delivery accordance with 2-5.8.1.2. line to the fill pipe simultaneously connects the vapor recov- ery line.All connections shall be vapor tight. 2-5.8.1.2 The extent of fire prevention and control pro- 2.5.7 Electrical Equipment. vided for the tank storage facility shall be determined by an engineering evaluation of the operation, followed by the 2.5.7.1 This section shall apply to areas where Class I liq- application of sound fire protection and process engineering principles.The evaluation shall include,but not be limited to: uids are stored and to areas where Class II or Class ILIA liquids are stored at temperatures above their flash points (a) analysis of fire and explosion hazards of the liquid (see 1-1.3). Any electrical equipment provided shall not operations; .1993 Edition 940339 TANK STORAGE 30-23 Table 2.5.7,3 Electrical Area Classification NEC Class I Location Division Extent of Classified Area Tank storage installation I All equipment located below grade level. 2 Any equipment located above grade level. Tank openings installed in accordance with 2-5.3 and I Area within 5 ft of any tank opening,extending in all directions. 2-3.6 where flammable vapor-air mixtures might 2 Area between 5 It and 8 ft of any tank opening,extending in all exist under normal operation . directions. Also. area up to 3 ft above floor or Fade level within 5 It to 25 ft horizontally from any tank opening. , Vents extending to the outside,discharging upward I Within 3 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. 2 Area between 3 ft and 5 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. • Pumps,bleeders,withdrawal fittings,meters,and rim- 2 Within 5 ft of any edge of such devices,extending in all direc- ilar devices indoors tions.Also up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 25 ft hori- zontally from any edge of such devices.' Sumps&drainage trenches Without mechanical ventilation • I Entire area within pit,if any pan is within a Division I or 2 classi- fied area. With adequate mechanical ventilation 2 Entire area within pit,if any part is within a Division I or 2 classi- fied area. Containing valves,fittings,or piping and not within 2 Entire pit. a Division I or 2 Classified area SI Units: I ft a 0.3 m. 'The release of Class I liquids can generate vapors to the extent that the entire building and,possibly,a zone surrounding it might have to be considered a Class I,Division 2 location. C (b) analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and from adjacent properties, flood potential, or earthquake authority following inspection of the area to assure that proper precautions have been taken and will be followed potential; until the job is completed. (See NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire (c) fire department or mutual aid response. Prevention in Useof Cutting and Welding Processes.) 2.5.8.2.4 Static Electricity. All equipment such as tanks, 2-5.8.2 Control of Ignition Sources- machinery, and piping where an ignitable mixture might 2.5.8.2.1 Precautions shall be taken to prevent the igni- be present shall be bonded or connected to a ground.The tion of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include, but bond or ground or both shall be physically applied or shall are not limited to: be inherently present by the nature of the installation. Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping or equip- (a) open flames ment shall be bonded to the other portions of the system or (b) lightning individually grounded to prevent hazardous accumulation (c) hot surfaces of static electricity. (NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, provides information on this subject.) (d) radiant heat 2-5.8.3 Inspection and Maintenance. (e) smoking (f) cutting and welding 2.5.8.3.1 All fire protection equipment shall be properly • maintained and periodic inspections and tests shall be (g) spontaneous ignition done in accordance with both standard practice and equip- (h) frictional heat or sparks men[ manufacturer's recommendations. (i) static electricity 2.5.8.3.2 Maintenance and operating practices shall con ( (j) electrical sparks trot leakage and prevent spillage of flammable liquids. (k) stray currents 2.5.8.3.3 Combustible waste material and residues in operating areas shall be kept to a minimum,stored in cov- (I) ovens, furnaces, and heating equipment. ered metal containers, and disposed of daily. 2-5.8.2.2 Smoking shall be permitted only in designated 2.5.8.3.4 Storage of combustible materials and empty or and properly identified areas. full drums or barrels shall not be permitted within tfie stor- 2-5.8.2.3 Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing age tank building. operations shall not be permitted in areas containing flam- 2-5.8.3.5 Ground areas around storage tank buildings mable liquids until a written permit authorizing such work shall be kept free of-weeds, trash, or other unnecessary has been issued. The permit shall be issued by a person in combustible materials. • 9403.39 30-24 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE ( 2.5.8.3.6 Aisles established for movement of personnel shall 2-5.8.6.2 Where the need is indicated in accordance with be maintained clear of obstructions to permit orderly evacu- 2-5.8.1.2, water shall be utilized through standpipe and ation and ready access for manual fire fighting activities. hose systems (see NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of 2-5.8.4 Emergency Planning and Training. Standpipe and Hose Systems). or through hose connections from sprinkler t 2-5.8.4.1 An emergency action plan. consistent with the straight stream nozzles to permit effective fire control. (See available equipment and personnel, shall be established to NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.)respond to fire or other emergencies. This plan shall ` include the following: 2-5.8.6.3 Where the need is indicated in accordance with lF (a) Procedures to be used in case of fire, such as sound- •2-5.8.1.2. mobile foam apparatus shall be provided. NFPA d for ing the alarm. notifying the fire department, evacuating LTC.on the sue Mobile Foam Apparatus. provides informa- personnel,and controlling and extinguishing the fire. tion the subjbject (b) Appointment and training of persons to carry out 2-5.8.6.4 Automotive and trailer-mounted fire appara- fire safety duties. tus,where determined necessary, shall not be used for any (c) Maintenance of fire protection equipment. purpose other than fire fighting or training. ( (d) Holding fire drills. 2.5.8.7 Fixed Fire Control Equipment • (e) Shutdown or isolation of equipment to reduce the 2.5.8.7.1 A reliable water supply or other suitable fire escape of liquid. control agent shall be available in pressure and quantity to (0 Alternate measurei for the safety of occupants while meet the fire demands indicated by special storage hazards any fire protection equipment is shut down. or exposure as determined by 2-3.8.1.2. 2-5.8.4.2 Personnel responsible for the use and operation 2-5.8.7.2 Hydrants, with or without fixed monitor noz- of fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of zles, shall be provided in accordance with accepted prat- that equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at tice. The number and placement will depend on the hat- least annually. - and of the storage, or exposure, as determined by 2-5.8.1.2. (See NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Pri- Y-5.8.4.3 Planning of effective fire control measures shall vote FiresServicesubject.) plains and Their Appurtenances,for infonna- be coordinated with local emergency response agencies. This shall include, but not be limited, to the identification lion on this su of all tanks by location, contents, size, and hazard identifi- 2.5.8.7.3 Where the need is indicated by the hazards of cation as required in 2-8.2. storage or exposure as determined by 2-5.8.1.2, fixed pro- Y-5.8.4.4 Procedures shall be established to provide for tection shall be required utilizing approved foam-water sprinkler systems, sprinkler systems, water spray systems• safe shutdown of operations under emergency conditions. inspection, deluge systems, fire resistive materials,or a combinationof Provisions shall be made for periodic training, er and testing of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. these. (See NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems;NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for 2-5.8.4.5 The emergency procedures shall be kept readily Fire Protection; and NFPA 16, Standard on the Installation of available in an operating area and updated regularly. Deluge Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, 2.5.8.4.6 Where premises are likely to be unattended for information on these subjects.) considerable periods of time,a summary of the emergency plan 2.5.8.7.4 If provided, fire control systems shall be shall be posted or located in a strategic and accessible location. designed,installed, and maintained in accordance with the 2.5.8.5 Detection and Alarm. Following NFPA standards: (a) NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Cam- 2.5.8.5.1 AO approved means shall be provided to promptly notify those within the plant and the available pub- biped Agent Systems lic or mutual aid fire department of fire or other emergency. (b) NFPA 11A, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion 2-5.8.5.2 Those areas, including buildings, where a Foam Systems potential exists for a flammable liquid spill shall be moni- (c) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing tored as appropriate. Such methods include: Systems (a) Personnel observation or patrol; (d) NFPA I 2A,Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems (b) Monitoring equipment that indicates a spill or leak has occurred in an unattended area. (e) NFPA 128,Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing ( 2.5.8.6 Portable Fire-Control Equipment. Systems (f) NFPA 13,Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 2-5.8.6.1 Listed portable fire extinguishers shall be pro- (g) NEPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for vided for facilities in such quantities, sizes, and types as Fire Protection might be needed for special storage hazards as determined in accordance with 2-5.8.1.3. (NFPA 10,Standard for Porta- (h) NFPA 16, Standard on the installation of Deluge Foam- ble Fire Extinguishers, provides information on the suitabil- Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems ity of various types of extinguishers.) (i) NFPA 17,Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems 1983 Edition . • 940339 TANK STORAGE 30-25 k (j) NFPA 25,Standard for the Inspection. Testing,and Slain- Tank vents or other openings that are not liquidtight shall tenant(of Water-Based Fire Protecton Ststems. be extended above maximum flood stage water level. See also NFPA l6A, Recommended Practice for the Irutalla- 2.6.6.2.3 A dependable water supply shall be available for tion of Closed-Head Foam-Water Sprinkler systems. filling an empty or partially filledptank, except that where Supports, Foundations, and Anchorage for All Tank 2 6 filling the tank with water is impractical or hazardous Location because of the tank's contents, tanks shall be protected by ( other means against movement or collapse. 24.1 Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations 24.6.2.4 Spherical or spheroid Tanks shall be protected made of concrete, masonry, piling, or steel. Tank founda- tions shall be designed to minimize the possibility of by applicable methods as specified for either vertical or uneven settling of the tank and to minimize corrosion in horizontal tanks. any part of the tank resting on the foundation. (Appendix 2.6.6.3 Underground Tanks. E of API Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, and Appendix B of API Standard 620, Recommended Rules 2.6.6.3.1 At locations where there is an ample and for the Design and Construction of Large. Welded, Low-Pressure dependable water supply available, underground tanks Storage Tanks, provide information.on tank foundations.) containing flammable or combustible liquids, so placed that more than 70 percent of their storage capacity will be 24.2 Where tanks are supported above the foundations, sub- merged at the maximum flood stage, shall be so tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Sup- anchored, weighted, or secured as to prevent movement ports for tanks storing Class I.Class II,or Class 1114 liquids when filled or loaded with water and submerged by flood shall be of concrete,masonry,or protected steel.Single wood water to the established flood stage. Tank vents or other timber supports(not cribbing),laid horizontally,shall be per- openings that are not liquidtight shall be extended above mitted to be used for outside aboveground tanks if not more maximum flood stage water level. than 12 in. (0.3 m) high at their lowest point. 2-6.6.3.2 At locations where there is no ample and 2-6.3 Steel supports or exposed piling for tanks storing dependable water supply or where filling of underground Class 1, Class II, or Class 111A liquids shall be protected by tanks with water is impractical because of the contents, materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hr, each tank shall be safeguarded against movement when except that steel saddles need not be protected if less than empty and submerged by high ground water or flood 12 in. (0.3 m)high at their lowest point.At the discretion of water by anchoring or by securing by other means. Each the authority having jurisdiction, water spray protection in such tank shall be so constructed and installed that it will accordance with NFPA 15,Standard for Water Spray Fired Sys- safely resist external pressures if submerged. fens for Fire Protection,or NFPA 13,Standard for the Irufallation of Sprinkler Systems,or equivalent may be used. ecte t 24.6.4 Water Loading. The filling a tank to be pro- ected by water loading shall be started as soon as flood 2-6.4 The design of the supporting structure for tanks waters are predicted to reach a dangerous flood stage. such as spheres shall require special engineering consider- -Where independently fueled water pumps are relied upon, ation. (Appendix N of the API Standard.620.Recommended sufficient fuel shall be available at all times to permit con- Rules for the Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low- tinuing operations until all tanks are filled. Tank valves Pressure Storage Tanks,contains information regarding sup- shall be locked in a closed position when water loading has porting structures.) been completed. 24.5 Every tank shall be so supported as to prevent the 24.6.5 Operating Instructions. excessive concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell. 2.6.6.5.1 Operating instructions or procedures to be fol- lowed in a flood emergency shall be readily available. 2.6.6 Tanks in Areas Subject to Flooding.' 2-6.6.5.2 .Personnel relied upon to carry out flood emer- ' 2.6.6.1 Where a tank is located in an area subject to gency procedures shall be informed of the location and flooding, provisions shall be taken to prevent tanks, either operation of valves and other equipment necessary to effect full or empty, from floating during a rise in water level up the intent of these requirements. to the established maximum flood stage. 2.6.7 In areas subject to earthquakes, the tank supports 24.6.2 Aboveground Tanks. and connections shall be designed to resist damage as a 24.6.2.1 Each vertical tank shall be located so that its top result of such shocks. extends above the maximum flood stage by at least 30 per- cent of its allowable storage capacity. • Y-7 Sources of Ignition. In locations where flammable vapors may be present, precautions shall be taken to pre- 24.6.2.2 Horizontal tanks located so that more than 70 vent ignition by eliminating or controlling sources of igni- percent of the tank's storage capacity will be submerged at tion. Sources of ignition may include open flames, light- the established flood stage shall be anchored; shall be sting,smoking,cutting and welding,hot surfaces,frictional attached to a foundation of concrete or of steel and con- heat, sparks (static, electrical, and mechanical), spontane- crete of sufficient weight to provide adequate load for the ous ignition, chemical and physicochemical reactions, and tank when filled with flammable or combustible liquid and radiant heat. (NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static submerged by flood water to the established flood stage;or Electricity,and NFPA 780,Lightning Protection Code,provide shall be adequately secured from floating by other means. information on such protection.) • 940333 30-26 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS Coo! 2.8 Testing and Maintenance. 2.9 Fire Protection and Identification. ( 2.8.1 All tanks, whether shop-built or field-erected, shall 2-9.1 A fire extinguishing system in accordance with an be tested before they are placed in service in accordance applicable NFPA standard shall be provided or be available with the applicable paragraphs of the code under which for vertical atmospheric fixed roof storage tanks larger they were built. The ASNE Code stamp or the Listing than 50,000 gal (189.250 L) capacity, storing Class I liq- Mark of Underwriters Laboratories Inc. on a tank shall be uids. if located in a congested area where there is an evidence of compliance with this test.Tanks not marked in unusual exposure hazard to the tank from adjacent prop- rf accordance with the above codes shall be tested before they ern• or to adjacent property from the tank. Fixed roof l are placed in service in accordance with good engineering tanks storing Class II or III liquids at temperatures below principles and reference shall be made to the sections on their flash points and floating roof tanks storing any liquid testing in the codes listed in 2-2.3.1. 2-2.4.2, or 2-2.3.2. generally do not require protection when installed in com- pliance with Section 2.3. 2.8.2 Where the vertical length of the fill and vent pipes • is such that when filled with liquid the static head imposed 2-9.2 The application of NFPA 704,Standard System for the on the bottom of the tank exceeds, 10 psi (68.9 kPa), the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials, to storage tanks ( tank and related piping shall be tested hydrostatically to a containing liquids shall not be required except where the pressure equal to the static head thus imposed. In special contents have a health or reactivity degree of hazard of 2 cases where the height of the vent above the top of the tank - or more or a flammability rating of 4. The marking need is excessive, the hydrostatic test pressure shall be deter- not be applied directly to the tank but shall be located mined by using recognized engineering practice. where it can readily be seen, such as on the shoulder of an accessway or walkway to the tank or tanks or on the piping 2-8.3 In addition to the test called for in 2-8.1 and 2-8.2, outside of the diked area. If more than one tank is all tanks and connections shall be tested for tightness. involved, the markings shall be so located that each tank Except for underground tanks,this tightness shall be made can readily be identified. at operating pressure with air, inert gas, or water prior to placing the tank in service. In the case of field-erected 2.9.3 Unsupervised, isolated aboveground storage tanks tanks, the test called for in 2-8.1 or 2-8.2 may be consid- shall be secured and marked in such a manner as to iden- ered to be the test for tank tightness. Single wall under- tify the fire hazards of the tank and its contents to the gen- ground tanks and piping, before being covered, enclosed, eral public. The area in which the tank is located shall be or placed in use,shall be tested for tightness hydrostatically protected from tampering or trespassing,where necessary. or with air pressure at not less than 3 psi (20.6 kPa) and not more than 5 psi (34.5 kPa). For testing of secondary 2.10 Prevention of Overfilling of Tanks. containment tanks, see 2-8.3.1. (See Section 3-7 for testing pressure piping.)Air pressure shall not be used to test tanks 2.10.1 Aboveground tanks at terminals receiving transfer of that contain flammable or combustible liquids or vapors. Class I liquids from mainline pipelines or marine vessels shall 24.3.1 Secondary containment tanks (Types I and II) follow formal written procedures to prevent overfilling of shall have the primary (inner) tank tested according to tanks utilizing one of the following methods of protection: 2-8.3 and the interstitial space(annulus)tested using air at (a) Tanks gaged at frequent intervals by personnel con- 3 to 5 psig (20.6 to 34.5 kPa) or vacuum at 5.3 in. Hg tinuously on the premises during product receipt with fre- (17.9 kPa). The pressure or vacuum shall be held for quent acknowledged communication maintained with the one hour. Care shall be taken to ensure that the inter- supplier so that flow can be promptly shut down or stitial space is not overpressured or subjected to excessive diverted. vacuum. (b) Tanks equipped with a high-level detection device 2-8.4 Before the tank is initially placed in service,all leaks that is independent of any tank gaging equipment.Alarms or deformations shall be corrected in an acceptable man- out be located where personnel who are onge duty through- ner. Mechanical caulking is not permitted for correcting out product transfer can promptly arrange for flow stop- leaks in welded tanks except pinhole leaks in the roof. page or diversion. (c) Tanks equipped with an independent high-level 2-8.5 Tanks to be. operated at pressures below their detection system that will automatically shut down or design pressure may be tested by the applicable provisions divert flow. Of 2-8.1 or 2-8.2 based upon the pressure developed under full emergency venting of the tank. (d) Alternatives to instrumentation described in (b) and (c) where approved by the authority having jurisdiction as 2-8.6 Each tank shall be maintained liquidtight. Each affording equivalent protection. IC tank that is leaking shall be emptied of liquid or repaired in a manner acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 2.10.1.1 Instrumentation systems covered in 2-10.1(b) and (c)shall be electrically supervised or equivalent. 2.8.7 Each underground.tank that has been repaired or 2-10altered,or is suspected of leaking,shall be tested in a man- shall include:Formal written procedures required in 2-10.1 ner approved by the authority having shall pp jurisdiction.Underground (See NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Underground (a) Instructions covering methods to check for proper Releases of Flammable and Combustible Liquids,for information line up and receipt of initial delivery to tank designated to on testing methods.) receive shipment. 1980 Edition • 940339 PIPING SYSTEMS 30-27 i (b) Provision for training and monitoring the perfor- 3-3 Materials for Piping,Valves,and Fittings. mance of operating personnel by terminal supervision. 3-3.1 Pipe, valves, faucets. fittings, and other pressure- (c) Schedules and procedures for inspection and testing containing parts as covered in 3-1.1 shall meet the material of gaging equipment and high-level instrumentation and specifications and pressure and temperature limitations of related systems. Inspection and testing intervals shall be ANSI B31.3.Petroleum Refiners Piping, or.1.NSI B31.4,Liq- acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, but shall uid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems, except as pro- ( not exceed one year. vided by 3-3.2,3-3.3,and 3-3.4. Plastic or similar materials, 2-10.3 An underground storage tank shall be equipped as permitted by 3-3.4, shall be designed to specifications with overfill prevention equipment that will: embodying with the h fluid service. principles and shall be compatible (a) Automatically shut off the flow of liquid into the tank 3.3,2 Nodular iron shall conform to.1STM A 395,Ferritic when the tank is no more than 95 percent folk or Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated (b) Alert the transfer operator when the tank is no more Temperatures. than 90 percent full by restricting the flow of liquid into the tank or triggering align-level alarm; 3-3.3 Valves at storage tanks, as required by 2-3.8.1 and 2-5.6.3, and their connections to the tank shall be of steel (c) Or other methods approved by the authority having or nodular iron except as provided in 3-3.3.1 or 3-3.3.2. jurisdiction. 3.3.3.1 Valves at storage tanks shall be permitted to be other than steel or nodular iron where the chemical char- 2-11 Leakage Detection and Inventory Records for acteristics of the liquid stored are not compatible with steel Underground Tanks. Accurate inventory records or a or where installed internally to the tank. Where installed leak detection program shall be maintained on all Class I Liquid storage tanks for indication of possible leakage from externally to the tank, the material shall have a ductility the tanks or associated piping. (See NEPA 329,Recommended and melting point comparable to steel or nodular iron so Practice for Handling Underground Releases of Flammable and as to withstand reasonable stresses and temperatures Combustible Liquids,for information on testing methods.) involved in fire exposure or otherwise be protected, such as by materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. 33 co .3.2 Cast iron, brass, pp Chapter 3 Piping Systems er, aluminum, malleable ( iron,and similar materials shall be permitted to be used on tanks described in 2-3.3.2 or for tanks storing Class IIIB 3-1 Scope. liquids where the tank is located outdoors and not within a diked area or drainage path of a tank storing a Class I, 3-1.1 This chapter shall apply to piping systems consist- Class II,or Class ILIA liquid. ing of pipe,tubing,flanges,bolting,gaskets,valves,fittings, 3-3.4 Low melting point materials such as aluminum, flexible connectors, the pressure containing parts of other copper, and brass, materials that soften on fire exposure components such as expansion joints and strainers, and such as plastics, or nonductile material such as cast iron devices that serve such purposes as mixing, separating, shall be permitted to be used underground for all liquids snubbing, distributing, metering, or controlling flow. within the pressure and temperature limits of ANSI B31, 3-1.2 This chapter does not apply to any of the following: American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping. If such materials are used outdoors in aboveground piping sys- (a) Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells and any pip- tems handling Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids or ing connected directly thereto. within buildings handling any liquid they shall be either: (b) Motor vehicle, aircraft, boat, or portable or station- (a) suitably protected against fire exposure, (b) so located ary engine. that any leakage resulting from the failure will not unduly •c Piping within the scope expose persons, important buildings, or structures, or (c) (c) p g of any applicable boiler and located where leakage can readily be controlled by opera- pressure vessel code. don of an accessible remotely located valve(s). 3-2 General. 3-33 Piping, valves, and fittings shall be permitted to have combustible or noncombustible linings. 3-2.1 The design, fabrication, assembly, test, and inspec- tion of piping systems containing liquids shall be suitable 3-4 Pipe Joints. ( for the expected working pressures and structural stresses. 3-4.1 Joints shall be made liquidtight and shall be either Conformity with the applicable sections of ANSI B31, welded, flanged, or threaded, except that listed flexible American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, and the connectors shall be permitted to be used where installed in provisions of this chapter shall be considered prima facie accordance with 3-4.2. Threaded joints shall be made up evidence of compliance with the foregoing provisions. tight with a suitable thread sealant or lubricant. Joints in piping systems handling Class I liquids shall be welded 3-2.2 Piping systems shall be maintained liquidtight. A system when located in concealed spaces within buildings. C. piping that has leaks that constitute a hazard shall be emptied of liquid or repaired in a manner acceptable to 3-4.2 Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteris- the authority having jurisdiction. tics or resiliency of combustible materials for mechanical 940.339 30-28 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE f continuity or liquidtightness of piping shall not be used ited transfers incidental thereto. For portable tanks that r inside buildings. They shall be permitted to be used out- exceed 660 gal (2498 L), Chapter 2 shall apply. side of buildings above or below ground. If used above- ground outside of buildings, the piping shall either be 4-1.2 This chapter shall not apply to the following: secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting,or the pip- (a) Storage of containers in bulk plants. service stations. ing system shall be so designed that any spill resulting from refineries, chemical plants, and distilleries. disengagement could not unduly expose persons, impor- tant buildings, or structures and could be readily con- (b) Liquids in the fuel tanks of motor vehicles, aircraft. trolled by remote valves. boats, or portable or stationaryengines.(c) Beverages, w3-5 Supports. Piping systems shall be substantially sup- that do not exceed Iere 3gal ( 8 W apackaged pacirdicidual containers ported and protected against physical damage and exces- sive stresses arising from settlement, vibration, expansion, (d) Medproicines,,thatfo ostains, cosmetics,fmore and other con- sist sumer m of water m contain not more than o 50 percent he or contraction. The installation of nonmetallic piping shall volume water-miscible liquids, with the remainder of the be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. solution not being flammable where packaged in individ- (34* Protection against Corrosion. All s m s stems ual containers that do not exceed 1 gal (3.8 L)capacity. for liquids, both aboveground and underground that are (e) Liquids that have no fire point when tested by ASTM D 92, Cleveland Open Cup Test Method, up to the boiling subject to external corrosion shall be protected. Under- Point of the liquid or up to a temperature at which the ground piping systems shall be protected in accordance with 2-4.3. sample being tested shows an obvious physical change. 3-7 Valves. Piping systems shall contain a sufficient nom• (f) Distilled spirits and wines in wooden barrels or casks. ber of valves to operate the system properly and to protect `hall For the purpose of this chapter, unstable liquids the plant. Piping systems in connection with pumps shallcontain a shall be treated as Class IA liquids. t l the flow of liquid sufficienin normal operation and ntro the eventroly f • 4-2 Design, Construction,and Capacity of Containers. physical damage. Each connection to piping by which 4-2.1 Only approved containers and portable tanks shall equipment such as tank cars, tank vehicles, or marine yes- be used. sels discharge liquids into storage tanks shall be provided with a check valve for automatic protection against back- (a) Metal containers and metal portable tanks meeting flow if the piping arrangement is such that back-flow from the requirements of, and containing products authorized by, Chapter I, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations the system is possible. (See also 2-3.8.1.) (U.S. Department of ials 3-7.1 If loading and unloading is done through a com- Regulations), Chapter 9 ofP a a heUnit d Naas r Nations Rules for mon pipe system, a check valve is not required. However, the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, or NFPA 386, a block valve shall be provided. This valve shall be located Standard for Portable Shipping Tanks for Flammable and Com- so that it is readily accessible or shall be remotely operable. bustible Liquids,shall be acceptable. 3.8 Testing. Unless tested in accordance with the a li- (b) Plastic containers meeting the requirements of, and of PP used for petroleum products within the scope of, one or for PressuresP pings all piping,g, before being ncovered,rd more of the following specifications shall be acceptable: enclosed,or placed in use,shall be hydrostatically tested to 1. ASTM/ANSI D3435, Plastic Containers Very Cans) 150 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the for Petroleum Products. system,or pneumatically tested to 110 percent of the max- 2. ASTM F 852,Standard for Portable Gasoline Contain- imum anticipated pressure of the system but not less than ers for Consumer Use. 5 psi (34.5 kPa) gage at the highest point of the system. This test shall be maintained for a sufficient time to com- 3. ASTM F 976,Standard for Portable Kerosine Contain- ' plete visual inspection of all joints and connections,but for ers for Consumer Use. at least 10 min. 4. ANSI/UL 1313, Nonmetallic Safety Cans for Petro- leum Products. 3-9• Identification- Each loading and unloading riser (c) Plastic drums meeting the requirements of and con- for liquid storage shall be identified by color code or mark- taming products authorized by Title 49 of the Code of Fed- ing to identify the product for which the tank is used. end Regulations or by Chapter 9 of the United Nations'Rec- ommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods shall be acceptable. ( Chapter 4 Container and Portable Tank Storage (d) Fiber drums that: 4I Scope. I. Meet the requirements of Item 296 of the National Motor Freight g Classification (NMFC) or Rule 51 4-1.1 This chapter shall apply to the storage of liquids in drums or other containers that do not exceed 60 gal of the Uniform Freight Classification (UFC) for Types 2A, 3A, 36•H, 3B-L, or 4A,and (227 L) individual capacity and in portable tanks that do 2. Meet the requirements of and contain liquid not exceed 660 gal(2498 L)individual capacity and to lim- products authorized either by Chapter I, Title 49 of the 1993 Edition 940339 CONTAINER AND PORTABLE TANK SEOR\CE 30-29 Code of Federal Regulations (U.S. Department of Transporta- ted to be used for storage of Class II and Class III liquids. tion Hazardous Materials Regulations) or by U. S. Depart- in any capacity that does not exceed 2112 gal (9.5 LI. ment of Transportation exemption shall be acceptable. 4-2.2 Each portable tank shall be provided with one or 4.2.3.3 Class IA and Class IB liquids shall be permitted to bemore devices installed in the top with sufficient emergency ca acityd the glares cuned liquid not more than .-Cal i3.8-1..) alvt 8 capacity, if required e (such o ACS ,toga e venting capacity to limit internal pressure under fire expo- ical reagent grade or higher) would purity affected by storage sure conditions to 10 psig (68.9 kPa) or 30 percent of the in metal containers or if the liquid can cause excessive cur- bursting pressure of the portable tank, whichever is rosion of the metal container. greater. The total venting capacity shall be not less than that specified in 2-3.6.4 or 2-3.6.6. At least one pressure- actuated vent having a minimum capacity of 6000 Cu ft 4-3 Design, Construction,and Capacity of Storage Cabins. (1 70 m') of free air per hour 114.7 psia (760 mm Hg) and 4.3.1 Not more than 120 gal(454 L)of Class I,Class 11.and 60°F (15.6°C)] shall be used. It shall be set to open at not• Class 'ILA liquids shall be stored in a storage cabinet. Of this less than 5 psig (34.5 kPa). If fusible vents are used, they total, not snore than 60 gal (227 LI shall be of Class I and shall be actuated by elements that operate at a temperature Class II liquids. Not more than three such cabinets shall be not exceeding 300°F (148.9°C). Where plugging of a located in a single fire area,except that,in an industrial occu- pressure-actuated vent can occur, such as when used for an additional cabinets shall be permitted to be located in paints, drying oils, and similar materials, fusible plugs or t �' P g me sa than a fire area e if the is cabinet or groupbi of not venting devices that soften to failure at a maximum of 300°F (148.9°C) under fire exposure shall be permitted to moresof thrn cabinets at is 100separatedfrom other cabinets or groups of cabinets by at least 100 ft(30 m). be used for the entire emergency venting requirement. 4.3.Y• Storage cabinets shall be designed and constructed 4-2.3 The maximum allowable size of a container or metal portable tank shall not exceed that.specified in Table to limit the internal temperature at the center, I in. 4-2.3. (2.5 cm) from the top, to not more than 325°F (162.8°C) when subjected to a 10-min fire test with burners simulat- Exception: As provided for in 4-2.3.1, 4-2.3.2, and 4-2.3.3. ing a room fire exposure using the standard time- temperature curve as given in NFPA 251,Standard Methods Table 4-2.3 'Maximum Allowable Size of of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. All joints Containers and Portable Tanks and seams shall remain tight and the door shall remain securely closed during the fire test. Cabinets shall be Liquids marked in conspicuous lettering: "FLAMMABLE — 9 Flammable Liquids Combustible KEEP FIRE AWAY." Container Type Class IA Class IB Class IC Class II Class III Glas The cabinet is not required to be vented for fire protec- Metasl(other than I Pt I qt 1 gal 1 gal 5 gal tion purposes; however, the following shall apply: DOT drums)or (a) If the cabinet is vented for whatever reasons,the cab- approved plastic I gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal inet shall be vented outdoors in such a manner that will not Safety Cans 2 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal compromise the specified performance of the cabinet, as MetalODrum acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. Specification) 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal. 60 gal (b) If the cabinet is not vented, the vent openings shall Approved Metal be sealed with the bungs supplied with the cabinet or with Portable Tanks 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal 660 gal bungs specified by the manufacturer of the cabinet. Polyethylene DOT Spec.34, 4-3.2.1 Metal cabinets constructed in the following man- U.N. IHI,or as ner are acceptable.The bottom,top,door,and sides of the authorized by • cabinet shall be at least No. 18 gage sheet steel and double DOT Exemption I gal 5 gal 5 gal 60 gal 60 gal walled with 11/2-in. (3.8-cm) air space.Joints shall be riv- Fibre Drum used, welded, or made tight by some equally effective NMFC or UFC Type 2A,Types means.The door shall be provided with a three-point latch 3A,38-H,or arrangement and the door sill shall be raised at least 2 in. 3B-L,or (5 cm)above the bottom of the cabinet to retain spilled liq- T➢pe 4A — — — 60 gal 60 gal uid within the cabinet. SI Units: I pt - 0.473 L; I qt is 0.95 L: I gal a 3.8 L. 4-3.2.2 Wooden cabinets constructed in the following cmanner are acceptable.The bottom,sides,and top shall be 4-2.3.1 Medicines, beverages, foodstuffs, cosmetics, and constructed of exterior grade plywood at least I in. (2.5 cm) in thickness, which shall not break down or other common consumer products, where packaged according to commonly accepted practices for retail sales, delaminate under fire conditions.All joints shall be rabbet- shall be exempt from the requirements of 4-2.1 and 4-2.3. ted and shall be fastened in two directions with wood screws. hall be 4-2.3.2 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Type a rabbettedeovree more of not less dthanr t1 s tin.(2.5 cm), there . Doors (. III nonreusable polyethylene containers, constructed and tested in accordance with DOT specification 2U and shall be equipped with a means of latching, and hinges ` shall be constructed and mounted in such a manner as treated if necessary to prevent permeation,shall be permit- to not lose their holding capacity when subjected to fire 940339 30-30 FL4%IMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE exposure.A raised sill or pan capable of containing a 2-in. resistance rating of the wall as specified in Table 4.4.2.2. (5-cm) depth of liquid shall be provided at the bottom of Such doors shall be permitted to be arranged to stay open the cabinet to retain spilled liquid within the cabinet. during material handling operations if the doors are 4-3.2.3 Listed cabinets that have been constructed and designed to close automatically in a fire emergency by pro- vision of listed closure devices. Fire doors shall be installed tested in accordance with 4-3.2 shall be acceptable. in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and 4-4• Design, Construction, and Operation of Inside Liq- Fire Windours. f uid Storage Areas. Table 4-4.2.2 Fire Protection Ratings for Fire Doors ( (See Section 1-2 for definitions. See 4-4-4 for explanatory • — information on the types of inside liquid storage areas. Ste dppen- Fire Resistance Rating Fire Protection Rating dix D for information on protection criteria.) of Wall',Hr. of Door,Hrs. 4-4.1 Scope. Section 4-4 applies to inside areas where 1 3/4 the primary function is the storage of liquids. This shall 2 I include inside rooms, cut-off rooms, attached buildings, 4 32 liquid warehouses, and hazardous material storage lockers y required by Table 4-2.2.1. that are used as inside storage areas. (See Section 4-5 for 'One fire door required on each side of interior openings for attached liq- stomge of liquids in other types of occupancies.) old warehouses.See 4-4.2.3. 4-4.2 Design and Construction Requirements. 4-4.2.3 Communicating openings in fire walls separating 4-4.2.1 MI storage areas shall be constructed to meet the liquid warehouses from adjacent building areas shall be specified fire-resistance ratings in Table 4-4.2.1. Such con- protected by 3-hr fire doors on each side of the wall. struction shall comply with the test specifications given in 4-4.2.4 Construction design of exterior walls shall pro- NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Con- vide ready accessibility for fire fighting operations through struction and Materials, provision of access openings, windows,or lightweight non- combustible wall panels. Table 4-4.2.1 Fire Resistance Ratings forinside Storage Area for Liquids and for Liquid Warehouses Exception: This shall not apply to inside rooms. 4-4.2.5 Where Class IA or Class IB liquids or unstable Fire Resistance Rating,Hrs. liquids are dispensed,or where Class IA liquids or unstable liquids are stored in containers larger than 1 gal (4 L), Interior the exterior wall or roof construction shall incorporate Walls' deflagrationventin Ceilings, g.g. (NF-PA 68, Guide for Venting of Intermediate Exterior Exterior Deflagration:,provides information on this subject.) Type of Storage Area Floors Roofs Walls Exception: Inside storage rooms need not comply with this . requirement. Inside Storage Rooms: 4-4.2.6 Except for drains, floors shall be liquidtight, and • Floor area <150 ft' 1 - the storage area shall be liquidtight where the walls join Floor area >150 ft'and <500 ft' 2 - - the floor. Cutoff Rooms and Attached Buildings: 4-4.2.7' Means shall be provided to prevent the flow of liquids under emergency conditions into adjoining build- Floor area <300 ft' I 1: - ing areas. This shall be accomplished by providing one or Floor area >S00 ft' 2 2' 2' a combination of the following across the entire width of each opening: Liquid Warehouses 4' - 2'or 4s (a) Noncombustible, liquidtight raised sills, curbs, or Si Units: I q B iso.o9m'. ramps of suitable height. �_ 'Between liquid storage areas and any adjacent areas not dedicated to liq- (b) Open-grated trenches. uid storage. 'Roofs of attached buildings,one story in height,shall be permitted to be of (c) Other means acceptable to the authority having lightweight, noncombustible construction if the separating interior wafts jurisdiction. have minimum 3-ft(0.90-m)parapets. 'Where other portions of buildings or other properties are exposed. Exception: This requirement shall not apply to areas where only 'This shall be a standard fire wall. Class III liquids are stored. 'For exposing walls that are located more than 10 ft (3 in)but less than lc 50 ft(15 m)from an important building or line of adjoining property that 44.2.8' Where automatic sprinkler protection is pro- m'be built upon. vided, in addition to the requirements of 44.2.7, means 'For exposing walls that are located 10 B(3 m)or less from an important building or line of adjoining property that n be built upon. shall also be provided to prevent burning liquids from a exposing other storage piles or racks and from exposing 4-4.2.2 Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or other important buildings, adjoining property, or critical buildings and openings in exterior walls with fire resistance natural resources. ratings shall be provided with normally dosed, listed fire Exception No.I: This requirement shall not apply to areas where t doors with fire-resistance ratings corresponding to the fire only the following are stored: 1981 Edition • 940339 • • CONTAINER yND PORTABLE TANK cif IRAGE 30-31 (a) Class III liquids: 4-4.3 General Storage Requirements. (b) Liquids that are heavier than water: 4-4.3.1 The storage of any liquids shall not physically (c) linter-miscible liquids; obstruct means of egress. (d) Liquids having viscosities greater than 10,000 rentipoise. 4-4.3.2 Wood at least I-in. (2.5-cm) nominal thickness Exception No. 2: This requirement shall not apply to areas where shall be permitted to be used for shelving, racks, dunnage, fire protection is provided by non-water extinguishing systems, scutlboards, floor overlay, and similar installations. such as total flooding CO2, high expansion foam. or AFFF. 44.3.3 Where storage on racks exists as permitted in this 4-4.2.9 Electrical equipment and wiring in inside storage code. a minimum 4-ft (1.2-m) wide aisle shall be prot'idrd rooms used for the storage of Class I liquids shall be suit- between adjacent rack sections and any adjacent storage of able for Class I. Division 2 hazardous (classified) locations. liquids. Main aisles shall be a minimum of 8 ft 12.4 nu wide. Electrical equipment and wiring in inside storage rooms 4-4.3.4 Solid pile and palletized storage in liquid ware- used for the storage of only Class II and Class III liquids houses shall be arranged so that piles are separated from shall be suitable for general purpose use. (See NFPA 70, each other by at least 4 ft (1.2 m). Aisles shall be provided National Electrical Code, for information on the design and and so arranged that no container or portable tank is more installation of electrical wiring and equipment.) than 20 ft (6 m) from an aisle. Main aisles shall be a mini- 4-43.10 Where Class I liquids are dispensed or where mum of 8 ft (2.4 m) wide. Class 11 or Class III liquids at temperatures at or above 4.4.3.5 Class I liquids shall not be permitted in basement their flash points are dispensed, electrical equipment and areas. Class II and Class IIlA liquids shall be permitted to wiring shall be suitable for Class I, Division 2 hazardous be stored in basements provided that automatic sprinkler (classified) locations. In addition, electrical equipment and protection and other fire protection facilities are provided wiring located within 3 ft (0.9 m) of dispensing nozzles in accordance with Section 4.8. shall he suitable for Class I, Division I hazardous 70, National Electrical Code, for (classi- fied) locations. (See NFP.A 4-43.6 Limited quantities of combustible commodities,as further njonnatiou.) defined in the scope of NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage,and NFPA 23 IC, Standard for Rack Storage of Mate- 44.2.11 Liquid storage areas where dispensing is con- rials,shall be permitted to be stored in liquid storage areas ducted shall be provided with either a gravity or a contin- if the ordinary combustibles, other than those used for uous mechanical exhaust ventilation system. Mechanical packaging the liquids, are separated from the liquids in ventilation shall be used if Class I liquids are dispensed storage by a minimum of 8 ft(2.4 m)horizontally,either by ,. within the room. aisles or by open racks, and if protection is provided in ( . (a) Exhaust air shall be taken from a point near a wall accordance with Section 4-8. on one side of the room and within 12 in. (30 cm) of the 44.3.7 Storage of empty or idle combustible pallets floor with one or more make-up inlets located on the inside an unprotected liquid storage area shall be limited opposite side of the room within 12 in. (30 cm)of the floor, to a maximum pile size of 2500 sq ft (232 m') arid to a The location of both the exhaust and inlet air openings maximum storage height of 6 ft(1.8 m). Storage of empty shall be arranged to provide, as far as practicable, air or idle combustible pallets inside a protected liquid storage movements across all portions of the floor to prevent accu- area shall comply with NFPA 231, Standard for General mulation of flammable vapors. Exhaust from the room Storage. Pallet storage shall be separated from liquid nor- shall be directly to the exterior of the building without age by aisles that are at least 8 ft (2.4 m) wide. recirculation. 4-4.3.8 Containers in piles shall be stacked in such man- Exception: Recirculation is permitted where it is monitored con- ner as to provide stability and to prevent excessive stress tenuously using a fail-safe system that is designed to automatically on container walls. Portable tanks stored over one tier high sound an alarm,stop recirculation,and provide full exhaust to the shall be designed to nest securely, without dunnage. (See outside in the event that vapor-air mixtures in concentration over NFPA 386, Standard for Portable Shipping Tanks for Mamma- one-fourth of the lower flammable limit are detected. ble and Combustible Liquids, for information en portable tank design.) Materials handling equipment shall be suitable to If ducts are used, they shall not be used for any other handle containers and tanks safely at the upper tier level. purpose and shall comply with NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials. If make-up air 44.3.9 Containers or portable tanks in unprotected liquid to a mechanical system is taken from within the building, storage areas shall not be stored closer than 36 in. (0.9 m)to the opening shall be equipped with a fire door or damper, the nearest beam,chord,girder,or other roof member. as required in NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air 4-4.4 Allowable Quantities and Storage Heights. ( Conveying of Materials. For gravity systems,the make-up air shall be supplied from outside the building. 4-4.4.1 Except as provided for in 4-4.4.2 through 4.4.4.4. storage of liquids shall comply with Table 44.4(a)for unpro- (b) Mechanical ventilation systems shall provide at leasttected storage or with Tables 44.4(6) and 4-4.4(c) for pro- 1 cu ft per min of exhaust per sq ft of floor area (1 m' per tected stow Where storagepro-of ' uids is protected.the ro- min per 3 m2), but not less than 150 cfm (4 ms per min). tection shall meet the requirements of Section 4-8. The mechanical ventilation system for dispensing areas shall be equipped with an airflow switch or other equally Exception: Other quantities and arrangements of storage shall reliable method that is interlocked to sound an audible be permitted to be used where the storage is suitably protected and alarm upon failure of the ventilation system. approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 3403,33 30-32 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 44.4(a) Indoor Unprotected Storage of Liquids in Containers and Portable Tanks Container Storage Portable Tank Storage t Max. Pile Max.Quant. Max.Total Ma Pile Max.Quart. Max.Total Class Height(ft) per Pile(gal) Quant.(galls Height(ft) per Pile(gal) Quant.(gal)' IA 5 660 660 — Not Permitted — IB 5 1,375 1.375 7 2,000 2.000 t IC 5 2.750 2.750 7 4,000 4.000 r II 10 4.125 8,250 7 5.500 11.000 II IA 15 13.750 27.500 7 22.000 44.000 111B 15 13,750 55.000 7 22.000 88.000 SI Units: 16w, 0.3 m; I gal = 3.8 L. *Applies only to cutoff rooms and attached buildings.Table 44.4(b) Storage (/Arrangements for Protected Palletized or Solid Pile Storage of Liquids in Containers and Portable Tanks \ Storage Max.Storage Height(ft) Max.Quantity per Pile(gal) Max.Quantity(gal)** Class Level Containers Port.Tanks Containers Port.Tanks Containers Port.Tanks IA Ground Floor 5 — 3.000 — 12,000 — Upper Floors 5 — - 2,000 — 8,000 — Basement —Not Permitted— — — — — IB Ground Floor 61/2 7 5,000 20,000 15,000 40,000 Upper Floors 642 7 3,000 10,000 12,000 20,000 Basement —Not Permitted— — — — — IC Ground Floor 642' 7 5.000 20.000 15,000 40.000 Upper Floors 61/2* 7 3,000 10,000 12,000 20.000 Basement —Not Permitted— — — — — II Ground Floor 10 14 10,000 40,000 25,000 80,000 Upper Floors 10 14 10,000 40,000 25,000 80,000 Basement 5 7 7.500 20.000 7.500 20,000 III Ground Floor 20 14 15,000 60,000 55,000 100,000 Upper Floors 20 14 15,000 60,000 55,000 100,000 Basement 10 7 10,000 20.000 25,000 40,000 SI Units: 1 R w 0.3 m; I gal w 3.8 L. 'These height limitations shall be increased to 10 ft for containers of 5 gal capacity or less.See Table D-4'6.2.2. . "Applies only to cutoff rooms and attached buildings. NOTE: See Section 4-6 for protection requirements as applicable to this type of storage. Table 4-4.4(c) Storage Arrangements for Protected Rack Storage of Liquids in Containers Max. Max. Storage Quantity Type StorageHeight(ft) (gagra Class Rack Level Containers Containers Double Row Ground Floor 25 7,500 �: IA or Upper Floors 15 4,500 Single Row Basement Not Permitted — 18 Double Row Ground Floor 25 15,000 • or Upper Floors 15 9,000 IC Single Row Basement Not Permitted — Double Row Ground Floor 25 24,000 II or Upper floor 25 24,000 • Single Row Basement 15 9,000 • Multi-Row Ground Floor 40 55,000 Ill Double Row Upper Floors 20 55,000 or Single Row Basement 20 25,000 Sl Uniu: 1ft • 0.3m; Igal w 3.8L ' NOTE I: See Section 4-6 for protection requirements as applicable to this type of storage. NOTE 2: Maximum quantity allowed on racks in cutoff rooms and attached buildings(see 4-4.2). • . NOTE 3: Maximum quantity allowed per rack section in liquid ware- houses(see 4.5.7). . 1993 Edthon 940339 CONTAINER AND IN)RLABIA: [-A\6 SrORACE 30-33 ( _ 4-4.4.2 Storage in inside rooms shall meet the require- 4-5 Requirements for Liquid Storage Areas in Other ments specified in Table 4-4.4.2. In addition, containers Occupancies. over 30 gal (113.5 L)capacity that contain Class I or Class II liquids shall not be stored more than one container high 43.1 Basic Conditions. in inside rooms. 4-5.1.1 Scope. Section 4-5 applies to areas where the storage of liquids is incidental and not the primary pun- -- Table 4.4.4.2 Storage Limitations for Inside Rooms pose of the area. ( 4.5.1.2 Where inside liquid storage areas are required in Total Floor Automatic Fire Total Allowable Quantity other occupancies, they shall nice! all applicable require- Area Protection (gal per sq ft (sq ftl Provided?' ments . Sehtion 4- and all c applicable rsrequirements increase of r of floor weal section. Where other factors substantially increase or skit) No 2 decrease the hazard. the authority having jurisdiction shall Yes 5 be permitted to modifc the quantities specified. >150 and s500 No 42 4-5.1.3 Storage of liquids shall not physically obstruct a Yes Ip means of egress. Class I liquids shall be so placed that a fire SI Coin: I : n = in the liquid storage would not prevent egress from the area. q O.O9 m; I gal - IS L. NOTE I: The fire protection system shall be automatic sprinklers. water 4-5.1.4 Liquids used for building maintenance, painting, spray,carbon dioxide,dip chemical.or other approved system.are 4-N.1 or other similar infrequent maintenance purposes shall be NOTE 2: Total allowable quantities of Class IA and Ili liquids shall not exceed the quantities permitted in Table 4-4.4(a) 'Jr those permitted br permitted to be stored temporarily in closed containers 4 4 4 4 outside of storage cabinets or inside liquid storage areas. if limited to an amount that does not exceed a 10-day supply 4-4.4.3 Unprotected storage of liquids in racks shall not at anticipated rates of use. exceed the maximum total quantities allowed by Table 4-5.1.5 Class I liquids shall not he stored in basements. 4-4.4(a).Storage of liquids that are protected in accordance with Section 4-8 shall not exceed the maximum total quan- Exception: As provided for in 4-5.6. tities allowed by Table 4-4.4(c). 4-5.2 General-Purpose Warehouses. (See Section 1-2, Exception: Liquid warehouses need not comply with this requinnnent. Definitions.) 4-4.4.4 The total quantity of liquids stored in a liquid ware- 4-5.2.1 General-purpose warehouses storing liquids (as house shall not be restricted. However, the storage heights defined in e this code) shall be separate, detached buildings and maximum quantity per pile shall comply with Tables or shall be separated pp other occupancies by a standard 4-4.4(a),4-4.4(b),and 4-4-4(c)whichever is applicable. 4-hr fire wall or, if approroved, by a fire partition having a Exception: An unprotected liquid warehouse that is located a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hr. Each opening minimum of 100 ft(30 m)from exposed buildin s or any shall be protected as provided for in 4-4.2.2. line that is or can be built upon need not comply wth property 4-5.2.2 Warehousing operations that involve storage of 4-4.4(a) if there is protection for exposures. Where protection for liquids shall be restricted to inside liquid storage areas in exposures is not provided, this minimum distance shall be increased accordance with Section 4.4. to 200 ft(61 m). Exception: As provided for in 4-5.2.3. • 4-4.4.5 Where two or more classes of liquids are stored in a 4-5.2.3 Class IB and IC liquids in containers of 1 gal single pile or rack section,the maximum total quantity and the (3.8 L) or less capacity, Class II liquids in containers of maximum storage height permitted in that pile or rack section 5 gal (18.9 L)or less capacity,and Class III liquids in con- shall be the smallest of the individual maximum total quantities tainers of 60 gal (227 L)or less capacity shall be permitted and maximum storage heights for the specific classes present, to be stored in warehouses that handle combustible con- . respectively. The maximum total quantity permitted shall be modities, as defined in NFPA 231, Standard for General limited to a sum of the proportional amounts that each class of Storage, provided that the storage area is protected with liquid present bean to the maximum total quantity permitted automatic sprinklers in accordance with the provisions of for its respective class. The sum of the proportional amounts NFPA 231 for 20-ft (6-m) high storage of Class IV com- shall not exceed 100 percent' modities and the quantities and height of liquid storage are Exception: The maximum total quantities in liquid warehouses limited to: shall not be restricted. (See 4-4.4.3.) (a) Class IA liquids: not permitted; ( 4.45 Operations. (b) Classes IB & IC: 660 gal (2498 L), maximum 5 ft Dispensing of Class I liquids or Class II or Class (1.5 m) high; III liquids at temperatures at or above their flash points (c) Class II: 1375 gal (5204 L), maximum 5 ft (1.5 m) shall not be permitted in cut-off rooms or attached build- high; ings that exceed 1000 sq ft (93 ms) in floor area or in liq- (d) Class ILIA: 2750 gal (10 409 L), maximum 10 ft uid warehouses unless the dispensing area is suitably cut (3.0 m) high; off from the storage areas in accordance with Table 44.2.1 and meets all other requirements of 4-4.2. Class IIIB: 13,750 gal (52 044 L), maximum 15 ft (4.6 m) high. 44.5.2 Dispensing operations shall comply with the The liquid storage shall also comply with 4-5.2.4 applicable requirements of Chapter 5. through 4.5.2.9. tutu rd1Y.., 940339 30-34 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE 4-5.2.4 Liquids in Plastic Containers. Class I and Class 4-5.4 Assembly Occupancies,Buildings Containing More ( II liquids in plastic containers shall not be stored in general- than Three Dwelling Units,and Hotels. Storage in excess purpose warehouses,but shall be stored in inside liquid stor- of 10 gal (37.8 L)of Class I and Class II liquids combined or age areas that meet the requirements of Section 4-4. 60 gal (227 L) of Class 'ILA liquids shall be in containers Exception No. 1: The following liquids,packaged in plastic ran- stored in storage cabins,in safety cans,or in an inside stor- :tuners, shall be permitted to be stored in general-purpose ware- age area that does not have openings that communicate with houses in accordance with the protection and storage limitations that portion of the building used by the public. specified in 4-5.2.3 as follows: 4.5.5 Office,Educational,and Institutional Occupancies. f (a) Products containing not more than 50 percent by volume The following requirements shall apply to office. educa- {_ of water-miscible liquids, with the remainder of the solution not tional.and institutional occupancies. being a Class I liquid, where packaged in individual containers; 4-55.1 Storage shall be limited to that required for oper- (b) Products containing more than 50 percent water-miscible ation of office equipment, maintenance, demonstration. liquids in individual containers not exceeding 16 oz. (0.5 L) and laboratory work. This storage shall comply with the / capacity. l p° provisions of 4-5.5.2 through 45.5.5, except that the nor- Exception No. 2•: Class 1 and Class 11 liquids in plastic con- comply for industrial and educational laboratory work shall tainers shall be permitted to be stored in a general purpose ware- eomply with NFPA 45, Standard on Fire Protection for Laba- house if the packaging systems are listed and labeled for use with mtories Using Chemicals. these materials. All other provisions of 4-5.2 shall also apply. 4-5.5.2 Containers of Class I liquids that are stored out- 4-5.Y5 Palletized, Solid Pile, or Rack Storage. Liquids side of an inside liquid storage area shall not exceed a in containers shall be permitted to be stored on pallets, in capacity of 1 gal (3.8 L). solid piles,or on racks,subject to the maximum total quan- Exception: Safety cans shall be permitted up to a 2-gal(7.6-L) tity and maximum storage height provisions of 4-5.2.3, capacity. provided the storage is protected in accordance with Sec- tion 4-8,as applicable. 4-5.5.3 Not more than 10 gal(37.8 L)of Class I and Class II liquids combined shall be stored in a single fire area 4-5.2.6 Basement Storage Areas. Storage of liquids in outside of a storage cabinet or an inside liquid storage area basement areas of general purpose warehouses shall only unless in safety cans. be permitted as provided for in 4-4.3.6. 4-5.2.7 Mixed Liquid Storage. Where two or more 4-5.5.4 Not more than 25 gal(94.6 L)of Class I and Class q 8 11 liquids combined shall be stored in a single fire area in classes of liquids are stored in a single pile or single rack safety cans outside of an inside liquid storage area or stor- section,the maximum total quantity and maximum storage age cabinet. height permitted shall be as provided for in 4-4.4.5. 4-5.2.8 Separation and Aisles. Storage liquids in of en- 4-555 Not more than 60 gal(227 L)of Class ILIA liquids Pg shall be stored outside of an inside liquid storage area or eral purpose warehouses shall be arranged as provided for storage cabinet. in 4-4.3.3 and 4-4.3.4. 4-5.2.9 Liquids and Ordinary Combustible Storage. The 4'5.6 Mercantile Occupancies. following applies to the storage of liquids and ordinary 4-5.6.1• In storage and display areas that are accessible to combustible commodities: the public, the storage of Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA (a) Liquids shall not be stored in the same pile or in the liquids shall be limited to the quantities needed for display, same rack sections as ordinary combustible commodities(see storage, and normal merchandising purposes, but in no 4-5.2.9(b)]. Where liquids are packaged together with ordi- case shall exceed the quantities stated in the following: nary combustibles,as in kits,the storage shall be considered (a) In protected storage and display areas, the total on the basis of whichever commodity predominates. aggregate quantity of Classes IB,IC,11,and 1IIA liquids in (b) Except as provided for in 4-5.2.9(a), ordinary corn- any combination shall not exceed 4 gal per sq ft(162 L per m )of gross floor area, up to a maximum total quantity of bustible commodities shall be separated from liquids in containers by a minimum distance of 8 ft(2.4 m). exceed gal 8 L). The total quantity of Class IA liquids shall not exceed 120 gal (454 L). 4-5.2.10 Operations. Dispensing of Class I and Class II (b) In unprotected ground floor storage and display liquids in general purpose warehouses shall not be permit- areas,the total aggregate quantity of Classes III, IC, II,and ted unless the dispensing area is suitably cut off from other IIIA liquids in any combination shall not exceed 2 gal per /ordinary combustible or liquid storage areas,as specified in sq ft (81 L per m ) of gross floor area, up to a maximum l sions of and otherwise complies with the applicable provi- total quantity of 7500 gal (28,388 L). The total quantity of l` Class IA liquids shall not exceed 120 gal(454 L). 4-5.3 Dwellings and Residential Buildings Containing (c) In unprotected storage and display areas on floors Not More than Three Dwelling Units and Accompanying other than the ground floor,the total aggregate quantity of Attached and Detached Garages. Storage in excess of Classes IB, IC, II, and IIIA liquids in any combination 25 gal (94.6 L) of Class I and Class II liquids combined shall not exceed 1 gal per sq ft(40 L per m5)of gross floor shall be prohibited. In addition,storage in excess of 60 gal area. The storage of Class IA liquids in such areas shall be (227 L)of Class IIIA liquid shall be prohibited. prohibited. rim Edition 940339 coN!Ai N Ex.yND PORTABLE TANK l'rtRC:E 30-35 (d) For the purpose of 4-5.6.1(a). "protected" shall requirements and shall be subject to the approval of the mean protected with automatic sprinklers that are. as a authority having jurisdiction. Movable prefabricated struc- minimum, installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard tures that have been examined. listed, or labeled by an for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, for Ordinary Hazard organization acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction Group 2 Occupancies. for use as a hazardous materials storage facility shall be (e) For the purposes of 4-5.6.1(a), (b), and (c). "gross acceptable. floor area." used for computing the maximum quantity of 4-6.3.1 Lockers governed by this standard shall not liquid that call be stored, shall mean that portion of the exceed 1500 sq ft (139 m2) gross floor area. Vertical stack- floor actually being used for merchandising of these liquids ing of lockers shall not be permitted. and the immediately adjacent aisle spaces. 4.6.3.2 Where electrical wiring and equipment is (I) Where the storage arrangements. the sprinkler sys- required. it shall comply with 4.4.2.9. tem design criteria.or other means of protection are based on fire test data,the maximum total quantities given in (a). 4[69.3 Where dispensing or filling is permitted inside.a (b), and (c) above shall be permitted to be doubled. (For locker, operations shall comply with the provisions of additional guidance on recommended protection,see Appendix D.) Chapter 5. 4-5.6.2 In storage areas that are not accessible to the pub- 4-69.4 Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with lic, the storage of Class I, Class II, and Class IILA liquids 4-4.2.11. shall not exceed the amounts stated in the following: 4-6.3.5 Spill or Leakage Control. Lockers shall include a (a) In storage areas that are protected in accordance spill containment system to prevent the flow of liquids from with 4-5.6.1(d) the total aggregate quantity of Classes IB, the structure under emergency conditions. The contain- IC, II, and IIIA liquids in any combination shall not ment system shall have sufficient capacity to contain 10 exceed 7500 gal (28,388 L). The total quantity of Class IA percent of the volume of containersallowed or the volume liquids shall not exceed 120 gal (454 L). Class IA liquids of the largest container, whichever is greater. shall not be stored in basements. 4-6.4 Designated sites shall be provided for the location (b) In unprotected storage areas, the total aggregate and use of lockers and shall be subject to the approval of quantity of Classes IB, IC, II,and IIIA liquids in any com- the authority having jurisdiction.The designated sites shall bination shall not exceed the amounts given in 4-5.6.1(b) be arranged to provide at least the minimum separation or 4-5.6.1(c), whichever is applicable. distance between individual lockers, distance from locker (c) Where the storage arrangements, the sprinkler sys- to property line that is or can be built upon, and distance tem design criteria,or other means of protection are based from locker to nearest side of public ways or to important on fire test data, the maximum total quantities given in (a) buildings on the same property, as given in Table 4-6.4 and (b) above shall be permitted to be doubled. (For addi- and explanatory notei 1,2, 3, and 4,as applicable. tional guidance on recommended protection, see Appendix D.) 4-6.4.I Once the designated site is approved, it shall not 4-5.6.3 Quantities in excess of those permitted in 4-5.6.2 be changed without the approval of the authority having shall be stored in accordance with other appropriate sec- jurisdiction. tions of this code. 4-6.4.2 More than one locker shall be permitted on a des- 4-5.6.4 Containers shall not be stacked more than 3 ft ' ignated site, provided that separation distance between (0.9 m) or 2 containers high, whichever is the greater, individual lockers is maintained in accordance with Table unless placed on fixed shelving or otherwise satisfactorily 4-6.4. secured. 4.6,4.3 The approved designated storage site shall be 4.5.65 Shelving shall be of stable construction and of suf- protected from tampering or trespassing where the area is ficient depth and arrangement such that containers dis- accessible to the general public. played thereon shall not easily be displaced. 4-6.4.4 Storage Practices. 4-5.6.6 Leaking containers shall be removed immediately 44.4.4.1 Containers of liquid in their original shipping to an adequately ventilated area, and the contents trans- packages shall be permitted to be stored either palletized ferred to an undamaged container. or solid piled. Unpackaged containers shall be permitted to 44* Hazardous Materials Storage Lockers. be stored on shelves or directly on the floor of the locker. Containers over 30 gal (113.5 L)capacity storing Class I or 44.1 Hazardous materials storage lockers that are used Class II liquids shall not be stored more than two contain- ( as inside rooms shall be considered inside liquid storage ers high. In all cases, the storage arrangement shall pro- ` rooms and shall meet the requirements for inside rooms as vide unrestricted access to and egress from the locker. set forth in Section 4-4,as applicable. 4-6.4.4.2 No other flammable or combustible material 4.6.2 Subsections 4-6.3 and 4-6.4 shall apply to storage of storage shall be permitted within the designated site flammable and combustible liquids in containers, in haz- approved for lockers. ardous material storage lockers (hereinafter referred to as lockers) which are located outside. 4-6.4.4.3 Placarding or warning signs for lockers shall be in accordance with applicable local, state, and federal reg- 4-69 The design and construction of a locker shag meet ulations or with NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identifi- all applicable local, state, and federal regulations and cation of the Fire Hazards of Materials. • 940339 • 30-36 FL NIMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 4-6.4 Designated Sites ((// Distance from Locker • Distance from Locker to Nearest Side to Property line of Public Ways or • Area of Designated Distance between that Is or Can Be to Important Buildings Site' Individual Lockers Built Upon' on Same Property" (sq ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) s100 5 10 5 >100 5500 5 20 10 >500 51500' 5 30 20 'Site arra limits are intended to differentiate the relative size and thus the number of locket that are permitted in one designated site. Distances apply to properties that have protection for exposures.as defined.If there are exposures and such protection for exposures does not exist,the dis- tances shall be doubled. 'When the exposed building has an exterior wall,facing the designated site,that has a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hr and has no openings to abovegrade areas within I ft(3 ml horizontally and no openings to belowgrade areas within 30 f(15 ml horizontally of the designated area,the distances can be reduced to half of those shown in the table,except they shall rifler be less than 3 ft(1.5 m). 'When a single locker has a gross single story floor area that will require a site area limit of greater than 1500 sq 6(199 m')or when multiple units exceed the area limit of 1500 sq ft(139 m'),the authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted for approval of distances. 4-7 Outdoor Storage. 4-7.2 A maximum of 1100 gal (4163 L) of liquids in 4-7.1 Outdoor storage of liquids in containers and porta- closed containers and portable tanks shall be permitted to ble tanks shall be in accordance with Table 4-7 and 4-7.1.1 be stored adjacent to a building under the same manage- through 4-7.1.4 and 4-7.2 through 4-7.4. ment provided that: • 4-7.1.1 Where two or more classes of materials are stored (a) The adjacent building wall has an exterior fire resis- in a single pile,the maximum gallonage in that pile shall be tance rating of 2 hr, the smallest of the two or more separate gallonages. (b) There are no openings to areas at grade or above 4-7.1.2 No container or portable tank in a pile shall be grade that are within 10 ft(3 m) horizontally of the storage, more than 200 ft (60 m) from a 12-ft (3.6-m) wide access (c) There are no openings directly above the storage,and way to permit approach of fire control apparatus under all weather conditions. (d) There are no openings to areas below grade within 50 ft(15 m) horizontally of the storage. 4-7.1.3 The distances listed in Table 4-7 apply to proper- ties that have protection fin exposures as defined. If there Exception: The above provisions are not necessary if the building are exposures,and such protection for exposures does not in question is limited to one story, is of fire-resistive or noncombus- exist, the distances in column 4 shall be doubled. title construction, is devoted principally to the storage of liquids, • 4-7.1.4 Where total quantity stored does not exceed 50 and is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. percent of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 4-7.2.1 The quantity of liquids stored adjacent to a build- and 5 shall be permitted to be reduced 50 percent,but not ing protected in accordance with 4-7.2 shall be permitted to less than 3 ft (0.9 m) to exceed that permitted in 4-7.2, provided the maximum Table 4-7 Outdoor Liquid Storage in Containers and Portable Tanks 1 2 3 4 5 Portable Tank Distance to •Distance to Container Storage Max. Distance Property Line Street,Alley, Storage—Max. per Pile between Piles or that Is or Can Be or a Public Way Class per Pile • CGallons Racks(ft) Built Upon(ft)" (ft)" Height Height Gallons" (R) Gallons" (ft) IA 1,100 10 2,200 7 5 50 10 IB 2,200 12 4,400 14 5 50 10IC IC 4,400 12 8,800 14 5 50 10 II 8,800 12 17,600 14 5 25 5 III 22.000 18 44,000 14 5 10 5 Sl Units: 1fl = 0.3m; 1 gal - 3.8L. 'Se 4-7.1.1 regarding mixed class storage. 'See 4-7.1.3 regarding protection for exposures. 'See 4-7.1.4 for smaller pile sizes. 'For storage in racks,the quantity limits per pile do not apply,but the rack arrangement shall be limited to a maximum of 50 fi(15 m)in length and 2 rowsC. or 9 ft(2.7 m)in depth. • 1993 Edition 9403^9 OPERATIONS 30-37 quantity per pile does not exceed 1100 gal (4163 L) and 4-8.4.2 At least one portable fire extinguisher hating a each pile is separated by a 10-ft(3-m)minimum clear space rating of not less than 20-B shall be located not less than along the common wall. 10 ft (3 m), nor more than 50 ft (15 an. from any Class I 4-7.2.2 Where the quantity stored exceeds the 1100 gal • or Class 11 liquid storage area located outside of an inside (4163 L) permitted adjacent to the building given in 4-7.2, storage area or liquid warehouse. • or the provisions of 4.7.2 cannot otherwise be met, a min- 4-8.5 In protected general purpose warehouses and in pro- . . imum distance in accordance with column 4 of Table 4-7 tesed liquid storage areas,hand hose lines shall be provided shall be maintained between buildings and the nearest con- in suf bent number to reach all liquid storage areas. tainer or portable tank. 48.6 The water supply shall be sufficient to meet the 4-7.3 The storage area shall be graded in a manner to fixed fire protection demand,plus a total of at least 300 gal divert possible spills away from buildings or other expo- (1892 L) per minute for inside and outside hose lines. [See sures or shall be surrounded by a curb at least 6 in. (15 cm) Tables D-4-6.2(a), (b), and(c).] • high. Where curbs are used, provisions shall be made for 4.8.7 Control of Ignition Sources. Precautions shall be draining of accumulations of ground or rain water or spills taken to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors. Sources of liquids. Drains shall terminate at a safe location and shall of ignition include but are not limited to: o en flames; • be accessible to operation under fire conditions. P lightning; smoking;cutting and welding; hot surfaces; fric- 4-7.4 The storage area shall be protected against tamper- tional heat; static, electrical, and mechanical sparks; spon- ing or trespassers where necessary and shall be kept free of taneous ignition, including heat-producing chemical reac- weeds, debris, and other combustible materials not neces- Lions; and radiant heat. sary to the storage. 4.8.8• Materials with a water reactivity as outlined in NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Fire 4-8 Fire Protection and Control. Hazards of Materials, shall not be stored in the same area 48.1 Scope. Section 4-8 shall apply to all storage of liq- with other liquids. uids in containers and portable tanks as specified in Sec- 4-8.9 Power-operated industrial trucks used to move con- tions 4-2 through 4-7. tainers of Class 1 liquids shall be selected, maintained, and operated in accordance with NFPA 505,Fire Standard 4-8.2 Where automatic sprinklers are used, they shall be Safety for Powered Ind installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Trucks Including Type Designations, Installation of Sprinkler Systems,and approved by the author- Areas of Use, Maintenance, and Operation. City having jurisdiction. (For additional information,see Appen- 4-8.10 Water-based fire protection systems shall be • &D.) inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with s- 4-B.Y.1 Other systems such as automatic foam-water s NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte- y nonce of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. terns, automatic water-spray systems, or other combina- tions of systems shall be permitted if approved by the • authority having jurisdiction. Such systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with the appropriate Chapter 5 Operations NFPA standard for the system selected. (For additional infor- mation, see Appendix D.) 5-1 Scope. 4-8.2.2 In-rack sprinklers shall be installed in accordance 5-1.1 This chapter applies to operations involving the use with the provisions of NFPA 23IC, Standard for Rack Stor- or handling of liquids either as a principal or incidental age of Materials,except as modified by 4-8.2.Alternate lines activity, except as covered elsewhere in this code or in of in-rack sprinklers shall be staggered. Multiple levels of other NFPA standards. in-rack sprinkler heads shall be provided with water 5-1.2 The provisions of this chapter relate to the control of • shields unless otherwise separated by horizontal barriers or hazards of fire involving liquids. These provisions may not unless the sprinkler heads are listed for such installations. provide adequate protection for operations involving hazard- 48.3 Where storage on racks exist as permitted in this ous materials or chemical reactions nor do they consider code, racks storing Class I or Class II liquids shall be either health hazards resulting from exposure to such materials. • single-row or double-row as described in NFPA 231C, 5-1.3 Provisions of this chapter shall not prohibit the use Standard for Rack Storage of Materials. of movable tanks in conjunction with the dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into fuel tanks of motor- 4-8.4 Suitable fire extinguishers or preconnected hose lines, either P12-in. (3.8-cm) lined or 1-in. (2.5-cm) hard ized equipment outside on premises not accessible to the rubber, shall be provided where liquids are stored. Where public. Such uses shall only be made with the approval of 11/2-in. (3.8-cm) fire hose is used, it shall be installed in the authority having jurisdiction. accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. 5-2 General. Liquid processing operations shall be located and operated so that they do not constitute a sig- 4-8.4.1 At least one portable fire extinguisher having a nificant fire or explosion hazard to life, to property of oth- rating of not less than 20-B shall be located outside of, but en, or to important buildings or facilities within the same not more than 10 ft(3 m)from,the door opening into any plant. Specific requirements are dependent on the inher- inside storage area. en[risk in the operations themselves, including the liquids 940339f 30-38 FLAMMABLE:AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE being processed, operating temperatures and pressures. 5-3.1.4 Processing equipment in which unstable liquids ( and the capability to control any liquid or vapor releases or are handled shall be separated from unrelated plant facili- fire incidents that might occur. The interrelationship of the ties that use or handle liquids by either 25-ft (7.6-m)clear many factors involved must be based on good engineering spacing or a wall having a fire resistance rating of not less and management practices to establish suitable physical than 2 hr. The wall shall also have explosion resistance in and operating requirements. (See 5-5.1.3.) accordance with good engineering practice. 5-3 Facility Design. 5-3.1.5 Each process unit or building containing liquid- 5-3,1 Location. processing equipment shall be accessible fromat least one side for fire fighting and fire control. 5-3.1.1 The minimum distance of a processing vessel to 5-3.2 Construction. adjoining property or to the nearest important building on the same property shall be based on the stability of the liq- 5-3.2.1 Processing buildings or structures shall be of fire uid and vessel capacity and shall be in accordance with resistive or noncombustible construction, except that corn- Table 5-3.1.1,except as modified in 5-3.1.2. bustible construction may be used where automatic sprin- 5-3.1$ Where process vessels are located in a building approval of the authority having jurisdiction. (See h'FP.i important 220, Standard on Types of'Building Construction.).) property that can be built upon or nearest imp building on the same property)is greater than 25 ft(7.6 m) 5-3.2.2 Where walls are required for separation of pro- from the exposure and is a blank wall having a fire resin- cessing operations from other occupancies or property tance rating of not less than 2 hr, any greater distances lines,they shall have a fire resistance rating of at least 2 hr. required in Table 5-3.1.1 may be waived. Where a blank In addition, where Class IA or unstable liquids are being wall having a fire resistance rating of not less than 4 hr is stored or processed, the separating wall shall have explo- provided, distance requirements may be waived. In addi- sion resistance in accordance with good engineering prac- Lion, when Class IA or unstable liquids are handled, the Lice. (See 5-3.2.7 relative to explosion relief of other walls of this wall shall have explosion resistance in accordance with building or area.) good engineering practice. (See 5-3.2.7 relative to explosion 5-3.2.3 Class I liquids shall not be handled or used in relief of other walls of this building.) basements. Where Class I liquids are handled or used 5-3.1.3 Other liquid processing equipment,such as pumps, above grade within buildings with basements or closed pits heaters, filters, exchangers, etc., shall not be located doser into which flammable vapors may travel,such below grade than 25 ft(7.6 m)to property lines where the adjoining prop- areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation C erty is or can be built upon or to the nearest important build- designed to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors. ing on the same property that is not an integral part of the Means shall be provided to prevent liquid spills from run- process. This spacing requirement may be waived where ping into basements. exposures are protected as outlined in 5-3.1.2. 5-3.2.4 Provision for smoke and heat venting may be • desirable to assist access for fire fighting. (NFPA 204M, NOTE: Equipment operated at pressures over 1000 psig Guide for Smoke and Heal Venting, provides information on (7000 kPa)may require greater spacing. this subject.) • Table 5-3.1.1 Location of Processing Vessels from Property Lines and Nearest Important Building on the Same Property Where Protection for Exposures Is Provided Minimum A Minimum Distance from Property nPu W Nearest Side of Any Public Line that Is or Can Be Built Way or Upon,Includin ice from Nearest Important S OPPos Side Building on Same Property that Is Not an of Public Way(ft) Integral Part of the Process(ft) Stable Liquid Unstable Liquid Stable Liquid Vessel Maximum Relief Emergency Relief EmergencyRelief Unstable Liquid m Liquid Not Over Over Emergency Relief v Operating g 9 Not Over Over Na Over Capacity(gal) 25 prig 2.5 prig 25 psig 25 prig 2.5 pig 2.5 psig 25 psig Over Not r 2.5psig ( 275 or less 5 10 15 40 5 10 15 276 to 750 10 15 25 40 5 20 751 to 12,000 15 25 40 10 15 20 12,001 to 30,000 20 60 5 10 15 20 30,001 to 50,000 30 45 775U 80 1 5 15 25 20 120 10 15 40 40 50,001 to 25 100,000 50 75 125 200 15 Over 100,000 80 120 200 30045 60 ` 25 40 65 100 (` NOTE: Double all of above distances where protection for exposures is not provided. 1993 Edition 940339 OPERATIONS 30-39 ( 5.3.25 Areas shall have exit facilities arranged to prevent 5-3.3.2 Equipment used in a building and the ventilation occupants from being trapped in the event of fire. NFPA of the building shall be designed to limit flammable vapor- 101,Life Safety Code, provides information on the design of air mixtures under normal operating conditions to the exit facilities. Exits shall not be exposed by the drainage interior of equipment and to not more than 5 ft (1.5 ml facilities described in 5-3.4. from equipment that exposes Class I liquids to the air. 5.3.2.6 Adequate aisles shall be maintained for unobstructed Examples of'such equipment are dispensing stations, open movement of personnel and fire protection equipment. centrifuges, plate and frame filters, open vacuum filters, ( and surfaces of open equipment. 5-3.2.7 Areas where Class LA or unstable liquids are pro- cessed shall have explosion venting through one or more 5-3.4 Drainage. of the following methods: (a) open air construction; (b) 5.3.4.1 Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to lightweight walls and/or roof: (c) lightweight wall panels direct flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire and roof hatches; (d) windows of explosion-venting type. protection water to a safe location.This may require curbs. (NFPA 68,Guide for Venting of Deflagratwns, provides infor- scuppers,or special drainage systems to control the spread mation on this subject.) of fire (see 2-3.4). (Appendix A of NFPA 15. Standard for 5-3.3 Ventilation. Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection, provides infor- mation on this subject.) 5-3.3.1 Enclosed processing areas handling or using Class I liquids or Class II or Class III liquids at temperatures 5-3.4.2 Emergency drainage systems,if connected to pub- above their flash points shall be ventilated at a rate suffi- lit sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be dent to maintain the concentration of vapors within the equipped with traps or separators. area at or below 25 percent of the lower flammable limit. 5.3.4.3 A facility shall be designed and operated to prevent This shall be confirmed by one of the following: the normal discharge of flammable or combustible liquids to (a) Calculations based on the anticipated fugitive emis- public waterways,public sewers,or adjoining property. sions(see Appendix F for calculation method), or 5.35 Electrical Equipment. (b) Sampling of the actual vapor concentration under normal operating conditions. - 5-3.5.1 This section shall apply to areas where Class I liq- uids The sampling shall be conducted at a 5-ft(l.5-m) radius are stored or handled and to areas where Class II or P gClass III liquids are stored or handled at a temperature from each potential vapor source extending to or towardC above their flash points (see 1-1.3). the bottom and the top of the enclosed processing area. The vapor concentration used to determine the required 5.35.2 All electrical equipment and wiring shall be of a ventilation rate shall be the highest measured concentra- type specified by, and installed in accordance with, NFPA don during the sampling procedure. 70,National Electrical Code. NOTE: Equipment in enclosed processing areas may dete- 5.35.3 So far as it applies,Table 5-3.5.3 shall be used to riorate over time, and periodic sampling should be con- delineate and classify areas for the purpose of installation ducted to ensure that leakage rates have not increased or that the ventilation rate is adequate for any increase in leak- of electrical equipment under normal conditions. In the age rates. application of classified areas, a classified area shall not extend beyond a floor, wall, roof, or other solid partition An acceptable alternate is to provide ventilation at a rate of not less than 1 cu ft_per min per sq ft of solid floor area that has no communicating openings. The designation of (0.3 m5 per min per miler mm Ventilation shall be accomplished classes and divisions is defined in Chapter 5,Article 500,of by natural or mechanical ventilation, with discharge aor ccomplished NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. [See NFPA 497A, Recom- to a safe location outside the building, without mended Practice for Classification of Class I Hazardous (Classi- exhaust r lion of the exhaust air. f ) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas, and NFPA 497M, Manual for Classification of Gases, Exception: Recirculation is permitted where it is monitored con- Vapors, and Dusts for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous (Clay- . tinuously using a fail-safe system that is designed to automatically sifted)Locations,for guidance.] sound an alarm,stop recirculation,and provide full exhaust to the outside in the event that vapor-air mixtures in concentration over .5-3.5.4 The area classifications listed in Table 5-3.5.3 are one-fourth of the lower flammable limit are detected. based on the premise that the installation meets the appli- cable requirements of this code in all respects. Should this Provision shall be made for introduction of make-up air not be the case,the authority having jurisdiction shall have in such a manner as to avoid short-circuiting the ventila- the authority to classify the extent of the area. ( don. Ventilation shall be arranged to include all floor areas or pits where flammable vapors may collect.Where natural 5.35.5 Where the provisions of 5-3.5.1, 5-3.5.2, 5-3.5.3, ventilation is inadequate, mechanical ventilation shall be and 5-3.5.4 require the installation of electrical equipment provided and shall be kept in operation while flammable suitable for Class I, Division 1 or Division 2 locations,ordi- liquids are being handled. Local or spot ventilation may be nary electrical equipment including switchgear shall be needed for the control of special fire or health hazards. permitted to be used if installed in a room or enclosure Such ventilation, if provided, can be utilized for up to 75 that is maintained under positive pressure with respect to percent of the required ventilation. (NFPA 91,Standard for the classified area. Ventilation make-up air shall not be Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials, and NFPA contaminated. (NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressur- 90A Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ven- ized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment, provides details for slating Systems, provide information on this subject.) these types of installations.) 94033 30-40 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 5-3.5.3 Electrical Area Classifications ( Location NEC Class I Division Extent of Classified Area Indoor equipment installed in actor- 1 Area within 5 ft of any edge of such equipment, extend- dance with 5-3.3.2 where flamma- ing in all directions. ble vapor-air mixtures may exist under normal operation 2 Area between 5 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment. li extending in all directions. Also, area up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 5 ft to 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment.• Outdoor equipment of the type coy- I Area within 3 ft of any edge of such equipment, extend- ered in 5-3.3.2 where flammable ing in all directions. vapor-air mixtures may exist under normal operation 2 Area between 3 ft and 8 ft of any edge of such equipment. extending in all directions. Also, area up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 3 ft to 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such equipment. Tank—aboveground I Area inside dike where dike height is greater than the distance from the tank to the dike for more than 50 per- cent of the tank circumference. Shell,ends,or roof and dike area 2 Within 10 ft from shell,ends,or roof of tank.Area inside Vent dikes to level of top of dike. I Within 5 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. 2 Area between 5 ti and 10 ft from open end of vent.extend- ing in all directions. Floating roof I Area above the roof and within the shell. • Underground tank fill opening 1 Any pit,box,or space below grade level,if any part is within a Division I or 2 classified area. 2 Up to 18 in.above grade level,within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from a loose fill connection and within a horizontal radius of 5 ft from a tight fill connection. Vent—discharging upward • 1 Within 3 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. 2 Area between 3 ft and 5 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. Drum and container filling 1 Within 3 ft of vent and fill openings, outdoors,or indoors - tions. gs,extending in all direc- with adequate ventilation 2 Area between 3 ft and 5 ft from vent or fill opening,extend- ing in all directions.Also,up to 18 in.above floor or grade level within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from vent or fill openings. Pumps,bleeders,withdrawal fittings, meters and similar devices indoors 2 Within 5 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions.Also up to 3 ft above floor or grade level within 25 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices. • Outdoors 2 Within 3 ft of any edge of such devices, extending in all directions.Also up to 18 in.above grade level within 10 ft horizontally from any edge of such devices. Pits Without mechanical ventilation 1 Entire area within pit if any pan is within a Division 1 or 2 classified area. With adequate mechanical 2 Entire area withinpit if any art is within a Division 1 or 2 ventilation P classified area. ! Containing valves,fittings,or pip- 2 Entire pit. [` ing,and not within a Division 1 or 2 classified area Drainage ditches,separators, impouding basins Outdoor 2 Area up to IS inches above ditch,separator,or basin.Also up to IS inches above grade within 15 ft horizontally from Indoor any Same a ass pits. •The release of Class I liquids may generate vapors to the extent that the entire building,and possibly a zone surrounding it.should be considered a Class I. Division 2 location. (continued) 198:1 Edition 940339 OPERA IlONS 30-41 Table 5.35.3,Cont. Location NEC Class 1 Division Extent of Classified Area Tank vehicle and tank car loading 1 Within 3 ft of edge of dome, extending in all directions. • through open dome - 2 Area between 3 ft and 15 ft from edge of dome.extend- _ / ing in all directions. l Loading through bottom connections I Within 3 ft of point of venting to atmosphere,extending with atmospheric venting in all directions. 2 Area between 3 li and 15 ft from point of venting to atmosphere:extending in all directions.•Also up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of l0It from point of loading connection. Office and rest rooms Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an indoor classified area. the room shall be classified ' the same as if the wall,curb.or partition did not exist. • Loading through closed dome with. 1 Within 3 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions. atmospheric venting - 2 Area between 3 ft and 15 ft of open end of vent,extending in all directions.Also within 3 ft of edge of dome,extending in all directions. Loading through closed dome with 2 Within 3 ft of point of connection of both fill and vapor vapor control lines,extending in all directions. Bottom loading with vapor control any 2 Within 3 ft of point of connections,extending in all direr- bottom unloading • lions. Also up to 18 in. above grade within a horizontal radius of 10 ft from point of connections. Storage and repair garage for tank 1 All pits or spaces below floor level. vehicles 2 Area up to 18 in.above floor or grade level for entire stor- age or repair garage. Garages for other than tank vehicles Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an t. outdoor classified area,the entire room shall be classified the ! same as the area classification at the point of the opening. Outdoor drum storage Ordinary Indoor warehousing where there is no Ordinary If there is any opening to these rooms within the extent of an flammable liquid transfer indoor classified area,the room shall be classified the same as if the wall,curb,or partition did not exist. Piers and wharves See Figure 5-3.5.6. When classifying extent of area.consideration shall be given to the fact that lank an or tank vehicles can be spotted at varying points.Therefore,the extrem- ities of the loading or unloading positions shall be used. 5.35.6 For marine terminals handling flammable liquids, (a) The vessels, containers, tanks, and piping systems Figure 5-3.5.6 shall be used as a minimum basis to delin- shall be designed for such pressurized transfer and shall be Bate and classify areas for the purpose of installation of capable of withstanding the anticipated operating pressure. electrical equipment. (b) Safety and operating controls, including pressure 5.4 Liquid Handling,Transfer,and Use. relief devices,shall be provided to prevent overpressure of any pm of the system. 5-4'1 Gen (c) Only inert gas shall be used to transfer Class I liq- 54.1.1 Class I liquids shall be kept in closed tanks or con- uids. Inert gas shall be used to transfer Class II and Class tainers when not actually in use.Class II and Class III liquids III liquids that are heated above-their flash points. shall be kept in closed tanks or containers when ambient or process temperature is at or above their flash point. 5-4.15 Positive displacement pumps shall be provided with pressure relief discharging back to the tank, pump 5-4.1.2 Where liquids are used or handled,provisions shall suction,or other suitable location or shall be provided with be made to promptly and safely dispose of leakage or spills. interlocks to prevent overpressure. 5-4.1.3 Class I liquids shall not be used outside closed sys- 54.1.6 Piping, valves, and fittings shall be in accordance terns where there are open flames or other ignition sources with Chapter 9, "Piping Systems." within the classified areas as set forth in Table 5-3.5.3 P P g Y 5-4.1.4 Transfer of liquids among vessels,containers,tanks, 54.1.7 Listed flexible connectors shall be permitted to be and piping systems by means of air or inert gas pressure shall used where vibration exists. Approved hose shall be per- be permitted only under all of the following conditions: mitted to be used at transfer stations. 940339 30-42 FL %l VABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE t.ILC IDs CODE: e 50•--- --.. .....--50._.... ( r*-25'--r f-25'—► • .'S$° Dock x' :..wy;r:.'s 25' I ,Vigil;- ti t, nvel0 Open sump in deck for lIncirwFpe r-s„- ` 4 J 9 Pe ( draining fines and hoses , X.„ r... and stored peas too n Yi vigi"z. of loatlinq arms or Sit hoses r A • 7.,1“;t:.: . ;i -. Gr :,i H . , I * `t. .3rku ied 0.i , a 4 ;..'Jams-S:'. �_t gins^ -"'•' s rS+ar°'"Toa'te `Y. . .. . : ''.2'--.74.49 F Shore ,i. .0 A '�.e;4 r a . l w r jl.. A_y a-w4,:$0:41b v 30" ..a(-.V1-.1 y Water level ilDivision 1 ■Division 2 n Nonclassified Figure 5.33.6 Marine terminal handling flammable liquids. SI Uniu: I ft - 0.3 m. Note I: The"source of vapor"shall be the operating envelope and stored position of the outboard flange connection of the loading arm(or hose). Note 2: The berth area adjacent to tanker and barge cargo tanks is to be Division 2to the following extent: (a)Twenty-five ft(7.6 ml horizontally in all directions on the pier side from that portion of the hull contain. ing cargo tanks. (b)From the water level to 25 ft(7.6 ml above the cargo tanks at their highest position. Note 3: Additional locations may have to be classified as required by the presence of other sources of flam- mable liquids on the berth,or by Coast Guard or other regulations. 5-4.2• Equipment. Equipment shall be designed and (d) From portable tanks or containers by means of a arranged to prevent the unintentional escape of liquids device drawing through an opening in the top of the tank and vapors and to minimize the quantity escaping in the or container, event of accidental release. (e) By gravity through a listed self-closing valve or self- • 5-4.3 Incidental Use of liquids. closing faucet,or • (I) 54.3.1 This section shall be applicable where the use and equipped with used transfer a self-closingvalve withoutoperation, a hold-open handling of liquids is only incidental to the principal busi- latch in addition to the outlet valve. Only Listed or ness, such as automobile assembly, construction of elec- approved hose shall be used. tronic equipment, furniture manufacturing, or other simi- lar activities. 54.3.3 Except as provided in 54.3.4 and 5-4.3.5,all stor- age shall comply with Chapter 4, "Container and Portable 54.3.2 Class I and Class II liquids shall be drawn from or Tank Storage." transferred into vessels,containers,or portable tanks in the following manner only. 5.43.4 The quantity of liquid that may be located outside of storage cabinets,inside storage rooms,cut-off rooms and (a) From original shipping containers with a capacity of attached buildings, general purpose warehouses, liquid 5 gal (19 L)or less, warehouses, or other specific processing areas that are cut (b) From safety cans, off by at least a 2-hr fire-rated separation from the general plant area shall not exceed the greater of the quantity in (c) Through a closed piping system, either(a)or the sum of(b), (c), (d), and (e) below: 1993 Edition . 940339 • OPERATIONS 30-43 (a) A supply for one day, or (b) Where no Class I liquids are handled at the loading (b) 25 gal (95 L)of Class LA liquids in containers, facility and the tank vehicles loaded are used exclusively (c) 120 gal (454 L) of Class IB, IC, 11, or III liquids in for Class 11 and Class III liquids containers, (c) Where vehicles are loaded or unloaded through closed-bottom or-top connections whether the hose or (d) Two portable tanks each not exceeding 660 gal pipe is conductive or nonconductive. (2498 L)of Class IB, IC,Class II,or Class IIIA liquids,and • I..) 5-4.4.1.6 Filling through open domes into the tanks of (e) 20 portable tanks each not exceeding 660 gal(2498 of Class IIIB liquids: tank vehicles or tank cars that contain vapor-air mixtures within the flammable range, or where the liquid being 5-4_l'.5 Where quantities of liquids in excess of the limits filled can form such a mixture, shall be by means of a in 5-1.3.4 are necessary, storage shall be in tanks, which downspout that extends near the bottom of the tank. This shall comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter precaution is not required when loading liquids that are 2, 'Tank Storage." Section 5-3, and 5-4.1 and 5-4.2. nonaccumulators of static charges. (NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, provides additional information 5-4.3.6 Areas in which liquids are transferred from one on static electricity protection.) tank or container to another container shall be separated 54.4.1.7 Stray Currents. To protect against stray cur- from other operations that might represent an ignition rents, tank car facilities where flammable and combustible source by distance or by fire resistant construction. Drainage liquids are loaded or unloaded through open domes shall or other means shall be provided to control spills. Natural or be protected by permanently bonding the fill pipe to at mechanical ventilation shall be provided in accordance with least one rail and to the rack structure, if of metal. Multi- 5-3.3,"Ventilation."(NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for pie pipes entering the rack area shall be permanently Air Conveying of Materials,provides information on the design bonded together. In addition, in areas where excessive and installation of mechanical ventilation.) stray currents are known to exist, all pipes entering the 54.4 Loading and Unloading Operations. rack area shall be provided with insulating sections to 54.4.1 Tank Vehicles and Tank Cars. elec- trically isolate the rack piping from the pipelines. These precautions are not necessary where Class II or Class III 54.4.1.1 Tank vehicle and tank car loading or unloading liquids are handled exclusively and there is no probability facilities shall be separated from aboveground tanks, ware- that tank cars will contain vapors from previous cargoes of ( _ houses,other plant buildings,or the nearest line of adjoin- Cis I liquids. ing property that can be built upon by a distance of at least 5.4.4.1.8 Equipment such as piping, pumps, and meters 25 ft(7.6 m)for Class 1 liquids and at least 15 ft(4.6 m)for used for the transfer of Class I liquids between storage Class II and Class III liquids, measured from the nearest tanks and the fill stem of the loading rack shall not be used fill spout or (liquid or vapor) transfer connection. These for the transfer of Class II or Class III liquids. distances may be reduced by utilizing fixed fire protection systems, dikes, fire-rated barriers, or combinations of any Exception No. I: This provision shall not apply to water-miscible of these. Buildings for pumps or shelters for personnel liquids where the class is determined by the concentration of liquid may be a part of the facility. in water. Exception No.2: This provision shall not apply where the equip- 54.4.1.2 Static Protection. Bonding facilities for protec- tion against static sparks during the loading of tank vehi• "rent is cleaned between transfers. des through open domes shall be provided(a)where Class 54.4.1.9 Remote pumps located in underground tanks I liquids are loaded, or (b) where Class II or Class III liq- shall have a listed leak-detection device installed on the pump uids are loaded into vehicles that may contain vapors from discharge side that will indicate if the piping system is not previous cargoes of Class I liquids. essentially liquidtight.This device shall be checked and tested 5-4.4.1.3 Protection as required in 5-4.4.1.2 shall consist at least annually according to the manufacturer's spedfica- of a metallic bond wire permanently electrically connected tions to ensure proper installation and operation. to the fill stem or to some part of the rack structure in 54.4.1.10 When top loading a tank vehicle with Class I. electrical contact with the fill stem. The free end of such or Class II liquids without a vapor control system, valves wire shall be provided with a damp or equivalent device used for the final control of flow shall be of the self-closing • for convenient attachment to some metallic pan in electri- type and shall be manually held open except where auto- cal contact with the cargo tank of the tank vehicle. matic means are provided for shutting off the flow when ( 54.4.1.4 Such bonding connection shall be made to the the vehicle is full. Automatic shutoff systems shall be pro- \ vehicle or tank before dome covers are raised and shall vided with a manual shutoff valve located at a safe distance remain in place until filling is completed and all dome cov- from the loading nozzle to stop the flow if the automatic en have been closed and secured. system fails. When top loading a tank vehicle with vapor control, flow control shall be in accordance with 5-4.4.1.11 5-4.4.1.5 Bonding,as specified in 5-4.4.1.2,5-4.4.1.3,and and 5-4.4.1.12. 5-4.4.1.4, is not required: 54.4.1.11 When bottom loading a tank vehicle with or (a) Where vehicles are loaded exclusively with products without vapor control, a positive means shall be provided ( not having a static accumulating tendency,such as asphalts for loading a predetermined quantity of liquid, together • (including cutback asphalts), most crude oils, residual oils, with a secondary automatic shutoff control to prevent over- and water-soluble liquids fill. The connecting components between the loading rack • 940339 30-44 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE - and the tank vehicle required to operate the secondary of the wharf structure resulting from wave action,currents. ( control shall be functionally compatible. The connection tides, or the mooring of vessels will not subject the pipe to between the liquid loading hose or pipe and the truck pip- excessive strain. ing shall be by means of a dry disconnect coupling. (b) Pipe joints that depend on the friction characteris- 5-4.4.1.12 When bottom loading a tank vehicle that is tics of combustible materials or on the grooving of pipe equipped for vapor control, but when vapor control is not ends for mechanical continuity of piping shall not be used, the tank shall be vented to the atmosphere, at a permitted. height not lower than the top of the cargo tank of the vehi- (c) Swivel joints may be used in piping to which hoses Ili de, to prevent pressurization of the tank. Connections to are connected, and for articulated swivel joint transfer sys- the plant vapor control system shall be designed to prevent tems, provided the design is such that the mechanical the escape of vapor to the atmosphere when not connected strength of the joint will not be impaired if the packing to a tank vehicle. materials should fail,as by exposure to fire. 5-4.4.2 Wharves. (d) Each line conveying Class I or Class II liquids lead- 5-4.4.4.1 This section shall apply to all wharves, except ing to a wharf shall be provided with a readily accessible marine service stations as covered in NFPA 30A,Automotive _ block valve located on shore near the approach to the and Marine Service Station Code. If liquids are handled in wharf and outside of any diked area. Where more than bulk quantities across general purpose piers or wharves, one line is involved, the valves shall be grouped in one NFPA 307,Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection of location. Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, shall be followed. (e) Means shall be provided for easy access to cargo line 5-4.4.2.2 Handling packaged cargo of liquids, including valves located below the wharf deck. full and empty drums, bulk fuel, and stores, over a wharf 5-4.4.2.9 Pipelines on wharves shall be adequately ' during cargo transfer shall be subject to the approval of the bonded and grounded if Class I or Class II liquids are wharf supervisor and the senior deck officer on duty. handled. If excessive stray currents are encountered, insu- 5-4.4.2.3 Wharves at which liquid cargoes are to be trans- lating joints shall be installed. Bonding and grounding ferred in bulk quantities to or from tank vessels shall be at connections on all pipelines shall be located on the wharf least 100 ft(30 m)from any bridge over a navigable water- side of hose riser insulating flanges, if used, and shall be way or from an entrance to or superstructure of any vehic- accessible for inspection. ular or railroad tunnel under a waterway.The termination 5-4.4.2.10 Hose or articulated swivel joint pipe connec- of the wharf loading or unloading fixed piping shall be at dons used for cargo transfer shall be capable of accommo- least 200 ft(60 m)from a bridge or from an entrance to or dating the combined effects of change in draft and maxi- superstructure of a tunnel. mum tidal range,and mooring lines shall be kept adjusted 5-4.4.4.4 Substructure and deck shall be substantially to prevent surge of the vessel from placing stress on the designed for the use intended. Deck may employ any cargo transfer system. Hose shall be supported to avoid material that will afford the desired combination of flexibil- kinking and damage from chafing. • ity. resistance to shock, durability, strength, and fire resis- 5-4.4.2.11 Material shall not .be placed on wharves in tance. Heavy timber construction is acceptable. such a manner as to obstruct access to fire fighting equip- 5.4.4.2.5 Tanks used exclusively for ballast water or Class ment or important pipeline control valves. Where the 11 or Class Ill liquids may be installed on suitably designed wharf is accessible to vehicle traffic,an unobstructed road- wharves. way to the shore end of the wharf shall be maintained for access of fire fighting apparatus. 5-4.4.2.6 Loading pumps capable of building up pres- . - sures in excess of the safe working pressure of cargo hose 5-4.4.2.12 Loading or unloading shall not commence or loading arms shall be provided with bypasses, relief until the wharf supervisor and the person in charge of the valves,or other arrangements to protect the loading facili- tank vessel agree that the tank vessel is properly moored ties against excessive pressure. Relief devices shall be tested and all connections are properly made. at least annually to determine that they function satisfacto- 5-4.4.2.13 Mechanical work shall not be performed on rily at their set pressure. the wharf during cargo transfer, except under special 54.4.2.7 All pressure hoses and couplings shall be authorization based on a review of the area involved,meth- inspected at intervals appropriate to the service. With the ods to be employed, and precautions necessary. hose extended, the hose and couplings shall be tested ! using the in-service maximum operating pressure. Any 5.5 Vapor Recovery and Vapor Processing Systems. (`[ hose showing material deterioration, signs of leakage. or 5-5.1 Scope. weakness in its carcass or at the couplings shall be with- drawn from service and repaired or discarded. 5-5.1.1 This section shall apply to vapor recovery and 5-4.4.2.8 Piping, valves, and fittings shall be in actor- vapor processing systems where: dance with Chapter 3, with the following exceptions and (a) The vapor source operates at pressures from vac- additions. uum up to and including 1 psig(6.9 kPa). (a) Flexibility of piping shall be assured by appropriate (b) There is a potential for vapor mixtures in the flam- layout and arrangement of piping supports so that motion mable range. 1993 Edition 940339 OPERATIONS 30-15 5.5.1.2 This section does not apply to: 5.5.6.5' Friction Heat or Sparks from Mechanical Equip- (a) Marine systems complying with C.S. DOT Regina- mmL Mechanical equipment used to mace vapors that bons 33CFR Parts 154, 155, 156. and C.S. Coast Guard are in the flammable range shall be designed to prevent Regulations 4GCFR Parts 30. 32. 35. 39. sparks or other ignition sources under both normal and equipment malfunction conditions. (b) Service station systems complying with NEPA 30A. 5-5.6.6* Flame Propagation. Where there is reasonable 5-5.2 Overpressure/Vacuum Protection. Tanks and equip- potential for ignition of a vapor mix in the flammable ment shall have independent venting for overpressure or range. means shall be provided to stop the propagation of vacuum conditions that might occur from malfunction of the flame through the vapor collection system.The means chi). vapor recovery or vapor processing system. sen shall be appropriate for the conditions under which Exception: For tanks, venting complying with 2-3.5 or?-3.6. they will be used. 5-5.3 Vent Location. 5-5.6.7 Explosion Protection. Where used, explosion protection systems shall comply with NEPA 69. Standard on 5-5.3.1 Vents on vapor processing systems shall be not Explosion Prevention Systems. less than 12 ft (3.6 m) from adjacent ground level, with • • outlets located and directed so that flammable vapors will 5-5.7 Emergency System Shutdown. Emergency shut- disperse to below LFL before reaching locations containing down systems shall be designed to fail to a safe position in potential ignition sources. the event of loss of normal system power (i.e., air or elec- tric) or equipment malfunction. 5.5.3.2 Vapor processing equipment and vents shall be located in accordance with 5-3.1. 5-6 Fire Prevention and Control. 5-5.4 Vapor Collection Systems. 5.6.1 General. 5-5.4.1 Piping. Vapor collection piping shall be designed to prevent trapped liquid. 5-6.1.1 This section covers the commonly recognized management control systems and methods used to prevent 5-5.4.2 Liquid Carryover Protection. Vapor recovery or minimize the loss from fire or explosion in liquid pro- and vapor processing systems that are not designed to han- ceasing facilities. dle liquid shall be provided with a means to eliminate any liquid that carries over to or condenses in the vapor collet- NOTE: Other recognized factors of fire prevention and don system. control, involving construction, location, separation, etc., t•. 5-5.43 Liquid Level Monitoring. ate covered elsewhere in this chapter.. (a) A liquid knock-out vessel used in the vapor collection 5.6.1.2 The wide range in size, design, and location of system shall have means to verify the liquid level and a liquid processing facilities precludes the inclusion of high liquid level sensor that activates an alarm. detailed fire prevention and control systems and methods applicable to all such facilities. The authority having juris- (b) For unmanned facilities, the high liquid level sensor diction shall be consulted on specific cases, where applica- shall initiate the shut down of liquid transfer into the vessel ble; otherwise, qualified engineering judgment shall be and shutdown of vapor recovery or vapor processing systems. exercised per 5-6.1.3. 5-5.5 Overfill Protection. 5-6.1.3 The extent of fire prevention and control pro- 5-5.5.1 Storage tanks served by vapor processing or vided for the liquid processing facility shall be determined vapor recovery systems shall be equipped with overfill pro- by an engineering evaluation of the operation, followed by tection in accordance with Section 2-10. the application of sound fire protection and process engi- neering principles.The evaluation shall include,but not be 5-5.5.2 Overfill protection of tank vehicles shall be in limited to: accordance with 5-4.4.1.10, 5-4.4.1.11,and 5-4.4.1.12. operations(a) lysis of fire and explosion hazards of the liquid 5-5.6 Sources of Ignition. 5.5.6.1 Vapor Release. Tank or equipment openings (b) Analysis of hazardous materials, hazardous chemicals, provided for purposes of vapor recovery shall be protected or hazardous reactions in the operations and the safeguards against possible vapor release in accordance with 24.6.6, taken to control such materials,chemicals,or reactions 2.5.4.9, 5-4.4.1.11, and 5-4.4.1.12. (c) Analysis of facility design requirements in Section 5.5.6.2• Electric. Electrical area classification shall be in 5-3 accordance with 5-3.5. (d) Analysis of the liquid handling, transfer, and use 5.5.6.3• Static Electricity. Vapor collection and vapor requirements in Section 5-4 processing equipment shall be protected against static elec- (e) Analysis of local conditions, such as exposure to and tricity in accordance with 5-6.2.4. from adjacent properties, flood potential, or earthquake 5.5.6.4 Spontaneous Ignition. Where there is the poten- potential Ctial for spontaneous ignition,precautions shall be taken either (f) Consideration of fire department or mutual aid by design or written procedures to prevent ignition. response. • 94dj' 9 30-46 FLAMMABLE AND CONIHCS"rIBEE LIQUIDS CODE 5.6.2 Control of Ignition Sources. 5-6.4 Emergency Planning and Training. (54.2.1 Precautions shall be taken to prevent the ignition 54.4.1 An emergency action plan. consistent with the of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include, but are available equipment and personnel, shall be established to not limited to: respond to tire or other emergencies. This plan shall (a) Open flames include the following. (b) Lightning .(a) Procedures to be used in case of fire, such as sound- (() Hot surfaces ing the alarm, notifying the fire department, evacuating personnel,and controlling and extinguishing the fire ( (d) Radiant heat (b) Appointment and training of persons to carry out (e) Smoking firesafet duties (f) Cutting and welding (c) Maintenance of fire protection equipment (g) Spontaneous ignition (d) Holding fire drills ( (h) Frictional heat or sparks (e) Shutdown or isolation of equipment to reduce the escape of liquid (i) Static electricity (f) Alternate measures for the safety of occupants while (j) Electrical sparks any fire protection equipment is shut down. (k) Stray currents 5-6.4.2 Personnel responsible for the use and operation of fire protection equipment shall be trained in the use of (1) Ovens, furnaces, and heating equipment. that equipment. Refresher training shall be conducted at 5-6.2.2 Smoking shall be permitted only in designated least annually. and properly identified areas. 5-6.4.3 Planning of effective fire control measures shall 5-6.2.3 Welding, cutting, and similar spark-producing be coordinated with local emergency response agencies. operations shall not be permitted in areas containing flam- mable liquids until a written permit authorizing such work 5-6.4.4 Procedures shall be established to provide for safe has been issued. The permit shall be issued by a person in shutdown of operations under emergency conditions. Pro- authority following his/her inspection of the area to assure visions shall be made for periodic training, inspection,and that proper precautions have been taken and will be fol- testing of associated alarms, interlocks, and controls. lowed until the job is completed. (See NFPA SIB, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes.) 5.6.4.5 The emergency procedure shall be kept readily available in an operating area and updated regularly. 54.2.4 Static Electricity. All equipment, such as tanks, machinery,and piping, where an ignitable mixture may be 5.6.4.6 Where premises are likely to be unattended for considerable periods of time,a summary.o(the emergency present shall be bonded or connected to a ground. The plan shall be posted or located in a strategic and accessible bond or ground or both shall be physically applied or shall be inherently present by the nature of the installation. location. Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping or equip- 5.6.5 Detection and Alarm. ment shall be bonded to the other portions of the system or individually grounded to prevent hazardous accumulations 5.6.5.1 An approved means for prompt notification of static electricity. (NFPA 77,Recommended Practice on Static of fire or emergency to those within the plant and to Electricity, provides information on this subject.) the available public or mutual aid fire department shall be 5-6.3 Inspection and Maintenance. provided. 5.6.3.1 All fire protection equipment shall be properly 5'6.5.2 Those areas, including buildings, where a poten- vial exists for a flammable liquid spill shall be monitored as maintained, and periodic inspections and tests shall be c. done in accordance with both standard practice and equip- appropriate. Some methods may include: ment manufacturer's recommendations. (a) Personnel observation or patrol 5-6.3.2 Maintenance and operating practices shall control (b) Process monitoring equipment that would indicate a leakage and prevent spillage of flammable liquids, spill or leak may have occurred 5-6.3.3 Combustible waste material and residues in oper- (c) Provision of gas detectors to continuously monitor sting areas shall be kept to a minimum, stored in covered the area where facilities are unattended. metal containers, and disposed of daily. ( 5-6.6 Portable Fire-Control Equipment. 54.3.4 Ground areas around facilities where liquids are stored, handled,or used shall be kept free of weeds, trash, 5-6.6.1 Listed portable fire extinguishers shall be pro- or other unnecessary combustible materials. vided for facilities in such quantities, sizes, and types as may be needed for the special hazards of operation and 5.6.3.5 Aisles established for movement of personnel shall storage as determined per 5-6.1.3. (NFPA 10, Standard for be maintained clear of obstructions to permit orderly evac- Portable Fire Extinguishers,provides information on the suit- uation and ready access for manual firefighting activities. ability of various types of extinguishers.) 1983 Edition • 940339 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS 30-47 5-6.6.2 ‘Then the need is indicated per 5-6.1.3. water. Chapter 6 Referenced Publications may be utilized through standpipe and hose systems (see 6-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref= NFP.1 14. Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose g Systems) or through hose connections from sprinkler sys_ erenced within this code and shall be considered part of tems using combination sprat and straight stream nozzles the requirements of this document. The edition indicated to permit effective fire control(see NFPA 13, Standard for the for each reference is the current edition as of the date of Installation of Sprinkler Systems). the NFPA issuance of this document. 6-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Asso- c 5-6.6.3 When • 6 the need is indicated per 5-6.1.3. mobile ciation. 1 Battervmarch Park. P.O. Box 9101, Quincy. MA foam apparatus shall be provided. NFPA .11C, Standard 02269-9101. for Mobile Foam Apparatus, provides information on the NFPA 11. Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Combined subject. Agent Systems. 1988 edition. 5-6.6.4 Automotive and trailer-mounted fire apparatus. • NFPA 11A. Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion where determined necessary,shall not be used for any pur• foam Systems. 1988 edition. • pose other than fire fighting. NFPA 11C,Standard for Mobile Foam Apparatus, 1990 edition. 5-6.7 Fixed Fire Control Equipment. NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Sys- tems, 1993 edition. 5-6.7.1 A reliable water supply or other suitable fire con- trol agent shall be available in pressure and quantity Systems, 1992 . Standard d. to meet the fire demands indicated by the special hazards y' of operation. storage. or exposure as may be determined NFPA 12B, Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing by 5-6.1.3. Systems, 1990 edition. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 5-6.7.2 Hydrants, with or without fixed monitor nozzles, 1991 edition. shall be provided in accordance with accepted practice. The number and placement will depend on the hazard of NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and the liquid-processing facility, storage, or exposure as may Hose Systems, 1993 edition. be determined by 5-6.1.3. (See NFPA 24, Standard for the NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurte- Protection, 1990 edition. maces,for information on this subject.) NFPA 16,Standard on the Installation of Deluge Foam-Water 54.7.3 Where the need is indicated by the hazards of liq- Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems. 1991 edition. uid processing, storage, or exposure as determined by NFPA 17, Standard for Thy Chemical Extinguishing Systems. 5-6.1.3, fixed protection may be required utilizing 1990 edition. approved sprinkler systems, water spray systems, deluge NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Mainte- (SeeeNFfire13,resistive materials,th no a combination tio of Sprinkler of t Sys- rant of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems. 1992 edition. (Sri NFPA Standard for the Installation of Sys- tems,and NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for NFPA 30A, Automotive and Marine Service Station Code, Fire Protection,for information on these subjects.) 1993 edition. NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil-Burning 54.7.4 The following fire control systems may be appro- Equipment, 1992 edition. priate for the protection of specific hazards as determined NFPA 32;Standardfor Drycleaning Plants, 1990 edition. per 5-6.1.3. If provided, such systems shall be designed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the following NFPA 33, Standard for Spray Application Using Flammable NFPA standards: • and Combustible Materials, 1989 edition. (a) NFPA 11, Standard for Low Expansion Foam and Com- NFPA 34,Standard for Dipping and Coating Processes Using lined Agent Systems, Flammable or Combustible Liquids, 1989 edition. (b) NFPA I IA, Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion NFPA F 987 5droondaM for the Manufacture of Organic Coat- Foam Systems, ings, (c) NFPA 12, Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing NFPA 36,Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants, 1993 edition. Systems, NFPA 37,Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary ( (d) NFPA 12A,Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, 1990 edition. C. Systems, NFPA 45,Standard on Fire Protection for Laboratories Using (e) NFPA 12B.Standard on Haien 1211 Fire Extinguishing Chemicals. 1991 edition. Systems, NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes, 1989 edition. (te NFPA 16er Standard on r IylSyste s.o Deluge Foam- NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 1992 Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems, edition. ( (g) NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing NFPA 70,National Electrical Code, 1993 edition. Systems. . 1093 Edition . . 940339 30-48 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, 1992 6.1.2,3 ASME Publication. American Society of Mechan- edition. icat Engineers,345 East 47th Street.New York, NY 10017. ( NFPA 90A,Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning ASME,Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. and Ventilating Systems. 1993 edition. • NFPA 91,Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying o 6-13.4 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing Materials, 1992 edition.. j and Materials, 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103. NFPA 99,Standard for.flealth Care Facilities, 1993 edition. ASTM A 395-88, £emtic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining NFPA 101,Life Safety Code, 1991 edition. Castings jor C'sr at Elrrootrd Temperatures. NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Budding Construction, • ASTM D '6-8 i,Tester. Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by ` the Tag Closed Cup Tester. 1992 edition. AST)I D 93-85. Standard.11r(hod of Test for Flash Point by NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage, 1990 edition. the Pensky+Martens Closed Tester. ASTM D 3278-82,Standard Method of Tests for Flash Point NFPA 23IC, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials, 1991 edition. of Liquids bt Setaflash Closed Tester. NFPA 251,Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Con- ASTM D 3828-87,Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by shuctin and Materials, 1990 edition. Setaflash Closed Tester. NFPA 307,Standard for the Construction and Fire Protection ASTM D 5-86,Test for Penetration for Bituminous Materials. of Marine Terminals, Piers, and Wharves, 1990 edition. ASTM D 92-85, Cleveland Open Cup Test Method. NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and ASTM D 323-89, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pres- sure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method). Combustible Liquids,.1990 edition. NFPA 386, Standard for Portable Shipping Tanks for Film- ASTM/ANSI D '3435-80,Plastic Containers(ferry Cans)for mable and Combustible Liquids, 1990 edition. etroleum Products.TM D NFPA 395,Standard for the Storage of Flammable and Com- Reinforced Polyestter Underground Petroleum21-86, Standard rSto age on for Glass-Fiber Tanks. bustible Liquids at Farms and Isolated Sites, 1993 edition. ASTM F52- NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial for Consumer Use86, Standard for Portable Gasoline Containers Trucks Including Type Designations,Areas of Use,Maintenance, and Operation, 1992 edition. ASTM F 976-86, Standard for Portable Kerosine Containers for Consumer Use. NFPA 704,Standard System for the Identification of the Fire 6.135 ATA Publication. American Trucking Association- Hazards of Materials, 1990 edition. Traffic Department, 2200 Mill Road,Alexandria, VA 22314. 6-1.2 Other Publications. 6-1.2.1 ANSI Publications. American National Standards National Motor Freight Classification. Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. 613.6 NRFC Publcatoa National Railroad Freight Corn- Institute, mince,222 South Riverside Plaza,Chicago, IL 60606-5945. ANSI B31, American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping. Uniform Freight Classification. ANSI B31.3-80,Petroleum Re Piping. 6-1.2.7 STI Publication. Steel Tank Institute, 728 fineryAnthony Trail, Northbrook, IL 60062. ANSI B31.4-79, Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping sti-Ps-1987, sti-P3 Specification and Manual for External Systems. Corrosion Protection of Underground Steel Storage Tanks. ANSI/UL 1313-83, Nonmetallic Safely Cans for Petroleum 6-1.2.8 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Products. 6-L2.2 Produc API Publications. American Petroleum Institute, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. UL 58-1986, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. Flammable and Combustible Liquids. API 12B, Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, UL 80-1980,Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil Burner Twelfth Edition,January, 1977. Fuel. API 12D,Field Welded Tanks far Storage of Production Liq- UL 142.1987,.Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for (aids, Eighth Edition,January, 1982. Flammable and Combustible Liquids. API I2F, Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liq_ UL 842-1980,Standard for Valves for Flammable Fluids. uids,Seventh Edition,January, 1988. UL 1316-1983, Standard for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic API 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Eighth Edi- Underground Storage Tanks for Petroleum Products. lion, 1988. 6-1.2.9 U.S. Government Publication. U.S. Government API 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Tanks, 1982. Code of Federal Reg ulations,Title 49,Transportation. 1983 Edition • • 940339 .yPPENDtx A 30-49 Appendix A Explanatory Material However, it is recognized that some jurisdictions may ' require storage cabinets to be vented and that venting may also be desirable for other reasons, such as health and Thu Appendix is not 0 part of the requirements of this .VFPA darn- safety. In such cases.the venting system should be installed ment, but is included for mfannnttmt papaws anti. so as to not affect substantially the desired performance of A-2-3.6.7 Exception. Ethyl alcohol(ethanol) has a heat of the cabinet during a fire. Means of accomplishing this may combustion of 11.548 Btu.lb (26.8 mill joules per kg)and a include thermally actuated dampers on the vent openings rate of burning of 0.000626 Ibs;sq ft per sec (0.015 Kg m- or sufficiently insulating the vent piping system to prevent sec). The burning rate was calculated based on pan pool the internal temperature of the cabinet from rising above fires of diameters between 0.7 and 16.5 ft (0.2 to 5.0 m). that specified. An:v make-up air to the cabinet should also The pool fires were burning at steady state in a wind-free be arranged in a similar manner. environment. The ratio of the lip height of the pan (fire- If vented,the cabinet should be vented from the bottom board) to the diameter of the pan was approximately 0.06. with make-up air supplied to the top. Also, mechanical Details of these tests may be found in "Fire Tests of Dis- exhaust ventilation is preferred and should comply with tilled Spirit Storage Tanks.' Client Report CR-5727.l. for NFPA 91. Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Convevtng of the Association of Canadian Distillers. Materials. MIanifolding the vents of multiple storage cabi- A-2.5 Section 2-5 provides an approach that allows consid- nets should be avoided. enable flexibility for compliance without compromising fire A-4-4.2.7 The appropriate height for sills, curbs, or safety, while fostering ingenuity in application of fire safety ramps will depend on a number of factors, insills, the principles to achieve the intended objectives, fech in the maximum expected spill volume, the floor area, and the performance criteria set out at the beginning of each subset- existence of any drainage systems. Historically, curbs and tion. Each subsection has been written with the first sentence sills have been 4 in. (10 cm) high. A variety of ramp, curb, outlining the performance criteria which, if implemented,to or sill heights can be used to obtain the desired contain- would achieve compliance with that subsection. In order e- menu volume in each containment area. As aguide. I s (i clarify the intent of each performance criterion. the subse- 9 quent paragraphs constitute one method of achieving corn- area of water at a I in. height equals 0.62 gal (2.35 L). pliance with the intent envisioned in the performance corn- Once the total quantity of necessary liquid containment requirements. It is recognized that other combinations of has been established, the necessary ramp, curb, or sill heights can then be calculated. Where open-grated requirements may also be used to meet the intent of the per- formance criteria,provided such requirements are acceptable trenches are used, the volume of the trench should be to the authority having jurisdiction. able to contain the maximum expected spill volume or totherwise be connected to a properly designed drainage A-3.6 Buried steel piping should be coated with a suitable system. material and should be cathodically protected. Galvanized steel pipe, by itself and without other corrosion protection A-4-4.2.8 Sprinkler water can transport burning liquids methods, is not acceptable for underground piping. Steel to unaffected areas, including underneath other storage swing joints and stainless steel flexible connectors should also piles or racks, further spreading the fire. It is therefore be made corrosion resistant when in contact with the soil. important to control the flow of liquids,including sprinkler Thus, such fittings should also be coated and cathodically water,and safely remove it from the affected area. protected when installed between nonmetallic, compatible tanks and piping, such as fiberglass reinforced plastic. This may be accolnplished by using one or more of the following: A-3-9 Where loading and unloading risers for Class II or Class ILIA liquids are located in the same immediate area (a) Noncombustible, liquidtight raised sills, curbs, or as loading and unloading risers for Class I liquids,consid- ramps of suitable height at exterior openings. 'oration should be given to providing positive means, such as different pipe sizes,connection devices,special locks,or (b) Interior, noncombustible and liquidtight raised sills, other methods designed to prevent the erroneous transfer curbs, or other flow diverting structures. of Class I liquids into or from any container or tank used Sloped floors. for Class II or Class IIIA liquids. (c) o p Exception No. I: This provision need not apply to water-miscible (d) Open-grated trenches or floor drains connected to a liquids where the class is determined by the concentration of liquid properly designed drainage system. . • in water. (e) Wall scuppers discharging to a safe location or a lException No. 2: This provision need not apply where the equip- properly designed drainage system. . ment is cleaned between transfers. (f) Other means acceptable to the authority having A-4-3.2 Venting of storage cabinets has not been demon- jurisdiction. strafed to be necessary for fire protection purposes. Addi- tionally, venting a cabinet could compromise the ability of Drainage systems, including trenches, drains, and wall the cabinet to adequately protect its contents from involve- scuppers themselves, should be designed to handle the ment in a fire since cabinets are not generally tested with expected flow rate of water from sprinklers and hose f. any venting. Therefore, venting of storage cabinets is not streams. Otherwise, burning liquids may spread through- recommended. out the storage area and potentially into other unaffected • 90.3.j9 30-50 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Start ( Is Isthe ha Fun yes ex Prima ma ra Rapuxamanb of of modes? boar Simon a.6 amp stomp Porde used? No No No Requirements of Requirements of Season 4-S apply. Seaton 4T apply. Isa Tram as yes hoeatoous Inside Room.' mace W . laces used? No 1// • sat M3 Is least one of yes or more of yes the area Yes• the walls an the walls •Separate. spoor eateries detached wall? wails? building? No No No Are • Area wan walls Inside Room: imerm 8 ednte yes Area b a tir floors rated tar .duo 4-hr fire Warehouse? Floc area cant resistance? exceed 500 sq ft iNo I Floor area is not I Fee rpwnnce of rexffided. Mein wNs. 1 ceilings.and I Area wan + Marnbtsab Mesa Attuned Building.'I Fee rename of �. must be in . 1 tin,walls. accordance 1 ceilings.and with 4-4.2.1. pea is a H Flste yeas not Memedian Mors 'Cut-ooff Royce.' reMiaed. must be n 1 1. Fire The(Ninety aridaswYrh .a height of ppuds Interior walls. Sad I t be in Wp tp..andI qual:puid saver i accede with intermediateintermediateMon ntsex are M not n 4-4.4.2. must be n fexaided. accorynoe with H.2.1 Tliquid storage • The gusty and heights and pas sizes • height of twit* Must not eaCaed Mond must be n those specified n accordance with TtWea H.4(a){q • H.4. as appropriate. • I°spesah9 not ybw.dl except as specified Does the by 4-4.52. Dispensing of liquids Vet Noce area is riot prnated. exceed 1.000 soft? M CWa No Fronde IA or stable or IB daffe9raton Yes aoa sbnd pr H2.5. Clew I. Nu re. Electrical installation and venaaten must be in accordant*apt No H2.9 L 4-42.11. 4 iiii AI other provisions Simeon be of followed a approplb s .� Figure A44(a) Guide to application of Chapter 4,"Container and Portable Tank Storage." 1893 Edition 940339 APPENDIX:\ 30-51 areas.The drainage systems should also terminate in a safe A-4-5.2.4 Exception No. 2 Based on work done by the location so as to not subsequently expose other important Factory Mutual Research Corp.. it was determined that facilities, adjoining property, or important natural flammable liquids in plastic containers could cause uncon- resources. Such "safe locations" may be specially designed table fires under certain research conditions If storage in gen- ject on flammable containment basins, sumps. pits, collection tanks, waste eral purpose watreatment facilities,or other locations able to safely contain liquids container storage carried out by Underwriters Lab- the discharge liquids. Since in nearly all cases it is imprac- oratories Inc., under the auspices of the National Fire Pro- tical to size such locations based on the maximum pus- tection Research Foundation,has suggested a test protocol ( sible operating time of sprinklers and hose streams, it is that can judge the capability of packaging systems to with- common practice to base the size on sprinklers and hose stand a small ignition source or to minimize the rate at streams operating for a specified period of time. which the lading is released from the containers, so that The appropriate period of time depends on the par- the fire can be controlled by automatic sprinklers. titular situation and the potential consequences of There is currently no nationally recognized consensus exceeding the determined volume. Evaluation of the standard for conducting such tests. potential consequences should include consideration of the A-4-5.6.1 Table A-4-5.6.1 can be consulted for guidance following: in determining amounts of storage permitted in mercantile (a) Properties and hazards of materials in liquid storage establishments. area Maximum total quantities permitted should be limited to (b) Type and design of fire protection system(s), includ- the sum of proportional amounts that each class of liquid ing expected flow rates present bears to the maximum total permitted for its respective class. The sum of proportional amounts should (c) Surrounding topography and surface (soil type) not exceed 100 percent. (d) Proximity to other important buildings, adjoining A-4-6 Environmental concerns have dictated special han- property.and critical natural resources dling of hazardous materials, chemicals, and wastes. Some of these have flammable and combustible liquid character- (e) Contingency plans(or backup systems)and the avail- istics, in addition to their environmental and health prob- ability of resources to implement lems,thus causing some questions as to how they should be (f) Capabilities and response time of emergency stored and handled. responders Several manufacturers have met this problem by design- ing and manufacturing movable, modular prefabricated (g) Other applicable codes and regulations. storage lockers — working diligently with various building officials and authorities having jurisdiction.This results in a product that is intended to meet government standards • and regulations for hazardous materials storage. Several • municipalities have passed model ordinances covering the O design, construction, and location of hazardous materials storage lockers. Design features can include but are not limited to the following: Inside room (a) Secondary spill containment sumps U I (b) Deflagration venting (c) Ventilation requirements,including mechanical ven- tilation where dispensing operations are expected Cut-ott rooms Attached building (d) Electrical equipment for hazardous locations in '• accordance with NFPA 70,National Electrical Code '„ a (e) Static electricity control .' ,. 'i'5 ). (I) Fire suppression systems(dry chemical or sprinklers) r. (g) Heavy structural design for: Liqid warehouse Liquid warehouse (attached) (detached) 1. Security provisions Shaded Areastar Examples e tr the various inside liquid storage areas. 2. Doors that lock and permit pallet loading se.Itea areas are tee liquid storage areas. 3. Wind load,snow load,and storage load conditions 4. Anchorage provisions A-4-4.4.1 Exception. Other arrangements include, but . 5. Skid design,permitting relocation using lift trucks I\ ( are not limited to, increases in pile height, pile size, or (h) Fire rated exterior walls, if required maximum total quantity stored, or use of multiple-row (i) Interior partitions to segregate incompatible materials racks or high-rise warehouses. 940339 30-52 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table A-4-5.6 Allowable Storage Amounts,Mercantile Occupancies for Areas Accessible and Not Accessible to the Public Class IA' Classes IB,IC,II,and ILIA Level of Protection Any Combination' GaL'Ftt Max.Qty.(Gal) Gal/Ft' Max.Qty.(Gal) Protected per 4.5.6.1(a) Ground floor N,A 120 4 Ar` IL Basement,other floor 0 0 4 7.500 Protected per 4.5.6.1(0 or 4-5.6.2(c) . Ground floor 240 Basement,other floor 0A 0 4 4 15,000 Unprotected Ground floor N,A 120 2 Basement,other floors . 0 0 7,500 1 'Areas accessible to the public or not accessible to the public. N/A• Not Applicable. (j) Size limits to limit quantities that may be stored A-5.5.6.2 Electrical enclosures that need to be opened within preassembled or ready-to-assemble designs frequently for maintenance (i.e., enclosures housing vapor (k)Nonsparking floors processing system controls) have a higher potential for (I) Shelving, if required mechanical damage that could render the enclosures unable to contain an explosion. Additional inspection (m) Heating or cooling units, if needed might be needed to ensure the integrity of the enclosure. (n) Corrosion protection as required A-5-5.6.3 . The most recent edition of American Petroleum (o) Employee safety provisions (eye/face wash) Institute Recommended Practice 2003, Protection Against (p) NFPA 704 hazard symbols. Ignition Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents, . can be used as a reference for protections against static Features provided are determined by specific storage ignition. requirements and needs of the owner, keeping in mind A-5-5.6.4 Spontaneous ignition may be a problem in: applicable regulations and ordinances that apply and the approval requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. (a) Facilities where pyrophoric deposits can accumulate Several laboratories have developed internal from the handling of oxygen-deficient vapors containing Svaltestingfor the examination, vesting, and listing or sulfur compounds or asphaltic materials. When air is intro- procedures labeling of hazardous material storage lockers submitted by doted i the potential ignition the pyrophoric fric materials can react, manufacturers. resulting in and fire. A-4-8.8 The indiscriminate mixed storage of materials (b) Facilities that handle fluids in such a way that mixing er that have a high toxicity or high reactivity hazard that are of occur.hy Sucolic or otherwise incompatible materials may h mixing could occur with fluids remaining in also flammable liquids is a practice that might result in Suc either a catastrophic release of toxic materials or an explo- sion. the vapor recovery system from prior loading activities. (See also 1-1.4.) (c) Facilities handling oxygenated hydrocarbons in car- bon A-5-4.9 Where the vapor space of absorption units. Higher heats of absorption for these Po p equipment is usually types of vapors can potentially lead to overheated carbon within the flammable range, the probability of explosion beds and increase the chance that an oxidation reaction damage to the equipment can be limited by inerting, by can be initiated. (For further information, refer to Ameri- pro the equipment to contain the viding an explosion suppression system, or by design- can Petroleum Institute Report, "An Engineering Analysis that can be modified by explosion rreelief..ak Where thelosion pressure ecial Effects of Oxygenated Fuels 9 Marketing Vapor hazards of operation, sources of ignition, or exposures Recovery Equipment,"September, 1990.) indicate a need,consideration should be given to providing A-5-5.6.5 Department of Transportation Coast Guard protection by one or more of the above means. Regulation 33 CFR Pan 154, Section 154.826(6), (c), and See NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of DeJfagrations, and (d)can be used as a reference for vapor mover designs that ■` NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, for addi- minimize the potential for ignition. • tional information on various methods of mitigating losses A-5.5.6.6 The potential for ignition in the vapor collec- from explosions. . don system needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. IA-5-5.43 If the liquid knock-out vessel utilizes a pump If ignition occurs, flame propagation in piping systems for automatic liquid removal, consideration should be containing vapor mixtures in the flammable range nor- given to a low-level alarm and shutdown to avoid running mally starts with low speed burning (deflagration). As the the pump dry, resulting in a potential source of ignition. flame moves through the piping,it accelerates and, within 1903 Edition • 940339 APPENDIX B 30-53 a short distance,can reach supersonic speeds (detonation). Q a 20,000A Q a 199,300A°'°° Q = 963,400A°"s Initial low speed flame propagation can be stopped byA Q flame arresters, liquid seals. or automatic fast-acting valve A Q A Q systems where designed. operated, and tested within the requirements of NFPA 69. Flame propagation can also be 20 400,000 200 4,000,000 1.000 10.000.000 stopped for both deflagration and detonations by use of 30 600,000 250 4,539,000 1,200 10.593.000 detonation arresters tested in accordance with U.S. De- f.- 40 800.000 300 5,032.000 1,400 11.122.000 par[ment of Transportation Coast Guard Regulations 50 1.000,000 350 5.191.00 1,600 11,601,000 t 33 CFR Part 154, Appendix A or other procedures acceptable toct the authority having jurisdiction,he or auto- 60 1.200.000 400 5,922.00 1,800 12,040.000 matic fast-acting valve systems tested under the appropri- 70 1,400,000 500 6,719,000 2,000 80 1.600.000 600 7,450,000 2.400 13,188.00 ate conditions. 90 1,800,000 700 8.129.000 2.800 14,000.000 100 2.000.00 800 8,768,000 and over Appendix B Emergency Relief Venting for Fire 120 2.400,000 900 9,372,000 Exposure for Aboveground Tanks 140 2,800,000 1,000 10,000,000 160 3,200,000 180 3.00.000 This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA dons-men:,but is included for information purposes only. 200 4.000.000 The requirements for emergency venting given in Table 2-8 and the modification factors in 2-2.6.7 are derived Forover tapnks g and storagead dessels ems ventig designed for p pressures sur- faces froma consideration of: beyond 2800 sq ft (260.12 m2) is believed to be desir- 1. Probable maximum rate of heat transfer per unit area able because, under these storage conditions, liquids are 2. Size of tank and the percentage of total area likely stored close to their boiling points.Therefore, the time to bring the container contents to boiling conditions might to be exposed not be significant. For these situations a heat input value 3. Time required to bring tank contents to boil should be determined on the basis of' C4. Time required to heat unwet portions of the tank Q = 21,000Aoez shell or roof to a temperature where the metal will lose The flow capacities are based on the assumption that the strength 5. Effect of drainage,insulation,and the application stored liquid will have the characteristics of hexane, and gthe vapor liberated has been transposed to equivalent free of water in reducing fire exposure and heat transfer. air at 60°F (15.6°C) and 14.7 psia (101.3 kPa) by using Table 2-8 is based on a composite curve that is com- appropriate factors in: posed of three straight lines when plotted on log-logQ 7.0.5CFH = --@- paper.The curve may be defined in the following manner: LA/M (a) The first straight line is drawn on log-log paper Where: between the point 400,000 Btu/hr, at 20 sq ft (1.858 m2) exposed surface area and the point 4,000,000 Btu/hr, at 70.5 = the factor for converting pounds of gas to cubic 200 sq ft(18.58 m')exposed surface area.The equation for feet is ��heat input per hour expressed in Btu r this portion of the curveQ = 20,000A QL = latent heat of vaporization (b) The second straight line is drawn on log-log graph 5.I = molecular weight paper between the points 4,000,000 Btu/hr, at 200 sq ft No consideration has been given to possible expansion 100(18.58 m ) exposed surface area and 9,950,000 equatiBtu/hron for at from the heating of the vapor above the boiling point of this sqo i n of ms)curve v is surface area.The em equation'for the liquid, its secific heat,or the difference in density this portion of the w Q = 199,300A between the discharge temperature and 60°F (15.6°C), . (c) The third straight line is plotted on log-log graph since some of these changes are compensating. paper between the points 9,950,000 Btu/hr, at 1000 sq ft Since tank vent valves are ordinarily in CFH stan- dard( (92.9 m2) exposed surface area and 14,090,000equaBtu/hr,tion at air, the figures derived from Table rated2-8 may be used \ 2800 sq ft(260.12 m)exposed surface area.The equation with the appropriate tank pressure as a basis for valve for this portion of the curve u Q = 963,400A2.322. selection. For areas exceeding 2800 sq ft (260.12 int) it has been Table B-2 gives for a variety of chemicals the constants concluded that complete fire involvement is unlikely, and thatcan be used �compute the other vapor po generated and Joss of metal strength from overheating will cause failure in equivalent liquids here j the vapor space before development of maximum possible vapor evolution rate.Therefore,additional venting capac- greater exactness is desired. Inspections of the table will ( show that the use of hexane in deriving Table 2-8 provides ity beyond the vapor equivalent of 14,090,000 Btu/hr results that are within an acceptable degree of accuracy for the (4130 kw)will not be effective or required. listed ipso Edition 940339 30-54 FL SI%IABI.E.1N0 COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE ..�IIIIL...IIIIIL. .2'd 11 ,..999.999.'lll'11,1�1llltl'�, o->�'7.I ,..999.999 O 9.950.. ..tas•s•s•�s•�s.u��s•u�� - �s�s�ne�t.0 1. ..900.900 1 Ce. o* ;��;....��.. :.111111 t .00.900 t 20 200 L000 2.800 fiposed wetted surface area in square lee,.A Figure B-1 Curve for determining requirements for emergency venting during fire exposure. Note: See Table B-I for approximate wetted area for horizontal tanks. - Table B-i Appropriate Wetted Areas for Horizontal Tanks (Wetted Area Equals 75 Percent Total Area) Tank Diem-(ft) 3 4 5 6 Tank Tank 7 8 9 10 11 12 Diana.(ft) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (ft) Length(ft) Approximate Wetted Area of Teaks with Flat Heads T Length 3 32 Approximate Wetted Area of Tanks with flat Heads 4 39 55 38 685 791 902 1013 1129 1244 5 46 65 88 39 701 810 923 1036 1155 1272 6 53 74 100 128 10 718 828 944 1060 1181 1301 7 60 84 112 142 173 41 734 847 966 1083 1207 1329 8 67 93 124 156 190 226 42 751 866 987 1107 I2!! 1357 9 74 102 136 170 206 245 286 43 767 885 1008 1130 1284 1414 1385 44 904 1029 1154 1284 10 81 112 147 184 223 264 308 353 II 88 121 159 198 239 283 329 377 428 45 923 1051 1178 1910 1442 12 95 131 171 213 256 301 350 400 454 509 46 941 1072 1201 1336 1470 13 102 140 183 227 272 320 571 424 480 537 47 960 1093 1225 1362 1498 14 109 150 194 241 289 339 393 447 506 565 979 1114 1248 1388 1527 15 . 116 159 206 255 305 358 414 471 532 594 49 998 1135 1272 1414 1555 16 123 169 218 269 322 377 435 495 558 622 5U 1157 1295 1440 1583 17 ISO 178 230 283 338 395 456 518 584 650 Si 1178 1319 1466 1612 18 137 188 242 298 355 414 477 542 610 678 52 "t 199 1342 1492 1640 55 19 197 253 312 371 433 499 565 636 707 1246 11366 389 1518 1668 54 20 206 265 326 388 452 520 589 662 735 1263 1389 1544 1696 55 1263 21 216 277 340 404 471 541 612 688 763 1413 1570 1725 22 225 289 354 421 490 562 636 714 792 57 23 235 300 368 437 508 584 659 740 820 1460 1648 1809 1781 24 244 312 383 454 527 605 683 765 848 58 1484 1648 Y5 324 397 470 546 626 706 791 876 60 59 1507 1674 1899 Y6 336 411 487 565 647 730 817 905 61 1531 1700 1866 /// 27 347 425 503 584 668 754 849 933 611726 1894 28 359 440 520 603 690 777 869 961 62 1752 1923 29 371 454 536 621 711 801 895 989 63 1778 1951 30 383 468 553 640 732 824 921 1018 64 1809 1979 3I - 395 482 569 659 753 848 947 1046 65 1829 2007 32 496 586 678 775 871 973 1074 66 2036 33 510 602 697 796 895 999 1103 1855 34 524 619 715 817 918 1025 1131 69 2092 35 539 635 734 838 942 1051 1159 69 36 553 652 753 86071 2120 / 37 966 1077 1187 71 2149 567 668 772 881 989 1103 1216 SI Units: 1 k e 0.09 ml. 72 2177 O.S m; 1 k : r 2205 1993 Edition 940339 APPENDIX C 30-55 Table B-2 Values of L V M for Various Flammable Liquids Appendix C Abandonment or Removal of Underground Tanks Heat of Vaporization Molecular Stu per lb Thu Appendix is not a part of the rrquirnnenzs of this NEP.i dont- Chemical LX/M Weight at Boiling Point went,but is included for information purposes only. Acetaldehyde 1673 44.05 252 C-1 Introduction. Acetic acid 1350 60.05 174 Acetic anhydride 1792 102.09 177 C-1.1 Care is required not only in the handling and use Acetone 1708 58.08 224 of flammable or combustible liquids, but also in abandon- ing tanks that have held flammable or combustible liquids. Acetonitrile 2000 41.05 312 This is particularly true of underground service station Acrylonitrile 1930 33.06 265 tanks that are most frequently used for the storage of n-Amyl alcohol 2025 88.15 216 motor fuel and occasionally for the storage of other Ham- iso-Amvl alcohol 1990 88.15 212 mable or combustible liquids, such as crankcase drainings Aniline 1795 93.12 186 (which may contain some gasoline).Through carelessness. Benzene 1493 78.11 169 • explosions have occurred because flammable or combusti- ble liquid tanks had not been properly conditioned before n-Butyl acetate 1432 116.16 133 being abandoned. n-Butyl alcohol 2185 74.12 25+ iso-Butyl alcohol 2135 74.12 248 C-1-2 In order to prevent accidents caused by improper Carbon disulfide 1310 76.14 150 conditioning, it is recommended that the procedures out- Chlorobenzene 1422 112.56 134 lined below be followed when underground tanks are removed, abandoned, or temporarily taken out of service. Cyclohexane 1414 84.16 154 Cyclohexanol 1953 ' 100.16 195 C-1.3 Underground tanks taken out of service can be Cyclohexanone 1625 98.14 164 safeguarded or disposed of by any one of the three follow- o-Dichlorobenzene 1455 147.01 120 ing means: cis-Dichloroethylene 1350 96.95 137 (a) Placed in a temporarily out of service condition. Diethylamine 1403 73.14 164 Tanks should be rendered temporarily out of service only Dimethylacetamide 1997 87.12 214 when it is planned that they will be returned to active ser- CDimethylamine 1676 45.08 250 vice within a reasonable period or pending removal or - Dimethylformamide 2120 73.09 248 abandonment within 90 days. Dioxane(diethylene (b) Abandoned in place, with proper safeguarding. ether) 1665 88.10 177 (c) Removed. Ethyl acetate 1477 88.10 157 Ethyl alcohol 2500 46.07 368 C-1-4 In cases where tanks are either rendered tempo- Ethyl chloride 1340 64.52 167 rarily out of service or permanently abandoned, records should be kept of tank size,location,date of abandonment, Ethylene dichloride 1363 98.96 137 and method used for placing the abandoned tank in a safe Ethyl ether 1310 74.12 152 condition. Furan 1362 68.07 165 Furfunl 1962 96.08 200 C-1-5 Procedures for carrying out each of the above Gasoline 1370-1470 96.0 140-150 methods of disposing of underground tanks are described n-Heptane 1383 100.20 138 in the following sections. No cutting torch or other flame- or spark-producing equipment should be used until the n-Hexane 1337 86.17 144 tank has been completely purged or otherwise rendered Hydrogen cyanide 2290 47.03 430 safe. In each case, the numbered steps given should be Methyl alcohol 2680 32.04 474 carried out successively. Methyl ethyl ketone 1623 72.10 191 Methyl methacrylate 1432 100.14 143 C-2 Rendering Tanks"Temporarily Out of Service." n-Octane 1412 114.22 132 n-Pentane 1300 72.15 153 C-2-1 Cap or plug all lines such as fill line, gage opening, pump suction, and vapor return. Secure against tampering. n-Propyl acetate 1468 102.13 145 n-Propyl alcohol 2295 60.09 296 C-2-2 Disconnect piping at all tank openings. iso-Propyl alcohol 2225 60.09 287 Tetrahydrofuran 1428 72.10 168 C-3 Abandoning Underground Tanks in Place. Toluene 1500 92.13 156 C-3-I Remove all flammable or combustible liquid from Vinyl acetate 1532 86.09 165 the tank and from all connecting lines. o-Xylene 1538 106.16 149 C-3.2 Disconnect the suction, inlet, gage, and vent lines.ke SI Urdu: 1 Btu per lb 2.!KiloJouWKilognm. - NOTE: For data on other chemicals refer to available handbooks on prop- C-3.3 Fill the tank completely with an inert solid mate- ants of chemicals. rial. Cap remaining underground piping. 1993 Edition 940339 30-56 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE C-4 Removal of Underground Tanks. (g) Type of sprinklers C • C-4-1 Remove all flammable or combustible liquids from I. Temperature rating tank and from connecting lines. 2. Response time index (RTI) C-4-2 Disconnect piping at all tank openings. Remove 3. Orifice size sections of connecting lines that are not to be used further and cap or plug all tank openings.After removal, the tank These examples are not all-inclusive,and each installation can be gas freed on the premises if it can be done safely at should be designed using sound fire protection engineering that location or can be transported to an area not accessi- judgment. The parameters of the protection arrangements ble to the public and the gas freeing completed at that contained in the tables may be modified accordingly. location. D-1 The preferred method of storage of liquids in buildings C-5 Disposal of Tanks. is in cutoff rooms or in attached buildings rather than in inside rooms because of fire department accessibility and the C-5-1 If a tank is to be disposed of as junk, it should be advantages of providing explosion venting where needed. retested for flammable vapors and, if necessary, rendered gas-free.After junking and before releasing to junk dealer, D-2 Recommendations for Specific Storage Arrangements. a sufficient number of holes or openings should be made in it to render it unfit for further use. NFPA 327, Standard D-2.1 Design criteria in this appendix do not apply to Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tank and Con- storage in plastic drums. (See Appendix E for additional infor- tainers Without Entry, provides information on safe proce- motion on this subject.) dures for such operations. D-2.2 Palletized and Solid Pile Storage. For protected storage of liquids, as specified in Table 4.4.4(b),automatic Appendix D Suggested Fire Protection for Con- sprinkler protection should be provided in accordance with Table D-2.2. tainers of Flammable and Combustible Liquids D-23 Rack Storage. In protected storage of liquids arranged, as specified in Table 4-4.4(c), automatic sprin- Thu.appendix is not a part of the requirements of this.VFPA docu- kler protection should be provided in accordance with mint,but is included for information purposes only. Tables D-2.3(a) and D-2.3(b), as applicable, except that racks with solid shelves should be provided with in-rack The following contains additional information and rec- ommendations relating to the requirements in Section 4-4. sprinklers at every tier or level. CAUTION: The following tables suggest sprinkler D-2.4 Automatic aqueous film-forming foam- (AFFF-) design densities that have been developed from limited fire water sprinkler systems for container storage of liquids has testing and the application of engineering judgment. been shown to be an acceptable method for providing fixed There are many variables that should be considered in the protection. Such protection should be provided in accor- application of these tables. dance with Tables D-2.4(a)and D-2.4(b).(See Appendix E for Examples of these variables include: additional information on this subject.) • (a) Ignition scenario D-2.5 For protected storage of liquids in mercantile occu- (b) Properties of the liquids pancies, as specified in 4-5.6, automatic sprinkler protec- tion should be provided in accordance with Tables D-2.5(a) (c) Container type and size and D-2.5(b). (d) Packaging methods D-2.6 Rack storage of liquids in containers [drums of 55 (e) Distance from the top of the storage to the sprinklers gal (208 L) capacity] stored on-end on wood pallets on (f) Storage configuration conventional double-row racks to a maximum height of storage of 25 ft (7.6 m) should be provided protection in 1. Pile size accordance with Table D-2.4(b). 2. Storage height 3. Storage method D-2.7 For design criteria for specific installations, insur- ance engineers, fire protection consultants, and other 4. Flue spaces knowledgeable persons should be consulted. 1983 Edition • 940339 APPENDIX D 30-57 r Table D-2.2 Automatic Sprinkler Protection for Solid Pile and Palletized Storage of Liquids in Containers and Portable Tanks' I IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Storage Conditions Ceiling Sprinkler Design and Demand Area(sq ft)5 Minimum _ Minimum Duration Container Size Density gpm/ High Ord. Maximum Hose Stream Sprinklers& Class Spacing Demand(gpm) Hose Streams' Liquid and Arrangement Si ft Tem P• Temp. IA 5 gal of less. with/without tattoos. 0.30 3000 5000 100 sq ft 750 2 hr palletized or solid pile Containers greater than 5 gal on end 0.60 5000 8000 80 sq ft 750 or side.palletized or solid pile LB,* 5 gal or less• with/without cartons, 0.30 3000 5000 100 sq ft IC,' palletized or solid pile' 500 2 hr & Containers greater than 5 gal. on pal- 0.25 5000 8000 100 sq h II• lets or solid pile.one high I 111' Metal containers, 5 gal or less. with/ IC,' without cartons, palletized or solid Be II pile' 0.216J1500 Nlia 100 sq ft 250 2 hr Containers greater than 5 gal.on pallets II or solid pile• more than one high on 2 hr end or side 0.60 5000 8000 80 sq ft 750 Ili,'IC,* Portable tanks,one high II* 0.30 3000 5000 100 sq ft 500 2 hr II Portable tanks.two high 0.60 5000 8000 80 sq ft 750 2 hr 5 gal or less,with/without cartons,pallet- 0.25 3000 5000 120 sq h 500 I hr ized or solid pile Containers greater than 5 gal on pallets C or solid pile. on end or sides, up to l hr three high 0.25 3000 5000 120 sq 6 500 - III Containers greater than 5 gal,on pallets 2 hr or solid pile,on end or sides,up to 0.35 3000 5000 l00 sq h 750 18 ft high Portable tanks,one high 0.25 3000 5000 120 sq ft 500 1 hr Portable tanks,two high 0.50 3000 5000 80 sq ft 750 2 hr Sl Units: l gal w 3.8 L: I sq ft tz 0.s m. •See Appendix E.introductory paragraphs. 'See 4.4.4 and Table 4.4.4(b)for additional information pertaining to protected palletized or solid piling of liquids. 'Minimum hose stream demand includes small hand hose(lift in.)required in 4-8.5. 'The design area contemplates the use of wet pipe systems.Where dry pipe systems are required.it introduces a possible delay that needs to be compensated for by increased area of application(plus 30 percent). 4 One test indicated that a sprinkler density of 0.3 gpm per sq ft might not be sufficient for the protection of storage of canons more than I pallet high. 'Using 5 gal cylindrical metal containers with plastic spouts or solid plastic caps and I gal F-style(oblong)metal containers. •Maximum Storage Height:4 ft.under an 18-ft ceiling. 'See Test 3,Table 4A,Appendix E-4. 'N/T w Not Tested. C 9403JTn SOtiY FLA%INIAILF AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table D-2.3(a) Automatic Sprinkler Protection Requirements for Rack Storage of Liquids in Containers of Five Gallon Capacity or Less,in Cartons on Conventional Wood Pallets or without Cartons,on Pallets' IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Ceiling Sprinkler Design &Demand In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement and Demands-" Area(sq ft). Minimum Minimum Hose Duration Density Racks over to 9 k Min. Number of Stream Sprinkler ` Class gpm High Ord. Max. Racks up to 9 ft (2.7 ml to 12 ft Noale Sprinklers Demand & Hose Liquid sq ft Temp. Temp. Spacing (2.7 m)deep (3.7 m)deep Pressure Operating (gpm) Stream' la)oral.temp. tat ord. temp. (al 8 sprinklers sprinklers s ft sprinklers 8 ft if only one apan horizontally apart horizontally lei el (b)one line sprin- (b)two lines sprin- Mt 6 sprinklers klers above each klers above each ea.on two levels, level of storage level of storage if only two levels I 0.40 3000 5000 80 sq (c)locate in longi-ce, (c)locate in s trans- 30 psi (c)6 op 3 lei 750 2 hr fthd tudinal flue space, verse flue spaces, ea.on top 3 lev- 2a ft staggered veni- staggered verti- els,height) tally rally and within more levels ls or 20 in.of aisle (d)shields (d)shields (d)hydraulically required where required where most remote multilevel multilevel (a)ord.temp. (a)ord. temp. (a)hydraulically sprinklers 8 ft sprinklers 8 It most remote— apart horizontally apart horizontally 6 sprinklers at each level,up to max.of three levels @)one line sprin- (b)two lines klers between lev- between levels at ell at nearest 10 ft nearest 10 ft verti- vertical intervals cal intervals II 0.30 3000 5000 100 sq (c)locate in longi- (c)locate in trans- 30 psi 750 2 (max. Mid tudinal flue space, verse flue spaces. hr 25 ft staggered verti- staggered verti- height) tally tally and within 20 in.of aisle (d)shields (d)shields required where required where multilevel multilevel III 0.25 3000 5000 120 sq Same as Class II Same as Class II 30 psi Same as Class II 500(max. ft/hd 2 hr 40 ft • height) I LII&III' 0.55" 2000' N/T 100 sq Nal" N/T MT N/T 500 2 hr SI Lnits: 1 gal w 3.8 L; 1 sq k >. 0.09 ms; 1 ft w 0.3 m; 1 in. . 2.5 cm. See Table 4-6.1161 and Section 4-6 for additional information pertaining to protected rack storage. 'Additional in-rack protection required for solid shelves.as indicated in D-2.3. 'See 4-6.3 for types of racks permitted. 'See 4-6.5 for additional information pertaining to in-rack sprinklers. Minimum hose streams demand includes small hand hose(I 4s in.)required in 4-7.1.3. 'The design area conteplates the use of wet pipe systems.Where dry pipe systems are required,it introduces a possible delay that needs to he compensated {` for by increased areas of application(plus 30 percent). r Using F-style metal containers and 5-gal tighthead metal containers equipped with plastic pour spout. sMax. 14-ft storage height(3 tiers;floor,5 ft and 10 ft);max. 18-ft ceiling;min.7Yr-ft aisles. 'Using listed or approved 0.64-in.extra-large orifice,pendent style,286'F.quick response or standard element sprinklers. - Maximum 6-ft deep rack. Nf7 w Not Tested C. 1993 Edition 940339 APPENDIX D 30-59 Table D-2.3(b) Automatic Sprinkler Protection for Rack Storage of Liquids in Containers Greater than Five Gallon Capacity' IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Ceiling Sprinkler Design & Demand In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement and Demand"' Minimum Minimum Area(sq ft)• -Hose Duration Density On-End Storage Min. Number of Stream Sprinkler - - Class gpmi High Ord. Max- On-Side Storage (on pallets) up to Nozzle Sprinklers Demand & Hose Liquid sq ft Temp. Temp. Spacing Racks up to 9 ft 9 ft deep racks Pressure Operating (gpm) Stream (al ord. temp. (at ord. temp. (a)hydraulically sprinklers ri ft sprinklers 8 ft most remote-6 apart horizontally apart horizontalh sprinklers at each level (b)one line sprin- (b)one line sprin- klers above each klrrs above each • . tier of storage tier of storage IA 0.60 3000 5000 80 sq din l flue longs tudi(c) nal e in longs 30 psi 1000 2 hr (max. • 25 ft space.staggered space.staggered height) vertically vertically (d)shields (dl shields required where required where multilevel multilevel • (a)see(a)abure (a)see(a)above (a)see(a)above ID,IC 0.&)' 3000 5W0 one line sprin- - (b)see(b)above 30 psi 750 2 hr I ft/hd klers en t (max. tiers of storage 25 ft height) (c)see(c)above (c)see(c)above r (d)see(d)above (d)see(d)above r a a (a)see(a)above (a)see(a)above (a)see( )above HI P one line spin- (b)one line sprin- 15 psi 500 1 hr (max. 0.25 3000 5000 120 sq (b)Whd kkrs every sixth Men every third 40 Rlevel(maximum) level(maximum) height) (c)see(c)above (c)see(c)above - (d)see(d)above (d)see(d)above SI Units: 1 gal = 3.8 L: 1 sq ft a 0.09 m°: 1 ft . 0.3 m; 1 in. s 2.3 cm. 'See Table 4.6.1(b)and D-2.3 for additional information pertaining to protected rack storage. 'Additional in-rack protection required for solid shelves,as indicated in D-2.3. •See 4-6.3 for types of racks permitted. •See 4-.5 for additional information pertaining to in-rack sprinklers. •Minimum hose stream demand includes small hand hose(1'/2 in.)required in 4-7.1.3. •The design area contemplates the use of wet pipe systems.Where dry pipe systems are required,it introduces a possible delay that needs to be compensated for by increased areas of application(plus 30 percent). 'Where there is only one tier of drums above the highest line of in-rack sprinklers,the ceiling water demand density may be reduced to 0.25 gpmNsq ft over .. 5000 sq ft. 1993 Edition 940339 39 • 30-GO FL4M\TABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS(()DE Table D-2.4(a) Automatic AFFF-Water Protection' Requirements for Rack Storage of Liquids in Containers IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Ceiling Sprinkler Design&Demand In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement and Demands Area(sq ft) Class Density High- Minimum Number of Hose Duration Duration s g Ord. On-End Storage, of drums Nozzle Sprinkler Stream AFFF Water Liquid gpm sq ft Temp. Temp. (on pallets)up to 25 h Pressure Operating Demand' Supply Supply IA. IB. 0.90 1500 2550 (al ord. temp. sprinklers up 30 psi tiapart horizontally P IC. II to 10 3 '/111 IS min 2 hr sprinklers per Iesel (b)one line sprinklers above each level of storage (c)locate in longitudinal flue space.staggered vertically (d)shields required for mul- tilevel SI Units: 1 gal = 3.8 L: 1 sq ft = 0.09 m': 1 6 = 0.3 m: 1 in. = 2.5 cm. Scstem shall be a closed head wet system with approved devices for proportioning AFFF. n Except as modified herein,in-rack sprinklers should be installed in accordance with NFPA 2510.Standard fur Hark Slump,of.1Lnrnnls. 'Hose stream demand includes inside hand hose(l er in.l required in 4-7.1.3. n Maximum height of storage should he limited to 25 Ii. Table D-2.4(b) Closed Head Foam-Water(AFFF)Sprinkler Protection Requirements foi Solid Pile and Palletized Storage of Flamma- ble and Combustible Liquids in Metal Containers of Five Gallon Capacity or Less IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Water Foam Maximum Packs e - Class Density s Area Temp. Max. Orifice Height Supply Supply 6ht Hose Duration Duration Type Liquid gpm/ft ft Rating Spacing Size,in. (ft) gpm (min) (min) Cartoned IB, IC, II .40 2000 286°F 100 sq ft/hd 17/32 II 500 120 15 Uncartoned IB, IC, II .30 2000 286°F 100 sq ft/hd /2 or 17/,2 12 500 120 15 CH • (. • 1983 Edition 940339 APPENDIX I) 30-Ill Table D-2.5(a) Automatic Sprinkler Protection Requirements for Class I Liquid Storage in Metal Container of One Gallon Capacity or Less with trncartoned or Case-Cut Shelf Display up to 61/2 ft.and Palletized Storage Above in a Double Row Rack Array IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. Ceiling Sprinkler Design and Demand In-Rack Sprinkler Arrangement and Demand t ' Area(sq ft) Minimum Minimum { Racks Hose Duration 9 ft to Minimum Number of Stream Sprinklers Class Density High Ord. Maximum Racks up 12 ft Nozzle Sprinklers Demand and Hose Liquid gpm sq ft Temp. Temp. Spacing to 9 ft deep deep Pressure Operating gpm Stream(hrs.) Maximum 0.6 2.000' NeT 100 sq (a)ord. temp. N,T 30 psi (a)6 sprinklers 5(11) 2 20 ft ft lid quick response (I/2 in. ea.on two levels storage sprinklers, max. orifice) height 8 ft 3 in. horizontal (b)hydraulically spacing or most remote 12 sprinklers (b)one line of 1.4 psi • sprinklers at the (I iis_,in. 6 ft level and the orifice) I! ft level of storage (c)locate in longitudinal flue space,staggered vertical (d)shields required where multilevel lSI Units: 1 gala 3.8 L; I sq f a 0.09m': I ft ., 0.3 m; 1 in. a 2.5 cm. Using listed or approved extra-large orifice.pendent style.2867 quick response or standard link s nnlders under a 30-t ceiling and using minimum 74-ft aisle. Nrr- Not Tested. p Table D-2.5(b) Automatic Sprinkler Protection Requirements for Class I and II Liquid Storage in Metal Containers on Shelving' Ceiling Sprinkler Design and Demand IMPORTANT: See the caution statement at the beginning of this appendix. • Maximum Minimum Hose Minimum Duration Container Density Area Spacing Stream Demand Six sq(gpm/sq ft) ( ft (sq) Sprinklers and Hose ft) (gPm) Stream(hrs) 5 gal or less 0.19 without carton 1500 100 250 2 hr S1 Units: 1 gal >. 3.8 4 1 sq ft a 0.09 ms; I ft a 0.3 m. Shelving should be solid or open-grate metal,and storage height should not exceed 6 ft under an I8-ft ceiling.Shelf width should be 2 ft or less. - 940339 1993 tureen • 30-62 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Appendix E Fire Test Data in temperature. When sprinkler discharge was started,simu- lating normal sprinkler operation,there was a rapid pressure Thu Appendix is not a pan of the requirements of this.VFPA docu- increase due to heating of the vapor space. This usually ment, but u included for information purposes only. dropped when cooling by sprinkler discharge started. Early tests showed that I00-sq ft spacing of sprinklers and SI Units: I-gal - 3.8 L: I ft a 0.3 m: I sq ft a 0.09m'. densities of 0.22 and 0.28 gpm/sq ft would not prevent exces- sive temperature and pressure increases in drums.Spacing of E-I This appendix explains fire test data and loss expert- 50 sq ft per sprinkler was used in subsequent tests.Test mea- it ence that were used to help promulgate protection tables surement and visual observation indicated that 0.56 gpm sq ft that are presented in Appendix D. While these data are provided considerably better cooling and flushing away of limited, they do illustrate the seriousness of a potential fuel than the 0.44-gpm/sq ft sprinkler density. drum rupture in a fire and the primary failure mode of built-up internal pressure in combination with the weaken- rt hen fuel was discharged on the floor,only the bottom dis- ing of the rim joint due to localized overheating. The pos- tier gofe storage was severely,simulating then fuel was exposed. leaking of a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor charged at a higher level, a leaking drum, those ( Explosion) is also demonstrated. Due to the many drums in the immediate vicinity in upper tiers were unknowns,conservative practice would be to limit all Class severely exposed. I liquids stored in drums to not over one drum high,since The rate of fuel flow had very little effect on the heating protection tables were developed with this philosophy. of any particular drum.The lower rates, 1 to 2 gpm, had a much longer duration and resulting exposure was greater E-2 Very limited fire tests and fire experience, relative to before the 55-gal duration supply was used up. flammable aerosols, indicate the serious problem they With on-side drum storage in racks, the rate of temper- present to the fire protection engineer. Exploding pressur- ature rise in the test drum on the lowest tier was 3 to 5 ized aerosol cans are to be expected, together with the times as high with storage more than one drum high than flaming fireball and rocketing action, spreading fire to a it was with one-high storage. Tests with on-end palletized potentially larger area. The protection philosophy storage were only conducted three-high. expressed is primarily to limit storage heights and to con- When 5 or 10 gal of gasoline were spilled on the floor and template a larger area of application. Use of pressure- then ignited, the 5-gal spill gave a more severe exposure to relieving can designs iuld be pro tection. expected to favorably drums because of the longer time before sprinklers would the design considerations have operated.The 10-gal spill exposed more drums,but the E 3 Fire Tests — Drum Storage exposure to any one drum was no more severe. A very small leak from a drum filled with gasoline gave (1) 1949 Fire Tests. A series of fire tests were made in a very severe exposure, because of the localized exposure 1949 at the Factory Mutual test center in Norwood, Massa- to the leaking drum and insufficient heat at the ceiling to chusetts.The tests were conducted in the 15-ft high section operate the sprinklers. of the fire test building used at that time. The tests used ICC Specification 5 drums, which were 14 gage compared Drums containing benzene heated much more rapidly with the 16 gage Specification 17C drums and 18 gage than drums containing water because of the lower specific Specification 17E drums used more commonly today. heat of benzene. Early pressure build-up in the vapor The tests involved storage horizontally on metal racks space is more pronounced with water, possibly because of up to 4 drums high, and palletized upright.3 drums high. more film vaporization on the early stages of the fire. Test drums contained either water, gasoline, or benzene, (2) 1967 Fire Tests. A series of fire tests were made to located in the first or second tier and equipped with compare the effects of severe fire exposure to water- and pressure-and temperature-sensing connections.The gaso- heptane-filled drums. The tests were carried out in the line and benzene drums were piped to manual vents so Factory Mutual explosion tunnel, using new ICC-17E (18 that pressure could be relieved before the drums ruptured. gage) 55-gal drums. Other drums in the array contained water or were empty. CL ' Sprinkler protection consisted of open, old-type sprin- A single drum was encircled with a ring of oil burners. klers, which could be manually turned on, either at the Temperatures were measured at various points in the start of the fire (short preburn) or at a time simulating the drum. The fuel rate to the oil burners was about I gpm. first sprinkler operation (long preburn). Sprinklers were There was no cooling applied to the drum. spaced either at 100 sq ft/head with a flow rate of 0.22 or Using heptane, the drum ruptured at about 17 psig,at a 0.28 gpm/sq ft or spaced at 50 sq ft/head with a flow rate of drum rim temperature of 1190°F (643.4°C). The cover • 0.44 or 0.56 gpm/sq ft. seam unrolled and a BLEVE resulted,after a fire exposure Gasoline was pumped through piping to designated dis- of 3 to 4 min. charge points in or near the pile at flow rates from I to On similar tests using water, failure occurred at 40 psig 15 gpm. In some tests, 5 or 10 gal of fuel were poured on after 10 min.. the floor below the drums and ignited. Duration of flows The tests indicated that the heptane-filled drum will were the length of time required to empty a single drum at rupture much sooner and at a much lower internal pres if - the rate of flow used. sure than a water-filled drum.This is attributed to the fact When sprinkler discharge was turned on immediately,the that drums were found to leak around the joint of the rim pressure that developed in the test drums was due almost before the rupture. The small leakage of heptane vapor entirely to the vapor pressure as the body of liquid increased through the rim joint causes a localized flame at this 1983 Edition , 940339 APPENDIX E 30-63 { already weakened location on the rim, whereas steam iuu- E-4 Fire Tests — Small Containers. ing from a similar leak in a water-filled drum tends to cool the metal at this point. (I) 1957 Fire Test (No:pressurized Smaller Containers). A fire test was made on 1040-ft high storage of paint in I-gal (3) 1974 Fire Tests. A series of fire tests were made to cans in cartons. The storage was palletized, but the pallets evaluate protection of on-end drum storage with AFFF were fire-stopped, so it was equivalent to solid piled stor- foam discharging from a standard sprinkler system. The age. The paint varied in Hash point from 105 to 170°F tests were conducted in the 30-ft high area of the Factory (403 to 76.7°C) (Class 11 and IIIA). Sprinkler protection Mutual test center in Rhode Island. was 160°F (71.1°C) heads. 10 x 10 ft. with a density of Based on the 1967 tests, a standard for success was that 0.23 gpm/sq ft. Ceiling height was I5 ft. no drum should exceed 15 psig pressure. Six sprinklers operated and controlled the fire. Tempera- Tests were made with water-filled drums. palletized, 2, tures over the fire reached a maximum of 1100°F 1593.3°C) 3, and 4 pallets high, and on racks, 5 tiers high. and dropped below 500°F (260°C) after 10 min. Five hun- Fuel was heptane, piped to the base of the top tier of dred and three cans had their coven blown off and 20 cans storage, with a 10-gal floor spill in each case. Sprinklers had bunt seams.The paint released from the cans was slight. were automatic, 286°F (141.1°C) heads. but it would be much more significant if a pile had toppled over or if cans had not all been stored cover-side up. Test 1: In this test,storage was 4 pallet-loads high. Fuel discharge rate was 2 gpm. Sprinkler discharge density was (2) 1970 Fire Test(Pressurised Containers) A fire test was 0.30 gpm/sq ft. The first sprinkler opened at 34 sec. Only made in the 30-ft high section of the Factory Mutual Rhode 4 sprinklers operated,but the three-dimensional fire in the Island test facility.The storage was 13-oz and I6-oz cans of lacquer in shipping cartons stored 2 pallet by 2 pallet by 2 pile continued strong. Several drums bulged, 2 ruptured, and 6 exceeded IS psig pressure. pallet high on racks. Storage height was 9 Ft 9 in. Protec- tion was by twelve 160°F (71.1°C) sprinklers spaced 10 x Test 2: In this test, storage was 3 tiers high, sprinkler Io ft providing a discharge density of 0.30 gpm/sq ft. density was 0.60 gpm/sq ft.Other conditions were the same Fifty seconds after ignition,containers began to burst.At as Test 1. 62 sec, 3 sprinklers operated. The fire became more and Two sprinklers opened at about I min 20 sec.A consid- more intense and, with all 12 sprinklers operating, there erable number of drums were deformed. Four of the 8 was no suppressing effect. The discharge was increased to monitored drums exceeded 15 psig pressure. 0.50 gpm/sq ft without effect. After about 5 min. the fuel Test 3: This test was rack storage with I60°F (71.1°C) nearly exhausted. Containers were thrown to every automatic sprinklers in each tier except the bottom. Fuel corner of the test building. rate was 2 gpm. Ceiling protection was 0.30 gpm/sq ft. Temperatures over the fire were over 1000°F (537.8°C) for 342 min and over 1700°F (926.6°C) for 2 min. Five in-rack sprinklers and 1 ceiling sprinkler opened. One drum in the first tier,which had no in-rack sprinklers, (3) 1991 Foam-Water Fire Tests. A series of fire tests reached a pressure of 16 psig. Two drums fell from the involving the palletized storage of I- and 5-gal metal con- fifth tier, due to burning away of a pallet. tainers, and 5-gal plastic containers, filled with heptane (a Class IB flammable liquid), were conducted at Lnderwrit- Test 4: Test 4 was a repeat of Test 3, except the fuel ers Laboratories Inc. in Northbrook, IL. The testing was flow rate was 15 gpm. sponsored by the National Fire Protection Research Foun- Eight ceiling sprinklers and 5 in-rack sprinklers oper- dation as part of their international Foam-Water Sprinkler ated. Ceiling temperatures reached 1665°F (909.5°C). One Research Project.The test storage arrays were intended to monitored drum in the first tier reached 20 psig. Several simulate palletized storage in a flammable liquid ware- drums were bulged. - - —. . . - - - house and were protected using a ceiling mounted closed- head foam-water sprinkler system. An in-line balanced Test 5: Test 5 was a repeat of Test 2,except storage was pressure foam proportioning system was used with a 3 per- 2 tiers high. cent concentration of alcohol resistant aqueous film form- The fuel was a greater distance from the ceiling so sprin- ing foam (AFFF)on the palletized storage arrays. A 10-gal klers did not operate until 31/2 to 4 min after ignition. (37.9-L) heptane spill was used as the ignition scenario for Damage to drums was severe,with many rupturing and all each of the fire tests. eight monitored drums going over 15 psig. A series of six fire tests were conducted with I-gal metal Generally, results were good in rack storage, where F-style(oblong)containers of heptane packed 4 containers in in-rack sprinklers were provided at each tier. For pallet- a cardboard carton.A summary of these tests is contained in ized storage, the AFFF protection controlled the floor fire, Table 3A. Five fire tests were conducted using uncartoned although pallets hindered spread of foam. Ceiling sprin- 5-gal metal tight-head containers of heptane fitted with plas- klers only did not adequately protect palletized storage tic pour spouts.The results of these fire tests are contained in where an elevated spill resulted in a three-dimensional fire Table 3B. Also, two fire tests were conducted using uncar- within the pile. toned 5-gal plastic tight-head containers of heptane. The Most of the ruptured drums failed at the top chime,but results of these fire tests are contained in Table 3C. one drum developed a slow leak at a bottom chime. In Test A complete and detailed report of these fire tests, which 5, several drums were heated by a localized fire that did were conducted as part of the International Foam-Water not open sprinklers at the roof. This slow overpressuriza- Sprinkler Research Project, can be obtained from the don can lead to superheated liquid release and a resulting National Fire Protection Research Foundation, Battery- severe BLEVE when the drum eventually ruptures. march Park, Quincy, MA 02269. "Sidon ....ej 30-64 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table SA Foam-Wear Fire Tests Palletised 1-Callon Metal F-Style Containers of Heinen.in Cardboard Carton l 1. Test location: Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,Northbrook, IL 2. Ceiling height: 27 ft(8.2 m) 3. Storage arrangement: 2 by 2(heptane)pallet any with 6 in.(15 cm)longitudinal and transfers flue spaces.(feu Nos. 12 and 13 included palletized Class II commodity exposed to the heptane amyl . 4. Ignition: 10 gal(37.9 L)of heptane: Nine 1-gal(3.8-L)plastic bags positioned in the flue spaces between the pallets and 1 gal(3.8 L)spilled over the base for simultaneous ignition. 5. Sprinklers: Ys•in.(12.7-mm)standard orifice in tests 3,5,9,and 12,and l7/32-in.(13.5-mm)large orifice in tests 11 and 13,286'F(l41'C)temperature rated,ICI ,. 400(ft-sec)ss[221 (m-sec) s), 10 ft by 10 ft(2.5 m by 2.5 m)spacing. 6. Foam concentrate: 3%alcohol resistant AFFF type. Listed for use on hydrocarbon fuels at a 3%concentration and on pour solvent type fuels at a 0%concentration. 7. Foam proportioner: In-line balanced pressure type installed in the base of the sprinkler riser. 8. Fire test number: 3 5 9 11 12 13 9. Fuel quantity(gal): 160 480 960 1440 1920 1600 10. Storage ht{in.): 16 38 76 114 156 128 11. Design density: 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 12. Foam concentrate(%): 3 3 3 3 3 3 13. First sprinkler actuation 38 36 34 34 38 42 (se`): C 14. Time of foam-water(sec): 70 68 48 62 57 61 15. No.operating sprinklers: 4 4 10 5 5 4 16. Duration of foam-water 2.5 2.5 2.5 6.4 9.4 9.3 water application(min): 17. Foam-water solution 300 300 750 1283 1873 1488 discharged(gal): 18. Fire suppressed: Yes Yes Yes Yes • Yes 19. Measurable fuel loss(gal): None None None None 15 None *Test discontinued at 10 minutes due to shielding of fire in hue space. (4) 1991 Fire Tests. A series of four fire tests involving tainers of heptane, 5-gal (18.9-L) metal tightened contain- k... the storage of cartoned and uncartoned 1-gal (3.8-L) and en of heptane with plastic pour spouts, uncartoned I-gal 5-gal(18.9-L)metal containers,filled with heptane(a Class (3.8-L) metal friction lid containers of latex paint, 5-gal 18 flammable liquid),and latex paint in uncartoned I-gal (18.9-L) plastic friction lid containers of latex paint, and (3.8-L) metal, 5-gal (18.9-L) plastic, and 5-gal (18.9-L) 5-gal (18.9-L) metal tightened containers of latex paint. A metal containers were conducted at Underwriters Labora- summary of this test is contained in Table 4B. tories Inc.in Northbrook, IL.The tests were arranged in a . palletized array, and a simulated retail display area was E-5 Fire experience examples involving flammable and protected using a ceiling mounted wet pipe sprinkler sys- combustible liquids in containers stored in buildings. tem.A 10-gal(37.9-L)or a 5-gal(18.9-L)heptane spill was used as the ignition scenario in these tests. (1) 1951 Fire. Drums of petroleum naphtha were Three palletized fire tests were conducted with I-gal stored temporarily in a general purpose warehouse used (3.8-L) metal F-Style (oblong) containers of heptane mainly for storing an ends in wood boxes. Storage was 1 packed 4 containers in a cardboard carton and 5-gal drum high on pallets. (18.9-L)metal tightened containers of heptane.A summary Two drums had small punctures and leaks near the bot- of these tests is contained in Table 4A.A fourth fire test was tom, caused either maliciously or by moving equipment. conducted with uncartoned 1-gal(3.8-L)metal F-Style con- The leak was ignited, and one drum ruptured at the 1963 Edition n APPENDIX E 30-65 • Table SB Foam-Water Fire Tests Palletized S-Gallon Metal Tightbed Containers of Reptant with Plastic Pour Spouts I. Test location: Underwriters Laboratories Inc..Northbrook, IL 2. Ceiling height: 27 ft(8.2 m) 3. Storage arrangement: 2 by 2(heptane)pallet array with 6 in.(15 cm)longitudinal and transverse flue spaces. 4. Ignition: 10 gal(37.9 L)of heptane.nine I-gal(3.8-L)plastic bags positioned in the flue spaces between the pallets and I gallon (3.8 L)spilled over the bags for simultaneous ignition. 5. Sprinklers: 112-in.(12.7 nun)standard orifice,286•F(141'C)temperature rated. RTI = 400(ft-sec)°' [221 (m-sec)03), 10 ft by 10 ft(2.5 m by 2.5 m)spacing. 6. Foam concentrate: 3%alcohol resistant AFFF type. Listed for use on hydrocarbon fuels at a 3%concentration and on polar solvent type fuels at a 6%concentration. 7. Foam proportioner: In-line balanced pressure type installed in the base of the sprinkler riser. 8. Fire test number: I 4 6 8 10 9. Fuel quantity(gal): 160 320 480 960 1440 10. Storage ht(in.): 19 33 47 94 141 II. Design density: 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 12. Foam concentrate(%): 3 3 3 3 3 13. First sprinkler actuation(sec): 48 49 49 50 50 14. Time of foam-water(sec): 80 81 81 390 82 ( 15. No.operating sprinklers: 4 5 5 4 4 16. Duration of foam-water 2.5 2.5 4.2 2.5 7 water application(min): 17. Foam-water solution 300 375 625 300 840 discharged(gal): 15. Fire suppressed: Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 19. No.vented containers: 32 32 32 51 72 20. Measurable fuel loss(gal): None None 10• 5•• None *Two containers fell off the array and spilled their contents. "Once container was empty following the test - . - (: •., bottom seam. A drum rupture resulted that opened 272 (3) 1966 Fire. Pressurized containers of alcohol-base sprinklers. The fire department was called promptly and hair spray and deodorant were stored palletized, 17 ft they and sprinklers were able to contain the fire,helped by high.The fire was contained within a 1200 sq ft pile by 107 the low combustible concentration in the warehouse and by operating sprinklers. Damage exceeded $400,000. failure of any other drums to rupture. (4) 1971 Distribution Warehouse Fire. A sprinklered Forty-two million can ends were wet down,but fire dam- 67,000 sq ft, one-story, noncombustible warehouse for age was limited. No explosion damage was reported. (The automotive equipment and supplies was destroyed by fire intensity of the BLEVE may have been limited by much of from undetermined cause. Storage consisted of various the liquid leaking from the drum before it ruptured.)Total metal, plastic and rubber parts in cardboard canons, plus damage was about$200,000. flammable and combustible liquids in containers ranging (2) 1965 Fire. Pressurized containers of paint were from 1-pt aerosol cans up to, and including, 55-gal metal stored 15 ft high on racks. A fire started in the top tier drums.Method of storage was mostly on wooden pallets on from a gas-fired radiant heater.Bunting containers spread open metal racks,double row,with 3 and 4 tiers to a total burning paint over a large area, opening 188 165°F storage height of 15 to 17 ft.A considerable portion of the (73.9°C) sprinklers. The fire spread 25 ft along a rack but racks was used for storage of flammable and combustible was slowed by aisles and inert material. A portion of the liquids in 5-gal and 55-gal metal containers on wooden roof over the fire area collapsed. . pallets, 4 tiers high. Both flammable and nonflammable 30-66 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 3C Foam-Water Fire Tests Palletised 5-Gallon Plastic Tighthed Containers of Repine I. Test location: Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,Northbrook,IL 2. Ceiling height: 27 ft(8.2 m) 3. Storage: 2 by 2(heptane)pallet array with 6 in. (15 cm)longitudinal and transverse flue spaces. 4. Ignition: 10 gal(37.9 L)of heptane,nine 1-gallon(3.8-L)plastic bags positioned in the flue spaces between the pallets and I gal(3.8 L)spilled over the bags for simultaneous ignition. 5. Sprinklers: 4r-in.(12.7-mm)standard orifice.286°F(141°C)for Test 2A and 165°F(74°C)for Test 7, RTI at 400(ft-sec)°'(221 (m-sec)°1, 10 ft by 10 h(2.5 m by 2.5 m)spacing. 6. Foam concentrate: 3%alcohol resistant AFFF type. Listed for use on hydrocarbon fuels at a 3%concentration and f on polar solvent type fuels at a 6%concentration. 7. Foam proportioner: In-line balanced pressure type installed in the base of the sprinkler riser. 8. Fire test number: 2A 7 9. Fuel quantity(gal): 160 160 10. Storage height(in.): - 19 19 II. Design density: 0.3 0.3 12. Foam concentration (%): 3 3 13. First sprinkler actuation(sec): 44 35 14. Time of foam-water application (sec): 58 35° • 15. Number of operating sprinklers 14 10 16. Duration of foam-water 3.4 9.1 application(min): . 17. Quantity of foam-water 1470 2735 water discharged (gal): 18. Fire suppressed: No No 19. No.breached containers: 25 24 20. Measurable fuel loss(gal): - 85 115 •Sprinkler system piping was filled with foam-water solution to reduce the delay in discharging foam into the fire. NOTE: Additional fire tests of the 5-gal tighthead polyethylene container were not conducted due to concerns over stooge array integrity when rocked more than one container(19 in.(48.3 cm))high. aerosols in pint cans in cartons were palletized and stored (5) 1975 Fire. About one hundred 55-gal drums of in portions of the racks. Ceiling sprinkler design was wet Class ID and IC liquids were stored palletized, 3 drums pipe, extra-hazardous schedule, using 17/n orifice, 165°F high,in a corner of a general-purpose warehouse,together (73.9°C) heads, supplied from a fairly strong city water with ordinary combustible commodities up to II ft high in supply (52 psi static, 38 psi residual, with 1580 gpm flow- racks.The roof was Class II steel deck, 15 ft high. ing). A review of the hydraulics indicates system was capa- Sprinklers were on an ordinary hazard system. 160°F ble of supplying a density of 0.2 gpm/sq ft for the most (71.1°C)heads. remote 2000 sq ft area. Employees discovered a large fire in progress in the Despite immediate fire department response to a central drum storage area.Shortly after the public fire department station water flow alarm and use of a fire department Siamese arrived, drums started to rupture, creating large fireballs connection,the fire spread beyond the capability of the sprin- P kler system and the system wassoon overtaxed, resulting in One drum failed at the bottom and rocketed through the early roof collapse and breaking of sprinkler piping,and thus roof, landing 750 ft ate the building. The roof partially requiring closing of the main control valve.Numerous"fire- collapsed and one ats wem t was then shut off Most of the ` ball"explosions of aerosol cans and ruptures of 55-gal drums building and contents were severely damaged. (` were reported, several affecting manual fire fighting opera- The fire probably started in an open waste pail near the lions,requiring about 5 hr for control drum storage.Total loss was about$3,300,000. 1983 Edition <t ..,� 1'. ✓ s r.3°-3 APPENDIX E 30-67 Table 4A Fire Tesn Involving Mixed Storage ' Palletized S-Gallon(18.9-L)Metal Tighthsd Containers of Heptane withPlastic Spouts and 1-Callen(3.8-I..)Metal F-Style Containers of Reptant in Cardboard 1. Test location: Underwriters Laboratories Inc..Northbrook IL 2. Ceiling height: 18 ft(5.5 m) S. Storage arrangement: Test 1 Test 2 d 3 2 by 2 pallet array with 6 in.(15 cm) 10 pallet array with longitudinal and transverse 6 in. (15 cm) flue spaces. longitudinal and transverse flue spaces. 4. Ignition: Test I Test 2 8 3 10 gal(37.9 L)of heptane. 5 gal(18.9 L)of Nine 1-gal(3.8-L)plastic heptane,four 1-gal(3.8-L) bags positioned in the plastic bags positioned in the flue spaces between flue spaces between the the pallets and 1 gal pallets and I gal(3.8 L) (3.8 L)spilled over the spilled over the bags for simultaneous bags for simultaneous ignition. ignition. 5. Sprinklers: 42-in.(I2/7-mm)standard orifice,286°F (141°C).RTI s 400(ft-sec)"[221 (m-sect') 10 ft by 10 ft(2.5 m by 2.5 m)spacing. 6. Sprinkler system type: Wet pipe—water only. Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 7. Fuel quantity[gal(I)): 880(3,331) 1,400(5.300) 1.400(5,300) 48 ( .5(1.2) 48.5(1.2) 8. Storage height[in.(m)]: 80(2) . -- 9. Sprinkler system discharge density 0.29(12) 0.21 (8.6) _ - - [gpm/ft (mmlmin)]: 0.29(12) _ 10. First sprinkler 3568 54 ,actuation(sec): 11. - Number of operating 5 J 4 sprinklers: - Yes Yes 12. Fire controlled: No 13. Measurable fuel loss No [8A(41 J.(3 8) Six 5- (18.9-L) • Twenty-four 14. ' Significant observations: Many plastic pour spoon 'T . containers vented. . 5-gal(18.9-L) l I _ melted 5-gal 5 ga) containers vented. containers.Several 5-gal -;t� - (18.9-L)containers bulged. One I-gal(3.8-L)container ruptured or"bleved." • 'A manually activated AFFF foam-water deluge system was activated at approximately 5 min.into test resulting in fire suppression. dot • p 30-68 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Table 4B Fire Test Involving Shelf Storage of Vacationed 1-Gallon(3.&L)Metal F-Style Containers of Heptane,Shelf and Floor Storage of 5-Gallon(18.9-L)Metal Tighthead Containers of Heptane with Plastic Pour Spouts,Shelf and Floor Storage of Vacationed I-Gallon(3.&L)Metal Friction Lid Containers of Latex Paint,Shelf Storage of 5-Gallon(18.9-L)Plastic Friction Lid Containers of Latex Paint and Floor Storage of 5-Gallon(18.9.1)Metal Tighthead Containers of Late:Paint I. Test location: Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,Northbrook. IL 2. Ceiling height: 18 ft(5.5 in) 3. Storage arrangement: Retail store display involving an 8 ft(2.4 in)long by 4 ft(1.2 m)wide,3 tier high double backed metal shelf arrangement and an 8 ft(2.5 in)long by 3 ft(0.9 in)wide pyramidal floor storage array.A 5-ft(I.5-m)aisle separated the shelf array from the floor array. 4. Ignition: 5 gal(18.9 L)of heptane. Four l-gal(3.8-L)plastic bags positioned in the center of aisle space and I gal(3.8 L)spilled over the bags for simultaneous ignition. 5. Sprinklers: 1/2-in.(12.7-mm)standard orifice, 286°F(14PC),RTI t. 400(ft-sec)°S[221 (m-sec)05], 10 ft by 10 ft(2.5 in by 2.5 m)spacing. 6. Sprinkler system type: Wet pipe—water only. 7. Fuel quantity(gal (I)]: Heptane-326(1.234), Latex paint-176(666) 8. Storage height[in. (m)]: Shelf Array Floor Array 66(1.7) 460.2) 9. Sprinkler system discharge density[gpmJft2(mnt/min)]: 0.19(7.7) 10. First sprinkler actuation(sec): 39 II. Number of operating sprinklers: 4 12. Fire controlled: Yes IS. Measurable fuel loss[gal(I)): No C 14. Significant observations: Three 1-gal(3.8-L)latex paint container friction lids separated and popped off.Ten 5-gal (18.9-L)metal heptane containers vented. Four 5-gal(18.9-L) metal containers deformed. Appendix F Fugitive Emissions Calculations and EPA/Radian Study conducted in 1979, and EPA's Pro- tocols for Generating Unit-Specific Emission Estimates for Equip- This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA data- men! Leaks of VOC and HAP, 1987 (Document No. 87-222- matt,but is inducted for information purposes only. 124-10-02). All emission data used should be reviewed to assure emission rates are representative of actual condi- F•1 Introduction. dons during normal operations. An alternative method of providing adequate ventilation for an enclosed area is by making a reasonable estimate of F•Y Calculation Technique. fugitive emissions from hydrocarbon-handling equipment In the example below, the required ventilation rate will within the enclosed area and providing sufficient diluent be determined for an enclosed area(60 ft W x 120 ft L x ventilation.Application of this method requires certain cal- 40 ft H) on a cold-weather, offshore platform containing culations,and one technique is described below. production equipment. In calculating the ventilation rate required, the antici- 1. List the total applicable hydrocarbon-handling pated hydrocarbon leakage rate(under normal conditions) components and their anticipated total hydrocarbon-fugi- must be determined. Then, sufficient dilution air must be tive emissions. The fugitive emissions equipment compo- added to the space in question to ensure that the concen- nent leak rates can be obtained from emission measure- tration of flammable vapor/gas is maintained below 25 per- ments at the facility in question, from one of the existing cent of the lower flammable limit (LFL) for all but periods publications listed above, or from other studies that are of process upset, abnormal operation or equipment, nip- representative of the equipment involved. cure, or breakdown. 2. The total number of specific components han- Fugitive emission actors for specific hydrocarbon han- dung hydrocarbons should be obtained by an actual field dung equipment can be obtained from emission testing at count for existing equipment or from the design drawings specific facilities or from existing publications. A few exist- for proposed equipment. Note that components handling ing publications are: API's Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions gas should be listed separately from those handling liquid from Petroleum Production Operations,Volume I and II, 1980, hydrocarbons. 1993 Edition 940333 APPENDIX F 30-69 3. Determine the total anticipated gas emission In our example, E = 12.39 lb/hr and the avenge mole (pounds/day)for each component by multiplying the num- weight is 20, ber of components by the applicable prediction factor.This G = (12.39 lb/hr) (400 re/lb-mole)/ (60 minihr) (20) product is the total gas emission anticipated for that spe- G = 4.13 cfm dfic type component. 4. Subtotal the total anticipated gas emissions 11. As per NFPA 69,Standard on Explosion Prevention (pounds/day)for all components to obtain the total gas ser- Systems, the hydrocarbon concentration may be expressed vice emission rate. by the following equation: t 5. Repeat Steps 2 through 4 to determine the hydro- C = (G/Q) (1 - e'7, carbon liquids total anticipated emissions. 6. Add the subtotals from Steps 4 and 5 to deter- Where: mine the total anticipated emissions. C = Concentration of hydrocarbon in air, %expressed as a decimal 7. Convert the total hydrocarbon emission from G = Leak rate, cfm pounds/day to pounds/hour. For the example chosen, Q Fresh air introduction rate,cfiss assume that the total anticipated hydrocarbon emissions is n = ai of air changes 297.26 lb/day. Dividing by 24, the conversion yields 12.39 k = Mixingofair efficiency ges = 0.2 to 0.9 lb/hour. 8. Calculate the average mole weight of the hydro- The factor (1 - ea") can be considered equal to 1 carbon emissions.An example follows: because as the number of air changes (n) approaches steady state (i.e., approximately 3 air changes), this factor 83% methane (Molecular Wt = 16) approaches unity. 13% ethane(Molecular Wt = 30) As an example, if the leakage rate is assumed to be 4.13 4% butane (Molecular Wt = 58) cfm, 100 percent LFL methane is assumed (5 percent con- centration),and it is desired to maintain a 25 percent LFL 10090 mixture, the required fresh air introduction rate may be 0.83 x 16 = 13.28 determined as follows: 0.13 x 30 = 3.90 Q = 4.13 cfm/(0.25 x 0.05) 0.04 x 58 = 2.32 Q = 330 cfm ( Total = 19.50 12. Due to the variations in emission factors for pro- cessing equipment, the calculated rate should be multi- To simplify further calculations, the 19.5 is rounded to plied by a safety factor of 4. The required ventilation rate 20,and 20 is used as the avenge mole weight of the hydro- is determined as follows: carbon emissions mixture. _ Q = 330 cfm x 4 9. Calculate the cubic feet/pound-mole at the esti- Q = 1320 cfm, the minimum ventilation rate mated ambient temperature of the area.This calculation is Thus, minimum ventilation to achieve adequate ventila- ani made utilizing lgas the fad that the° volume 14.7o I psia.pound-mole of lion for an enclosed area of the size given above that an ideal is 359 N ft at 32°F and con- tains the fugitive emissions sources assumed is 1320 cfm. From the Gas Law (PV - nRT) and Charles' Gas Law 13. Depending on the size of the enclosed area and (VITtpressure= VYri s proportionately ro from the fact that atio at f tempera- constant the equipment configuration, supplemental internal redr- tureswhen the to the ratio gree - culation may be advisable to avoid areas of stagnation. tares the temperature is expressed in degrees Rank- With higher local concentrations where recirculation is jus- ambient a + mpe calculate e 8°F actual examplevolu follows:e. an rifled, it should be designed with adequate air movement temperature of 88°F,an and direction to minimize "dead" areas where vapor may ( At 88'F and 14.7 psia, 359 cu ft of ideal gas would collect. If other criteria is lacking, a recirculation rate of I � occupy: cfm/fts of floor area can be used. (359) (460 + 88)/(460 + 32),or 400 cu ft 14. If conditions exist where there is a substantial risk of a large flammable vapor release in a confined space 10. Determine the total hydrocarbon leak rate in and the calculated rate of diluent ventilation is not suffi- cubic feet per minute(dm) using the equation: dent to dilute and disperse the released vapor to below the C LFL within four hours,then supplemental emergency ven- C (E) (V) tilation should be produced. This can be by natural venti- = 60 (mw) lation through panels or louvers,or by switching recircula- tion fans to full fresh air make-up, or exhaust. Where: Consideration should be given to the travel direction of C = Leak rate, cfm ventilated vapor to avoid it reaching an ignition source E - Emissions rate, lb/hr outside the enclosed space being ventilated. V = Volume, fts/lb-mole 15. The above procedure is adapted from "Module Ventilation Rates Quantified," Oil and Gas Journal, W. E. mw = Average mole weight 60 = min/hour Gale, December 23, 1985, p. 41. (1 c y;.n: . Mon 4 30-70 FLO.IMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Appendix G Referenced Publications API 1632.1983, Cathodic Protection of Underground Petro- ( leum Storage Tanks and Piping Systems. G1 The following documents or portions thereof are ref- API 2003, Protection Against Ignition Arising Out of Static. erenced within this code for informational purposes only lightning, and Stray Currents. and thus are not considered part of the requirements of API 2015-1985,Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks. this document. The edition indicated for each reference is API 2015.4-1982,9 Guide for Controlling the Lead Hazard the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. Associated with Tank Entry and Cleaning. API 20158-1981, Cleaning Open Top and Covered Floating (. G-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Roof Tanks. Association. 1 Battervmarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. "An Engineering Analysis of the Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Marketing Vapor Recovery Equipment."Septem- NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1990 ber, 1990. edition. G-1.2.2 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing NFPA 16A. Recommended Practice for the Installation of and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Closed-Head Foam-Water Sprinkler Systems, 1988 edition. ASM D 86-82, Standard Method of Test for Distillation of NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Ser- Petroleum Products. vice Mains and Their Appurtenances, 1992 edition. NFPA 308,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol 6-1.2.3 Association of Canadian Distillers Publication. Products, 1990 edition. Association of Canadian Distillers, Suite 1100, 90 Rue Sparks, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIP ST8. NFPA 49, Hazardous Chemicals Data, 1991 edition. NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagration, 1988 edition. "Fire Tests of Distilled Spirits Storage Tanks," Client Report CR-5727.1. NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity, 1993 edition. G-1.2.4 NACE Publications. National Association of Cor- rosion Engi NFPA 204M,Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting, 1991 edition. neers, P.O. Box 218340, Houston,TX 77218. NFPA 321, Standard on Basic Classification of Flammable NACE Standard RP-0I-69 (1983 Rev.), Recommended and Combustible Liquids, 1991 edition. Practice,Control of External Corrosion of Underground or Sub- merged Metallic Piping Systems. NFPA 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable liquids, NACE Standard RP-02-85, Recommended Practice, • Gases,and Volatile Solids, 1991 edition. Control of External Corrosion on Metallic Buried, Partially Bur- NFPA 327, Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguard- ied or Submerged Liquid Storage Systems. ing Small Tanks and Containers Without Entry, 1993 edition. NFPA 329, Recommended Practice for Handling Under- G-1.2.5 Oil and Gas Journal. Penn Well Publishing Co., ground Releases of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1992 3050 Post Oak Boulevard, Houston,TX 77056. • edition. "Module Ventilation Rates Quantified," Gale, W. E., NFPA 496, Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures December 23, 1985, p. 41. for Electrical Equipment, 1993 edition. G-1,2.6 PEI Publication. Petroleum Equipment Ins[i- NFPA 497A,Recommended Practice for Classification of Class tote,6514 East 6th Street,Tulsa,OK 74133-1719. I Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in pEIRP100-90, Rtcommtnded Practices for installation of Chemical Process Areas, 1992 edition. Underground Liquid Storage Systems. -NFPA 497M,Manual for Classification of Gases, Vapors,and Dusts for Electrical Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Loca- GL2.7 ULC Publication. Underwriters Laboratories of Lions, 1991 edition. - Canada, 7 Crouse Road,Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. NFPA 780,lightning Protection Code, 1992 edition. ULC-S603.1 M 1982,Standard for Galvanic Corrosion Pro-• tertian Systems for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and G-1.2 Other Publications. Combustible Liquids. G-1.2.1 API Publications. American Petroleum Insti- G-1.2,8 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Govern- tute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. API 620-1982, Recommended Rules for the Design and Con- Code of Federal Regulations,Title 33, Navigation and Nav- struction of Large, Welded, Lau-Pressure Storage Tanks. igable Waterways, Parts 154-156. ( API 1615-1979,Installation of Underground Petroleum Stor- Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Shipping, Parts 30, age Systems. 32, 35, 39. 1993 Edition 9410339 • c INDEX 30-71 , Index 0 1993 National Fire Protection Association.MI Rights Reserved. The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes.The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to this index.This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc. ( •A• Bulk plant or terminal(definition) 1-2 Aboveground tanks Abandonment 2-3.9.1 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.3.3 -C.Fi pipes 2-3.8.4 Fiooding, in areas subject to 2-6 8.4 Cabinets.storage 4-3. A-4-3.2 Impounding 2-3.4.2 to 2-3.4.3 Check valves 3-7 Installation 0-3 ChemicChemical plant(definition) 1-2 Chemicals Location 9-3.2 Openings(non-cent) 9 8 Hazardous(definition) 1-2 Hazardous reaction (definition) 1-2 Overfilling,prevention of 2-10.1 to 2.10.2 Closed containers 5-4.1.1 Reuse 2-3.9.2 Definition 1-2 Spacing between adjacent 2-3.3 Combustible liquids see Flammable and combustible liquids Spillage control 0 3.4 Containers Access 9-3.5 to 2-3.7,A-2-3.5.7,App. B Closed Chap.4..5A D -4.1 Hazardous materials storage lockers 4-6.4.4.1 Definition 1-2 Inside liquid storage areas 4-4.2.4 DDefinition 1-2 Process units or buildings 5-3.1.5 Electrical egn,construction.and capacity 4-2 Storage tank buildings area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 B B 2.5.L5.2-5.2.7 Fire protection and control 3 Wharves 5-4.4.2.11 Liquefiedgas petroleum2-3.3.6 Aerosol 6 products 1.1.7.7 Plastic 4-2.1,4-5.2.4,A-4-5.2.4 Alarms Safety cans 4-5.5.3 to 4-5.5.4 Liquid processing facilities 5-6.5 Definition 1-2 Storage tank buildings 2.5.8.5 Small Apartment houses 4-5.3 to 4-5.4 Fire tests l Definition 1.2 E-4 Application of code 1-I Protection requirements Appendix D 44 3.8 to 44.9.9 Approved(definition) 1-2 Stacking Assembly occupancies 4-5.4 Storage see aim Inside liquid storage areas Outdoor q-77 Definition b2 Protected 44.4.1 to 4-4.4.4,4-5.2.5, D-2,App. E. Atmospheric tanks 2-2.3 Tables 4-4.4(b)to(c) Definition 1.2 Unprotected 44.4.1,4-4.4.3 to 44.4.4.Table 4-4.4(a) Fire extinguishing system 2-9.1 Transfer of liquids from/to Venting 9 54.1.4,5-4.3.2 2-3.5.1 Contaminationosc, of liquids 1.1.2 Attached buildings 4-4.1,4-4.5.1, D-1,Table 4-4.2.1 Coreosioo Definition 1.2 Of piping systems 34,A-3-6 Authority having jurisdiction Of tanks Administration of code provisions by .. 1-1.5.2 to 1.1.5.3, 1-1.6 External 2-4.3 Approval of hazardous materials storage sites • 4.6.4 Foundations designed to minimize 2-6.1 Approval of tank reuse 2-3.9.2,2-4.4.2 Internal Definition 1.2 Crude petroleum 2-Y.6 Automatic sprinkler systems - Definition 1.2 • Containers and portable tanks 4-4.2.8,45.6.1 to 4-5.6.2, Diking of tanks for 2-3.4.3 4.8.2,Table D-2.2,Tables D-2.3(a)and(b),Tables Spacing of tanks for 2-3.3.2 D-2.5(a)and(b) liquid processing facilities 5-3.2.1 Cryogenic liquids 1-1.7.4 Definition 1-2 Currents,stray 5-4.4.1.7 Cut-off rooms 44.1,44.5.1, D-I.Table 4-4.2.1 •B- Definition 1-2 ( , Barrel(definition) 1.2 Cutting and welding Basements Liquid processing operations 5-6.2.3 Containers and portable tank storage in 4-4.3.5,4-5.1.5, Storage tank buildings 2-5.8.2.3 4-5.2.6 Definition 1.2 Tank storage in 2-5.2.3 -13- . BLEVE(boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion) App. E Definitions 1-2 Block valves - 9-7.1 Deflagration venting 2-5.2.4,44.2.5 \ Boiling point(definition) 1.2 Detection systems 7 Boil-over(definition) 1-2 Liquid processing facilities Storage tank buildings 5-6.5 Boil-over liquids Y-3.X.1,X•9.2.4 2.5.8.5 Buildings see also Attached buildings; Processing buildings Dikes around tanks 2-3.4.3 Residential 4-5.3 to 4-5.4 Distillery(definition) 1.2 • 19S1,3ASdition 30-72 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS CODE Drainage Classification 1-2 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 Changed by contamination 1-1.2 l Inside storage areas 4-4.2.6 Cryogenic 1-1.7.4 Liquid processing operations 5-4.3.6 Definition 1-2 Outside storage 4-7.3 Definitions 1-? Processing buildings 5-3.4 Handling.transfer,and use 5-4.A-3.4.2 Storage tank buildings 9-5.4 Incidental use or storage 4-5.54.3.A-4-5.2.4.A-4-5.6.1 Drums 4-2.1,Table 4-2.3 Definition 1-2 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 Processing operations see Operations,liquid processing t Fire tests E-3 Vapor generation,calculation of Table 8-2 !!- Dwelling units 4.3.3 to 45.4 Volatility of 1.1.3 Definition 1.2 Without Hash points 1-Li.6 Dwellings • 4-3.3 Flash point ' 1-1.2. 1-1.7.6 Definition 1-2 Definition 1-2 Floating roof tanks Electrical arca classifications Table 5.3.5.3 Fire extinguishing system 9-9.1 Earthquakes,tanks in areas subject to 0-6.7 Location 2-3.2A Educational occupancies 4-53 Spacing Table 2-7 Definition 1-2 Venting 9-3.6.3 Electrical area classifications 5-3.5.4,5-5.6.3,Table 5-33.3 flooding,tanks in areas subject to 2.6.6 Electrical equipment and wiring Foams 1-1.7.8 Hazardous materials storage lockers 4-6.3.2 Foam-water sprinkler systems 2-5.8.7.3,4-8.2.1 Inside liquid storage areas 4-4.2.9 to 4-4.2.10 Fire tests E-4(3) Liquid processing facilities 5-3.5 Hazardous materials storage lockers D-2.4. Storage tank buildings 2-5.7 (b) Emergency planning and training Tables D•2.4(a)and Fuel oils 1.1.7.2 7.2 liquid processing operations 5-6.4 Storage tanks 2-5.8.4 Fugitive emissions In flood areas 2-6.6.5 Calculations App. F Emergency relief venting,aboveground tank 2-3.6,App. B Definition 1.2 Emergency shutdown of vapor processing systems 5-5.7 Emissions,fugitive Calculations App. F Definition 1-2 -G- Equivalency 1-1.L5 Garages,attached and detached 4-5.3 Exits 1-5 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 Liquid processing facilities 5-3.2.5 Gases see also Liquefied gases Storage tank buildings 2.5.2.6 Inert 5-4.L4 Explosion protection of vapor processing systems 5.5.6.7, A-5-4.2 Explosion venting 5-3.2.7, D-1 Exposures,protection for Tables 2-1 to 2-4 -H- Definition 1-2 Halogenated hydrocarbons 1-1.7.6 • Hazardous materials or chemicals(definition) 1-2 -F- Hazardous materials storage lockers 4-4.1,4-6,A-4-6 Fill pipes Definition 1-2 Aboveground tanks 2-3.8.4 Designated sites 4-6.4 Storage tank buildings 2-5.6.6 to 2-5.6.7 Spill or leakage control 4-6.3.5 Underground tanks 24.6.4 Storage peacton 4.6.4.4 ces Fire apparatus end equipment , _ Hazardous reaction(definition) 1-2 Liquid processing facilities 5-6.6 to 5-6.7 Hose lines ..2.5.8:6.2,4-8.5:see also Standpipe and hose systems Storage tanks 2-5.8.6 to 2-5.8.7 Hotels 4-5.4 Definition 1.2 Fire area(definition) 1.2 Hydrants Y-5.8.7.2,5-6.7.2 Fire dampen 2.5.2.4 Hydrocarbons,halogenated 1-1.7.6 Fire doors 2.5.2.4,4-4.2.2 to 4-4.2.3 Fire extinguishers 48.4 Portable 2-5.8.6.1,4-8.4.1 to 4-8.4.2,5-6.6.1 Fire prevention and control Container and portable tank storage 4-8 •I- Liquid processing operations 5-6 Ignition sources,control of Storage tank buildings 2-5.8 Containers and portable tanks 4-8.6 Fire tests for storage protection App. E Liquid processing operations 5-6.2 Fittings Storage tank buildings 2.5.8.2 Liquid processing operations 54.1.6 Storage tanks 2-7 Materials for 3-3 Vapor processing systems 5-5.6 Wharves 5-4.4.2.8 Impounding Flame arrestors 2-3.5.6 to 2-35.7 By diking - 2-3.4.3 Flammable and combustible liquids see also Stable liquids; Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 Unstable liquids Remote 2-3.4.2 Boil-over 2-3.2.1,2-3.2.4 Incidental liquid use or stooge .A-5. A4-5.2.4,A4-5.6.I Definition 1-2 Definition //�� 1-2 UMEAa+ 94940-7.433 INDEX 30-73 fr IInert trucks 4-8.9 Classification of(definition) 5-4.1.4 Educational 1-2 Inside liquid storage areas 4-4.D-I 4-5.5 Accessibility 4-4.2.4 12 Allowable quantities and heights 4-4 4. Institutional Definition 4-5.5 B 4-4.4.A-;.;,;,I Definition 1.2 Automatic sprinkler protection 4-4.2.8 Mercantile 4-3.6,A-4-5.0.1 Definition 1-2. Design and construction requirements 4-4.2,A-4-4 2.7 Office i-1-2 1-2 5 Electrical equipment and wiring n, s 44..9 to 4-4.. 10 Definition Fire resistance ratings 4-4.2.1 1-2 Operations 4-4.5 Definition 4-7 Storage requirements 4-4.3,Table 4-4.4 2 Office occupancies 1-2 Ventilation 4-4.2.11 Venting Definition +- 8 4-1.2.5, D-1 Oils 1-2 Inside rooms 4-4.I.44.2.5,4-4.4.2, D-1,Table 4-4.2.tsee Bo seeP r, vessels Crud petroleum (un Definition Operating , s(units) - see Process oces (units; I-2 Operations,liquid processing ...Chap. 5:see also Process vessels Inspection and maintenance Liquid processing operations 5-6 3 (units); Processing buildings Storage tank buildings 2-5.8.3 Dispensing in inside li uid stone areas Storage tanks 2-8 Emergency 9 g 4-4.5 Wharves planning and training 5.6.4 5-4.4.2.7 Facility er design 5-3 Institutional occupancies 4.5.5 Fire prevention and control Definition 1.2 General hazard control requirements 5-1, 5-2 Inspection and maintenance 5-6.3 Liquid handling,transfer and use 5.4.A-5-4.2 J- Location 5-3.1 • Process or processing(definition) 1.2 Joints,pipe 3-; Outdoor occupancies Definition - Storage 1-2 Labeled(definition) 1-2 Overfilling 4-7 Leakage detection and controlPiping systems 5-5.5 Hazardous materials storage lockers 4-6.3.5 Storage tank buildings 2-5.6.8 Liquid processing operations 5-3.4.1,5.4.1.2 Storage tanks 2-10 ( Mercantile occupancies 4-5.6.6 Piping systems 3-2.2 Underground tanks 2-11 Liquefied gases 1.1.7.3 Definition 1-2 -e- Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) 2-3.3 6 Petroleum,crude see Crude petroleum liquid processing buildings Peen see Wharves Venting Piping systems 5-3.2.7 Chap. 3;seealso Valves Liquid processing operations ..see Operations,liquid processing Code,applicability of and compliance with 3-1, 3-2.1 Corro Liquid warehouses 4-4.1,4-4.5.1,Table 4-4.2.1 Identi fon,protection against 3-6,A-3-9 D Identification 3-9A-3-9 Fire resistance ratings Table 44.2.1 Leakage 3-2.2 Liquids,flammable and combustible see Flammable and For liquid processing operations 5-4.1.6 Materials combustible liquids 3-3 Listed(definition) 1-2 Pipe joints 3-4 lading operations 5-4.4 $eating s 3-8 Lockers see Hazardous materials storage lockers Testing 3 8 Low-pressure tanks 2-2.4 Vapor collection 5-5.4.1 Definition 1-2 Vents Use as atmospheric tanks 2.2.3.2 Aboveground tanks 2-3.7 ' Storage tank buildings 2-5.5.3 Venting Y-3.5.3 Underground tanks 2-4.5.1 Wharves 5-4.4.2.8 Pits,electrical area classifications Table 5.3.5.3 M• Plant Maintenance see Inspection and maintenance Bulk(definition)Marine terminals 5-3.5.6 Chemical(definition) 1-2 Mercantile occupancies 4-5.6,A4-5.6.1 Portable tads ) 1-2 (660 gallons or less capacity) ...Chap.4,App. D; Definition 1.2 Metrication I-1.9 Definition see also Inside liquid storage areas 1-2 Mists 1-1.7.8 Design,construction,and Mobile foam--'paratus 2-5.8.6.3,5-6.6.3 Fire protection and co trronpati[Y 4-8 l 4-8 Outdoor storage 3 Stacking -O- 44.3.8 to 44.3..9 9 Occupancies Storage Assembly Protected 4-4.4.1 to 44.4.4,D-2,Table 44.4(b) 4-5.4 - Unprotected 4-4.4.1,4-4.4.3 to 4-4.4.4,Table 4-4.4(a) Definition 1-2 Transfer of liquids from/to q 54.1.4,54.3.2 ,,940. 1-4J S0_74 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQC IDS CODE.Portable tanks(over 660 gallons capacity) Chap. 2.4-1.1 On farms 1.1.7.3 Definition 1-2 Isolated sites 1-1.7.5 ( Pressurevessels 1-4.2-2.5 Liquid processing operations 3-1.3.3 to 5.4.3.3 1-2 Outdoor 4-7 as o: ,s Use as atmospheric tanks S Palletized,solid pile.or rack 4.4.3.3 to{-4.9.4,4-4.3.6 to 2.4.4 4-4.3.8,44.4.4-5.2.5,4-6.4.4.1. D-2 Use as low-pressure tanks 4-4.4.1 to o-44.4.4-i 25, D-2. 9-3.5.3 to`!-3. A,2-3.3.6 Protected Venting Tables 4.4.4(b)to tel Process o or5 r processing see also Operations.liquid processing Definition 1-2 Fire tests Mr App. E Process vessels(units) Unprotected 4-4.4.1.4-4.4.3 to 44.4.4.Table 4-4.4iai Definition 1.2 Storage cabinets 4-3 t ioo Location 43.1.1 to 5.3.1.`! Design construction and capacity of A-4-3.2 Transfer of liquids from to 54.3.2 Storage lockers sec Hazardous materials storage lockers Storage tank buildings Processing buildings 2-3.15.2-5.2.7 Donnagetionage 5-3 5-3.2 .Accessibility 4 Construction Erai Definition 1-2 I\ Electrical equipment 5-35 0-5.4 Location 5.3.1 Drainage 3-3.3 Electrical equipment 9-a.' Ventilation a Emergency planning and training 2-5.8.4 Venting 5_3._.4 B 23.8 protection for Fire prevention and control Protection for exposures see Exposures,p Inspection and maintenance 9-0.8.3 Location 9-3.1 Openings Inon-vent) 2-a.6 •R- Overflow devices -5.6.8 6. Chap. App. C Vapor detection system 93.3'5 Referenced publicationsP 9-5.3 Refineries(definition) 1-2 Ventilation see also Floating roof tanks nks Venting 2-5.2.4 to 2-5.`!5, 23.5 Roof tanksChaseee also Above round tanks Diking of tanks for 2-3.4.3 Storage tanks p� 2; � B Fire extinguishing system 2-9.1 Atmospheric tanks; Low-pressure tanks; Portable tanks Rooms see Cut-off rooms; Inside rooms (660 gallons or less capacity); Secondary containment tanks; Underground tanks Abandonment or removal 2.3.9.1,2-4.4.1,App.C Buildings see Storage tank buildings S Corrosion Safety cans 45.5.3 to 4-5.5.4 External 2-4.3 Definition 1-2 Foundations designed to minimize 2-6.1 Scope of code 1-I Internal 2.2.6 ,1-2 Secondary containment tanks Definition Definition 1-2 Design and construction 2-2 Spillage control 2-3.4.1 Electrical area classifications Table 5-2 23 Testier 2.8.3.1 Fabrication 2 B Fire protection 9 Smoking 2.6.6 Liquid processing operations 5-6.2.2 Flooding,in areas subject to Storage tank buildings 2-5.8.2.2 Identification 2-9.2 to 2-9.3 Ignition sources 2-7 Spillage 2.3.4 Materials _ 2-2.1 Aoardround tanks 2-10 Hazardous materials storage lockers 46.3.5 Overfilling,prevention of see Pi in systems .,Liquid handling,transfer,and use 54.1.2,5-4.3.6 Piping systemsping Y Outside storage 4-7.3 Reuse 2.3.9.2,2-4.4.2 Sprays 1-1.7.8 Supports,foundations,and anchorage 2-62 8 Sprinkler systems see also Automatic sprinkler systems ' Testing and maintenance 3-3.3.1 Containers and portable tanks 4-8.2 Hazardous materials storage lockers D-2 Venting 5-6.6.2,5-6.7.3 Capacity 2.3.6.4,24.5.2 Storage tog tank ks buildings nlities2-3.6.9 2-5.8.7.3 Flow rgrs 2-4.5 Underground tanks Stable nquins 1-2 Stray currents 54.4.1.7 Definition Liquid processing operations Table 5.3.1.1 Storage tanks -T Diking 2-3.4.3 Tank vehicles and cars,loading and unloading 54.4.1 Location 2-3.2.1 to 2-3.2.3 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 Venting 2-3.6.6 to 2.3.6.7,A-2-3.5.7 Tanks,storage see Storage tanks Standpipe and hose systems 2-5.8.6.2,48.4.5-6.6.2 Terminals 1-2 Static electricity protection Bulk(definition) Liquid operations operations 5.6.2.4 Marine 5.3.5.6 Loading ank builds 54.4.1.2 to 24.8.2.4 Tests Storage tank buildings 2.5.8.2.4 Fire(for storage protection requirements) App. E Vapor collection and processing equipment 5-5.6.3 Piping systems 3-2-8 Storage 1-3;see also Incidental liquid use or storage: Storage tanks 2-3.6.9 Inside liquid storage areas;Storage tanks;Warehouses Vent flow tests . lies- 1-1.7.7 Transportation of liquids 1.1.7.1 Aerosol produces . 1993 Edition 9 Y�ttse!a] v.J INDEX 30-75 Storage tank buildings 2 .6.6 / -U• 2-4.6.5 to 244.6.6 ( Underground tanks Underground tanks Abandonment or removal 2-4.4.1,App.C Ventilation 1 2 Burial depth and cover 24.2 Definition Change of service 24.4.3 Fugitive emissions 24.3 Calculations App.F Corrosion protection,external 2-4.6.4 Definition 1-2 Fill pipes_ 2-6.6.3 Inside liquid storage areas 4-42'11 Flooding,in areas subject to 2-5.3 Installation 2-4 Processing buildings 2-5.3 Inventoiv records 2.1 Venue Storage tank buildings see also Piping systems, Vents Leakage detection v see Aboveground tanks Location 24.1 Aboveground tanks 2-5.2.4,8 {4 n.5 Openings(non-vent) 2.4.6 Deflagration Overfilling,prevention of 2-10.3 Electrical area classifications Table 5.3.5.3 5-3 2,7. D-1 Reuse 24.4.2 Explosion 4.3.2.5, D-1 Temporarily out of service C-2 Inside liquid storage areas 5 9 { Venting 2-4.5 Liquid processing facilities .A-4-3.27 5 3'v7 Unit operation or process(definition) 1.2 Storage cabinets 2-5.2.4 to 2-5.2.5,2-5.5 Unstable liquids Storage tank buildings see Storage tanks Containers and portable tanks for 4-1.3,4-4.2.5 Storage tanks 5-5.3 Definition 1-2 Vapor processing systems see Pressure vessels Liquid processing operations 5-3.2.2 Vessels,pressure 1-1.3 Location of processing vessels 5-3.1.2,Table 5-3.1.1 Volatility of liquids Processing equipment for 5-3.1.4 Storage tanks for 2.3.4.3 Diking Location -4V- 2-3.2.1,2.9.2.5 Pressure-relieving devices 2-3.6.4 Warehouses in also Liquid warehouses Spacing 2.3.3.4 Definition 1-2 Electrical area classifications Table 5-3.5.3 General purpose 4-5.2 V- Water loading 2-6.6.4 Valves 3-7,54.1.6,5-4.4.2.8 Water supply 4-8.6 Block 3-7.1 Container and portable tank storage 2-6.6.2.9.2-6.6.9.1 to Check 3-7 To fill tanks in flood area 2-6.6.3.2,2-6.6.4 Materials for 3-35.6.7.1 Vapor detection system 2-5.3.5 Liquid processing facilities 2-5.8.7.1 Vapor pressure(definition) 1-2 Storage tank buildings see Cutting and welding Vapor processing equipment(definition) 1-2 Welding 5-4.4.2 Vapor processing systems 5-5 Wharves1-2 Definition 1-2 Definition 5-3.5.6,Table 5-3.5.3 Vapor recovery systems 5-5 Electrical classification Definition 1-2 Wiring see Electrical equipment and wiring C 1993 Edition 9407 3 Hello