HomeMy WebLinkAbout960121.tiff ORDINANCE NO. 169-A
IN THE MATTER OF REPEALING AND REENACTING ORDINANCE NO. 169, THE UNDESIRABLE
PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE COUNTY OF WELD, STATE OF COLORADO
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF THE COUNTY OF WELD,
STATE OF COLORADO:
WHEREAS,the Board of County Commissioners of the County of Weld, State of Colorado,
pursuant to Colorado statute and the Weld County Home Rule Charter, is vested with the authority
of administering the affairs of the County of Weld, State of Colorado, and
WHEREAS, on May 4, 1992, the Board of County Commissioners adopted Weld County
Ordinance 169, which became effective May 12, 1992, and which provides for the adoption and
enforcement of an undesirable plant management plan in Weld County, and
WHEREAS, said Ordinance 169 designates five (5) weed species as undesirable and
mandated for management in Weld County, those being: Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula), Russian
Knapweed (Acroptilon repens), Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), Spotted Knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa), Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense), and Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans), and
WHEREAS, upon the recommendation of the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management
Advisory Board, the Board of County Commissioners hereby finds and determines that there is a
need to add two weed species to the list of those currently designated as undesirable and mandated
for management in Weld County, the two additions being: Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
and Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium), thereby requiring, at a minimum, an amendment to said
Ordinance 169, and
WHEREAS, upon further recommendation of the Weld County Undesirable Plant
Management Advisory Board, the Board of County Commissioners hereby finds and determines that
there is a need to make other revisions to the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Plan,
thereby requiring the repeal and reenactment of said Ordinance 169.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED, by the Board of County Commissioners of the
County of Weld, State of Colorado, that Weld County Ordinance Number 169, adopted May 4, 1992,
be, and hereby is, repealed and, by and through this Ordinance 169-A, be, and hereby is, reenacted,
as follows:
ARTICLE 1 --WELD COUNTY
UNDESIRABLE PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE COLORADO UNDESIRABLE PLANT MANAGEMENT ACT
The Colorado Undesirable Plant Management Act, CRS §35-5.5-101, et. seq.,
(hereinafter "the Act") states that certain undesirable plants pose a threat to the
continued economic and environmental value of the land in Colorado and that they
must be managed by all landowners in the state. The undesirable plants designated
for mandatory management statewide are: Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula), Russian
Knapweed (Acroptilon repens), Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted
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Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Additional weed species may be added to the
state list by each local jurisdiction. The Act states such that local governments (cities
and counties) are directed to take the necessary steps to manage the undesirable
plants in their respective jurisdictions. They are further directed to appoint an
advisory commission whose responsibilities are threefold:
1. Develop recommended management criteria and integrated weed
management plans for managing the designated undesirable plants;
2. Recommend the addition, if necessary, of undesirable plants that shall be
subject to integrated management;
3. Recommend to the county commissioners the names of those landowners
who shall be required to submit integrated weed management plans for
managing the undesirable plants on their property.
The Act further states that by January 1, 1992, each local governing body is to have
developed and adopted an Undesirable Plant Management Plan for all lands within
its jurisdictional boundaries.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTY OF WELD WEED PROBLEM
A. WEED SPECIES IN WELD COUNTY TO BE CONTROLLED, PURSUANT TO WEED CONTROL
LAWS
The Pest Control Districts Law (CRS 35-5-104) enabled landowners in each county
the ability, through a lengthy petitioning and balloting process, to establish weed
control districts. Within each weed district, designated species are mandated to be
controlled. In Weld County, nine such weed districts exist. The districts occur in the
lower two-thirds of the County, and the weed species designated for control range
from three to seven species, depending upon the weed district. The weed species
that are currently being managed in at least a part of Weld County are as follows:
Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula),
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense),
Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans),
Field Bindweed (Convolvolus arvensis),
Whitetop (Cardaria draba),
Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens)
Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Under the Act (CRS§35-5.5-101, et seq.), there are four weed species which are mandated
for county-wide management. They are Leafy Spurge, and Russian, Diffuse and Spotted
Knapweed. Canada Thistle, Musk Thistle, Scotch Thistle and Field Bindweed are added to
the county-wide undesirable plant list by this Ordinance 169-A, in accordance with
CRS §35-5.5-108(3).
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Of the weed species listed previously, Canada Thistle, Field Bindweed, Leafy Spurge, Musk
Thistle, Russian Knapweed, Whitetop and Wild Proso Millet cover the most acreage in Weld
County and pose the greatest economic and environmental threat to the county. Diffuse
Knapweed is currently localized to a few drainages and rights-of-way in the southwest part
of the County, and there is one known Spotted Knapweed infestation in the County.
III. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS
A. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the Weld County Public Works Department with respect to weed
management in Weld County are fourfold:
1. Develop and carry out a comprehensive noxious weed control program on all
county rights-of-way and other county property, such as in sand and gravel
mining operations, grader shed lots and open space areas.
2. Establish an educational program, by using mailings and holding educational
and calibration seminars, that will effectively communicate weed
management information to the landowners in the County.
3. Identify non-informed or negligent landowners who are not carrying out weed
management programs on their property and provide technical support for
establishing weed management plans or enforce on properties, if necessary.
4. Work with all state and federal agencies, through intergovernmental
agreements, if necessary, towards establishing effective weed management
programs on their property.
B. SHORT TERM GOALS—(January 1995 to December 1998)
1. Map all the County roads for noxious weed infestations.
2. Map on a computer program at least half of the landowners that have Leafy
Spurge, Canada Thistle and Russian Knapweed infestations.
3. Continue to establish contact with landowners on the South Platte and
Poudre Rivers who have noxious weed infestations.
4. Establish educational/calibration seminars (annually) that work directly with
150-200 landowners each year.
5. Have established contact with the Colorado Department of Highways,
Department of Parks and Recreation, Colorado Land Board, Division of
Wildlife and U.S. Forest Service. Help them develop Weed Management
Plans and where appropriate enter into cooperative intergovernmental
agreements.
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6. Have established six to eight biological control release sites throughout the
county in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Agriculture and
private landowners.
7. By 1995, have reduced the noxious weed acreage sprayed on county
rights-of-way by 15-20%.
C. LONG TERM GOALS—(January 1999 to December 2002)
1. Have mapped on the computer program most noxious weed infestations
county-wide, including private, state and federal lands.
2. Have reduced the noxious weed acreage sprayed on county rights-of-way by
40-50%.
3. Have contacted and worked with most landowners county-wide who have a
noxious weed infestation.
4. Have established 30-50 biological control release sites in the county.
IV. PLAN OF WORK- IMPLEMENTATION
A. DESCRIPTION OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
The weed species designated as undesirable and mandated for management are
Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula), Russian Knapweed ( Acroptilon repens), Diffuse
Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), Canada
Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans), Scotch Thistle (Onopordum
acanthium) and Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Integrated weed
management methods are to be used in managing these weed species
(CRS §35-5.5-107). Integrated management techniques include education;
preventive measures; and control measures including cultural, mechanical, biological
and chemical control. For the purposes of this plan the following definitions for the
control measures will be used.
1. Cultural Control means those methodologies or management practices
conducted to favor the growth of desirable plants over undesirable plants,
including, but not limited to, maintaining an optimum fertility and plant
moisture status in an area, planting at optimum density and spatial
arrangement in an area, and planting species most suited to an area.
2. Mechanical Control means those methodologies or management practices
that physically disrupt plant growth, including, but not limited to, tilling,
mowing, burning, flooding, mulching, hand-pulling and hoeing.
3. Biological Control means the use of organisms such as sheep, goats, cattle,
insects and plant diseases to disrupt the growth of undesirable plants.
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4. Chemical Control means the use of herbicides or plant growth regulators to
disrupt the growth of undesirable plants.
Management of the various undesirable plants will vary depending upon the site
where the plant is located. Management options for each weed species will be
developed for each site. The integrated management options listed below are meant
to provide various management techniques for controlling the noxious weeds in the
various environmental sites they are found. By no means are all the management
options mentioned. Additional combinations of management techniques are possible
which may be submitted by private landowners. The integrated weed management
plans submitted by individual landowners will be evaluated by the Weld County
Vegetation Management Specialist and the Integrated Weed Management Advisory
Commission on a case by case basis.
B. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR EACH WEED SPECIES
LEAFY SPURGE: Leafy Spurge is a deep rooted perennial plant that spreads by seeds
and creeping roots. It has a vast underground root system which makes it difficult
to control with any one control technique. Leafy Spurge is found primarily in riparian
sites (along waterways such as the Poudre and South Platte Rivers) in Weld County
and also along irrigation ditches, range and pastures, roadsides and other
non-cropland sites.
1. Control Measures
•
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses and forbs can be an
effective management tool. Early emerging plant species that utilize
early season moisture such as Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) or
Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) have reduced Leafy
Spurge density and limited the spread and establishment of new
infestation. Sequential glyphosate applications followed by a seeding
of Luna Pubescent Wheatgrass, Ephraim Crested Wheatgrass,
Intermediate Wheatgrass, Sherman Big Bluegrass or Bozoisky
Russian Wild Rye has shown to be very effective in reducing an
existing stand of Leafy Spurge.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Leafy Spurge is difficult
at best; however, repeated mowing every 14-21 days throughout the
summer, starting before flowering stage, will at least keep the plants
from going to seed and may reduce the underground root reserve.
Research results are not available to indicate whether stand reduction
or eradication could be achieved through use of this technique.
c. Biological Control: Grazing with sheep and goats throughout the
spring, summer, and fall will keep Leafy Spurge from going to seed
and may reduce the underground root reserve. This practice may
also weaken the plants to make them more susceptible to chemical
control.
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Several insect species that have been released by the USDA in the
United States are showing some control of Leafy Spurge. Two
species of flea beetles, Apthona (lava and Apthona nigriscutis feed
on Leafy Spurge. Adults feed on the foliage during the summer and
the larvae burrow through the soil and mine the roots and fine root
hairs. These insects used alone may not control Leafy Spurge.
When used along with other insects such as Spurgia Esula, a gall
midge which feeds on the flowers preventing seed production, they
will weaken the plant and make it more susceptible to other control
methods, particularly chemical control.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Leafy Spurge. Those that can be used independently or in
combination with each other are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba
(Banvel®); 2,4-D (many different formulations); glyphosate
(Roundup® and Rodeo®); fosamine (Krenite®) and any EPA
approved chemicals labeled for use on Leafy Spurge.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range, Pasture and Riparian Sites
Option#1 Biological and Chemical Control: Grazing with sheep or
goats from early April through late August or early September,
followed by a herbicide treatment in late September or early October.
Option#2 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects
such as Apthona nigriscutis, Apthona fava, Spurgia Esula, and other
species conducive to the area can be made. A herbicide treatment
can then be made during the true flower stage (where insects were
not released) and in the fall where insects were released. Herbicide
applications should only be carried out in the fall where insects are
used. Use of herbicides at different times if the growing season can
be instituted as additional IPM research is conducted and
recommendations are developed.
Option #3 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Mowing can be
carried out throughout the season with the first mowing cycle at the
bud stage. Mowing should stop during late August followed by a
herbicide treatment during late September or early October (before
a hard freeze).
Option #4 Biological or Mechanical Control Only: The use of
sheep or goats or mowing should be used all season to keep Leafy
Spurge from going to seed. Whether this method will keep the
existing infestation from spreading by underground root growth is
uncertain.
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Option#5 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides should be used in the
spring, early summer during the true flower stage and in the fall just
before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the site intended
will be used.
b. Along Irrigation Ditches
Option#1 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects
such as Apthona nigriscutis, Apthona flava, Spurgia Esula and other
species conducive to the area could be made. An herbicide
treatment should be carried out at the true flower stage (if the Spurgia
Esula has not kept the plants from going to seed) and/or in the fall
just before a hard freeze.
Option #2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the
spring or early summer during the true flower stage and in the fall just
before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the site intended
will be used.
c. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Areas
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing cycle
can be carried out at the bud to early flower stage. A herbicide
application should be made at the true flower stage.
Option #2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the
spring or early summer during the true flower stage and in the fall just
before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for use on
roadsides and other non-cropland areas would be used.
RUSSIAN KNAPwEED: Russian Knapweed is a non-native perennial plant that spreads
by seeds and creeping roots. It has the ability to release chemicals into the
environment as foliage decays which inhibit the growth of surrounding vegetation
(allelopathic properties). Thus, once established, Russian Knapweed can colonize
an area rapidly. Russian Knapweed is found primarily in range and pastures,
roadsides and other non-cropland sites in Weld County.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses such as Smooth Brome
(Bromus inermis) will help to compete with Russian Knapweed and
slow its spread. In addition, stimulating grass growth by fertilizing
and/or irrigation should increase grass competition. Due to the
allelopathic properties of Russian Knapweed, other control
techniques such as judicious chemical control would have to be
implemented in order to give grasses a chance to compete.
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b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Russian Knapweed could
be carried out throughout the summer with repeated mowing every
14-21 days. This would at least keep Russian Knapweed from going
to seed. Whether this control technique will reduce the root mass
and subsequently reduce an existing stand is not known.
c. Biological Control: There are currently no biological control agents
available for Russian Knapweed.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Russian Knapweed. Those that can be used independently or in
combination with each other are: chlorsulfuron (Telar®); picloram
(Tordon®); 2,4-D (many different formulations); glyphosate
(Roundup® and Rodeo®) and any EPA approved chemical labeled
for use on Russian Knapweed.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range and Pastures
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical: Mowing can be carried out
throughout the season with the first and successive mowing cycles
carried out at the bud stage. A herbicide treatment can then be made
in the fall before a hard freeze.
Option #2 Cultural and Chemical: An herbicide application, using
short residual herbicides such as glyphosate and/or 2,4-D can be
made followed up by reseeding with a competitive grass such as
smooth brome or other sod forming species. In addition, fertilization
or irrigation could be instituted to stimulate increased grass growth.
Option #3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide applications can be
made to Russian Knapweed during the bud stage, bloom to
post-bloom and/or in the fall, depending upon herbicide used.
b. Road Rights-of-Way and other Non-Crop Areas
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical: One mowing cycle can be
carried out at the bud to early flower stage. An herbicide application
can be made during the bud stage, bloom to post-bloom and/or in the
fall, depending upon the herbicide used.
Option #2 Cultural and Chemical Control: Use of short residual
herbicides such as glyphosate and/or 2,4-D can be used in the early
summer during the bud stage. Seeding with perennial grasses such
as Smooth Brome, Luna Pubescent Wheatgrass, Ephraim Crested
Wheatgrass, Intermediate Wheatgrass, Sherman Big Bluegrass or
Bozoisky Russian Wild Rye can than be carried out later in the
summer, at the appropriate time.
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Option #3 Chemical Only: Herbicide applications can be made
during the bud stage, bloom to post bloom and/or in the fall,
depending upon the herbicide used.
DIFFUSE KNAPWEED: Diffuse Knapweed is a non-native, biennial to short-lived
perennial fort that reproduces by seed. It spreads rapidly by the mature plant
breaking off at ground level and being blown with the wind, dispersing seed. It is a
pioneer species that will quickly invade disturbed, dry sites. Diffuse Knapweed is
found in the southwest part of Weld County along rights-of-way, dry pasture sites and
in gravelly riparian sites, such as along Boulder Creek and the St. Vrain and South
Platte Rivers.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Cultural Control of Diffuse Knapweed is similar to
Russian Knapweed in that seeding with perennial grasses such as
smooth brome and crested wheatgrass will help to compete with
Diffuse Knapweed and slow its spread. Seeding alone in infested
sites will not, however, control the existing stand.
b. Mechanical Control: Mowing Diffuse Knapweed when it is in the bud
stage and again when it is flowering can significantly reduce seed
production. Keeping Diffuse Knapweed from going to seed over a
number of years can eventually eliminate an infestation, once the
seed source in the soil is depleted.
c. Biological Control: Two species of picture-winged flies, Urophora
affinis and U. quadnfasciata have demonstrated the ability to reduce
the seed production of diffuse and Spotted Knapweed. The flies lay
eggs on the developing seed heads. As a result of the larvae feeding
on the flowering heads, the plants produce galls which reduces seed
production. The Colorado insectory is currently rearing these two flies
and has made releases in the state the last three years.
d. Chemical Control: There are a few herbicides labeled for use on
Diffuse Knapweed. Those that can be used independently or in
combination with each other are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba
(Banvel®); glyphosate (Roundup®); 2,4-D (many different
formulations) and any EPA approved chemical labeled for use on
Diffuse Knapweed.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Pasture and Riparian Areas
Option #1 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application
can be made in early summer when Diffuse Knapweed is in the
rosette through bolting stage. Reseeding with competitive perennial
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grasses such as smooth brome and crested wheatgrass can be
followed later in the summer depending upon the herbicide used and
rate of application.
Option#2 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects
such as Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata can be made. A
herbicide treatment can then be made from the rosette through
bolting stage (where insects were not released) and in the fall where
insects were released. Herbicide applications should only be carried
out in the fall, where insects are used. The use of herbicides at
different times of the growing season can be instituted as additional
IPM research is conducted and recommendations are developed.
Option #3 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Mowing can be
carried out when Diffuse Knapweed is in the bud stage and again at
flowering. A herbicide application can then be made to any plants
that have re-bolted, if necessary.
Option #4 Mechanical Control Only: Mowing can be carried out
throughout the season which will reduce seed set.
Option #5 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide application can be
made during the rosette stage, spring or fall, and while bolting.
b. Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Areas
Option #1 Cultural and Chemical Control: Same as for Option #1
in pasture and riparian areas.
Option #2 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing
operation can be carried out when Diffuse Knapweed is in the bud
stage. If necessary, a herbicide application can be made to plants
that have re-bolted.
Option #3 Mechanical Control Only: Same as for Option #4 in
pasture and riparian areas.
Option #4 Chemical Control Only: Same as for Option #5 in
pasture and riparian areas.
SPOTTED KNAPWEED: Spotted Knapweed is a non-native, perennial forb that
reproduces by seed. It is a highly competitive plant in rangeland sites that will
exclude most grasses and forts with time. There is limited Spotted Knapweed
infestations currently along the South Platte River drainage in Weld County.
1, Control Measures
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a. Cultural Control: Cultural control of Spotted Knapweed is similar to
such control of Russian and Diffuse Knapweed in that seeding with
perennial grasses such as Smooth Brome and crested wheatgrass
will help to compete with Spotted Knapweed and slow its spread.
Seeding infested sites will not, however, control the existing stand.
In range and pasture conditions, good grazing management practices
will help to reduce the spread of the knapweeds in general.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Spotted Knapweed could
be carried out throughout the summer with repeated mowing every
14-21 days. This would at least keep Spotted Knapweed from going
to seed. Whether this control technique will reduce the root mass
and subsequently reduce an existing stand is not known.
c. Biological Control: The same as what was developed under
biological control for Diffuse Knapweed.
d. Chemical Control: There are a few herbicides labeled for use on
Spotted Knapweed. Those that can be used independently or in
combination with each other are: picloram (Tordon®), dicamba
(Banvel®), 2,4-D (many different formulations and clopyrald and 2,4-D
(Curtail®).
CANADA THISTLE: Canada Thistle is an aggressive, creeping perennial that
reproduces by seed and vegetative buds in the root system. It is a difficult plant to
control because of its extensive root system. Vertical roots may grow 6-15 foot deep
and horizontal roots may extend 15 feet or more. Canada Thistle is the most
widespread noxious weed in Weld County. It can be found in most habitat types,
including: pastures, riparian sites (along waterways such as the Poudre, South
Platte, St. Vrain and Big Thompson Rivers), irrigation ditches, along roadside rights-
of-way and in the various crop and non-cropland sites.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Plant competition from various grasses and from
alfalfa can be an effective management tool. Early emerging grass
species such as Smooth Brome and Crested Wheatgrass can be
used to compete with Canada Thistle and slow the spread and
establishment of new infestations. Competition alone, however, is
seldom effective on Canada Thistle.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical Control of Canada Thistle could be
carried out throughout the summer with repeated mowing every 14
days. Such method keeps Canada Thistle from going to seed;
however, mowing has shown to stimulate new shoot growth from
roots. Consequently, mowing alone may increase shoot density in an
established stand. Whether consistent mowing for consecutive years
(two to three years) will reduce the root mass and subsequently
reduce an existing stand is unknown.
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c. Biological Control: There is one insect species, a weevil, called
Ceutorynchus litura, that is currently being used as a biological
control agent on Canada Thistle in Colorado. The female lays eggs
on the underside of the leaves in early spring and then the larvae
bore into the main leaf vein and migrate down to the crown of the
plant. The holes created by the larvae open up Canada Thistle to
secondary infection. Where high numbers of the larvae occur death
of Canada Thistle can occur.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Canada Thistle, depending upon where the thistle is found. The
herbicides that can be used independently or in combination with
other compounds are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba (Banvel®);
2,4-D (many different formulations); chlorsulfuron (Telar®); clopyralid
(Curtail®, Stinger®, Transline®); glyphosate (Roundup®, Rodeo®)
and any EPA approved chemicals labeled for use on Canada Thistle.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range, Pasture and Riparian Sites
Option #1 Biological and Chemical: Release of the insect
Ceutorynchus litura can be made during the early summer. A
herbicide application can then be made at the bud stage (where
insects were not released) and in the fall where insects were
released. Herbicide applications should only be carried out in the fall,
where insects were directly released. Use of herbicides at different
times of the growing season can be instituted as additional IPM
research is coordinated and recommendations are developed.
Option #2 Mechanical and Chemical: Mowing can be carried out
throughout the season with the first mowing cycle at the bud stage.
Mowing should stop during late August followed by a herbicide
treatment during late September through October, before a hard
freeze.
Option#3 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application,
using short residual herbicides such as glyphosate and/or 2,4-D can
be made followed up by reseeding with a competitive grass such as
smooth brome or other sod forming species. In addition, fertilization
or irrigation could be instituted to stimulate increase grass growth.
Option #4 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide applications can be
made to Canada Thistle from rosette to the bud stage, and/or in the
fall, depending upon the herbicide used.
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b. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Areas
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical: One mowing cycle can be
carried out at the bud to early flower stage. A herbicide application
can be made from rosette to bud stage and/or in the fall, depending
upon the herbicide used.
Option#2 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application
can be made in early summer when Canada Thistle is in the rosette
through bud stage. Reseeding with competitive perennial grasses
such as smooth brome and crested wheatgrass can be followed later
in the summer depending upon the herbicide used and rate of
application.
Option #3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide applications can be
made from rosette to bud stage, and/or in the fall, depending upon
the herbicide used.
c. Cropland Sites
Canada Thistle is found in almost every crop grown in Weld County.
Prescription weed management measures developed by Colorado
State University weed scientists and the Weld County Extension
Agronomist will be used.
Musk THISTLE: Musk Thistle is a biennial plant that reproduces only by seed.
Rosettes (clump of leaves on the ground) are formed during the first year of growth
and the plant bolts and sets seed the second year. It is a prolific seed producer with
a single plant producing up to 20,000 seeds. Musk Thistle is found primarily in
pastures and riparian sites (along waterways such as the South Platte, St. Vrain, Big
Thompson, and Little Thompson drainages and Boulder Creek) and along irrigation
ditches, roadside rights-of-way and other non crop areas.
1. Control Measures
•
a. Cultural Control: Maintaining pastures and riparian sites in good
condition is the primary method of culturally managing Musk Thistle.
Promoting good grass growth by proper grazing management and
fertilizing according to soil testing recommendations will prevent
establishment of Musk Thistle.
b. Mechanical Control: Musk Thistle can be effectively controlled
mechanically. Severing the roots below ground with a shovel or hoe
or mowing Musk Thistle every time it reaches early flower stage will
reduce, if not eliminate seed production. If mowing occurs mid to late
flower stage, the thistle should be gathered and burned to destroy any
seed that has developed.
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c. Biological Control: Two species of weevils, Rhinocyllus conicus
(seed head weevil) and Trichosirocalus horridus, attack two different
sites of Musk Thistle. The seed head weevil, as its name implies,
attacks the seeds of Musk Thistle. Eggs are laid by the female on the
back of developing flowers and then the larvae bore into the flower,
destroying the developing seed. The seed head weevil can reduce
seed production by as much as 50%. Use of this weevil as the sole
means of controlling Musk Thistle is not very effective.
Trichosirocalus horridus attacks the crown area of Musk Thistle
rosettes, killing or weakening the plant before it bolts. Use of both
weevil species together may prove to be an effective biological
control program.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Musk Thistle, depending upon where the thistle is found. The
herbicides that can be used independently or in combination with
other compounds are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba (Banvel®);
2,4-D(many different formulations); chlorsulfuron (Telar®); clopyralid
(Curtail®, Stinger®, Transline®); glyphosate (Roundup®, Rodeo®)
and any EPA approved chemical labeled for use on Musk Thistle.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Pasture and Riparian Sites
Option #1 Biological and Chemical: Release of Trichosirocalus
borridus can be made at the appropriate time of the summer.
Rhinocyllus conicus is well established in Weld County and should
already be infesting the stand. A herbicide application can then be
made to Musk Thistle at the flower stage. Telar or Escort should be
used when treating Musk Thistle in the flower stage. Herbicide
applications should only be carried out in the flower stage in order to
allow the seed head weevil to complete its life cycle. Use of
herbicides to rosettes in the spring or fall should not be carried out
where Trichosirocalus horridus was released. Use of herbicides at
different times of the growing season can be instituted as additional
IPM research is conducted and recommendations are developed.
Option #2 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Mowing can be
carried out throughout the summer when Musk Thistle is in the bud
to early flower stage. A herbicide application can than be made in
October to the fall rosettes and any bolted plants.
Option#3 Mechanical Control Only: Multiple mowings (two to four)
can be carried out throughout the summer when Musk Thistle is in
the bud stage, keeping it from producing seed. If mowing occurs mid
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PAGE 15
to late flower stage, the thistle should be gathered and burned to
destroy any seed that has developed.
Option #4 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the
spring and fall when the plant is in the rosette stage. Only the
herbicides labeled for the site intended will be used.
b. Road Rights-of-Way and other Non Crop Areas
Option#1 Biological and Chemical Control: Same as for Option #1
in pasture and riparian sites.
Option #2 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing pass
can be made when Musk Thistle is in the bud stage. A herbicide
application can be made in the fall to the rosettes and re-bolted
plants.
Option #3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the
spring and the fall when the plant is in the rosette stage. Only the
herbicides labeled for the site intended will be used.
SCOTCH THISTLE: Scotch Thistle is a biennial plant that reproduces only by seed.
Rosettes are formed during the first year of growth and the plants bolt and set seeds
the second year. The leaves are densely covered with hair, giving the plant a
grayish-green color. Scotch Thistle is primarily found in pastures and riparian sites
(South Platte River Drainage) and along roadside rights-of-way and other non-crop
areas in southern Weld County.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Maintaining pastures and riparian sites in good
condition is the primary method of culturally managing Scotch Thistle.
Promoting good grass growth by proper grazing management and
fertilizing according to soil testing recommendations will help prevent
establishment of Scotch Thistle.
b. Mechanical Control: Scotch Thistle can be efficiently controlled
mechanically. Severing the roots below ground with a shovel or hoe
or mowing Scotch Thistle every time it reaches bud to early flower
stage will reduce, if not eliminate seed production. If mowing occurs
mid to late flower stage, the thistle should be gathered and burned to
destroy any seed that has developed.
c. Biological Control: No biological control agents are available for
Scotch Thistle. One weevil species, Rhinocyllus conicus, will move
from Musk Thistle to Scotch Thistle; however, effective control of
Scotch Thistle has not been demonstrated.
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d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Scotch Thistle, depending upon where the thistle is found. The
herbicides that can be used independently or in combination with
other compounds are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba (Banvel®); 2,4-D
(many different formulations); chlorsulfuron (Telar®); metsulfuron
(Escort®); clopyralid (Curtail®); Stinger®; Transline® and glyphosate
(Roundup®, Rodeo®) and any other EPA approved chemical labeled
for use on Scotch Thistle.
2. Integrated Management Options By Site
a. Pastures and Riparian Sites
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Multiple mowings
(two to four) can be carried out throughout the summer when Scotch
Thistle is in the bud stage, keeping it from producing seed. A
herbicide application can than be made in October to the fall rosettes
and any bolted plants.
Option#2 Mechanical Control Only: Multiple mowings (two to four)
can be carried out throughout the summer when Scotch Thistle is in
the bud stage, keeping it from producing seed. If mowing occurs mid
to late flower stage, the thistle should be gathered and burned to
destroy any seed that has developed.
Option #3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the
spring and fall when the plant is in the rosette stage. Only the
herbicides labeled for the site intended will be used.
b. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non Crop Areas
Option#1 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing pass can
be made when Scotch Thistle is in the bud stage. A herbicide
application can be made to rebolted plants in the bud stage and/or to
fall regrowth.
Option #2 Chemical Control: Herbicides can be used in the spring
and the fall when the plant is in the rosette stage. Only the herbicides
labeled for the site intended will be used.
FIELD BINDWEED: Field Bindweed is a deep rooted creeping perennial plant that
reproduces by seed and horizontal roots. Bindweed seed can survive in soil up to
40 years; therefore, it is important that bindweed be kept from going to seed. Field
Bindweed is found throughout Weld County in most habitat types including:
rangeland, pastures, along roadside rights-of-way and in various crop and
non-cropland sites.
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1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses can be an effective
management tool in providing plant competition against bindweed.
Selecting the proper native grass and/or improved cultivar grass seed
mix for a site specific location is important. For site specific
reseeding recommendations the Natural Resource Conservation
Service and the CSU Extension Office can be contacted.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Field Bindweed can only
realistically be carried out in cultivated cropland by discing and
cultivating every 3 weeks. This would keep Field Bindweed from
producing seed and would start to reduce root reserves. Mowing is
not effective due to the creeping nature of bindweed. Discing in
range, pasture or roadside is not environmentally sound.
c. Biological Control: There are currently no biological control agents
on Field Bindweed that are cleared for release in the United States;
however, research is in process. Grazing with livestock (cattle or
sheep), with proper stocking rates, can be an effective means of
keeping bindweed from going to seed in range and pasture sites.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use
on Field Bindweed, depending upon where the bindweed is found.
The herbicides that can be used independently or in combination with
other compounds are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba (Banvel ®);
2,4-D(many different formulations); glyphosate (Roundup®, Rodeo®)
and any other EPA approved chemicals labeled for use on Field
Bindweed.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range and Pasture land
Option #1 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application
using short residual herbicides such as glyphosate and/or 2,4-D, can
be made, followed by reseeding in fall with a competitive sod forming
grass mix. In addition, fertilization according to soil tests or irrigation
could be instituted to stimulate increased grass growth.
Option #2 Biological Control: Grazing with cattle and sheep
throughout the summer and fall will keep Field Bindweed from going
to seed and may reduce the underground root reserve.
Option#3 Biological and Chemical Control: Grazing with cattle or
sheep from May through early September followed by a herbicide
treatment in late September or early October.
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Option #4 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used during
the flower stage typically in June and July, and in the fall prior to a
hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the site intended will be
used.
b. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non Crop Areas
Option #1 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application
using short residual herbicides, such asglyphosate and/or 2,4-D, can
be made followed by reseeding in the fall with a competitive sod
forming grass mix.
Option #2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide can be used during
the flower stage, typically in June and July, and in the fall just before
a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for roadsides and other
non cropland areas will be used.
c. Cropland Sites: Field Bindweed is found in almost every crop grown
in Weld County. Prescription weed management measures
developed by Colorado State University weed scientists and the Weld
County Extension Agronomist can be used.
C. PREVENTION MEASURES
Preventive control means using measures which will stop or forestall weeds from
contaminating an area. Establishing preventive measures are often the most
practical and cost effective means of weed control.
The preventive measures which seem most practical for Weld County are as follows:
1. establishing weed free seed and mulch requirements for reclamation
of disturbed sites,
2. promoting the Colorado Weed Free Hay and Forage program,
3. prioritizing weed management areas along routes of dispersal, and
4. identifying noxious weed species in counties bordering Weld County.
1. Weed Free Seed and Mulch Standards
Where the ground is disturbed by activities, such as road preparation for road
resurfacing, sand and gravel lot operations and oil and gas well operations,
weeds will be the first plants to colonize or re-vegetate the site. It is important
that these sites be reclaimed so that noxious weeds do not become
established.
Weld County plans to establish standards within two to four years for using
weed free seed and mulch on all county operations concerned with the
reclamation of disturbed sites, such as on roadside resurfacing projects and
sand and gravel lot operations. Additional regulations may be considered for
similar operations being carried out on private land.
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2. Weed Free Hay and Forage Program
Standards have been developed that enable growers the ability to have their
hay and forage certified as noxious weed free. These standards will
encourage growers to produce noxious weed free hay and forage so that it
can be shipped and used anywhere in the U.S. (particularly where noxious
weed free standards currently exist).
The Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist will promote the
Colorado Weed Free Forage Standards through the use of seminars, radio
spots and newspaper articles.
3. Prioritizing Weed Management Areas Along Routes of Dispersal
Weeds are spread rapidly through the dispersal of weed seeds in air and
water. Consequently, high weed seed dispersal areas are associated with
rights-of-way, such as along all roads and railroads and along waterways,
i.e., along the Poudre, South Platte, St. Vrain and Little Thompson Rivers and
irrigation canals.
The County Public Works Department will carry out a noxious weed control
program on all county roads from May through September. The noxious
weeds targeted for control include: Canada, Musk, Scotch and Bull Thistle;
Leafy Spurge; Russian, Diffuse and Spotted Knapweed; Field Bindweed;
whitetop; and wild proso millet. In addition, contact will continue to be made
with the Department of Transportation, all irrigation and ditch companies in
the county, the Union Pacific, Burlington Northern and Great Western
Railroad companies, and the oil and gas companies operating within the
county. Information regarding the Weld County Undesirable Plant
Management Act will be distributed and their cooperation will be encouraged.
Assistance in helping them develop their integrated weed management
programs will be offered. In working with landowners on private property, all
lands bordering the rivers in the county will be considered high priority areas.
Landowner compliance with the Undesirable Plant Management Act will be
encouraged.
4. Identifying Noxious Weeds in Bordering Counties That Do Not Occur in
Weld County
Contact will continue to be made with the weed control departments in the
bordering counties to identify the noxious weed species which occur in each
county that would threaten Weld County. Plans have been developed to
monitor the borders of Weld County, as necessary.
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PAGE 20
D. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
Education of the public is one of the most important components of a Weed
Management program. Emphasis will be placed on continuing a multifaceted
educational program. The following programs have been instituted in the past and
will continue to be conducted every year.
1. Timely newspaper articles concerned with weed identification and
management.
2. Timely radio broadcasts following the information in the newspaper articles.
3. Conducting landowner weed management seminars and calibration
workshops.
4. Having an educational booth at the Colorado Farm Show.
5. Utilizing brochures and CSU Service in Action brochures to hand out to
individual landowners.
E. MAPPING
Establishing an accurate baseline map of the existing noxious weed infestations in
the county is extremely important for the ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness of
the county weed management program. Therefore, a computerized mapping
program will be established that will map the noxious weeds established in Weld
County.
County roadsides will be mapped using a computer and printer/datalogger on the
spray equipment. Private and state land will be mapped by Public Works Department
personnel taking aerial maps from the county assessors office into the field and
mapping on site. Through the use of the Auto CADD computer mapping program,
the noxious weed infestations will be mapped. All mapping information will be stored
in the county IBM computer systems and can be retrieved for future evaluation.
F. ESTABLISHING COOPERATIVE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS
Contact will be made with the following agencies concerning compliance with the
Colorado Undesirable Plant Management Act:
1. Colorado Department of Transportation
2. Colorado State Department of Parks and Recreation
3. Colorado Division of Wildlife
4. Colorado State Land Board
5. U.S. Forest Service
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Assistance will be offered in helping each agency develop integrated weed
management plans for their lands. Actual assistance in carrying out the weed control
programs on their properties will also be offered. Cooperative intergovernmental
agreements can be established if Weld County is asked to assist in implementing the
weed control measures.
G. ADOPT A ROADSIDE PROGRAM
An "Adopt a Roadside" program will be established which will give landowners the
ability to take the responsibility to manage the noxious weeds on the county
rights-of-way that borders their property.
Landowners who are chemically sensitive or for some reason do not want chemicals
sprayed or mowing activities carried out along their property, may take the
responsibility for managing the noxious weeds on the roadside rights-of-way.
Landowner agreements with specific requirements for compliance will be established.
H. ENFORCEMENT ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PROPERTY
Cooperation from all landowners (private and state) will be encouraged through
positive communication by mail and through personal contact. When weed control
measures are not carried out by a landowner, enforcement measures may have to
be instituted. All procedures as established by the Undesirable Plant Management
Law, CRS §35-5.5-109, the Pest Control Districts Law, CRS §35-5-108, Weld County
Ordinance 169-A, and any and all federal, state, and local regulations will be
followed, prior to any enforcement activities being carried out on private or public
property. Integrated weed management plans will be requested from certain
landowners, as determined by the Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist
and the Undesirable Plant Management Advisory Board.
Work priorities must be established due to the size of the county and the number of
landowners with existing noxious weed problems. The following list prioritizes where
enforcement activities will be carried out in ranking order of importance:
1. Lands bordering all waterways (rivers and irrigation ditches).
2. Complaint properties.
3. Landowners identified as negligent in the past.
4. Landowners with twenty percent (20%) or more of their property infested with
noxious weeds.
V. EVALUATION OF PROGRAM
The goals and the plan of work established in Sections III. and IV. of this Ordinance 169-A
will be reviewed and evaluated at the end of every year. A written evaluation will be
prepared establishing additions or changes in the plan of work for the following year. Any
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PAGE 22
additions or changes must be recommended by the Undesirable Plant Management Advisory
Board and approved by the Board of County Commissioners.
The Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Plan shall be reviewed and amended, as
needed, at least every three years (CRS §35-5.5-107(4)(a)).
ARTICLE 2 — ENFORCEMENT OF
UNDESIRABLE PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN
AUTHORIZED AGENT FOR ENFORCEMENT
Pursuant to CRS §35-5.5-105(2), the Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist, his
employees and agents, are hereby authorized to enforce the above-stated Undesirable Plant
Management Plan in the unincorporated areas of County of Weld, State of Colorado, by
utilizing those procedures set forth in CRS §§35-5-108, 35-5-109, and 35-5.5-108, and any
other applicable State and Federal Statutes, rules, regulations, and ordinances, including the
remaining provisions of this Ordinance No. 169-A.
II. RIGHT OF ENTRY
Prior to entering private lands for the purpose of enforcing the Weld County Undesirable
Plant Management Plan as set forth herein, the Weld County Vegetation Management
Specialist shall first obtain a"right of entry"from the Board of County Commissioners, no less
than ten days after a Notice to Control Identified Undesirable Plants has been sent to the
owner or occupant of the private lands and said owner or occupant has failed to comply with
said notice.
III. MAILING OF ASSESSMENTS
All assessments for the whole cost of any enforcement work performed by the Weld County
Vegetation Management Specialist or his designee(s) upon private lands, including up to
15%for inspection and other incidental costs in connection therewith, shall be mailed to the
landowner or occupant by certified mail. Failure to receive said assessment shall not act as
a defense to said assessment.
IV. FAILURE TO PAY ASSESSMENT
Any assessment which is not paid within thirty-three (33) days after the date of mailing by
certified mail to the landowner or occupant of private lands upon which the Weld County
Vegetation Management Specialist or his designee(s) have performed enforcement work,
shall constitute a lien against each lot or tract of land until paid and may be certified by
resolution of the Board of County Commissioners to the Weld County Treasurer's Office to
be collected in the same manner as provided for collection of taxes upon the private lands
in accordance with CRS §§35-5-108 and 35-5.5-109(5)(a).
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RE: ORDINANCE NO. 169-A
PAGE 23
ARTICLE 3 -- SEVERABILITY
If any section, subsection, paragraph, sentence, clause or phrase of this Ordinance No. 169-A is,
for any reason, held or decided to be invalid or unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the
validity of the remaining portions. The Board of County Commissioners, Weld County, Colorado,
hereby declares that it would have passed this Ordinance No. 169-A, and in each and every section,
subsection, paragraph, sentence, clause and phrase thereof irrespective of the fact that any one or
more sections, subsections, paragraphs, sentences, clauses, or phrases might be declared to be
unconstitutional or invalid.
ARTICLE 4 -- LIABILITY
This Ordinance No. 169-A shall not be intended to create a civil cause of action against the Board
of County Commissioners, Weld County, Colorado, or any other person that may administer this
Ordinance No. 169-A in any manner.
ARTICLE 5 -- EFFECTIVE DATE
This Ordinance No. 169-A shall become effective five (5) days after its final public notice, in
accordance with Section 3-14(2) of the Weld County Home Rule Charter.
ARTICLE 6 --COMPLIANCE WITH NOTICE REQUIREMENTS
The Board of County Commissioners hereby states and affirms that by following the reading and
publication schedule set forth below, it has and hereby does comply with the notice requirements
of CRS §35-5.5-108.
ARTICLE 7 - NO WAIVER OF IMMUNITIES/NO CREATION OF DUTIES. STANDARD OF
CARE. OR RIGHTS FOR THIRD PARTIES
No portion of this Ordinance 169-A shall be deemed to constitute a waiver of any immunities which
Weld County, Colorado, by and through the Board of County Commissioners of Weld County, or any
pest control districts and/or their Boards, or the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management
Advisory Board or their officers or employees may possess, nor shall any provision of this Ordinance
169-A be construed to create any duty, standard of care or rights in favor of any third parties with
the respect to any obligation created by this Ordinance 169-A.
BE IT FURTHER ORDAINED by the Board, if any section, subsection, paragraph, sentence,
clause, or phrase of this Ordinance is for any reason held or decided to be unconstitutional, such
decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions hereof. The Board of County
Commissioners hereby declares that it would have enacted this Ordinance in each and every
section, subsection, paragraph, sentence, clause, and phrase thereof irrespective of the fact that
any one or more sections, subsections, paragraphs, sentences, clauses, or phrases might be
declared to be unconstitutional or invalid.
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RE: ORDINANCE NO. 169-A
PAGE 24
The above and foregoing Ordinance Number 169-A was, on motion duly made and
seconded, adopted by the following vote on the 1st day of April, A.D., 1996.
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
W D COUNTY, COLORADO
O
\./ Slid/
\� � E � 49.1dcfrph /t. �l/4-ct- 1, arCi
Barba J. Kirkmeyer C air
1861 (00 '°-'•'• o ty Clerk to the Board
e eft Ba Pr ee
ainrciN
; eputy Clerk tSthe Board J
Dale K. Hall
O D AS TO FOR
Constance L. Harbert
Ler
n ,/J I y�I1�(J
ounty tto ey . H.
Initial Publication: February 1, 1996, in the North Weld Herald
First Reading: March 4, 1996
Publication: March 7, 1996, in the North Weld Herald
Second Reading: March 18, 1996
Publication: March 21, 1996, in the North Weld Herald
Final Reading: April 1, 1996
Publication: April 4, 1996, in the North Weld Herald
Effective Date: April 9, 1996
2484433 B-1541 P-89 04/05/96 02:50P PG 24 OF 24
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AFFIDAVIT OF PUBLICATION
STATE OF COLORADO
ss.
COUNTY OF WELD
I, Bruce J. Bormann, of said County of Weld, being duly
sworn, say that I am Publisher of
THE NORTH WELD HERALD
a weekly newspaper having a general circulation in said
County and State, published in the Town of Eaton, in said
County and State; and that the notice, of which the annexed is
a true copy, has been published in said weekly newspaper for
erne- successive week(s),that the notice was published
in the regular and entire issue of every number of the paper
during the period and time of publication, and in the
newspaper proper and not in a supplement, and that the
publication of said notice:
✓ L���_� //9- A - et,:,
was in said newspaper bearing the date(s) of:
Thursday,the day of /719✓, / , 1996
Thursday,the day of , 1996
Thursday,the day of , 1996
Thursday,the day of , 1996
and that the said THE NORTH WELD HERALD has been
published continuously and uninterruptedly for the period of 52
consecutive weeks, in said County and State, prior to the date
of first publication of said notice, and the same is a newspaper
within the meaning of an Act to regulate printing of legal
notices and adverti ents, approved 18, 1931, and all
prior acts so far in orce.
BR E J. BORMANN, PUBLISHER
Publication Cost: $ {5.
Subscribed and sworn to before me f"P........ ...
this G'/A day of April, 1996 ERIKA C.
e" � ti BAGLEY I
ERIKA C. BAGLE, NoT*C
(�F COL
My commission expires October 21, 1999 -Arcs_
THE RALi THURSDAY,PRILD4,1996 D p B c
ORDINANCE NO.169-A
IN THE MATTER OF REPEALING AND REENACTING ORDINANCE NO.169,THE UNDESIRABLE PLANT.MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE
COUNTY OF WELD,STATE OF COLORADO
BE IT ORDAINED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF THE COUNTY OF WELD,STATE OF COLORADO:
WHEREAS,the Board of County Commissioners of the'County of Weld, State of Colorado, pursuant to Colorado statute and the
Weld County Home Rule Charter,Is vested with the authority of administering the affairs of the County of Weld,State of Colorado,and
WHEREAS,on May 4, 1992,the Board of County Commissioners adopted Weld County Ordinance 169,which became effective
May 12, 1992,and which provides for the adoption and enforcement of an undesirable plant management plan in Weld County,and
WHEREAS,said Ordinance 169 designates five(5)weed species as undesirable and mandated for management in Weld County,
those being: Leafy Spurge (Euphorbja esula), Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon ropers), Diffuse Knapweed (Centilitres diffuse), Spotted
Knapweed(Centaurea macubee),Canada Thistle(Cirsium'arvense),and Musk Thistle(Carduus nutans),and
WHEREAS, upon the recommendation of the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Advisory Board,the Board of County
Commissioners hereby finds and determines that there is a need to add two weed species to the list of those currently designated as
undesirable and mandated for management in Weld County, the two additions being: Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Scotch
Thistle(Onopocdum acenfdum),thereby requiring,at a minimum,an amendment to said Ordinance 169,and
WHEREAS,upon further recommendation of the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Advisory Board,the Board of County
Commissioners herby finds and determnas.that there is a need to make other revisions to the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management
Plan,thereby requiring the repeal end:reenactment of said Ordinance 169.
NOW,THEREFORE,BE IT ORDAINED by the Board of County Commissioners of the County of Weld,State of Colorado,that Weld
County
Ordin nce as Numb;umber 189,adopted May 4, 182,be,and hereby is,repealed.and,by and through this Ordinance 169-A, be,and hereby
APTICLE 1—WELD COUNTY
UNDESIRABLE PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
A. DESCRIPTION OF THE COLORADO UNDESIRABLE PLANT MANAGEMENT ACT
The Colorado Undesirable Plant Management Act, CRS §35.5.5.101, et. seq., (hereinafter the
Act")states that certain undesirable plants pose a threat to the continued economic and environmental value of the land
in Colorado and that they must be managed by all landowners In the state. The undesirable plants designated for
mandatory management statewide are: Leafy Spurge(Euphorbia esula), Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens),
Diffuse Kn mipweW...(Centaurs*diffuse)and Spotted Knapweed(Centaurea meadow)..Additional weed species may be
'added to the state(Nat by each local jurisdiction. The Act states such that local governments(cities and counties)are
directed tp take the necessary steps to manage the undesirable plants In their respective jurisdictions. They are further
directed to appoint an advisory commission whose responsibilities are threefold:
1. Develop recommended management criteria and integrated weed management plans for managing the
designated undesirable plants;
2. Recommend the addition, if necessary, of undesirable plants that shall be subject to integrated
management
3: Recommend to the county commissioners the names of those landowners who shall be required to submit
Integrated weed management plans for managing the undesirable plants on their property.
The Act further states that by January 1, 1992, each local governing body is to have developed
and adopted an Undesirable Plant Management Plan for,all lands within its jurisdictional boundaries.
IL OPTION OF THE COUNTY OFMIELD WEED PROBLEM
A. WEED SPECIES IN WELD COUNTY TO BE CONTROLLED,PURSUANT TO WEED CONTROL LAWS
The Pest Control Districts Law (CRS 35-5-104) enabled landowners in each county the ability,
through a lengthy petitioning and billeting process, to establish weed control districts. Within each weed district,
designated species are mandated to be controlled. IA Weld County, nine such weed districts exist. The districts occur
in the lower two-thirds bf the County, and the weed species designated for control range from three to seven species,
depending upon the weed district. The weed species that are currently being managed in at least a part of Weld County
are as follows: purge paorb Leafy Canada Thistle( IC plum atverse),
Musk Thistle(Caduua nutans),
Feld Bindweed(ConvotWua arvensis),
WhltetopK((nCsoprtvirenaad drabs)
Russian M (Aergdnon repens
Wild Prose MIIet(Parlous,mlleceumm
Under the Act(CRS§35.5.5.101, of seq.),there are four weed species which are mandated for county-wide management. They are
Leafy Spurge,and Russian,Diffuse and Spotted Knapweed. Canada Thistle,Musk Thistle, Scotch Thistle and Field Bindweed are
added to the county-wide undesirable plant list by this Ordinance 169-A,in accordance with CRS§35-5.5-108(3).
Of the weed species listed previously, Canada Thistle, Field Bindweed,Leafy Spurge, Musk Thistle, Russian Knapweed,Whitetop
and Wild Proso Millet cover the most acreage in Weld County and pose the greatest economic and environmental threat to the
county. Diffuse Knapweed is currently localized to a few drainages and rights-of-way in the southwest part of the County,and there
is one known Spotted Knapweed Infestation in the County.
111. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS
A. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the Weld County Public Works Department with respect to weed management in Weld County are
fourfold:
1. Develop and carry out a comprehensive noxious weed control program on all county rights-of-way and other
county property,such as in sand and gravel mining operations,grader shed lots and open space areas.
-2. Establish an educational program, by using mailings and holding educational and calibration seminars,that
will effectively communicate weed management information to the landowners in the County.
3. Identify non-informed or negligent landowners who are not carrying out weed management programs on their
property and provide technical support for establishing weed management plans or enforce on properties, if
necessary.
4. Work with all state and federal agencies, through intergovernmental agreements, If necessary, towards
establishing effective weed management programs on their property. .,
B. SHORT TERM GOALS—(January 1905 tq December Mil)
1. Map all the County roads for noxious weed infestations.
2. Map on a computer program at least half of the landowners that have Leafy Spurge, Canada Thistle and
Russian Knapweed infestations.
3. Continue to establish contact with landowners on the South Platte and Poudre Rivers who have noxious
weed infestations.
4. Establish educational/calibration seminars(annually)that work directly with 150-200 landowners each year.
5. Have established contact with the Colorado Department of Highways, Department of Parks and Recreation.
Colorado Land Board, Division of Wildlife and U.S. Forest Service. Help them develop Weed Management
Plans and where appropriate enter into cooperative intergovernmental agreements.
6. HaColorado Department Agriculture
vedix totand private edowee
biological ontll release sites throughout the county in cooperation with the
rs.
7. By 1995,have reduced the noxious weed acreage sprayed on county rights-of-way by 15-20%.
C. LONG TERM GOALS—(January 1999 to December 2002)
1. Have mapped on the computer program most noxious weed infestations county-wide, including private, state
and federal lands.
2. Have reduced the noxious weed acreage sprayed on county rights-of-way by 40-50%.
3. Have contacted and worked with most landowners county-wide who have a noxious weed infestation.
4. Have established 30-50 biological control release sites in the county.
Iv. PLAN OF WORK-IMPLEMENTATION
A. DESCRIPTION OF INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
The weed species designated as undesirable and mandated for management are Leafy Spurge
(Euphorbfa esule) Russian Knapweed(Acropaon repens),Diffuse Knapweed(Centaurea diffuse), Spotted Knapweed
(Centaurea meculose),Canada Thistle(Cirsium arvense)Musk Thistle(Carduus nutens),Scotch Thistle(Onopordum
acenrMum) and Field Bindweed (ConvoNulus arvensis). Integrated weed management methods are to be used in
measurres;these weed and control measures includingCRS cultural, mechanical, brated iological al amentnd chemical cues onttrroll.e education;
purposes)of
this plan the following definitions for the control measures will be used. es conducted to favor thewth of
1. Cultural
desirable plants over undesirable plants,se l includies ing, but management
limited to, maintaining an optimum fe„illiity and
plant moisture status In an area, planting at optimum density and spatial arrangement in an area, and
planting species most suited to an area. gg management
2. Mechanical
includ including, not limited to,tilling,se methodologies
buming,flooding,practices
mulch ng,that
hantl pulling land hoeing.disrupt
.ent
3. Biological.Control means the use of organisms such as sheep,goats,cattle,Insects and plant diseases to
disrupt the growth of undesirable plants.
4. Chemical Control means the use of herbicides or plant growth regulators to disrupt the growth of undesirable
plants.
Management of the various undesirable plants will vary
depending upon the site where the plant
optionsmted below are meant for to provide vh arious s ed mnagemes will entdtechniques for controed for each lling the noxious weted eds inment
the
various environmental sites they are found. By no means are all the management options mentioned. Additional
combinations of management� techniques are possible which may be submitted by private landowners. The integrated
Mana management gementt Specialist andthem integritted ated Weed Management Advisory Commissionl landowners will be on the casesld by case County
B. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT.OPTIONS FOR EACH WEED SPECIES
LEAFY SPURGE: Leafy Spurge is a deep rooted perennial plant that spreads by seeds and creeping roots. It has a
vast underground root system which makes it difficult to control with any one control technique. Leafy Spurge is found primar South irrigation ditches,i in
asite sites
(al pastures,oats,roadsides such as and waterways
the
Poudre
er non-cropland hiand
Platte Rivers)in Weld County and also along
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses and forbs can be an effective management tool.
Early emerging plant species that utilize early
cse on mooavureesuch
uced Smooth
huBro a sty and
romus
inermis)or Crested Wheatgrass d and l (rrt��ropy )festation. Sequential glylimited the phosate
d by pa seeding of establish
Pubescent nt of new nWheatgrass, EpraimgCrrestedtWheatgrass,
Intermediate Wheatgrass, Sherman Big Bluegrass or Bozoisky Russian Wild Rye has shown to
be very effective in reducing an existing stand of Leafy Spurge.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Leafy Spurge is difficult at best; however,repeated
mowing every 14-21 days throughout the summer, starting before flowering stage, will at least
keep the plants from going to seed and may reduce the undergroUnd root reserve. Research
results are not available to indicate,whether stand reduction or eradication could be achieved
through use of this technique.
e. Biological Control: Grazing with sheep and goats throughout the spring, summer, and fall will
keep Leafy Spurge from going to seed and may reduce the underground root reserve. This
practice may also weaken the plants to make themsusceptible
eveal insectspe es that ha e chemical control.
been released by
the USDA in the United States are showing some control•of Leafy Spurge. Two species of flea
beetles,Apthona neva and Aprhone nigriscutis feed on Leafy Spurge. Adults feed on the foliage
during the summer and the larvae burrow through the soil and mine the roots and fine root hairs.
These insects used alone may not control Leary Spurge. When used along with other insects
such as Spurgla Est*a gall midge which feeds on the flowers preventing-seed production,
,they
lyeAnp weaken the plant and malts It more gusceptible,to other control methods, particularly
clinical control.
d. Chemical Control: There,We a nul$er of herbicides labeled for use on Leafyicloram Spurge. Those that
can be used 4-0 (many
dii bid ceibination with each f t uatWOP); glyphosater are: and Rodeo®)fosamine
(Banvel®); 2,4-D (many�kr
rtes
(Krenite®)and any EPA approved chemicals labeled for use on Leafy Spurge.
2.' Integrated Management Options by She
•
a. Range,Pasture and Riparian Sites g
late i Au 01 gust or early and Chemical
followed by Grazing
herbicide sheep or
late froSeptember)l or early
October.
Option 02 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects such as Apthona nigriscutis,
Apthona (lava, Spurgia Esula, and other species conducive to the area can be made. A
herbicide treatment can then be made during the true flower stage (where Insects were not
• released) and in the fall where insects were released. Herbicide applications should only be
carried out In the fall where insects are used. Use of herbicides at different times if the growing
season can be instituted as additional IPM research is conducted and recommendations are
developed.
Option 03 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Mowing can be carried out throughout the season
with the first mowing cycle at the bud stage. Mowing should stop during late August followed by
a herbicide treatment during late September or early October(before a hard freeze).
Option 04 Biological or Mechanical Control Only: The use of sheep or goats or mowing should
be used all season to keep Leafy Spurge from going to seed. Whether this method will keep the
existing infestation from spreading by underground root growth is uncertain.
Option MS Chemical Control Only: Herbicides should be used in the spring,early summer during
the true flower stage and in the fall just before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the
site intended will be used.
b. Along Irrigation Ditches
Option 01 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects such as Apthona nigriscutis,
Apthona flays,Spurgia Esula and other species conducive tog the area could be made. An
kept the eplants fromgoingIto seed)dand/ored tin the fall just before the true flower ta hard freezI the e.
Esula has not
P
Option s2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the spring or early summer during
the true flower stage and in the fell just before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the
site intended will be used.
a. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Areas
early flower s age. A herbicide application Control:
be made at the true flower le can be carried
st geut at the bud to
Option*2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used In the spring or early summer during
the true flower stage and In the fall just before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for use
on roadsides and other non-cropland areas would be used.
RUSSIAN KNAPWEED: Russian Knapweed Is a non-native perennial plant that spreads by seeds and creeping roots.
It has the ability to release chemicals into the environment as foliage decays which inhibit the growth of surrounding
vegetation (allelopathic properties). Thus, once established, Russian Knapweed can colonize an area rapidly.
Russian Knapweed is found primarily in range and pastures,roadsides and other non-cropland sites in Weld County.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses such as Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis)will help
to compete with Russian Knapweed and slow its spread. In addition,stimulating grass growth by
and/or
other controlincrtechniques such ass s judiciouschemical controls woud have
to be implemented in order to give grasses a chance to compete.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Russian Knapweed could be carried out throughout
the summer with repeated mowing every 14-21 days. This would at least keep Russian
Knapweed from going
an existing Whether e s not known.
control technique will reduce the root mass and
subsequently reduce
c. Biological Control: There are currently no biological centre) agents available for Russian
Knapweed.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use on Russian Knapweed.
Those that can be used independently or in combination with each other are: -chiorsulfuron
(Telar®); picloram (Tordon®); 2,4-D (many different formulations); glyphosate (Roundup®.and
Oedema))and any EPA approved chemical labeled for use on Russian Knapweed.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range and Pastures
Option 01 Mechanical and Chemical: Mowing can be carried out throughout the season with the
first and successive mowing cycles carried out at the bud stage. A herbicide treatment can then
be made In the fall before a hard freeze.
Option e2 Cultural and Chemical: An herbicide application,using short residual herbicides such
as glyphosate and/or 2,4-D can be made followed up by reseeding with a competitive grass such
as
rrme or er sod increased forming species. In addition, fertilization or irrigation could be
in ste grass dowth.
uiuring the emChemica bud stage,bllonm to post-botrol Only: om and/or irbicide n thetions can be made to Russian fall,depending upon herbicide used.
b. ROW RightsoriWay and other Non-Crop Areas
Option stage.MechanicalnerbI end Chemical:p icaticm a One mowing n be ae cucle can carried out the bud to early
flower and/or i the fall,ll depending pon the herbicide used.during the bud stage, bloom to post-bloom
Option s2 Cultural and Chemical Control: Use of short residual herbicides such as glyphosate
and/or 2,4-D can be used in the early summer during the bud stage. Seeding with perennial
grasses I such as Smooth Brome, Luna Pubescent Wheatgrass, Ephraim Crested Wheatgrass,
Intend Intermediate
ut Werhenatgrass,
he summer, bat n Big
ggpura Bluegrasstime.
Bozoisky Russian Wild Rye can than be
Option 03 Chemical Only: Herbicide applications can be made during the bud stage, bloom to
post bloom and/or in the fall,depending upon the herbicide used. -
DIFFUSE KNAPWEED: Diffuse Knapweed is a non-native, biennial to short-lived perennial fort that reproduces by
seed. It spreads rapidly by the mature plant breaking off at ground level and being blown with the wind, dispersing
seed. It is a pioneer species that will quickly invade disturbed,dry sites. Diffuse Knapweed-is found in the southwest
part of Weld County along dohs ay, dry pasture sites and In gravelly riparian sites, such as along Boulder Creek
and the St.Wain and South PlaitsRivers.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Cultural Control of Diffuse Knapweed is similar to Russian Knapweed in that
seeding with perennial grasses such as smooth brome and crested wheatgrass will help to
compete with Diffuse Knapweed and slow its spread. Seeding alone in infested sites will not,
however,control the existing stand.
b. Mechanical\Control: Mowing Diffuse Knapweed when it is in the bud stage and again when it is
flowering can significantly reduce seed production. Keeping Diffuse Knapweed from going to
seed over a number of years can eventually eliminate an infestation,once the seed source in the
soil is depleted.
c. Biological Control: Two species of picture-winged flies, Urophore affinis and U. quadrifasciata
have,demonstrated the ability to reduce the seed production of diffuse and.Spotted Knapweed.
The flies lay eggs on the developing seed heads. As a result of the larvae feeding on the
flowering heads, the plants produce galls which reduces seed production. The Colorado
insectary is currently rearing these two flies and has made releases in the state the last three
years.
d. Chemical,Control: There are a few herbicides labeled for use on Diffuse Knapweed. Those that
can be used Independently or in combination with each other are: picloram(Tordon®); dicamba
(Banvel®);glyphosate (Roundup®); 2,4-D (many different formulations) and any EPA approved
chemical labeled for use on Diffuse Knapweed.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Pasture and Riparian Areas
Option e1 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide application can be made in early summer
when Diffuse Knapweed is in the rosette through bolting stage. Reseeding with competitive
perennial grasses such as smooth brome and crested wheatgrass can be followed later in the
summer depending upon the herbicide used and rate of application.
Option#2 Biological and Chemical Control: The release of insects such as Urophora affinis and
U. quaddfasciata can be made. A herbicide treatment can then be made from the rosette through
•bolting stage (where insects were not released) and in the fall where insects were released.
Herbicide applications should only be carried out in the fall, where insects are used.'The use of
herbicides at different times of the growing season can be instituted as additional IPM research
is conducted and recommendations are developed.
Option#3 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Mowing can be carried out when Diffuse Knapweed
is in the bud stage and again at flowering. A herbicide application can then be made to any
plants that have re-bolted, if necessary.
Option#4 Mechanical Control Only: Mowing can be carried out throughout the season which will
reduce seed set.
Option its Chemical Control Only: Herbicide application can be made during the rosette stage,
spring or fall,and while bolting.
b. Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Areas
Option#1 Cultural and Chemical Control: Same as for Option#1 in pasture and riparian areas.
Option#2 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing operation can be carried out when
Diffuse Knapweed is In the bud stage. If necessary, a herbicide application can be made to
plants that have re-bolted.
Option#3 Mechanical Control Only: Same as for Option#4 in pasture and riparian areas.
Option#4 Chemical Control Only: Same as for Option#5 in pasture and riparian areas.
SPOTTED KNAPWEED: Spotted Knapweed is a non-native, perennial forb that reproduces by seed. It is a highly
competitive plant in rangeland sites that will exclude most grasses and forts with time. There is limited Spotted
Knapweed Infestations currently along the South Platte River drainage in Weld County.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Cultural control of Spotted Knapweed is similar to such control of Russian and
Diffuse Knapweed In that seeding with perennial grasses such as Smooth Brame and crested
wheatgrass will help to compete with Spotted Knapweed and slow its spread. Seeding infested
sites will not,however,control the existing stand. In range and pasture conditions, good grazing
management practices Will help to reduce the spread of the knapweeds in general.
b. Mechanical Control: Mechanical control of Spotted Knapweed could be carried out throughout
the summer with repeated mowing every 14.21 days. This would at least keep Spotted
Knapweed from going to seed. Whether this control technique will reduce the root mass and
subsequently reduce an existing stand is not known.
c. Biological Control: The same as what was developed under biological control for Diffuse
Knapweed.
d. Chemical Control: There are a few herbicides labeled for use on Spotted Knapweed. Those that
can be used independently or in combination with each other are: picloram(Tordon®),dicamba
(Banal®),2,4-D(many different formulations and clopyrald and 2,4-D(Curtail®).
CANADA THISTLE: Canada Thistle is an aggressive,creeping perennial that reproduces by seed and vegetative buds
in the root system. It is a difficult plant to control because of its extensive root system. Vertical roots may grow 6-15
foot deep and horizontal roots may extend 15 feet or more. Canada Thistle Is the most widespread noxious weed in
.Wald.Ceunty. It can be found in most habitat types, igglgding: pastures, riparian sites (along waterways such as the
Poudre, South Platte, St. Vrain and Big Thompson Rivers),Irrigation ditches, along roadside rights-of-way and in the
various crop and non-cropland sites.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Plant competition from various grasses and from alfalfa can be an effective
Continua to next page
Ordinance NO. 169-A management tool. Early emerging grass species such as Smooth Brome and Crested
Continued VVheafgrass can be used to compete with Canada Thistle and slow the spread and establishment
of new infestations. Competition alone,however,is seldom effectve on Canada Thistle.
Mechanical Control: Mechanical Control of Canada Thistle could be carried out throughout the
summer with repeated mowing every 14 days. Such method keeps Canada Thistle from going to
seed; however, mowing,has shown to stimulate new shoot growth from roots. Consequently,
mowing alone may Increase shoot density in an established stand. Whether consistent mowing
for consecutive years(two to three years)will reduce the root mass and subsequently reduce an
existing stand is unknown.• c. Biological Control: There is one Insect species,a weevil, called Ceutorynchus Ilture,that is
currently being used as a biological control agent on Canada Thistle in Colorado. The female
lays eggs on the underside of the leaves in early s rin and then the larvae bore Into the main
leaf vein and migrate down to the crown of the plant. The holes created by the larvae open up
Canada Thistle to secondary infection. Where high numbers of the larvae occur death ohCanada
Thistle can occur.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number.of herbicides labeled for use on Canada Thistle,
depending upon where the thistle Is found. The herbicides that can be used independently or in
combination with other compounds are: picloram Tordori®); dk:amba (Banvel®); 2,4-D (many
glyphosate• diff (Tabu.);formulations); chlorsulfuron (Te ®); clopyralid (Curtail®, Stinger®, Tramline.);(Roundup®Rodeo®) and any EPA approved chemicals labeled for use on Canada Thstle.
2. Integrated Management Options by Site
a. Range,Pasture and Riparian Sites rryy Oduring the arlyosummer. A herbicide aple.al and Chemical: plication of the a )then the madenat littera can
bud stage be
insects were not released) and In the fall where Insects were released. Herbicide applications
should only be carried out In the fall,.whete Insects were directly released. Use of herbicides at
different times of the growing season cpri be instituted as additional IPM research is coordinated
and recommendations are developed.
Option#2 Mechanical and Chemical: Mowing can be carried out throughout the season with the
first mowing cycle at the bud stage. Mowing should stop during late August followed by a
herbicide treatment during late September.through October,before a hard freeze.
Option 413 Cultural end Chemical Control: A herbiclde.application, using short residual
herbicides such as,glyphosate and/or 2,4-D can be made followed up by reseeding with a
competitive grass such as smooth brome or other sod forming species. In addition,ferakzatkxi
or Irrigation could be instituted to stimulate increase grass growth.
• Option#4 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide applications can be made to Canada Thistle from
rosette to the bud stage,and/or in the fail,depending upon the herbicide used.
0. Road Rights-of-Way and Other Non-Crop Ames mowing early
owerrnstage.Ahherbcide application anical and lcann be: One de from cl rosette to bud stage and/or in the fah
depending upon the herbicide used.
Option#2 Cultural and Chemical Control: A herbicide eppliation can be made In early summer
when Canada Thistle Is In the rosette through bud stage. Reseeding with competitive perennial
grasses such as smooth brome and crested wheatgrass can be followed later in the summer
depending upon the herbicide used and rate of application,
Option#3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide applications can be made from rosette to bud stage,
and/or in the fall,depending upon the herbicide used.
c. Cropland Sites
Canada Thistle is found in almost every crop grown In Weld County. Prescription weed
management measures developed by Colorado State University weed scientists and the Weld
County Extension Agronomist will be used.
MUSK E: Musk Thistle is a ground)are(formed during the first yeariof�growth and the plantnial plant that duces bolts and only
seed the second ttes yclump of leaves on the
ear. It is a prolific seed
producer with a single plant producing up to 20,000 seeds. Musk Thistle is found primarily in pastures and riparian
sites(along waterways such as the South Platte, St.Vraln, Big Thompson,and Little Thompson drainages and Boulder
Creek)and along irrigation ditches,roadside rights-of-way and other non crop areas.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Maintaining pastures and riparian sites In good condition is the primary method
of culturally managing Musk Thistle. Promoting good grass growth by proper grazing
management and fertilizing according to soil testing recommendations will prevent establishment
of Musk Thistle.
b. Mechanical Control: Musk Thistle can be effectively controlled mechanically. Severing the
roots below ground with a shovel or hoe or mowing Musk Thistle every time it reaches early
flower stage will reduce, If not eliminate seed production. If mowing occurs mid to late flower
stage,the thistle should be gathered and burned to destroy any seed that has developed.
c. Biological Control: Two species of weevils, Rhinocyllus conicus (seed head weevil) and
Tnchoslrocalus horridus,attack two different sites of Musk Thistle. The seed head weevil,as Its
name implies, attacks the seeds of Musk Thistle. Eggs are laid by the female on the back of
developing flowers and then the larvae bore into the flower,destroying the developing seed. The
seed head weevil can reduce seed production by as much is 50%. Use of this weevil as the
sole means of controlling Musk Thistle is not very effective.
Tdchosirocalus horrldus attacks the crown area of Musk Thistle rosettes, killing or weakening the
plant before it bolts. Use of both weevil species together may prove to be an effective biological
control program.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use onMusk Thistle,depending
with k other c where ompoe tounds a is rt:: picloramnd. ((Therbordoosn®); dicat can mbaeed(Banvel®); 2,4-D or in
combination
formulations); chlorsulfuron (Teta*); clopyralid (Curtail®, Stinger®, Transkne®); glyphosate
•
(Roundup®, Rodeo®)and any EPA approved chemical labeled for use on Musk Thistle.
2. - Integrated Managementt Options by Sits
a. Pasture and Riparian Sites
Option #1 Biological and Chemical: Release of Trichosirocalus borridus can be made at the
appropriate time of the summer. Rhinocyllus conicus is well established in Weld County and
should already be infesting the stand. A herbicide application can then be made to Musk Thistle
at the flower stage,Teter or Escort should be used when treating Musk Thistle In Me flower stage.
Herbicide applications should only be carried out in the flower stage in order to allow the seed
head weevil to complete its life cycle. Use of herbicides to rosettes in the spring or fall should
not be carried out where Trichosirocalus hordtlus was,released. Use of herbicides at different
times of the growing season can be instituted as additional IPM research is conducted and
recommendations are developed.
Opton#2 Mechanical end Chemical Control: Mowing can be carried out throughout the summer
when Musk Thistle is in the bud to early flower stage. A herbicide application can than be made
in October to the fall rosettes and any bolted plants.
Option 03 Mechanical Control Only: Multiple mowings(two to four)can be carried out throughout
the summer when Musk Thistle is in the bud stage, keeping It from producing seed. If mowing
occurs mid to late flower stage,the thistle should be gathered and burned to destroy any seed
that has developed.
Option 04 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the spring and fall when the plant is
in the rosette stage. Only the herbicides labeled for the'site intended will be used.
b. Road Rights-of-Way and other Non Crop Areas
Option Cl Biological and Chemical Control: Same as for Option e1 in pasture and riparian sites.
Option 02 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing pass can be made when Musk Thistle
is in the bud stage. A herbicide application can be made in the fall to the rosettes and re-bolted
plants.
Option#3 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used in the spring and the fall when the
plant is in the rosette stage. Only the herbicides labeled for the site intended will be used.
SCOTCH THISTLE:Scotch Thistle is a biennial plant that reproduces only by seed. Rosettes are formed during the first
year of growth and the plants bolt and set seeds the second year. The leaves are densely covered with hair,giving the
plant a grayish-green color. Scotch Thistle is primarily found in pastures and riparian sites (South Platte River
Drainage)and along roadside rights-of-way and other non-crop areas in southern Weld County,
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Maintaining pastures and riparian sites in good condition is the primary method
of culturally managing Scotch Thistle. Promoting good grass growth by proper grazing
management and fertilizing according to soil testing recommendations will help prevent
establishment of Scotch Thistle.
b. Mechanical Control: Scotch Thistle can be efficiently controlled mechanically. Severing the
roots below ground with a shovel or hoe or mowing Scotch Thistle every time it reaches bud to
early flower stage will reduce, If not eliminate seed production. If mowing occurs mid to late
• flower stage,the thistle should be gathered and burned to destroy any seed that has developed.
c. Biological-Control: No biological control agents are available for Scotch Thistle. One weevil
species, Rhinocyllus conicus, will move from Musk Thistle to Scotch Thistle; however, effective
control of Scotch Thistle has not been demonstrated.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use on Scotch Thistle,
depending upon where the thistle is found. The herbicides that can be used Independently or in
combination with other compounds are: picloram (Tordon®); dicamba (Banvel®)• 2,4-D (many
different formulations); chkersulfuron (Tetar®); metsulfuron (Escort®); clopyralid (Curtail®);
Stinger®; Transline® and glyphosate (Roundup®, Rodeo®) and any other EPA approved
chemical labeled for use on Scotch Thistle.
2. Integrated Management Options By Site
a. Pastures end Riparian Sites
Option 01 Mechanical and Chemical Control: Multiple mowings(two to four)can ba carried out
throughout the summer when Scotch Thistle is in the bud stage, keeping it from producing seed.
A herbicide application can than be made in October to the fall rosettes and any bolted plants.
Option#2 Mechanical Control Only:Multiple mowings(two to four)can be carried out hroughout
the summer when Scotch Thistle Is in the bud stage,keeping it from producing seed. If mowing
occurs mid to late flower stage,the thistle should be gathered and burned to destroy any seed
that has developed. �.
Option 413 Chemical Control Only:Herbicides can be used in the spring and fall when the plant is
in the rosette stage.i,Only the herbicides labeled for the site intended will be used.
b. Road RIghts-ol-Way end Other Non Crop Areas
Option #1 Mechanical and Chemical Control: One mowing pass can be made when Scotch
Thistle is in the bud stage. A herbicide application can be made to rebolted plants h the bud
stage end or to fall regrowth.
Option 02 Chemical Control: Herbicides can be used In the spring and the fall when the plant is
in the rosette stage. Only the herbicides d labeled for the site intended will beces y used.
r000tss, Bindweed eedield c n survive n soil up to 40a deep years;thereforre,it is I perennialmportant that bindweed ant that be ked and horizontal
ept pt from going to
seed. Field Bindweed Is found throughout Weld County in most habitat types including: rangeland, pastures, along
roadside rights-of-way an in various crop and non-cropland sites.
1. Control Measures
a. Cultural Control: Seeding perennial grasses can be an effective management tool in providing
plant competition against bindweed. Selecting the proper native grass and/or improved cultivar
grass seed mix for a site specific location is important. For site specific reseeding
recommendations the Natural Resource Conservation Service and the CSU Extension Office can
be contacted.
b. Mocha foal Control:Mechan'cal control of Reid Bindweed can only realistically be carried out in
cult$$atatl cropland by dieting and cultivating every 3 weeks. This would keep Field Bindweed
from producing seed and would start to reduce root reserves. Mowing is not effective due to the
creeping nature of bindweed. Discing in range,pasture or roadside is not environmentally sound.
Biological Control: there are currently no biological control agents on Field Bindweed that are
• cleared for release in the United States; however,research is in process. Grazing with livestock
(cattle or sheep),with proper stocidng rates,can be an effective means of keeping bindweed from
•
E NORTH WELD THTHU SDAY,APRIL 4,1998 13
going to seed in range and pasture sites.
d. Chemical Control: There are a number of herbicides labeled for use on Field Bindweed,
depending upon where the bindweed Is found. The herbicides that can be used independently or
in combination with other compounds are:picloram(Tordone);dicamba(Barone S);2,4-D(many
different formulations);GNphoeate(Roundups, Rodeo.)and any other EPA approved chemicals
labeled for use on Field Bindweed.
2. Integrated Management Options 4y Site
a. Range end Pasture land
Option 01 Cultural and Chemical Control:A herbicide application using short residual herbicides
such ae lyphosate and/or 2,4-D, can be made,followed by reseeding in fall with a competitive
sod f gra
ss ass mix. In addition, fertilization according to soil tests or irrigation could be
instituted o stimulate increased grass growth.
Option 02 Biological Control:Grazing with cattle and sheep throughout the summer and fall will
keep Field Bindweed from going to seed and may reduce the underground root reserve.
Option 13Biological� and Chemical Control:Grazing with cattle or sheep from May through early
September by a herbicide treatment in late September or early October.
Option 414 Chemical Control Only: Herbicides can be used during the flower stage typically in
June and July, and in the fall prior to a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for the site
intended will be used.
b. Road Rlghtemf-Way and Other Non Crop Areas
su�ae�yphosate ulturaland 2,,4--D cane bControl:
made followed ne byyrreseedinication g ingtheort fallrwihualcomrepettNnre
sod forming grass mix.
Option s2 Chemical Control Only: Herbicide can to used during the flower stage,typically in
June and July,and in the fall Just before a hard freeze. Only the herbicides labeled for roadsides
and other non cropland areas(wilt be.used.
c. Cropland Sites: Field Bindweed is found in almost every crop grown in Weld County.
Prescription weed management measures developed by Colorado State University weed
scientists and the Weld County Extension Agronomist can be used.
C. PREVENTION MEASURES
Preventive control means using measures which will stop or forestall weeds from contaminating an area. Establishing
preventive measures are often the most practical,and cost effective means of weed control.
. The preventive measures which seem most practical for Weld County are as follows:
1. establishing weed free seed and mulch requirements for reclamation of disturbed sites,
2. promoting the Colorado Weed Free Hay and Forage program,
3. prioritizing weed management areas along routes of dispersal,and
4. identifying noxious weed species in counties bordering Weld County.
1. Weed Free Seed and Mulch Standards
Where the ground is disturbed by activities, such as road preparation for road resurfacing,sand and gravel
lot operations and oil and gas well operations, weeds will be the first plants to colonize or re-vegetate the
site. It Is Important that these sites be reclaimed so that noxious weeds do not become established.
Weld County plans to establish standards within two to four years for using weed free seed and mulch on all
county operations concerned with the reclamation of disturbed sites, such as on roadside resurfacing
projects and sand and gravel lot operations. Additional regulations may be considered for similar operations
being carried out on private land.
2. Weed Free Hay and Forage Program
Standards have been developed that enable growers the ability to have their hay and forage certified as
noxious weed free. These standards will encourage growers to produce noxious weed free hay and forage
so that it can be shipped and used anywhere in the U.S. (particularly where noxious weed free standards
currently exist).
The Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist will promote the Colorado Weed Free Forage
Standards through the use of seminars,radio spots and newspaper articles.
3. Prioritizing Weed Management Areas Along Routes of Dispersal
Weeds are spread rapidly through the dispersal of weed seeds in air and water. Consequently, high weed
seed dispersal areas are associated with rights-of-wayy, such as along all roads and railroads and along
waterways,I.e.,along the Poudre,South Platte,St.Vrain and Little Thompson Rivers and irrigation canals.
The County Public Works Department will carry out a noxious weed control program on all county roads from
May through September. The noxious weeds targeted for control Include: Canada, Musk, Scotch and Bull
Thistle; Leafy Spurge; Russian, Diffuse and Spotted Knaoweed; Field Bindweed; whitetop; and wild prose
millet. In addition, contact will continue to be made with the Department of Transportation,all irrigation and
ditch companies in the county, the Union Pacific, Burlington Northern and Great Western Railroad
companies, and the oil and gas companies operating within the county. Information regarding the Weld
County Undesirable Plant Management Act will be distributed and their cooperation will be encouraged.
Assistance in helping them develop their Integrated weed management programs will be offered. In working
with landowners on private property, all lands bordering the rivers in the county will be considered high
priority areas. Landowner compliance with the Undesirable Plant Management Act will be encouraged.
4. Identifying Hoidens Womb In Berdedng Counties That Do Net Occur in Meld County
Cpntact will continue to be made with the weed control departments in the bordering codnties to identify the
noxious weed species which occur In each county that would threaten Weld County. Plans have been
developed to monitor the borders of Weld County,as necessary.
D. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
Education of the public is one of the most important components of a Weed Management program. Emphasis will be
placed on continuing a multifaceted educational program. The following programs pave been instituted in the past and
will continue to be conducted every year.
1. Timely newspaper articles concerned with weed identification and management:
2. Timely radio broadcasts following the information in the newspaper articles.
3. Conducting landowner weed management seminars and calibration workshops.
4. Having an educational booth at the Colorado Farm Show.
5. Utilizing brochures and CSU Service in Action brochures to hand out to individual landowners.
E. MAPPING
Establishing an accurate baseline map of the exsting noxious weed infestations In the county is extremely important
for the ongoing evaluation of the effectiveness oahe county weed management program. Therefore, a computerized
mapping program will be established that will mapnhe noxious weeds established in Weld County. ,
}
County roadsides will be mapped using a compute and printer/datalogger on the spray equipment. Private and state
land will be mapped by Public-Works Department pkrrsonnet taking aerial maps from the county assessor's office Into
the field and-mapping on site. Through the use o the Auto CADD computer mapping program, the noxious weed
infestations will be mapped. All mapping information will be stored in the county IBM computer systems and can be
retrieved for future evaluation.
F. ESTABLISHING COOPERATIVE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS
Contact will be made with the following agencies concerning compliance with the Colorado Undesirable Plant
Management Act:
1. Colorado Department of Transportation
•
2. Colorado State Department of Parks and Recreation
3. Colorado Division of Wildlife
4. Colorado State Land Board
5. U.S. Forest Service
•
Assistance will be offered in helping each agency"develop integrated weed management plans for their lands. Actual
assistance in carrying out the weed control programs on their properties will also be offered. Cooperative
Intergovernmental agreements can be established If Weld County is asked to assist in implementing the weed control
measures, -
•
G. ADOPT A ROADSIDE PROGRAM
An 'Adopt a Roadside' program will be established which will give landowners the ability to take the responsibility to
manage the noxious weeds on the county rights-of-way that borders theirlproperty.
Landowners who are chemically senaa�//�rive or for some reason do not want chemicals sprayed or mowing activities
carried out along their property,may�lake the responsibility for managing the noxious weeds on the roadside rights-of-
way. Landowner agreements with ssssssPPPPPPeeeeeeccccccific requirements for compliance will be established.
H. ENFORCEMENT ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PROPERTY
Cooperation from all landowners (private and state) will be encouraged through positive communication by mail and
through personal contact. When weed control measures are not canted out by a landowner,enforcement measures may
have to be Instituted. All proty9dures as established by the Undesirable Plant Management Law, CRS§35-5.5-109,the
Pest Control Districts Law, CRS§35.5.108, Weld County Ordinance 169-A, and any and all federal, state, and local
regulations will be followed, prior to any enforcement activities being carried out on private or public property.
Integrated weed management plans wig be requested from certain landowners, as determined by the Weld County
Vegetation Management Specialist and the Undesirable Plant Management AOTisory Board.
Work priorities must be established due to the size of the county and the number of landowners with existing noxious
weed problems. The following list prioritizes where enforcement activities will be carried out in ranking order of
Importance:
1. Lands bordering all waterways(rivers and irrigation ditches). .
2. Complaint properties. ,
3. Landowners identified as negligent In the past.
4. Landowners with twenty percent(20%)or more of their property infested with noxious weeds.
V. EVALUATION OF PROGRAM
The goals and the plan of work established in Sections III. and IV.of this Ordinance 169-A will be reviewed and evaluated at the
end of every year. A written evaluation will be prepared establishing additions or changes in the plan of.work for the(Slowing year.
Any additions or changes must be recommended by the Undesirable Plant Management Advisory Board and approved by the
Board of County Commissioners.
The Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Plan shall be reviewed and amended, as needed,at least every three years
(CRS§35-5.5-107(4)(a)).
ARTICLE 2— ENFORCEMENT OF
IINDESIRARI p PI ANT MANAGEMENT PLAN
I. AUTHORIZED AGENT FOR ENFORCEMENT
Pursuant to CyYRS §35-5.5-105(2),the Weld County Vegetattiio3 to enforce the above-stated Undesirable Plant eng5-Management Specialist,ement Plan in the unincorporated
employees and agents, are hereby
authoriz State
of Colorado,
Statutes, ru thoses, procedures
rocedu regulations, set
foforth
ineCRS
including 35-5-109,remaining p and 35-5.5.108,and
s of this ninan other
No. applicable State
II- EIGHT OF ENTRY
Prior to entering private lands for the purpose of enforcing the Weld County Undesirable Plant Management Plan as set forth
herein, the Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist shall first obtain a 'right of entry' from the Board of'County
Commissioners, no less than ten days after a Notice to Control Identified Undesirable Plants has been sent to the owner or
occupant of the private lands and said owner or occupant has felled to comply with said notice.
III. MAILING OF ASSESSMENTS .
All assessments for the whole cost of any enforcement work performed by the Weld County Vegetation Management Specialist or
his designee(s)upon private lands,Including up to 15%for inspection and other incidental costs in connection therewith,shall be
Continuo to next pay.
THE NORTH WELD HERALD
THURSDAY,APRIL 4, 1996
/d. 169-A Continued from previous paps
Ad to the landowner or occupant by certified mall. Failure to receive said assessment shall not act as a defense to said
,eessment.
IV. *FAILURE TO PAY ASSESSMENT
Any assessment which is not paid within thirty-three(33) days after the date of mailing by certified mail to the landowner or
occupant of Ovate lands upon which the Weld County Vegetation Mena ent.Specialist or his designee(s) have performed
enforcement work,shall constitute a lien agaaiynst each bi or tract of land until paid and may be certified by resolution-of the Board
taxes Csuntyyn Commissioners ends It the
eeWeld
County
with Treasurer's
eaRS re§§is Office
o be 35-5.5-109(5)(a).nthe
same
manner as provided for collection of prARTICLE 3— SEVERABILITY
If any section,subsection,paragraph,sentence,clause or phrase of this Ordinance No. 189-A is,for any reason,held or decided to be Invalid
on unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions.The Board of County Commissioners,Weld County,
Colorado, hereby declares that it would have passed this Ordinance No. 189-A, and.In each and every section, subsection, paragraph,
*dance,clause and phrase thereof irrespective of the fact that any one or more sections,subsections, paragraphs,sentences,clauses,or
pt$rases might be declared to be unconstitutional or invalid.
ARGUE 4— LIABILITY
This Ordinancceny other No.
19-A shshall
nat may intended
nadM deed to
create
is teeacce Na.189-Afof
any against
the Board of County Commissioners,Weld County,r ARTICLES— EFFECTIVEDATE
This Ordinance No. 169-A shall become effective five (5) days atter Its final public notice, in accordance with Section 3-14(2) of the Weld
unty Home Rule Charter.
RTC EI.a I•"' AICE WITH NOTCE I OLWSwBaJTR
The Board of County Commissioners hereby states and affirms that by following the reading and publication schedule set forth below, it has
and hereby does comply with the notice requirements of CRS§35-5.5.108.
ARTICLE 7—NO WAIVER OF IMMUNmESINO CREATION OF DUTIES-STANDARD OF CARE OR RIGHTS FOR THIRD PARTIES
No portion of this Ordinance 189-A shall be deemed to constitute a waiver of any immunities which Weld County,Colorado, by and through
8M1eanBoard of County
rryyCommissioners of Weld County,or any pest control districts andlor their Boards,or the Wel County Undesirable Plant
create anyeduty standard of care or right Board or their seInrs or favor of army third ps arties the respect to any obligation created by this Ordinance 169s, nor shall any provision of this Ordinance 169-A be -A. to
BE IT FURTHER ORDAINED by the Board,If any section,subsection,paragraph,sentence,clause,or phrase of this Ordinance is
f*r any reason held or decided to be unconstitutional,such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions hereof. The Board of
County Commissioners hereby declares that it would have enacted this Ordinance in each and every section, subsection, paragraph,
sentence,clause, and phrase thereof irrespective of the fact that any one or more sections,subsections,paragraphs, sentences,clauses,or
phrases might be declared to be unconstitutional or invalid.
The above and foregoing Ordinance Number 189-A was,on motion duly made and seconded,adopted by the following vote on the
1st day of April,A.D., 1996.
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
WELD COUNTY,COLORADO
ATTEST: /s/.Donald D.Warden is/.Barbara J.Kirkmeyer
Weld County Clerk to the Board Barbara J.Kirkmeyer,Chair •
(SEAL) /s//Georos E.Baxter
George E.Baxter,Pro-Tern
BY: /s/. Shelly K. Miller •
Deputy Clerk to the Board /s/.Dale K.Hall
Dale K.Hall
APPROVED AS TO FORM: /s.Constance L.Harbert
Constance L.Harbert
/s/.Bruce T.Barker
County Attorney
/s/.W.H.Webster
W.H.Webster
Initial Publication: February 1,1996,in the North Weld Herald
First Reading: March 4, 1996
Publication: March 7, 1996,in the North Weld Herald
Second Reading: March 18, 1996
Publication: March 21,1996,in the North Weld Herald
Final Reading: April 1,1998 •
Publication: April 4, 1996,In the North Weld Herald
Effective Date: April 9, 1996
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