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Home My WebLink About881743.tiff ran a i *.; — Neatth Impacts Asress.nan• 25 flqure4 t y1&'jtont) Generation and *)Grat4orr,frorryMdr'btf ._ Ti 10) Confined Aquifer Z i A �.. z ,r ♦ 4: . Pt J rrAed f9 5 i1 " •5r 351':' :' •. �r� ,.. 4 r ' '�' f'w.». „ • " r• • ' • �A r i Y •I f Vl I 1 i x' YF�.yyl,Vile r•tiu'''S .4�. 1 /. n. v Y. ,�i. ws r'-7, .....0.,""w r «,. ,I "' -*Tito ye Mn ti .57!11,1'V"P * x N 5 i rt•err-►, I,M� �r es. ,r [(�'>Yn� xM`" 4r 1 n wYr rw w". jara'f' Mt'ou w ^, nii :cr ry 71,1. ' r. y ,WrryYi h1l'0".rtrCnl" w+ S��1��,�rt�k'# " "'+,'� err?: r I r ' . ,n5x yxa I.j ira✓"i` N",Y'""'"' +ly 14;,>1*1. q1 H ; k r" «r ,,.ww ri'oto R ' In`.fi, ,a , ',..", ,, , 5 w r : r 2 In F�' rY' r �^'�I F • e •9 , rli x r,,,•4�ruf' {W@1'i P7 #y11w%J �BEA a`uY15Tyh' Ix? Qr4.1rr rJt %' '.S 'C• x � . . �� r r i "r'. 5 4. .'',1-,,,,,,•44.11,11;„'; J f c �° • ,r i , . 5 v a v I! r 1 Y .^ �••1 r41t1 � ls<; ? t 7+ �`'r, •Q •�5 '.fry ) .t 5c ` . °.r t4 'W r. Leaond I , •7 ^1 ag4)lor(�Nater OndhCtfn ' I ▪'.,..:;:.i. • Aqunaro(not avatar oo�duccrq) :'w:_ • Groundvekteraevel • . . SSCAP12A22Gae26 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 .. -1 �. ---. , i � .. ' /Health Impacts Assessment µ 26 1. S.eolydrplogical Model and COmuyyer Cope' �.' ' a. Tran'port Model . • r ! ' FORTRAN code EXACT was created by Dr. van Genuchten of U.S. Department of Agriculture Salinity Laboratory. Riversiue, California. It is an ' J, ' analytical solution to a partial differential equation describing the . transport of contaminant through an aquifer 4 at ax2 ax i o' where: '---) • c - solution concentration' j p V •B•• � ; • • x - distance away from source. ° "I t - ti;ru v - interstitial velocity of groundwater movement . p� . .. : - (i x K)/p aI where i .. hydraulic gradient I! K - hydraulic conductivity of aquifer a o: • n p - effective porosity of aquifer o (i,k,p are site data.). ° C• i ° R - retardation factor of contaminant , a (R is assumed 1, meaning,no retardation.) ' 0 - dispersion coefficient (Used estivate) N - first order decay rti (In this case, this term is radioactive decay.) e , a y - zero order production term [•1 • • (In this case, this term is zero.) r • *_ .r3"(•d4 Characteristics of the contamination source were conveyed to the com puter model through specifying boundary conditions. )°a 2'3' EXACT was chosen because of its simplicity, straightforward software implementation, numerous related publications. b. Well His'tr ulics Two well models were used, one for a confined aquifer and the other .for ah unconfined aquifer. They describe the "cone of depression' in the ;(, �� groundwater level around a pumped wall. ° • A confined aquifer is one that is sandwiched between two layers of impervious rock. An unconfined aquifer sits on one layer of impervious c1 rock with no overlying impervious layer. The equations used to describe - '.°' the water flow from a well in each of these•-two. conditions are as Follows: `2 SSCAPIZA2Z863Z7 DEIS'VolumeiV-Appendix'12 J as n ' r �.� 1. Health impacts Assessment 27 . For a well in a confined aquifer:' • Q . 2xKD(h2-h), ln(r2/r1) Where: 0 - pump rate or flow from well • K - hydraulic conductivity J - height of aquifer ; r2 - two radial distances away from fl ' h1, h2 - heights of piezometric surface at rl and r2• For a well in an unconfined aquifer: Q _ •X K(h2-hQ • ln(r2/rl) For each site, a cone of depression was first estimated; yielding 'an estimate of the hydraulic gradient near the pumped well and the height of piezometric surface at 160 ft (50 m). The dilution factor was computed as the ratio of the front surface of the contaminated soil block (3'.m x 4 m'-"12 sq. m) to the total area of a cylindrical shell concentric to the 'axis of the 'well with a radius of 160 ft (50 m) and a height equal to the height of the piezometric sur- face at a radial distance of 160 ft (50m)' (2 x 50 m 'x height of' piezo- metric surface at 160 ft [50 m)). EXACT was run to simulate the transport of Na-22 and H-3 from radial distance 160 ft (50 m) away to the center of the well within the cone of depression, yielding concentrations of the two radionuclides as func- tions of time. Concentration values of Na-22 and 14-3 as functions of time at the center • of the well were multiplied by the dilution factor, arriving at the estimate of concentration of Na-22 and 11-3 in the weir water. An internal dose assessment was performed for a scenario Jr which well water is drawn from a well 50 meters away from the theoretical block of radiologically contaminated soil/rock. and is ingested by an Individual. Using ICRP and NCRP guidelines, arruaL dose equivalents were calculated for both a one-day intake and a continuous, one-year Intake of well water containing the maximum concentration of contami'nation. The total dose equivalent over 365 days from a ene-day intake of-H-3 or Na-22 was calculated using the following equation: SSCAP12A2288828 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 A • Health Impacts Assessment 28 no .1id o f H - 73.5-E A0 TE ( 1 - e-0.693(3651E) J,,. Where: , t H • Total dose equivalent for one year (rem/yr) E - Effective absorbed energy per dtrintagratiaar(MeV) A0 Total body burden (sCi) - Radionuclide coneentrati,oa (pCi,1m1) au.defy.Intake. (s I4dalt) b , 1 (the daily intake of water. fee a standard.man 4s assumed.to be 1700 ml/day) TE - Effective half-life (days) • G - Weight of the critical organ (grams) Values for the. major parameters: used in the ca3culetions are.l}shed iln Table During operation of the SSC, the possibilities for beam loss will be very carefully. } n.i monitored.. If a been loss incident does. a roves- ,' tigatica to determine the extent of. resul.tiog,.groundwater comtaSnatior would be conducted_ This,would' not be expected to be a. sertous probl. m. however.. For example, int the, fallowing, paragraphs, the. concentration of ' r F radionucl.idex adjacent tu. the tunnel- for an acctdental fun/beam loss at. • P ' the Michigan site was calculated to be 51.81 pCL/ml' far Ne-22 asd L9G.4& pCi/ml for H-3. This is to be compared to the EPA standards of • 0.5 pCi/ml for Na-22' (proposed) and. 0.5 pCi/m1 for N.3_ Although, there appears to be a large affect. this is mt. the case for the feat hewing two. reasons. First, the accidental beam loss is a, one-time. not. a continuous, process, and the EPA standards are based on conti.*rArg ingestion of the quoted concentrations for an entire year. Second, these cercentratlwns are just" outside• the. tunnel• wall. we-1,1 within the SSC controlled zone, and will migrate, and be d%flusa6 n discussed: in the following paragraphs. The annual internal dose equivalent for each" radionuclide was calculated based on the proposed. USDA National, Primary-Drinking. Water- Regulations for Radionuclides (40• CFR 14.1, September• 30,. 1:986}-whiah. specify that. the combination- of all man-made radionuclides in a drinking wetter smolt/ • cannot result in dose that. exceeds. 4. mren/yr. TM methodology used to . estimate the, annual effective dose equlivelient tar man-mad. radionuclides is al so, based on. the 1CRP 30,dosimetric. modal.. This mode- assents. that. a concentration in drinking water of 9&.000 pC.ijT.,or• tritium, or 500, • pCi/1 of Na-22 will result in a dose equivalent of 4 mrem/yr if an individual uses that water as the sole source of potable-water. • , b ` SSCAPk2A7 'S29. DEIS Volume IV ApviS1x:)Z ',.; ::, , • Health Impacts Assessment 24 • Table 1Z.L3-4: INPUT DATA FOR.TOTAL:DOSE EQUIVALEIIT:CALCULATION ;tate Site Data Source • CO K - 8.64 m/day Rold. Colorado Geological Survey 1988. H - 10.67 m Bateman 1988. Q - 9.08 m3/day (Estimated based on 10 gal/min for 4 h/day) Bateman 1988. p - 20 % gold. Colorado Gelogical Survey 19is8. d - 50 m (Estimate) Anderson 1984. unconfined aq Bateman 1988. • • IL K - 0.0864 m/day Kempton et a1. 1987. • H - 60.96 m Bateman .1988. Q - 9.08 m3/day (Estimated based on 10 gal/min • for 4 .h/day) Bateman 1988. • p - 8.65 % Conroy et al . 1988. . d - 50 m Estimate. Anderson 1984. confined aq Bateman 1988. D - 91.44 m Bateman I988. M1 K - 0.;469 m/day (0.4818 ft/day) Gilbert/Commonwealth INC. 1988. H - 60.47 m (198.3 ft) Bateman 1988. p - 19.3 % Gilbert/Commonwealth INC: 1988. Q - 9.08 m3/day (320 ft3/day) (Estimated based on 10 gal/mitt for.4 h/day), Bateman 1988: - • d - 50 m (160 ft) (Estimate) Anderson -1984. • - Unconfined aq Bateman 1988. TN K - 0.03048 m/day Mercer 1988.- H . 45.1 m Bateman 1988. p - 10 % Mercer 1998. Q - 9.08 m'/day (Estimated based on 10 gal/min for 4 h/day) Bateman 1988: d - 50 m (Estimate) Anderson 1984. unconfined aq Bateman 1988. SSCAPI2A2288830 DEIS Volume IV Appendix112' Health Impacts Assessment 30 • Table 12,.13'-4F'1C.It)1 INPUT: DATA.FOR.TOTAL DOSE V 1flWt CALtiTiLtLlli6': ; ' 1 $tatq, $1te Data Source NC K -• 0..3890. m/day Law EnginwlAngtJbb-lie. J47287-2460 Packer Tests Results 1980. - H - 54.48 m . Batemam L9881. p - 3 % Nerab Cattlos.Drparlment of'Natural Resources and Community Deeelopaent':• 1983. Q - 9,.08'm}/day (Estimated: based. owl* gal/min for 4 h/day) Bateman 1988. d - 50 m (Estimate) Anderson 1984. Uncenffned art 8atemaw. D988. Notes. Site-specific terms used in the well hydreulloaasdiameeteta K hydraulic canduceimtty N height on pest nstwic-wr141s 0 moo eaU, p effective porosity. D thickness of agut r d longitudinal dlspereivity Assumoylons Used in the Models 1) Retardation factor was• set to "1," assuming no removal sE' radio- nuclides during transport. 2) Amount of radionuclides available far teamspart•is1. ftaite. Tha11,is, • after a certain duretton' of time, there n1%a1T, be nolrore radionuclides available aR the, soave for transport. 3) Conservative but representative values for hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity were chosen. 4) A one 4imensional transport.model was used, eliminating tie•dil'uting effect of transverse dispersion. (3t was observed for some cases that a 3-dimensional model yielded concentration values: about one tenth et' the results yielded by the one. ddmensional mode4..p• • SSCAPI2A2288a3a, • DEIS Volume IV App ad8ic 17t Health Impacts Assessment 31 5) Pumped well it functioning at steady' state. That means-that the well has been in operation for some time before: the occurrence of beam loss. 6) For each site, aquifer and well ;:baractertstics, an onttoer 431.- through space and timr„ including: hydraulic cond+rCttettx. .eifectiv porosity, aquifer geometry,. pomp rate of win,. and dtsperstivityr. 7) Regardless to the possi'btlt$ty that the.SSC.'tunnel mtght to somas extent impede the flow of groundwater, It.tam amused, theft it. will net distort the symmetry of the cone of depression associateacwitb the well,. 8) At the source, a "plug-flow" scenario was assumed. That is, radio- nuclides will be "picked up" by groundwater on one passing. For exam- ple, if interstitial velecittt ifs; )r stridayand tbecooterrinated swSl/rock block has length 66 ft *21' NY,. it will ta1e 20 days t. deplete all the radionuclides. 9) 0ispersivfty of aquifer material was assumed to be 160. ft (5A' q for all the sites... Dlsperstwity- has valves rogtngf from 0.2 ft (0.1 ma to. 330 ft (100 m) (Anderson, r984). 10) Groundwater flow was assumed parallel to the:66 ft (10 nap length, of the contaminated': soft/rock block_ Thus, dtluti:on factor was.computed' as, the ratio between, the front surfacer art a- of the coetamibiatect sell/irock block (3 m x 4 m a 12 run and the total' surface area of the czelindricat soil/rock shell under the cone of depression at 160 ft (50 m) radial distance away from the well. Also, as discussed 1n assumption 8, the source was "turned off" after a duration of the ts. where, tp - 66 ft. (20 ml./' (tnterstiiti al vel.oc!ty) For example, for the tticbinyan interstitial. velocity, being 0.0239 ft/4 (0.007'29.m/da ) to - Sb ft (2O n). ( Q.023S ft,[dapr 2743.5. days 11) Graun&gater movement, eau assumed berizoMaT. 12) Aquifers were assumed horizontally infinite. 13) Nap-22 has 20% leachability.. if-3L 304x• CJacksoe, 1987•).. It was assumed that the leached radionuclides are completely waterborne, im particular, moving, water.. Therefore„'conceatraattorr at the source, Cs,,, was computed by divid1ng the wrest of leethect roar:no ]ides by tbet total amount of moving water present in the contaminated sock/rack 1 block. For example, for the Michigan site, with effective porosity of the aquifer being 19.3%, Cs for Na-22 - 2.4 x 10' pC1_/ (3 m x 4 m x 20 m x 0.193) 51.7 pCi/ml SSCAPITA2286932: DEIS Volume IV Appescibc. 72` I I Health Impacts Assessment 32 Cs for H-3 - 9.1 x 10* pCiv/ (3 m x 4' m x 20 m x 0.193) - 197 pCi/ml 14) Consideration of mass balance of radionuclides was not used to limit the amount of radionuclides (counted, in: pCi) available at the source. In effect, the transport and well models were fed,an amount of radio- nuclides some orders of magnitude higher than what was actually avail- able. This analysis is in, this conservative. In actuality, a• pumped well near the beam loss could remove most of the radionuclides within a short period of time. 2. Results Assumption 10 stated that groundwater movement was assumed parallel to the 66-ft (20-m) length of the contaminated soil/rock block. When this assumption is violated, higher concentrations at the well could result. At the worst case, when water flow is about perpendicular to the 66-ft (20-m) length. concentrations at the well could be about 7 times higher than the parallel case. Increasing the concentration by 7 times, it was observed that all are still below EPA standards for Na-22 and H-3 in community drinking water. For example, the highest values for radio- nuclide concentration in a well at 50 m, assuming parallel movement only, are 0.06 pCi/mi for Na-22, and 0.35 pCi/ml for M-3. Multiplying those by 7 gives 0.42 pCi/ml for Na-22,- ano 2.45 pCi/mi for H-3.• The EPA standards are 0.5 pCi/ml for Na-22, and 90-pCi/ml (proposed). for. H-3. The concentration of tritium (Na-22) in a well 160 ft (50 m) from the radioactivated soil/rock block increases with elapsed time and reaches a maximum level before it decreases. The- plots .of concentrations of H-3 and Na-22 vs elapsed time for Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, and Tennessee are illustrated in. Figure 12.4.1-1 ' through Figure 12.4.1-10 respectively. The maximum concentration levels for H-3 and Na-22 for the aforementioned sites are summarized in Table 12.2.3-5. Texas and Arizona were not included in this analysis.. At the proposed SSC site in Arizona, the local aquifer is below the tunnel depth (Hollett 1987). A similar situation exits at the proposed Texas site, although some small , perched alluvium aquifers in streambeds have been observed. The annual dose equivalents for the two different intake scenarios are summarized in Table 12.2.3-6. .The annual dose equivalents indicate the radionuclide concentration in a nearby well lC4 ft (50 m) away if used for normal daily consumption of water for an entire year would range from 0.0098 to 0.50 mrem, as compared to the •prablic drinking water stan- dard of 4 mrem. SSCAP12A2288833 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12' Health Impacts Assessment 33 i M - ot 2 1 r O. ;. ✓,, N N ✓ g w .. I m .. a .n ur m r. a , =i .-. " r 1p N O !' O p 2 a ... t •I � r J : 1 a O ✓ O I .410 m N , X r .▪ 'Or A e S or W p • 0 S ✓. * .n �s • W '" 2 to o N 7i ' m Y N X W 1. H . IN O " m r t '� "' ~ i e n. w :o' 8 aC 7r a ... .. .. h . a r -• C 00 • IL/ a m 0 1 e �~^ .6 x g a ry . m V 5 O ' . w ... . I " w . O y St a- pp per. •p w[ +J v� 5. 5�'b s s % w1K 8 . i 8 ' g -8v `„. ,y 4.co Z3 • 'i ■ C"yy__' S i 2 `. .P .o.M Oy. n Sya O•Y. 4~ OY t"- F K • u' . -K "-1 ii r"a g a w g' w I T W " I SSCAP22A2283834 0EIS Volume IV Appendtx'I2 "' Assessment of Health Impacts 34 TABLE 12.2.3-6 4 ANNUAL DOSE EQUIVALENT FROM CONTAMINATED GROUND:ATER Co IL Al NC TN Na-22 Como. in well water (pCi/ml) 0.042 0.0051 • 0.0013. 0.060 0.0012 Annual dose equivalent for one day intake (mrem) 0.00126 0.000153 0.000039. 0.00'48 -0.000036 Annual dose equivalent for continuous intake - (mrem) 0.341 0,041 0.010 0.048 0.0096 Conc, in well water (pCi/ml) 0.24 0.076 0.027 0.35 0.043 Annual dose equivalent �" for one day Intake (mrem) 0,000048 0.0000152 0.0000054 0.00007 0.0000086 Annual dose equivalentfor continuous intake .._, (mrem) 0.011 0.0034 - 0.0012. 0.016 0,00019 .._ MAC • Conc. in well water (pCi/ml) __ _- -- _. Annual dose equivalent for one day intake - • (mrvm) 0,0013 0.00017 0.000044. 0.0019 0.000045 Annual dose equivalent for continuous intake (mrem) 0.35 0.044 0.011 0.50 0.0098 • SSCAP12A2288836- DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 , Assessment of Health Impacts 35 D. Transportation of RaCioactjyg baterjalt. . ; 1. RADTRAN III The RADTRAN III code was designed to analyze the radiological impact of the transportation of radioactive material. The code combines meteoro- logical, demographic, health physics, transportation, packaging, and material factors to evaluate risks in, both incident-free..and. actual incident situations (Madsen 1983, 1986; Neuhauser 1986). A RADTRAN :II tape and a personal computer version were obtained from Sandia National Laboratory. An on-line and menu-driven version of RADTRAN III is also available on TRANSNET from Sandia. Automatic route selection and distance calculation are available on TRANSNET. The on-line features are not used in this evaluation. The program was written in Fortran with a free format input. The pro- gram was benchmarked with a supplied sample problem. Default values for certain parameters are available from the program. 2. Transportation Qf Low-Level Radieactjve Waste Input parameters pertaining to the SSC application are shown in Table 12.2.3-7. As indicated in the table, the input parameters that differ among sites are the total distance between the originating point and the destination and the percents of rural, suburban, and urban travels. Among the three factors, distance, population density, and accident rate per distance travelled, the distance is dominant. Factors that would reduce the the impact of the transportation of low- level radioactive waste are: o Minimization of distance The destination point for the shipments of LLRW from the SSG is assumed to be Richland, Washington, as is the current prac- tice in other DOE-operated national laboratories 'and as pro- vided for in the Low-Level Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. Disposal at a regional compact site when it is avail- able and acceptable would lessen the travel. o Minimization of source term Waste minimization program would produce a reduction in total cures shipped as well as volume of waste. The emphasis on recycling of activated materials, substitution of materials that when being activated would result in radionuclides of shorter half-lives, storage for decay, sorting, and compaction are means to reduce the amount and volume of LLRW to be transported. SSCAPIZA2288837 DEIS Volume IV Appendix. l2 Assessment of Health Impacts 36 Table 1;2.2.3-7 RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS Principal Input Parameters 'to the AADTRAN Program' • AZ CO r It MI • NC TN TX • Total distance to DOE facilities, Richland, WA (km) 2830 1980 3190 3570 4540 3730 3270 Percent rural 88 90 88 86 ' 85 87 88 Percent suburban 10 9 10 r 12 12 11 10 Percent urban 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 Number of shipments per container type"'• Drum 1C Box 2 Total number of shipments** 12 Number of containers per shipment** Drum 80 • Box 18 Transport mode for exclusive use** Truck Transport index** (mrem/hour) Drum . 0.0S' Box 0,4 • SSCAP12A2288838 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 ;r L • • :r. : .Assessment of Health Impacts 37 Table 12.2.3-7 (Cont) RADI0L0GICAL..ASSESSPIENTS .• Principal Input Parameters to, the RA.DTRAN•.Program, . , • • AZ CO IL MI NC TN TX Number of crewmen** • 2 per trip Estimated total distance to regional compact (km)* 1056 NA - 528 NA 480 NA 1120 Amount of radioactivity (Ci) in a single container** Drum 0.01 Box 0.07 , Principal radionuclide** • • NA-22 Total energy of gamma radiation emitted per disintegration (Mev)** 0.92 Radioactive half-life** (days) 942 NA - Not App)Soablo *Sae Appendix 10, Table 10.1.3-16 Status of Regional Compact LLRM Disposal facilities...Exact looationa for the planned disposal facilities are not koobie. • "Values the ern for all sites. SSCAP12A2288839 DEIS ,Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment-of Health Impacts 38 o Solidification of lasts` Solidification of wattt 1w'aondfapersibMetform would minimize the impact of a transportation incident. The Class A LLRW from SSC is expected to be disposed of in solid form. Any radioactive liquid wastes, i.e., trittated water from. closed- loop coolinc. systems or oil from vacuum pumps, could be solidified by mixing with cement. The following assumptions are made in the application of RADTRAN III program: o The SSC LLRW is shipped in nondispersible solld,form. o Pedestrians are exposed and people inside buildings receive a reduced exposure. o The analysis is for both.incident-free. and accident scenarios. • o The handling of the drum and box is categorized according to the sizes indicated in Appendix 10. The drum is assumed tot be handled with forklift. The box is assumed to be handled with— heavy equipment. o The principal nuclide is Na-22. o There are 2 drivers per trip. o Stop time is one hour for every 200 mi, which is equilmlent to 2.84 x 10-" h/km. Default values from the program are used for some noncrit.ical,.parameters , because their values are readily available and reasonable. The mime- _ tiers that take on the default values furnished in the program are: o Population density for rural, suburban, and urban. o Velocity in rural, suburban, and urban-zones. o Number of persons exposed while shipment is stopped. o Average exposure distance while shipment is stopped.. , . o Storage time per shipment. o Number of persons exposeed during storage. o Average exposure distance while shipment is stored. o Average number of persons in the other vehicles on the road while en route. SSCAP12A22G8O40 DEIS Volume IV Appendix"22' , Assessment of Health Impacts 39 I o Fraction of urban kneel-:during ra,tour. I o fraction 4f mural and agburban,trieveT,on:rfemeways, . , o Traffic count in rural, suburban, and etas aomels to,unit of_ one-way vehicles/hour. , l ! o Ratio of 1 pedestrian density to population dens+i y Fri'et�ben zones. o Building shielding factor for suburban and urban zones. There is an inherent characteristic in the 'RADTRAM 23I program to over- estimate the exposure value. In the evaluation of the results for the SSC inputs, the total exposure value of two crewmen ;(artuere) (was checked to verify whether the program result is believable. From the Fermilab data, which were actual measurements as indicated in Section ' ', 10.1 of Appendix 10, the approximate total exposure dose for the two t r' crewmen was calculated. The result as compared in the rogram result. The transport index was adjusted to account for self-shielding by thecontainers and the different .distances. fromeach' aintalmer to a dose 4 j ,. point in a Shipment. The program-furnished values corresponded well with Fermilab experience. 12.2.3.2 Hazardous/Toxic Materjals i'. Source terms for aims were sktrapo3ated freer other 3aboratery date. Fermilab data wre the primary .source.. SARs will 'be prepared for analysis of construction and operations of the SSC and for evaluation of detectors as detailed desdgee income . available. J, 12.2.3.3 yMccjdrnt Analysis This assessment focuses on credible accident scenarios involving radia- tion, cryogens, and fire during operation of the•SSC.. like potential con_ sequences of these accidents mere a alvated and anittgs#ime mpeasares that are already a. partrof the SSC design, or Vatic-00d be implemented, are discussed: 12.3 HEALTH Xmas FROM NORMAL GAMMONS The SSC Central Design Croup (CDG), in its Safety 'Review .pscuaest tSRD', has identified and evaluated potential hazards inherent in the SSC project independent of its siting. ( for the SRD SSC CDG the SSC Conceptual Design Report and related) The is studiesSFor each of the hazards identified, the SRO describes mitigative measures incorpo- rated in the design of the facilities and in the structuring of the laboratory operations. . , SSCAP12A228884A DEIS Volume IV ADpe ic 42h . • • i Assessment of Health Impacts 40 In addition, the COG will prepare a 'supplementary document which addresses potential hazards during the installation phase (potentially taw greatest concentration of workers In the tunnel). This hazard evaluation will be performed just prior to the start of installation activities, after DOE has been able to define certain factors which will • greatly influence those activities. (SSC COG 1988) 12.3.1 Radiological 12.3.1.1 Pubiic.tltalth The pathways for exposure to the general public from radiation or radio- active material associated with the SSC are: o Direct radiation from the facility o Air disperson of radionuclides o Migration of radionuclides in water o Transportation of radioactive materials along public roads. A. Direct Radiation The primary motivation for locating the SSC relatively deep underground with provisions for unoccupied zones around the machine is to take advantage of the radiation-shielding properties of earth. Radiation is stopped by earth. The denser the earth, the shorter the distance radia- tion travels. Therefore, the dose equivalent contribution from direct radiation is based on the shielding properties of the soil/rock cover. Streaming from access shafts is not considered since shielding employed. in the interaction halls and labyrinth design will effectively eliminate this source. Projected dose equivalent are presented in Table 12.3.1-1 B. Air Pathways The CAAC codes were used to assess the impact to- the general public from radionuclides in the airborne effluent from the interaction regions and the service facilities during SSC operation. The impacts include the contribution of both activation products produced in operation of the SSC and natural radon and radon progeny which are vented.from_the under- ground structures. Radon and its progeny contribute the major fraction of the dose equivalent rates. In this assessment, no engineering.con- •• , trots such as filters are assumed. • • SSCAP12A2288842 DEIS Volume. IV Appendix 12' ' Assessment of Health Impacts 41 flb!r RZr3.I- ' ANNUM. DOSE IMUIV C [FEW Otc6CX 4r1VI1PCI01P Parameter ''PrOOO edillte .. 41t 00 HADR • Deem absorber A depth ft (er, 50(45) 4100(60) 400(140) 130(40), ,70'(217: ,. 270(82) . , 00(1'x7 4 Annual dose eq. mram 0.0t 0.02 .0.001 40.001 •0.002 +0.'001. . 40.001•at surface above beam .. • absorber f fUTROM N n1ryIC Interaction hell (IH) - - Location K5 K5 K1 K1 K0 K2 K1 Depth ft (a) 00(0) 30(0) 350(740) • 7107(14) 40(12)] 250(10) 100S'3o) Annual dose eq (mrem) at the boundary of the conbrel led*area- 40.001 ✓0.004 .-0,0(11 •41001 40401. '40:001 40.001 Deem absorbers depth ft (km) 30(15) '10,(!00 -400(140)" 100(10) 70(21) "470(02) 00(441 Dose eq_ lemma) at depth of beam plane 20 - 5 0.0.... "0.0• : 'O.OI 0106 ' t I NTERACT1ptPPGI01( . ... Oon eq. (wnn) " at depth of She beam plane 7 2 -0.4 0.4 •0.006 044 0.4 MAIN BEAM CLEANUP Pose eq. lemma) at depth of tS beam plane 0.2 0.-00 OMB 0.000 - 40.001 440.001 'OAP SSCAP32A22 .34 • DEIS Volume IV Aypetr4*t t • Assessment of Health Impacts 42 - The derived dose equivalents include the-Internal exposure resulting from ingest•.on and inhalation of radionuclides, as well as external exposure from photons emitted by,:radionucLides'exterior. t0,the. body. Positrons and electrons are not usually sufficiently energetic to con- tribute significantly to whole-body dose. Skin doses from these par- ticles were not included in the calculations. The weighted sums of organ dose equivalent rate and the average gonadal dose equivalent for a selected, individual and the'mean individual in the cohort population are summarized in Tables 12.3.1-2 and 12.3.1-3. It • should be noted that "selected individual"refers to the worst-case imaginable situation in which this individual is constantly standing in the worst place for an entire year. "Mean individual" refers to the.- average (mean) dosage any given ,individual might-expect to receive in a year. Also, the collective population in the area of the proposed sites is addressed in the site-specific dose-equivalent rate in Tables 12.3.1-4 through 12.3.1-17. The average annual maximum individual dose equivalent rates at the site. boundary of the 16 directional sectors for any proposed site were less than one-tenth of a mrem/yr. The dose equivalent rate is reduced dra- matically with increasing distance away from the release point as noted in Tables 12.3.1-14 through 12.3.1-31. The exposure and lung cancer risk from radon and its progeny are pre- sented in Tables 12.3.1-32 and 12.3.1-33. The equilibrium factor is assumed to be 0.7. Risk equivalent factors for a particular health effect were used to estimate risk. A risk equivalent factor is derived by calculating the ratio of: . a) . the • number of times a particular health effect is observed in the cohort based on a unit exposure rate of the nuclide of interest, to b) the num- ber of times the same health effect would be expected to occur from a hypothetical low-LET radiation dose rate of 1 mrad/yr. These factors have been developed for both fatal cancers and genetic effects from radiation exposure. The life table methodology implemented in RADRISK, in its present form, does not consider a "real" population. It con- siders a hypothetical population which has similar probabilities of health equivalent to the U.S. population census. The cancer mortality rate may change with time, ethnic distribution, age distribution, sex distribution, present health conditions, personal hygiene. previous exposure to carcinogens, and life styles. The outputs should not be interpreted as predicting future health effects in a real population. The projection should be only viewed as if the cohort population lives its entire existence during a period when mortality rates are not chang- ing. In the calculation of dose rates, the metabolism rates for the radionuclides were constant for all ages. All dose rates were calculated for reference organs whose,weights are typical for an adult weighing 70 kg. SSCAP12A22SS844 . DEIS Volume IV Appendix--12t -:,: Assessment of Health Impacts 43 II (m b 0 O O b b P” V. ^ N o O N 0 N 0 _ n 00 VI or or ea M ASK ph- e o e o ..t r tor 11 lY Ch. so NV Y enNN e . OD LI S S8 Z A2 t : ° :: 0 qoM 00 L~ a O 6 N N No l}( 0 0' 'd4 A N • NIA N t P. T M 10 Ok .ry 0 0 CO F G` -• R. M M� .O^ 4.f1 ^ $O N W 0 0 •00 r. O 4 co - I- `1 V in V M W o te a Nr o p ^W W O 0 1 M a er 3 0 0 e0 w N NOS . rn SZ - ka b o C OI N �p gyp 2 e. 47 Oq O ex 2 4n Q e o 40 w ey ft O. W P- 0 w O 4 . O. y 1 u x. tic b... '- ) . . 6.e W 0 • p1 m d e• r .. oft a 3-0 fi w e e Y� s N (� Y . d so ki: IY�uY 1.!i. Y3 W t '% fl8. 'a,. ew J D 4^ C. 70 L co P-+ SSCAP12A22BSS4S DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 44 • we r i q q CI b M ^ M . Y a x g . Q W- .I o o S. d . w . Vi n 3' M r to VI o a b o o W • Cs.O 10 .+ - 6 la- O O n w ti Le w LIG tall • r a( N O W o n o i e r• tat we In Y g 3 N 1 A a.W O O 4 ti A "A A .'OC ''- CC KW I' K .▪c R d .: co e 81 r o .a o . m a .:, DEMI 4 x 04 m p A n� O g 2 ea m.d I.. O O P V Y w c - I-s N yam'c1 •_. C I— .(aX . IPC Y 4 N on St CP W a•a Y a a .O - lei L N} • 2— r" - N S 1 O q O 4 0 0 A 0 W r V d I • N N pi t pN I0 „ Ji ! V M O 1- M o ! c,&x . -, e Sit 1— I rJ .`• ww u 4 ....1 5.., 4 s.., p4 4 _4 M<4 v~y..7 4ycu" Q22 .. n.. Myu.:,-. l SSCAP12A2288846 DEIS Volume IY 'Appendix-12' ' .:.:,', 12-,.' .-Assessment of,Health 'impacts- ;4S. .. .,> .. A N • a I� .gyp . a N 0 O 1 a h 6 O 9 f V O ti tl a V 6 2 !• !f a a °" .r 3I� c _ N... c r 0 P P b a IA V A a se C CP n i3/47, .u o_ n e ' a a 4 4 " co la An • i r a a v • •• . e d . N n a n a q C N a .5 w a Oat * V Y 7 ar Q Cl 0 0 _ a. r, <• • U x 5 2 F a et. r n C I T O N •ti N I- P c ca 0 a a a t n M .. • w • Rai O. - u) C� .K. , • •i all O N a Y H k AY CJ N n o e o a e N x' N a H x w .t 0 ,.;:t •-• • •i .7_. v - a N a • n -. d nl �. w tl. N It... tl del la 00 0C O 1- a o o_ n O e an W�.. 4. P O N .A N OI W y T a N an 7 'i. . p a a n ...• r r . _ 1 � .n . 8 a V N' a a 0. A Oa V N r w ^ a N a Ca 0 _ n a nit 111 sm. 4-4 m o n w ci O w o •ti o a e o a a t k` O N a Y N aAaa t C G in 1 _ �� W a • W Oan a of x .-t x $ x ' Al . s 8 aq V .•-. fl a N a 4 Oa O gg gg 2g :c 3 • 2 q $-. . 4.1 EW &- ':Ss a s .,J .M yy; s.g $ t ..¢.r t { xi ; S .. c 38 K.r Jail r x SSCAP12A2288847 , - DEIS Volume 3V;Append$x, iT- Assessment of Health Imparts 46 Et I wR • 0 4 V a�py qry� �IM1yy ..:1 O O O e •s _ N le A h A p a_ a_ O. 9_ O• •.a_ A ` 4 X.. M1 k O N W �TY — - .v. N, i 48o 1/41/4 Ci N O V4 r a '1 N � _ 9 J1 O m • ✓ V1 K o o -a Al 1/4 W ae a = ui o o 0 ' '+ I m e n o e b4-4 T Cie y1 n W e ..:. NIn 0 4 a el o .2 4IP K �.. 4 m 2 r .. A V r r Y t 40 J1 p a CO a X 01 pe 1.1 O 1 « 14 J V W N a V .'' it... w a N S 4 N WI k p• ( Si `j• J M N N N N 4 Y�] <. N 1_( 9 a Ny _y _ M W• 0 H 6 V ♦ ♦ m w - ▪ T h M 9 • W 01( 1.I.... , a[ �� 1 y - 10 a p e T X▪ I r 'f ^ a .. b a W I. f _ 4 .# k ' ' V N N M 0 0 .. N 'IS M i a sr..▪1 9 a 9 es 1 IO 0 _ 9 .. PP U N N 0) 3' P 1 1•4 N p A N 14 W 141.to 9 a., e- 4 9 17 m v -4 a s 2 I Q n 0 0* a N O W F. N ✓ a - a P - W 6 9 9 Co 9 n 0S . �1 = A 4 4 .•R„ 0' (J. / p p a O �. Cu 11 N 11 N 40 w . Ai s 5...t., d s $ V N W u fY W 2t o� 8 ok B t .+ k t r _ P ~ aZI A ' ;Ali .g a 3Ib 4II u � 8 5.y . g c s&0 .It It • r ?d L4 � ��.. _n'i �; � SSCAQ22A2288848 DEIS Volume IV Append4`x-fl Assessment of Health Impacts: '47 N 7 C $ ▪ u2 r ctil O' O qa tl t e o m a Jr % a 0. P le tl se 40O. N O q 4 d Pa u o O le w .. Y Sal N T w M { o' o l.i .r a o _. K on T O A l.. N _ 6_y' oY 0 0ry_! 0 O I Z ION IIS r � w a. N r w g"l• W 2N T •P t w N IA a _ O_ A O O o d .Ya O cc: v n i M F 1D T T H yyTs si l�(l ys pt p r Z G 9 wAi tl 4 4.5. Y w O r I A 4.; w' N li w N N W w 0 n ee• �ll ' fi�b{{ w 7 .i n o 4. . 0 . S w ... se AO -o le .y r r 6' - is mi. C - ...04 a o _o N� m C A v k E. o tl O A - Q 4 y/ 7 p d ► a 4 a e • c. m m v ow A tl N. - M .y co. FFG .- r r 1 r 74 C Y y O 3.O - ,- 'O. ia wil is r •--e p 8 . !-D d SSCAP12A2288849 DEIS Volume W,Appendix. 12 210-&'.9 0 - as - 11 (BOOK 7) •. . Assessment of Health Impacts 48 q, �0 rti VI o m 6 O q p• 0 O O N_ me O. . A. A N O 40 C 6.. 6 Py so a -' Y., a F� N p H - 1a. /\ y tfi `I Sit N O tl, O N, $ 0 n . R • N O a IT N N IS ..4 K IS N V N . y2 2C Q a a . o o o a e AY en o y� O in I-IC N el N M q Q tl 8 en o a n 6 0 4 .r I s .. " J J wl d. O f W I•••• Y. N q as q O H . W .•y Y Cu .� M Y ♦. .. W N N N fV N N •. fel '4' N P 2 4 0 P o_ _ OG ,1 M r N w tl N r t u •Lf `n' Y n .r. OW q o CO Do S 10. « • fP. O P pT. 0' Y. - Y a. N .• N.l. F •T H V r w tl r .11 or o iJ P !i 7.• r • F .. M 4..4 VPYY •-• 0 w ^ C tl M I; q W W i N M r 4. ^ P .s. a O en en _e 0 Q .. 0 q N N el) W 0 tl IT 42. .-. q q A . 2n a 6 o e O P tl< inn q ~ f ' q 4 w .. r Y: .. . . N n c t.." W r e a a O tie a ti � p x a 2 p�., at T. Y AY• s Y. .y A i b IJ� Y _S A. pen _ Y y_ . ty ✓W rR`. Y1 .P MO N `. .'C`` CW tY YL �VQ yC . 4 N i A] S.Y.. Y I''ThS *11 }a.t X II SSCAP12A22888S0 DEIS Volume IV 'Appendix-12 '' • • ;I1 , _, - - • ?Assessment of Health.Impacts 49 N + 7 0 0 K H4. z '� O O K 5 0 0 on I�.. I . I^ a L a 7 S g F: A. 2 D- ar yr e w 4 ig o .Z 6� 3.. $ .s 4 4t 8 d r 4 0 S' q. ♦ R y a eu �N.. may. yO. H.. �Py Do 41 M o M d q N. O O . .▪l M1 0 R, M. 0 a r N 1 X' V N - 6 fl. �. ti A N N M t N R R C. t fr fA 4 O O O 4 O H N • W u e N- m - 4 CO ;.> w .ri .. . .i e . 4 y eti k O r R I, on T • W N a e a a _a. a e - CJ 1 Z - N «. « .t A A CI to ro .- - n r Pa CI • w a .Y cR a a g fl q TX < an e 1 r O. Y + N VI 0 H 0 0 .g R 0▪. ... Y. O.. N .. R - O • 3. V IA D P„„ yt P_ Oy sYq a S W 9 O A •. Y1 W. O w ~ . tl O I.1 1 O o a if .O - 4 O AY. w N 4. I. r_ a V A. Is qg1M r- n - .-.-. .- SSCAP12A2288851 - DEIS Volume IW-Appsadix 11/ Assessment of Health Impacts 50 M p ti N A g en a • r r MP o o .. us 7 a w M. r r. o a 6_ p on O X 3 m .O n w V a I M w Mr Y r r': * f1 O O A O . M 1,-. 4 b' \ d. Nl. ... y al me a f M' w Y_ Od + au 4 N 06 M N W A M CO i. N w w M ' 04y1. as b.0 or gratl Y II • h 0 O 1 M .-. - OC !. M1 ..A, Y , y N N w. W4 , - 'K o _� K 1 11 M .-. W r - ..• • wAw Y I. M ' N w o n 0 o 1 • u 8 4 r a N y N d 8. v in N d N p o p ti V 0 W en o w • a1 I\ M l m O O e p I in • .S Hi K . A m .%i Is r M .t m I Y w .o w w 4,• r dd r • r 6i W t O — Y - nr w o •tlk S • �0 V x. te N g _ Y —8 ) r 'le 3a' a r a a Nn.�T r . A tl • aO W w pp V yp, 71 Yj y tlNp �YN yyti� .M }O � JO .fv r �OJ �v g SSCAP12A2288852 DEIS Volume IV-Appendix 12'. • , . Assessment of Health Impacts 51 V • e. 1, �M Mp o V w h M p V a a' N a O _ .1. o a d a a a O N O -. O P E o y q p • z w o N a .14 . N p p' p N M C O a O O O 4 6N b_ Ya. 1- O A M � M W h a O ♦ w M a a V N 7 w a a w `.� a a m_ .. a ▪ py p V YI O J p ... 8 a a r p • p O ,.. W N r N .. , ',..7 N O IT! 4 -O O A w. • CC N _ J . 1 I' K a - T. W rte. w a r ui r 1 W ... N w w 7 N h /� p M W Y N a a a _O O e y .� P , %f w w W .. a ,,;.. ,., a F" Y 7 a w 1 Y ♦ e a J r a W !p{. ,pp1{.- ,M y i A N a b O O en V -. } 04( 0 O Wr N. N p S. p T _ v _Oy a a r N 41 N N a nl V n p f co O - O a , a p. r- .a a o 0 W .n a, _ P.' o ., nn 9 e V _ ncnc , w a a. N ' a N a fi t is Lg. 1" a g a K TJ 1 J ti, E 2 � w M A r •� Ov Y- Ov U ' a a ,2 —8. w as: 3 a 64 L ',I, C LL ' . p.J O^. F_ 2y Nna . ~ i)WO as yp')1 '�.. �. CO. A1.Y` y yQY1L �` Y SSCAP12A2Z88853 - DEIS Volume :IV--Appendfx•12 • p. Assessment.rof ileal'Ct►"Impacts 52 r r r 7 8 e_y a I . ry G a ^ O ....q 0 0. w. I YY•• si p Y T w 0 Y a b _ a "b O_. N '. .O-9 Y - N fi Q - O W i i N O w N - M-•h 7E Y .n v e 4. r; N k. M y r .z ld r , I R tl n. N H w n - w r w m. .O Y N O.. .M a J. y{ u h 7 .r . . K _ {V a rr.. m p b p. M a,.y W o[ oa 3 'Sc. o V ry o r 4 MI n e . wA 0 O tl p N ya d _p o_ o e a p t M p. w.- r .r .. .. •. t Vr o _O I. 6_ a p_I. O'. 00 m J -. y , J a Ol 4 a 'meY O ow V. I. U, M - T N tl O N. rl We . W N 6 . r aN N N N N rt L p O. - .^ O O O . a _ A x ' �, o .. ., m d .. K = n 41' w n tl N IC a o a o a 0 . e. 1 ~ W Z. I ' , qaf w o r Al r w N O.. N. r w w a. ' W V .n Y - a N .. b o 44 _e a o a o ? it la Y N. m 'n tl N W W Y w N .n v y) w e - h a s a p ` !� N O .+ O tl « N O W M/ p_ a. O O p b R6 O.. P d O 44 ., v3 ► Y V ; 2 S. F p..a p p`. a - p F 8 W 5s .4,1 . s a . 31' $2 SSCAAI2A2288854 0EIS Volume If Appendix 2.2 Assessment of Health Impacts 53 1 ,. . .. a :: b 4.?. Sgl a." q a ji N O C' YI. W' N N al . N i''. 4..., q ... q N • C a S. a a ` m P. N M. w w w A K 7 i. O - h._ I. N• a. 6.A a. t A . o ID .. a - o a N W aJ r No N N N N 7 f ppyy ryp w V a'. O a' N' M b ai 7 •. q o o O D _ J y1 4 W O K O A O q q "•• h le, p, O O a O_M 'O_ O T ti N D V P• W4 0. 4 .. a y as to, r N • I1 A .7. e N eK o m q 0 1.- w. . 1 - a w... p a• ... 1a i a •-•r. t i K K .Y O O n a, a..^ N Yl W t r f p a • N N7 N 7: N po PP. IM a in g n a op. a ^' 0. n 11•41 A ry p, ti N O 1t.O p qi T �b au. 5 C W "'1 O MI lel r tit ii, ir . l 9 Nit l as 4 5.1 •s Y • 9 p ii L a E _E � y it b IS 3-13 3 SSCAP12A2288855 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 12 . ��Cs ... .. . . Assessment of Health Impacts 54 i-al II V't.. a a 'l b O. e w r . �- 'n' p" ti , p -. _ •-,1 ..-4 a e b s. p. w 4. r or ?, ti 0. •••• r. . w or it r ,. _ S la r b• " 4 �" .'Y ; w - "� N r • coC at Se CJI r s a g g 11 o a w '+. wi y t w w at p is e p p d a e. e e sr- O O 2 N O Ir A A wit w 'e N w q p •. '-4 .m.� a _a O' _P e e 4 r1 � 40 44 an ' y � �' " - K ne m ▪' w X "•- w yJ « N N to. w 1 IV IJ�I V q N _, O V1� Y N Y.,. A _ x V Y el▪l et b 'Y Q " b tl w p e Y H 0 ir T O 4 . Q V O .. M. F. r st u 8 27 , « .ia n at w h P. 'o Y .e. 6 2 O_ O_ O_ Z " '� u o e 8. N OP Y a a W el 'n n .n N at a 0 a .. 0 e n e e ao d° W C. MPO . 'P ' .1. Y r ~ 0 Wa -. C. e " Q of p p 0 N es OC q N CSIP .or r t Y 21.?'.. S _ O� W is • its Z. W y O ` 8 b ♦ F y O Op F 2 M1 N. YW 3r' F �'t W V V V� SSCAPI2A2288856 DEIS Volume IV'AppeMir 12-' Assessment of Health Impacts 55 a M p g•II II 4 a r r '7 r e er • t. t . + • ► .. - y • Y .Vi O lepp 0. a p O y f Pr a. a' a lig S w . •. w. ... .. Olio ,... W t t a N �.. A 6_.. _O O_ 6.. 44 GP .. 'o- PI y[ P, 0 •. i1.. N4.; le N N - y 0 t s 0 6 in 0 0. tl.. 0. 'W 0 - ' • Ion M 0 y6y 0_ s v o n V .7 J 0. « r_ h.. ip ... w -: (sip W •- . Y/ W a A Q• 6. 0 111 p w. W N a .. .-. iy . .Ni O N Ch. w 4 N ca 6. i V M . ••••r •0 ^-. N. — w V 1.7. Vol .t tl W e 0 a i. e r1 r V b mM Pr 0 _ 7 tl r y, p' ti G n. o. . «... s.,, a e Ott er Jai Of PI 0 1 Of ca 0.H 6 IIJJ a. p6p P O . d S O A A .4 g K i 0 N V r r r . a T ft. e a e W 4e LP v p _ 0 S Y t 4S Sa S II/Pagi 'ar py p2 a* L C rs {.I'. Jr-W N �.. Y.i.' IMO Atl A� L. L - • L SSCAP72A22888SY GETS Volume IV-Appm6%x-'x2 %",! r „i r . . 114 it . friar,e. . .i Assessment of Health ,Impacts' 56 N. 7 .I N _ b t •p N..'.. a - N O O' O a 1 et O f m b A Y ! w N' a a a L a N, 7'. I A. ^ a O- P as P_r a e.ti.... o.• N ,n ' It n' a 4' P w -a te w _ .IC .Vo • N M.. T . . } tlC N 7 , p w n N .0 O O e. e' o eri _ , W C 0 e• Q P O o tS m aJ a on oh. w. w • Mi as W P .w Im b Is N ' • w ....1 N N N N N .r- Sil. '! H O O O e :p O • tote, N N K N r.. H./ p w ..d - o w a ei ww co t ;1" ` N 0.:. a.., �... .N O. IC la +Rf b _. OP 6 a 6 O wQ 1' .. W M wt r N 1.. Pa Y1 O O. O if O o. . N,,. ^,. N M w is N _e r. e n ' _ W � . ci . r. . .. .. a h- 0 W 4 n w • a O P h _ , o e e b o o r - � . a . .x a. a .. • N - w .ry w .. a 1!t N5 Y. B' _T M�. Vl V L _® L'Ydr. 8'«S r i8 s tia� '$ .:,lin - ra. SSCAPI'2A2288858 DEIS Volume IV'Appendttt-12 , j Assessment;of'Health Impacts 57 b • 1 Y N III, tl • M N s .Q Cr d /-. fl Msr Y M •. w N r a M • 'M e . . C. e _• a. A. It g,. 'i ..._'µ .g i. 4 • n 0 •Lid s r M r a es SO VP Vs CP CS CO N vM g gyp., r .� OW O a 4 p u e a r w al es its Il i t T T w n. M tr e 4 Or a _s o_- a es so 2 �o DI " g A A . k . 0 P. r w4 .-. w w .r 0 �K 1. awe N T T .�. N • K 4 N .s O1( O_ _P O.- oak Ir 41 - 'S �► t• • • • A N a - + w _N 0 0 0 if e 1 N .�/. j y .. . } Y 6 O 10 - 6N Nb 4 or r' - 4 w ri W - T ,A N a w p aa La W = w m Mr. N CC Yr . n w• .;1 v aa at Wg 6(0 w O W W st a $ � 4 a a 01� a fl - S , g �ll ai the •4 .,.r. r Y OE; It SSCAP12A22A8SS9 DEIS Volume IVIP:p em:MX 1Y' • r Assessment of Health Impacts 58 . [7. • b . .f pv. Vy UP e,'; O ^O _y DI H O V. . 4 • . N.. O CP r b M q " �ea _ V• , F, N ryN^ Pa ea N w b N' N I% N • 1' ^ N IC so ^I N rt is O 0 0 O O a 1. er 1 x r Y N. . ti .. ^ y. si re a N 0 •1 • .� `. lea ea .ni tee. .e ' see e_ al a o g aam en • o N N O . O. w.. N . N de J. ac • y1 b 1 W Y " Y N eel^ • a A Y q Y ` N P1 siCO N .. A w ... w 0 Z b N q b b lb kJ m a 9 - o _ O 0 9 _ J • '� - N cc. w Y M .� N N _ • W re .. bb Y - , • W r N rr N N - 1( n m 1.1J OI 9 a .bl. N 40, 11 H P q .•. 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O�MOww.. 0 �W .- . •t z. • W .. x N W lr m•**DO .•NI1w r*Nb !N.••b .mi D. W Oo00 - �pO-1OsO y oobo 0600 .6V M VXM*.ii ,y OcMY N mYMFM �i F'iZ-. 0 GC O1. N aV oI t.r•y qy .r� y NN11 J▪1 rY. Y. 4_._+,_w W one. N ow'Vl�Y' } O o-XZM ' N .1C Vs OONMII OW/,ww . , W W W . _J_ . . .. } . •J -II LSI is W yNb "rt.? me in I i WNW W - 0000!VP tC � OOO' OOyOyO 040op ^ V•YI O&Q rr[J v 30CNr N OI..OY�Dg } .7r.Oio r� w y Z .....w-..-. Steen 7 �. ' Nut . ,► ■ •• • .... • • • • 'LS 02w VI 0.411. roar. .rN..O.N. Q...N-.N SSCAP12A228 873 DEIS Volume.IV.Appendix 12 • t.:. .,..r in - .1.1 re t..' .. ♦.r C. ,, ... Assessment of Health Impacts 72 • I NNN N1vane n M O !y N < OOYION • O •NN.. .�NNO. pNNO VNNp In ft.°no 6 6.66 6tree 0660 -� W Lla w Ogtdlr.. . F.�'..n1�..,r., .O—.—. s 0 a 0.3.1"416 H . N ti} G N a. Z.na • u'fti 0 yN.n 1.NNN A :"."? YNNp. W - 410.M00 6000 0_0_00 q_deO f +� j� .py J{ ,r� me ca . in V.. .-. . W W r — 1({ NN NNN X000 tr't in * .OO ly pge00 6.�6y �e chho p N VVr; 14 'cc]Ve60 • VC Inr p—WA . . . m Xla ó.n.- s .` F W N ' W< .al.••.W W Jr 1NN ;NN NNN 7NNp . W U{ e�.DOdn . .7?.-- 7?..0^O. n2?"p 0 0000 O:12N a .UOIWAO.. W .O0yo.O M" mg4is a B17.11 - 00....... . ry O . d K w 2 ii7ss • g SS z-$ t1 - .0$' �'2Hg gri§I • N .n i . If . F • 1. r _ 16• • • • • . C Y Y Y . p SwN Qr..N.tN 3..NON OH C1 p MNrN SSCAP12A228C874 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 • • Assessment-eR-03ea th*-Iopatt3 43- - r e 4 O e N e 0 a a 0 6 F-- M '4 14 4 M . ' b iii M 44A VN V . N O V in no on n n -. ea Pa = O 6 6 D kr _ .l '4 M ^^ 4 W i A h M N O 4 1O N 4 a w O¶ a a p ti a. V a V G O a O L V V!O I? M1 '-. •-• i e N N _ .. c. Cs 6 a O a▪ V ry A �5 ni - " w A rS 4' or W m .. N no: .-. .w • N WIC f • w-• •"f a on ••• q A 7 on Zo In in 0ro 0 6 0 6•to onZ o ' 0 no N N N Nse. ar in . i-i �w • Pa W"C F, 0W no Q o' w N N {►Yi ti .1 4 w S Litt ':e4 =w en on; r , A Yf Oa bag on H1 A on O vK V 6 e o a e 54C O • WiieN M N w 5 • • o Y Y ••••• % . » t..I LiE. at 3,E - gig 3'r SI P s?S t 5.' 5 A @ 5 1 �a ..� W �� ^ W J✓ SSCAP12A2288675 DOS Vol ume,-iV Appead4x 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 14 I .. u w a v w y .L 7717 2 V a O W t O el 41 P: Pi t TT .I I O a o 0 a H y n o A6 N O q a w N Y .n t 440 y P. w w w ! b i cg I o a O lA a e .. en K W CI u ti _ n a h w • .w 1.'/ J SC O o e o _ e .. ^' dK ..� r r w .. r few a. • l.• iii Wry t tl q it i. �_. J C'. ..o M Q d J W _ _ N F- Y.J w ... - N ON F 41 V LO 4-4 di d w1 .a N q w ^ ,. �.. W t q o q 7 N 4-144 4•1 M Plaz. a N w e: q a: w s �. m d 1 9 4 f i 1. 41 ' x s gg s 3 " SSCAP12A2288876 DEIS Volume IVAppendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 75 The exposure to radiation might lead to delayed health effects. These ' effects could occur either in the exposed individuals or in their descendents. Both the somatic 'effects and the genetic effects can only be described in terms of statistical probabilities. The fatal cancer risks from all exposures and the estimated life loss from all exposure of a selected individual in cohort population, of a mean individual, and of a collective population are summarized in Table 12.3.1-34 and Table 12.3.1-35. It is important to note that the approach used here to estimate radiological health impacts is only applicable to low-level long-term exposure. Estimated decrease of life expectancy for various health risk is presented in Table 12.2.1-2. A summary of genetic risks for the select individual, the mean indi- vidual , and the collective population is presented in Tables 12.3.1-36' and 12.3.1.37. 3. Terrestrial and Aevatic Pathways The activation of soil surrounding the beam absorber during normal • operation has been calculated to be a factor of 1010 less than activa- tion occurring in a beam loss. The estimated activity for H-3 is 0.91 ' pCi and for NA-22 0.24 pCi. This activity is dispersed in a volume of; soil surrounding the beam absorber. This activity; if ingested, repre- sents a dose equivalent of approximately 1 x 10-5 mrem. Therefore, the " dose equivalent to the general public from SSC produced radionuclides. in, the ground water during normal operations is considered negligible. C. Transportation of Low-Leve" Radioactive Waste In the transportation of LLRW, the public along the transport route receives the following total exposure in an incident-free conditions as . calculated by the RADTRAN program. The total exposure for the public is. shown in Table 12.3.1-38. 12.3.1.2 Q.C.Cuojtionai A. Direct Sadiation Most of the radiation associated with the SSC occurs within the beam enclosures during operation of the machine (see the source term discus- sion in Appendix 10). Except for some residual activation in locations where the beam is injected into or extracted from the mach•.ne, most of the SSC radiation ceases when the beams are shut off. And since all personnel arc prohibited from the beam enclosures during machine opera- tion, the radiation produced by the SSC in the beam enclosure would not be a source of occupational exposure. 0ther areas of the SSC where per- sonnel are to be stationed during operation will be shielded, as neces- • sary, to prevent radiation, exposure. • SSCAP12A22888109 ' - DEIS Volume IV-Appendix- 12 I . . , . . Assessment—of Mealth'Impacts 76 Ma "' es S n w.. T. OS .. .01d O 40 0 0 . Y H $ az a., - W V M • .. 1/• N q O N w p M-0• O8'1. yOR K W _ o a ' e e W • M i. 1 en 0'V• N u • N W e. e d e .r r X ` a r • n K W. - w , - — - `f I— tip H e. e w w. aC-.,n N t ♦ w v V OC ti 6 O es Ay p M .. M w ... • • • a Rt : _ li§ , '*t ' 11 s—a tt 2 6=a sr • .,aV ✓K q sp!8 �n x SSCA712A2.288S114 DEIS Volume r%cAppesd$z 12 , " Assessment of Health Impacts 77 tl + ± a - 1 an �( b O ,OV IOC 6 F If IV M + 1 a t • n7 M ' • - VI K Q MI + .. -In q M•. N b • a 1 ID I CI O O O 6}OM M re me Im _�I N 4 M ' oc_1 6 o lb .7e - b 411 1 W 1'11 DCb 7 O • ti N 'AA O Cr O O. ... H N J v �I m -. . N 5� V U .* r N .w H is no:'C Co I— Y K 3 VI 141 I. • an 'au..K O 4 b k. •W a U M o N - N 1( . N J N In V YS Y.W 10 r ' - 4./ of r .. aoc fana p N • '' ( , • in O O O O O V ma + .. W � j ' F a. .(� I III 49 Y ma V9 O X! (-IL... J SSCAP12A22888111 DEIS Volume !V.Appendix Assessment of Health Iagacts. 78 r 1. Y 0 p e e b O w • 8 SV j?gM w O O CD CV IP'` s 6` 2 A Jr au ex'ezt m« CC 7 CCW .•-• O b P. O O .^DP PI L!a N w o I. w .s: ._« • • . N— .,.CD•N. Xes ... 42 P .. P O b W iv* « w 4 4 0) 7[ r N W ZVC F w b h k 1 N - e e b ..b M. MI s uc W W O O an O T O 1 O PI O 6 • Y N s' h ' ' - rN ti OPC SEA 44 rA IM1 It yyC VV� Z.C ...Mt. w t:. aft.. FkyyV u CI.. ff '�yy t Myy a' yV/}�- r• SSCAP1Z422S28112 . DEIS Volume Pt Appendix It: • Assessment of Health Impacts. 79 - 4 O N M ti N O - = 4 tl O m O O 8 4-1 4 a w O 4 a a a w u e N O O 0 0 i M M "-J., K.. .-r Si try• d N. O r' AB to 47 oo t a 8 -x i i w AC 0 r+ So Ca S. Af NW - 1 O ; d O at N U.Or W b o w .i v o w p.y W d ?5411C O 45, N A n W14= o _ H W� v w r . ti'M1 g lel 34.lea CR N i O P b_ • e o .�r . t - - ,.y '_ t Jl� Sim 2 84: a.: ,8 a S I SSCAPI2A22888113 DEIS Volume If Appendix 12 :18-8z9 0 8a - 12 (BOOK 7) Assessment of Health Impacts 80 Table 12.3.1-38 THE T0TAL, EXP0SURE FOR THE PUBLIC IN THE TRANSPORT OF SSC LLRW (1N PERSON-REM); AZ CO IL, , MI NC TN TX Incident-free 0.18 0.13 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.25 0.22 conditions The primary means by which workers at the SSC would be exposed to radia- tion is during maintenance activities involving those parts of the col- lider exhibiting residual activation. This will occur mainly at the beam cleanup regions (most ,of the beam cleanup will be done in the utility straight sections adjacent to 'the injector complex and in the interaction regions.) Magnets and other components located tens of , meters past each beam scraper will be activated from the impingement:of scattered hadrons. Lesser amounts of radioactivation will occur at some beam transfer elements of the injection system and at a small fraction of apparatus in the interaction regions. Substantially less activity - will be present in the superconducting magnets and in other miscel- laneous components. Radioactivation woe!d be expected to be .highest in the two collider beam absorber areas (Chwn 1988). However, the opportunities for nersonnel exposure there wit be small since the absorbers are being de. igned ;ton- - be "passive" facilities that will require no routine maintenance. . - Experience at Fermilab is that occupational radiation exposure starts .at a relatively high level during the first year or two of operations as a. result of early efforts to maximize machine performance and correct mal- functions, i .e., when frequent access to areas with residual radioac- tivity may bo necessary. As operation. become more routine and more trouble-free, occupational exposure drops to about half the initial level . Specifically, Fermilab's initial level of total annual exposure was about 40 person-rem/yr. It now ranges from 10 to 20 person-rem/yr. Occupational doses at the SSC should be less than past doses at Fermilab because of low levels of activation associated with the superconducting magnets. On this basis, it is estimated that SSC occupational radiation exposure will be 30 person-rem/yr for the first two years, and 15 person-rem/yr thereafter. • Workers will be protected from direct radiation exposure through com- pliance with e3tablished work procedures, the use of-appropriate control measures (e.g., shielding), and the use of -personal protective clothing and equipment. SSCAP12A22888118 0EIS Volume IV Appendix-12 : Assessment of Health Impacts 81 Although it is not realistic-at this time. to.project ,actual individual dose equivalents for occupational ..radtatinn:exposunes Aw-ing. SSC. opera- tion, SSC radiation safety policies will be.siatiiar.1.o these.which.have been successful at SLAC and rermilab. wlth.the 'result that occupational' radiation exposures will be well below the maximum regulatory limit for „ radiation workers of 5.000 .mrem per year. B. Air Pathways Naturally occurring concentrations of Ra-226 at the.propOsed'slies were identified in Appendix 10. In that appendix, Table:10.1.3-]2' preseoted data for Ra-226 in rock at the proposed 'tunnel depth..for ,each. site. Using those Ra-226 values. estimated concentrations of radon in the tunnel were calculated for three condttlons of tunnel .ventilation. Table 12.3.1-39 below shows the resulting values for the normal case of potential worker exposure, which is in a ventilated tunnel. , . Table 12.3.1-39 ESTIMATED RADON coNcri ATI0MS IN TUNNEL Parameter AZ CO IL MI NC TN TX Ventilated tunnel Radon concentration 13.7 15.4 2.7 4.2 3.1 _ 3-9. 4.2 (pci/1)(v-0.46) at.equilibrium • factor of 0.7 Working level 0.041 0.046 0.008 0.013 0.009 .0.0]2 0..018 Since it is the deposition of energy by,l pha particles from the decay of radon and its progeny that is potentially dangerous to humans, it is advantageous to use the concept of the, working1evel(ML), which is defined in terms of this deposited'eaergy. 4,see radon discussion in Appendix 10). The SSC tunnel will be ventilated immediately after the machine is turned off and prior to allowing access to workers assigned to maintenance or repair operations. At a tunnel ventilation rate equivalent to 0.46 air changes per hour. Lath). (see fable 12.3.1-39). the calculated radon levels are greatly reduced from the concentrations that could result from periods of no ventilatloo. Using the ventilated tun- nel data to calculate the estimated workin9levels_ in the tunnel, the . results indicate an acceptable range of WL values, well below 0.3 WL. which is the federal occupational limit based on continuous exposure. (170 hrs/mo). . SSCAP12A22888119 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.12.. Assessment of Health Impacts 82 Two factors will combine to produce a negligible impact from.radon on , workers to the SSC tunnel regardless of the selected Site The above analysis ignores the fact that the, tunnel may be lined with concrete. Although somewhat porous, this liner.,wil1 'reduce the amount.'and rate of radon influx from the surrounding rock' and"soil. , Secondly, `workers.will not be allowed to enter the tunnel until the ventilation system has suf- ficient time to flush the tunnel space of any accumulate radon gas.. The ventilation system will be turned off or set at a very, low rate during the collider operation. Once .the:machine has been shut down_for.repairs or maintenance, the system will be turned .on:;again for A. specified period of time before workers can enter. „If workers;.are to occupy the tunnel for long periods of time with a low air exchange•rate, the main- , tenance of a slight positive pressure in the tunnel would also greatly reduce radon infiltration. C. Transportation of LLRW In the transportation of LLRW. the two crewmen (drivers) on the transport vehicle receive the following.-total exposure in-incident-free conditions as calculated by the "RADTRAN program. The total anneal exposure for the two crewmen is shown in Table 12.3.1-40. The maximum exposure for each of the crewmen 1s about one-half of-the value indicated in Table 12.3.1-40. Since 9t is not expected that the same crewman would be on all of the twelve trips each year, the indi- vidual will actually receive an exposure dose much°less `than the'indi- cated value. 12.3.2 Hazardous/Toxic Materials 12.3.2.1 public Health There are no anticipated public health Impacts.from.the hazardous/ toxic materials which are expected to be used in the construction and operation of the SSC, since no HTM source terms in this category were identified in Appendix 10 that would affect the general public. Table 12.3.1-40 THE TOTAL ANNUAL EXPOSURE FOR TWO CREWMEN ON A. TRANSPORT VEHICLE FOR SHIPPING SSC LLRW - 12 TRIPS (IN PERSOM'REM' AZ CO It. MI ,NC TN TX Incident-free conditions 0.998 0.675 1.12 1.28 1.67 1.33 1.15 SSCAP12A22888120 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 83 Waste materials will be' properly'collected and-disposed through waste management programs established for the SSC's construction and opera= Lions phases (waste disposal plans are discussed in' Appendix 10.- No ' public health impacts are expected to result'from the collection, for- age and disposal of hazardous wastes at'the SSC site. At the proposed Arizona site, a potential impact on public health may exist during the construction phase from exposure to spores:from the pathogenic fungus gccidiojdes immttis (see discussion in Appendix 10). However, since immunity is gained by prior: infection. and the fungal spores are common throughout'southeastern Arizona, 'it is' assumed that the population at risk (those nearby residents not infected previously) from future infection is very small. 12.3.2.2 Occupational Potential occupational healtk hazards frost exposure to hazardous/toxic materials may arise during the construction and operation of the .SSC. However, none of these hazards are unique -to the SSC. They have also been successfully controlled at existing DOE and overseas accelerator laboratories. (CDC SSC 1988). HIM health hazards associated with SSC construction activities include welding fumes, rock dust (from tunneling), and solvent vapors, all of _ which are typical of standard construction. Natural gas (methane) has • been encountered in excavations in the regions around the Michigan and Illinois sites in the bedrock and overlying glacial sediments, respec- tively. The amounts are predicted to be small to nonexistent. These types of potential hazards, as they arise during the course of the SSC • construction, are expected to be-controlled through- the•use of ventila- tion controls, personal protective equipment, and work practices. Similarly, a number of HTMs are likely to- be encountered by workers at the SSC during the course of normal operation and maintenance/repair • activities. • As indicated in Appendix 10, hazards such as welding fumes, noise, and chemical vapors that would likely be"encountered in' the support shops and other facilities are like those .comnonly'found in light industrial operations. They can be controlled through standard safety and indus- trial hygiene practices. SSC personnel will 'be adequately.protected by safety features which have been•dcigned into the SSC,- such -as access procedures that restrict entry to hazardous•areas, as well as by staff training programs. The safety and health protection practices that: have proven successful at Fermilab, CERN and other facilities, will be incor- porated into the SSC safety program for theprotection.of its workers. At the Arizona site, construction workers may beexposed to-spores from the pathogenic fungus Coccidioillez immiti. This fungus- is found in undisturbed soil throughout the proposed SSC area and could become air- borne as a result of surface construction activities (especially road SSCAP12A22888121 DEIS Volume IV: Appendix 12'. Assessment of Health Impacts 84 building). A disease known commonly as "Valley Fever" can result frost infection by the airborne spores: This illness 'commonly/ manifests. itself in flu-like symptoms in 'the infected individual. Since,;the. probability of infection depends on the concentration .and viability of-,.. the airborne organisms. as well as the susceptibility, of each. individual (previous infection imparts future immunity and individuals within an exposed population show varying levels of infection). it is difficult to assess the potential risk to •an individual. . No other inherent hazardous/toxic materials were identified at any of the seven sites that could have an occupational health impact. 12.3.3 Construction/Operations Safety During construction, the safety hazards of greatest concern are related to the tunneling operations. Other construction safety concerns consist of hazards encountered during excavation, drilling, shoring.. tunnel lining, hoisting. spoils hauling,, and similar operations. The impacts on worker safety during these work activities -will be-minimized using . standard construction safety precautions and.by ensuring- compliance with the applicable OSHA, MSHA and state regulations.. Two worker safety concerns during tunnel construction are encountering either gassy conditions (e.g.,. methane) or unexpected, abandoned oil ,or gas wells during drilling activities. The risk .to workers would be from explosion should a spark be introduced where combustible conditions are present. A review of the existing geologic. conditions .at each, of the, proposed sites (see Appendix 5-Geologic Hazards) indicates_there is some poten- tial for encountering small volumes of natural. gas .at the Colorado, Michigan and Illinois sites. The Colorado and Michigan sites have had relatively active oil and gas extraction histories {fray strata far below the SSC depth). Thus, there is a small possibility that an wine corded, improperly abandoned oil or gas well may be encountered along the tunnel alignment. Naturally-occurring gas,(principally methane and unrelated to oil and gas wells). has been encountered-in excavations in the regions around the Michigan and- Ibttnois sites in the bedrock and, . overlying glecial sediments. respectively.' Gassy conditions can be .detected through:the diligent use.o( detecting equipment during the tunnelling.operat oes. Menitoring.aud safety pro- cedures would be established as an integral part of�the-construction safety program. Potential safety hazards associated with the-operatlonot the•SSC are identified and discussed in the SRD (SSC COG 1988). Mitigation of these potential hazards will focus on preventive,measnrces.> ,The.-CDR:defines control mechanisms such as fire detection/al,arm_systems,:.and electrical . SSCAP22A220081Z2 DEIS Volume W ApAenctiX,fs: Assessment of Health Impacts 85 lockout procedures that are included in the SSC design. For other hazards, machine guarding, physical barriers (railings), and safety training will be required to protect workers. There are no public safety impacts foreseen .during normal operation of the SSC. During SSC construction, there could be a potential impact, upon pedes- trian and vehicle safety in the vicinity of the facility due to "an increase in traffic volume and a higher proportion of large trucks transporting construction materials, machinery, and collider components to the site. Transportation impacts are discussed in Appendix 14. 12.4 HEALTH IMPACTS FROM ACCIDENTS The incident scenarios evaluated for this assessment included beam loss, a large-scale cryogen leak, and fire in the tunnel or experimental - areas. The primary impacts of these incidents upon worker and public health are discussed in the following sections. 12.4.1 Radiological 12.4.1.1 Losa f yUJ cw In any accelerator, the worst hypothetical accident,,from both a radia- tion and machine-damage point of view, is loss of the accelerated beam - - at a location other than the heavily shielded beam absorbers. A highly sophisticated system of beam position monitors and beam loss monitors, coupled with very fast beam ejection systems, are incorporated in the design to protect the accelerator components from damage by an accidental beam loss. The beam position monitors sense precise location of the beam within its vacuum pipe, while the beam loss monitors detect the radiation from beam losses. These systems would sense a developing beam loss problem and immediately trigger special magnets that would eject the beam in a controlled manner within less than a millisecond into the beam absorbers. If any of the sensinp systems themselves fail, the beam is automatically ejected. Through this means, the superconduc- ting magnets would be protected against quenching or damage. This system has been used at Fermilab and proves to be reliable and successful in preventing an accidental beam loss. This magnet protection system, as a consequence of protecting the magnets, also protects against radiation. Independent paibive shielding (soil and distances) is also added to the SSC design to protect the public even if the magnet protection .system fails. Shielding requirements are calculated using very conservative criteria. The dose equivalent contribution from external exposure to muons and tadrons is presented in Tables 12.4.1-1 and 12.4.1-2. This assumes a beam loss of three times the design intensity"and that an • Leminam55CAP12A22888123 DEIS Volume IV^Appendix' 12' • Assessment of Health Impacts 86 s n. 51 Y y rpT w Y nit Y • — • 6 4 a -61 v y psi W L U . N O N z 7_ '5 c.4 W ` S V t 664 UI �x g X • . I Y 4 Cr n 4i 44 a ad al H A F b 1 l uy r erp 'L Sr • 5SCAP12A22888]24 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-12 Assessment of Health Impacts 87 • • er a M yin Y ttr-"N "S~• �� • «C a 4 � M h w . n _ V • t • assIC a N - w N . . r Y • t? .r rX' inn :AF .r a, +� 8 w w 8 u r+ 0- a r 7.IV W 1. 14 ti ...`. $ •• O qq4 I . 8 r c .�^,. c r ' gr i •g= f wai 8 oft .z% E d 2 FS Cp q < 82 i�r W Xt P SSCAP12A22888125 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 88 individual is positioned at the tunnel depth at the boundary of the con- trolled area. The probability that an individual would be at this posi- tion ranging from 75 to 425 feet below the surface at the exact time the beam was accidentally lost at that position= is unlikely in-the extreme. The dose equivalent contribution from hadrons is calculated at a point above the loss point. The concentration of tritium (Na-22) in a well 50 m from the radioactive soil/rocks block would increase with .elapsed time and reach a maximum level before it would drop down. The concentration of H-3 and Na-2Z vs elapse time for Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, and Tennessee are illustrated in Figures 12.4.1-1 through Figure 12.4.1-10, respectively. The maximum concentration levels for H-3 and Na-22 for the aforementioned sites are summarized in Table 12.2.3-4. Texas and Arizona were not included in this analysis. At the Arizona site, the local aquifer is below the tunnel depth (Hollett 1987). A similar situ- atiion exists at the Texas site; although some small perched alluvium aquifers in streambeds have been observed. Because the groundwater movement was assumed parallel to the 20 mi -length of the contaminated _. - soil/rock block, higher concentrations in the well water may be found when the groundwater flows perpendicular to the 20 ml length, concentra- tions in the well water could be about 7 times the listed values. How ever, they are still below the EPA standards for community drinking . water (see Section 12.2.3-1). The annual dose equivalents for the two different intake scenarios, i.e. ' one day intake and annual continuous intake, are summarized in Table 12.2.3-6. The internal dose assessment was conducted for a "standard man" weighing 70 kg who uses the contaminated well as his' sole source of, drinking water. The annual dose equivalents at a nearby well (50 m away) for the five alternative sites for which there could b3 water movement would be: • CO 0.35 mrem/yr (9% of 4 mrem guideline) IL 0.044 mrem/yr (1.1% of 4 mrem guideline) MI 0.011 mrem/yr (0.3% of 4 mrem guideline) NC 0.50 mrem/yr (1.25% of 4 mrem guideline) TN 0.0098 mrem/yr (0.025% of 4 mrem guideline) EXACT was used in computing the transport of Na-22 and H-3 at the five sites to a hypothetical well at 50 meters from the tunnel. The results are summarized graphically in . Figures 12.4.1-1 through 12.4.1-10 and show the concentrations of H-'3 and Na-22 at the top of the well. 12.4.1.2 Loss of Coolant at_Beam Absorber The beam absorber has a graphite core surrounded by aluminum. Within the aluminum are cooling tubes in which water is circulating. The design of the beam absorber is such that loss of.the cooling system will not cause any loss of integrity of the.beam absorber. SSCAP12A22SSS128 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 89 Figure-12.4:I-1 ' • CONCENTRATION OF 7RITION,AtIIYPOTICTICAL Cu. COLORADO • 0.26 0.24 - 0.22 - • 0.2 - a 0.16 c 0.16 0.14 T. 0.12 y 0.1 4 0.08 - 0.06 - 0.04 �{ 0.02 f 0 0 2 4 6 6 10 1t% 14 16 16 20, . .. ame (yet' • • • SSCAPI2A22688230" • DEI5 Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 90 Figure 12.4.1-2 , CONCENTRATION.OF. SODIUM•2Z•AT.HYPOTHETICAtWZLt, 't COLORADO.. 0.045 0.04 0.015 0.03 3 0.025 0 0.02 ym a; 0.013 0.01 0.005 3. 0 till 1- Tr 1 -r 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 tiro (year) I SSCAP12A22688I31, DEIS Volume IV.Appendix.,12ln . Assessment of Health Impacts 91 Figure 12.4:1-3'- CONCENTRATION OF TRITIUM AT HYPOTHETICAL WELL. ILLINOIS 0.08 0.07 0.08 en E. 0.05 0.04 y 0.0.3 b 0.02 1 0.01 -i 0 0 2 4 6 e. 10 12 14 16 18 20 Urns 5SCAP12A226O8132 DEIS Volume IV_ Appendl'X:12,:. Assessment of Health Impacts 92 Ft gore 12.4.1 t, ,, , CONCENTRATION:Of SODnu4-22 AT_HYVOTN4T)EAtJEkk: ILLIN0IS._. ._ 0.006 0.005 f 0.004 $ o.00a C: O V 3 0.002 0.001 ' f 0 _ Cr 2 4- 6. e- -for - It . 14r- -16 . lib X 20 Urn. (year) SSCAP12A226Z8133+ DEIS Volume Append.** .,;; Assessment of Health Impacts 93 Figure •12.4:,1-S CONCENTRATION OF 1RYTIUI4 AT WCPOTMETICAL MELt',', . • MICHIGAN'..:1 0.028 '. 0.020 - 0.024 - 0.022 - 0.02 - 0.019 - S 0,019 - 0.014 - ... .. 0.012 - g 0.01 - 0.009 - 0.005 , 0.004 - 0.002 0 -.'i . r Tt 0 20 40 60 90 '.. Urns &eel SSCAP12A22688134 - DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 94 • Figure 12/l.3-6. CONCENTRATION,-or 50=10-2Z AT;NYPO'flcwA4,11Ei3; NICHIGNA, 0.0014 0.0073 - 0.0012 u 0.0011 - 0.001 - 0.0000 — g} o.000s - 0.0007 V. o.000a 0 0.0005 - 0.0004 - 0.0003 - a 0.000% 0.0001 0 0 10 20 30 40 time (yew) SSCAPIZA22688T35 DEIS Volume IV, Appondix. 12,.. . 1 Assessment of Health lmoacts 95 • F4 gut*,12.44-7 CONCENTRATION OF TRITIUM.AT,iYPOTI$ETIC L YELL NORTH CAROLINA:' 045 0. • 3 0.25 to1 013• 0.1 0.05 0 0 2 4 e e 10 12- 14 16 18 20 .Alas 64660 SSCAPI2A2269I1I36 DEIS Volume TV Appendix 12:: Assessment of Health Impacts 96 Fl pure.12.4.1-8 CONCENTRATION OF`sOD1UW 22' AT HYPOTHETICAL WELL N0RTI CAROLINA 0.07 0.06 - 0.05 -1 . .. I 0 C S 0.04 0.03 - 3 ,/ 0.02 - 0.01 - 0 logy I , r I 1 IP } ifr 0 2 - 4 G - e 10 12 14 16 18 20 Urn. (year) SSCAP12A22688137 Oils Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts 97 Figure 32.444:. ,. C0NCENTRAT20s DF,TRIT.W* AT HYPOYNQICA4,*Ut TENNESSEE 0.045 0.04 - 0.035 - o E 0.03 - a a 0.025 - s 0.02 - 0.015 -4 0.01 - 0.005 0 r 1 I I ' .. 0 2O 40 CO *no (y•or) SSCAPI2A22688138 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.l2.;. , • ' Assessment of Health Impacts 98 Figure 12'.4.1-10 -" CONCENTRATION :OSODIUM%22''AY HYpOTHETICALIIELL TENNESSEE ' 0.0012 0.0011 0.001 0.0000 QE 0.000E 3 0.0007 0.0004 }a� 0.0005 • $ 0.0004 4 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0 0 10 20. .. 30 • • SSCAP22A226a8139 DEIS Volume IY Append1x'12 :: Assessment of Health Impacts 99 The water in the cooling tubes will become radioactive because of the interactions of the cascade with the water. in,the,coils. The only long- lived radionuclide is tritium:- The estimatet maximum activity of tritium in the coolant is 0.14 Ci; -This• is-dispersed in the closed loop water volume of 1,600 1. It would be unlikely that any breach of-the coolant system would result in a substantial loss of coolant. The tubes are in aluminum which is surrounded by steel and the steel surrounded by concrete. ' The current design of the cooling system incorporates an isolated sump with a drain- age back to a recovery area. The beam absorber design also incorporates a liner outside of the concrete encasement which is monitored for any leakage. Therefore, the loss of. beam:absorber coolant would not be ex- pected to result in an impact to the environment. The tritium concentration is based on a buildup of tritium through the assumed life of the SSC. The tritium concentration in the coolant could be kept at some administrative limit by periodically draining the system and disposing the water as radioactive waste. This is done at Fermilab. 12.4.1.3 Transportation of LowlLevel Redioactive Waste In the transportation of LLRW, the RA0TRAN program calculated the total expected values of exposure dose in units of person-rem and the risk factors for the total latent cancer fatalities and..the total genetic effects. The risk factor is expressed as a fraction. RADTRAN calcu- lated also the expected accidents for all shipments traveling in rural, suburban, and urban areas. The expected accident probability was ex- pressed as a fraction. All the values are shown in Table 12.4.1-3.. 12.4.2 Hazardous/Toxic The two basic occupational hazards which would result from an accidental release of a cryogenic fluid are cold stress and oxygen deficiency (if the release occurs in a confined space). A brief analysis of the oxygen deficiency hazard from an accidental,, large-scale release of liquid nitrogen (LN2) or liquid helium .(LHe) in the SSC tunnel is presented in the SRD. (SSC CDG 1988) The COG considered the potential , points of release, the results of two independent tests simulating an accidental release of cryogens, the SSC cryogen system design, and leak monitoring , systems planned for the tunnel. Their analysis concludes that the risks to SSC personnel are minimized because: a) released cryogens will tend to stratify in the tunnel environment (near the ceiling for LHe and along the floor for LN2), thus enabling workers to find a layer with sufficient oxygen as they evacuate the release area, b) sensors for oxygen, nitrogen, and helium will be strategically located throughout the tunnel and will provide sufficiently early warning of leaks, and c) personnel can evacuate at a speed of 3 mph (5 km/h) if walking and up to 15 mph (24 km/h) using the transporter system (which has battery emergency powers), which will enable them to outpace a spreading cryogen hazard. - SSCAP12A2Z888139 DEIS Volume IV "Appendix•I2 11 Assessment,of Health' Impacts 100 • Teble.12.4.I-3 . TRANSPORTATION OF SSC..W01 INCIDENT SUMMARY AZ CO 4,... n1 •MO . 7M '7%• • Total Expected 5.79X40'+ 2.40X10-4 6.52v10'4. 7.64x10'4 ': •0.00137X10-3. 7.80x10"4 11,09x10-4 Values of Exposure Doss Equivalent (person-r..) Expected Values of Radiological Risk: Total Latent Cancer 6.9x10-6 2.9x10'0 7.d10'6 0.2X10"8 - 1.6x!0'7• `!.4x10'6 6,0x10'0 Fatalities Total Genetic Effects 9.0x10-0 4,Is10'e 1.1x10-7 1.3X10'7 2.3x10'7 1.3x10`7 1,910'7 Expected Incident • - - - for All shipments: • _ . Rural .. - . - . . The Least Severe .3.22x10"4 2.31X10'4 3.63x104 - 3.97x(0-4 4.99x10'4 4.20X10'4 .3,72x10'4 The Moet Sewer. 7.06X10^6 5.61x10'6 " 5 08*10"a 9.71xlta- - 1.22x10-7 1,03x10'7 s,1t.10'6 Suburban The Least ;.were 6.65x10'4 4.19e10"t 7.19X10-4 0.00101x10'3 6.00126•X10'3 944x,10"4 7.68x10'4 The Most Savers 9,00x10'1 S.71x10'A- 1,02x10'8 1:37x104 1.74X10"6 '1.3]x10"8• .1.05x106 Urban The Least Sever` 0.66466x10-3 "3.e9x10'4 0.001HXE0-3 0.00433x10'3• 0:0025ex10'3-D.0013%x10-3 0.00122110'3 • The Most Severe 1.00x10-9 6.90X10'10 Z,03x1r9 2.27%104 413X10'9 7.37x104` ' 2.gx10's SSCAP12A22888140 DEIS Volume IV Appeadlx.12_.; • I .. . • Assessment of Health Impacts 101 because of the extremely low temperatures of the LN2 and LHe fluids, a sudden leak of one or both of these cryogens would produce immediate.'.' .'-'. warnings to nearby workers in the form of a visible cloud and a cold temperature sensation. As the leaking material(s) moved farther down the tunnel, these properties would become less apparent,:and personnel would need to rely more on .the.warning-sensors. A worker subjected to a sudden contact with a leaking. cryogenic fluid would be severely impacted by the extremely low temperature of the fluid. A severe "burn" or, even the;loss.o-f a body part ;(e.g., ;ftnger):. could result from Just a second or two-.of exposure. -Worker training and protective clothing will be very important,mitigative measures against this hazard. An accidental cryogen release at one of the ground-level refrigeration plants would not result in a public health hazard since- the-cryogens are nontoxic (nitrogen and helium are normal constituents of air)" and non- flammable and the impact of low temperature would fade rapidly with increasing distance from the source. Any escaping liquid cryogen will immediately turn to a. vapor and bo dispersed by Ambient winds (unre- stricted dispersion compared to a release in the tunnel). The higher ambient temperature of the surrounding area would also enhance the dis- sipation of any released material. Possible sources of fire in the SSC tunnel during..normal' operation are power and signal cables, transformers,- and the electric transporter cars. (SSC COG 1488) Design information indicates that very little of the material in the collider components will support combustion. For example, the cables are specified to be a nonflammable, low-smoke, zero- halogen, jacketed type. The tunnel itself will be constructed of con.. Crete and most of the equipment will be made of metal . Therefore, only a small chance exists that a fire will break out during normal operation. The greatest potential for a fire in the tunnel will likely be during tie installation phase, particularly•when operations •like -welding would be conducted and additional combustible materials would be present • in the area. A safety program (as discussed earlier) will be implemented during the early stages of installation and will be . particularly important because it will provide worker protection (reduce the hazard potential) before all of the alarm and transporter systems are installed and operational. If a fire broke out in an unoccupied sector of the tunnel.,. warning ' sensors would alert control room personnel who would then.dispatch .fire fighters with the appropriate equipment to enter the tunnel and extin guish the fire. No site-dependent hazards were identified-at-any- of the seven sites that' - could pose a threat to the safe construction, operation and decommis— stoning of the SSC due to a major incident. In addition, no nearby facilities were identified -that could adversely impact the SSC if they were to be subject to a major incident such as a fire, explosion, or chemical release. SSCAP12A22888141 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts References 102 REFERENCES • Anderson. M. P. 'Movement of Contaminant in'Croandwater Groundwater Transport - Advection and Dispersion.• ItudtegflogintsjarognsiL un war Contaminatton. J.O. Bredehoeft, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press 1984. pp 37-4S. Baes, C.F. III A Statistical Analvsls of $electtd farme .tteer r Ere4lcting food Chain Transport and Interns)_Dpse of Ra ORNL/NUREG/TM-282. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1979. Bateman, RTK telefcon record 96, 1988. BEIR, Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. Iht F,Lfccts on Pooul.pt)Qps of Exposoto to tow Levels lontzina Radiation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. BEIR Report. The Effects on Popsl)atlnns of Exnnsrm tnyouw Levels of 3gpizina Radlatio11. Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1980. Borak, T.B. 'The Underground Migration of Radionuclides Produced in Soil near High Energy Proton Accelerators.' }lealth Ptwjlrs, vol 23. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Journals, 1972. pp 679-687. Chen, S.Y. Technical AssessmentpfJnvlronmenta) and Cost Implications of Suoertojsting Super' Coilidrir—Deceatmissien/na. Argonne National Laboratory, Mar 1988. - C1iJRatic At11s 9f tile—.United States, U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, Environmental Data Service, June 1968, Reprinted ty'the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1977. Coulson, L. f-ermllab/SSC and Radiation. Fermilab. Mar 1988. U.S. Department of Energy. DOE Order 5480.XX. Washington, D.C: Draft, Mar 31, 1987. Draft Environmental impact Stan: Disoosal o Hanford Defense High-Level . Transuranic and Tank Wastes. DOE/EIS-0113 (3 vol). Richland, kashington: U.S. Department of ,Energy, far 1'986. Dunning, D.E. A Combined ttethodolo9aav for _Estimating Cost Rates and Hsalth._EfEects from Radioactive pollutes. 0RNL/TM-1105. Oak Ridge National laboratory, 1980 S5CAP12A22888142 - OEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts References 103 Evans, J.S., Moeller, D.M., and Cooper. O.Y. Health Effects ModeLfor &cl ar Power not Accident Conseggpnr,fnalvsit. AURES/,CR-4214„ SAND65-7185. Washington, DC: U.S. Kocher Siegal ntory£CamMnissioe. ' ' • July 1985. Reprint Aug 1986. ' Hillel, D. Fundamentals QS'Sol) -"rots. flew 'York: Academic Press. 1980. G.C. Holzworth, 1972, MixingJielohts. Wind Sneeds. and Pntenttaifor Urban Air Poi gtign throughout tie tpnttmmousygited States, Environmental Protection .Agency,, Research Triangle °Park, tlor'th tarollna. Jackson, J.D., ed. SSC .Environmental Radiation Shiejging. SSC-SR-1026.. Berkeley, California: SSC 'Central DesignGroup. 1987. Jackson, J. D.. ed. SSC .:Envlrgnmental Radiation .lhleltltno. 'Task •Force RCDm.t. SSC Central Design .Group, Lawrence.Berkeley Laboratory 90-4040. SSC-SR-1026. Berkeley, California: Jul .1. 1987 Javandel, I. Doughty, C. and Tsang, C. F. Groundwater-Transoort: Hudbo *,jidattwriatissiliggell. Water.Re sources Monograph Series 10. Washington, DC: American -Geophysical Union, 1954. Konikow, L. F. and Bredehoeft„J. D. Techniques ,of Water-Resources Invess_tgations_cif t ►�i ed QTes e'o oar +mil ev. , Reston, • Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. 1978. Kreft. A., and Zuber, A. "Dn The Physical Meaning .of The Dispersion Equation And Its Solution for Different In'i'tial and"Boundary Conditions." ShemJcal Enyineer',j a $c0ems, vol 33., Great .Britain: Pergamon Press Ltd.. 1978. pp 1471-1480. Long, J., Billaux, D. Bestir. K., Major, ,E and Karasakl. K. "'Charac- terization of Flow and Transport.' In .. an 'A'bstracts. Second .Berkeley 5ymoosium on Tonlcijn Pet ylelap 'Engineering. tB1-24337. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California Berkeley. California, 1988. pp 53-55, Long, J. S. C., Endo, 'H. X. Karnak'''. K.., Pyritic, .L. Anion, P., and Witherspoon, P. A. "Hydrologic Behavior of 'Fracture Networks' .In Internattonat Associktion of Hvdroaeo)oaic_ts SvmnQrn� Prece'edlros, ' J ydro9eology of Rocks of Low PeDneabilitz,part 2. Tucson, Arizona. 1985. pp 449-462. Long, J. C. S. Investigation of faulvaleAt, tarots tledivirJenuenblllty In Networks ofjlissontinuous rrj.Ctures. Ph.d. Thesis. .Coilege,of Engineering, university of California..Berkeley. 2983 . Madsen, 'M:M., 'Wilmot, tE.t., and Taylor. J.M'.' liner Guide. SAND82-2681, ITC-0399. Unlimited Release,'VC-71. Feb 1983. SSCAP12A22688143 DEIS Volume IV Appendix .12. • Assessment of Health Impacts References 104 Madsen, M.M., Taylor, J.M.. Ostmeyer, R,M.,. and Reardon, P.C,, -BADTBAZ! ILL. SAND84-0036, TTC-0470, 'unlimited Release. -Feb 1,986: Moore. R.E. A Cgpiputetized Method pay tot Estlmatjna Environmental, OACentt& 14!!.5_wNd D4 . .. AIRDOS-EPA, ORNL-5532. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1979. National Academy of Sciences. The Effects pnpopulAtions el Exposure tQ Low Levels of Ioni. na Radlatjon. National Research Council., Advisory -. • Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. Washington, DC, 1972. Neretnieks, I. "Transport in Fractured Rocks." In JnternatienaiAAssQ f`ation of Hvd3=R9_eolooists Svmeesium'Proceedinas. Hvdrogeologv of Rocks f Low Permeability. part 1.. Tucson, Arizona, 1985. pp 301-318. Neuhauser, K.S. , and Reardon, .P.C. A;,ppmonstratten Sensitjylty Analysis for RADTRAN III. SAND85-1001. TTC-0557, Unlimited Release, UC-71. Oct 1986. Rs ort of the Task Force on Radioacyivation. SSC-SR-1029. SSC Task Force on Radioactivation, Oct 1987. • RTK 1988. 5.upprconductina Suoer . Q)tidetEnvi.ronmenta4' ;jmoact Statement. RTK Site Visit Reports. Apr'12,: 1988. . , Rupp, E.M. "Age Dependent Values of .Dietary Intake for Assessing Human Exposures to Environmental Pollutants.' ' Realth Phvstes. 139:151, :1980. Sagan, L.A. "what is Hormesis and Why Haven't We Heard About It. Before?" MeaLth.jhy5Jcs. 52(5), 1987. SSC Central Design Group,. . $SC Safety Review Document; 'draft 2. SSC-SR-XXXX. Berkeley: SSC Central Design .Group,. May. 1988. Van Genuchten, M.T., and Wierenga, P.J. *Solute 'Dispersion Coefficients and Retardation Factors." In JQ4s_of Soi,LAnalvsjs Part 1: Physical ,.pd Mineralogical Methods, second ed.. Klute. A., ed. American Society of Agronomy, Inc.. Soil Science Society of America, Inc.. Madison, _. Wisconsin: 1986. pp 1025-1054. Van Genuchten, M. T. and Parker, J. C. "Boundary Conditions for Dis- placement Experiments through Short Laboratory Soil Columns. Soil science Society American Journal. vol 48. 1984. pp 703-708. Van Genuchten, M.T., and Alves, W.J::;,Analytical Solutions of the lip-Dimensional (envective-Disnersiye Solute Tra_nsoorc Iquation. Agri- cultural Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1661. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,' 1987. • SSCAP12A22688144 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 12 Assessment of Health Impacts References 105 IL: Kempton, J.P., Bauer, R.A., Curry, B.B., Dixon, W.G. Jr., Graese, A.M., 11 Reed. P.C., and Vaiden, R.C., Geglooica -aeotechescal-slydiss for siting the SumOngucting Super COllider tnininois : Results of the 1985 • Test Drylllno Program, Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes 120, 1987. Conroy P.J., et al, Harza Engineering Company with assistance of Illinois State Geological Survey, Geotechnitaj Summary To The Proposal TO 5.ite The Sunercopducting_Awer Collider In Illinois, Illinois State Geological Survey, Department of Energy and Natural Resources, 1988. CO: Reid, J. W. (Director) , Colorado Geological Survey, Department of Natural resources, "Description of Hydrologic Units of Colorado SSC Site", Jan, 1988. TN : • Mercer, J., Gootrans,"Geohydrologic Modeling' in Hydrological and ce019g1ca1 Testing Program, Manhardt, P.D., ed. Tennessee Technology Foundation. Knoxville, Tennessee, 1988. NC : Law Engineering, Job No. : J47287-2160 Packer Tests Results, 1987. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Groundwater Sunrl" Potential and Procedure for Well-Site • Selection. Upper Cape Fear River Ba.51n, 1983. MI • Gilbert/Commonwealth INC. of Michigan, 1988. TX : • -Flanigan, W. D. Mason Johnston and Associates, INC., Preliminary Gflt Chnjcai Invfltiaat1Qn Djllas¢ort Worth Site Supercendustipg Super Collider Yrest. EiltS County. Trxa‘, for Dallas/Fort Worth • Superconducting Super Collider Authority, Waxahachie, Texas, 1987. AZ : Mellott, K. J. and Marie, J. R., Simulation of the Ground-Water Flow ystem anti:reposed Withdrawals in the Northern Part of Vekol Valley. Arizona, USGS Water Resources Investigation Report 86-4340, 1987. • SSCAP12A22688145 DEIS. Volume IV Appendix 12. 11 APPENDIX 13 D RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS Land Resources Assessments Contents 1 coNTEN - Pale 13.1 LAND USE ' 1 ' 13.1.1 Purpose and Scope 1 13.1.2 Technical Approach and'Methodology 2 • 13.1.2.1 Conceptual Basis 2 13.I.2.2 Referenced Data Used in Assessments 5 13.1.2.3 Assessment Methodologies 5 13.1.3 Resource Assessments 11 13.1.3.1 Arizona 13 13.1.3.2 Colorado 19 13.1.3.3 Illinois 23 13.1.3.4 Michigan 29 13.1.3.5 North Carolina 35 13.1.3.6 Tennessee , 38 13.1.3.7 Texas 41 13.1.4 Cumulative Impacts in Region of Influence ` 43 13.2 PRIME AND UNIQUE FARMLAND 46 13.2.1 Purpose and Scope 46 13.2.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 46 13.2.2.1 Conceptual Basis < 46 13.2.2.2 Referenced Data Used in Assessments 48 13.2.2.3 Assessment Methodologies 49 13.2.3 Impacts on Prime and Important (of Statewide Importance) Farmlands 49 13.2.3.1' Arizona 50 13:2.3.2 Colorado . 52 13.2.3.3 Illinois 55 13.2.3.4 Michigan 57 13.2.3.5 . North Carolina • 60 13.2.3.6 Tennessee 63 13.2.3.7 Texas . 66 13.2.4 Cumulative Impacts in Region of Influence 68 REFERENCES 70 SSCAP13A226882 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 13" 1 Land-Resources Assessments Contents ii TAKES P;sas 13-1 SSC Project Arizona Site Facility - Impact Assessment::' Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Zoning Changes, Maricopa County ^l7 13-2 SSC Project Colorado_Site;Feclitty - pact Assessment: `. Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Land Use/ Zoning Changes, by County 21 13-3 SSC Project Illinois Site facility - Impact. Assessment: Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Land Use, by County 27 13.4 SSC Project Michigan Site Facility - Impact Assessment: Comparison of Project-Related and Existing, Zoning Changes, by County 33 13-5 SSC Project North Carolina Site Facility - Impact Assessment: Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Land Use/Zoning Changes, by County 36 13-6 SSC Project Tennessee Site:facility - .Impact Assessment: , Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Land Use/Zoning Changes, by County 39 -. 13-7 SSC Project Texas Site Facility - Impact Assessment: Comparison of Project-Related and Existing Land Use/Zoning Changes, Ellis County 42 13-8 Prime Farmlands Impacted by Construction, Activities, Including New Roads, at the Proposed Arizona SSC Site 51 13-9 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities, New Roads, and Spoils Disposal. Sites, with. Co *esponding Acreages, at the Proposed Colorado SSC Site . . . 53 13-10 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities and Reads, with Corresponding Acreages, at,the Proposed .. Illinois SSC Site 56 13-11 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities,. New Roads, and Spoils Disposal Sites, with Corresponding Acreages, at the Proposed Michigan SSC Site 58 SSCAP13A228883 0EIS Volume IV Appendix-23 teat imources Assessments COlltents it! 13-12 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities. New Roads, and Spoils Disposal Sites, with Corresponding Acreages, at the Proposed North Carolina SSC Site 61 13-13 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities, New Roads, and Spoils Disposal Sites, with Corresponding Acreages, at the Proposed Tennessee SSC Site 64 13-14 Lands Impacted by General Construction Activities. New Roads, by Spoil Disposal Sites, with Corresponding Acreages, at the Proposed Texas SSC Site 67 13-15 Increment of Proposed Conversion of Prime, Unique. and Important Farmlands in the Vicinities of the Sites 69 SSCAP13A226884 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 13 218-829 0 - 88 - 13 0303K 71 .Land Resources Assessments 1 LAND RESDURCE5ASSESSNENTSbf,o ((qrx t7!Sli"fl3^.ri 13.1 LAND USE 13.1.1 Purpose and Scope ' The objectives of the land use assessments are to describe the technical approach and methodolgy• used it,developing,thel and use characterizat- ions and impact assessments';for,the seven proposedlSSC.cltes and to per form site-specific impact evaluations:. tt*anelated:to.:the site-specific land aquisltion;plans, including nembers-ot affected parcels, owners, and relocations aretprovided.in Appendlx•4: The land use characterizations for each of the seven sites are provided in Appendix 5. The impact assessment will focus on how SSC project__. development will alter land uses. As such, there is an emphasis placed on describing existing land,use, intermsof exaaining either'curreat•' land use plans or comprehensive--zoning documents. •Where local planning agencies have both types of data.,.land'use-.characterizations Nate'based - on the latter form of information as- St .represents-an officially' sanctioned vision as to,how;development is._plannedto proceed; SSC project development may trigger zoning.:changes at+the affected project facility site, as well asLin affected: adjacent;•areas,should-there-be- ' incompatible land uses. Both types of'zoning:changes will-be instituted' by the affected planning agencies-of their own:accord. -Land use.changes caused by SSC project development. including the relocation' of affected property owners, w;11 create- a number:.of1•adirect:or secondary innpacts, such as increased demand on.housinosuppltes; tax base-Changes;-changes in transportation, traffic. and ci.rcul.ation;.changes tn'background•noise levels; changes in scenic/visualtharaeterc and increased-development pressure. Each of these concerns are addressed in the following resource-specific appendices: Appendix 9, Noise/ Vibration Assessments; Appendix 14, Socioeconomics and Infrastructure Assessments: and.Appendix 16, Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments. The purpose of the land use characterirration•and impact assessment-h. • to: 1) characterize existing.land use. patterns•in.-the'affected -regions'; 2) describe SSC project development-in terms, of land use types;,• and 3) assess how project development will :affect adjacent: landuse patterns. The scope of the land use characterization and'. impact assessment is to:' 1) identify the boundaries of the affected environment; 2) characterize the affected environment;.,3) ,define- SSC.project•faciltties' by/character- istic land use/zoning. designations; 4).compare the degree of difference between proposed and,existing landoses;,5) assess the significance of • such differences: and 6) discuss what"the dlfferences.may mean'A n terms of potential alterations to .adjacent,land'use.patterns: Mitigation of changes in land use is not ,applicable;: however, the mitigation-or sec- ondary effects. such.as increased noise levels and changes-fa steals/ visual character, are potentially feasible. These measures are dis- cussed in the appropriate resource-specific assessments. SSCAP13A22288S DEIS Volume IV Appendix I ::" 5n2J Land-Resources Assessments 2 •- 13.1.2 Technical Approach and:.$sthodosogy ✓' 13.1.2.1 Concectual B,tiis A. Level of Resolution I. Temooral The impact analysis and evaluation focused.on, land-use =lwpacta assoCi- ated with SSC. project development through.operattons1:•'<"No'attempt.was- made to break out impacts according to-speci'f1c'timea'framcs` because • . - - change will have,occurred at soonias construction begi.n's.- 'Oeconwi-s4on- ing impacts cannot. be assessed, given:the:,statusof current• pi'ans 2. $oatial The boundaries of the affected environment for-:each:of the' sites'were defined functionally on a regional:-(area) scale• 4n conjunction withthe socioeconomics/infrastructure -analyses, As-.afsphere'.of Inf1uence' was defined. it was translated into.a-geographic ptane•from;which regional scale land use-could -be-discussed.. For the-most--part, the regional-set tine coincides with the, primary .impact area of 'the-soc4oeconomic'region " of influence (R01).- Fcr ,local - (site-specific) analyses;.,a 1,,000-ft band measured from both the inner. and,outer.•edges of the 1;000-ft- SSC col--• lider arc region and from the- edges of the rectangular-shaped�SSC prof ect facility areas was ,used,to characterize the:existing'renvironment. This distance-gradient was.;setected 'as-being representative.ofthe area' of immediate influence and,,therefore,-<necessary'1to.4ocument.' 'Project- related impacts :witl be .fel.tfirst:here, areavbeyond•this-distancr'- '- gradient will also experience-pro,)ect-,relatediimpacts;•1but `with less immediacy and force. B. gvfirttion of Imoncts The issue of land use compatibility was used to identify types of land use impacts and their magnitude, duration;.andsign4ficance-or lmpor- tanto for. all major;project-related.<facl.lities,:types of -impacts can be - either direct (site-specific);,.- or-indirec`' (to the''hostregionr. --"An • example of a direct impact would-be-aland -use'or-zoning change' from a "Rural" classification to a "Medium Industrial" classification at a given service area. An example of an indirect impact would be an increase in urbanization: in the :host region.; . , Impact magnitude refers to.the amount anddegree;of detectability.of. land -use -changes.- Three.levels'of.'dmpact magnitude were'considered:- 1) detectable-but,negligible,- 2) measurabl'e''but'-smalt','and-3)-eieasurabTe' - and large. Qualifiers,. sucfn-as; .'small' and 'large;"' refer to'the'amount' of acreage involved in; a--1 and- use,change:• An.exampleiof r.small impact would be at facilities whose sizeAis°tess'than,l0 acres. An example of. ' ,' " a large impact would be.at facillties"whose,sizrisi 10;acres or greater:' ' SSCAPI3l1228BBG DEIS Volume IV Appendix-1'3'. ,,,',,,r., ,.; Fn*7. :- Land Resources Assessments 3 Impact duration.•refers,,torthe-.1ength,.of time-associatedAwlth..thendatect -, - ability-of.the impact,;•i„,e., shorty Orr,Tong-term ,For this,assessment-. ..' all land use changes are-consldere4 to-,be;.)ong-t@YALri ,rC ^,`7;i !. Impact significance or importance ,can be•ascribedbto,eitherndirect:,or , indirect impacts of either- mall ow;L argot,magnitude or;of,..@,tther-short-, , or long-term duration, .using;,asra-,criterion;the;-ability,,of, an area,to,,. ; absorb or;accommodate land;use changes 1n a,,manner.rthat is nonintrusive to adjacent land uses. -, ti • „,� . • ,. , ' ,•r r ,. , , FG Pyv7C , fly, ,1 • 'r: 1 , , i r1 ,- . Both the characterization of the affected environment (Appendix 5) and the following impact assessment use.a-;varletY;of 3and,use.„and coning,-and . recreation planning,terms-.that need.tor;be,,defined. -land use definitlonsrii are provided below.(Smith,;1983).• Site•specific zoning.:defiiitions are :, ,,, provided at the beginning-,of each..si tesspeci fic,,assessment,- as are:,U.S, Department of the Interior:,8ureau ,of.land Management;.(BLM); land.manage- r . ment planning terms that apply to the Arizona case. . Duffer zone: An area established to-protect.one•,tyype•of land-use ,from.., the undesirable,characteristics of another..,; Usually applied between,- industrial and residential -zones.:with ,the requ.irement, being,that; the- industrial zone must, provide..a•buffer;,strip,between.•.its,boundaries and, that of the residentialzone., ,;The.,purpose,-,is-to,screen„any,.potential objectionable features:resulting,.:from•,the, more intensive„utilization of land from neighboring, loss intensive use areas. compzehen, Ive land use..Oens/master glans;:;. A comprehensive••plan ,for the ,• physical, social,, economic, .and-environmental ,develppment.of-the region, ;; county, or munici pal ity,.dncluding;.stud ies.,of,land,,use,,,ctrculation,,, etc., and a report presenting the objectives, assumptions.,.staadards.,, and principles that are embodied in the various interlocking portions of the plan. Master plans are usually the composite of one or more mapped., or written proposal recommending development polities for-.e , municipality, which-.is. adopted by the planning commission, either as a whole,or in part, after public,hearing..,, A master plan,may;include proposals for various stages in the the future development of the;, ., community. comprehensive onino: A zoning ordinance ,and.map, based'on„sound;com- prehensive studies and investigations.and,, ,preferably,.,a development,.or master plan for, the county or municipality,. ,„This ,tQrm„is,used;to;9is� . tinguish zoning that, is-comprehensive ,in nature,,dealing;with a33. ,n - aspects:of.community,development, fron-,zon.ing,,that*isrpiecemea-1 or ,.;, , haphazard. Comprehensive,zoning i•,s,based,on,thorough,studiesUdeal-ing- with land-use,,.-.population,;,traffic circulation.neconomy, and municipal services and facilities, as well as projected future land-utilization plans.. J _ i„ •i .•ic _ -'1 _ - r ,+u.J'i. t _)�'(i�, !;;J Jfl� •LLi'iG J. =C,C -' g cirri tic, irrn SSCAPI3A228887;, DEIS Volume IV-Appendix-4G, - land Resources Assessments 4 Growth mrnageme,tt'(arowth"contro1Cland-useideveleement_`liaplgl S,1 The•use by'a"community.of•a'wide'range of'techniques.iewcombtiatienvto • permit it to determine.its own"amount; type,"and-rate er'growth"andnto ^ •,• channel it into designated areas. Comprehensive plans often form the backbone of the dev*cel 'used to3exeCute`^growth a>anagementl policy" may include zoning 'and will"emphasize'flexibil4ty 'icapittil tiprovements,r'• programming, adequate•public'facil'ites'`ordinances,"urban.)limit ' • population caps or ceilings, and many' others./"Conceptealty, 'growth management differs from conventional approaches in that'it does not° accept likely population growth and its rate as inevitable; these are open to question and are subject to determination by'public—panty'and • action. I.4.114 use: A term used to indtcate•the utilization:of any piece ofi land' whether it be lot, plat,tract'; ovacreege. • The way•in•.which land is being used is the land use. This:isthe basis for a !study that•-'results' in the formulation of the district'boundaries fora zoning ordinance. Land use is an indication of the existing'development within ay •• community. Land use plan: The proposed''or projected"'utilIZation of•land resulting' from planning and zoning studies." :This it usually''presented le map. "M form, indicating areas in which'it'•woultbe mostdesiribl'e to'have-sass-' dential. commercial, industrial, or other'typet of'unage'to''occur.'''It is supported by documentation• and written text''enplaning'the'ender'lying development policy'behind the plan andrthe principles upon'whit*it is - based. tl111td-use zoning: Zoning that permits a, combinatime tf_usually sepa. rated uses within a single'development'. ' `Thelma'Ca*be applied to ' • ' planned unit developments',` as well•as major;inner-city high-rise" •� building developments. '' ' Permitted use: A use by right a'that'is specificallyavtAoA2ed'1n•a particular zoning'district. '• It"is`•,cootsasteduwtt'h-'specl*t perleit;or" conditional uses,that are authorized only•ifintrtairr regairements"are met and after review and approval, by"thrboard'bf•atjustment tr`other' public body. ?Mimed Wilt Di`yel,ppment (PUD): A form of development usually charac- terized by a unified site design fora'number tfyhousing'-units ..Oster ing buildings and providing common open'space, density increaser'snd;i. :• = mix of building types and land uses.' .It permlts`,tAe'plannfng of•a- prof ect and the calculation of densities over•the entire development, rather than on an individual, lot-by-lot'basis. It also-refers ta"a process;' • mainly revolving around'site-plan-review. in•which'publicofficiaT5have considerable involvement•in•determining the nature'of the•-development. • Subdivision: The process (and the result) of dividing a parcel of raw•' land into smaller buildable sites, blocks, streets, open space, and public areas. and the designation of the location of utilities and other improvements. SSCAPI3A'2288Ki ° . ' DEIS`Volume ItAuiandix43 WP Car ^w•a Land Resources-Assesrrents 5 Zenino- district: A.geographic.area'DvJS%$chrthe'des*patios ter 2' he zoning ordinance sets forth requirements dealing with all uses that may bo conducted therein. A zoning,district ttoilasparbtoi►ctMsicaa.ni'ty that has an indicated boundary on the zoning map and to which the provisions of the ordinance apply. 'Mae theory tttbattoac v ropeitlr.Jlaut each.,".• ? . .•. person within a given zoning district must be treated alike. Zoning districts should.be,establtsbed'only'after carefblLconstderatfon'of c ' , : existing development and future planivingAirtncipfes'for;the ::, • ZoR1n9 oattut>leCt: 'This text, together with the •ze ftigcirap(vy. -Welts out the terms and coiidttions of(zoning witiv/wthnintclpaTity ' It is': :' put together as a written document,'*setting":tbrtnail of the standards;: procedures,, and requirements and:at'placed irillegal',,fons-to br'4dopted. after a public-bearing, .br,t a locat goveniingtbody.' " u .rr.- 13.1.2.2 Referenced`Data Used'tn se smenty. . Two types of data sources were used "in•preparing the land use'14iiøct assessment: I) project-related,.proposer-generated 'data irelWeed to ' acreage affected, amber of affected parcels. 'and' number'of(residential and business relocations required; and 2) publicly available'federal, state, regional, and local data,on jurisdictional setting; lurid'owner- ship: historic. existing,• and;future planned 3and•uses; existing'land ' use plans, policies, and controls; and community values/attitudes towards development. Examples of federal data -sources 'inctude ,U.S.G.S. •topographical, gulps • and aerial photographs, and the U.S. Department of Vim,intertor Bureau/ of Land Management EISs. Major state data sources include materials from secretaries of state, state'lands tcoonisstoosC..and'.natural- resources agencies. Local databases include regional, county, and municipal planing agencies- Date•on community values/attitudes' toward development in general and the SSC'project" in particular are derived from either local plannincy agency docemientsfinter^viewsw ith,loeal planning officials, or tabulations of .public sentimeot.aswaxpressed during the DOE public stowing'process. . , • . 13.1.2.3 Assessment ietttiydoloaies • • The proposed land use impact assessment'"included'the following activitiest vi., , - •w o Identification of thnboundarh' s ,of the.affected •environment. o Characterization of'theraffected environment.,, ' ) o • , Definition of:SSC-,project facilities'by characteristic Tend , use/zoning designations. '.,; ; ..,,;. , o -Comparison of the degree •f,differencei between,propesed'4an& use changes with existing land uses. SSCA?'13A22t884, ,,fie ;'C; - DEIS Volume IV (Apperidfl-;x3'.-=- e kW, ";rrun4;•.vhot; Land Resources Assessments 6 o Assessment,-of;the•signrtficanceref sucbtchanges,. :2 t( (1;5;) "^:r,1 V d,''q i hd .n , . :)`Ph i•' r C 0 • Evaluation,of,development ,tmpilCazlonila'; i. .''•, !,;: :,, .) A. Identlfita ion h� :aM +.ries of t'he AffecteQ Env�renmen�' ;, Regional level study area boundaries were:defined according to each , site's jurisdictional,;setting.,,whitf includesall,,xounttes.phyaically impacted by the project. •Iwo sites (Arizona and Texas) are each;located,•,;-, in one county; one site (Michigan) is located in portions oftwo coon- . ties; three sites (Colorado, •I1,ltnois,•:,and, North carotin) •araceach' located in portions :of;three;..counties;>rand!;one site;(Tennessee)•kis, located in portions of ;four;counties., ,Jpese c Ludy erea-boundaries,xoin- tide to a great extent with-the, socioeconomicudefinitioIEafrprimary regions of influence (see-Appendix"I44)?that1nclaides .the-major ::_. , . • population support centers that provide the economic, financial, institutional, cul tural, and soC'+iI infrastructure needed to support.the . project. The only exceptions are the Colorado and Illinois sites. Given Denver's relatively far,,distance,:from.the Col•Or.adorsi e,.• it was: determined that,fixing a study,area,'boundary,,broad, enougm'to -include it : , would create too ;large ,an; area for,_determining,direct,and' indixedtCland • . . use impacts.. On the ,other handx,rthe: City :of,-Chicago,.evhtle, close'.enough ,: c. to the Illinois -site, was, excluded due.to-the,abi l'ity,of, a, high]y.urbanr , .• ized OuPage County to absorb•,bothslirect,and,lndirect.,land<uss;impacts.,,. Local level study area boundaries were uniformly defined for ,vl.4,seven„ sites as a I,000-ft band measured from both the inner and outer edges of the 1,000-ft ,col Iider'ar ,,reai.enband. ,roue,ihecedgesie.tthe•+ectangular-•m;•.. ' shaped SSC project:facil,ity, area9;n „a(; .v it; Jcfr, r n u 6. Characterizat iottpf tte,.Affected:Envtronment ,• , -o ;;,,, The characterization 'of„titet sffected>envaronment.at reach. of the,seven; sites is presented, on two ,stolen of'anelysi, ',regionat'and:local :(set. •1 Appendix 5)., Reg,i,onaL level ,analysesn;of; the affected,renuironment -, included discussions, of..thee•following",tppics:,:Jurisdictional:setting;, ' land ownership patterns; historic l and,,useX,aXisrt4cng;l and'tub..e plans., • . policies, and controls; existing land use; future land use; and com- munity values/attitudes toward developments. •E•achrrof'thesentoptcs:wills, • be descrtbed below. Local level analyses of the affected environment were divided into.,two.subscai-es;°rprojec&level and facilityrlevej;_, The • project level scale covers the entire SSC development area, including . the area in the middle of the ring. The facility level scale refers to location-specific areas needed for -project 4evelopmont.;,.Project,:1evel; local analyses of the affected environment covered a generalized description of the area,'andra reviewof- community (values/attitudes towards SSC project development as expressed during the DOE public scopi ng process.. . Facility !level:;loca),ana_lyses.of:,the effected environ- ment included discussions of the following,top,ics 2:Jurisdtcttona) loca- tion, land ownership, existing.zoning, existing land use. and future planned land use. Data;is:presented.;both -narrative; and ,tabu),ar;;formats. n•.� .ti N _ . , ', SSCAPI3A228B8I0 DEIS Volume IV Appeudix:2s t::z Land..Resources -Assessments. 7 The jurssthctional.setting:define9aaat aul$tbose countiesnt tetra re principaTty impactedby the proJett:-4n:a1scotbe'federaiatate,: and local-elected offictels whose jour•ladlctions,arteafrfected:.dtrectilt by rare : • project. The counties identified.farieaa stteivererdOwneusedActbelf-• geographtcal.base of,.reference;for;,theeens eg•dtsctsaions'.,71Dwlisting„ of affected elected,offldalz.gtves'a sensetcd tiierpakiiicak!nitienvie which. legisiattve. andregulatory'matters associazed:edtte peo,$ect.4evel-., opment will be handled:--- - '1 . .,tlr.,; . I,. CI• Land ownership patterns, are:'described.isrgenerikizedtterntlby_+ajor' ' category so that comparisoms:can:beande6later regardtng'.regtaoat-: w changes in ownership mix. Historic land use is discussed to set the stage for the subsequent existing land ese descrlpttars whichiambeerr ieumbims a partial means by which to ascribe significaace:or'laeportance. Existing land use elens,:policies, aad controls-•as•prepzn byy'relevent federal, state, regional, and local governmental agencies:areviderrtt- fled, with emphasis placed.on„•descr4hing the pertinentregional.'8rrd• local government planning documents:. Tae regiceal-plamnteg:discussfons were important because they provided iastgbts .intou area's sttgnif1r- cant development issues, as determined by a broad range -of interests. The local planning, descriptions provided iaforttattae.abont -land.:'net zoning designations and potential' project:conflitts: Existing land use discessicxas are provided)to• establlsh baseline car- ditions. The amount of detail provided is based on the irttensiitrkot development exhibited in the region. Future planned land use considerations focis,omdescr$pttaet'of,proposed land uses as determined by the area's local plaening:ageecies., :As such it represents a view of how growth and Change. are.turremt1y.•expected to be directed, given likely development.seeeariosr Community values/attitudes toward development are discussed according.to the perspectives provided by.kerlandr,uze.planttng,agencies... This pro- vides an understanding of.perceived obstacles to.a'high 'qustltyof isle, and the desire and ability of the affected:agar to actually effect the changes needed to ensure such a goal. C. pt, inition of SSC Prosect jaciijlttes bv' CharacterAittc laatyyel /entng Designations- , The identification of project-related changes to the existing environ- ment was a two-step process. The first step involved gemeriea11y deter- mining the types of land:uses expected as a.reselt,of project develop. ment. The second step involved translatinettbisAnformattoe: into terms that match the existing environment land use/zoningrdeseriptiomd.used to identify each major SSC project facility ♦Tbe:latterwas.dose_4r refer- ence to either the zoning designations in forcelyrthe:applicable plan- ning agency or, in the absence of zoning regulations, existing land use. SSCAP13A2288811 DEIS Volume IV_tAppemd'i4CIS ;:' 4 • land ResourcesAssessments 8 The SSC .land ,requirements'aa stated,in:the lev tacNon'fori iitef froporallsd:,',` (ISP) call forall project-areas:,(AsthroughAYto'beraCgnired,4n!fee:, „ simple estate, with the possible'eXceptionof tbe':epper and lower:co7 lider arcs D and the buffer area and;buried.beam-:zonsicwhitih,Couldtbe.- acquired in stratified.fee estatet.(seetAppendir4') ': Each proposer rhas - interpreted these requirements to'fit their particutar)circumstancex: five of. the seven proposers, t.e., Illinois Michigan) NortheCarolIna,. Tennessee, and Texas. have adopted the DOE• requirements as.atated:;w ,. Arizona and Colorado both proposed to acquire all project areas in fee simple estate. Colorado proposed to donate to`DOE•those.stratlftedtifee areas where permitted in.the ISP-ant•.retairrtitleto•the;remaining none project required areas bought as part of the land acquisttton.plantant- offer lease-back arrangements to the former owners. • As a result, it is reasonable•to assume that cvrrent,surface Tand+ uses - and/or zoning designations for areas considered,for^'stratifted'. fee "- estate acquisition would be maintained, thereby causing no impact. Con- versely, it is reasonable to assume that current:surface land uses for . areas considered•for fee simple-estate acquisition,will change•and zoning designations- possibly altered to accommodate:•.the project, -There-- fore, fee simple- acquisition: areas are described-•below according'to:-the type of facilites to be built on-them. v. The near cluster quadrant includes the,following•eight'different:types. of areas s+here fee simple estate•acquiaition is,requi.red: c.A, B.'C,*E, F. G, J, (-I through -4) and K (see Appendix 1). Campus area A contains the greatest variety of.SSCproject,facil ities and':includes the fo1.lowr• , ing developments: o One central office/laboratory building o Six heavy works buildings' o Three shop-buildings: o Two warehouse buildings , , , . o One emergency services.building- o One service building o 0ne.helipad o One sewage,treatment°pl ant.i andil agoom "I o One water treatment plant;%..storage,tank,:and pumphouse o One electrical substation :•, c r. The injector area B includes both surface and subsurface facilities. The linear accelerator and the. lew-, medium-,..andAigh-energybooster (E(B. MEG, and NEB) rings are planned as underground:facilities'a; well as the NEB beam absorbers (l). Surface facilities consist of: o Access shafts n o One service area-f. (Tee description below),. , o, One injector/ejector facility o Cooling towers . , o r Radio trequency enclosures o One test,beanifacility. SSCAPI3A2288812. . DEIS Volume IV AppendiX:13,7•':' • Land Resources Assessments 9 Future expansion area C .is.planned asvp vecantr,ereeNto:be..fvald,lm; , ., td: reserve for,potentiat,,futuret exper l tats,use r-,;.: o \ c " 'n Intermediate access areas to are ,planeedz for theAntarnati oft et access shafts,to the col l ider ring- tunnel .. Smalrl bu&ldyogsn4l lc cover.,these, entrance/exit.openings.: w, t n o, Service areas F are planned toalnc)ude ;a.;vartety •ofbul,ldings andafacll, ities, such as compressor,buil•dings, cooling,towers,,;heliwm,tankr.(gts ..•r:.., and liquid), nitrogen gas tanks, and electrical transformers. The near cluster quadrant, designated'asring G, contains`twoE sites, three F sites, two J sites, two K sites, and two L sites. The E, F, and K sites. all :involve. surface.Structares-.,r,The buried,bena:,zone,access,( , areas J are.currently'•pl,anned,as,vacent areas-,t*,be 1d-in reserve,for the construction of..access,shafts; oJhe,J;-and .L sites•arr locatedrunder. ground. Interaction points and>experimental.areas,K.lnclude-.theiexperi-- mental facilities, i„e.,, the interaction,halts and the coll,islon:halls., As such, both surface and,subsurface)buildings.:are•planned•for , . construction. . *;, ,. The far cluster quadrant„designated,asvring H,,, includes,three,differentc types of areas where surface,strutturesare?required: .E,::f,; .and K. The intermediate access area, E;,andeservice, area'F st.tes,arr:ldentical to .. the features described for the near cluster quadrant. The same is true for the K sites,-•although.only,..two,of.the;•four'plannedgfor' •the-•far ••, ,. - cluster quadrant are slated for construction during the initial building' program. The upper arc and lower arc quadrants D,contein bothrintermediate,access .-' • areas E and service areas, F,, botKof which;containnthersaaentype: of., , facilities as described. for,the near,ciuster Given this information, fee simpleiestate acquisition areas+ that require, -, the construction of surface: facilities: includo,the following.;areas:.•v •' campus area-A,. injector area,B,,intermediate,;access,,areasservice r areas F, and interaction points and-experimenta]-areasnK,;_ Eachnarea is ascribed a site-specific- land.use/zoning,designatton,•,based on the;. nature of activities that will occur at each location. Wherewthere is a,, :,i mix of uses, i.e., office and industrial, the higher order use was selected, consistent, with,;stan4ard,planningr:practicew •Gampus' area,A:is-,r assigned a "Medium,Industrial";1and;ruse/zoning.-des,ignat$on,,:.given„the. amount of industrial activities planned in conjunction7with•the researcm offices. Injector areaB:is,given a, 'MediumvIndustrlal.' ]and use/zonings+,, designation based,on the-.inclusion of,:a::aervice areabF, separatenfromc , ., the ten placed-around:•the;,entireocollider:arc'region,,ashwellnas-,coolingo,.:. towers„ ]ntermediate.,access,.areasoEare given a,:"Ltghte 1ndustrtal"raland : > use/zoning..designation, due:-toDtheotype,:of activit.iescassociatednwlth: tunnel ingress/egress., ,Serv4ce':areas F,are,ascribedra;",Medium Indus ; -,•, ; trial' land,use/zoning:;deslgnatjontiodue'toothe"concentrationzofnpoten4 :,,, tially hazardous materials stored on site as well as other activities.7z,;;;,) SSCAP13AZ288813; . ::' DEXS Volume XVrAppnndlxrt3oZ2 • ,n+ ,, ,:,:;: Land Resources. Assessments I0 . _ I • Interaction potett'and experimental areas,°iVerr''9lwen,ti tt9ir6`inihrs=„"' trial" 1and use/zoning der,gnattendietts' types'ofteactemilgl *esSoaf''fl ciated with conducting experiments. These standardized land use/zoning • • designations are used as the',barfs'br*ict to,debsrm4he abet,aro•tiwr.)'1 1 and use ,changes.,associated-,with project. development 'lett the,degree G*' difference expected. Data is not presented on how these rstsndardilted °'' zoning designations are translated into site-specific rotting designa- tions•.- nor is an ovatmatierr provided as:to'tho adequacy 'et site-SpeCsffe fl current zoning, ordinances''or;the,methanitams; avat+lable'to-Vchangethem../ D. S.4mpan of project-ReJ aced and .El a ino, and Us / Quin Pe tonati . Comparisons wore made riteistees,project-rei,ated and existing.Tend u'sef" ' • zoning designations for each, of-the fee s4mple'estate ycquMSUtion'-areas that recattrs the construction of surface factlitet:: These comparisons > -- were categorized accercNng to,ones ofr two-,descriptarsodeneting}%degree;eV' difference: major or Winer.: A•airier der" oP d1•fference•wass ascribed to those cases where there is:likely"to-be!s w1OleseIe titange '1cv1ae ..: use/ zoning character, such as a change from "Rural" or "AgricultureT" . to "Medium Industrial" use. A minor degree of difference was ascribed to those cases wAere'thereeis r likely,taEe,a perceptible-shift in land use/zoning character, but less•sti,then with)the.ether case:^ The'toer parisons were presented, in both•narrative and•tadiar formats. E. Assn alt_ of Land' use;ckanrrrsittalva24on`sr'D ttenwelt ,' • 1mp11cktions , An assessment of the land use/zoning designation changes was performed, based on,impact type, i.e.', degreo='of difference, .magrrhtude,',deratfew, and significance Or' import ance,:D fell owed)by-am evaluation,of;project • , development implications. ihe 1atter)analysls• dlseureatwhyt the' . • . facility-specific changes in land use/zoning designations will mean in terms of potential alterations.to adjacent,land we palterers* Eproj,-, ect level•, as well as..on a regional level. ln.order.te de tA4-s.;', , generalized view: as to wbat:'types,of',adiacent-laad,,UsesjIra. 144.1y•to- emerge in response•to• site-specificproject deveiepmertt"wav created,and, '•' then applied to each-of the.seveeasites.'" \YMs&'developmewt•'scenarto,ts' provided' below. Near cluster quadrant development will;likely.spawn thegreetesVamooet of associated land use changes, due,ta the'typea e/"activitiew assn • ciated with campus area-A, injector areail, two-interaction-points and • experimental areas K.four•servlee.areas. F. (including the'oee'located•'in the injector area),. and.two intermediate access.:area"s-E'and••'its atten-,' dant .numbers of workers.., Asia=result, a host of^neods::+rtf- emerge. some' - of which will. be, supplied by firms located, to-mwr deeeleweretiaress out side the entraece+•area-'and nleog the jornaccesiwroadotead*wy-to:caeipes area A. lihe range`Of'•nwr development ts.•lfkelyvto Inciedet a`arix of. • - retail businesses, such''as:•automobile<service•statienev•tastifood - eateries, ,• , SSCAYI3A22888b4'• DEIS Volume EY•:Appeniix4•13:,;';' • land Resources Assessments 11 restaurants, and personal services establishments;nAetal/,Gtelsvtech1nn. nical support services, such as computer and other equipment servicing centers; and-possibly jproject-,rel,ated)researchpendfidevelepaent,,,support and/or spin-off„firms. f), t I'r , ra:1 ',(t! C,;,;r _ • ,r . 1" 71. Far cluster.quadriunt.development wilt likely promote the'second'greatest,'- amount of associated land use changes.-due-to-the'types .of'acttvities ' associated with four .interaction;-poin►tsand :experiveotal,areas-+C;rtbrer'' service areas;F; and-two-intermediete,access,i1!nast antttniattendaftc. ; numbers of workers. As a rresult,:dafy'.,needs,of,eanrkersnwiN,sierge, some of which wilt be suPAtiec4b.t.retail5butiinesseS,locatedoinsitiwyrr, nearby communities or in newsy:developed areas& .loCateitalongstheveriph.' cry of the far cluster area. The:range of,maw-retail businesses is likely to include automobile service,'tattoos,. rfest-foodeatertee °an(' restaurants. Upper and lower arc quadrant development',will ;tikelytwomate oquel:}y tow : levels of associated land use changes, due to the periodic spacing,,of three intermediate access areas E and three service areas F per quadrant. As a result.. little, tethe way of, worker needs wtl'teve; however, there may be some aow-l'evel opportunittic,.retait•business. ,. .: development of the kind found et the:far,Cluster'quadrattt.,,;tf tt.appears that worker needs are not.being,.met with the current tcw...arc infrastructure. 13.1.3 Resource Assessments Chance in Land Use Desianations The first step taken in preparing site-specific resource assessments was to create comparative tables that describe the SSC project fee simple acquisition area facilites that require the construction of surface facilities in terms of the following three attributes: 1) associated. land use/zoning designation, 2) existing land use/zoning designation, and 3) degree of difference between the two designations. Upon comple- tion, it appeared that despite obvious variations in regional settings. there is a high degree of congruence in terms of types .,.; ian.` 'or-1' changes anticipated by SSC project development. Asa result, the fol- lowing generalizations can be made: o Three types of SSC project facilites are expected to exhibit major degrees of difference in land use: campus area A, injector area B, and service areas F. o Two types of SSC project facilites are expected to exhibit minor degrees of difference in land use: intermediate access areas E. and interaction points and.'experimental areas k. SSCAPI3A2238815 ,„; DEIS,Vo4 mie 'IVJ 'pfae l fl:: rt c^,;.t•! Land-Resources Assessments 12 6snericlmeact Assessments 1, 7 a J=l t The second step In- translate these land use changes into impacts, using•the'typology'pre- sented earlier. Regardless of the degree of difference expressed,among,,,, the variousSSC 'project--faCitites;• all- land'use''-changesconsti'tute direct, measurable, and"long-term smpacts: Thote"facil'4tes 'that. produce ' largo 'measurable-.impacts are"Campus'atearA, where^construction"wi'19' involve,approximately 100 acres:outqef-the' 35O-acre"total• surface'area required; injector..area-B, ''where[codstructton'wi'll' involve'approximately'' 240 acres out of the-1,7004acre total-surface`are* Pegvlred, and'service', ; areas F. where construction will, nvo'We`Vappvtximately'6'a'cres at-each of the 10 sites, for a 60-acreatotaP surface area' required: Those ' 1u facilities that:produce 'small•measurable' lmpaits lare'1ttermedt'ate,;access areas E, where construction will involve approximately 1 acre at-each-of'' the 10 sites, for a 10-acre total surface area required; and interaction points and experimental' areas K, whose buil'dlng sizes, are; not' eXtraordt- narilylarge. The site-specific resource assessments'provided•belovw dtscuss any, smal l • variations 'to this generalized-impact) assessment 'just 'described''and include an evaluation.of development implications-'at the project level • Regional scale cumulative' impacts' are discussed"id'S"eCtiron 131.4;- • • • : 9 ..� ., f!, Sl.i^If .. ,:L', '," -J eta u'✓'f;; �� , . -G�'Vr� :)ib (` , • • `, 1nt." 1, '7i1'P' ! 't'to '1n^ ,,i"; It Ai . 1 , f/.1-1 r�:V"!'.r ' c1 .r4 ,ri'YF: •Y;)' pert! ',Y r '`1.. . ;)i.)„0.1(;‘ �..; 1 o c'J c V, ti`dit SSCAP13A2282816''- DEIS Volume IV Appendix 13'`'` 4 Land Resources Assessments Arizona )3 A. .S1te-Soecific Zontna terms.- 'nit • ,. Maricopa County A Rural Zoning Distinct 140.999 flit Per Dwe]Jtng Unit (Rural-1904:-.,The, •_. principal purpose of this zoning distri•et ,.i_,, 1):,,to.,conserve.,and r. . protect • farms and other,open, .1 and -uses;, 2) to,,#,'oster,orderly,_grawth,i» rural , areas; and 3) prevent,.urban,and agricultural. land; use, cot?fhcts.;:,4he primary purpose of requiring large minimum lots ;of'not; less ;than:19D,O00t ftz in area is to discourage small lot or residential subdivisions where • public faci1itie:, such as water,.: sewage di-spos*1..parks. and • • playgrounds, .and governmental -services:,•such,as,.pol-i;ce and:f4ro protec- tion, are not available or,could not reasonably be, made available.,:,, Principal uses permitted in this zoning district include -both fan* and nonfarm residential uses, farms, recreational. and institutional.usesn-, A building or premises shall be used• only „for,-the.•followkng;•purposes:, one single-family; dwelling, per,rlot,of.r.ecord,.churches,-.farms,:.publfc, schools and private schools with curriculums equivalent to .public: ;, +. :. schools, public; and private forests and wild)dferreservations,,.ancillary facilities for utilities, fire stations,;po7•ice,stations,,.post. offices, . golf courses, and nonprofit libraries', museums,-.parks, playgrounds„ and community buildings. Rural ltnjjtg 1)i strtcj. . Ope Acre Pej _Dval lieg.Unit (Rural-431: 'Ghe, . , principal purpose of this zoning di-strict -is:• ,1).te conserveland • . . protect farms and other iwen land uses; 2) to foster orderly growth in rural and agricultural arras;,•arid, 3):,to,•prevent.urban and.-agr,icuttural l and use conflicts, when. go...sr.mental- faci,l hies,and-servtcea.;public. utilities, and street access-.are ,available,or.can.reasonably:be. made : . • available. Applications for change-of this zoningidistrict :to,eny;; ; single-family residential zoning district will be given favorable consideration. Principal uses permitted ;in. this,zoning-district/nclude both farm and nonfarm residential uses, farms, recreational, and institutional uses. Use regulations are,identicatito the Rural-190°, , • designation. B. Bureau ofJ,andJlanagemeot Wilderness-StudeeArea•-Terms MuLtiQ)e Use Management: ',.. the 'management of the public lands_,and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combina- tion that will best meet.the;present:-and future.need&;of the,Ameritan ', people, making ,the.most ,judicious use•of:the.rland;fer,some;or.:all of these resources.'or,,.related .services-over-.areasrlarge=enoughnto provide sufficient latitude for periodic adjustments in use ,to;,conform^Lo-chang- ing needs and conditions, the use of some land for less than all of the resources; a combination of balanced and diverse\resource;uses,that takes into account the-Long-term needs of•futuregeneratlons•,for .•,. renewable and nonrenewable resources,, Including, but not limitedrto, SSCAP13A2288817 ; DEIS Volume IV Appendtx4.134 ; :il ' :aW ';".y: Lam:IResources-Assessments Arizona 14 recreation, range, timber, minerals, watershed, wildlife ant'Pisb and` natural scenic, scientific and historical values; and harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources'wftbeirt-'personesC'-iopeir- ment of the productivity of the land and the quality of the environment with consideration being given to the relative values of the resources and not necessarily to the combination of uses that will give thegrea- test economic return or the greatest omit. outpat.J (Sectias'30ity= Federal Land Policy, 'Management !Act of 976.) 4 j_ljetn : . Me uncultivated,tininhabrted, and'osaally-r atfless :trey set' aside for preservation of natural 'Cnrdit'1ans. 'According'to'section' 2(c) of the Wilderness Act of 1964:'. A wilderness, in contrast wWth.'these'areas where`man and hts'own works dominate the. landscape,.•4s"hereb;" recognf2ed as 'an area. where'the earth and its community'of life' are untrammeled'hy-maw,'where`man'frimse-)f is a visitor who does net remain. an area •of'wilderness is' further 'defined to mean in this Act an emetif undeveloped Federal land'retaining'fts primeval character and influence,'without'pernanerrt 'improvements or . human habitation, which'$s protected- and-managed' as to preserve its natural conditions and which (7) generally'appears to have been! affected. primarily by the forces• of"nature,' with the imprint•af man's work substantially unnoticeable;- (2)'has•outstandfng opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type'`of recreation;' (9) has at least five thousand acres of land or is of sufficient sire as to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; and (4), may also contain ecological, gea)ogrlcaT, 'or.other-features of' scientific, educa.:ional, scenic, or historical'val,e. Wllderr s_StV _Argi: A roadl'ess`are* or tal'and that has been_ inven- toried and found to have wilderness charactertstfts'as described-in sec- tion 603 of the Federal Land Parity'and. tlanagement 'Act and section 2(r) of the Wilderness Act of 2964, ('78 Stat.'29Y). C. pyrtag_orjaeclimenentent Resrektion Plantairrg terms' Qgagrtunity: There are several interrelated types of opportenittes including: • • o Recreation. Opportunity. the oppartuatty'for a person to engage to a specific recreation activity within a specific setting to realize a predictable recreation experience.o Experience Opportunity • the opportunity for a person' to` realize predictable psychelogieal and physiological outcomes• " from engaging 'in a •specific recreation'activity'withita specific setting, o Setting opportrnity the-combination of physical, ' managerial attributes'present on'a particular land' area"w:nu‘ influences the experience obtained in-a'specific'recreation activity, such as hiking, skiing, camping, etc. SSCAFI3A228882$• DEIS Volume IV Appendix' )3 s` Land Resources Assessments Arizona 15 o Activity Opportunity:- the Jeri stence'of .eonditlens once'par '--' titular land area which:-makes`Yi:;posstbte6trengage-'in-a ' sped ftc recreation activity, -suct as"htktsg;',Skt+ing,-'camping', etC. n. Recreatio�Magaaement Actions • The;actions'that'art,takenkto'attitr' specific recreation management objectives,-to resolve specifiC"retrew- tion management problems, ;or-to'enhancespent•ftt"racreation'eXperiences •A Examples of such specific acttonS;'-i•nClude prOviding'•brochores signs, ' facilities, use restrictions;' permits, patrols; and;ihedrpretivd programs. Recreai`ton Opportunity _Spectrum: A continuum used'to characterize recreation opportunities ineterrnb: ofrsettingf,' CCivity;'and".expehience ." opportunities. The spect rum'Contains^ ix;classee‘that' range'from,(primi == tive to modern urban-. •The,.classi'Nations wnchudet prii Ytive;°'semi- primitive, no:e-motorized; semi-primitive, motorized; roaded"natural; rural; and modern urban. I u Roadee Natural_ Re.Sreation Opportunil' ti as t•e,The,'Expertence Opportunity • is defined as follows: Some :opportunity, for isolation-4ton,the sights 1 `I and sounds of mane but not,as, important (art for 'primitive>opportunttis ° Opportunity to have high degree of interacti'on',with the naturaV envi`fon-• • ' ment, to have moderate challenge.and:risky,-•andto('use=outdoor-Skills " Y ' Explicit opportunities to use motorized equipment while in't'he"area. ' ' '' The Setting Opportunity is defined as follows: Area is characterized by a generally natural environment with,moderate'evldence&af';tiie Sights and sounds of man. Resource modification and utilizatYioh'pea'ttices' aY'e evt-- dent, but harmonize with the natural environment. Concentration of users is low to moderate with facilities sometimes._provided..for group' • - activity. On-site controls and restrictions offer a sense of security, Rustic facilities are provided,for-userJconvenlence••-as-well: as"for safety and resource protection.,.,(Conventional (motorized use?15eprovided for in construction standards and' des nsof factlties;'tiThe ACtivity- 1 ''' Opportunity is defined as follows: All activities listed for Semi- Primitive, Motorized Opportunity,Class.'plus the.following: . rock collecting, wood gathering, auto touring, downhill skiing, snow- play, ice skating, water,skiing and."other'.waternsports,"'hang•'gltd%ng,"' interpretive use, rustic resorts,'and`organized camps::' '2 5cmkprimitlye. Motorized 'Recreation Opportunitytta'ss:' ''ThenEXperience Opportunity is -defined .as follows:. Some opportunity for rsolation 'from° the sights and sounds of man,, •bub•mot•as important aS for'prtmittvw • opportunities.- Opportunity rto ,have-hN W:degree•of interatt'ton'with '' ` • natural environment, to have(moderate•thal,'lenge and risk, -'and'to'use• • ' outdoor skills. Explicit opportunity,to:use, motorized equipment' why'ie ': ' in the area. The Setting Opportunity-is'defined"as fo' laws':? •APetts'' •1 characterized by a predominantly' Unmodified 'natural environment:'of ' ' moderate to large size. • Concentration -of users islowcrbUtLthert is often evidence of other area users,, ,On-Site'controls'and' MestrletionS(' ''' SSCAP13A22C8819.. :, OEIS Volume IV Appen xa'P3r' `� >, ,; ."01' ,4y;, Sou; Land Resources Assessments - Arizona 1' may be present, but are,,subtbe„anFiacllities are providecrfettMDpw otec- tion of resource.melees•andc:safetynf:use sror3y.i.tiSpaciag of:groups may be formalized to disperse,;eseAnd limit:vesicant sobetweesigswaps:^'Motor - lzed use is permitted. The Activity Opportunity is defined as.follows: Camping, hiking, climbing, enjoying scenery or natural features, nature study, photography„ :speiur io .r;hoestta9G:(big game,. Saillvetre„-srlaaQ birds, .watercowl). ski tarring acd ,ssawsboeteg ;'eittat*g,+dtviog,rtsk3n and sc4b,a},.,fistalag,;canoeinq, sai'ttne.rrfibrceuwing incenatorYird, '._ :r craft), and,off-road ,vehicle;:Nt trxa;t4,wD.cdtine buggy?cdi r tLbi ke, : ' snowmobile, power•boating), , , 'Thu .. . D. Bureau of tapd Management/Rangelandlianactement Terms lotment: ..A land area where one ornorecoperators• livestock Drew. It generally, consists of.public Yandr but meyr 'dada parcels of• irWate >'.' and state-owned•lands..., The ember o@livestock aTdo,the season,OH•ese are stipulated for each, allotment- ,,•., •;`,• Allotment Management Plan (AMPM: A t1CM livestock grazing management plan for a specific ,allotment, bassi on tralrttple USG' resource management' objectives. Ibe AMP, considers livestock grazing its relation to other uses of the range and relation toreoewh}e,resaurans,•-w►tershsdl, vegetation. and.wildlife Po AMP establishes 'the seasons of use. the number of livestock,to.be ➢erettted,eee the,range.' and: the rangeland: developments needed. n Animal Unit MQLb. ((,81161X: •theamomk;mf"fnrsge.seeded twsects% one cow or its equivalent for oner;aoeth. • , , • E. Assessgeet of j.and lye Changes Table 13-1 presests data..by-•which.ta,coemerer.pro}ecb•relateS and,exist ing land.us*:changes. Upon reins there are no exceptions to' tbe>ge*eric impact assessment as described-in Section, 13:,1.3. . F. E'tatuatton of Deyelonmment lr)leltiees'at-the Pvoiecs'•tete The development scenario as presented in Section I3.1.2.3.E.appears to be only partially appropriate for.thrart one•site,",gWes•ahw site's location in a largely undeveloped portion in southwestern Maricopa County_ the scenario as presented ferrthecsearrc1aster geadrantittlt likely happen, given the relative,'Pack;-et needed,bastsess,enterprises . . and commercial estabtIsIvDents.tit.the area arosad ,Mobile. lit is expected that a commercial earridor whlk berdevelaptedatleng the•trigkway proposed for access to campws area A. , the scenario-as:presested'for tbelar cluster, and upper and lower,arc quadrants.will,-•be all probability, not occur, given the current. lack of trensportation. ess,toto tie area. The roads that will,be••built-foe the project wall ;hthety-be onty+.tor project use and, thereby,.•.not a conduct for,devetepnent:a.rllsiarresett, • the area around the near Chester, (poorest tsllikely•to'ecpertencerovety SSCAPS3,A7a) n'0•; DEIS Volume IV Appendix 1.3',A- • • ( r'?, nI 1;nr., • Lend 'Resources'Assessments Arizona 17 Tas71e'174.'., ft fl J:' R, f... .:PI"it Q'J'lnyj 7i�di - . . . C., V� , , e 004. f ...Q•) Sl.JS,,Y :":if b,,,0"••"; . - '�i�J� Afl?I#'1FTE-FACIt.7Ttr ', 'J"ifgA !JJ 1,1,j"tU yri'., IMPACT ASSESSMENT: COMPARISON OF PROJBCroRetA7W1et", EXISTING ZONING'CHANGES. MARICOPA COUNTY SSC PreiaotSacJ1ity .Ds4MnsN0n , DestinetJen . . 05 ssenw Grpua Area% M6fkes'mtluYtelig -'Ai1wAd110•t"' tt Ms60I,r , Injaelear 41Paa indestrSaa, J�n1JAp � inlet SntennaOMts Meoe■► l- ' ,.> ,J,:• • ,; Areas E . . ?, •i E1 Light Industrial `ituraV-19D•' :'tenor ., ET. Light Industrial Aural-19O Minim E3 &12M aaW/srtrin. Mlernl'ile0?�; ".,-ausor ,.,.,; Gs . Old* YY. tnlat , JairaJn1D0Q, 41ser F_5 Liyht lnouatrMl `•Rural ly0`':' 'ink' Pe .',U9ht'UWoRNld1':' ..t'71YhWOD • . J,rU{�. • Flt ,0.s0htr7sr0a' a tr". m1e�M1slie 'r °.,,. � ?rr , IiA tItt.WustSA1• RYsa1.100 *aot k, E9 Ilpht'lnd„st,Ia1; .`.'"AYra1400 Pitney CIO 't.t k•'AadaaeAal,r: . . : Ma11.1�.:"'.. SItlMe1•'", ,. - Stevie,Anwar Fl iMdlrw,hrYsseAvl ,Mlyy.l.�y:: ly�er "7 ' F2 .lIN�1� 111otisfi11i1: ! - . rWrtakJAD ••,'IY71or .. _ F3 ,,Ma1Yue JAirsONAJ, Fa 'Ns0R,as'[adYstfl.1 Aural-SAD [ „ '.o.M , F5 ,. Msslse instMal'•,.a uWtsiDe: ,J♦a',lary ,:v . M® '1lsrbr111eYsshM1•.'' JA,Yes11�mD, w>'MAMa F7 .11sdMe14Rthm nlaJ„ ,.,r,-- „*ara"M1A0. 1MJor Ffl 1idi,a■'SnWetnlei 'ltY»7-IDD• ;.•Ngor F9 AkeluMWndrewM�l.�' '�P,Ar'M1• .:'� el(3sr . ,� :, - . Int .. MYiilsw;)MOlnt/1w1•::,, alsr l�MO ,,.' ► � •. r;_. Internetlon Points and Experimental Areas K - K1 .U/I,t lndrinlaA .Aura YJ90. -J4tt , 14 tin'hidustrtal 'r rRYr'aM90' - :,. �e,ror `ICr KA9Mb7e1MstrlsA , 'lA,we'1MA, :1' '" ]�rsw''° . . - K4 -Thient'lSratr*9t, ; ;i'�MaaaR •,n i. K5 rU1DMt-JduaUtn•1. K6 UI ht:S,•Oua'Kia1 • • K 'Run1•RAV' loner Sourwsf Maricopa CaYnt3tJS ,.$8 .,..^. ,, ,✓, n • SSCAPTwzna8I1 r DEIS Volume tY aapeafitEAl3+ Ri r, , a • 1c++i" Land Resources Assessments Arizona 18 more development than the model suggested.,- In addition, Gila Bend will witness SSC project related growth and is likely to serve as an important commercial,v(+usiness,-tecenlcal,, andtindustrial materiel support and-service'center.,:: SSC project development w111. undoubtedly; create more demand for and pressure on existing recreational and wilderness resources in south- western Maricopa County. This is of major concern to the Bureau of Land Management, who is the dominant,.land manager-in,.the area:- SSC 'project -- development will cause a shift`in classification of the area from a "Semi-Primitive, Motorized" area to a "goaded." Natural' area as' a' resnit of applying the BLM Recreation Opportunity-Spectrum ('ROS)'methodologyto- " " the SSC project. This represents a-.one-step•change.towards "Modern, ,,,, Urban" forms of recreation opportunities. All three BLM Wilderness Study Areas, i.e., North Maricopa Mountains''(AZ-,020»157). South Maricop0,2-' Mountains (AZ-020-163), and Butterfield Stage Memorial (AZ-020-164),.wi.11_ experience impacts as a result of SSC project development. These impacts are discussed briefly.,below. The northwest quadrant of the collider arc region, including interme- diate access area (-7 and.' service areas F-6:and' F-7, will be located in the southeast portion of the:North Maricopa.Mounta;ins WSA. The eastern and western quadrants of the'collider arc. regton,',including the extreme western edges of campus area'A'.and injector area B,"' intermediate access areas (-2 and E-5, service area: F-5. and interaction points and expert" mental areas K-3. K-4, and K-5, will be located in the South Maricopa Mountains WSA. The western quadrant of the collider arc region, 'includ“ ° ing intermediate access area£-6 and an estimated„I..S miles of cut-and- cover trenching operations,-will be located 'in' the•,•Butterfleld Stage Memorial WSA. Besides the faCilites themselves,' paved access roads requiring 100-ft rights-of-way, will need: to be constructed. As a con-` . sequence, there will be a long-term loss'of-wilderness character in the immediate area,, as well at.'in. the larger, Lviewshed['areas of each of the three respective WSAs. as :vtsttor perceptions,.ornaturalnss will be adversely affected. SSC project and associated'development will cause ,a . loss of naturalness and would likely lower or even eliminate solitude and primitive recreation opportunities. SSC project development wll ;.impact the BLM; ih;bther ways, as they will' need to reorient their management plans and..practices to accommodate the. direct and indirect effects :of-'the project.:, BLM-management plans tA address other mu,tiple uses_�of:public lands,' i'ncluding grazing management. Given_the expected population increase's in the immediate' area and attendant increased visitor use to the area the-creation of new paved and graded access roads, and the change'tn'type-of''"-' "" recreational opportunity, BLM would probably have to provide more , ' intensive management of the affected area. The types of additional man- agement support needed include items such as additional BLM ranger sup- port, development of recreational facilities and signage, and increased range and biological resource management. It is not known at this time if there would be charges needed in grazing management practices as a result of SSC project development. SSCAP13A2288822 ' ?' DEIS Volume IV;AppendixA13; • • land Resources-Assessments, Colorado 19 13.1.3.2 Colorado A. Site Specific Zgnina.,xerais f, ti: , 1 ". , Adams Cour.tY Aoriculturg]_,3'District: land-in'"thi:a:d:isstrict:=fs:prsmarily.::io-1io144egs-'- • of at least 35 acres for dryland or irrigated farming, pasturage, or other related food- production uses: Permttted.useS"include;''• accessory ' .. uses, private airports larger;than 35 acres=;"aniinat'sl'aughter• factli'tei for individual consumption,Yivestoek`-auct•fon yards;'-°churches',; tommerctar• kennels larger than X35 acres,•crops and'tree farmfng,"'truck gardening• and`'• turf farms, dairy farms,-dairyy'products- •processing,'"bottling; and." 7 distribution facilites for sale off premises;.day-care homes. single- ' family dwellings, mobile-home parks larger than'40'acres,' single-family parks larger than 40 acres, public utiliti'es-service'facilities.''fec• tilizer manufacture or processing for open`'sale,• fire stations, fish hatcheries and farms, foster family care facilities.-onderground'gas- or fuel tanks for noncommercial' use, grain•elevators:,,greenhouses group' quarters for five-persons or. less, private-heliportsal'arger than 35' acres, public libraries, noncommercial' radio- and'telelisi'on towers up' to' 90 ft in height, public parks,-and riding stables and"•academies': ' Morgan County Agricultural-2 D13trict: Area where conservation-of:agricultural re sources is of major economic value. Permitted uses°include farming; ' 'i' ranching, and gardening; farm dwellings or buildings; cultivation, stor- age, and sale of crops, vegetables, plants, flowers, and nusery stock raised on the premises; temporary storage in transit of crops' not raised • on the premises and not for sale on said premises; golf courses; meeting places; grazing; oil drilling facilites; public utilites services facilities: truck farms, turf farms, greenhouses, and nurseries; s'ngle-family dwellings; and small animal farms, kennels, veterinary hospitals, and commercial riding stables. Washington County Elti(illtural: Applies to all areas of Washington County not already designated as "Agricultural Special" and not within the platted or cor- porate limits of any municipality. Permitted uses include: all opera- tions except large commercial feed yards directly associated with the growing of agricultural crops, 'plants, or trees, and the keeping, graz- ing, or bedding of livestock for animal products, animal increases or value increases; all such operations on open or vacant land charac- • terized by the absense of activitiy; land owned and administered. by federal and state agencies; and single-family dwellings.' SSCAP13A2288823 ' DEIS Volume IV ''Appendx• M: "the•ne r y RP? 'Mr Land Resources,Assessments �.N V Q.0 . Colorado 20 B. Assessment of_ and se hang Table 13-2 presents data by which to compare ,projectnw?ated rand ' existing land use Changes. Upon review there are noexceptions to the generic impact assessment as described in Section 13.13. C. Fvaliation af. eJsnment, ht a ons_at the_?C1r11 ct�J, , The .development :scenario as,presented; in Section 13..1.2.3L appears to, be only partially appropriate, for;-the £olorado site. given,the,.site!a , location in largely undeveloped:,portions,ofwaortheastern ;Adams„County.• southeastern Morgan County. and .western Washington ,County. The,scenar*,. as presented for the, near„uluster,ouadrantewi,]1 likely rhappen...given the total lack of needed business enterprises and concerti*" establristmients'. in the area. It is expected thatyr.,commercial-(corridor..wi)1 .be; developed along the highway proposed, for access to campus area A. The scenario as presented for the upper arc quadrant,will likely;happen as well, i.e., opportunistic retail;business development,, if;it appears that the drive to the.iort.Morganrand Brush area, is••too far,for the satisfaction of daily worker. needs',r,vTlw scenario as-,presented for the. far cluster and lower arc quadrants will not,occur in all probability. given the current lack-of support coamueit;ies. Insthe,respective adjacent areas. As a result, the area around the near cluster quadrant and the Fort Morgan and Brush area are likely to experience even more •. • development than the model suggested. Both areas are likely to serve as important commercial,..business.,technical,.'and,;industriel:materiel. support and service centers, • a SSCAPI3A22II8824 DEIS Volume IV ;jtppendiX fir_► • Land Resources Assessments Colorado 21 SSC'PROJECT-COLORZDO tSIXE'FACILITV;: 1M?ACT ASSESSCITC COMPARY5ON'I flROJECT4EIA'1ED"JIIES:; EXISTING 'CAIOYAISE/ZONINO NAMGESr''4Y;COIR(T't-. Associated -Existing tentrUseireming SSC Project Facility .• Dssignatjen„j ,.,Des}pntipm.• Difference Adams_Coga)V Campus Area A Medium Industrial - Agricultural-3 Major Injector Area B Medium Industrial g, 6.„wa•At.' AgrloulLuN1-S M.je. J ane•.a Intermsdtate Access , ,iri.;,,i,r, J0NJ Arose E ,t —I, W,ff) Al r r .-•,4 1P. 0J I;1 E9 Light„Industrial Agrtoulture}•J; Minor -1 E10 Light Industrial Agrioultural•3 Minor ,:✓,iA xl(YF11 Service Areas F - F9 Mediva,Industrial '',Agr4altuwl3m Major „+ Flo Md1ip,Intiatrial '.MSeeltunt 3s - Major 1+ •o Interaction Points and ,• ,�... � ..,:,,� . .nur're,it Experimental Areas K hnft 4IPI4P 010 .:r,0..1 .i-a+.r,A 'n!f,Wilurrrf KI Light Industrial .. Agricultural-3 Minor McMinn County o ..rr n olio rJ n'r JAI" Intermediate Access • Areas E • El Light.Industria1;1; r v r,.Aor.Wiltural-Z�.a ;:Mace n+,0 ,,aim , , +.a:' E2 Light Industrial Agricultural-2 Minor E3 Light Industrial Agricultural•2 Minor CS Light Industrial Agricultural-2 Minor Service Areas F Fl Medium Industrial . Agricultural-2 Major F2 Medium Industrial Agrioultural-2 - Major' F3 Medium Industrial Agricultural-2 Major Fa Medium Industrial Agricultural-2 Major Interaction Points and Experimental Areas K • K2 Light Industrial Agricultural-2 Minor . - .. • . - . • • .n ,,.e._err SSCAo13A2Z8882S : "" ' DEIS Volume IV`Append97C'131 • — rr, Land Resources Assessments „ n Colorado 22 Table 13.14 4Cont) 55C PROJECT'OOL'ORMDG'.!,Sfl'F113ILTd1Q:.: INPACT ASSES✓MEN /cCOMPARtSOW,OF.9RWRCI `A14,1 EXI'STINB•LARD:USE/ZONIMBICHANRES:'2J xai Anociate ,.. . Existing ,,,` . ,,�7ri Lan.Wine nng Lang te/Zon'hq Mimi*of SSC Project Facility Designation :Oei9Mtisn,. ,..__ Milltown_ i—.. 1leshttol County , r ... Intsrsiadiate Accas Arose E ");,rq „ .. E5 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor E6 Light. Industrial Ageism ltura1 Minor '"- E7 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor E6 Li * 1,dustriel Agricultural'" Niror Service Areas F , FS MSlia Industrisl Agricultural Maier 7'6 Iisdlur Industrial Agricultural' Maja, F7 MdNwilndwttial Agriwltura'1" " Mslor , Ft edits Industrial -Agricultural Stier Interact ten Points and - . Eaprriantal Area K KJ Lightt Industrial Agrioultunl _ Niter K4 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor ._. KS Light Industrial Agricultural Nine K6 Light-industrial Agricultural Source: -Idw County 1987; .1966as 106W.u.AlorgaaCaunty 1981^'19E0 19966. -Washington County.1913. SSCAPI3A2288826 DEIS Volume IV;AttPend'br;13,:,,:% Land Resources Assessments, Illinois- :Z3 13.1.3.3 jl11no1;, A. Site-Socctfte Zontna'7etyi DuPage County $tngJe-FamiJYJ3esldetce District SE-Z.ft-). and ft-'4.1,: Established`its preserve and maintain existing single-family areas of-the county and permit the continued development of ,residenttial, uses primarily in areas where public utilities are not readily'avattabTe.. 'ermitted-user•,'. include: single-family detached dwellings: exCavatton"abd/or,.,1'iTtinq operations not located In wetlands' or fToodplgins; Lgol'f.courses;,.hew , . occupations; public libraries: parks.,pl,aygrounds, and'other.open, spaces, and schools. The three categories .are d,(fferenttated,among' themselves by the types of special uses aClewed. General Business 0821,: Permitted uses include-a ,Yartety at retail, service, and general "service' businesses.' - ' General-- tdusiria) District (L-2).... Intended to .provide areas(where a wide variety of intensive industrial uses may,-be tocated. - Regutations , are provided to ensure adequate Spacing between.buildings' and the its trtct boundary of this district with' other zoning dcstricts :;remitted,. uses include a variety of refa`t?.."service, and;generat "industrta'T businesses. City of St. Charles, DuPage'and' Kane,tounttex M-1 Limited Manufacturing DtstrT�:'"Permitted Uses:Inertia of general sales and service businesses; transportation`and utility facili- ties; and manufacturing, fabricating. storm Cleaning, tasting., assembling, repairing. or servicing establ tsmment.s. Village of Wayne, 'DuPage and'Kane'toUnttles n !i-1 Stnolc-FamlTv, Iggr ., ':Permitted uses, fncXUde ;singiertan►i}y , : ; ) y detached dwellings and accessory uses.;'such,as prty to Stabiesr ar_diflor►- commercial`:pursuit of agricuiture ` City of West Chicago, DuPage County g.:2S2 Shoypana tlslrfet;,'Permitted 'uses include a,,var_tety of-" local business and community,shopping, businesses. I-2 Gene.cal jnduttriaj D1'Zt .' Permitted'uses'include a variety:of" industrial businesses which may produce moderate 'nuisances 'or'hazards 'In ',,. areas that are relatively remote from residential and business development. SSCAPI3AZZ888Z7 ' DEIS Volume IV AppendiX'73 ' Land Resources Assessments Illinois 24 Kane County „- . . F District - Farming: Permitted uses include one-,fam1,t! res,identl,al . . ;. A uses; agriculture, including the sale of seed; carnivals•'and Circuses"'- (temporary); hunting, fishing. and fish and game preserves; picnic ,.„., ,,, grounds; produce stands; pigeon lofts and poultry farms; and pipelines, electric substations.or transformerr stations..tel.ephone„repeater,sta- tions and automatic exchanges, -radio:'stations, an&tOwers E2-A District - 'tc.tate; Permitted'`o'ses inclUdaL'stree` fantTy .residences , , ". on two- to four,-acre parcel,s,, Churches, ;publ'ic. and,private,'parks,,„play ,, . grounds; and forest preserves,''excluding 'Comm-dal' .en1ietprise's;,con tamed thereon;;public and community waterworks) police ,Stations; fire stations; public and private.scho'?ts'; underground.:gaswline,tanks'for private. domestic use; and agriculture. 13 District - Estate:" permitted uses include.the,.same ,permitted,uses .as,..,,• E2-A, with the inc usion 'of"single=family residences..,oft parcel's. azamgll , as 1.25 acres. ' RI District QnezfamiJ.V`Resldenttal': ''Perriitted-:uses include one-/family residences on ,lots not :less, than. 40.000:,f_t=_; agYlculture;,-Churches;, L. libraries forest preserves And iiicnic. grounds•.. bu,t 'tot including . ,ci business facilities; public `and'community'waterworks; police stations,:, fire stations; public and private parks, playgrounds,' ath1etfcfields'„ and swimming pools; railroad and bus passenger stations; railroad 'right- of-way and tracks, but not including industrlal,,,yyards. and team xrack.n,, „, nonprofit schools and colleges; 'underground"'gasoline' storage tanks'for private, domestic use; subdivision. developments;, telephone„booths. And, • . waiting stations for bus passengers.,, $1 District, - Bushes : Permitted uses include one-family, residences qn_ lots not less than 10,000 ft=; 'all other' remaining RI uses; bakeries; banks; business and professional offaces; -connercial ,swinning„pool s,and,, beaches; dental laboratories; motor vehicle garages; hotels 'And motels laundry and .cleaning fad tites; motor ,vehicle .parking lots: ,personal;,. service shops, retail plumbing shops, post,;offices; private-schools and colleges; retail shops; rooming houses and boarding houses, retaurants,. except drive-ins; indoor theatres; undertaking establishment's; and upholstery shops. e$D District - eJanned Unix Develo0ment:,., ,This.provision,is designed ,to,„ permit and encourage attractive site,development-made possible by- ood ` site planning in accordance with an overall design. he'Intent is 'to allow the designer freedom to arrange.land.use. and• physical, features,; r into an internally harmonious design compatible-with the.,surrounding. . , area. t ,� SSCAPl3A2288828, , _ DEISVolume IV Appendix,l3, ; Land Resources Assessments Illinois 25; • City of Aurora. Kane County R_1 Qne-Family Pwelltno Oj tract- PermltteQ ctude_One-family detached dwellings; home occupations;;truck gardeadng and gther-hert1 cultural uses whore na'building•Is •involved and when-no.sale ef,,p oducts is conducted on tbe•premises;'.'churches; transitional 'two-fanttty'dwelt _, ings; and temporary buildings for-construction projects. B- Bgsi and aj Wholes e•Dist'rfct: Pe,ndtted-uses=4nclude-a variety; of local and general retail businesses-as Moil' ar small; i:e:, 'Tess than 6,000 fta manufacturing concerns. fllecUleyeaegment_Districi: {FDD): This designation is far a. tract qf,,, land which includes two or moreiprtnctpaT'uses that'would,:require. clas- sification of the tract into- two'or mare standard zoning,districts and . which is developed as a unit under single ownership'or under single. unified, or coordinated control of i'ts pTamritg.and.'development., A PDD . must include at•least 200•acres;'of tonti'guous'property City of Batavia, Kane County ' I-2 General _Industrlal Dtstrj%1: Permitted uses"Include a`:variety of limited and general industrial businesses whtck•may produce moderate nuisances or hazards in areas that are relatively remote from residen- „ . tial and business development- Kendall County A-1 Arrtcutgral olssr_ ≤,t: °These' regulations'are tntended'to.govern,the use of the land and buildings and,structures, and'the'uses ibereof;,; within the areas of-the county where'soil,`topographic. and'other 'con- ditions are best adapted to the"pursutt.of`.agriculture: "'These regela- tions are also intended to provide•for-the protection,',conservatton, and, utilization of natural resources;°to'preserve'the vitae of'existing and. future open space and recreation-factlfties; 'topreventtor'-mtnimfze:.con- . flicts between agricultural, and nonagric'ulteral land uses; and'•t'o'.➢ro- vide for low-density residential development'tn'areas where-such,devel opment is Compatible with agricultural uses. ' It'fx'essent(al that . scattered, indiscriminate urban development wttbtn'.Jareas:best'sutted.for., , agriculture be precluded and that, orderly develoyment• be factlttated; RL Qie-Fam51yy Residekce o'E;strict: 'Permitted• uses'tnctude one fatty detached dwellings; churches; home: occupations; growing of crops in the' , . -- , open, but not including stock or poultry raising; sales offices or recreational buildings associated with a model dwelling unit; publically owned parks, forest preserves, and recreational areas; temporary build- ings related to the construction of projects; and off-street parking facilites. SSCAPI3A2288S24.' " DEIS Volume IV Appendfx"'I3` Land Resources Assessments Illinois 26 M-1 Limited Manufacturin District: Permitted uses,,include.>a var$ety';of • - ? retail and service businesses; production, processing, cleaning, test- ing, or repair businesses,; wholesal,ing:.and warehousing.rbusinesses,:, including local cartage express.facitities;, publ,$,an4tomMuoity.service uses: and residential uses, i.e,., dwel•ling ,uni•tstfor;,watchmenNand.;their;; families when located in the premises where•.,they are,employed Ozsuch : capacity. M-2 Hem Industrial Oissrtc�t: Permitted ese.F include-thesame • permitted uses as M-1 as well as ail other.:industrial;.uses,7: + • . B. Assessment of Land Use Chances Table 13-3 presents data by' which ,to compare. project-related. and existing land use changes. Upon.'revi,ow,there,.are,a,number of.exceptions to the generic Impact assessment as described i.n Section. 13.1v3;--given the SSC .project siting,on portions of,'theexisti.ng.,Fenni•National - Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab).,., As a,consequence; campus: area,A, injector area B, intermediate access areas E-2 and E-3, service areas F-9 and F-10, and interaction point and experimental, areas,K-1 and;K•2 . •, • are assigned no degree of difference between the existing and proposed zoning designations. This.•means-.that there,is•no:impact to+the+adjacent- . land uses surrounding these various SSC.project faeil,lties:., C. £' aluation of Development Implications at the'Proiect.isvel The development scenario as presented in Section 13.1.2.3.E appears- to be only partially appropriate for the Illinois site, given the site's location in a. largely already built-up, portion of westernADuPage-, vnty.' - The scenario as presented for the .near-el,uster ,quadrant wilT. not.0ceur in all probability, at least not'to the-extent eny,istoned. ,, The :area, immediately to the east.of Fermi'lab:i,s,.al,ready :quite built-up:with.. business enterprises and,commercial establishments to supportFermi.lab. workers. There may, however,,be am.*unt of-bustness and commercial building. i,n-filllnq ,n vacant or, underutiltzed,parcels to'. handle SSC project demand that could not-be,absorbed,wtth;:current: .' capacity. The scenario as.presented .for .the far-cluster quadrant,w1117. likely happen and will likely coalesce; around,the;Kanevtlle area.,. The scenario as presented for the upper,andlower, arc•quadrants-wi1L•likely happen, given the already good ex.istl,ng;,eommerctal -infrastructure, in. : . both areas. It is likely that there may be a little more opportunistic retail development in ,the lower: arc quadrant than-the.upper.erc ' quadrant, given the less dense development/ patterns,_1 n,,northern Kendall county. : . , S5CAP13A2288830, DEIS Volume IV Append x 43 z Land Resources Assessments Illinois 27 `,itADJe,},8.3),, ,., SS&PROJECT ,ILLINOIS SITE,FACILITY,• IMPACT ASSESSMEMt• COMPARXS014GFFPROJEGT4EU1.TEltAtib( ' 'EXxST`INGr�AMO O ,E/{ONtiNC(yC.kWN'F,SiAiV;)000MFEI Assoal•tep I a,„, Lxiet(np - Lend tte4IjmHtg lend Us,/Zen'Inq.'.r, Degrwof' ' SSC Project-Facility Designetton Deslgmitish. . DiFferenoe,.. - Du?aaa_County Campus Area A Medium,Industrial,'•, Inet4tutlaal/' ' Mae ,. ResidentMls3)1r1,;•Injector Area V i 1ionel '�.., JMediutn,2nduaLrial '� Inatituttsnel/• Mane Agricultural (Zoned Rssldentt&a3, '04,,i and Industrial-2)Intermediate Access Access ,.r;.,•, ,..._r•,.,, Areas E CI Light,Indestrteln� Residenflal.4fioin,', Minor Plmrti'Usreldpnent` £10 Light'Induetrta%;, . General Business/ Minor Cannsnity S 0pplhg,w , service Area F -.1 ;,.,,,•n ', I.,. .. ,t,ubn,, 'nit',,I, Ft M.d,tua4ndwstelal:,,,J Plsttend'0eVelcp.ntM Major F9 -Medium industrial Airport (unroled) Major F10 Medium Industrial ._ Institutions,/ Marta ..•n'::,._ .:.:•.,. Research (Zooid 1,:rn .::.,,r.:-�•: Residential-3) _ r - it n'.- , 1 , Interaction Pointe and, - n , , o+c,. r u„ , r;,�. ..• E>tpertmrntal Areas it , . , ,,, ,.,, , ,r r,: ,,,, . - 1 KI Light ledwtrial -Institutional/ Mate Agriculture) (Zoned - i_'. _ ._... - Resldential-0) t KZ Light Industrial Institutional/ •.'7,..r..eY (,..!_ Agricultural (Zoned Residential-3) , Pane County _ r n•,c ri!�uwJ 'd 1 Campus Area A Medium Industrial Institutional/ Noes .„y Research (Zoned - . .. Farming District) • • Injector Area D ' ' M.u.' ' pry. bail..' ut,n r.: - ' . .. 1 ,lad isL 1al,-.lg. InetitultenaV m.rr„q Marie , _.. Age tau ltul (Zoned,_.____ .,_ _ _ _ -_...__ _ -. ...-`. --Fan,':.no District. niv.:',Os, 9,f Y1•1 „ r Iniwl's1.4)a M , . ft )- i' •m.`mN n,,I, n it 100,1 .,n , l_ ,.,' t otin tl1; 4e,ilf T ? V r .3 DEIS Volume IV - -'1 SSCAP33A228883), U 2; :.^,_. Appendtf( I3 • Land Resources Assrssaisnts` Illinois 28 Table-TS-a tCont) . SSC PROJECT. itthg1'SiSITE`"'F,thl ire.'" !MCI ASSESSSIOrri 0911POIRISON.erptan;r msa'AIID , EXISTIIIG-'1.ANDaaSE,z ebitta MES:'RYmCburr Associated &Elating. . .. ,._.. '. . lane Usa77astrgi lend-llrrlemningu' Dagres of SSC Project Facility Deaagnmanr„ De%gmstlew'.•.„":Al olffaenos . Intermediate Access -. Areas L '.' .. [2 LIght••..Ideslrtd;,;'. fareAng"bfitrltlt�"i Minor E5 Light•4dsr6rtal.-r' Fanning District Minor • E6 Light` 4s 41triet.''' Paring District Minor . . E7 Light Indurtrial Farming District Minor ES Light'j trtalr,' Ph fln6Ndit'lleer - Minor, ' Farming District E9 Light Zn ds.treal---, Single FsnM ly Minor •-: '�..,', Residential Salce Arose Sande. ,_..... . :,'.. . ..r _. F4 Medium Industrial Farming District Major - F5 Mediumanbriramt faruMg'D4eerrict`" Major ' Ft isatae7Wtuae4 Fanetng District/ major • Estate (my', :'.c' ' F7 Msdine.Ledwfa,la4•', ' Farming District/ Major Planned.Unit Fn Medium Industrial (state Major t • ,,, F9 MSS l a intrYll....•, L tmMa a,fromfeeturlrq None Interaction Points and. . n. '�i' Experimental Areas K K3 , Light Sndu trial Farming Dietr ct - Minor r •,,,❑.• K4 Light Industrial Farming District. M1nor ,.;A . ,,,,,,,m, K5 - Light Indurttial £arming-District Niece K6 Light Industrial Farming District- Minor , ,.,. i...,--i. rr,, , • l tallIointy r, Intermediate Acosta Arose E . . E2 Light Industrial Heavy Industrial Mona E3 Light Industrial . Limited-Manufacturing None .5..._. _ .... E4 , Light Industrial Agricultural District- Minor ' Service Arena F .. F2 Medium Industrial Dnrfamtly Rssidssoe• Major F3 Radium ta/sstwt:.^.' AgrisettrrM•sielriet NON ,,,, , � ,. Sources; City of Aurora Zoning Map. Clfpnf•brrr 1988. City of 6stavIs 1961: 1987. City of St. Charles 1980; 1987. City of *et Chicago I9a5s; 1905b. DVage County 19115.; 19906; 19850:1967. Kane County 1961; 1963. Vandal% County 1167;1986si"1906b. Village of Oerego.197f., Village of Wayne- 1989; 1965. SSCAPl1A22 23? . z ' " DEIS Volume. iv. AypeiM3X t3 n ,•, ; Land Resources Assessments Michigan 29 13.1.3,4 ' t1c)rivaII ) .,' i C.,ta ;r r; A! r . ,≤ • A. Sit cctfir Zosi `cel.ffi,, •.,_• ,f;,; v' f, +•: :r v, n > , Stockbridge Towrrkip,;.anm; y AR - Agricultural Residential District: The purpose of this district is to preserve prime soils for agricultural use ard+t.-grsbect vtabl'eggrt- •:' • cultural enterprises. It is applied to areas which have soils well suited to agricultural activities -'The-district'is„iiinsigned•to..,,pr+esaryo. these areas try omh1 it•iog -latisrsiw elf aosggrW.lteral aad Urooia- patible uses ate the +prase .agr1Cu1trral areas. • 'Poe.4trtrtct=t's lee•" , tended: I) to create l+arge++oenfMueos abbots air agriCwit+arat lead, 'bath•' by original designation and .by-rfetwn amisocitionaormealler iwldtags .art- the owner's request to exlstieg'blaeks;: tacit), Its kelp mstatsiw•=1awd values at levels which famaractireties-can sepporx awd t*avvW property• ' :' value Increases.tthrough igeoulactio.tfior irdgher dewtity:Rses,tWkli[ia force prime farm land into nonagricultural uses. Permitted aases••1ectade single-family residential dwellings; general farming; public or private conservation areas; and accessory uses. White Oak xowvship, Ingham County- &ricvJtura]-aside t l_'9istrJ tv Mvwatvtal ucec}twcluds em. ferilly .^ dwellings; •all baba fide,agrl+orbtawbttarses;;:alrurChoul: scfiols;iamd • - • accessory-es s.. ... . ...v Ingham,T asbtp,-Iwgbaei Coorty _ , . /A District - Agricultural E1teroristpisfirida•.-albe+gw,ose Aids�. district is the same as that cited for the Stockbridge Township AR Agri- cultural Residential District. Permitted .users lad odes+•Astogie.fi'aaily. "' residential dwellings; public and private conservation areas and struc- tures far the development; proteCtlidi ,aId`Caosavati.m •It.[rrao-spaed, watersheds, water, .soil,:foerects,: sod wiidl'+FeUesesrrees;„genanab .and • - specialized fenuring and agr icultural a cti sties;=waiting +er*lanipbg of"-- livestock; and accessary aces. 1.,^ .. I ,,,,,,r, . A Vevey Township, Ingham County IL-I District -J.imlted jodustrial : This district is intended to accom- modate those industrial uses .storage,,,and`related activities vities.that genes__ erate a.nhilemnofseise, glare,•odors„+4est, :vi*etlan,: air and:water pollution, faro and•:safety liaremds,:+or other,potentially AwrudiuT,or=,, nuisance elranacteristics. .' It is designed to accommodate Wholosale, warehouse., and iadostrial actirities Stoat opfllora9'-and.plrysteal characteristics to mot •+detriaentad:ly act any of XM.,sa^roowdtwg dls• tricts. 'Me fl-.i districts..ant eeswabl1adied•'to ipsvanht its eaaref ctmrlog compounding, processing, ipackaging., awserbly, . la'.trwatzr artrorf'fiw. i shed or somiifinisbed products/'from previoittlyi raparad material, •via as pharmaceuticals, *sen ware,• and cetler+Ys rtooil ndddle, gam. awrd't machine shops. It is also intended to peewit"indestrfat a ddcoaaevt ail , SSCAP13A223 • DEIS Volume IV Appewd`4ao'3 -+<i' ;•,;; Land Resources Assessments Michigan 30 uses which meet the applicable performance standards, commercial) ettab4 . i. !.: lishments not engaged in retail sales, and service establishments which are of a type not generally requiring the customer.ltrc&fl at'tthe,,.place of business. It is intended to prohibit residential uses and •intenslve,- retail enterprises as being incompatible wkbhntheephimar3r:aeb0- r,' xr,,-= • - permitted. Leslie Township, Ingham.County ; ,, A-1 District: Aari ,g,}tg,l This;district pis titteadedtp,preserve,. enhance, and stabil.tze.areasmithin the-towftship which.areLpresently , used predominately-for general farming-andareas,-,whi,ch,,rbecaQse of:, their soil characteristics,, natural,flora.,;orrother-conditions.,should be conserved for agricultural,and.open space,use.u :Torachteve:these objectives, permitted uses within;this;district.are iimited +to . , agricultural and;l.ow-density residentiat use,sblmited community. ` facilities, such as 'schools, churches, andcpublic. open.\spaces;tand ..; . similar comparable,uses.,- n,' Onondaga Township, Ingham County ALDbtrlc - Acricu kiral Residentiii Oistrtct:: Therpu .o rposef thus ,• • district is the same as that cited for the Stockbridge Township AR Agri- cultural Residential District. Permitted uses-tnclude;- singles-famtlry residential dwellings; public and :private•conservationrareascand:strut- . tures for the development, protection and conservation of open.'space,w -- watersheds, water, soil, forests, and wildlife resources; general and . • specialized farming, horticultural, and agriculturalaetivtties;. ratsing or keeping of livestock; raising or growing of plants, trees, shrubs, and nursery stock; .and,accessory. uses. Aurelius Township, Ingham:County ( ttrict - Aerlcultural •Residential 91s ,Dj trict The;purpose_of^.this district is the same.•as,that•ci,ted:for the Stockbridge Townshi. .AR;Agrti- cultural Residential District. Permitted rusesuincluds:.,- single,family,. residential dwellings;, general farming; public.or:prtvate conservation:.:• ': areas; and accessory uses. Waterloo Township, Jackson County AG'1---- Aerie iu tural istrict The^•intentAof this•dis.trict,•1a, to pro- tect, maintain, and preserve agrtcultural.areas+an, the ;township 'which.. are or may be exceptionally productive-andhave.,particular"value"•for,: agricultural activities Development,of_am urban character-•ts•dis couraged from this'district and thus. prevente&'from .encroachlngvpon. these agricultural-resources , usexcinc1ude. `general and specialized farming and agriculturaLracttvlttles,;.except;'feedTots; sale. of agricultural, products-raised or grown, omrthe.larm .premises;,rhome' _ occupations; kennels; 4onservation.:areas, ,rifCludipgxforesti..preserves,. game refuges, .nature ,reservatiuns. :anaSimilar, areas,,:rof•,lowaintensitt-Y: c ' • use; essential-services and .structuresrof,a.'nonindustrial character; accessory uses or structures. 55CAP13A2288834 . , DEIS Volume IV Appendi7c 13'.2:" Land Resaarces Assessments • Michigan 31 Henrietta Toras,bip,,Jaokso,,Cooaty ro AG-1, - AoricalUral District: tersitbed.iases.1aclude: 's+i ogle- .ami . multiples-family Ewell togs;. haols;Ionennccupattang tack,,garderrs,' greenhouses, and nurseries; raising and keeping of fowl and rabbits fora . .. commercial purposes; farm dwellings, farm buildings and structures; roadside stands for the sale of locally grown agria0ltrarat'aroductcc farming; private stables, veterinary hospitals, and cli nits; private landing fields; mining aR.'oatunaa•,ne9o(ercest•omietai ies.And isosp5tals; and accessory.(buildings..strwctures. /al ms.. MH-1 - Mobil e eDitt, £achrati efiooe,<district shall lie:com- posed of restricted, areas-i.Aerg-atni„ts, ;dratnags,'.and-laoipessilbi,Tity Irate it suitable for residential ,atme and is 1:+iateed',caotaie grefaie rated types of single mobile dwelling milts amdl:other toes Iiirtchart clierac teristic of a residential district, lack district sliaai'te *Gigged to provide adequate homesites for those desirous of living in the community and yet prefer this type of residence. The•aruguiat4amm'on ,partiberes et- • land use, intensity of use per acre, and installations of essential ser- vices shall be such as to:stabilize, Protect, and empty► go the.'resi4en-:`. tial development and praoabe compatibi ity with roses :1n abutting 41e- • tracts. 'Permitted uses linc]uden mobile tames;,deurches, community centers, cnnnwnity sw;imelsp pails; service.buildings. pai ing'areas, ' playgrounds, and, parks; and-accessory fusas_ Leoni Township, Jackson County AG_ icu tural District: This district is composed of areas of the township suited to agriculture andlepanwspaoe lard:uses.• •life,reguya-. ' tions governing>this,district,are ,dast1gned=to.retaiethe. open character of the .d and end,. to that out, :the uses ere.'iai ted.m i ly i .agr icui. tural :activities. tourtry residencies" public buildings,. com stity centers, and apes recreation sises.cfenaitted ui.‘imclude: agriculture;' nonprofit camps and/or clubs;•(crmetaries;-churches;:cou.atnrltry centers; commercial tunnels; «faeiiiiiletachsd.dwel11b •converte0tone-family farm dwellings lade lets mot more ttha t nee-faaily.dwfalJirtgs;: general- ized and .specialized.fending., dmtiSNIng.'.no'serirs., 9raenh uses,' truck' gardening, poultry raising. (beekeepimg;8ndrnihrs1riler bona- fide" agricultural enterprises; public parks; riding stables:, roadside stands; essential services and structures of a nonindustrial character; and accessory oses:- ..:. . Blackman TaccMip,::Jackson':Comity:. ,r , , . - , - a AG-1 - Aor culttni-iois ''i t rldtted:useas:•isclade:;; gem tJ-•znd;sfm cialized .farmicg.and: agrticeltmral actirities,.tenet.ifealletreame:the raising, snowing, orwstorage of SS,or fli.wswiae_aud lags;. sale`etagri- cultural products:raised or grown.sl ether.farw::pnwdses; slagle.+farmily, detached dwellings; sirg3e.fanaly detadretdwa3llegs:cf'Yfacresateclesr • SSCAPA3A2288835 . . ,.. DEIS Volume IV ApgardlX4Z' :7: 218-829 0 - 88 - 14 (BOOK 7) :il fir;•; Land Resources Assessments Michigan 32 with limited animal raising; home occupationsp,conservation'and/or recreation areas, including forest preserves, game refuges, nature reservations, hunt clubs, and simtta areas of l0w-lntensity.use;..essen- tial services and structures of. roMndustrial_character,and,aCCessory= uses. n, Rives Township, Jackson County [fir u1 r l Die ri t: : Permitted uses include; .'single-family dwellings; general and special ized.fanning :end-agricultural •activities, except commercial feedlots, but including the raising or growing and storage or preservation of crops, sod,.farm.livestock.' poultry, beekeeping, plants, trees, shrubs, andaursery`stock; sale of . • agricultural products raised or grown on the farm ipranises including roadside stands for such •sales;: schools;:and parks,''•playgrounds, • recreational, and community center buildings'. • Tompkins Township, Jackson County AG Aaricultyral Dittrict: , This district is, composed of large open land areas devoted to general fanning, dairying,.•livestock, 'truck crops, and an increasing number ,ofnonfarm:homes. The. regulations are designed to retain the open character of:the.‘land and to that end,tho uses are limited to fanning, enterprises associated,with" modern ,farm: operations' rural residences, community service buildings, and recreational uses. 8. Assessment of Land Use_Sbanoes Table 13-4 presents data by which to compare project-related' and existing land use changes. ...Upon,review there'are:'only two exceptions to the generic impact assessment as described., in Section 1S.Y.3..' Service area F-6 is sited in an area zoned for, "Limited •Industrial" use, thereby causing no impact. Intermediate access area' Ew2 4i$ located in an area that is currently zoned as: .a•mobile-home district, thereby causing it to be ascribed as a major degree of difference .bet*een, project-related and existing land use designations. The proposer has,indi.cated'that it will relocate the existing mobile-home park, thereby causing thin adjacent > land to revert to a more characteristic agricultural settingand,: hence,' a minor degree of difference. C. fvaluation of Development Imollcations At the Pro i esj Level - The development scenario as presented .in Section13.1.,2;3,.E•appears to >-<• .;• be appropriate for the Michigan site. given the settlement pattern of the project region. The Village of'Stockbridge has a business enterprise and commercial establishrent base.from which&t0expand to accommodate near cluster quadrant: worker(needs.,. TheClty,of,Masonican: accommodate the needs of both upperaresquadrant and northern:far,it cluster quadrant workers;. and the Vi lageiofvLesl"1t•cancaccomeodate>the- , needs of both lower arc quadrant and southern far cluster quadrant workers. SSCAP13A2288836 DEIS Volume IV Appendiknlr,'..p- Land Resources Assessments Michigan 33 ntApll►3304 e•r. SSA'PRO'JECT' F{i AW T6TAaLITY�Z IMPAn:ASSESSMEN7x"COMPAUS@Wt1C PROJECT.%RlsLAtENIANDP PEXISZINfe20NING ESr'SIC:CaapaY. • • AssocTatd .„ A • Existing..:_.,..,, Zontrq ,rv�. Zoninge�i,m 1 Degree of SSC Project.Faci lity� DnignatbonL,r.. Dentgetgwrni ''0 . Dtff.rone Ingham County Canpus Area A Medium IndustrialAgricultural ' Residential r rhoA Injector Area B Mdlun:1ndu.trlewl•A Agricultural '”!qj Major • Intermediate Aeneas r IL, ,. r - !v Arens E E5 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor +P ,,.--on Residmtist lr �•...p, '; ER . �,. ,,A Light Industriah Agrloutt. l AA)., « Miner C7 L/ght,Induetrlrl„-:n Agricultural r:,r-..,' Minor E8 Light Induatnlah:A AgMovMtung fiwl!,:,". Minces �^ E9 Ent.rPMrti mlr�n.�p 0;9 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor Residential m,r 1,rr,,,?„1 EIO Light Industrial Agricultural Minor ^'""'"""'-•' Residential ^ •':'" • Service Areas F i , .,rc-n •!,•.am: 'nr, 1 r'n r F5 Medium Industrial_• .,Agricultural_. ._: Major.. _... . ... Residential F6... Medium ledu.trla1C , nM,"Ledsedi-tnduntriel Marv„ F7 NNW lur.lcluetrlel- 0 ,i pI.ultur.l,P, l s ' .M. .4 e;rl r„m.eFEetwlrrlw rn.e � � c nx+..,i Fe ,,,,;MdiiMi industrla1M r.,\ grAgni.ulbs..1 +r , -..Major` ^v„' r„r.,r V r . nVW1d. Sal � r, f'! .. n'rirmn• F9 Medium Industrial \2' Agrie.Itural vIIH JM . Major'^°""T Residential Interaction Pointe and Experimental Areas K 43 Light Industrial Los Density Minor Residential K4 Light Industrial Los Density Minor • Residential/ Agricultural Residential KS Light Industrial 'Agricultural Miner KB Light Industrial Agricultural • Minor SSCAP13A224.7.937c1 51.10v GEIS Volume IYCA*pona3*IY3all' , 'j; Land.Resources Assessments Michigan. 14 Tab1. 3.4'QCont) SSG`PIIOiaariumzawa t.1 MAC! ASsessstu mpi u Ii+ PROOECV141124ffOILIMIS EXISTIIRVILMVOSE/ZIIMIRRA CicateCOten Associated (listirp. . . ... - --_ Zoning Zoning.mra,t - at SSC Project-Fa,llifpg 0es/9eM/ee1'.„) geelgnetteto errs g=7 J.;,;..J•' Dackaon County Interendiate Awes -.. :!. x..19, `a 1 co:l.oM ft e=.+,� to lo. Arses E ^r. .. .,,. El Light Intimatrilal,la'. Agrdne{IkMalry".,:,s Miner !' E2 Light 1wiwMUi..• Mobile Hams Dist. Major E0 Light Industrial Agrioultoral Diet. Minor (4 Light Industrial Agriculture Muer'"" ' ""1"' Service Areas F U1 v,r-, 11 Medium be4eWled.' Agricultural Diet. Major FT Medium.T.dse6rlee.:. Agnisu7berst Met.) Major F3 - nadir,lsdretrlet.^, I ri.j1 w$O ,- . Major F4 Medium].dss6Ait.1 Agr+tsutt ene" ' Major F10 Medi," Insiosiri fn.' Agrtoslturel 1 Major. Interaction Points ,. and Experimental Areas K .. -a KI Light Industrial Agricultural,1 Minor ra"11 :..u...... K2 LigM Industrial Agricultural 1' Minor Sources: Aurelius lasnshlp 1977; 1954.•4lieltaaloewship 19W7'tISfl.^VMMletta Tesnshlp-1960; 198T.' Inchon lesnbip 1077a;_1977b1..dssakteaeelep 198% *e7&+141aseS#i iehlp.1980; 19N.: Onendega, Township Zoning District Map. ,4s ide e.ifernehip.1978. 637x9 i lo-ITISUO9 9$1(},DIDie. Rives 7su&ip 1976. Stookbridler70wedetp Zoning Map.'''StombwMge' oenship 1961. Teepkire' Township 1967; 1900. Vevey Terett4.raj7a;. 1977b1 Waterloo Township 1961; 1965. White Oak TOWW%*p,twring-Maps Wire tu)s is,$.-l987.. rnr+.!%u.m; mug I:. nil •ii (il SSCAP13A228$$3 .: '.•,,,. ' Otis-volume- ItAppemtvipl3?zt• '•' t trl.: Lan d.Resources'-Assessnents North Carolina - 35 13.1.3.5 North Caro)ipe 2/`; 'Nf- r7 A. ,Site-Soesiflc'Zen40y1nE .'1 -1 ,V4) u J Durham County ' -o r, v‘: C4,12 3.4:::r on, RQ}2ural District: This district is established for agricultural..pur- poses and is meant: 1) to constrain:comnertial:.smr iwAuttrial nc.t nt- ._ . . land that would adversely affect adjacent and°4earky,properties to the degree of unreasonabl eness,;;an&Z to, prohlbit,aoy;nose which vweid 3 'Of _ interfere with an integrated and efficient development)), tbeiiesu:,for.:::_.. more intensive use as the county population increases. Permitted uses include: rural residential uses; temporary sawmills; sale of antiques from private residences; summer cottages,- cabins.,,,and camps; kennels a . race tracks, riding stables, and academies; and child-care facilities.. Roxboro and Port of Flat River Townships, Person County B-1 Residential-Aar cultural Q£stcict - Low Density: Permitted uses include agricultural uses; single-family dwelling units, exclusive'of . ,.. mobile homes; governmentaL4pesta faeilitiesc,.amdaccessory- uses. B. Assessment of Land Use change= Table 13-5 presents data by which to compare project-related and existing land use changes. .`tp0n4eview theta aflasexceptions' to thatgeneric impact assessment as described in Section 13.1.3 C. £valuation of Dev'eionment:.,lmejlcationk atyie_Pro_iect Level q The development scenario as presented in Section 13.1.2.3.E appeerstou be appropriate for the North Carolina site, given the settlement pattern of the project region. The commnity-of-Butawrlies,a'business enterprise and commercial estebktshment baselfraw s%tch to expand to accommodate near cluster quadrant worker needs;`"The'communities of Rougemont, Timberlake, Somersett and-Roxbormairecommadste the needs' of western arc quadrant workers a The City of Oxford can accommodate the needs of some of the far cluster quadrant workers, as well as themeAef.,. •, workers in the northern half of the eastern arc quadrant. The Village of Stem canaccommodate the needs'of workersier tiwrie ethern..half of the eastern arc quadrant. Thir la, -:cluster quadrant; particularly the area around interaction points and.4mperimental.,aareas-K4,k K-4,-K-5, and K.S., are not readily served by any sizable community, so there will likely be some commercial development;. cons•Jstent with-the mode'£. SSCAPI3A228BB3!; DEIS-Volume ,IY Append%x't' ' ` _7,00. ynJ Land Resources Assessments North Carolina 36 Table 13-5 nr'� pu � �• _. ., SSC PROJECT NORTH CAROLINA SITF,-ivAC4LnY r�_;. o<,•':-- ,;__, IMPACT ASSESSMENT: COMPARISON OF PROJECT-RELATED AND EXISTING LAND USE/ZONING, BY COUNTY nhJt • Aesucrtd •,... ,! "'f (l et lrq ,J I, W l Land Me/Ming land Use/Zoning n Devw'of „ SSC Project Facility'sOssignaiAoe o.r� C'• \Dee4gnetion' -' C I O, Di rrnee d. . •.Y,l "Nr,1.A. ♦ I ' i .' tY Y . ,r ep'Y�, Pirhm4CouptY; f rnW- t ri.' oc,'1 , .'u.r iG,� L: .'.'1^r S•Yu'r v, )r„ r t'., :r . , I W 7 ^ ! V i I n 1'-1 Cengte Area A. ..- tedium industrial, ., 'aunt Dtarnct Moiler; '? lit.. ,trl , Intermediate Access Areas Areee E ,;')r „�,.Li,WG", 'i')Vi w ,: • ',C' '`'Y]`i :♦;i f. J 14.40+ .1 E1 Light Industrial Rural District Minor fly r nir N ,h) $eryloa AreasF +Mi-.f '' ,.•n.d • .. .. .. ) `, " Ft NSW.'Tnduettiel 'f= RuPeV(Katr1S I'm 11r.^.0 'Majotr5i . . F10 Medium Industrial Rural District Major Interaction Pointe and . .. .. ._ -_. _.. Experimental Areas K ' K1 Light Industrial„ Rural D,,l1etrtot Minor K2 • Light'Indtmtrial ^ V''RureV0istricti 1 r t I Minor 6ranYille County .,itann� , n-L Injector AM D _. .Medfmi lndwtrfaL-� . :__.:Ruwi/N515tay ,.---.' Major"""•. Intermediate.Axone fl'r ".r :i. G t i? _ I TK..r r !e'. Arse"E .a4'rlt: , -io! . -r,i'..,"!ry `f. I/0 E6 - Light indntrla% rt v 'resisted " ' • • l'•'_' M1Mnr-` "r�'. .0 E7 ,Lightfledultr4lr,c a,ichetetle : $q '+,-: Ce Light l-dustrial, , •,.,* Forested/. , t Nkari• hr (4) AOricunUht •. (9 3, 't oht:Induetricio0<u .iosommataxl/'•r:;r/� �r-.i•, ";Minor.-�11 " 'p}: 'U ADrisMfWra1W ?;..L:,', ,"r� ^.'eq, "•W •,�). "-.I.'"nu flirt vr.t..l�: 1 J '1 , ., ' y',.' 04" SarvfcsArees'F - a\„ : rh I S.) i ) r:!' fY .., ^'t , F6 MedlurInduetn4e.Z; ft) pFoliated 'r' Y t J. ' 1 r F7 Medium !adularia', �:� , . ARriculture,t/,1 :f r_•n• ,majo"rrf. •tadFe -. Medium Iidue►rial h.urn 1rorrste4A. ;t r'n ri t r'MiIo#to • •,. v' ,rb 11 07 '4 tdiAarysultnwpl V "o 1V r•e' Y f' ..'•'Y V I 'ID, FR ' , .� 'MMIfia (n�trla�.W .npra"Forested/e eu . Or ,V.+rt Naar -• 1n) 9q:0,' • Agridntin Interaction Pointe and Cmperimental Areas K KS L$Rht IndustrieI Agricultural/ Minor Forested " K6 Light Industrial Agricultural/ Minor Forested SSCAP13A22$8840: DEIS Volume IYrAppendixcA3;;a, Land Resources Assessments North Carolina 37 Table 13-5 (Cont) SSC PROJECT NORTH CAROLINA SITE.:FACYL'IT1f `... IMPACT ASSESSMENT: COMPARISON OF PROJECT-RELATED AND EXISTING LAND USE/ZONING, BY COUNTY MemfaLed Exlatin0 .. Lend Use/Zoning . taed'•Uw/Zonlnq. 5i'; .,..:Degree eF SSC Project Facility Destgnetlon < Designation Ottferent - rorsmLCounty Intermediate Masse Areal E .. " C2 : Light Industrial Agricultural. •;,: Minor E3 Light Industrial Forested/ Minor - - Agricultural' " '_ ' E4 Lt ht Industrial Reeldent Minors .0 E5 L1ght..inouetrtal : Foroted; ,r. 'r:Minor+. - .. Service Areas F _ _ - F2 Medium Industrial Agricultural Major F3 Medium Industrial Rnldenxfel-1 .Ma,Ior,..,.:. f4 Medium Industrial Agrleul!urel/Rwr+i+ .. °,...Maier. . .' • 15 Medium Industrial Forested Major Interaction Points and KS Light Industrial Forested Minor K4 Light Industrie) Agricultural,. _ Mlnor, Sources: Durham County 1986: :1981e. Parson County"^19ea; 1953: - •;;.; (/ -• • , SSCAPI3A2288841 DEIS Volume IV AP'petiMi & Land Resources Assessments Tennessee 38 13.1.3.6 Zennesser A. iv's; Rutherford County R-15 - Residential: This district is intended to provide for the devel- opment and continued maintenance of a wide variety of housing types with a relatively low overall density^of development. lots of at least 15,000 ft2 are required for 'sewerednareas. Lot"s5ze for areas which are unsewered shall be determined by the Rutherford County Health Department and in no case shall such tot size be"less'than"13:000 ftt' Williamson County R Murat)istrjs3: This district is intended to permit development in keeping with the rural character of most of the unincorporated areas of the county. The standards of this district ensure the development of these areas in a fashion thtt..either: permanently,protects these areas or permits an interim use that will easily permttifurthertdevelopment at the appropriate time. This district is particularly appropriate for areas with rough terrain and few public services. B. Assessmeet_of Land Vse,Chanae5,;', Table 13-6 presents data by which to compare project-relates and existing land use changes. Upon review there are no exceptions ;to'the . generic impact assessment as described in 13.1.3. C. Evaluation of Devel94men1`Imoltcatioes at the"trolect Level The development scenario as presented in Section 13.14.2.3.E appears to be appropriate for the Tennessee site, given the settlement pattern of the project region. The City of Murfreesboro has a business enterprise and commercial establishment base from which to expand to accommodate near cluster quadrant worker needs. The communities of Patterson, Kirkland, College Grove, and Eagleville can accommodate the needs of western arc quadrant workers; and the communites of Fosterville and Deason may need to expand to accommodate the needs of eastern arc quadrant workers. The communities of Unionville and Chapel Hill may also need to expand to accommodate the needs of far cluster quadrant workers. $SCAP]3A2268842 DEIS Volume IV Appendtci3' :, :. Land Resources Assessments Tennessee 39 (Table E34 .:G.t SSC`;PROJECT' TENNESSEE'/SITETPACtctTY' ' IMPACT ASSESSMENT'r',CCOMPARISO11r0F•"PROJECT-RELATED AND " EXISTING LA D1r-USE/ZONING?CHANGES'r'''SY COIAITYY Aasau feted Existing • land Use/Amino . . • ., Lend usetlaning. Degree OP SSC Project Faollity Daignstion Designative .. OtfferenW' Rutherfordjcuntr Campus Area A Medium Industrial Rnldentia1-15 Major•'^- ^', '•>'•`"+^^+r Injector Ares 8 Medium Industrial Resent la 1-15 Major Intermediate Access Areas E - CI light Industr tai Residential-IS Minor '- •" `' EZ Light Industrial Raidentiel-I5 Minor E9 Light Industrial- • Resldentne1-15. Minor U0 LILht dndntrial • • - RestderMhe1.15 Minor - Service Areas F -. Fl Medium Industrial 'Residential-15 Major ir.. �--.in:+a=�• F2 Medium Industrial Residential-15 Major F9 Medium Industrial Resident tal-IS Major • Flo Medium Industrial • Rnldentdsinl5 I.' • Major Interaction Points and Experinrntel Areas K �. . K1 Light Industrial Residential-15 Minor-"' • ' K2 Light Industrial Residential-I5. Minor - •-h - ?Arabs)) Ccuntq • lntammdtate Access Areas E '. E6 tight industrial AgrloulturaJ' '.. Minor ". II Service Arena F F6 Medium Industrie' Pores'-d/OPen $.r•': . c.'^Ms,lar •.^_ ' Interaction Points and - Experimental Areas K - KS light Industrial • Forested Minor K6 Light Industrial . . Agricultural/ • S5CAP13A2268843 . DEIS .Volume IV AppsndTx-'T3 - ' Land Resources Assessments Tennessee 40 Table IS (Cont) SSC ►ROJECT-TV ES3EE'aSxTE"FACILfTT::,: IMPACT ASSESSMENfr; _COMPARISON>OP,PAOJECT.NEEATEJD ANDc'". EXISTING LAND;uSEAONONGAMANGES;YSY COONTr: Associated 'Existing'', Land Use/lasing Land Ussinentng ; ,u: Dyes of SSC Project Facility Designation. Designation,. :.•. Difference • .. Dedforil County - - Intermediate Access. . Areas E E3 Light Industrial Agricultural Minor CA Light Industrial Forwtsd/Open ES .Light Industrial Forested Mtnw ,.+•• Service Areas F - F3 Medium•Industs•Ml. Open/Apriarltural , Major • F4 Medium..lnduetWl ,.. Open/ApnWalturei.; Major F5 Medium industrial Open/Agricultural Major Interaction Points - . , - nnd Experimental Areas K K3 Light Industrial iersedd/ Nlnpr c, Agricultural K4 Light Industrial Agricultural/Open Minor,!,:•..`.• , „ V111tamsoO_CountY Intermediate Access _.. .•a r r ,r^; . . Armes E C7 Light Industrial Rural District Minor ,__.CO . Light Industrial Rural District Minor Service Areas F F7 .. Median Industrial .,•a Rural District Major f8 Medium Industrial Rural District Major Sources; Rutherford.County 1979; 1984., Wi)Naasem,Couety magic, mows: Itiatic Williamson County Commission 1988. SSCAP13A2268844 DEIS Volume IV Append$x:23:i:';: Land Resources Assessments , Texas 41 13.1.3.7 Texas A. Stte-Snerific 7nntya Terpli ;'" w ;,4r AC - Aaricelturat District: This distMi/ct rIs 'intended to-be`used pri- marily in areas where agricultural uses should-be.retained. where scattered nonfarm growth should be presented, and as a temporary clas- sification for newly annexed lands., Permit *iddses include: agriculture use: one-family detached.dwe1lings;,churches; cemeteries; schools and colleges; public buildings.-and structures of,a,recreational, cultural, administrative, and public service type; parks, .ptaygrounds. and diaries; and hp blicood cutt11ty andureilroa facilities; d ights•ef'eiay and t ks ..:reational centers; private reCreationar; B. Assessment of Lana Use Chance& Table 13-7 presents data by which to compare project-related and existing land use changes. Upon review there are no exceptions to the generic impact assessment as described in'13.1,.3.. C. Cvaluatton Qf Deyelooment Ympllcaslons.at:"tbejtolect Level u. The development scenario as presented in ;Section'13.1.2.3.E appears to be appropriate for the Texas site., given;ths,,settlement pattern of the project region. The City of'Waxahachie has'aobusiness enterprisezand commercial establishment base. from which to expand to accommodate the near cluster quadrant worker needs. The Cities of Palmer and Ennis also. have their respective business enterprise and commerical establishment bases from which to expand to accommodate,the far cluster quadrant worker needs. The upper arc quadrant worker;needs,can be met by the City of Red Oak. The lower arc 'gaadrant worker median,not readily met by. any existing communities, so there islikely to be some commercial development, consistent with:;thetrodel. nil to 1 - • SSCAPi3A22s884S DEIS-Voluse_It-Appendix i3 - Land.Resources Assessments G Texas 42 Table 13-7 SSC PROJECT TEXAS SITE FACILITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT: COMPARISON OF PROJECTADJ411Xv NIr `.r " EXISTING LAND USE/ZONING CHANGES., ELLIS COMITY( I t;•m T.. Iry . I'• 4'5r �)' . rh..,' ( ,w t' '•, d Associated LCMlating ' ^. .f le• nd lee/Zoning tend'uee/lonfne ',' •%sores oP' ' ' SSC Project Fectflty Cn'gntidn - 'Designation' Crpus:Ana A ' ^i l.IMdtiee Industriel, n7 frpHciiltura,16tuQRt ; .Jr , zi . .. Injector Area B Medium Industrial Agricultural/ Major Rn1dM+tlet_'•:�,Inta •� ArYneMlieta Agonaa ::r''(Il♦ '.`(t.f i� :'' .. 1.1 GI/ , j . ,`r': Et Light;Industrial'r ,- iMod ) .•Minor ;'p; , E2 Light Industrial Pasture Minor - (3 - Light Industrial .Apr/ou itura) Minor Ea :LigM'4nduatrtel" "Agyldultumar' "'/ Ninon I ,. ES Light industries Rang. Minor ER Light-Industrial ,. . ,➢enure/Metland . . .,Minor � ._, E7 ; light'tndwtria 1 ' ° `A3rtculteral' Minor • / > Ell t"Light I dustNlel r`•'/ ; ResWIAt ad'r i1.'Miner •r •:.y;: CO , ,tight.idustriel,t i;r.:,ARriwOterA4, • .v Minor lv i Light"Industrial, . Pgsture Minor -• i• • •_� . . Semite Art.s.S' . r v• lt Y .3 I 1. ry,, y if') -".1R . .Y r 3"—Jr, lY sd,;'�r Ft•, MMium Industelit 9uturev . , Major In • , F? 'Msd11w'tnduatWell' n 4r'Peat1Me/Ranges, + ' ..Major, F3 '" Medtua$Mduttrial ,,r,., Agrimultur111 +n 1•",ma.1or. \g Agriculture I +0.Districts) Ni r •_r , r• 1••,rr F4 Medium Industrial Agriculture) major F5 Medium Industrial Range major FA Medium Industrial Rangs/Wetland Major F7 Medium Industriel Agricultural Major F8 Nadine Industrial Agricultural Major - - Fg Mdiun Industrial Agricultural major F10 Medium Industrial. Agricultural Major Interaction Points _and Experimental Ames K K1 Light ndustriai Agricultural Minor K2 Light ndu.trta) Pasture/Range Minor K3 Light ndntrial Range Ninor Ka Light rdustrial Range Minor KS L1gM /duatrtal Pasture Mime K8 Light adustriel Pasture Minor Sources: North Central Texas Council of Government Rag lonl pats Center 1985. City of Red Oak 1981: 1984: 1988• SSCAP13A2268846•. DEIS Volume IV Appendix 13 Land Resources Assessments 43 13.1.4 Cumulative Impacts in the Region of Influence A. Arizona SSC project development wil•l.probably•be an,important ,source of-growth both in the southwestern region ef;Maricoppa Countyvand.tbroughout.the; . Phoenix metropolitan area. Regional, and; local<,planning; agencles,appear to be well developed organizations,;who„through.their"comprehensive ; planning efforts, are effectively.guiding-the,cheracter,and-directiow of >: growth. It is expected that there will ,be -some�local^competi•tion-for , housing in the-southwestern.region,, particularly! as-'new, housing.develop- ments such as Estrella come on,-l:ine.inthe.d990s,;,should proximity.to-- work be a major locational .factor in housing-chOicelletermination...r If. .. not, it is expected that the regional housing supply will-be adequate to handle both SSC workers as well as other newcomers. As a consequence,it may be difficult to separate out the direct effects of SSC project development from the general pattern of regional growth. B. Colorado , SSC project development is. likely to,be .the,most significant source of growth in the northeastern Colorado,.region even. it.the PawneeGenerating:.- Station, Unit II is constructed in the-late 1990s., : Land.use.patterns are expected to change dramaticallyand will•challenge the regional-and : local planning agencies as they manage,,rapid::growth. ..Nevertheless, there is considerable locaT professional planning experience-inr:managing rapid growth generated by large-scale projects. Even -thought a Denver: metropolitan region will be the;majorsource-.of support,,for<,:the-.project, given its distance away,.from.thesite. ;little -in,the way-,of land:user effects will be attributable to the project. , . . C. Illinois SSC project development •is likely:to be an important.:though "not highly- visible. source of growth..in-the;urbanized-Chicago-region.,: , RegiOnal-and local planning agencies appear-;to be well-developed-organtzations, which: through their comprehensive planning-efforts are effectively,guiding. the. . - character and direction of growth,,. -It is"expected-that there,will.be " rr some local competition for housing in the -newly developing areas-to the - . south and west of Fermilab, should,proximity;to.work be a.major, loca. tional factor in.-housing,choicedeterminattonw:;df.not,- it,is?expected " • that the regional housing•,supply,w111-.beadequate .to handle2both.1SC - workers as well as other newcomers,---As, atconsequence,•..it may- be ;diffi- cult to separate out,the direct 'effects of•SSC,project.development°on: the region of influence, from ,thEgeneral>:patternof.regionairgrowth.- • , ' SSCAPI3A2248847 ,, DEIS Volume IV Appendix,:tA,^,z• • Land Resources Assessments 44 D. Michigan • SSC project development is likely to be a significant source of growth: in south-central Michigan. Regional and local economic development and planning agencies appear ta be' well-develeped,arganizatiows,' which through their comprehensive-pl�anmi�ag�efforts 'areeffettive'y,gaidfng the ; ; character and direction'of,growth. TC'ls expected that,there,wi'Tl-be certain vomit of revitalization to existier,popal'atfon teeters;with some attendant• now growth.occerring.' Ginn" the titers 'unique reliance on two large•urban Jotter.-'centers, i.e., tansing.•anrf J. r.- pTr'a number of"- smallercoamunit1.. 1* the fSifl 'a1ea.r,and'Ann'AfUm•end"(*troit fn the larger regions. SSC project-related growth wittibe diffused throughout the region, theretp)reducig,to aumrinimuarmanysingelarr ' • development.pressure. ,,; .+ E. North Caroliee SSC project development is likely to be a major source of growth at the northern fringes of Durham and the attendant Research Triangle Para ana • of the North Carolina Piedmont Region. State, regional, and local planning agencies appear to be:wet1-deve@opet'organizatlons,-'which through their cvmprehens1ve'plaening efforts'are-•effectively-'gufding the.[ character and direction of growth. •It'is expected'that°there will'.some local competition for nousi mg, along-the•easternrand'western• borders'of' the SSC project, should proximity to"workbe a' Major locationalifactor in housingchoice.determination,. If nett.'it is-expected•that-the'' ' regional housing''supply'will be• adequate•to handle both'SSC-worken"as well .as other newcomers. . As a>consegaence,' it' marbe•d'fficuit to separate out the direct effects',of.SSC,project development'fromr the general pattern of regional growth. F. Tennr5• er SSC project development is.likety to .be a significant:sourrte'•otgrowtfr r in the -middle Tennessee region. -The"tarea`ir currently-experiencing rapid change and-growth'as majorcheavy*in&stria7;and'otker" ' • manufacturing projects are realized. Regional'-;am: locs? pPanning ' agencies are meeting these•challenges through 4theieconrprehenSire • planning efforts so that the character and direction of growth can be guided effecttve>:r. It is expectadgthat<there'willhbt' a significant - amount of local competition for housfny'along'tlie northern'and eastern ' borders of the-SSC-project, sheutd'proxlmtty'to-work"be a'major' 1ocattonal factor in•hoenfnq:choice=deters1oa cir. P#,not; -it ft . expected that the'inrgioaat-haus4ig "SuppTy'w$l1 to adegvate'•enoagh"to ' handle both SSC worken ;a$avo11 es othernlw_tmen' A5+ a consequence, ' it is likely to be easy to identify the direct effects of the SSC project locally, but more difficult to trace impacts at the Nashville- based regional scale. SSCAPI3A2248B411 DEIS Volume IV Appendhr'13' -.2 Land Resources Assessments 45 • G. Texas CJu, SSC project development is likely' to-be an, important sowttof igroWan i ;.^• the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan region'. -The region supports a reasonably well•diverstf'ledi economy+,'butt remadns,ldependent :on the, internationally.setiprice of Of 'ias'^thenlubrtcant<for..,;a:smoothly,;r,, operating 'system: ;r,. , � ,y :�li; n . .,c1,•,. rr„- v, ,.,•, :' Given current low. oil •prices;, theohousir+g;;market risloverbuilkt tes a , . • result of recent downturns n the national,'economy« lelt:5ix: expectedrthat •:;,vt • there will be no local competition_in the housing,market generated by SSC project workers. Dependfngl:on 'tha.status oflthe '.local.reconomyl.: the, SSC project's direct effects may or may not be easily traceable. - J1, i .q'.. tip tit.:l^:.,. i, •^': , o; n - . ,s. 1 • P;f•12 7� ,;,)s'{ir:L1t 1t" •'f •1 L - L:/ oSof:J4i Sc, ;',)Co'ti fiA • • •. �µ ✓.I I. 'IJ - Jv l)'l:l} •-'1 f ),)pitl'.1� h .'I,.i •ill .:Sl.^li::. • r :lJ. Y .i.'•ttl . .l P."f,il / .I/ 9'5'1''' v ,, ?n Tp. •- : . n 1' e_ . ,1..., i1�'( .1ti•J!L u'? G .'4;i � `r:,.' U 5SCAPI3A2248849 1 - z:: '` 'DEIS- Volume IV AppendIX 336H ;-: - Land-Resources Assessments 46 13.2 PRIME AND UNIQUE FARMLAND 13.2.1 Purpose aat:ScOM r , t c �a , The purpose of this assessemett ist.to+ tdenttfy mil ev 7t a►to'ths afiectad r prime and unique.farelawb r+esoirtesas•;det'ioe9 d.m 7 :CFR.6 .,5« fot eacia- ;r.: site alternative with respect to the development of,the SSC probecL. rr, :;:; ; :.;:; The scope of the grime acid -untque•;fermiiand•rassesslwnnt;is to' provide,ea: evaluation of mute sitealtevrettve thett:!,.I .. a'- acs" o Identtftes.sa41 units inr:affected rtands., ;, ✓e . ,. o Identifies and describes soil units that represent prime and unique farmland and the reason for their definition. o Estimates the proportion of prime and unique farmland in the general area of the SSC. o Determines prime farmland acreage permanently removed from agricultural production. o Determines unique farmland acreage permanently:removed from agricultural production. 13.2.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 13.2.2.1 (onceotual Basis A. prime Farmland Prime farmland is land that "has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage„ fiber, and oilseed crops, and is also available for these uses....lt has the soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply needed to economically pro- duce sustained high yeiids of crops when treated and managed, including water management, according to acceptable farming methods," (7 CFR 657.5 1986). The following criteria must be met in order to qualify land as prime farmland: o Soil has a temperature regime that is frigid, mesic, thermic, . or hyperthermic. The mean annual soil temperature 50 cm below the ground surface is above 0°C, and the mean summer soil tem- perature is above 15°C. o Soil has a moisture regime that is aquic, udic, ustic, xeric, or aridic: SSCAFI3A2268851 DEIS Volume IV Appet►tioe,rk3t„D,;: tent**sorterillsesseents If,,the soil:has.;a nemartdic*moisture regime,-aad• a rela- tively •Materdieldimq'capacity.,it has produce during 70 grown the. yearseconssideered. region - If' the'soil-has,a zarec ,or testis moisture ttmitad water•ahoidh begter ice a a.dependable water s" tri i( ter.a aftenirl during bg at least 80% of the years considered) of Pr dec e1 ommo grown crops. Prodace�Commonly - If the soil has an-aridic moisture. serviced by a dependable water supply. �� has to be o Soil is flooded,during the ire rieg,season de , ,. of. the years considered. less:,then o Soil lacks a water table or it has one maintained"low.daorgtr' that it would not detrimentally affect cultivated crops. o Soil has nnnsaline and nonalkaline profile or one that can be managed to remain sal,,t/alkali free. o The pH of the saturation extract should be between 4.5 and 8.4 for all soil horizons. o Rock fragments larger-.than 3,•tsches should not rep►eseat,more than 10%by whin of the son t0a4ptb oc 8 Wickes..' o The product.between soil erodibilit rand t)ta percentage Cr, . slope should be less than 2. o The permeability of the upper 50 cm of the soil profile should be to excess of,:1.44.,4tnch s/d.• 8. Unique Farmland Unique farmland as defined in 7 CFR.&$7.5, ,is -land other titan- rime farmland that is used for the production of specific high-value •food and fiber crops. It has..a special:-combination,of soil quality. season, and moisture supply � to economically , ce,sust growing - season.1ttyybl�om or high yields of specific,cropm-whenumnaged- according toac tag..methods. The 4fefigittoa,of-atoms ;fannYad is-based upon the following characteristics:, . o 1,and is .used for production.of-aspectflG ack as avocados, citrus. cranberrfes,,_oltya sire gnats. and vegetables. SSCAP13A2268852 DEIS Volume IV Rppendbt.'I3`:' ' ?,8.029 0 - se - 15 (BOOK 7) mme •Land.aesources•Assessments 4l o Moisture supply (preelpitationi, stored motsture, ,or developed irrigation sastem)As always.availabte 'to'the"growth and' development of the;,crop. � ' o Land is characterized by a favorable combination of factors such as good soil quality, favorable elevation and slope aspect, favorable temperature.'and'air humidity, and a growing • season that is nonlimlting .for the'tfu}1, development of the crop. o Produced crops are .near a market where there is thigh demand - for such commodities. Unique farmlands were included in the prime farmland inventory, because the number of acres involved were:.less than t percent'of- the.total. acreage of prime and unique farmlands. ' C. level of Resolution - 1. Temporal The impact of removal of prime.farmlantfrom'potenttal agricultural; production was assessed. 2. $oa_tjal The affected prime and unique farmland was,determined'for-all'areas where'SSC operations require.construction of buildingsfaciliti'es, road, and spoil disposal. sites that would remove the land from agricul- tural use until the SSC- Is decommissioned. <,, w D. Definition of Impacts An impacted prime and unique farmland'would'be tandtth'at" 's' rendered nonproductive due to the construction of SSC-related buildings, ease- ments, roads, etc. 13.2.2.2 Referencedffiat�Used i» Assessments ' The prime and unique farmland' analysts was primarily' based on informa- tion from U.S. Department ofAgriculture Soil Conservation:Service (SCS) publications. In. some cases,- this: source of information 'was' incomplete, because some areas•had not been'surveyed or the mappinngg operation• was' still in progress. When data were not readily: available, contact'was made with the state, area, and SCS field offices to obtain the required information.- In addition, assistance'was sought•froe knowledgeable individuals at .universities-'and state collegee. SSCAP13A2268853 DEIS Volume IV `Appeodl`xrK1"' ^>(' %,,,A lu m :•_ mend:-llesOlM'Cn taesemOnts'r 13.2.2.3 Assessment tlethodolootea The assessment of the of•prina>and t rigner famalantlecatioestiv the fee simple area and the final tnalystc.of-layett e:lariat -aid xmi me 'farmlands was performed according to:the following.chronological methodology:. o Acquisition and inspection of pertinent soil-maps (Saik.Sarny volumes, SCS) that completely cover the fee. simple area. o Digitization of soil mapping,unit contours is a computer-aided engineering format using a .rootlet that generates,*graphic . ' entity. sapped polygons, bad a wgraphic data basarrecord. The data base is then-•ormated as,two reports. Oae„report identifies all soil phases with corresposd$mg.acreages in•eath of the fee simple area elements (central campus, injector,. future expansion, intermediate and service areas, near 2601 far clusters, and external beam access). The second report associ- ates with each soil phase all the locations in the,fee simple area where the.parttcelam.phase is found.'- These two programs` provide basic data used is the assessment of wils-in general' • and prise farmlands in particular. o Acquisition of intonationon site soils. :Thisroateiss the. family denomtaatice and the capability grouping for each soil with corresponding:acreages;::the Tel) description that allows for the selection of those phasesthat gnlify as prime fan land; the proportion of prime farmland in the central campus and the injector area:awhere a high:deusity:of constrwction work will take place: awl the plan of reads proposed to be constructed and the land acreage.aeticipeted to.be covered-by spoil disposal sites. o Assessment of the affected soil environment (the existing soil cover) and the analysis of the impacted prime farmland envi- ronment. Results are tabulated as acreages of prlme.farmland removed from agricultural activity because of buildings, facili- ties, roads, and spoil disposal sites anticipated to be con- structed on such lands. 13.2.3 Impacts on Prime and Important (of Statewide Importance) Farmlands The Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA) is the basis for regulations at 7 CFR 657.5, which established criteria to identify and take into account the adverse effects of federal programs on prime and unique farm- lands. These criteria were used in the evaluations presented below. The acreages calculated for prime and, unique as well as important farm- lands are summarized in the following sections. Detailed evaluation of soils, phase by phase, and the evaluation of all soils meeting FPPA criteria was used to prepare this information but are not presented in this discussion. SSCAP13A226885s PETS Volume IV.Appeedix434,. •' �na■aaaahn` . • . ;' " ?'A 2c.; ;, Dna; Land'Resources Assessments Arizona SO 13.2.3.1 Artlone There are very few s04ls omthe,proposed,Arizona'sltewM'eh,arrprime:or ' • . of statewide -importance (Table.13-8)-. BecauseA-rrigation.ls available, almost exclusively'in the south°,portionfrof'•theproposed ArizonarSSC site, the possibility of disturbance of lands meeting the 7 CFR 657.5. criteria is very small. It is estimated that permanent conversion of land in. surface. facilities would be. approximately 12 acres. .Prime,and,important farmlands'dis- turbed in the,inJector area. and.the1cut-andcover area proposedvfor the collider ring would cover,only:&•acres,of thesevlands•.<::The.greatest • impact to prime and important..farmlands.would:be the 22.acresiconverted. into roads, in the fee simple area. :.• No impact from spoils disposal 'in•the Sacaton mine would.be-expected on ; prime and important farmlands.. • . . , The impact of implementation of the.SSConprime'and:important.tarmtands would be,the conversion of an estimated 36 acres:_:.This_is adnegl1gible impact because it is a very small• portiontiand:.the available.acreage of prime and important farmlands, assuming. irrigation were available., is very large compared to this acreage.. .*•Xt-:isestimate&that'aheoconverted' • .. acreage represents less than 0.001&of the potentially-prime:and• important farmlands (irrigation. is• required,to,meet •FPPA•,criterlaeand therefore to-:qualify•as'prime' or important). 4 . Because-of the extremely low acreage,.whichowould-be:prime farmland and the relative unavaliabilityof.irrigat,ion.systems, the':impects:4onnprime and important-farmlands would:ber.negligibleJIn Arizona.' • , . - , .- • SSCAPI3A22688S5' rig • oaf' 'DEIS Yolumr'I*•Appendtc I3P,^..,R. a - .. • • .' rroznfl.'hnc . • .Land.Resources ssessments • - T.Arizona 51 Table 13-8 PRA(C GAMWCS -11C1412ED St tONSTROCTIOIC ACTIVITIES,'JIICLIRVIII V M9! `; a ROADS. AIN INE'PROPOSED 10 IZONIC 517i ' Impacted Prime Farmland ' Prime Farmland Acreage Prime Farmlands Covered by Construction 12 Prime Farmlands Excavated and Backfilled in the Injector Area 2 Prime Farmlands Covered by New Roads 22 Total Impacted Prime Farmland 36 • • SSCAP33A2268$% DEIS Volume-IV 1►pparrdtx-13t'" ' Land-Resources Assessments Colorado• 52 13.2.3.2 Colorado Based on consultatiork,with the FPPA.,'farmlands-In the•;inventory-of t ACol'orade regimsCialn influence " (Adams, Morgan. and.Wash-1,ngton counties) would be converted. The prime and important farmlands converted by surface facility construction. cut-and-cover construction in the injector area,_new,roads,;;:and spoils disposal are presented in,Table 13=o. SSCAP13A2268857 OEIS Volume IV Appendix:13r Land Resources Assessments " Colorado 53 TeWts Lamps`-IKPACTEU.ek GalE11Alitet$S Tlolf"ACT11)1'IES. ": NEW ROADS, AND SPOIIS(13►OSALuSITESa IIIT!l-CORRESPOtmmNQ°AbCRE•1 e AT THE'PROPOSS•COEORADfl- 'SITE •readanas vr-Prime of Statewide Location ant!+yeas "tbrwlanc Iapor'lerioe :, Pemeryntly Ispested Lando ` 18 �:2t (covered by construction) .. Constriuction-lap.Nd Land* - _ {no earth reed). 13 21 'oblongs: PemwnM ly {spouted Land. (coverer by construction) is - .A. .. Construction-l.p.cted Lands (no earth nwovsd) lb Zo Construction-IepscGq Lands - - (noavatad and beckftlled) a 12 F.. Simple Area Less Campus and Injectors Perwanently lup.ctad Lando (covered by construction) 15 - 25• Con.tn ctlon-Ispectd lords (no earth naevsd) 39 12 Nam 9o.dst (covered by constructed reach) - - 9e, Construct ton-Impacted Lands - (no earth raw..d) .93 - 131 • - - Spoils Disposal Sites - Pemenestly Isp.otad Land. (covered by spoils site.) - 33 SI SSCAP13A222E856,''' '.' !" •DEIS Volume.IV Rp);enffix`?3 Land Resources Assessments • Colorado 54 Table 13-9 (Cont) LANDS IMPACTED, BY GENERAL.:CONSTRVCCTION,ACTI,VITIES.. RCN ROADS, AND SPOI .S.DISPOSAL SIITS,,WITN,C0RIESP0NDINGACREAGES, AT THE,PROPOSED COLORAOkS5Cf'S:LTt ' \ ,.PrI.. of Statewide, Permanently l.paet.d Lando , 179 Temporarily Inpaotod Lando 181 _ 7bS ,. . - . • • 5SCAPd3A22b8859; _.M, ` . .;;• 4.DEIS.`901 onto IV,Apyend#x, A21/42t.- - • • '�r'' ?,^a �'•M . '1 .and`aReseurces•Assessments Illinois SS 13.2.3.3 1)1 tnolS Based on consultation;+wisth +disc,SC5; 'eppro rraft414.0,1%-of"the'avatlable FPPA farmlands lit UFO-inventorya+af kite-['lliftw s"'region'of'tflaenae"' (DuPaqe, Kane, and Kendall countfesa)'-wouItt'ibeconverted. The prime and important farmlands converted by surface facility construction, cut-and-cover construction An the ijactor.araa,,..and.•paw roads are presented in Table 13-14. No-prime-and important farmlands would be converted by spoils disposal since use of quarries-and recycling is the proposed disposition•means for these;tunnel excavatiaas., .. .. i . ''\4✓\..111'y..., SSCAPI3A2t6INICS 4's;.. :t. , .y DEIS Volume.'IV Appetdix`23" '' •"^ .^^• n ^FY If,• arg•,l • Land Resources Assessments Illinois56 Table 13-10 LANDS IMPACTED BY GENERAL,.CONSTRUCTION.ACTIVITIES-AND NEM ROADS. WITH CORRESPONDING ACREAGES..:,AT,,T#IE,PROPOSW ILLINOIS SSC SITE . - ,. . Iarer)anda "- Prin .I. 'o1'Yt■tarld.',.. Location and Impact - . . '' farmland ,_T.gatanw: . ., Parman tly I psoted Leda (Conrad by Construotimy 23 St Coantruotion-Lpacted Lends (no earth removed) 11 0 - Fee Simple Ares Less Cetus: Permanently Impacted Lands (covered by construction) 40 20 Construction-Impacted Lands (no earth raved) 100 . 50 New Roads: _. Permanently Impacted Lands (covered by constructed roods) 45 23. Construction-Impacted Lands (no mirth removed) 23 11 Totals: - - Permanently Impacted Lands 105 55 Temporarily Impacted Lands 140 09 SSCAP13A2288$61 5.1 DEIS .Yolume IY Appe141%. w„r -,,.•4A hal.'' Land Resources,Assessments Michigan 57 J 13.2,3.4 Mtch.1as1I1 . , Based on consultation wills i .3CT`. apprmefsately.': ttottieaysUable FPPA farmlands Sit the tawentory,of the=Mt b1gan 1fpSD&Cf-.,nT3menCi (Ingham and Jackson counties) nad tecanverted r. The prime and important farmlands converted by surface facility con- struction, cut-and-cover construction in the injector area,:spoils from • the excavation, and new roads are presented in Table. 13-11. . .✓r.. r,".,, ear, SSCAPIn*7z 4„ .: DEIS Yalboae V$ifls wdt�c, i."c::. _ • - Land Resources .Assessments • - Michigan S8 Table 13-11 LANDS IMPACTED BY GERERAL'„CONSTRNCTION JICWYIttiS,:.:::;. . L..•, NEW ROADS. AVID SPOILS DISPOSALSITES:11lTItrCO RRESPONDIM6- , i :. ACREAGES..AT THE.PROPOSED ;• ,Prfw ; Inv Location and Invest Foreland Importance. Carpus: ^ Permanently lnpactsd Lands • - (covered by construction) 39, 31 Constructton-Inpactad.Land■ - .. (no earth removed) .. InJ.oton - - Permnently Impacted Lands t • (covered by construction) 22 a6 . . . Construct toe-Impacted;lends) ' . (no earth roared) - 22 46 . • .. ,Construction-lmyctsd Lands - • , . - (evcavetad and backfilled). - 9 21 - , Fee.Steals Arta,Leas..,,,. . Carpus and InJaotor;^ c Peraansntly Impacted Lands (covered by construction) .. . ... ,•34, Z6 . Construction-Impacted Lends ^ • - (no earth removed) '6Y 65 New Roads! . e Psnnsnsntly impacted Lands • (covered by constructed roads) - 24.." 23 • Construction-Impacted Lands - • (no earth moored) 1E ^ IS • Spoils Disposal Sites: Permanently Impacted Lands (covered by spoils situ) 6 6 -SSCAP13A2288863' ..DEIS Yoksme-'IV:Appensttx'S3 ,1 4, ; tteo2:all.bn6J tact**sources'Assessments-.. , *. .. $lcMoan 59 Tabld •13-11 (Cont) tAletillIPAC78101WA@IlatAt C0NtIbiMlc1n wAA'1r1TIES. ct: 1 NE1i ROADS,'IO •SPO%CS 0t5P03AC3'SITESr`Vtfl tORREfPOROM#C • - •ACREA6ES;'•AT"1NtPROPOSCO MOMS SSC°SITVV° "'" " - . laws 1pn.S 2Art. - Fanl.nd. _ . - Totals; ►.nisontly Impacted Lends 125 - ' :134 . . T..D'nnn11y Iap.ot.d Undo . 162 - 174 _ • • SSCAPi3A?288064 , .,, • DEIS.Yoltne• IT f" '�P. uw.a V vim,r . Land Resources- Assessments . North Carolina S' 13.2.3.5 North Carolina Based on consultation,wtth:.the:SCS ronly;,!/,f000lL;lof:zthirleveotory"of prime and important ;lands;.?would/bercovered7by tbaliaptemeutetdon'%efAthe. SSC at the proposed North Caro#jna.•s#t rkk th4s eepreaents ,aAnegllgibiew - portion of the EPPA lands in the region of influence (Person, Granville.' and Durham counties) in North Carolina. The prime and important farmlands converted by surface fACility con - struction, cut•and-cover construction in the injector area, spot?s. From ' " the excavation, and new roads are`prosented .in Tab1'e'I3.72: "` "" • SSCAP13A2288$b5 DEIS Volume IV Apperdt7c:,t3,;•`c uuq), Land Resources Assessments • North Caroline 61 Table 13,42 LANDS WILTED Mt teletitintlaniabAC !IESTES„ NEW IMA0i6'r fl5tOtt$rfIIMQAI.54TIESr Iti11b0MIESPNtidia.. ACR!MU,.'fl. 11t$1.P'6SLSNINICih ,IWIr,$SGSIIhF.�;. ►rw F.rwlands Looattea.esd.IAeet _. , Farwlyd d,.9Atebewddr„•,...,, hportena Campus: Permanently Nested Lands - (covered brsoastruotlon) .. , „ .-57 Lo, 'P0. ,..;IJr ....,., - . Construction-Impacted Lands' - (no north removed) 41 , Injector: Canstructlon-1 .ot.d.Lends - . . (excavated and'filled)l l ls)- - A. IS 11 Construction-Impacts Lorda .. ,•. - - (no earth removed) , - 59. 42 Fee Staple Area ln. CAmpus sad In).Otor: - . • ►.rnusnt ly.Imp.otd lands - (*premed by aonstruotlan) - SI Canetruct10neb paa.d tale - ,.,-- - - . (no earth removed) . 101 •- -- 72 - , ►ana'.a Iapots unds (ooverad'by constructed roads) . 207' ,. 140 Construction-Impacted undo - ' (no earth removed) • 107 - - A5 Spoils Disposal Sites: • Pewarantly Impacts-Lands... (coved by spells p11ae)... to . . - . SSCAPIWAr2268066 ,. r OEIS Volume IV Appinic otikb ::2 :,,;,J, ,.r"+, ; :Lanp Resourxes.Assessments North'Carmltna 62 Table 13=12:..(Cont). LARDS IMPACTED',SY,OERERAi: CORSTRUCTIOW AC7"IV1T'IES,,: ..... - NEW ROADS; rAND-ND DISP0$W SITES.`',WII'H`Y SPONDIIIir' . - . , 'r ACREAGES;-;AYTNET'ROPOS4D4NORTit:"CAROLIW1-SSG"S7?£•M'+ . • a - Location and Upset ::...,...,::..,Fn.rl.a6. - 0V4tet ner•• .' - IaOartano. Total.: • . P.rnrn.Mly r.p.atad lath Ta.pot.rlly Inpaotad Lard. 257 • • • .. ?S.r•( a ..r.. \:.ter./ fi • t. r.. ♦r P.r'rn. _ SSCAPISA2268867'- 'mitt a 1,1 .•. • OEIS VOfwa' AplislidS`f 4Z :. Land Resources Assessments Tennessee 63 13.2.3.6 *Felines PS There are FPPA- sotls7withim-thejropo$ed site:that'1:•woulQ*beitoaverted if the SSC were-implemented•on this site .,Tab_lw, 13-;t3:. wmarizeA5tbe." ' acreages that would-be :convert's:I:by the,iconstruction,of.surface facil- ities, installation of the injector, road construction, and spoils disposition. For purposes of this analysis, it was assumed that the injector would be constructed by cut-and-cover"methods rather than by - tunneling methods its proposed by the State,.(seeAppendix, 3). The SCS did not provide'the portt n of the inventorywftich'-woulc'"be. removed. ia:saver. soil maps available-,for.two-thirds Asir-the counties affected were evaluated. Based ow these data, the 'removed rlands would - be <0.1%. • 1`. ._ , , . n•. .. • 4 • • w l�. .. SSCAP13A2288668 ,. . a .;; ;:.�; . .. ._ ol~m-Uatume IV'ilppen613r ,19 ".% ' ,("V 0•49 fins l Land Resources Assessments ' Tennessee 64 • Table 13-13 W'RJIDs'AIfACTED'iY 1,6ENl L"6CA TIIDI1'ACIPNTYTES.' : ' `'•' NLoc ROADS,`AND•SPOZU, DISPOSAL'SIXES. 111711 IAMIESPORDIFIlt ~ , ACREAGES. IG1' ler P SPOSSI VEN IVESSEE SSC'SITE- • Prime . ....of Statewide.. . Idoostiauand�Lpsat .. . , - ltetwl.nl .,:..�I�Nni►„ ,,.. '�.♦, .' ��;: . Permanently Iepwtd Landr (covered by oonatructfon) • 37 14. Con.tnutttoe-Ipectd Lands (no earth reamed) 26 10 - . i Inleotert Permanently 1ep.otd Lade . (ocwred by oonstructi.n) - r 3e' IS tantnwtton-Impacted Lands _ (no earth mowed) 39 25 . Cantnwttorrlmpactd Lends - (emovatd ad baokf hind) 17 ' 7 Fee Sipple Area Lase• Campus end end Injector:. . . _ . Permanently ImpstdLend. (oowrad by aentruotiad) 22, ., 16 Conetn.ottandpactd Lana - . (no..rth ramorod) 49 56 New Moade: - ' • Permanently Impacted Lends , n • (oorad•by constructed roads) a 23 .. Con.truotIon-Impacted Londe , (no earth removed) 25 12 . Spills eiepo.al 54'bese Permanently Impacted lands(cameral by by spoils sites) • 121 se SSCANf13A226$SGS DEIS Volume IV Appenitk .3r . _ a land'Resources Assessments - Tennessee 65 Table 13-13 (Cont) <. " LAIRS IMPACTED'BY'6ENERAIF•P.eNSTRNCT'IEN Activrr1ES:" •') etk"r NEW ROADS,-'AND`SPOILS'DISPOSAL'-SItES,1WITIP'COgRE5PONDIN9 F"` ACREAGES. AT NE' PROPOSED'TUMESSWSSC"Slit ,•^ ' -- , ,. .; .). " ,r !�r. .�Cr, r .: J: '•J o tin r...:..v...', aC'r .`.h.,-".'7l''(•w...I,4. L Impact . _. location and I. Totalu Pan:.n.ntly Impacted Lands 271 124 Temporarily impacted Linda - 176 60 • SSCAPI3A2268870;' ^- 'DEISVolume IV=ApponoFSc�23-' '' n,te�n:zn•:^,. ..•<o:Auoa** WSJ Laad•.Resources•,Assessments Texas -66 13.2.3.7 Texas Rased on consultatioe-wit,bitise-SCS.anpretrimeteily tenni the available FPPA farmlamds iim.tbe-4inwebernf illimesCountrakblie ceeeerted. The prime and important faniaeds-s everted-kg sw taci#,Atr• construction, cut-and-cover construction in the injector area. spoils from the excavation, and new roads are presented in Table 13-14. • SSCAP13A2288S71,.,,, QlET;.Volame 1YnA a 1S 43-,; ,: __ n1Onh. Land,Resources Assessments Texas 67 Table'P-I4 . >r . e `; t . LANDS IMPACTED BY..GD4ERAL.40NSTR IcTIOR,Ac.TIVITI£s.`•:,..) 1 r 1 NEW ROADS. BY SPOtUS,DISPOSAL :SITES. WItTMrCOMRESPAfnINB&; ACREAGES., AT OE,PA0P0SEa,TE%AS-SSG,S1.T,E, • Prime Panmiands Looet lon„antl IroWo'•.. '; ; �:Parwland :n-� ...of..5tatwtdr'..✓. :.' . , � ,�••"•. _ .. .• r, ;e.. ... .,.gym .. '.iGpof!SMoen . ..:,_,. . :+., :.v. .. , . ,.:- i. ..cry.::\._ L':.. H l�.i W=.Yi �•.J' . e\is)Ir; • i -. . PnrnrnsntlY..Demoted Lards - l. " :J '.r, ri' r !',.1,i . -• (covered by construction) 3p . (- 70 /;,r, Conatruotlon-Impeotsd Lands (no earth removed) Permsnsntly impacted Lands i . . �. , .'r t i. _ - (covered by nonstruction) ..• ,q� r•n ',• v (no earth removed) Construction-Impacted Lands (excavated and backfslied) 19 10 Fee Simple Area Less Campus and Injector: - r Pnmm�sntlY Impacted Lands „r (covered by construction) 21 "23. Construction.impaoted Lands (no earth ranovsd) 5S 57 Nee Roads; Permanently Wetted Lands (covered by constructed roads) - 68 60 . Construction-Impacted Lands (no earth removed) 18 42 Spoils Disposal Sites: , Persmrently Impacted Lands (covered by spoils sites) 19 17 Total Impacted Acreage 379 303 ,. Totalat .. Permanently Impacted Lands 189 152 1 Temporarily Impacted land. 190 152 5SCAPI3A2288872 . ,- , , . - DEIS Volume IV APDam4l9Galt°:A,2ti • . . .• land.,Resources Assessments 68 13.2.4 Cumulative Impacts in Region et bittuence The removal of plus, unique.:and Mngiortant impImmeot,.the proposed active will cerd<ribute te'cemulotin'inlpactt at or site except Arizona. However, the increments of revival of These soils are small with respect to the available soils of similar value within the regions of influence. . DOE has conducted consultations bath the SCS. SCS caloelated,the.!por- tion of prime, unique, and important farmlands that would be removed from the region's iwrente y if the'pPe1ect Mere Implemented at. a proposed site. The SCS also presented the acreage in the region which was estimated to be of comparable worth (based oe APM criteria). These data are furnished is Table 13-15. While there are appreciable acreages of prime, unique, and important farmlands proposed to be taken. into* state do they represent more than; I% of the inventory. The incremental lass of prime„ ruiique.and important farmlands due to the developmentiof the SSC siesid- benall and below the average loss peryear caused by other 4ereletnent., SSCAPLIA228887s DCIS''Valise .IV:-Ap endtx 13 . 4•x4ev'E2Mki' T, 'i" Land Resources 'Aasesswents` b9 \ Table 13-15 INCREMENT OF PROPOSED CONVERSION OF PRIME. UNIQUE. AND IMPORTANT FARMLANDS IN THE VICINITIES OF'THE. DROPOSED SITES State Portion of Inventory+ •tomparfable Valve Removed by Proposed Valued Soils Project •(asn%fof inventory): ; Arizona Negligible - Colorado 0.19 41 Illinois 0.01 ;36 • Michigan 1.00 82 North Carolina 0.001 0 Tennessee <0.11k .S0*;, • Texas 0.02 62 ' `NM provided by th. SCS: estimated fro, soil raps covering trwthirde of.the Dowel's effected. { • s. SSCAPI3AZZ48874 DEIS Volume: !V Appendix 13' ' • F.. 1 �.7 1«-,+•.a .Land Resources Assessments References 70 REFERENCES General r: (, • : r i::" ,., Association of Bay Area Governments. , Manual ot_ltandards for Erosion and Sediment Control Measures. 1981. Smith, Herbert B. 'The Citlren's Guide to loninq.. Washington, DC: Planners Press. Averts'.'Planning•Assacimteen.. 1s81, 7 CFR 657.5. SMS. Tecknical Monograph $6,: s'A0 Soils Taxonomy. Cornell University. ..1987. _ 6tizona Cella Barr Associates. Sunerconductipo Super'Coilider Land Use Sheds. , - 1988. Maricopa County. Maricopa County, Arizona Genaralized Land Use. 1942.• Maricopa County. Maricopa•County Unincorporated Area Zoning District .f Map 862- Revisions to 4927. 49117.. Maricopa County. Ptaricona`Countflenjno Ordinance. Revisions to 1988. U.S. D`patment of the Interior,.'Bureau of Land Management. Lower $Ua South Final Wilderness Environmental Imoactstatement. 1987. Colorado Adams County. AdamsSouAty Comprehensive e, Revisions to 1987. Adams.County. . Adams,County -Zoning,Map. ,1988b Adams County. Adams County Zoning Regplations. Revisions to 1988. 1988x. Morgan County. County of oroan Officio) Zoning Resojotiop. .1988a, Morgan County. Moroanjounty Comprehensive ,Plan. (-1988b. •1 Morgan County, Zoning-District tap, Rural Areas. Revisions to 1981. ' Northeastern Colorado Association of Local Governments. Northeastern Colprsdo 0verala..JconomtcPavelooment plan. Reoion_0ne. 1988. State of Colorado. State of`Cotnpado SSC erannosa7. Appendix 0, Environmental Baseline Data, figure 02.1.3-1. -Prime faralands and - Farmlands of Statewide Importance. 4Source.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service). .1988: '� SSCAP13A2288875 DEIS Volume-IV' Append's "13 nr,t. Land .Resources•Assessments • ' References 71 Colorado (Cont) State of Colorado. ,State of Colorado_SSC a.::'-Appendix<.D, ' Environmental Baseline Data, Figure 02.3.1-1-Vegetation Distribution. ' (Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservatton:Serv1Ce). : , • ' 1988. U.S. Geological Survey. Land Use and Land Cover, 1973;78,. Sterling. Colorado; Nebraska: Kansas. Land%Use'Serfes Map't-197ti '•1:250+,000. 1978. Washington County. Zpnino_Resolutton Nasttn:Son'Countx. :1983 Illinpjs City of Aurora Zoning Map. Undated City of Aurora. City of Aurora Zoning Ordinance. Revisions to 1938. City of Batavia. City of Batavia Zoning Map. Revisions to 1987. 1987a. City of Batavia. City 9f Batavia Zontno Ordinance. Revisions to 1)81. ' City of St. Charles. City of St, Charles'•Off'tcial lowing •Map. '1961. City of St. Charles. , ,jtv ofvSt/Charles joniteOr4'inanctr 'Revf^lions to 1986. City of West Chicago. City'of^Idest,ChicagonZonirgl.Map :. Revision to'` 1985. 1985a. City of West Chicago. city 'of't(est Chtcago•IoningOkdinance.` Revisionsi" to 1985. 1985b DuPage County. DuPage. County Zoning District Map, Naperville-Township.' Revisions to 1985. 1985a. DuPage County. DuPage County Zoning District Map,,Wayne Township. Revisions to 1985. :1985b. DuPage County. DuPage County>Zoning/DistrictGMap "Vinfield Towetfrfp Revisions to 1985. 1985a. DuPage County. DuPage County Zonino Ordinance. Revisions to 1987. DuPage County. Village of Wayne, Illinois and Various Zoning District Map. Revisions to 1985. 1985d. Kane County. Kane County Zoning Map. Revisions to 1981.. Kane County. Kane County ZonincLOrdlnance. Revisions to1983. SSCAP13A2288876, DEIS Volume-IV akopetxtbi„13 `" ,n-m'anPA • e94 °"—.1 Land Resources Assessments References 72 1ltinoi‘ (Cont) Kendall County.. Kendall aunty-losing.Mgt Reston'Tcwnsh1;c.Reviciowi:'.' to 1988. 1988a., 94 • Kendall County. Kendall County Zoning Map, Oswego Township. Revisions to 1987. Kendall County. Kendall County Zonino Ordinance.. . ilev.lsloac tr]98s, 1988b. Village of Oswego. ,,Zppina orjinancl fpribe.1/411age of Osweoe- 1974. Village of Wayne. Village of Wayne,•Illinois and Environs Zoning District Map. Revision of 1935. Village of Wayne. Village of Wayne Ton]pa Ordinance. Revisions to 1969. Aurelius Township. Aurelius Townshie General aodipnino;Ordinan4eS.' ' Revisions to 3984 Aurelius Township. Aurelbus:Sawnsbip,Zoninpiiap. • 1977.` Blackman Township. Blackman:Township Zoning:4lap..yRevisions-ta 1987.'• • 1987a. . Blackman Township. C)►arterTsxns cg3acknmtjonlnoOrdjnactfir,, ' (Draft]. 1987b. Henrietta Township. HenrietteloasielgrZ 1sg gw :c.Revkstons to a98Y Henrietta Township. Henrietta_ Townshlkloning Ordinanct. Revisions to 1980. Ingham Township. Ingham Township Zoning Map. - 1977a. Ingham Township. Ingham Township Zoning 9rdl.nance.c.1977b.c 4 '' Leoni Township. Leoni iowrlship!Zonta4,:Msp...,,Revisloos.to 1987 - Leoni Township. leoni Townshitjonina Ordinance. 1985. Leslie Township. Leslie Township Zoning District Map. Revisions to 1980. Leslie Township. )ecl a Tawnsyp_Zonina Ordinance. 1984. Onondaga Township. Onondaga Township Zoning Districts Map, Undated. - SSCAPIlf?lABO7J DEIS Volume IV Appendix "Si" Land .Resources.Assessments " References 73. Michigan (Cont) H . Onondaga. Township. Onegasajownsitinloniria Ord W4978 AC ,,:- •.r` ' ' . Rives Township. Rives Township_Zoning Map. Revisions/to- 1976, ' Rives Township. ,Rives Township 7oninq_Ordinanes,. Undated. Stockbridge Township Zoning. Map. ;Undated:•• Stockbridge Township, . StockbiAge_Townshta. 2ontivilr'dlxaece:" itevlvfans“ ' to 1981. Tompkins Township. Tompkins .7ownsh1p, Zoning;Map; Rov4stons to 1980.' Tompkins Township. Tomnklns Tpwn him p Totting 0irdiinance. ,1967, Vevay Township. Vevay Township Zoning Map. Revision to 1977a. Vevay Township. Vevav TownsyQjonino Ordinance. Revisions to 197712,.- - Y- 04 Waterloo. Township. . Waterloo Township Zoning_ Mapw; &Revisions'1o'1981: Waterloo Township. . }iaterlooeIownshtc 7,pnino Ordin;nce.J Revisions to-` 1985. White Oak Township. White Oak townshtp.,ZonMg:Map.:JAUndated - White Oak Township, Hbtte Oak Towvshln Zontno Ordinance. Revisions Loci: 1987. &4.rtb Carolina Durham County., Durham County.General Plan, Durham County. . Durham County.,Zoning Map. Revisions "to 4986. Durham County. Durham County Zonino Ordinance. Revisions to 1987. 1987a. - North Carolina Land Resources Information•;Service`; ;Land Use•Mapsufer'' SSC Surface Facilities. 1988. North Carolina Land Resources Information Service, ' SSC Area Land Use, and Land Cover Map. . 1987. Person County. Person .County Zoning hap,:loxborn.-Township.' 1963: Person County. 7onino Ominance for. R xbmro and_part of Fla>i River Townships. Person courtly. Noriltjaroliea., Rwrtsions rtof 1983. .'• SSCAP13A2288878 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 13 '" ' 2lnnma$ew'•r' .0q'vUOfeR`bn4:1 Land:Resosrees Assessments References 74 North_Carol Ise (Cont) State of North Caroline,., SSC 114h`+ ;:R/rendix D;'itt.8:2. Item K. 1988. Tennessee Map of Prime Farmland in the Proposed-Location:-of the SSC. Undated. • Middle Tennesse State University (MTSU). , 'Land Use Acreage Report, for • the Proposed SSC Locatlos,'' 1986. Rutherford County. Map of Rutherford County. Tennessee Shading,;Land,Use ,, Zoning and Civil Districts. .Itavxs$oas.te 1979. Rutherford County. 2eninuaes 1 0 at1'ee.- Abt:lrerforQ Cennty Tennessee. 1984. Williamson County. Williamson County S,,•annorehensive- Plan.,. (Proposed)., -• 1988a. Williamson County. ?Elliman, County Ord'Fnel+ct::,, (Proposed). T988c. Williamson Colony. Williamson Comity.baits*Up. =(Ireposed7. I9886. Williamson County Commission, 'Resolution to Adopt the Williamson.. County Comprehensive Flask and Zss$g'c0+dlwance.• net texas City of Ennis. City Limit Lines of the City of Ennis, Texas. .Map. 2988. City of Palmer. til,Ljat Palma,Ines tonfna ib6lrrance. 1986. City of Palmer. itip ' f City. Limits aid OS°fer•the'Cfty of Palmer; Texas. 1986. City of Red Oak, The City of Red Oak Zoning Map, 1984. City of Red Oak.- City of Red Oak`2oetee tied4nanc,. 'i3S1. City of Red Oak. Map of Red Oak, Texas and Surrounding• Areas. 1988. , • City of Waxahachie. ,Ctty of Waxahachie Zoning Man. 'Revisions to I987. City of Waxahachie. Cite otiSihachit ?swift Ordinance. ' Revisions to 1987. City of Waxahachie_ Map rst e ty+timies'sad F,1s'for the Oil of Waxahachie, Texas. 1988. SSCAPL3A2288614: : DEIS Volume IV•ftppendtx T3' " :I -Land Resources Assessments References 75 Zexas (Cent) North Central Texas Council of Governments Regional. Data Center. 1984 Land Use and 1980-1984 Land Use Trends. 1985. - '-- Texas Department of Water Resources. Land Use/Land Cover Maps of Texas. 1978. Texas National Research Lab Commission. Existing Land Use in the Vicinity of the SSC. Map. 1988. Texas National Research Lab Commission. Prime Farmland in the Vici••nity of the SSC. Map. 1988. { SSCAPI3A2288880 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 13 U.S. GOVERNMENT PAINTING OFFICE t 1908 0 - 218-829 (BOOK 7) S - 0138D ' , } a Volume IV Appendix :yy�, • ` '' il•�,'i` `C'Y x 14 of •,� 2P �}rt � r �`�f@tr �� " y1J A' 3��! '^kt '�t,�@�i 1 �1i '"1* 11xtN $ "dS t .' , t , r' a ,C YAW sg �l r} v w'� °'r, '..t.-.', ;: d • A � s N` 7'6'72i "dtf}_,SS., lA • DRAFT • , ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER Volume IV Appendix 14 ,'O . • . �w 9, t" August 1988F. • U.S. Department of Energy •• UNITED STATES • DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ' WASHINGTON, D.C.20545 s ER 65/QTN 5 OFFICIAL BUSINESS y "' PENALTY POR PRIVATE USE,$300 �` • .iyy .!Jntllitie: ,,mi41' �e. }. ®OEIEIs - ®'t 380 Volume IV Appendix 14 ot16 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT.. SUPERCONDUCTING: SUPER COLLIDER Volume IV Appendix 14 N� • August 1988 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 2,9-829.0 - OB - , (BOOK 81 Contents i APPENDIX 14 SOCIOECONOMIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENTS 14.1 SOCIOECONOMICS 1 • 14.1.1 Purpose and Scope 1 14.1.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 2 14.1.2.1 Conceptual Basis 2 14.1.2.2 Data Used in Assessments .. 5 14.1.2.3 Assessment Methodologies 6 14.1.3 Resource Assessments 33 14.1.3.1 Arizona 33 A. Economic Activity, Labor Force, and Income 33 B. Demographics and Housing 43 C. Public Services _ 49 D. Public Finance 51 E. Quality of:tife/Social Well Being 55 14.1.3.2 Colorado 58 A. Economic Activity, Labor Force, and Income ,. 58 8. Demographics end'Hoesing 70. C. Public Services 80 0. Public Finance .85 E. Quality of life/Social Well Being 92 14.1.3.3 Illinois 96 Ai. ..Economic: :Activity, tabor Force, and Income 96 B. Demographics and Housing 109 C. Public Services 117 D. Public Finance 124 E. Quality of Life/Social Well Being 129 14.1.3.4 Michigan 132 • A. Economic Activity, Labor Force, and Income 133 B. ' Demographics and Housing 145 ` C. Public Services 155 D. Public Finance 160• C. Quality of Life/Social Well Being 165 SSCAP14D223861 • DEIS 'volume IV Appendix 14 ; Contents ii '"'A'.. r M e 1:.`r a."r" ti..rsetic Apeat 14.1.3.5 North Carolina 168 A. Economic Activity, Labor Force, and Income ,,r,. w D68 ,• B. Demographics and Housing 181 C. Public Services 'r, : 1188 D. Public Finance 195 C. Qua14tY'of.rL1fe/Soc$e) i41'ivBetng :. .:X03 14.1.3.6 Tennessee 205 A. Economtc•.Act1vit,, Labor Porto/ and Income 205 B. Demographics. end Housing. , 216 C. Public Services 226 D. Public Finance r ; .r 233 E. Quality of life/Social Well Being 237 14.1.3.7 Texas 242 A. Economic Activity, Labor Force, and Income , : 242 B. ;Demographics and:-Housing 252 C. Public Services 257 D. Public Finance. . . 260 E. Quality of Life/Social Weil Being 263 14.1.3.8 Cumulative Impacts to Region of Influence fr, 267 References 271 14.2 INFRASTRUCTURE (Detailed Appendix 14.2 contents follow table and figure lists for Appendix 14.1., Page numbering..tioc14.2.beings with I.) SSCAP14D223882 DEIS Volume IV App ietiii 3 ^. 'C'. Contents iii APPENOIX`14 11 TABLES 14.1.2-1 U.S. Output Per Employee, 1969-1986 ' 10 14.1.2-2 Sector-Specifc -Regional Output 'Per Worker Adjustment Factors 11 14.1.2-3 U.S. Output Per:Employee, `I988-2000, -2005; 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025;:2030 13 14.1.2-4 Regional .Employment Projections, 1988-2000; 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, 42025,' 2030 ' 14 14.1.2-5 Industrial Sectors with Final Demand Changes Due to the SSC 16 14.1.2-6 Average Annual Earnings Per Job 1n 1984, SSC Regions of Influence .18 14.1.2-7 State Government Tax Rates and Per Capita Revenue for SSC Construction and Operation 24 I4.1.2-8 Local-Level Tax Rates, Per Capita 2evenues, and Expenditures Associated with SSC Construction and' Operation 27 14.1.2-9 Average Annual Growth Rates Associated with Above-Normal. Capital:.Expenditure by Local Governments r 31 14.1.3.1-1 Summary of SSC-Related Socioeconomic impacts': Arizona ROI 34 14.1.3.1.2 SSC-Related Changes :in /Economic=Activity: Arizona ROI 36 14.1.3.1-3 SSC-Related Changes %4* Economic. Activity: ' Maricopa County, Arizona 42. 14.1.3.1-4 SSC-Related Changes in 'Population andibusing' ' Demand: Arizona ROI 44 14.1_.3.1-5 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand: Maricopa County, Arizona 47 SSCAP14D223883• . , , .. DEIS Volume. IV Appendfx 14' ' ; " Contents- iv TAEtEL(csn 14.1.3.1-6 SSC-Related Changes In Population and Housing Demand: Pinal County, Arizona 48 14.1.3.1-7 SSC-Related Changes in Public Service Demand: Arizona ROI 53 . 24.1.3.1-8 SSC-Related Changes So Ovate SeevtoetChmand, Maricopa County, Arizona:' . 52 14.1.3.1-9 Net SSC-Relstoa.thanges Altaic Raison State Government of Arians . 54 14.1.3.1-10 SSC-RelatmdChangies,ls Pnbliicnwamceas Cumulative Total, fa"itoca7 comments la Maricopa County, Arizona 56 14.1.3.2-1 Summary of SSC-Related Socioeconomic Impacts: Colorado RDI - 54. 14.1.3.2-2 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity; Colorado ADl 62 14.1.3.2-3 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: ;• Adams.fouaty, Colorado, 67 14.1.3.2-4 SSC-Related Changes iee.•EcaemJC.Atttvtty; Morgan County, Colorado 69 14.1.3.2-5 SSC-Related Ch Econoaic,ActIvitlr: a�es �' Washington County, Colorado 71 14.1.3.2-6 SSC-Related Changes in Population an;' Housing - Demand: Colorado ROI 73 14.1.3.2-7 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand: Adams'Coonntr,,:Colorado $6 . 14.1.3,2-8 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand: Morgan Cowety. Colorado 77 14.1.3.29 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand: Washi estaa;County. Colorado 99 SSCAP1A82Z.3.884 . , y DEIS. Volume IV Apperht`14s.`:',t;‘.; ;. . • Contents v TA8LESr.,(Cont).' bid 14.1.3.2-10 SSC-Related Changes`in Public Service.Demand: Colorado .R0Y 81 14.1.3.2-11 SSC-Related-Changes in,Public Service-Demand': Adams County, Colorado: . - 82 14.1.3.2-12 SSC-Related Changes in Public Service:Demand:, Morgan County,. Colorado, .' ' ' 84 14.1.3.2-13 SSC-Related Changes in Public.Servict.Demand: Washington County, Colorado - 86 14.1.3.2-14 Net SSC-Related Changes in Public'Revenue: ' State Government of Colorado 88 14.1.3.2-15 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances: Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Adams County, Colorado 90 14.1.3.2-16 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances: r Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Morgan County, Colorado 91 14.1.3.2-17 SSC-Related Changes in Public Flnarces: Cumulative Total for Local:Governesats• • in Washington'County, Colorado , " - 93 14.1.3.3-1 Summary of-SSC-Related• Socioeconomic•>Impacts: Illinois.R0Ir 97 14.1.3.3-2 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: Illinois ROY. . 100 14.1.3.3-3 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: • :DuPage County, Illinois 105 14.1.3.3-4 SSC-Related:Changes„tn•Economic,.Activity:: - Kane County, Illinois 107 14.1.3.3-5 SSC-Related Changes.,in Economic Activity: Kendall County, Illinois 108 14.1.3.3-6 SSC-Related.Changes in.Population.and Housing,:,' Demand: Illinois ROY 110 SSCAPI40223285 .. DEIS Volume IV Appendtk. l4 c . :'< Contents vi., TA84.ESICenta,.E . . 14.1.3.3-7 SSC^Related: Changa+ inotopelat4oWand'>asus4ng Demand: DuPage County, Illinois - 113 14.1.3.3-8 SSC-RelatedChanges 1a topolatiowand.,aeustlng •' Demand: Kane County, Ill4noie 115 14.1.3.3-9 SSC-Related: CMang , ta;Popalattoa andMauning' Demand: Kendall "• inty,. illinc ts.i; 116 14.1.3.3-10 SSG.Aslaled Ciraeges tubllc av4ca:0en,, . • _ Illinois ROI 118 14.1.3.3-1I SSC-ReiatadeChanges;in, P*D+lic Seevics:8enaad; . DuPage County, Illinois , a _ 120 14.1.3.3-12 SSC-Related:•Changes.!a tubllc Sae)oa.Denaad4 '•' Kane County,, Illinois 122 14.1.3.3-13 SSC-Related Changes in Public Service Demand: Kendall Camay, ]13snea% 223 14.1.3.3-24 Net SSC-Related Changes•,ie•Public kevoaae:, State Government of Illinois 125 14.1.3.3-15 SSC-Related- CannesHer.poblic.Fiaaace t Cumulative Total fbrtocal.iioveeaments' in DuPage County, Illinois 127 14.1.3.3-16 SSC-Related-thengesi tnvPsblIc Financeso Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Kane County, Illinois 128 14.1.3.3-17 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances: ' Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Kendell.Count :,•Illinois 130 14.1.3.4-1 Summary cf SSC-Reslatsd•Spcsoeconeek Michigan ROI Y+M 'ts'- 134 14.1.3.4-2 SSC-Relnbnt Garages im'lconomic'Activcty► Michigan ROI I37 14.1.3.4-3 SSC-Rebea t hangiss in:fconoslC'M'tivftr , Ingham County, Michigan 142 SSCAP14D223886 DEIS Volume•IV: Appendtx !i Contents vii TABLES,10D nt):. ;r Eag$ 14.1.3.4-4 SSC-Rel•ated,Changes'in Economtc.Actiivityv • Jackson County, Michigan : 144 14.1.3.4-5 SSC-Related Changes in -Population and Housing Demand: Michigan ROI 147 14.1.3.4-6 SSC-Related Changes,in;Population and Housing Demand: Ingham County, Michigan 150 14.1.3.4-7 SSC-Related Changes,in Population. and Housing Demand: Jackson,County. Michigan 151 14.1.3.4-8 SSC-Related Changes. to Population .and dousing Demand: Livingston,County„Mkhrgan: r.- 253 14.1.3.4-9 SSC-.Related Changes In Population. and (lousing . Demand: Wastenaw County, Michigan .• 154 14.1.3.4-10 SSC-Relatedthanges in Public Service Demand: . , Michigan ROI 156 14.1.3.4-11 SSC-Related .Changes in Public Service•Denaed: Ingham County, Michigan 157 14.1.3.4-12 SSC-Related Changes in:Public-Service-Demand: Jackson County, Michigan 159 14.1.3.4-13 Net SSC-Related Changes,In-Public. Revenue:;-. State Government of,:Michigan .. 162 14.1.3.4-14 SSC-Related Changes in, Public Finances: Cumulative -Total for. Local Governments in Ingham County, Michigan 163 14.1.3.4-15 SSC-Related Changes.in Public Finances: Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Jackson County, Michigan 164 14.1.3.5-1 Summary of SSC-Related%'Socioeconomic Impacts:- - • North Carolina ROI 169 14.1.3.5-2 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: North Carolina ROI 172 14.1.3.5-3 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: Durham County, North Carolina 177 SSCAP14D223887 . DEIS Volume IV Appendix'14- w}o....� Contents viit TABLES'/ContI EAst 14.1.3.5-4 SSC-Related Changes ..in Economic ,Activity: Granville County, NorthfCarolina . r •.= . 179. 14.1.3.5-5 SSC-Related Changes 1n :Population'and Housing Person County, North Carolina. , . 180 14.1,3.5-6 SSC-Related Changes.in Population• and 'Houstng Demand: North Carolina".R04' 183 14.1.3.5-7 SSC-Related -Changes. tn,Populattonand -Housing Demand: Durham. County, North.Carolina, ... 185 14.1.3.5-8 SSC-Related Changes -in. Population 'end Housing Demand: Granv111e County,'•North'-Carol-ina" 187 14.1.3.5-9 SSC-Related Changes-IniPopulation and'Housing . Demand: Person Countty,•'North-Carotins 189 14.1.3.5-10 SSG-Related Changes>in"'Public Service Demand:'' North Carolina,ROI 190 14.1.3.5-11 SSC-Related'ChangesIn'Public Service:0emand: ' Durham County, North Carolina' 192 14.1.3.5-12 SSC-Related'"Ch'anges-in Public'Service'Demand.c Granville County, North Carolina ' 'Y ' 194 SSC-Related Changes^''in Public;Service, Demand: ' Person County„ North`'Carolina -' 196 14.1,3.5-14 Net SSC-Related`Changes in'Public'Revenue. Stan Government of'North-Carolina 198 14.1.3.5-15 SSC-Related Changes in Pubic Finances: in Durham County, ,North Carolina 199 14.1.3.5-16 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances, in Granville County, North Carolina 201 14.1.3.5-17 SSC-Related Changes in:Pubt+4c-•Finances: . . in Person County, North Carolina" 202 SSCAP14D223888 _ DEIS Volume IV Appendsx•'I4` - • Contents ix TABUS.(Cont3 BUM 14.1.3.6-1 Summary of SSC-Related Socioeconomic ., Impacts: Tennessee' ROI 206 14.1.3.6-2 SSC-Related Changes'in•'Economic Activity: Tennessee ROI Y08 14.1.3.6-3 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity': Bedford County, Tennessee - 214 14.1.3.6-4 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: Marshall County, Tennessee 215 14.1.3.6-5 SSC-Related Changes in Economic Activity: Rutherford County,' Tennessee 217 14.1.3.6-6 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand Tennessee R01 219 14.1.3.6-7 SSC-Related Changes in Population and Housing Demand Bedforl County, Tennessee 222 14.1.3.6-8 SSC-Related Changes in Population. and , Housing Demand:' Marshall .County, 'Tennessee: 224 14.1.3.6-9 SSC-Related Changes in Population,and Housing Demand: Rutherford-County,:Tennessee. 225 14.1,3.6-10 SSC-Related Changes in Public Service Demand: Tennessee ROT 227 14.1,3.6-11 SSC-Related Changes in Public,Service Demand: - BedfordCounty,'Tennessee 229 14.1.3.6-12 SSC-Related Changes, in Public Service Demand Marshall County, Tennessee 230 14.1.3.6-13 SSC-Related Changes in Public Service'Demand: Rutherford County, Tennessee 222 14.1.3.6-14 Net SSC-Related Changes in Public Revenue: State Government of Tennessee 235 14.1.3.6-15 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances: Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Bedford County, Tennessee 236 , • SSCAP14D223889 ? DEIS,Volume IV App.ndtx.14 Contents . x . .. TW(Cor PASS 14.1.3.6.16 SSC-Related Changes in;yVubllc-Flnances: ,..; .„ Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Marshall County.,,Tennessee 238 • 14.1.3.6-17 SSC-Related Changes in Public Finances: Cumulative Total, for;;Local,,Governments in Rutherford County, Tennessee ,,,_ nu, ;: 239 14.1:3.7-1 Summary of SSC-Related ,Socioecon0mic Impacts: Texas ROI 243 14.1.3.7-2 SSC-Related Changes,in.,.Econom1cc,Activity::u Texas ROT 245 I4.1.3.7-3 SSC-Related Changes fin,,Economic.Activity: c : Ellis County Texas 251 14;1.3.7-4 SSC-Related Changes ln-,Pupulation and Housing Demand: Texas ROI 253 14,1.3.7-5 SSC-Related Changes in-Populationr,;and,,, ,.. Housing Demand: Ellis County. Texas 256 14.1.3.7-6 SSC-Related.Changes in Public Service,Demand: Texas ROI ' 258 14.1.3.7-7 SSC-RelatedmChanges in Public Service.Demand: Ellis County, Texas 259 14.1.3.7-8 Net SSC-Related Changes in, Publit,.Itevenue: State Government of Arizona 262 • 14.1:3.7-9 SSC-Related Changes in Public finances. Cumulative Total for Local Governments in Ellis Covnt.Y.., TeXasa 264:- ' . a.. . SSCAP14D22388A0 ,,y DEIS Volume Iv, Appe 1xT14c:2 : , , Contents xi - APPENDIX 14.,i.•, FIGURES 14.1.3.1-1 SSC Direct Construction and Operation • Employment: Arizona ROI • 35, 14.1.3.1-2 SSC Direct Earnings and Project Spending: Arizona ROI 38• 14.1.3.1-3 SSC-Related Total Employment Impacti: Arizona ROI 39 14.1.3.1-4 SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: Arizona ROI 40 14.1.3.1-5 SSC-Related Population Impacts: Arizona 45 14.1.3.2-1 SSC Direct Construction and Operation Employment: Colorado ROI 61 14.1.3.2-2 SSC Direct Earnings and Project'Spending: Colorado ROI 63 14.1.3.2-3 SSC-Related Total Employment Impacts: Colorado ROI 64 14.1.3.2-4 SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: Colorado ROI 65 14.1.3.2-5 SSC-Related Population Impacts: 'Colorado '. 'T4 14.1.3.3-1 SSC Direct Construction and Operation' , Employment: Illinois ROI 99 14.1.3.3-2 SSC Direct Earnings and Project Spending Illinois ROI " 101 14.1.3.3-3 SSC-Rolated Total Employment Impacts: Illinois ROI - 102 14.1.3.3-4 SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: Illinois ROI 104 14.1.3.3-5 SSC-Related Population Impacts: -<Illin01s . 112 14.1,3.4-1 SSC Direct Construction and Operation Employment: Michigan ROI 136 SSCAP1402238811 DEIS Volume IV Append:UE I4 Contents xli FIGURESsiCenty " - PAIR 14.1.3.4-2 SSC Direct..Earnings and ProjectSpendingc,- Michigan ROT. 138 14,1.3.4-3 SSC-Related Total Employment Impacts, • Michigan R41L 139 14.1.3.4-4 SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: Michigan RQL 14] 14.1.3.4-5 SSC-Related Population Impacts: Michigan 148 14.1.3.5-7 SSC Direct.Construction and Operation Employment:., North.CMn elll rs ROD 1?Y 14.1.3.5-2 SSC Direct Earnings and Project Spending: North Carolleet ROI - 173:.. 14.1.3.5-3' SSC-Related Total Employment Impacts; North Caroihiaa, ROIL.. 1754 14.1.3.5-4 SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: North Carol t04-11,044 R0ir 17* • : . 14.1.3.5-5 SSC-Related Population Impacts: North'Carol ina 184 14.1.3.6-1' SSC Direct Construction and Operation Employment: • Tennessee,-ROL - 200- 14.1.3.6-2 SSC Direct Earnings. and:Project Spending: Tennessee ROI 203'. 14.1.3.6-3' SSC-Related Total Employment Impacts: Tennessee ROt 213 14.1.3.E-4' SSC-Related Total Sales and Earnings: Tennessee ROT 212 14.1.3.6-5' . SSC-Related Population Impacts: Tennessee 220 14,1.3.7-1 SSC Direct Construction and Operation 244 Employment: Texas acts. SSCAP1402213=22,• , ,- DEIS Volume IV Apperre tn-tt w '" , Contents xlii FIGURES (Cont) • bat 14.1.3.7-2 SSC Direct Earnings and Project Spending Texas ROI ' . -24Y 14.1.3.7-3 SSC-Related Total Employment Impacts: Texan'ROI 248 14.1.3.7-4 ,SSC-Related Total'Sales andEarnings Texas ROT 249 ' 14.1.3.7-5 . SSC-Related Population Impacts:, Texas. 254 • • • • • • SSCAP14D2238813 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 .' Contents xiv Pdg2 14.2 INFRASTRUCTURE 1 14.2.1 Transportation. 1 14.2.1.1 Purpose and Scope 1 14.2.1.2 Technical Approach- and' Methodblogy - 2 A. Conceptual !lasts 2 .. B. ` Referenced`Date Osed"in Assessments 3 . . . . C. Assessment Methodologies 3 14.2.1.3 Resource A'seessments 8 A. Arizona 8 1. Road 8 2. Rail 16 3. Air 18 4. Waterways . 19 5. Public Transit 19 8. Colorado 20 2. Roads 20 2. Rail 27 3. Air 29 4, Waterways 30 5. Public Transit 30 C. Illinois 31 1. Roads ' 31 2. Raul 39 3. Air 41 4. Waterways 42 5. Public Transit 42 D. Michigan 44 1. Roads 44 2. Rail 50 3. Air 51 4. Waterways 52 5. Public Transit 52 SSCAP1402238814 DE1S Volume:IV.Apprd.4x.44• a,; Contents xv E. North Cambia ';♦ . • 54 1. :. Road(- , 54' 2. :*Anti • 63 .3.. Atr 64 4. Waterways 65 5. Pubi i c .kiancit • 65 • F. Tennessee , , 66 .L., .Roads 66 Rail 74 3. AfM. 75 4. Waterways 76 5. ;�Pub44c,Transit 76 INCAS 78 1. Roads, 78 2. Rail 86 3. ;AA,r ., - 87 4,. 'Waterways 88 S.. .,Ped4dt,Transit 88 H. Cumulative.Impacts i&Region of Influence 89 14.2.2 Utilities 93 14.2.2.1 Purpose and Scope 93 14.2.2.2 Technical App n aach:and Methodology 94 A. Conceptual Basis . - - 94 B. Data. Used in,Assessments 95 C. Assessment Methodologies 95 14.2.2.3 Resource Assessments 99 A. Arizona 99 1. Electricity 99 2. Natural Gas 104 3. Telecommunications 105 8. Colorado 108 1. Electricity 108 2. Natural Gas 114 3. Telecommunications 115 S5CAP14A2238815 DEIS' Volume IV Appead1x.'4`.t ' ` • Contents xvi C. Illinois 118 , 1. Electricity ' : 118 2. Natural 'Gas 122 3. Telecommunications 124 D. Michigan ; 126 1. Electricity 126 2. Natural Gas 130 3. Telecommunications 132 E. North Carolina 134 1. Electricity. •_ 134 2. Natural Gas 139 , 3. Telecommunications 141 F. Tennessee 143 1. Electricity 143 2. Natural Gas . 147 3. Telecommunications 149 G. Texas. 151 1. Electricity 151 2. Natural Gas ^'155 3. Telecommunications 157 H. Cumulative Impacts in Region , of Influence 159 REFERENCES 162 SSCAP1402238816 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 14 Contents- xv11'- APPEY06t r1C.E 7 TABLES . ,: • 1. , Pie • 14.2.1-1 Existing and 'Pw'c4schad-6wanfttrsot%ew Traffic-and Level of Service for -Arizona Site Roads 14 14.2.1-2 Existing and. Prajected.i4perations Ara fic mad imme9 of Service for Arizona Site Roads l5 14.2.1-3 Existing and Projected Construction Traffic end: Lent' of Service for Colorado Site Roads • . 24 14.2.1-4 Existing and Projected Operations-Tnaffic awl ten! of Service for Colorado Site Roads • 2b 14.2,1-5 . .Existing and Projected Constract omIrsf>nft and, L veg of Service for Illinois Site Roads 35 14.2.1-6 Existing and 'Projected Operations. Traffic and -Level of Service for Illinois Site -Roads ;37 - 14.2.1-7 Existing and Projected Construction Traffic and Level of Service for Michigan Site Roads 48 14.2.1-8 Existing and Projected Operations Traffic and Level of Service for Michigan'Site 49 • 14.2.1-9 Existing and Projected Construction Traffic.and Level -of Service for North Carolina-Site Roads 58 14.2.1-10 Existing and Projected Operations Traffic and Cevel : of Service for North Carolina Site Roads, 61 14.2.1-11 Existing and Projected Construction Traffic and Level . of Service 'for Tennessee Site Roads 70 ' 14.2.1-12 Existing and Projected Operations Traffic and, Level of. Service for Tennessee Site Roads ' 72 14.2.1-13 Existing and Projected Construction Traffic and Level of Service for Texas Site Roads - - 14.2.1-14 Existing. and.Projected Operations Traffic and Level of Service for Texas Site Roads 84 I4.2.2-1 APS Reserve Margins- With and Without-SSC 102 SSCAP1kf3223.8817 •ti,',r , , ..;� : . - DEIS Volume IV App'en6;17-"M4.W:,"4 :a Contents xviii TABLES (Ceet)t 14.2.2-2 PSCo and Tri-State Combined Reserve Margins With and Without SSC 112 14.2.2-3 Commonwealth Edison Company Reserve Marginr With and Without SSC 121 14.2.2-4 CPCo Reserve Margins With and Wlthout' SSC' 129 14.2.2-5 Duke and CP&L Reserve Margins With and Without SSC 138 14.2.2-6 Tennessee Valley Authority Reserve Margins With and Without SSC • r, 146 • 14.2.2-7 Texas Utilities Electric Company Reserve Margins With and Without SSC 154 SSCAP14D223f1.8,18 ., . . • DEIS Volume IV Appendi'xi k4 ' Contents xix FIGURES 14.2.1-1 Site Access Roads Proposed by Arizona 'g 14.2.I-2 Modified Site Access Roads for the Arizona Site 12 14.2.1-3 Site Access Roads Proposed by Colorado 21 14.2.1-4 Site Access Roads Proposed by Illinois ' 32 14.2.1-S Site Access Roads Proposed by Michigan • 45 : 14,2,1-6 Site Access Roads Proposed by North Carolina 55 14.2.1-7 Site Access Roads Proposed by Tennessee 67 14.2.1-8 Site Access Roads Proposed by Texas 7g l SSCAP14D2238819 „ ,r DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14" APPENDIX 14. 1 Socioeconomic Assessments: 1 • APPEaraLinc:SOCIOECOIMMaCIOSDIFSSIMOCOUREASSISSMISMYS This appendix is divided.daota socioeaniondc zaaessnente:a infrastruc- ture assessments, with the latter subdivided into coverage of transpor- tation and. utilities.. 1ttemethgdo3ogy useitfor'aactY+topic Is.dtscussed at the beginning of the.correspondingpsectioa. , 14.1 SOCIOECONOMICS This appendix presents data, sethods,;and rasvvlts'of tbe assessment of • socioeconomic impacts of the SSC. Key inputs to this assessment are life-cycle costs.and project engineering proeedureand-.dabor regoiaemetts.(Appendtk 3), s and land requirements and population relocation (Appendix 4). In turn, pro- jected data on population in-migral4on,doe to,tke:preyect, askey result • of the socioeconomic assessment, are utilized in analyses of water resources, air quality, transportation, and.utilities-.. The.base&ine•' (without project) socioeconomic characteristics of the proposed SSC regions and localities are presented in the discussion of-affectod environments (Appendix 5). • This socioeconomic assessment first discusses,general matters pertaining to the purpose, scope,. conceptual basis, 'data, esumptions, and;method-' ology of the analysis. This,overviews4s fo'tlowed'by'x•presentation of SSC impacts at each of the seven alternative.sites. 'The distossion'of SSC impacts is quantitative wherever possible, permitting comparison of project effects to baseline conditions as well as among alternative • , sites. 14.1.1 Purpose and Scope The purpose of the socioeconomic assessment-is-to identilly and evaluate economic and social changes at each ofthe'!proposed"SSC sites associated with preconstruction, construction, and operation-of the SSC- (precon- struction has been included as part of the construction analysis). These changes originate in•SSC-related increases;tnsjobs' and economic' activity, causing net in-migration ofinew workers`and'thetr dependents. and thereby changing the size, composition, and quality•of"!1fe'of area communities. The scope of the analysis, as deteriaimed•by public' comments received during the seeping process and by priorAnxperience'en Targe-scare federal projects, encompasses five principal issue areas: o Economic activity. labor force, and`inco.,e, including in- • creased job opportunities, in-migration of new workers, and changes in earnings and sales in the SSC regions. SSCAPl4A222t182 'DEIS Volume Iv'Appsndl' z Socioeconomic Assessments 2 o Demographics ;and'r:housinp, imcdudttnp tiienpopulatioln:•:tmpacts of the SSC during both construction and operation, the age corn-' position of this new population, and increases in housing ' requirements relative to/area,supply/capabilities. o Public services and facilities, especially Impacts' to public education and availability of necessary polite andifire protection. o Public finances, including effects on the state and local tax base, revenues generated, and public costs anticipated,' • o Quality of life or social well'-being, including social disrup- tion,/ community integration, and cohesion. • 14.1.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 14.1.,2.1. C„or'ceotual Basie A. level of Resolution 1. Temporal Annual data were used and evaluated for the, construction phase.,—Opera- tions impacts were assessed as a steady-state annual effect reaching, full proportions in the year 2000.;,.• 2. Spatial For each site, the general criteria for identifying areas of study were as follows: o Those areas where most of the impacts are likely/to occur, excluding areas where professional judgment-and;available:•data, . indicate the effects would be minor.; o All areas in which project facilities would•'be located, and which consequently represent potential work sites, for project personnel. o Those areas which account for a substantial portion of the project's .indirect impacts,, corresponding to'economic 'or—trade , ' regions serving,the project. -, • o Definition of areas of study along county boundaries to max- imize use of readily available data. . . SSCAP14A222883 -OEIS Volume IV Appendtw 14 Socioeconomic Assessments 3 Growth effects were assessed it the-regional' ,level; with population, housing,,public service, and,quality of life effects analysed for selected subreglonal•_areas as'appropriate. ° fiscal';.'eftects°,were'Analyxed at the state level and for other lutisdtctions'ltkeiy to experience-the greatest impacts. B. Definition QUmoacts • The development and operation of the St will.create substantial: numbers of both on-site and;off-site jobs. This-growth,'and the demographic shifts expected to accompany them,.wilt raise important socioeconomic - - issues. These key issues are defined below, I. EcpnomicAcjivity, tabor force; antjnemms Economic growth issues stem from the effects of 'the SSC project.on the:, economy of the siting region. The socioeconomic analysis focuses on identifying, describing, and providing quantitative estimates of impacts on several critical factors: o Economic Activity -` tnc g,ivdmassessmentof the direct and secondary. (indirect and', induced)'creation of jobs in the area: A key component of this analysis imrolves'projecting total ' - jobs and earnings for major sectors of the,econonw. o tabor force• including assessment of the regional availability and hiring of workers needed during the construction and operation phases of the project. o Income - including analysis of wages and salaries expected to be paid to U.S. Department: of Eneergyy.personnel and contractor employees. as well ar earnings derived from secondary' employment;. 2. Demographics and Housing Demographic and housing• issues relate to-the caagnititde','composition, -and. likely' area distribution of population in-migration. and to housing demand increases caused by the SSC:` o Demographics including projection.of reference case population impacts of the SSC, based on assumptions regarding local hiring and demographic characteristics; analysis of natural increase population, effects associated with'SSC. in-migration; 'and eval- uation of residential choices available to new residents and their families in assessing-the-distribution of iapaci.s within the siting region':.. • SSCXPI4A222884 ` DEIS-Volume IV''Appendix x4" • Socioeconomic Assessments 4 o Housing. -: including asses.sment,of SSC-related ,demands for ,housing during both the.constnictfonand operation phases of the protect, availability, of.,existing,housinq,.units.to meet this demand, and expected capacity of the area to provide new housing if needed. 3. Public Servirces Project-related growth is expected to increase demands for services pro- vided by local governments. • Emphasis was placed upon:evaluating Roy service delivery systems in those total,jurlsdlctlons. Where :effects would probably be greatest. Particular attention was paid to those services,that are ,more. capital- intensive, since longer lead times are'necessary to plan-for their provi- sion. Education acid public health and safety-services and facili.ties are particularly important. 4• Public Finance Public finance issues concern the costs of providing services and facil- ities to the project-related population;of area.,connunitles,. compared to the revenue generated by project-related economic growth... The socio- economic analysis focuses on. deriving preliminary.;estimates of fiscal impacts on governmental units in each region that would be most affected by project activities. The key factors, analyzed are the following: o Revenues including increases due to: the. project, considering both their magnitude and timing as determined by the expansion of the local tax base. o Expenditures- including capital and operating outlay increases needed to accommodate population growth. Such expenditure increases are expected to be part of the project-related costs F accrued by local governments. 5. Quality ,f life/Social WelLJejpg ,. Quality of life issues and issues of social•,well being related to the SSC are reflected in the concerns expressed by citizens, agencies, and groups during the scoping process for..this EIS.. Enhanced•by,surveys undertaken in both Illinois(Center for Governmental. Studies,. 1987) and Michigan (Stoffle, et al, 1988) assesstflg attitudes about the SSC, the following pertinent issues have emerged from this scoping process as being of primary concern in potential host communities: o Potential relocation of residences and businesses-to..make room for the SSC, including concerns related to fair compensation as well as to anticipated social disruption inequitably dis- tributed to those individuals affected by relocation. 5SCAP14A222885 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 ;,.. Socioeconomic- Assessments S, o Effects of the taking ofrragrlculturala4aednbysthe-SSCyrotnclud� ' ing potential, loss of prime farm land, in addition to the - , ,...potential for localized-inconven4encegaseociatedleith•access to SSC facilities. o Impacts on roads, and-congestion problems, mostly of concern during the. construction phase,of;the project. r • o Potential impacts on publacnservices andvfacibtti.s,--::particu- larly education effects and demands'for.-mater, 'compounded by ' apprehensions concerning effects to state and local tax bases. o labor pool effects, mostly considered to be of beneficial importance,, from the provision,of jobs bpth,.directly'and indirectly caused by the SSC. ` ' To the extent that small, rural communities would'-host In-migrating SSC workers and their families, certain' impacts to quality-of life in these communities and to the .social_weit.- being;of both residents„and.'newcomers could occur. Based on the results of decides of research 'on-"boomtowns" (summarized succinctly in Finsterbusch 1982; see also Wilkinson, et al 1982, and Freudenbury 1982 for contrasting views of these results),. such. impacts might include disruption.of social ties and patterns for the residents, family stress ,for the newcomers..(mani.faste&,-awst noticeably, by adolescents of that .groufl, and ,.hi.gher, crime,rates overall in:these communities. Such rappidly .ggrowing ,communities,also•,tend-:to.suffer fronrm disruption of -"virtually all community services except•.those,:in'the economic sector' (England'and Albrecht ' I984y.,p, 245) 14.1.2.2 Data Used SkAl,essciptt A,. Data Jteaujremij s There are two types of.socioeconomit,analys1s 4ata. requirements.'r protect-related information and socioeconomlc,-cbaracteristits%of'the - study regions. Project-related data were developed from the SSC Conceptual Design Report of 1986 (CDR) and the•.ofe-cycle•..eost-(Lee)rinformatton.°' 'Data include: o Employment by project phase (construction and operations), by Job type (total craft workers and supervisorynand.administra - • I tive personnel), and by year. o Expenditures by phase, and by commodity (Standard Industrial • Classification (SIC) cods), in constant dollars. SSCAP.14A222886 ,.i DEIS`Volume IV 'Apdwdditct64 Socioeconomic Assessments 6 Socioeconomic data.inclede'tlw following: , Lk o - Population aod:-eeonomacvprWjecttonsLfer.the affectedicounties... o Regional economic data. o Housing units, vacancies, and butldtng permits. o Selected service area boenOarSes, facilities, personnel, and populations served. o Current service levels. o Capital improvement plans. ' ' ' o Recent actual public operating,,-raalntenance,, and cap4tal, oat- Lays by jurisdiction. o Public revenues, tax rates,, and revenue bases.by=source and by jurisdiction. B. Dat&Sources Secondary data sources mere used, including major federal,statistical sources such as census files, the Regional Economic InfonaationSystem„ and County Business Patterns. Other major sources;ate state employment agency publications, state planning end service agency data, and other . state government publications. ' The fiscal characteristics of the areas chosenlor-analysis-were obtained from their respective annual financial reports and statistical compendia. . Legislative reports related to local government educational-subventions. general obligation indebtedness ceilings, and taxing limitations al,so.. were examined, where available. ' Information• from'the- recent Census of Governments (1962) was'-used:-for-pPoject4on purposes C. Oats from Other Issue Areal Information on land displacemeat`'fraa•agriculture and ether uses, in terms of acreage, was used in conjuction with land value data to assess property tax revenue impacts. 14.1.2,3 AssesAment .f etbodolooi t A. Assumptions and Assumed tlitloationi 1. Assumptions In assessing growth impacts, it was assumed that the creationof new federal-project jobs at the SSC site will stimulate indirect and induced growth in varying degrees. It also was assumed that locally hired people SSCAP14A222887 . . DEIS Volume IV'Appendtx l4'''' .- Socioeconomic Assessments 7 would fill some of'these :dobs, 'lrading to feduCed unemployment-'and in- : ' creased labor force participation in,each area✓"cAny additlonaT jobs . would then have to be filled by•workersrelocating 'on'a' temporaryHor permanent basis from outside the- region. Average travel-times were; assumed to correspond.to existing-average commute times in"the region4 Public service demands associated with project-related in-migrants to the affected locations were assumed to.reflect,per-capita levels pre-- • vailing in the area. These local service standards -were compared- to state, regional, and national standards in-orderto�identify'unusual ' local conditions. Public facility operation and maintenance expenditures were assumed to increase in proportion to estimated population changes. ''Local- govern- ment capital. costs were-assumed to tncreasew1'th above-normal population- growth. Revenues-from nonlocal sources'were'assumed'to be generally unresponsive to local economic changes caused by the'project. ' • 2. Assumed Mitivations Project-specific'mitigations' were included in'thls 'Analysis"to.'the extent that they are proposed. site: B. Methodgloaies . V Direct regional SSC jobs and spending are the key "drivers" influencing,,;, the magnitude, timing,. and •'composit'ion 'of SSC' socioeconomit,'impacts. Many of the direct andthe' secondary ('indirect and induced) Jobs created by siting the SSC in a' region would be filled by'regional residents, with in-migrating workers-hired bor'the'remaining Jobs-, The;influx of new workers and their families creates demands for bousing_and`public services, loads to increased traffic' and utility use, 'and affects the' physical environment. ' The' need to finance incremental ;public'services, ` based on new SSC-related revenues, affects the•-position of state and local governments at each site. These economi'c,, social, and environmen- tal changes, and direct SSC impacts 'on land use, population and",'business relocation, and other factors, influence the qual'ity' of 'life of both existing residents and newcomers. The methodologies used-in this'assessment were designed 'to 'simulate'or trace these consequences of SSC construction 'and; operation at each' of the seven sites under consideration. Assessment methods are discussed, here for each of the five principal 'lssue"areas'included in the scope-of the analysis. I. gconomJc Activity. Labor Force. and_2ncpii Economic (input-output).,models; estimated from-'secondary data for"each' of the seven regions, were used,to' assess the total'regional economic impacts of SSC construction and'aperation,' Direct)regional SSC jobs and SSCAP14A222888 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . , . .ri Socloeceaomic Assessments 8 dollar spending mere,the key.,.tnpuis to'these .eooaosicrmodels...3SC jobs.<." and spending.•either forlpro4ect foods an4<eervtoaa-or to'eeet censasser demands of pro4ect workers,:^kead.,to..fertiver4obs‘and exedingrthreirghout the regional economy. ,These-are knewn,ns multiptteraeffects. ; Tiler• „ regional economic models used in Vita assessment stimulate.theoworkiags . of these multiplier effects, Secondary impacts on regional sales,otncicd1eg the,indtrect and Induced effects of businesses buying..from-other'businesses•and,cotexcmar spending- by wage earners, lead to secondary regional job opportrtttes..: :TotaL :. ' . employment impacts of the SSC, therefore, can be substantially oort:thaw those jobs involved directly with SSC construction and operations. SSC-related jobs may or mayy not be filled by,memb.rs of the-regional labor force, and the,jobs may,notice-•in-wigMKs to their region. . Too- many factors influence migration 4:ileis,ion.W, to-predict with terteinty4mw, much migration would result from creation of-substantial,.numberss of•new jobs in a region. Key areas of uncertainty include unforeseen swings in the international, national,. and regional economies; incomplete'Weir-, motion on the precise nature of many SSC jobs; and the extent to which local public and private institutions engage,:in-training-programs .related to SSC employment. Reference case estimates, of, th,is,in-migratiaat'were prepared based on characteristics of each region's labor force. Sensi- tivity analyses were conducted on this key factor, resulting Inie renge in of estimates reflecting the extent of' this uncertainty. The following description of methods used -to-assess economic activity, labor force, and income impacts is organized according to the steps involved in the assessment. First. future baseline economic activity for each region was estimated as the result of currant trends and Tele- • tionships in the absence'.of SSC devttopoent, In .the region, Eeployment. by industrial sector, was the •key variable estimated in this first step, and served as a basis for comparison of SSt employment impacts. Second.. details from the SSC cost analysis .were adapted to acco u►t•for project related regional spending. Third, regional interindustry relationships were used to estimate total spending in the region, including indirect and induced effects. Fourth,. employment and earnings impacts *'ere j. mated; direct effects were adapted from the SSC conceptual,design, and cost analyses, while indirect and induced impacts were estimated on the basis of regional output and employment effects. finally, in-srigrant work force estimates were prepared...,• a. Regional Baseline !toncnjc Llctivij> Future levels of total regional employment were projected using national output-per-worker projections grade by the QJ.S. 'Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS); historic county level output- per-worker data; and historic trends in-employment-growth. The follow- ing steps describe the methodology used to obtain regional baseline employment projections for each region of influence IRO!)., SSCAP14A222889 DEIS Volume IV Appendix,14 4 Socioeconomic.Assessments 9 1) Estimate Historic ROI-Level Output-per-Worker Historic county-specific output-per-worker data comparable with the BLS projections were estimated, since this information was not readily avail- able from any source. Comparable historic output-per-worker-data were obtained at the U.S. level both for wage-and salaried and for self- employed workers in the eleven major industrial sectors- for the period 1969-1986, as shown in Table 14.1.2-1. This information, augmented by county-specific employment and earnings..data from the U.S. Department,of Commerce, was used to estimate ROI-level output-per-worker. Historic ' output-per-worker values for each major industrial sector at the U.S. : level were multiplied by regional .output adjustment factors to account for differences oetween each region-and the nation as a whole 1n the subsectoral composition of sectoral output. Data required to determine the regional adjustment factors were obtained from two sources within the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, regarding value of payrolls and products sold by specific indus- try. The two sources, "1984 County Business Patterns" and "1982 Census of Agriculture,"were used to estimate regional-output by specific indus- try, providing a comparison -between county and U.S.- output-per-worker levels in each industrial sector. Table 14.1.2-2 shows the regional adjustment factors for each of the • seven ROIs. Factors of less then-one-indicate output'per .worker in a region was less than the national average for a particular industrial sector. Conversely, factors of,more than-.one indicate regional output per worker for an industrial sector was greater than the national average. (Regional adjustment factors for the wholesale and retail trade sectors wore equal to one in each region, because these sectors - were not broken down into any finer:detail by the ,Census Bureau.) In the Arizona region, for example, the factors indicate that output per worker was 16.02% and 0.33% greater than the national average in the farming and construction sectors, respectively. The factors also indi- cate, as another example, that the mining sector products in Colorado and Texas-shad a larger- sales. return per worker- (output per worker) than. the national average. In Colorado this was due-in-large-pert to- exten- sive mining of crude- petroleum and natural gas, bituminous coat and lignite, and to a lesser extent, silver ores, In Texas the large regional adjustment factor'in the .mining'sector is;attributed.mainly to oil production. These •factors allowed county-specific data-collected-by the Census Bureau to be correlated with -BLS output data. The Census Bureau data provided detailed industrial sector comparisons by county to be used in conjunction with BLS projections of output per worker for the nation. SSCAP14A2228810- • DEIS Volume' IVtAppendfxr,14?;' • 718-829 0 - 88 - 2 (BOOK 8) Socioeconomic Assessments 10 - 1333M :igz .IAt Z iC ' a . �� V' N O' f O, � .+ �w � N f lam. . ray " ae � � Zg Si »"N a N. NNNNNNNNNNNNN.N .. m mm pp q M (oobp W 3 .3 CU a N m m M i III" n n .n M M 0 wf M n n n a ell Ok FP Eti b 6.'m ^ „II M N N tl N M en ..a. w N N N N y. y N b n N• N r O. M y eig Z 1O N a 1\- A N 3 :1) f N 3 bN f N �. V o N ^I N 0 is N N N eel eysy • p� gyp. p...p m ^I �Ny N N N NN.N. r n 33 N-(V m'.fy x�/�,M�.N n m tl.R w Owi 1 N -_ ..�NNVV (� 6 . 10 - �wp �.p. w 4Ny X40 w lo, pS pap A.myy �.- ti j it' M N ul N YI n N N .i N N n N b'N r, w • CA u .r .. 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N y.�V pN� vw .0r�1 VMS f p6. i .• N Y b N b.V i g b 6'.g si .p g r/I th ^ ys• p� L - W N 4 N qra �. 6 � ' 4 r W fe.V Yv 4rAV • SSCAPI4A2Z28811 -:' :DEIS Volume IV Appendtx.l4` " ' Socioeconomic Assessments 11 N _ . nr A .-r Ryy, Np� �r%� X ,p l � .n- • H Ask :-.'O g w N — O -. ^ o o ^ .. ^ i. CK O o W S W .. Ji] a N R 4 M N .Z. $ma$yy '2"Le' wMi rbacc , ,. b - » e ^ N jig a ^ .02re. -. - .. o o e •o d: w •.: - r_ • A w F IO Pa La re A xN .• N n (. -; g- . e Y X.1;:-- a.- E I- •p ^ate ^ N c y `u SSGAP34A2228812 DEIS Volume 'I�Appe 'ndlxT ' 4 Socioeconomic Assessments 12 2) Estimate Historic ROI-Level Total Output ' Once historic output per worker estimates were made for each region, .historic employment data for each of the seven regions were collected by major industrial sector from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). These data were available by county for the 1969-1984 period. Total estimated output was then calculated by multi- plying output per worker estimates and employment for each sector between 1969 and 1984. Total output is the sum of the output estimates made for each sector. 3) Estimate Future ROI-Level Total Output Future levels of total output were projected for each industrial sector by regressing the historic estimates of regional output on historic national output. The regression coefficients were then .used to obtain future regional output from BLS projections [offuture national output for each major industrial sector through -the year.2030 (a regression of. . the 1987-2000 BLS projections of total output over time was• used to extend the BLS output projection to the year 2030). Total output.is the. sum of the output estimates made for each sector, , , 4) Estimate Future ROI-Level 'Output-per-Worker U.S.-level output-per-worker projections were obtained from the BLS for, both wage and salaried and for self-employed workers in the eleven major industrial sectors for the periods 1986-1995 and. 1996-2000 (regressions. of the 1987-2000 BLS projections of total output and total employment on. time were used to extend the BLS output perworker projection to the ' year 2030), as shown in Table 14.1.2-3. The same regional adjustment factors as those described above were used to convert' BLS estimates at the national level to regional projections. 5) Estimate Future ROI-Level Employment ' ' • Future employment in the region was determined by dividing future total output by future output per worker in each industrial sector. Total employment is the sum of the employment estimates-made for each sector. Total employment projections for each region are shown-in Table :14.1.2-4:. b. Protect-Rel ate Soendine 111 the Regjoin Two sources of regional :pending were jointly responsible for secondary economic impacts resulting from SSC construction and operation. One source was the purchas of goods and services in the region to direct support of the SSC. The other source was the regional personal consump- tion expenditures of direct SSC workers - the after-tax, after-savings, local spending portion of direct project wages. Ways in which the SSC cost analysis results (Appendix 2). were adapted to quantify these sources of regional spending are described in the following sections. • SSCAP14A2218815 DEIS Volume 1'V Appendix 14' Socioeconomic Assessments 13 q r w`x.r�E.r.uywy y-y��ymy�w.pw.mm.m gqpfw. - io m oTS w wf� w�Fa[3' ci ~ piddidaillIblOL2A h A 1. 4 b O N Y L_ pfry !� N r. 61 iT ��S16 �I e:�- S 6' R w. .� °$a ' lNS.a ee pppp �ayy pp AS tic NNNNNNMN NTg m.. .I) -. ✓...g., N . M r 't . 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H Y.., 51 s 2 . .0....;:e; s ns LL c 9.".R ,.u'6 6 Z�.'$.rv«Li '6 l' m w .x , il , ,: •r .. i W1'''' io fowiao.ri l •o ' 1y X;vw VI .ri K • SSCAP14A2218816 DEIS Volume`IV'=Append.fX. V4 • n.v„•. - • Socioeconomic Assessments - .14 ' . 2 ft{y��y fqp lOph pfl 1My.�I r-I�Mp _ �!y tl� d+l (qy" . - �O�f V101.Y Q1/ti�SM Yl �' y� '�F ^ 1' a$c.«1G1gl . M # EC a' �r- ;# N .;«.."...:«02 ANN"' .N. M A A /1 A 1 to iNf {y )) M RR p y - ::,1,2 ..;.-. .f,...Rhhh hhh VIO a a 0 in, 1ml sal 0 [l�O��fh r RlYSb., A QQ e@ni r if. n �.p�}.��bbpp.ri+pp+�i �l��ppyp (p��1s4p~�. :� S "p'r ' (^p lr O U u+AR'l§i §Oh OI4O... Imo. !$ Y O ,N N = ✓i.. 3 3,, ti y fmpp wwh�yy ty♦p^gy�pp N U NN.VI.... MM.M�uMTM .' ' .Y Y N 4 M ,w e 3.!;37....7.3337175:2 pµ. type U a . . W ii F No 00 9 - - •fy .M � b. ..0 f ♦ MIP f. .1 IS U ��ppyy1wr....�bp gy�pp T �fln9 € 7m... shy ♦ g. .Q g ... �jr la p 4 PNUU oOY t.tO.m per' c yONN� ' r4. yr d Y �.Nw fiw 1[f ��ppyym �yp18 P O w f-. Q. .v. . �rMfff _ In_ RR O iOJ .M. g V .4 Y' y. M eta ..4 r . 8I Ifq!/y�}.pyqy1 p(my �pp� Op pq yfj� py {y�/ og 1 --r.N N `N 'n1i N SSCAPP4A222CSV . DEIS Volume Y Oppendllx•� • Socioeconomic Assessments 15 1) Estimates of Regional Goods and-Services Purchases Only those SSC purchases expected to be made• in'the host region were considered in the regional economic model. Many of the SSC cost items, especially those involving technical components of the-.project, could well be purchased from distant suppliers and thus would not impact the regional economy. Determinations concerning the breakdown of purchases into local and non-local portions, made separately for each of the seven sites as part of the SSC cost analysis (Appendix 2),. were incorporated in this analysis. These regional purchases were allocatedto-key industrial sectors before inclusion in the input-output models (Table 14.1.2-5). 2) Estimates of Regional Personal Consumption Expenditures Local payroll estimates, also from the SSC cost analysis (Appendix 2), were used as a starting point for estimating regional personal consump- tion expenditures. Average annual earnings for workers directly, em- ployed by the SSC, including construction and operation. workers,"would be about $31,000 (in 1988 dollars), an amount that varies. slightly across the seven sites. Federal income tax on that amount was assessed at about 12.7%. ` Addi- tionally, 7.51% was subtracted from workers' earnings to cover social security taxes, and 6.2% was subtracted from the first $7,000.for unem- ployment insurance. State income tax rates on an adjusted gross income of $31,000 would range from 5.59% in Arizona to nothing in both Tennessee,and Texas, since neither of the latter two states tax individual.earnings. In Colorado the rate would be 5.12%, in Illinois 2.30%, in Michigan 4.04%, and in North Carolina the rate would be 4.87%. State income 'tax'margins for earnings in excess of $31,000 would range from 2.5% in Illinois to 8.0% in both Arizona and Colorado. All of these percentage reductions from earnings were subtracted from the payroll estimates, and a fixed level of personal savings was sub- tracted from the remainder. The savings rate after taxes was assumed to be 4.32%. This figure was calculated by reference• to. 1986 data for the U.S. showing that disposable personal income totalled.$3;022.1 billion and personal savings was $130.6 billion (U.S. Council of Economic, Advisors, 1988). The results - local payrolls minus taxes. and savings - were input to the input-output models as potential-personal .consumption expenditures to be made in each region. • c. Mu1tiolier Effects • Regional economic (input-output) models for each of the seven regions were estimated using a modified version of the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis' Regional Interindustry Modeling System (RIMS-II; Cartwright, Beemiller and Gustely, 1981; Niehaus, 1982). With this procedure, SSCAP14A2218820 DEIS Volume IV Appendix`14 Socioeconomic Assessments ,36 Tatlo 14.1.2-S, • INDUSTRIAL SECTORS *tiTH'.FletAt. DQWW CHANCES Ott TO.fl1E SSC Indu.triai Sector as clef ead by tie.U.S., 6ur'aevof Econctlo Analysis Greenhouse arid Su►aery Pvodedte "21.070!. Sand and Grovel Snieg Maintenags 4 Repair of nonbuilding facilities 12,0;16 Floor Coverings 17.0100. Sawmills and Planing Mills 20.0200 Veneer and Il lyevcd• 70.0600,: Structural good Members, nec 20.0701 Explosives 27.0403 Pawns end AN lad?Palmate Petroleum 4lefMMq 3I.41103 Paving Mixtures and Blocks. 31,0200, Asphalt retie and Coatings- ,31..0300 - }� Glass and Clam Pfe gcts, aess$centavo.. 3S.et00comma, wyn...itcr - .. vitreous Plumbing Fixtures 36.0600-Concrete Block end Brick 36.1000 Concrete Products. nec .36.1100 Gypsum Product. - .• i•,3t4•.141* . Steel giro and Related Products 77.0107, Cold Flminl.Mp of Steel Shapes - .37.0I04 Plething Fixture Fitting's and Trier 40,0P00.. Mast Ind Equipment, except Electric 40.0300 Fabricated Structural Metal 40,0400 Metal Doors, Sash, and Trim 40,0500 Sliest Metal lbrk .40,0700 .. - Pipe, Velvet. Pips IItt age 4:.6600 Elevators and NosingSteiweys 46.0100:. Hoists. Cranes.aid 0ntweil4 .6.0.!00 Paws, Traraeslan Cqutpesmt- -Avesta, Ref r'groat ion end.HeatAnwiquimam 52,0600 rnetnwnte-toMeasure Ehctrlotty ,yt,gg T.bNformen 33.0200. Svitchgear and Sw1`tchboard Apparatus '57.�g300' Motors and Generators 53.0400 Industrial Controls 53.0500. Electric taps ^55.010ff tightlnpe Flatter aed Gprlpiset - • .3500200 Wiring Devices 55.•0.• , Nerd Surface Floor Coverings .. - 64.0100 Electric Services. Utilities 50.0100 Gee P.otio1sn04strilretlaa..Utilities Aen 59.0206 Other Utilities, exempt slect.loity ....6tr20300 Wholesale Tracer - 60.0100 sentries to Beildt qe --73.0tnr M.n.Oaesnl and Caesaltingt Serfil a 73.0105, . Equipment Rental and Leasing Services -. 73.0.01• . - SSCAP14A221S821 DEIS Volume IV Appemtiot;14 r Socioeconomic Assessments 17 interindustry transaction relationships'.revealed at the United States level were regionalized on the basis of 1984 County Business Patterns. The relative mix of industries operating in particular region was taken into account so that multiplier effects werer,not, exaggerated, as leakages from the regional economy were explicitly modeled. Total output (sales) impacts include direct project-related spending, plus indirect and induced sales caused by responding within the regional economy to serve those businesses..and employees who provide goods and.. services directly to the SSC. The models produced these total output results in terms- of the major industrial sectors listed in -the first two tables of this methodology section. d. Enip1ovmentang_Fayninas Estimation 1) Direct Employment and Earnings Employment and earnings impacts pertaining- to direct SSC workers were adapted from the SSC conceptual design analysis (Volume I, Chapter 3 Only that portion of.the labor and those payrolls designated as local labor and payrolls were included in.this impact analysis: 2) Indirect and Induced Employment and Earnings Indirect and induced employment impacts of the SSC .were-estiamated-on -the basis of the results produced by the input-output models. Total output changes were converted to changes in employment bv`dividing these output changes by estimated regional output-per-worker relationships (as pre- sented previously in Table 14.1.2-3). Earnings, impacts were estimated from these employment impacts by multiplying them times regional earnings- per-worker estimates (Table 14,1,2-b),; e. In-Migrant_Workforye Work force in-migration due to the SSC is expected to depend on a broad range of factors, including: general labor availability in the siting region, economic conditions and labor demand inthe region compared to adjacent regions, the mix of worker skills needed compared to those locally available, the location of contractors successful in bidding on SSC construction and operation work, state and local labor laws and practices, and the extent of worker .training undertaken by public and private organizations in the siting region in response to the SSC. It was not possible to predict with certainty the extent of local hiring and worker in-migration in each of the siting regions in the context of these many and complex factors. A reference case was constructed for each region, however, to provide an indication of the 'likely extent of worker in-migration due to the SSC. Depending on the worker category treated, this reference case considered the size of each region's labor force, recent unemployment rates, and adult education levels. The approach taken in each category was as follows: SSCAPI4A2218822 DEIS-Volume' IV Appendoix,14, r'* Socioeconomic Assessments 18 TAD'e 14.1.2-6 AVERAGE 'ANNUAL EARNINGS:PER IN 1984 (IN 1988 DOLLARS), 'SSC REGIONS OF INFLUENCE Worth Sector Arizona Colorado Ill Inc 14 Michigan Carolina Tennessee 'Texas Total $23,973 $22.720 $24;845 $25,994, -318.810 $18,414 $24,026 • Farming $15,540 $20.303 $15,477 $10,387 $9,179 ' . $5,302' $5;935 AgFrFs (1) 39,065 39,631 311,067 ' $10,010 37,432 $8.568_ 310,607 Mining $29,209 337,335 $20,216 $17,687 312,350 427,040 431,692, - Construction $27,315 $25,648 331,358 - $26,998 .$19,096 318,710 $24,123 Menufactursng $35.642' $31.863 $31.832: .:$43,521 320,079':... $23;820 $30,'650 - . TrnePU (2) . $37,804 336,691 :$37.818-.. $37,278.: 829`277'$29;515. $36.159 Vh1eTr [3] 329.226 329,807; $31,911 332.154 328,975 :.324,557-'- $32,L70 RetTr (4) $15,479 $13,680 $13,715 $12.638 31L.806 312,159' . 5115.433 - F.1.R.E. (5] $17,817 $18,121 $26,927 $19,379 $17,413 $17,875 $23,924 . Services $20.620 $18,774-. $21,063• -'519,803 • 315,555 317,327' ;$20,324- Goverment $27,812 $23,517 $23,853 . 323,643 $19,505 • $18,827 $23,219 - (1] AgFrFa -:Agricultural service*,'Forestry, Pishing end other,_ • ,h . (2.] JrnaPU..- Transportation, Coeannlwt ion,-and Public Utilities, (3] YhLTn VhoLwls trap, - [4]. RetTr - Retail trari,. ' [5]. F,I,R.E. -.Finance. Insurance, end Reel Estate, _ • Source; Adapted fram.U.S. Bureau of Commie Aeelyets, Regional.EomteitO•Informatl0n.".• System.. • SSCAP14A2218823 DEIS, Volume IV Appefdi*-' 4' Socioeconomic Assessments 19 o Construct ton craft 1 abort was assumed. is in-migrate aL a nega- tive function of each,i eg4on's unemployment rate.. 4n taa:oor- dance with results of a ,1979 work- force survey coverMo X51 large construction projects (U.S.,:Army-Corpse of. En$$neers, 1981). • o Direct clerical workers and ell secondary workers were assumed to in-migrate as a function of the, ratio of the region's unem- ployment rate to the rate for the nation. o Direct technical workers were assumed to in-migrate as an inverse function of the size of the region's unemployed labor force, and directly with the ratio defined by the percent of the region's adult population with sixteen or more years of education compared.to that• percentage for the nation, o SSC managers. physicists, and other professionals (except-for visiting scientists, all of whom would be in-migrants) were " assumed to in-migrate as-a direct function of the'aduullt educa- tion ratio used for technical workers, tend also- inverselyswith. the region's labor force.size. .' As a means of assessing the potential range of work force in-migration, high and low in-migration scenarios were developed "for-each-region. The high in-migrant work force scenario was constructed to represent the greatest level of in-migration potentially resulting from the .SSC. This high scenario assumed the following SSC-related jots, were ftiled by in-migrants: o Half of ail construction jobs. o Three-fourths of all professional and'technical,operations jobs. o Half of all clerical and other operations staff. o All visiting scientists. o Half of all jobs created by indirect and induced -spending effects. The low In-migration scenario assumed only the, following Jobs would 'by filled by in-migrants: o One-fifth of all construction jobs. o Half of all professional and technical_oporations,jobs. o All visiting scientists. • SSCAP14A2218824 DEIS VOlume 1Y Appendix 14 - tussinsimossinsigiossisiiiim Socioeconomic Assessments 20 Application of these alternative assumptions, resulted in a.wide range 4f worker in-migration projections. This range varied front ifte to site. but typically extended from-asi few' as1.000 to'more' than,3.'000;workers. This broad range indicates the'uncertainties inherent .in,forecasting detailed regional labor market characteristics';more than a decade- into the future. Due to these uncertainties the high and the lot scenarios were not used in this analysis, and use of a socioeconomic monitoring program has been identified for the SSC'"as 'a means or developing accurate data in the future on the extent' of worker, and in-migration. 2- Demographics and Reusing a. Regional PoeulatieR Future regional population was projected'annually from'"1988' through 2000. both for baseline and with-SSC conditions, using a-modified cohort- component technique implemented'within' a software`package called "Halley" (Levine. 1985). The foundation of these calculations was•a ten-year projection from 1990 to 2000'for each of"the Seven regions. Single-year values were then estimated by interpolation,''with'the future.;populations of select counties within the regions calculated as proportions of regional totals. 1) Projection of Regional Baseline Population Three key variables determined the cohort-Component projections.- fertility, mortality, and migration. In this procedure, fertility and mortality were calculated empirically for each region in question between 1970 and 1980, and adjusted for future years to parallel antici- pated trends in these measures for the United:States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1984). The remaining variable. future migration, was then modi- fied so that the projected totals approximate population targetsGefined for each region (derived from U.S. Census Bureau projections at the state level; U.S. Bureau of the Census,, 3988). 2) Projection of Regional Impact.Population,. impact calculations used the baseline projections as.starting- points, but modified the migration component'to incorporate' anticipated -in migrants directly and indirectly resulting from the SSC. Total expected in-migrants were calculated as 2.91 times the number.,of in-migrant workers previously estimated, and disaggregated by age and sex. Both,' the average household size of in-migrant workers (2.91) and the age/sex breakdowns were based upon the observed composition of state-to-state migrants in the U.S. between 1980 and 1985' (U.S:'' Bureau of the Census, 1987b). By employing a cohort-component method, estimated population impacts due to the project not only included the in-migrants themselves, but also children born to the in-migrants and deaths projected among this impact population. SSCAP14A221882S DEIS Volume IV Appendix• 14. ..': Socioeconomic Assessments 21 b. Seatial, Vocation of. P_gpulation Impacts.; •. Direct SSC in-migrant workers and their ,families..were allocated"to'.local areas within each region using an entropy maximization procedure that resulted in the statistically most probable di"Stribution,, sublect td travel cost constraints (Wilson, 1970). Baseline total population for the most recent year the data were available was-used'as theattractive, force for the model. - the higher •the;population of a local area, the greater the likelihood of its selection as a place•of‘residence. • Travel timp from the SSC to each local area was, used:.as'the.constraining factor for a, Ixcept the Illinois region.- For,the-Illinois region the reported di stn oution of Fermilab employees was used to allocate alt direct workers. In the other six resultant allocations,. the travel time of all direct SSC in-migrant workers was matched to the average travel time of workers in the main Standard Metropolitan Statis- tical Area (SMSA) for each region, as reported in the 1980 ,U.S.-census. Because both the Arizona and the Colorado sites are relatively. remote • from population centers, expected earnings differentials were used to adjust travel times, resulting in somewhat•longer 'commuting•d'istances related to project wages higher than the regional average. ` ' Indirect and induced SSC-related in-migrant workers were allocated t0 local areas within each region in proportion to the 'baseline total- popu- lations of each local area. c. }twine Availabi ijv and flequi mend • ' 1) Baseline Housing Availability Characterization of baseline permanent housing started with the compila- tion of statistics on total numbers of year-round units in each region and select counties, with a distinctionimade between owner:•and renter units. . This inventory was based:on data-collected in 1980 by`the:,U.S. Bureau of the Census;. these data.: in. turn.were up-dated as much as possi- ble through the use of,supplemental information, primarily from various state agencies and the Federal Home Loan; Bank,Board. Statistics on total vacancies also were compiled from,these sources, and supplemented where possible bymore recent information from Federal Home Loan Bank vacancy surveys of metropolitan areas. Baseline permanent housing was further characterized by statistics on.housing construction between. 1980 and 1987, using data collected monthly by the U.S. Bureau, of the Census on the numbersaf building permits. issued for the•construc- tion of housing units. • r'. Baseline temporary housing, in turn, was characterized by statistics on total numbers of temporary accomodations available in each region and selected counties. This inventory included data on hotels and motels, as well as information on the number of campgrounds and recreational SSCAP]4A221B326 , DEIS Volume IV Appendix114• ' r,., Socioeconomic Assosa�nents .22 . , vehicle parks present in a partie.starsates. a taaoueeec�fecl4ne�p,_ . various state agencies and select-tourism.publications. Vacancy trends, with regard•to-saaaenalrty wets cempfl.6 as mu . • 2) SSC-Related ibesing Requirements Estimates: of increased housing requ1reeests• 1ww.'particuTar area doe ttr SSC-related in-migration were generated through y sequence of calruT,— tions based on 44ci mted hvmsieq;te denies• associated with the con- struction and operation of large-scale .facilities (parameters are adapted frost Stacey and Oucld 1•97tamdt N*ehaas," 10982•): As astarting point each in migrant worker wes:assemetta represent one household. 'but <; the number of.hoteseholds consisting•et iwdividuet'personv (ow average 32.5% of the total): was broken• out fret The .number of households-ten- ' l i sting of fast Its (the r amah lag 47'.51t):.: ; Total Aoustng.requirements generated by SSC-related•is-migrants Included separate housing units for each In-migrant family, and due.to•ar tendency taa'share actornmvd'atices, one unit for,every 2.24 individual iwmsaholds." . Housing impacts for each trete of interest'.eters asaessett in terms of the number of year-round vacancies present 1n as area during the most.. recent year for which this information was known, projected into the future based upon anticipated demographic trends,' ant deltneataut by,type of unit as appropriate. - Impacts al soh wets.:ssesaed.w.itii respect' to houstwg construction capabilities of a particular area, based.aipon•the building permits issued between 1980 .and 1987. The number and type of temporary accomodations available in a given area were eF .f4arGaoce. it yeart'. dominated by construction activities, when demand for temporary accom • modations would be highest. 3. Public Services Except for sebool enrollments. aed.teacher impacts, •per capita factors were used to estimate the likely public service'employment impacts accom- panying SSC-related poptrlatSee:impacts. These-factors were calcelated separately for each SSC retied on, thr basis•N^71982"Censys of Governments data (factors are listed for each'reties. l*'Appendix-5,-the.affected • environments appendix). The chief assumption underlying this analysis was that for service levels to remoteconstant in each-region, ',SSC pope- 1ation impacts would require additional ,sefl ce*personae►. Public school enrollments were assumed to•oomsfst 'of that portion *titre population impacts aged 5 throogt 1)7',-and--thus were output directly from the demographic analysts, Teacher impacts were' c+lculated'by'stafntatring current student-teacher ratios for each region. sSCAPr4A221882?':, • • - 0EIS Volume IV Appendhele ,-, Socioeconomic Assessments 23 4. ptl is Finance The principal public finance effects Of the SSC'are'•expected to occur at multiple levels of government: states, school and special district, counties, and municipalities. This analysis identified those revenue sources and types of expenditure which would be either directly or in- directly affected. Direct impacts include consequences of-SSC spending . (on taxable activities) by the federal government ere its contractors, direct state and local government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against, existing tax bases (such as property .tax losses from , displaced activity).. Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and population due to the SSC. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were estimated by projecting the change in the affected revenue base (such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. ,Table- 14.1.2-7 presents the factors used in estimating the state government public finance effects of the SSC for each of the proposed sites. Four types of taxes are examined to determine, the amount of revenue that could be collected by each state from.direct project expenditure: sales and use taxes, motor fuels taxes, vehicle registration and related taxes, and public utilities taxes. Arizona, Tennessee, and Texas would not tax direct project purchases. The other four states would tax various items at the rates shown in the table. Motor fuels are taxed at different rates depending on ownership (federal or private). and use (highway or off-road). Tax revenues from vehicle registration use are estimated for construction vehicles and equipment and for operation vehicles, where applicable. Public utilities tax revenues are also calculated, where applicable. Additional factors important in the erlculation of this revenue are shown below. . Sale s and Use Tax Revenue o Arizona passed legislation in 1987 which would exempt SSC from taxes on all tangible personal property including electricity, natural gas, and water. o Colorado has an exemption for nonprofit scientific organiza- tions: construction contractors would be taxed on, explosives., electricity, water, miscellaneous utilities, equipment leas- ing, and forms. o Illinois exempts federal government and nonprofit scientific organizations; construction contractors would be taxed on explosives, equipment fuel, equipment leasing, and forms. o Michigan exempts nonprofit scientific organizations: construc- tion contractors would be taxed on explosives, electricity, miscellaneous utilities, motor fuel, equipment leasing, and forms. SSCAP14A221$$2$ DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments 24 , Table 24.2.2-7 STATE GOVERMENT TAX RATES AND-PER'CAPSTA,REVENUE roR. SSC cosy RaC,TIou AND.OPERATnON '. . Arizona Colorado 1ltsnpss" Michigan 1f. Carolina 7♦ma.ra Zeiss Sales 6 Use Tax Rate exeispt 3.O%" •^S.OX 4.0% 7.0% • exempt exempt Motor Fuels Tax Rata (88 5) - Highway Vehicles - - • . Privately-owned Gasoline (per.eallvi), SO4l6. $0416 ek.ld $0.3S- $0.151 S} !0'.414 Ste.Ts Diesel (per gallon) $016 40106 $0.]65,. 50.36 .. 501,06} O1: SO;IS $.1.15- Federally-owned Gaaoltne (par gellen) $0.l& ases .t eapt newt exempt. Seat tn. Imam. Diesel (per ga.tlenb 40.15 fleas* •eve♦t.. swept aeawpt $'0Os:(2]Off-Road Vehicles .. leapt' Privately-owned Gasol l s (per germ) exempt exempt• tamp% exempt 'exempt $0;111^ (per gallon) e xapt stespt atsept. exse$t. . rwnpt '$0.18 - , ex b Diesel Vehicle Registration Tax Rate Highway Vehicles PrPivatel - yon coed f.3) except tom* 6.110% 5101% . :3.38% 473x. sax.s %. 2.44% OffeRoad Vehicles (4)• t exempt exempt axeept 410.11110 ♦xeyt.. seem•;. exempt newt exempt exempt.. :elialln. : OSP.. Puhlic Utilites Rate Tax Electric Power exempt sealtelble. 5.000 .. swept, -. M/4 (5)�._. . Natural Gas exanct 1..5 2.0% Ts lecamiunicatiore negligible- S,OX except 3.22%.. 1.0% 2.014.. 1.514 Lfa endipimplitsble -U mempt N.42% - 1.0% '2.0X'. Miscellaneous Litt}kin wmnpt.. sgligADN atcw6-••. srespt•. N/A. VIA 2.01K Indirect Tax Revenue (88 5) Het Per Capita Increase Construction Phase 3907 3877 5 Stan. . ..:3970 ..Operation Phase $459 $470 $388 $481 $722 1563 3244 .. Sources. [1] Includes $0.14 per gallon tax and 3.0 percent sales tax on wtioleeale value of product (which is estimated at approximately 10.015 per gallon). 4J2] Ina Wye a 40.01.impactive fes. - . .tive tax rat. nc. J pat Effsilly-nwwed Wove' vehiclessubject to personalproperty 5j N/A indicats a.pWlia st.tritest tar 4 not sicetax.by spare expect4d,to be. - supplied by municipal or district public � which areexempt fir are expected.to be [6] Tax on charges for exchange services only. spa face e1xRr tetras; • SSCAPI4A2218829 DEIS Volume IV Appewbtx;ty , , . Socioeconomic Assessments. 25 o Nortl Carolina exempts nonprofit sccientifiG 0r,gaan.i2ations; construction contractors would betaxed'on explosives, elec- tricity, miscellaneous utilities, equipment' fuel, equipment leasing, and forms. o Tennessee exempts nonprofit scientific facilities, such as SsC, for purchases of goods and. services; the U.S.,Department of Energ (Oat) is also pravlded'a specific exemption from state sales and use tax, which extends to contractors' and subcontractors. o Texas exempts nonprofit private organizations which applies to purchases of equipment, tools, and supplies for construction projects. Motor Eaet; Tax Revenue o Based On Fermilab data, it is estimated that the SSC would require 350 highway vehicles, 330 of which would be,pick-ups and automobiles, and 20 of which would be large trucks or equipment. o Highway fuel is estimated as 44.34% of total .fuel - gasoline was estimated as 37.37% of highway fuel. o In Arizona total 'fuel cost was estimated at $16.5 million. o In Colorado total fuel cost was estimated at $26.4.million. o In Illinois total fuel cost was estimated at 526.1 million.. o In Michigan total fuel cost was estimated at 520.3 million. o In North Carolina total fuel test was estimated at S21.8.miliion. o In Tennessee total fuel cost was estimated at 517.,7 million o In Texas total fuel cost was estimated at:S15-A million. Vehicle Rroi,strAran Tax Revenue o In all seven proposing states federally-owned vehicles- and' privately-owned off-road vehicles are exempt from licensing and use taxes. o Highway vehicle were estimated to comprise 17.3% of all equipment leasing costs. o In Arizona highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at 512.7 million. SSCAP14A22I8830. DEIS Volume 'IV Appeadix.l4, Socioeconomic Assessments 26 o In Colorado" highway vehicle 'leasing exi st was estimated at $11.7 million. o In Illinois highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at $18.4 million. o In Michigan highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at $13.1 million. o In North Carolina highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at 59.6 million. o In Tennessee highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at $6.7 million. o In Texas highway vehicle leasing cost was estimated at $8.4 million. Public Utilities Tax Revenue o Based on Fermilab data, where $2.3 million is spent annually for telecommunications, SSC was estimated to spend,S3.5 million annually; $2.0 million would be charges for exchange, services. Table 14.1.2-8 indicates the three types of taxes that were evaluated at the local level : optional local sales and use taxes, personal property taxes, and real property taxes. Sales and_ use tax revenue was caltu lated for each locality that would apply such' a tax on various construc- tion materials, and personal property tax revenue was estimated for local government jurisdictions that would apply a tax to vehicles and equipment. Real property tax revenue would decrease in counties where private land would be purchased by the state and transferred to federal 'ownership (the federal government is exempt from local real property taxes). An estimate of this loss to local jurisdictions was made on the basis of the market value of the property to be transferred, the.,assessed-to- market value ratio, and the local tax rate. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a "net change` basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth.. As a consequence, the critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC are those which result' in either revenue or expenditure higher than created by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type. The first includes earnings Impacts on state and local revenue, and these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared to baseline earnings. Second, growth of population jn areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital,expenditure. The effect on local government revenue was calculated using historic revenue data which arc presented cumulatively for all local jurisdictions within SSCAP14422I8831 0EIS Volume IV Appendix 14 „rU;•,.. Socloswnoxle,Asussirnta ,27 i ass, . n 3 _ Eat . $ 3! '. , , x • a t a nit&!T.!,s a d I. ,in ! I: sal . !! : » .t o s . , R g .. ' ssz q Oil;2 !Pig sass c D9 � ,s. . 'gen •asst. S , a 1 .0% m i ii 11 t 5 00Mg 24.14 g ,. I , Cs Ws 7¢ . ..01-f • saga Ina -A: op*nro a scar,ag a = z mss :, - _$:! att� ist rte. tea . ov .C� b J w +. .. 8 u2 A :.te • Y sal 2 ;Sal :. ! .:.iwir -13# t: 444'4' .. 3r i .Ar . 11111 !I 1 111 z . ass RI§ii s i 4fliijj? iWI iV XLi ' ll SSCAV34A2211812 DEIS Volume IN'ap adte14.; I a r Socioeconomic Assessments 28 w 9 rb^ ern, aaeg MANS e . W a- .�'7 �. flee Nwn^.•n. fi a Inn. v Cr I.XY. 3s. .43 .. .2«.. , «»..s, .34.µ.a . • W .' i ay,nW ~ �5 lig m� 4A an :. ..4 a -aria 'rR `: R8aa &&j..R ':A� N' My y —. ° .[ ..� et Oa ianr) i e N F ag H g a s. l• Eggs gggg gi!si , 7: a } r.. 353 3 M. x .. . - .. 4V $.,. S• 13.* as -.K 8 y"' : a N ' 9 .. og � SSSS , .-XS q. ry 3o SIX A iU a ii« 4 root $.45$' .ti�'Jyi$ .. •~ • yQ ��. -Fz E IW � gII- t ti xf» e� :. 4 3w x a= QE—HI ;ngS gps s s s' �-vi- is I j44� .1 SSCAP14A2218833 . .OEIS Volume -SY.Appendix 14 ' . • o.,• , ,- O.: Socloeconorlc Assesseents 24 . _ a . 3' g , s EASE Se9$ s ( y. yp {gyp{ pp ^^.. :, aryppy� ZQ t • � N� a3A M MLA. .^ �M '17• 1.` YiM1�'l�NM Y. _ x egg 4 a R•y 5, sn, • sass, •ya?.ta w y o ' P Zl:i .^1:..0, . X ' ats:1 .t -'.Vi i^ ^r r..er 'Stsx�;4441 NW VV _ WW • �g�� 8588 SO2U 9_2 � .�2ZS1�.A .i "Siff . e ....s' d&.4$ SAS b aQ( gs o t T ' aLw£E flhhik4 .y.S a .. Jjg M ! '4dx * SSCAP14A2218834-., - . 'I0tIS Volume iY App+n4lx 14 , - Socioeconomic Assessments 30 each county in the most recent publication of the Census of Governments (U.S. • Department of Commerce, Bureau of•the Census.- 1987). • It was assumed that • net revenues for the local government jurisdictions would increase in the same proportion as earnings levels from•SSC direct jobs to,baseeline,earnings. The basis for this assumption was derived from the additional spending that would be made by SSC workers with relatively larger•incomes than baseline residents. Although SSC workers woel6 spend more than'baseline.-residents, • local government per capita expenditures are assumed to remain constant (excluding the capital expenditure required .to-accommodate:in-migrant workers, which was estimated separately and is discussed below).. The cumulative local government historic per-capita capital expenditure made by all jurisdictions within each county was obtained from the 1985 Census of Governments publication (U.S. Department of Commerce, Sureau of the Census, 1986) These historic per capita costs were used in conjunc- tion with information from research on community impacts resulting from defense-related growth (President's Economic Adjustment Committee,' 1981). The research shows a relationship between growth rates of local areas and the percentage amount above normal capital- spending required by local gov- ernment jurisdictions to accommodate growing population. Table 14.1.2-9 shows the average annual rates of growth which are.associated with; increased local government spending for schools and municipal functions (municipal functions include spendhng..for all types of government functions by all types of government jurisdictions - -other -than school districts...- including roads, utilities, general government, five and police protection and other services). The normal component of historic per capita capital' spending was:•determined from the historic population growth rate. between 1980 and 1985 is each county using the results of the committee's study. Average annual.growth rates between 1989 and 1992 as a result of SSC construction and pre-operation were calculated to determine the percent above-normal spending that would be required to accommodate the additional population. The-portion of growth associated with the SSC was calculated to estimate the amount of • capital spending attributable to the project for each of four years. Since SSC population growth peaks in 1992, capital spending attributable to SSC- related growth should no longer be required after that date. 5. Duality oCLifc/SociaLWeJT Being • This assessment of impacts to quality of tife.and social well being is tailored to the unique characteristics of the SSC program. The project's size, combined with the rigorous siting requirements used in the selection of best qualified sites, has resulted in seven potential host regions that share important characteristics. In particular, each region contains a relatively large and dominant urban area, and the project extends in each region to cover large expanses of rural land. This commonality between study regions facilitates consistent treatment of potential social impacts. Supported in part by measurements of social indicators relating to charac- teristics of potential newcomers and those of resident populations, and in part by concerns revealed in the course of seeping for the EIS; this SSCAP14A2228838 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments 31 Table 14.1.2-9, • AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATES ASSOCIATED WITH ABOVE-NORMAL • CAPITAL EXPENDITURE BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Population Growth Capital Spending Rate (percent/year) (percent above normal level) schools 0.0% 1.6% 0% ' 1.6% - 3.'I% ' 52% . 3.1% - 4.5% 102% 4.5% - 7.0% 137% Municipal ' 0.0% - 4.5% 60% S4.5% 81X Source: President's Economic Adjustment Committee. 1991. • • SSCAP14A2228839, • ; •. DEIS Volume,IV, Appentti4,84+;,.wl• • Socioeconomic Assessments 32 qualitative assessment (structured according toluidelines offered by Flynn, et al, 1983) focuses on the distribution of effects between five key societal groups im each potentfad'. SSC.regfon; : 'these groups Include: o Urban and suburban residents, who are assumed to derive their livelihoods and life quality generally from activities in the urban and suburban portions of thetr'regton.. o Exurbanites and other rural nonfarm residents (including dwellers of small towns), for whom ties to their region's major cities are assumed to be somewhat less important: and for whom rural sur- - roundings are assumed to exert a major influence on quality of life. o Farm operators, whose livelihood largely is derived by direct encounter with the rural environment and, 'like the second group, - for whom quality of life is heavily dependent on characteris- tics of that rural environment: o Early, short-term newcomers•-associated with SSC construction, including temporary in.wrigrants to the region inaresponse.te SSC-related job opportunities, and their families. o Longer-term newcomers-associated with SSC operation, in-migrant workers and their families who would-become permanent residents of the region. Each of these key groups is made up of significant. subgroups, of course, and these properly should be delineated by region. . For those. regions where particular subgroups are identified that are likely to experience SSC- related effects differently than other members of their parent group, these subgroups are given special attention. One important class of subgroups given particular attention regardless of the region studied, for instance, involves residents and institutions slated for relocation. This assessment draws on results of.the economic, demographic and hous- ing, public services, and public finance impact assessments to determine the communities and social (sub)groups for which-beneficial and/or adverse effects of the SSC would be manifested. C. Interoretatjon of Results The data, assumptions, and methodologies described above provide the basis for quantitatively measuring socioeconomic impacts of the SSC-for each of the seven sites. These impact measures were' interpreted" in' the context of baseline socioeconomic and institutional conditions-in order to determine the relative magnitude of the impacts. SSCAP14A222ii843' OEIS•Votume IV - AY�pdd'tfC.44L .. Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 33 14.1.3 Resource Assessments 14.1.3.1 Arizona The nonmetropolitan areas of Maricopa County. and particularly those portions surrounding Arizona's proposed SSC site, are for the most part undeveloped desert. The Phoenix urban area is expanding rapidly, 9ow ever, claiming more and more of the desert for residential and commercial development each year. To the south neighboring Pinal County, with some of the communities nearest to the proposed SSC campus, also is being affected by this growth. Farther to the south Pima County is growing on its own accord (with the Tucson area as its focus), but intraregional linkages with the Phoenix economy aid this county's growth as well. Development and operation of the SSC near the mainstream Maricopa-Pinal- Pima growth corridor would represent only "a minor addition overall to this rapidly changing socioeconomic environment (Table 1+4.1.3.1-1).. The proposed SSC location is just outside the region's developing areas, however, leading to the only adverse socioeconomic impacts expected to accompany its siting here. All such impacts would be localized, Mous- ing impacts would be negligible overall. and although communities in western Pinal County would experience measurable housing growth, these demands still could be met by new construction. Public service impacts would be negligible from a regional standpoint, and also would be of little consequence to Maricopa County as •a whole- ,Available public ser- vices aro extremely limited at the remote site, however, and nearby pro- vision of public services to the SSC and induced +growth in the area would be required. A. fronomic gcjivity. Labor Earce. and Income Beneficial increases in employment, income, and sales would occur through- out the regional economy. Job opportunities for the reelon's labor force would include those workers directly employed by the SSC, as well as those involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the additional consumer demand created by project employees. The mu`Itiplier effects of these first and second-round activities would lead to further increases in sales,in turn creating additional yobs and income. Due to the existing concentration rof economic activity in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Maricopa County is expected to receive most of the beneficial economic impacts created ty construction and operation of the SSC. 1. Jteaional Ovgrviq SSC construction-phase activities would directly employ in 1992 a peak of nearly 4,000 workers in the region. This would include more than 3.200 jobs In construction and nearly 775 jobs required for commencement of SSC operation (Figure 14.1.3.1-1; Table 14.1.3.1-2). Spending of earnings by these SSC employees, plus project-related purchases of goods SSCAP14A2228841 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 a • Socioeconomic'Assessments Arizona 34 «s« Swi !..?72i Z12 • rega R .Y 1. .. . q a a "� NF ara,"�. ;Ei; -t�a r5{ a 2.4:44‘.4 q ESx: a�$ 17SE sew .Y. ASS o $d t- - wAtx N r N Y I 3 Y �w _ r^r a n� d er A t ;• .-� � N�NQ F r ^Ny • • �� 'n ', n 7 . .. .-11 . N N Nwa 0.N omaan G • F2 Xw «vi.r am`w N N ig!MNa1 • • fly y r q$« x SSCAP14A222D642 DEIS Volume iV Appendix 14 .. .. .. T Sotlweondsit Asssssasnts Arizona K • �.. C 4 + O W cap o ` . o w r ..k... I w a c . . ,0 0 C ▪ c • � ..w O ro ? r G . -. , • ct CO O a • ' o W _ ,..•1 1- -E 1 41 - N �............ .. — N - •..., lusukroiclia3 xg• 42ewpa. • • SSCAP14A2220044 0(15 Volume IV Appendix 14 • . -Socioeconomic Assessments Artlone 36 !( Y p i1 Y. —��jj'ear F. •^. ytwrwr3oy.RR. 'a� _V�9Al . 7" rw rr � n .y qq g y Nw a q' is %116 X�.C.I ri S7W'.1 J.' FYI.^. ® " �1' qqprp��pr�.pyyw rrrN j N N .. • „ •w NN� Y.pp R y N MM� M YVPO N Yww rV VN W 7 .'r"2w8h.✓; "'37g;k.19 5t -. N . � � 1 -r Xr NZcl L' ;. rr~ra I. 4 m� R p„ „--. i. r ^„w rw .y r 5 rn" w w 'a • Y n.1 _4n_ N N NN N Y re 23t rr G r.n _ I .4. P —w - ,Mry Vg�N M 1.61.1‘ g g N AKr'Y+N w O443 .E j '147i-�- VI no . .. ... _^, a .4 @39 /1F Wr. N N' NMN w ti n 1 ; K' 1�6R�:k IC'�t x'.Z�R rd R��',� . ? � p.. �«.r nrnw „ -N.. w 4• 'r ;thvg. ?thug - g r ~ qq 3V NMM MMN y • - k; dSt lPd 7r niX�2l6S TC�(l'w�' 3 14 N._•� r^'" ... 'g 1 g: j{yy'.Pn„r421:17R g tl*:v.1' k e, Yww ,NNw'N e1... _r ..... LYi�. . AT'X. $ C FF-Vt r , . 6 i 1 SSCAPIRA222884L GELS Volume IV Appendix...14 l ...zz Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 37 .. goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.1-2), would create additional secondary (indirect and induced) jobs. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier. effects of the regional- economy, would measure more than 5,300 jobs during the peak,of,construction activity. Peak total employment impacts in the region." including'direct and secon- dary impacts of SSC construction and related.spending, would exceed 9,300 Jobs. Compared to the nearly 1.5 million future baseline employ-`_' ment opportunities in the region by 1992 (available without the SSC) these impacts would be quite small. This impact represents about 0.6% of baseline employment; regional unemployment rates could be reduced by up to this amount at the construction peak. The construction, services, and trade sectors are expected to experience' the largest employment increases during the peak construction phase of the project, together accounting for more than 6,700 jobs. Manufactur- ing, which plays a relatively minor role in this region's economy com- pared to its relative sizo at the national level, would gain. approxi mately 900 jobs at the peak of construction. The SSC is expected to reach its fully operational state' by the year 2000, when it would provide about 3.250-'direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add about 2,900 jobs to -the total regional employment . • impact during SSC operation. These long-term regional employment gains would total more than 6,100 jobs as a result'of the combined direct and secondary impacts of SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.4% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year' 2000. Though 57.3% of SSC-related employment is attributable to secondary jobs during construction, this share falls to 47.2% during operation as direct jobs increase in relative importance (Figure. 14.1.3.1-3). During the operation phase, secondary job opportunities are concentrated in the services and trade sectors, which together account for more than 1,800 Jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain less than 190 jobs. Second- ary impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector, including jobs attributable to SSC electricity requirements, peak during the operation phase at 490 jobs. Direct workers would have peak annual earnings of $179 million during • the construction phase (all figures are ,in 1988. dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary earnings during peak construction would be in excess of $127 million. Altogether, including both direct and secondary workers, earnings impacts would be more than S306 million during 1992 (Figure 14.1.3,1-4). Regional earnings..would._be..dtrectly--tncreased4110•- million annually when the SSC reaches full operation. Additional earnings of more than $70 million by secondary workers during the opera- tion :These would increase. total earnings in the region by more than $180 million a year. SSCAP14A2228847 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14. I Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 38 V L '• ' Oft .5t o ti g CO ] N 001 mon • iF o 4 W 5, D N .. Cc M En _ _ V) ' --- _ , I I r c a c. c c c c T i t c c r• I 8 g ' , g a N N 'M a�opoQ DD6l io auowm SSCAPI4A2228840 1 DEIS.Volume IV AODeed/r;I1 • Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 39 N V) ea /�� 1.•...•••••••• cd at 0 in in c Jo !A 444L••••••••••••••••% a .+ al . .. . _ . _ to .46. .46..♦.6 4:.•....•..•.• 03 r I " x atop SSCAP14A2228849 LEIS Volume IV Appendlr 14; • Soci oeconcdC Assessments Arizona 40 DI _. . .• QQ `•W �.. N ..yy I' '. 01 O•,. y O. •� all •O , • V v . A I ' a i.CO Co: c . CI) _ - � J ••••. C ,.coN a a ` w CV S , s n rd 5 • . a T I N W S e O Z • wieJCC; �•' L(N W CO M w r. ($ 9 40 suoipiyi) s5uNJo /ao$og •poonpuj ';oapVI loam SSCAPI4A2Z28D50 • - DEIS Volume IV Appendix T4' ' • • Socioeconomic,Assessments Arizona -41 Regional spending directly attributable to the SSC would exceed $238 million during the peak of construction, more tban. half of which would result from consumer spending by direct workers. Secondary increases to regional spending would result' in total regional sales impacts peaking at annual levels greater than $357 million.during- the construction phase. In full operation, in the.year. 2000 and beyond, the SSC would be responsible for about $80 million of annual sales due to procurement of regional goods and services. Additional consumer spending by direct project workers is expected to approach $60 million in the region, for a total direct impact on regional sales of nearly $140 million annually. When combined with additional secondary safes volume, total SSC-related sales would exceed $235 million each year. The degree to which the regional labor force can adjust to the needs of the SSC would determine in large part the degree to which in-migration results from these new job opportunities. Accounting for the size, unemployment rate, and education level of the regional labor force. approximately 4,500 workers would likely in-migrate because of a rela- tively low unemployment rate in the region. Beginning in the year 2000, dining full operation, about 3,000 in- migrant direcV employees and indirect workers are projected:• 2. Maricopa County At the peak of construction approximately-2.600 direct SSC fobs probably would be filled by Maricopa County workers (either baseline residents or in-migrants). Added to roughly 4,000 secondary jobs in the county, the total SSC-related employment impact to Maricopa County would peak around 6,600 jobs. At full operation, more than 2,100 direct and 2,100 indirect jobs would be created for county residents. The long-term total impact consequently would be more than 4,200 jobs within the county during the operation. phase (Table 14.1.3.1-3). During peak construction direct SSC .workers residing in Maricopa County would earn over $115 million annually-. Together with secondary earnings impacts of nearly $100 million, about $215 million each year would be earned by county residents due to peak SSC construction.. Over the long term (i .e.. during operation) direct earnings would exceed $70 million and indirect earnings would be more than $50 million. Annual earnings by Maricopa County workers associated with.SSC operation, therefore, would total approximately $125 million. The secondary economic activity in Maricopa County would be triggered by peak direct sales during construction totalling about $I70 million a year, including most of the direct project purchases made in the region ($85 to $95 million a year), and an additional $80 million worth ofcon- sumer demand due to d{.ect earnings impacts. An increase of more than $110 million in annual sales in the county would be directly attrib- utable to the SSC in its operation phase, about 55% of which would-be from direct project purchases and the rest from direct worker consumption. • SSCAP14A2228851 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 218-829 0 - 88 - 3 (BOOK 8) . ;�: � _ `Soc4oaConawlr Assaaiwnts . ' Arizona 42 s 3?' fl- «Ai d t a • ®®a MMs N w.. R C ««S SIN' Is �Sl� 'w Now Mrs , .437,1 r.FL' w4(1:2 gry'NAi • i~ • $w11 'MMN SA4.. Qy • - •rig: NN O�tl��tl� r� .� wNM• &� - �NN -K Z N 1 r! _ .wNN ..� M NwM. .+a ... CI; W N✓r fl '0%.0.00. Q� M d K r Z :: ii t • W .r 42igg ,h I-•«w • grfN $$,a xC ro r cjitil • • % s, a q 2 try 6tga t171 Vili 4. 12q xbAw 1321 ' 151 r. Y ivr75n ct 4 to a rn,Sr&a P SIr G.04,2 L;441 .,; grai, SSCAP14A22283S2 AEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 43 • With the Phoenix metropolitan area, as•the principal"-atlractioa, Maricopa County probably would receive most or the, in-migrant••work•ferce. Direct workers would have to commute longer distances than the average regional commuter to reside in the Phoenix area, but the scarcity of intervening residential opportunities probably would eonvinCe -most workers to do so. Indirect regional employment opportunities likely would be Concentrated in the Phoenix area as well . 8. Demographics and Housing Population growth projected to result from project-related in-migration is examined for the peak construction year, 1992, and-for full operation in the year 2000. These estimated increases are discussed at the level of the Arizona Region of Influence (ROI), and for Maricopa and Phial Counties. Demographic impacts are examined in terms:iof both the absolute and relative amounts by which project-related population is expected to exceed baseline projections. The greatest single-year population in- crease is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the baseline for the same'year.. In parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-rowed housing as a result of in-migration is summarized for 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand 1s cal- culated in terms of the additional units, required to house le-migrants in the R0I and selected counties. Additional housing requirements generated by the greatest single-year' population increase are then discussed. Absolute increases in population and housing demand are projected to be the greatest in Maricopa County. Because of the large Phoenix metropol- itan area, however, these increases are comparatively small; both in. Maricopa County and the RO1 as a whole- Relative increases_ are expected to be greatest, in Phial County, but still would lie within the county's capacity to absorb them. 1. EN1onal 0vervjett The R0I population impact during the peak of construction in 1992 is estimated to be more than 13,200, representing 0•.'4% of projected base- line population (Table 14.1.3.1-4). . Dur{ng full operation in 2000 the regional impact would be about 10,500, o!r 0.3% more.than.projected'popu- lation without the project. This long-term increase is important with respect to generating lasting impacts on housing demand, services, and public finance, and is expected to be greatest in Maricopa County - par- ticularly in the Phoenix metro area (Figure 14.1.3.1-5). The greatest absolute annual growth in regional population associated with the high scenario would be nearly 5,800 persons,between the years, 1990 and 1991, an increase of only 0.2% over the 1991 baseline population, but retire - tenting growth 8.3% greater than that anticipated for,the baseline during the same time period. Very smart changes are expected in the age structure of the regional population - Tess:than a 0.L percent increase in the age groups of primary interest C≤4, S-'19, anct,2b5). for the years 1992 and 2000. SSCAP14A22281154 • DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • - • ._ . • • '• SOCioeconomfe Assesamevitt' "' '1 .:-. . 3'.1E4 Arizona 44 • bN,Nf NA ayl� d1 • .. d M A.• m w INI N W IOmmN a w �aNe..Z E ,t tM ,q,,M� f �Op T N rw O! N . ay yy3 , nN O N � Y m . ppq M m hM mN N Nr N riYr; 1(�� g !ee!pp�pepyy11 TpTp A m0 N ... n, MN N" - 4 yr. (�me .. •1w.Nmr .- a. x mNN N^I^N wr3.31'1. ,i — A- aa p. r•1 n.. Nhppp)p�u /gyp( �p p r� wl Co."a Or ~ N'el•WASNNi g romp• .... NN O enNwOwi1 a .Xr al 1 ac w Z NZM f0�'w r �vV C• tim 04 VNwlq ,— site N w - 4 NnL1 ill; be me N+ o.. 'a I N c • o dg 8 r • GJ ♦ _ y 1yC >w Y4 c, ...i4mCt 6 P at dc SSCAV14Q222B855 0f1Y5.Volume IV Appendsx'"14 ') Socioeconomic Assessments Arittona 45 /� .. ig N Q; o O WI CI no CC:k ..Cf L✓r❖.wr F.1 • 1 Yw. la lia L;4 Ce �l • f • •✓• ••••• 0I . ' i i%j:•:�, o0'L L r Sr 14.1 c. .4.. x at N i • ... . ro SSCAP14A222885I DCXS Volume IV•AppendUw14 Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 46 These population changes would increase the regional demand for housing. The projected increases in population due to the SSC would generate demand for more than 3,600 year-round housing units in 1992, and approx- imately 2,450 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.1-4). Although the vacancy rate tends to be low, the extremely rapid growth in population and housing witnessed in this area during the past two decades suggests that SSC-related impacts on housing demand could readily be met. The period experiencing the greatest influx of in-migrants to the region (between 1990 and 1991) represents a time of particular concern, as. there would be a rapid need for almost 1.600 additional housing units. However, many in this relocating, popiaatton.would be construction workers who could be housed in the region's abundant temporary accom- modations; housing could rapidly be. constructed for new permanent residents. 2. Maricooa County Of the three counties in the Arizona ROI, Maricopa is expected; to exper- ience the greatest absolute growth in population as a result of the SSC. The by orenthan population 1004(0.4%)s in n 1992, and by to exceed the ,150 projected.0. n.theTine year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.1-5). Most of this population impact would be fo- cused in the Phoenix metro area. Between. 1990;ant 1991 the largest annual increase in population due to the. SSC would. he almost 4.000 - persons, an increase over the baseline. total of 0.2% but &9% greater than the baseline growth otherwise expected, The increases in population would, produce an estimated demand for about 2,500 additional year-round- housiogunits in 1992, decreasing to less than 1.700 units by the year 2000. eased- on Maricopa Coonty's,retect history of rapid growth and housing construction, impacts on housing brought about by SSC-related increases in county population could readily be accommodated. This conclusion also holds for the most rapid growth period in the high scenario (1990-1991), when there would be a demand for art additional 1,100 year-round housing units. Many of these new residents could be housed in temporary lodging, while the county's. con- struction sector could respond to increased demands from permanent residents. 3. final SouDtc The population impact in Pinal County is expected to be greater than 2,900 in 1992, exceeding the projected baseline by about 2.6%; in the year 2000 the impact population would be more than 2,500, or 2.1% of the baseline (Table 14.1.3.1-by., The largest single-year increase would exceed 1,200 total persons from 1990 to 1941. 1.1% of baseline population and an annual growth 97.1% over baseline growth projected without the SSC. S5CAP14A2223858. DEIS Volume. IV Appendix 14 in „• Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 47 Table 14.1.3.1 6 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN.POPULATION AND HOUSING. DEMAND, MARICOPA,COMITY, ARIZONA.,, • Peak Year of Construction First Year of full Operation 1992 2000 • Population Basal the 2.261,000 2,708.000 Impact 9.135 7,167 . Impact as % 0.4% 0.3%. of Baseline , - Housing Demand • Total Households 3,040 - - 2,050 Families 2,052 Individuals 988, 688 Housing Requirement 2,493 • 1,861 .. - • • SSCAP14A2228859, DEIS Volume IV.Appendtx44 • Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 48 Table 14c.1'.3cI 6 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IM`POPtJJAT.ION'AND,HOUSING DEMAND, . ' PINAt COUNTY,' ARIZONA' Pas% Year of Conetruottan Pint Veer of Pull Operation 1992_ _ Population Baseline 113.090 124,000 .. . Levant 2.921 Impact as % 2.566 2.6% 2.1% of Baseline Housing Demand • Total Households 972 734 families 656 496 Individual. 316 238 Housing Requirement 797 . 602 • SSCAPI'4A222886o DEIS Volume IV APPena1X'I4' r Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 49 Based on the expected number of in-migrants, the, increased demand for housing in Pinal County for 1992 is projected to approach 8G0 year-round units, decreasing to approximately 400 by the year 2000:" . Tn'7991 the greatest single-year increase would be wore than 300 units. Histori- cally Pinal County has grown much more slowly, in terms of both popula- tion and housing, than either Maricopa County or the Arizona ROI-as a whole. The projected SSC-related housing demands for both peak con- struction and full operation would be close to the average county increase in housing construction between 1980 and 1987 (approximately 700 units annually, as indicated by.the -issuance of building permits; cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987). However, the proximity of the Maricopa County housing industry, and increased recent..develop- ment activity in Pinal County (for example, in the towns of Casa Grande, Maricopa, and Stansfield). suggest that such growth in Pinal County housing demand could be met. C. Public Services Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel associated with SSC development. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes in service.demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time..equivalent (FTE) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. SSC. impacts on public sera - vices were measured using the percentage change in employment above,• future baseline employment, maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographic distribution of public services relative to:the proposed SSC site also was examined to assess adequacy of service Coverage. 1. Regiona_Overvint Additional FTC employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health care,- public education, and other government services,combined for the Arizona R0I would be approximately 475 workers at the peak of construction and 375 workers during-full•. operation (Table 14.1.3.1-7). Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals a slight impact of the project on annual local public service work loads in all years. During the peak of construction in 1992 SSC- induced impacts to public services would represent a 0.4% increase in work load above the future baseline. During the operational phase of the project, represented by 2000, impacts would amount to- a 0.3% increase. SSCAP14A222886I DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 ' '`` a • 1 Socioecono mic'Assessments Arizona 50 Table 14.1,3.1-7 , • SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC r SERVICE;DENAND, ARIZONA ROI • . Peak Yesr.of Construction F1gtYear of Full:Operation • - . 1992 , . 2000 Impacts on Public Eeplomrwntl - • , - General Education 256 Public Enrollments? 2.510 �. 2,53D . 2.759 Teachers 143 .130. . . ... Police Protection 34 I7 v Fire Protection Health and Welfare : .-34 - r _ 27 Total Public Employment 477 - , . . .377 Total Goverment Employment - ._ without Project3 r 111.102 - •:130.979 Total Government Employment • '' • , . with Project 111,579 . Impact of Project as Percentage of baseline Enploymente r 0,4% 0.3% 1. All values except "Public Enrollments" represent'foliatlsr.equivalent (FTE) employees,per 1000_. population requiretl to maintain current levelsof service to each category based on population., Impact* generated by the project, 2. Represeenta eligible public school enrollment,.ages'5 through 17, from deeograph/o.analysis. :..3. Total FTE government employees required tonaintain currant levels of service without.the project `. 4. Impact of project as percentage ofwithout-project employm►nt, SSCAP14A222f3862 • Or IS Volume IV Appenpix`I4 nr; r? Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona S1 2. Maricooa County Most SSC-related regianal 'Itelmtts"to ]boat• pub1 senttc es' woeld occur in Maricopa County (Table 14.1.3.1-8)./..k.,:. r Comparison of project-induced government.service employment-.(aecessary..- to maintain current.levels of service) wdth future baseline employment reveals an inconsequential impact of the project on annual local public service work loads for all years. Impacts would be greatest during the peak year of construction in 1992 (over 330 workers), representing a 0.4% increase, while impacts during the operational phase. (260 personnel) would be 0.3% of baseline. Although impacts to public services countywide may be considered negligible, the geographic distribution of such services and facilities within the county does not alt present meet SSC requirements. As with other experimental scientific laboratories in the United States, .the SSC would likely support its own internal security (police) and emergency (fire and health) forces. Such services, however, tend to rely ea and be complemented by local public services and facilities off site. . The proposed SSC site is in a remote, unpopulated section of Maricopa County currently unorganized for the distribution of many public ser- vices. The nearest center in the county for such services and facil- ities lies more than 30 miles to tie west, in Gila Bend. . ,.ExSaadlaq,eur • - rently existing facilities and adding employees as demand dictates uoy. statistically maintain current service standards but would not ef- fectively serve the proposed SSC site. Additional public services and facilities required by the project could be sited near the proposed SSC campus, which would host.t a laryestcon- centration of population east of Gila Rend in Maricopa County, ' Suit , • facilities required would include a police substation, a permanently staffed fire station with paid firefighters, and an emergency medical care facility. Access to air evacuation services between the site and medical facilities in Phoenix could readi_ly. be established. Likely subsequent growth near the SSC site, induced-by -the site'.s development, would also need to be served. -New public facilities such as police and fire substations ,consequaotly.would•nee4.to,beestablished to support such growth. Emergency .medical .care.cotlocated on.Che SSC site itself also could be positioned nearby to accommodate induced growth. D. publiciinance The principal public finance effects of the SSC are expected to occur at two levels of government: the State of Arizona and jurisdictions within Maricopa County. This analysis identified those revenue sources and SSCAP14A222$863 . DEIS Volume IVAppendrX 14"" Socioeconomic Assessments �....,.-ft•r.= Arizona 52', Table 14.1.3.1-8 , SSC-RELATEO CHANGES Pt PUBLIC-SERVICE-DEMAND. NARICOPA COUNTY. ARIZONA Peek Tear of COnetrwtion, 4 First tsar of Pull Operation Impacts on Public Employwentl General Education 176 138. Public Enrollments2 1,903 - ;k,7X0 Teachers Police Protection Piro Protect ton , g - - 1 Health and Welfare 23 . Total Puh 110 tsployarnt' , . ,33t - ',,'�2 ' - Total Government Esployaent - - _ without Project3 '.-81'.;990 . - , • "98,601'. " j . . Total Governront Cmpliyeent rith Project 82.324 99,003, - lewact of Protect a. Peroentags .. of Baseltre Employment4 _ .0.4% _. V.37f �, `. 1, All values except "Publlo Enrollments". repreeent full-time equivalent (fTE) employees' per 1000 population required to:maintain current levels of service itnsaoh category based On population impacts 2 Represents eligible public school enrollment,won.5 through 17, from dsmppraphio analysis, 3 Total FTC govermiant eployees require'to maintain ouPfent levels of service without the project, 4 Impact of project es percentage of.without-project emptoywent,•, SSCAP14A2228864 `., • , (, ._„ . .. : DEIS Volume IV App'e►ldi-ie-14t;'' • e' e: • Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 53 types of expenditure which would be either directly,or indirectly af- fected. Direct impacts include, consequences of $SC ,spend,ing, (on taxable activities) by the federal' government or its contractors, direct government spending In support' 0f"SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases (such as property tax losses -from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and population due to the'SSC. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were estimated by projecting the change in the affected.revenue base (such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. Direct . expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development in that .state. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a "net change" basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets. even in financing the impacts of growth. As a consequence,. the • critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC are those which result in either revenue or 'expenditure higher than created by baseline or normal_ , growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenue; these are limited. ' -• to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings, compared to baseline earnings. o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditure. Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the impact of SSC construction and operation .on state and local government finances ' is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. .The results,• of this analysis are presented for each year from 1989 through 2000. Since the year 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full opera- tion, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual impact for future years throughout the operational life of the project. 1. state of Arizona , The net revenue impact at the state .government level is expected to peak in 1992 at $11.2 million (Table 14,1.3.1-9). Annual net revenue gains during full operation would be approximately $4.4 million beginning in the year 2000. Only a small portion of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. The SSC would be exempt from sales and use taxes due to legislation passed by the state in 1987, although this exemption • is contingent on selection by DOE before 1990. During both construction and operation of the SSC greater than 90% of state tax revenue gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue would come from taxes on purchases made by SSC workers and their SSCAP14A2228865 ' ' " DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14' - Socioeconomic. Assessments Arizona 54 a, p _on.. �4. n•. w. ,, a • •s woes. m0. • • eao0 00 m a Nii N w o0 0a 0 4. .. N 44OO CO r O N00 OO p Y iisi N —0— OO M N• '. ... • d L � a. V0-4/0000 O pp - VL 0 CV 00 ir• es r.• =4. ••y, I. Y•�.IW ro ..• 0•' - . - w8M O r.. lV ....a ••• 0a0, en ow.. I g 0. awe; .. •, a W • «' y , a 0S} - . '. W r .u• aaa. .4x11- a 4. • _ w M. W K M 0.•• (TelO e 0 fa o • qq • O a4 as,-,ea s—• 4.• 4b 'C ; a, a , r 1Y IN �Y , •-• 0 k fi W 0-2 Y lNL Y� p y 0 F a N . SSCAP;4Acccusao. ' - - • DEIS Volume IV Appes;Jtt It . Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 55 families, income and property taxes paid by those workers, and various . other state sources of revenue. The costs for site and infrastructure improvements in Arizona, which would be the responsibility of the state, were estimated at $73.1 million. Additional costs would also be incurred to purchase private property that would be transferred to federal ownership. 2. Martcooa County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Maricopa County (Table 14.1.3.1-10) would be negative during the first three years of project activity but"would be positive thereafter. Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $27.2 million in 1991 when over 9,100 addi- tional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $4.7 million. Approximately $1.3 million would be collected by the county while all other governments would receive a net increase from that source of about $3.3 million. Direct tax revenue would account for an additional $1.2 million during 1991 and 1992 duo to personal property tax collections on construction equipment used by SSC contractors. After construction:is completed in 1996, however, the net direct revenue impact would be negative because of the loss of real property tax collections from land transferred from private to federal ownership. • E. Quality of Life/_Social Weil Being As most of the land surrounding Arizona's proposed SSC site currently is wilderness, direct social impacts on existing local residents would be minimal . As detailed in Appendix 13, less than one-third of the land offered currently is privately owned, only four residences would' be re- located by the SSC, and no businesses would be relocated. Local quality of life issues revealed by the scoping process focused on „ concerns about road conditions and traffic problems (Section 14.2.1), and demands for water and electricity (Section 14.2.2). The site's remoteness could_affect the newcomer groups, and integration of these newcomers to the rural environment may be slow. 1. ban/Suburban Residents Rapid baseline growth in the Phoenix metropolitan area precludes the likelihood that SSC-related population impacts would,even be discernible there, despite the expectation that most of these population impacts would occur in that area. The major impact to these metropolitan residents would consist of benefits derived from increased jobs and income. SSCAP14A2228868 DEIS Volume IV Appendix ,14 . 1.---- • .,s« . • Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 56 x: �.,e...: ....y. t . le „oaf =_kMoose •O a AO...Clew . ,» e M rN r , o N . w: r o...r ..m, v b. (i �" • �OO ...N CI 0. I 0 MOrp. .wa S. .. as: 4 MC to m ("CACAO MrN. o ~ ,, Wa.ow.oo .-% mow•.... .• rv. u re.V m•rn. Co .L.. o .•.x J r en n .. - J y^ [r• NO...'.. www OIL y N. a s .. � s jJy. NO•ryw NPIN a UN R � '•Ory xwto. N WO o NO-N•.. bM1b PO• e - � . .. �t. • w1.4 OC 04 Co y 4 r. I` N I oO rr rowan. M r.. I VY..J pO.- a O I. .. , w .. y, fr. - ►r v N ▪ 1 K �. :' • --..7° .I. - r.. �• ta,o 5 i g - _ _ 51F ro <14 agrs at Id-5 8 S q ,8..4-1 4 � I . i jc ce O. u (` O r it - -C SSCAP14A222S869' DEIS Volume. IV Appendix r4: ,, r.nMn ': Socioeconomic Assessments Arizona 57 2. Rura]. Nona Res1lents None of the small .to medium-sized icemmuntthes,aurroundtng the proposed SSC site are near enough,.!compared to the metropolitan ,atea. to expect . major boomtorm-impacts. It 5s more likely that,.some !construction workers and operaation-phase ,SSC workers ,would be scattered about those small towns. with the imaaority :settling'Sn, the .southern portions of the metropolis. 'Construction%worker families, to the extent they accompany workers, also would ¶be housed !primarily in the Phoenix area. Indian communities near the site should not be.disrupted. She Zi]a.Bemd reservation lies west of the expected wettemmost counutlagidestinatlee at Gila Bend_ The Mk Chin and Gila :River!reservations lie *est•c( the site between !DtaPtcopa and !Casa'Grande, and SEC•we3ated traffic sl nJ4 bypass these farming communities. Increased competition ler•serwices in the small towns, particularly Baritopa, 'may be experienced by this group. SSC-related job•opportunities woui►d'be a beeeflciall impact. 3. Fa]7a ODeratorl Agricultural production in this vicinity 4t ne9l4gib0.e,-although Tree- range•graving of the land is practiced, 4acWvdifg Stet properties, Some inconvenience or restrictions to this!grating poss4'Wbe, 4. SSC C:onstructlpn-Retlesed'Itycomers Without relatively long ifal'Iy cow-mutes Um the **Ay years of SC'•con- struc'tion, workers in this group'ref +newcomers could be deprived of some forms of public services and social benefits. Some Waning saliernrnen families would d be housed ld (be o in even for those acrompantied mortars Whose the metrepo3ttan znat, Gila Bend, or tete medium-sized communities of western Pinal County. Families of these workers would experience the side effects of zuch:separation as well, • complicating their integration with existing social groups either in the metropolis or in the Metal l taws- My the thee ale flerastrucfiune is era place and the soar) sontadta wf workers are 'thus rfaczNifdat od, lmwever,, this group's period of social Isolation should to ending. 5. SSC Onenti - lat_•n i Owl mess These later newcomers should find 1mtrrestruature and seaw4 ces generally available upon arrieraa.. ,Adjustaent should !thus 'de easter than fsor the early ;newcomers.. ,llnusually long commutes would still be mammal dwr these SSC workers. but rapid.growth rforecasted.afwr the tstrOPo'ldtan area means in effect that the city !should 4aeem.yettt4ra9 .ciaser 40 'the!SSC site for years to come. SSC/014a=t6887a " • DEIS Volume IWWRp I+t‘Qt; • Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado $8 14.1.3.2 Colorado The economy of the Colorado region-of 'lnfluence'(ROI),-which is heavily influenced by economic activity in the metropolitan.Denver area,'has- been expanding rapidly throughout the past'two'decades.,. -S1nce'.1984, - however, growth has slowed substanttaliy. ' The:western portion-of-Adams County (Adams is the most populous of the.three`counties proposed. to provide land for the SSC site) has mirrored the growth-pattern of the • neighboring Denver metropolis. Eastern-Adams County is 'more-similar.to Morgan and Washington counties, with large agricultural sectors as well as some oil and gas development. _This predominantly rural_ region has been relatively uoaffected by the growth of the Deliver area and has ex- perienced some decline in recent years due to the ;slowdown in agriculture and energy-related economic activity. While,development and operation. of the SSC would provide a minor stimulus to the more recently subdued economy of the Colorado ROI. (Table ,14.1.3.2-1). Jocating,the SSC.in Adams, Morgan, and Washington counties would represent a more substantial addi- tion to the socioeconomic environment of each of these host counties. The proposed SSC location is in a rural setting more than 60 mi from the Denver metropolitan area. This relative Isolation is very likely to lead to adverse socioeconomic impacts insome of the smaller communities close to the site, particularly Fort Morgan and Brush., Housing-impacts would be greatest in Morgan County; although communities in Washington and Adams counties would experience measurable housing impacts,, these demands could more easily be met. Public service impacts would be neg ' ligible from a regional, standpoint but would be of,some consequence to - both Morgan and Washington counties. . The.:need for-provision-of expanded .- local public services during the construction•and;operation phases of, the project would substantially impact existing servi.ces .within-commu- nities neighboring the proposed SSC site. A. LCOPomic Activity. Labor Eorce. and Income The regional economy would experience beneficial increases in employ- ment, income, and sales as a result of construction: and operation of the SSC. Additional jobs would be available-to the region's labor force. including opportunities for direct employment at the SSC site as well as secondary jobs involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer demands of SSC workers. Multiplier effects of these first and second-round 'activities 'would°lead to further increases in sales, which in turn would provide -additional jobs :and' in- come. Adams, Morgan, and Washington counties would receive the largest benefits of these SSC economic' impacts- in proportion' to the'size of the' existing economies in the local communities. I. Regional Overvjew Construction of the SSC would employ a peak direct work force of nearly 4,000 workers in the region in 1992, including more than 3,200 jobs in SSCAP14A2218872 DEIS Volume IV Appendix .14'. • Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado S9 .. It $9s 3 an 'ia -+2 ass. w..6-g5 .::: gt r r�{ !i .a x .:: SSA S. a boa x..raCa ...s }Q.p Y Miw - •r Nix a IIN�1 -aiMY�- "�1 efa ::: : ce: Ir Jaz* ,1034Yp >zaa q I :Y41:11da- 2a; 5-.de�9' nui :':-w01. aw Zara'7.... Y,us,. N ^ a .a E II s -V3a un . .vees Casa -* armic .a u sat. .. SS V _ ., 'NJ' yY �J spy t - z ! /q1 @ I1sr r ^iZ'2 9N. N p H..; 11J n�n:ja wi �w o .� W y�r`- L.a.►�1 tar= �R�iw SRS ;R3taig7 .w. W ieig Kixrit iptMS 91an, J x» 3 zsa. C.:wxN .. .Si jj u �u�yq� • N q. _5 sr--tm :a #ltca ZrZ ' rwa afl'«+ a Tata.. -_e!PAX, .dt.; ass 4r6714 rIbi%13t .iaEw- a OFPsru it rxrx § a r eyry 1 ry SSCAAI4A221a073 OILS valmme IV Aopwd/x 44 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 60 construction and about 775 jobs required for commencement of SSC oper- ation (Figure 24.1.3.2-1; Table 14.'1.3.2-2). Spending of *earnings-by these direct workers, plus project-related purchases of goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.2-2), would create additional secondary jobs. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier effects in the regional economy, would measure about 6,000 jobs during the peak of' construction activity. Including direct and secondary impacts of SSC construction and related spending, peak total employment impacts in the region would exceed 10,300 jobs. Compared to the nearly 1.5 million future baseline employ- ment opportunities in the region by 1992, available without the SSC. these impacts would be quite small. Project-related jobs would repre- sent about 0.7% of baseline employment; regional unemployment rates could be reduced by up to this amount at the construction peak. • Construction, services, and trade businesses are expected';to experience • the largest'employment increases during the peak construction phase of , the project, together accounting for more than 7,400 jobs. Manufactu- ring, which plays a relatively minor role in this region's economy com- pared to its impact at the national level, would gain approximately 1,000 jobs at the peak of construction. By the year 2000 SSC is expected to bo at full operating employment level, providing approximately 3,250 direct jobs, and secondary economic activity would add another 3,100 jobs. Thus, long-term gains would total nearly 6,400 jobs in the region as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts. of SSC operation. This total would represent about 0.4% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year 2000. Secondary jobs account for 60.0% of all SSC-related employment during construction; this is reduced to 49.0% during operation, when direct jobs become relatively more important (Figure 14.1.3.2-3). During the'• operation phase secondary job opportunities are concentrated in the ' services and trade industries, which together account for more than 2,000 jobs; manufacturing would gain approximately 200 jobs. Secondary • impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector peak in the long-term operation phase, with many of the nearly 450 „jobs created within these sectors attributable to SSC requirements for large • amounts of electricity. During construction annual earnings by direct workers would peak in 199I at more than $184 million (all figures in 1988 dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary earnings during peak construction would be in excess of $143 million. Altogether, direct and secondary worker earn- ings impacts would be more than $325 million during 1991 (Figure 14.1.3.2-4). Regional earnings would be directly increased by more than $110 million annually when the SSC reaches full operation. Additional earnings of more than $70 million by secondary workers during the operations phase would increase total earnings in the region by more than $180 million/yr. SSCAPI4A2218875 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 - t ' . i..L: w. 18 fl . .-..:... r.. H3oc1oKoacsiC,ASEu.Memtt.: to . ;.•-...n.. Colorado 61 o o ; 4.1 cD C V pp, 7 'gyp '.1.. ,,:..i . . •. 0 c c c, _S a& ^ ., 4 .~. O . •. .o•'. CO U.0 f : v , ¢Q Ia �d! re) Cg ;uowdoidw3 Oss 209.110 ,•, SSCAP14A2218876 XIS Volume IV Appendix l • Sod oaconoslc Assessments Colorado 62 [ It- II- 4,54u Ia w_agxa M - g b M�: - J .�. 1 R f ' T u � .: '1-4.--:.;a:..7;55.3 ^!�q... '12)121i .0. _ p . ..* a '.�A 4 .:I . h{ rz.'J:X1.in51'4..':d?; n:4zig ba. z H E i-.7; ..ww : .. EH -7 7 ZVI 24 a ^ _ a 6 Eli SZ N µ.^ - YYYYN I. .Wdl ro. R:A rrh: fl p qA 1..N ry wyro•' A ..O .y LpS.NZtielz"ZZ 2V227 1.:a ti '.�,'.�/.� rd�.YS_^�.`"�1'Qti' ""�Sbfri"J�� M �. M- -..w -n.. v Y ¶ p «».. ».ALA -- a a1 p Oq1 44 y ». »YMY •_i t .F Tvti 174 M-J.=t1mN p.nuin Z R 5 ,' RED xsorv_� ry n mil. G `.& Y$er t` .......� % 3 5- Vi WI" -43t k tm�� 'F 1',g9!q -1;z 45 :1:1 1.7`11/4":46,P ` .- -&ii ..a`�' �� 1 _LC 4 I � ^ .2s cli Ia W . tea-= SSCAPj4A2 .1Can _ 0€45,14ehme-Pr Appandbi 14-_ ._. .Soc4oaconoaNc Assessments Colorado C 0 rn . $� A. N -8 O. ed U 4(4N 111 •^a. — ; ` C 8 O N -. ay o Co O ,, O :. O •P co >" N 01 , 0 Cn Sb'8 too IC v C o r to •, - g er !. U ` N — ?I' V) I..-- ."a 11 . 111 1. 1. _1. 1 1 I 1.. 1. . I I I 1 1,'1 _ 8 2 8 $ M - M M.. SJurroC 6661 Po euoVUSW SSCAPI4A22I0070 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14" Socioeconomic Assessments A Colorado 64 li I CO al Iii a reerecceee r- 4; C r.•.•nen❖. p CD at 0 L'. W ; w4r♦`'i:S•i:•:;i:is 09 �' w Gz7' u Id rna } b 0 o rf .r E'szt ° °i .V..: 1. a 6' • r in .. r � r r r c r �/ '.9'.Y'••�' 'Y•Y'•'�.. .'.'. N o H Y w V' +��+��+•��i e:::::::•::: ::::;4.0:400 rn e " ctr 41 r 1 p, .c x x e w in ►•!•+.o.+.+sue+..;: :..:,:;:;:. 0' • 41 Ch en CO I 1 I 1 I I 1 f I i I., .- argot' SSCAPI4,1221D6b4 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 65 0 w '\ 1y , \ tp RS W 4, \ u o a r s. ,01 a) °. _ Yw �" or. ae • r w s o U\ to iti .4 • b� lai W r.• r PG I J : I Zt. CD `„�.' �'•.� —I• .- 8 8 8 M^ CUR 40 fillailiet% . ebvivao3JaaloS ',Pan+pv t 'ieoJ3Dyt 'i•'+.ld SSCAP14All10oao DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 OMNI Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 66 Spending in the region directly attributable to the SSC would reach more than $265 million at the peak of the 'construction phase, 51.6% of which would result from direct project purchases.: Secondary increases in spending would result in total regional sales impacts of nearly $480 million during the peak year of construction. During full operation, in the year 2000 and beyond, SSC would be responsible for about $73 million of annual sales due to procurement of regional goods and services. Addi- tional consumer spending by direct project workers is expected to exceed $75 million, for a total direct,impact on regional sales of over $150 million annually. When combined with additional secondary sales volume. total SSC-related sales would reach approximately $270 million/yr. The amount of in-migration which would result from new direct and secon- dary job opportunities created by the SSC would be determined in large part by' the degree to which the regional labor force can adjust to the specific labor requirements of the project. Accounting for the size, unemployment rate, and education level of the regional labor force, approximately 2,800 workers would migrate in during the peak of construction. During full operation, beginning in the year 2000, more than 1,800 total, in-migrant direct employees are projected. Actual immigration may vary considerably due to uncertainty in the relationship between unemployment. and in-migration. The Denver metropolitan area would attract most of the in-migrant work ._. force. Direct workers would have to commute longer distances than the average regional commuter to reside in the Denver area, but a shortage of intervening residential opportunities probably would convince most workers to do so. Indirect regional employment opportunities would likely be concentrated in this metropolitan area as well. Nonetheless, ' many workers are expected to reside within either Adams, Morgan, or Washington counties due to the proximity of their communities to the proposed site. 2. Adams County At the peak of construction nearly 900 direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers residing in Adams County (either baseline residents or in-migrants). In addition, more than 850 secondary fobs would be • created in the county. Thus the total SSC-related impact to Adams County would peak at greater than I,700 jobs, which is approximately 15.7% of the total SSC job impact within the region. During the oper- ation phase the-long term total impact would-be •more-than-1;100 jobs for county residents (Table 14.1.3.2-3). SSCAP14A2Z18882 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX 14 , a • Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado, 67 .wan nV'A1 Marv. 4 hV7 r Newry N NN a. r d F w N M MM Y unlit, aurae nN0 8 or, N..1 . Ja V crryy Ll r N �NN je X • .I...anal. TO . 1.x..0 1g .. .neNN.✓.� VI w6 s+.r, 3.S1 ✓l scr% y...ono no T siren i Is NNN CN .. 0 • w t inc..... MO ...co. �a T lM1tl'Pa. N"� N.NN ' H C.12 M�In f u' r�eM �YYS/ ss zsi N !j• tJ ti • M W V .•. toss.. ...oh" V .yi ..n X Y iip ...ea ~nab .,!rte ry[� r a M S ..n V/ N n u w y 2 . -r,rV r �14 IS w en Ann, .max .Y eu VI W 4.)4 ,an mg, a fa r Si7tlf .«o r_, i Z a '.2' 5 .. 4...,Z.404..Ws, r Wes . s DC lN' Jr 4'��Fee, -�a a Oa aa VI *lib' Nor V dab ISO.. 0010E 4111 0 .USA oda w T �. y, � t e< W ,. ill: La 4.J V Le ut La ObF wI. tls C! 1 n.07 le g ao Ir. Ass aY.'R u w"A"..0 W a o SSCAP14A2218883 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 68 • During the peak construction year more than $40 million in earnings j would be collected by direct SSC workers residing In,Adams-County.:';! Secondary earnings impacts in the county peak at nearly $20 million ` (during 1991). Over the long term, nearly $35'million annually 'would be earned by Adams County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Of S47 million in direct sales created within Adams County, $28 million, or 59.6%, can be attributed to additional consumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity The remainder of direct sales demand Is'attributable to project purchases of $18 million. During operation, sales in the county would be increased directly by the proposed SSC by about $27 million a year, about 64,2% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand with the remainder provided by direct project purchases. 3. Morgan County Nearly 2,000 of almost 4,000 of the direct SSC jobs (49.9%) probably would be filled by workers residing Morgan County. These jobs'would .be filled by either baseline residents or `in-migrants. Together with approximately 70 secondary jobs in the county, the total SSC-related employment impact would peak at just over 2.000 jobs, which is 19.5% of the total SSC job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be around 1,600 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.2-4). During the peak construction year (1992) direct SSC workers residing in Morgan County would earn over $90 million. Secondary earnings impacts peak at approximately $1.5 million during 1991. Over the long term more than $56 million annually would be earned by Morgan County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of about $65 created.within. Morgan County can be attributed to over $64 million worth of additional consumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak of con- struction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand; is attribut- able to direct project purchases of $1.5_.million: during 1991.. Project purchases within the county would be relatively low since most goods and services are expected to be supplied from the Denver metropolitan area. During operation sales in the county would be increased directly by almost $40 million a year, 97.9% of which would be from consumer demand by direct workers and the rest from direct project purchases. Although this consumer demand for goods and services is relatively large, it is expected that spending 'would not create a correspondingly large amount of secondary jobs within the,county. This is partly because consumers would likely travel to the. Denver_metropolitan. area or Greeley • to make many large retail purchases. and partly because during.additional rounds of spending, retailers and service providers would also::make SSCAP14A2218885 DEIS Volume IV Appendjx, 14 , ,: - Socioeconomic Assessments• ' Colorado 69 M p M y a i,a a�4 -3a Z Y ti :1NM 4Yia V:nw r , re, . 1 v A �N� , .s.. w O .. y a , imom p gt V • Ilia appp � . V ig en ^,u,2 ththew,. sa�."pya�pp. E PO V 1 O.I N NN r . a N . n r n �r N M MN y W 0/ fj,V N '4'7,1' Y10 1^.".1^.". ^ r Jr, Nn -i § Cr ii W� V• T� .3NN -INN p l .. 4 w n y N ,,..ry!., 1 p acme' t1-4H .4lY- aNM as Et% fi ,. m . y.n uandr Y,nu) �Q r• . 'R r. W.... 0 V b « - _ Cr t 4O o g a., r '' � SVS M1' ^1 NI 5.07-4-07 • Qr✓ O ft, i..I A .y,N�p - SD .Uy.II I(V;471 N � aNqp � Nqq VP .••CqqqVyy ~I•.Yrr•�{EL@ ; OUr m 1GG YYii LVV' , T GGGGGG�I1 ib 1 i!lli ' e81 lyO r Ld H L�CVN _ t 7 JI_-o w SSCAP14A22188$6 DEIS, Volume .1V Appendiw l4',.' r ;' - Socioeconomic Assessments ' Colorado 70 largo wholesale purchases from-distributers^4n the'`Denver area. It is possible, however, that Morgan County businesses would adapt over time to the increased level of consumer demand within -the-county'In Order.to retain a larger portion of the.SSC-related spending:-- If this adaptation takes place the number of secondary jobs Created would likely be greater than those indicated in Table 14.1.3,2-4.. 4. Washington County At the peak of construction approximately .5S direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers residing •in Washington' County '(either base- line residents or in-migrants). Total SSC-related employment impact.to Washington County would peak at about 70 jobs. The long-term total impact would be about 50 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.2-5). Direct SSC workers residing in Washington County would earn about $2.5 million during the reak construction year Secondary earnings impacts peak at 50.3 million during both 1991 and 1992. Over the long term, $1.7 million annually would be earned for Washington County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC. operation. Most of the direct sales of over $2 million created within Washington County can be attributed to additional consumer demand that would he produced by direct project workers at the .peak of.:canstruction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to direct project = purchases of 50.3 million during peak construction years. .During oper- ation, sales in the county would be •increased directly by SSC by about $1.3 million annually, 04.6% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and the rest from direct project purchases. B. Dem.graphics and Housing. Population growth projected to result from project-related in-migration is examined for 1992, the peak construction year for the SSC, and for full operation in the year 2000. These estimated increases are dis- cussed at the level of the Colorado ROI and for Adams, Morgan, and Wash- ington counties. Demographic impacts are examined to terms of both the absolute and relative amounts by which-project-related population is expected to exceed the baseline. The greatest single-year population increase is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the baseline over the same year. In parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-round housing generated- in-migra- tion is summarized for 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand is calculated in terms of the additional units required to house project-related in-migrants. in the ROI and each of the three named counties. Additional housing requirements generated-by.the greatest single-year populatton Increase: are.alto .d1scessed., SSCA?I4A2228888 DEIS Volume IV AOpend$x'14'- , Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 71 a 'w0� • ,0001.• "earl C. a cgs �..-. N N'MN -- 11.N NN1. N.sN +. NNN . 0400101,1i V .. _p � C ^� « Walla"Walla" ...Om.. J n ti -. . 8 • sewn. MNN un NiwN simile ti . �. NMN NNN' qq • m 'AbV OR..N ....a t • �I �0.-. OOw'. •••• NNN NNN • ^y] • - ' me cel H cqN 01 NO w.N7 TP •._. I O% f .I .w4N a-.—. ' .. F on...* NN _ y I is. V s N.wb ft WO NN: .p N 0 0 •-4 NNN NNW • . N X V m y. M WY n m ..Nw N . 00 r ti OO NNN NNN A y V .' ! MI 11pp M- .T c N.w.� IO.ry01 111100.. N c G .nJ,-- T oN 6wN ^ Y C �S 01 1. 03 re r u X N et 9 O Nr W w N.PO IA,^O. .1.Or •.- 9 N •. • ��JJJ St•••••• NNN .0 La Ts YLL I aV 0 O • •-•TQ NNM N .n m + O., Orv.. - W in nb NNN NNN d 0' ,•••••M „U .."...r r jj�� annral ... Nr V. .+N.! ..- p 0 y inst. NO e! 0U t'm NN �'NI' V M fi N • ,, ^ ;.*1 ,.N 27N .;. y 1..-F..72.2JJ �^ %. .NY UU CN ti X uo.JS.4.. Z b %7" _» �q CY yF vF F :g• Y .j +, IIqp� cxaa WyU Ie-- LoyU"? N ?, 4,2 VO1, .! re ro 1_ .J c 01 r4 O CY .eis UrW�e . O r.. W dr:.N. ..._,:ca.;. .-. • '...LJ - SSCAP14A2221i8B9 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 72 • The increases in population and housing demand projected for the Colo- rado ROI are comparatively small, and their. respective impacts are anticipated to be minimal , due primarily to the large population and housing stock already in place. For individual counties, growth in pop- ulation and housing demand is expected to be the greatest both in abso- lute and relative terms in Morgan County - counteracting expected de- creases (without SSC) in its population and housing requirements over the corning decades. It is unlikely that this predominantly rural county would be able to absorb such growth without a substantial, focused effort. Although Washington County is also:a rural setting projected to experience declining population and housing demand over the next decades, SSC-related impacts would be much smaller here than in Morgan County, and the changes more readily absorbed. Finally, project-related growth in population and housing demand in Adams County is estimated to be relatively slight and the resulting impacts easily accommodated. I. Regional Overview When construction peaks in 1992 the population impact on the Colorado ROI is projected at almost 8,350 persons, increasing the-total by approximately 0.4% beyond the projected baseline •(Table 14.1.3.2-6). By the year 2000 the high scenario population impact is expected to be about 6,300 persons, representing 0.3% of the baseline. This long-term growth would generate lasting impacts on housing demand, services, and public finance. The greatest demographic growth -in both absolute and relative terms is expected in predominantly rural Morgan County; abso- lute increases are also quite high for moredensely settled Adams County (Figure 14.1.3.2-5). The largest annual increase in-population due to the SSC is projected to occur between 1990 and 1991. when regional popu- ' latter' would grow by over 3,500 persons. Although this growth comprises only 0.2% of the 1991 regional baseline' population,• it represents an N increase 14.8% beyond the growth projected over the same year without the SSC. Changes in population age structure in 1992 4nd 2000 are anticipated for the age groups of primary interest-(≤4, S-'It, and 265), but by less than 0.1% in each case. Increased housing demand generally would accompany growth in population. In 1992 the additional demand for housing expected to result from the demographic growth is calculated at nearly 2,300 year-round units; by 2000 this increased demand is estimated to be only about 1,500 units (Table 14.1.3.2-6). Housing vacancy inethe Colorado R0I has tended to be low in recent years, both for owner and rental units, though it has risen during the last half of'the 1980's to an estimated total vacancy rate of 9.6% (Colorado Division of local -Government, 1988). This latter trend, coupled with evidence that annually an average of 22.000 housing- units were constructed between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987b), suggests that the impact on regional housing during both 1992 and 2000 could easily be accommodated. Also of concern is the rapid increase in regional population expected to occur between- 1990 and. 1991, SSCAP14A2228891 DEIS Volume IV Appendix'14'' Socioeconomic Assessments F. ` Colorado 73 vi nNw ss O ww r fl Ai w cc a.:.: .. w 0 1M co y" 4. 4.�}y, a .Nr . 1p.~.p + � Nr .L • N nt".A V-Dt • •N1"11 W/� b �2eJ�.4 V N �p.,r/p� —3i-zit?.: .�..Jp. ply. 0•. Vr .I, M VI NN NaMN I��V VMN�Ma ` 00 • lrb m 0 N h-- - 0:•4: w1 ti N 1��y. .r� q shy .p.�/�./� .�.J i.y J�� VOrW O11, „,NwM V'O MwhN 'I��q, � r- WC, 4 .1111 W n wV N M p 1..yy.. ,,qq. 2. 1� A" ��pp mm M/ �J. ♦ .0.,. wY N OO. M10 S 0 0 T T ori..: , . .ice 4 W o Kt.. N.r N r • .!. 40.4., ... • .. p . N .. n Nbe ti O 0. N C r _- va88vse`. 3d2r ..100 «' Ft L. mii-tst . A az2sAxs ' a It SSCAP14A2228892 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 218-1189 0 - 88 4 4 (p00)( 8) Socio4conomic Assessments - Colorado 74' O e of • 3 K O a C) �i o CV y4'rr•• POr••• z o g 4q 1 as c, y.;:y s 0.. N 4C OM NI esswsr • p 0 .Y O O , 1 M ~WPI 15 • ., yavail &r..) “la ►� � � < 11. W • SII! ed v . Sv Cid O qdi X 50 `-I W a 0 5 07 ,. 0 3 w• . . ow Pee" r.1 'An' SSCAV14A2220D94 DE1S>Volume 1V Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 75 which is estimated to generate a demand- over 'thet single year for nearly 1,000 additional housing units.,,(however,,.maDy,af,the„in-aigrauts,.would be construction workers ►tio toull ,bB;zctomodated-ingtlempnrdry quarters). The recently increasing vacancy'r'ate"and'.atelat•iVoly productive housing sector, suggest that the increased regional demand for housing by new permanent residents could easily be met. 2. Adams County The population impact in Adams County is 'expected to exceed that proj- ected for the base)the by more than 1,700-persons 4i0 %of-tha.baseli+ro) - in 1992, and would exceed 1,300 persons (0.4% of the baseline) in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.2-7). During the greatest single-year increase •, in county population, between 1990 and 1991, growth in excess of 700 persons is anticipated. Although it is. onay 0.2% of the 1991 baseline.: this one-year•.jump in population represents an increase of 12.6% over the change projected for the baseline.:over the same period. The increases in Adams County population would generate an additional ' demand for approximately 475 year-round housing units in 1992, and ••., ... , ,.;,. nearly 320 units in the year 2000. (Table 14.1.3.2-7). Recent evidence suggests that the low vacancy rates recorded for Adams County in 2980.; • - have been increasing during the last half of the present decade (cf. ... U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank Board of Topeka,,.. 1986). Housing construction in Adams County, as indicated by tbe.>is- nuance of building permits, averaged roughly 3,000 units annually be- tween 1980 and 1987 ju.S. Bureau of the-Census;11983,1985, 1'987b). Although most housing vacancies and construction in Adams County are located in the western section - comprising part of expanding metropol- itan Denver - most of the population and housing impacts are also an- ticipated to occur in that area. Therefore, the county should be able to absorb the increased housing demands associated with the high sce- nario in both 1992 and 2000. The rapid increase in population between 1990 and 1991 is expected to produce a demand for 200 additional housing units. A large percentage of these in-migrants could be housed in tem-' porary lodgings, however, while the county's housing sector could respond to accommodate permanent residents. • r 3. Morgan County . The demographic impact on Morgan County is expected to be about 3,450 persons in 1992, an increase of some 16.4% beyond the 1992 baseline (Table 14.1.3.2-8). A population impact of approximately 2,700 persons is projected for the year 2000, representing 13.9% growth above the projected baseline. A maximum single-year increase in Morgan County population of nearly 1,450 persons is expected between 1990 and 1991 - representing 6.8% of the 1991 baseline, and reversing an anticipated • decline in population without the project. SSCAPh4AZ21'8895 DEIS Volume IV App¢n h 114•„;` • ' Socioeconomic Assessments - 'Colorado 76 Table 14.1.9.2-7. SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN'POPULATION:AND HOUSAIG.DEMAND ADAMS COUNTY. COLORADO . Peak Yen of Construction /trot Year of.Fu11 Operation r . .' 1002 • • 2000 Population •. ... Oasel1M . 313.300 ,. 360.400 Impact Impact as % O.O% tote: •• 1, of easel ilia Mousing Osmand Total Households Individuals• 1 180 liaising R.ryulrsnent � '�39 �,,,,,,., • I II I {r � r•�•:.• . •T rirrc.-....�..MN.r•i ., r .- e-.... ,nom :.ILL.....n;:+ • • •`rte ♦. . SSCAP1'4A221889G ' ' DEIS"Volume IV Append4ji141 - Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 77 • • Table 14.1.3.2-8 SSC-REUITED CHANGES"IN'POPULATION AND HOUSING DEMAND MORGAN COUNTY;•'COLORADO Peak'Year of Construction •f4nt Year,of Full Operation -1992 2000 Population - Baseline 21.006 19,600 Impact 8:155 2,]ZO , Impact as % 16dX - 13.0X" of Baeeline Housing Demand • Total Ibussholds Individuals 376 •,.200 , , Housing Requirement SSCAP14A2218C97 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 78 As a result of population growth 'Morgan'County would experience in- creased demands for year-round bousiae -„r.qufr;nues edd7tionai '!50 units in 1992 and 650 units in the year-2000 (Table 14.1.3.2-8). Such increased demands would likely place a heavy burden on Morgan County to respond. Vacancy rates in this predominantly rural county were low for owner units and moderate for rental units in 1980 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982). .Moreover, a total -of -may 350 permits for the construc- tion of housing units was issued between 1980 and, 1987 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987b). Although Morgan County is expected to lose population ever the coming decades, the impact projections suggest that project-related growth would agcy thee tw„tt,act Ibis trend towards demographic decline, leading to levels of population and housing demand higher than those previously experienced without the SSC; the projected population in the peak year of 1992, for instance, exceeds the 1985 base- line (the most recent and highest estimate for the county) by 5.0% (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987a). It is anticipated that the likely increase in vacancies resulting from the projected declining population would not enable the absorption of the projected increase in housing • demand, and that the historically small-scale county construction industry would be hard-pressed to provide an adequate number of new units for either 1992 or 2000. An additional 400 housing units would ,be required in 1991, a consequence of the rapid increase in population pro- jetted over that year. Due both to theinagnitude and speed of this increase, it is unlikely that Morgan County would readily be able to meet such a growth in housing demand. 4. Washington County For Washington County the 1992 population impact is estimated at approximately 100 persons (2.2% of the baseline), declining to nearly 80 (2.2% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.2-9). The greatest growth anticipated over a single year is approximately 40 persons between 1990 and 2991. This single-year increase represents 0.9% of the 1991 baseline, serving in part to counteract a trend towards population decline projected for Washington County over the coming decades. The increased demand for year-round housing in Washington County is expected to be approximately 30 units in 1992 and 20 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.2-9). Such an increase in housing demand, though minor in absolute terms, might be noticeable in a small housing inven- tor such as he traditionallytlow vacancyhat found inratehamongWasingtonownertunitsCouny , andltheticuarlyliigivenmitedisize • ' of the county's construction sector). However, as was the case with Morgan County, the population of Washington County is projected. to decline over the next two decades - addition of SSC-related population in this case would slow that decline. County-wide population projected with the SSC is still below that estimated for Washington County as recently as the mid-1980's (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1987b); the same would be true for year-round housing demand. Due to the county's SSCAP14A2218898 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado' 79 Table 14,1.3.2-9 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN,POPULATION AND-MOUSING'DEMAND WASHINGTON COUNTY, COLORADO Peak• Year.of Contraction • first Year of Pull Operation 1992 2000 esommeasses Population _ - . Baseline Impact 100 70 Impact as X 2.2% of Baseline Housing Dam+nd . . . Total Households -. 33 '23' Families 23 15 Individual■ Housing Rego foment • SSCAP14A2218899 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14` Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 80 recently demonstrated ability to accommodate srch numbers, it is likely that increases in housing demand in both 1992 and 2000 could be met with little difficulty. The annual locriaselnihousirqoddaandiarI0 its between 1990 and 1991 similarly could 'reaatly'brs's'tiafied, C. public Services Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel and facilities associated,with,.SSC 'development. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service is examined based on potential changes in service demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time. equivalent . (FTE) employment-per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) are used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services is then measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment, maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographic distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also is examined to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. Regionaj Overview Additional employment needed to maintain current levels of service for- police and fire protection, health care, public education, and other government services combined in the Colorado A Z mould be greatest 4n- 1992, the peak year of construction (see Table 14.1.3.2-10). Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals an inconsequential impact of SSC on annual local public service workloads for all years. During peak construction, 1992, an additional 296 FTC public service employees, representing a 0.4% increase in work load above the future baseline, would be required to meet SSC-induced demand. During the operational phase of the project, in the year 2000 an additional 223 FTE public service employees, amounting to a 0.3% increase, would be needed to meet demand. 2. Adams County As with the ROI, additional FTE employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service in Adams County would peak during the construction phase in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.2-11). Project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain • current levels of service) compared with future baseline employment shows a negligible impact of the project on annual local public service work loads for all years. Public service impacts would be greatest in 1992 (more than 50 workers, representing a 0.6% increase in work load SSCAP14A22188100 DEIS Volume IV Appeadlx 24 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 81 Table SSC-RELATED-C4IANGES 38 PUBLIC SERVICE WWID., 101.0RAOO AOI. Peek Year of Construction First Year of.Full Operation 1992 2000 Impacts on Public Employment 1 General Education 163 123 Public Enrollments 2 1,70') 1,463 Teacher. 90 Police Protection . 23 17 Fin Protection 10 6 • Health and Welfare 24 - 18 Total Public Employment 296 223 , Total Government Employmentwithout Project 3 76,347 65,121 Total Government Employment. with Project 76,643 65.124" Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employment 4 0.4% 4.3% 1. All values except "Public Enrollment." represent full-time equivalent.IFTE1 e.ploYeee per. 1000 population required to maintain current levels-of service in each category based on population impacts generated by the project, 2. Represents eligible public school anrollmsat, persons ate-5 through 17, free deegnphic analysis, 3. Total FTC government employees required to,meintsin Current levels of service withoatthe -project. 4, Impact of project as percentage of without-project ep,ioyment.....y SSCAP14A22188101 DEIS.Volume IV„Appendix 14,., Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 82 Table 34:1:3,2-11' SSC-RELATED`CHANGES `IN'pUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND, ' ADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO Peak Year of Construction Tint Year of Full Operation 1992 2000 Impacts on Public Employment 1 General Education Public.Enrollments 2 352 30$ Teachers 19 • 17 - Police Protection • A ' Fire Protection 2• Health and Welfare 4 3 Total Public Employment 52 x.40 ,,..., • Total Government Employment rn without Project 3 9.323 10.747 total Government Employment r with Project 9,375 10.787 4. Impact of Project ae Percentage of Baseline Employment'4 0.6% O.IX _ .... . I. All values except "Public. Enrollments" represent full-time equivalent(FIE) employees per" 1000 population required to maintain ourreM`levels of service in"each category based on population impacts generated by the project. 2, Represents eligible public-school-enrollment, parsoesage 5..through 17. from demographitr analyses. _. r 3, Total FTE goverment employees required to-maietain`.current levels of service without the- - project. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without-projeotemloyment.. - ., _ . SSCAP14A22I88102 • - DEIS Volume IV'Appendik 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 83 above baseline), while impacts during the- operational phase (40 workers). would amount to a 0 4% Increase. iq theyear 2000 Although impacts to public service's cv mtywide'may'be considered incon- sequential , the present geographical distribution of such services and facilities to the proposed SSC site may be insufficient. The campus and injector facilities lie is •the ees•tern,-sparsely-popaiated zectiun of the county, while the majority of the county's ,population, housing stock, and public services and faciitties.'are concentrated in the western, urbanized Front Range area. Responding to resident population increases through expansion of cur- rently existing facilities (for example, schools, police.stations, ,and vehicles) and addition of employees, as needed, would satisfactorily maintain current local public service standards in the western 'county areas, but would not effectively serve demand at the proposed STC 'stte. Although the SSC would likely support its own internal security (police) and emergency (fire and health) forces, such services tend to rely,on and be complemented by local public services and facilities offsite - as is the case at other national laboratories. Public services supplied by• the county at the proposed SSC site are currently provided from facil- ities in Strasburg, approximately 30 miles to the west. To effectively serve the campus, injector facilities, and proposed visiting scientist housing, hotels, and recreation areas, additional public services and . . facilities that would be required could be sited in the campus vicinity. Basic facilities would include a police substation, a permanently,staffed ,, fire station with paid firefighters, and an emergency medica care facil- ity. Access to air evacuation services between the site and.,medical , . .;, ,...,, facilities in the Denver-Boulder area could readily be established. 'Since. the SSC campus is not proposed to contain permanent residential housing, no impacts to local public schools would be expected. , Likely subsequent growth near the SSC site, induced by the site's develop- ment, would also teed tote served; -itew publlt-1dciTitles"such as police and fire substations consequently woul4,need ,t0.be,established,le,support,, such growth. Emergency medical :S4!0.not„located• on,tbe.SSC, site Itself- also could be positioned nearby to accommodate ioduced;growth. , 3. 6orean_CoyntY Although Morgan County is proposed to host only part of the injector , facilities and stratified fee portlons..of, the.,SSC,ring,-•,the, attraction, ,, • of population to the established communities of Fort Morgan and Brush (both approximately 20 m1 from the site) would likely create substantial impacts to local public services and facilities in the county. Project-related impacts to local public services in Morgan County would represent a higher proportion of baseline employment compared with impacts to the ROI and other primary impact counties (Table 14.1.3.2-12). SSCAP14A221t5103 ` DEIS Volume IV Appendtk. 14_ Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 84 Table, 14.1.3.2.12 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND, MORGAN;COUNTY,,COLORADO. • Peak Year of.Eanatrsetion Pint Year cc Put*GeaMtien 1992 2000 Impacts.on Public Employment 1 _ General Eduoatioe• Public Enrullmints 2 206 : 632 Teachers 42 Police Protection - • p, ,.': �: r.,'• Piro Protection - y .. •.l; • • • Nealth and Wslfmre m, . T:• ^'6.�.' . Total Publlp 1 �� , Tots1 Government Eploynent - �`� without Projwt 3 '628 Total Opvarrsent Enploymenb -, - ... : •� . with Project . . _ '964:. -. .� ..•,EE2. Impact of Project as Percentage - of 6awline Eploweent 4 - 16.5% . ..13.gK - -m , 1. All values except "Public Enrollments" represent full"tlaaf equivalent'COTE) employees per • 1000 population rpuired,tc maintain current levels of service in each,category bleed on population.Impacts generated by the project. 2. Represent■ eligible public wheal enrollment, persona pee 5 through IT, from denagrephia . - analysis. • 3. -Total-FIE governmentemployees-required to'maintein current-levels of service without the project. _ 4. Impact of project ae peroenage of withevt-project'eeptoymen6• ' - .. • SSCAP1,4A22188I04 - DE•IS Volume Iv-;Appendix 14, . Cortoeronomic Assessments. Colorado Sc At the 1992 peak of construction'.impacts.to service employment would amount to nearly 140 FTE employees '(a 16.5% increase above ba'Seline) and 108 FIE employees (a 13.9%. inerease), In' the operation'phase' in• 2000. Since these values are based`on in-migration from'outstde the ROI, such impacts could be greater if additional workers currently residing in other counties of the ROX move to Morgan_Co'unty. Unlike public service and facility impacts to Adams County (anticipated in either the heavily 'urbanized and serviced western section or the remote and unsettled eastern section), impacts to Morgan- County would.. likely be concentrated in the small communities of Fort Morgan and Brush which presently serve as regional centers. All aspects of public ser- vices and facilities would be impacted under either scenario.' Expansion of public school , police, fire, and health care facilities, equipment, ,., and employment would be necessary in both communities to accommodate a greatly increased demand generated by in-migration. Additionally, to be responsive to emergencies at the site, police and, , emergency fire and medical. services would need to be established near the injector facilities in conjunction with those of Adams County and, internal project forces. 4. ylashinaton County Public service and facility-related impacts in Washington County would ' likely result from work force settlement in the community of Akron and establishment of public services (permanently staffed emergency police,' fire, and medical facilities) to the SSC for experimental areas proposed' to be located in the western portion of the county. To maintain current levels of local public service in Washington County (Table 14.1.3.2-13) public service impacts would require five additional . FTE workers (a 3.3% increase above baseline) at the peak of construction in 1992, and four workers (a 2.2% increase) in the year 2000: Although the percentage, impacts for Washington County seem relatively. . high, they amount to maximum of only"five additional -employees during' the construction' peak (including one p0licemanone "health care worker, and two teachers) to maintain current service 'standards:. .Under these conditions, while public school facilities may need to be expanded to. accommodate increased enrollments, impacts to other public facilities would be negligible: D. Public Finance The principal public finance effects of the SSC are expected to occur at two levels of government: the State of Colorado, and jurisdictions with- in three primary impact counties - Adams. Morgan, and Washington coun- ties. This analysis identified those revenue sources and types of expen- ditures which would be either directly or indirectly affected by SSC. SSCAP]4A22188105 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Immmmmm -, -, • : Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 86 Table 14.1.3.2,13.. • SSC-RELAXED-CNANCES IN ►Utl1C .SERYICEoENAND VASNINCION COUNTY, COWAN)* rue res at.:Cenats.sa ion ::Ares 1.ar:ef till Opentau t .. Impacts on PutT10 fpp?oye.nt Z - , General education 3 - . PubiTo fnroTlmente 2 20 la Teacher* 2 2 "0 Fire Protect ton ':0 Health and Welfare .1 ...'4 Total Peblto Erplgyme.t - 5 " Total Goverment fauloyment without Projects Total Government Emplo)nent with Project 205. Lee Impact of Project as Percentage of BasuTin. tmpioymeni e; 3.J% . 2 2% ' 1. All value* except "Public Enrollssnte repreaaant full-is equwslaK.,(F7P) aployne . 1000..: population required to maintain current levels,of eervlce In each category bred en i population impacts generated by the project. 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment, piracies owe S.throughs l7, fivede.ograghya. analysis. 3. Total FIT government employees required to maintain correct levels *rearview viewed..ftr pKjeef. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without•ntoj.ot erployment. • SSCAPI4A22188146 DEIS Volume IV Appeadlxrl4 ' • 1 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 87 Direct impacts include consequences of SSC spending (on taxable activi- ties) by the federal government or its contractors. direct government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases (such as property tax losses from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and popu- lation due to the SSC. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were esti- mated by projecting the change in the affected revenue base (such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a "net change" basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth. As a consequence, the critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC are those which result in either revenues or expenditures higher than created by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenues; these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared to baseline earnings. o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditures. Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the impact of SSC construction and operation on state and local government finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. The results of this analysis are presented for each year from 1989 through 2000. Since 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full operation, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual impact for future years throughout the operational life of the project. 1. ,state of Colorado Net revenue for the State of Colorado government is expected to peak in 1992 at $11.4 million (Table 14.I.3.2-14). Annual net revenue gains during full operation would be approximately $4.5 million beginning in the year 2000. Approximately 10% of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. SSC construction contractors would contribute as much as $700,000 in sales and use taxes and $400,000 in motor fuels taxes in 1992. During operation of the SSC almost 100% of state tax revenue gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue would come from taxes on SSCAP14A22I88107 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX:•14J" !. . . Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 88 J' OOO Off re 0 P60 OO 0 w ti etas" Cada in Of ., NOO PO r • OOO PO. O. • CPO 00 NI On P W 000 PO I, P. '-y '-.) O00 00 O 0 �.f Iii c, e �... op'Era rem it N I r V '71.. Noo 0o w .a ... • •-•IA. PM 0 - N sine -c M1 ..Y WY I:M „no 0Cs .o m e s W Y .{Y t 1 4r- w , .0 O . 'e' MOO oP ti I— H fa w W4( W H .wM1wl .u. o .r .A N 11 M ,,, 1 YIVr w0 M1 IJ .. L m ...r0 0P V O C. 00 N 4 c .2 m In\.^ d S. V N ] ti Y� c.n Y N k. M .4 4L [ 7..Y !I . W P M,- m� K K M 41 • QC u �NfL h6 irt 0 I b .. .. R SSCAP14A22188108 0EIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 89 purchases made by SSC workers and their families, income and property taxes paid by those workers, and various other state sources of revenue. The cost for site and infrastructure improvements in Colorado, which would be the responsibility or the state, was 'estimated'at $133.5 million. Additional costs would also be incurred' topurchase private property that would be transferred to federal ownership.. 2- Adams_C44ntY The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local •government jurisdictions in Adams County would be negative during the first three years of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.7.3.2-15). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $4.4 million in 1991, when over 700 additional. SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the • county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $500,000. Nearly all that amount would be collected by the county, while all other governments would receive a net increase from that source of less than $50,000. Direct tax revenue would account for an additional $1.5 million in 1992. due to personal property tax collections on construction equipment used by SSC contractors. After construction is completed in 1996, however the net direct revenue impact would be negative.because of the loss of real property tax collections from land that would be transferred from private to federal ownership. 3. Mersa!) County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Morgan County would be positive for project activity through the year' 2000 and would peak at nearly $10 million in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.2-16). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $3.7 million to 1991, when 1250 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds) . Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $9.9 million. Of that amount, the county would collect $3.0 million (30.3%). the City of rort Morgan would collect $1.3 million (13.1%), and the City of Brush $600,000 (6.1%) . All other governments combined would receive a net increase of $4.9 million (49.5%) from that source. The county would experience a d"trect tax revenue loss of less than } $50,000 per year through 2000, due to reduction in the property tax base. Materials used by the project would be exempt from county sales and use taxes. 1 SSCAP14A22188110 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 90 0000 1fl0 . O 1 ry e.00e HOO O O » » ' 0 0 0 0 •••o 0 V m _.. Noon boa a a le 0009 Were. ' a N in tj. -.≥oo m a0 .. O' III .1 ciao 0e0 C. » 0009 NYIO O VIa. ben M00� 000 0 /Er .. .... W 4.V/ N r♦ON9 VS II 0 0 N .r{ y 7g; »oo . .�i,00 o nom, 2 • ••'I 4 ram ell ,o o NNO a N et 0*n —Y ..♦ «OOV »00 a « — r w. 0I ♦ N a N o o r o v r o o 1 fa .1C k'r -•aaa 60o co.:. O'. w. Y N� NONo NNO N� N W W in w Ore 000 a �.: 0.1� ;V ^ M • W PO▪ U-1 /I VOV9 NNO V N H d In • MO'1� ter - O I IOW v 1-r re W V m♦ rt NOOa MOO 'Y a K a N� 00r0 .w0 ♦O a N1- !N aoo� a00 a W a. ♦-S r v in ... weo w '%o - - ic 3 r.i. ,=-: .. `iX'tv 1ui. & E i 7. 7/: 6sf_r " d,8 g 'w "q' yQry AA 3, ,tl 9 e ~T ✓ N 1. Y i... l 1. y! aa_ � y♦ y • C t a S SSCAPI4A22I8SZIi DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 91 • 000. ..N..u.e s r y geese-. 3r....or r .a�' • N ~.. . . _ dOOP �anPYaa► .0 ..� Q (yam. 0000 NNPNY • M - - ^a�l M 0000 OYO.I O 0 0. r .Ms1.Pr' sa.00lb; v a v Q N 0000 NOOV.A 0 N , la 4a g0400.0 w r....nw s P �aYo NN�.Pw as ..r - Aro �OC. W L c Z'f' 0• 000 NO NYO P N' ..I J/.1 N00� a --• O ... N N • well IA A L• 8 wN 0▪00ba. Nary SA O vs • �„ b. n000 V.•-•us o a O 01 qi[ - - - .... IA)W 0000 POra Y.0! ar en N .2OOV eh r 0•' o M p 8 TOGO N r r O. r W JIJI Ile 0000 Ynnro ✓. 0 WO 4 r V 1 N H 0000 be ere.b.bn... on .. H T w0o.0+ MO •O v� a W ... y Y r5 al Y 0101 3 -4 ; , kg N. .. I.:-...r t rr ..' .. to g ; 4. :vrz a .: ...._P "" ;,:..1 1 4 4,1:2_0*0.a,.- tastem K SSCAP14A22188112. • DEIS Volume It*ppendfx-ti Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 92• 4. Washington County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Washington County attributable to the project would be negative in 1989 but positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.2-17). No capital infrastruc-' ture improvements to accommodate SSC-related growth•would be required by the county since the projected number of tn.-migrants is less than the projected loss in baseline population. Indirect tax revenue would be approximately '$100,000 annually after 1989. Nearly all that amount would be collected by the county, while all other, governments would receive a net increase from that source of less than $50,000. Annual direct tax revenue losses in the county of less than. $50.000 would result from the loss of real property tax collections from land transferred from private to federal ownership. Construction equipment used by SSC contractors would be: exempt from sales and•use taxes. . E. Duelity ofllfe/Socia) Well Being -. ' .: Colorado's proposed SSC site is almost entirely devoted to agriculture at the present time. EIS-related scoptng in-this area revealed that a number of individuals are concerned about disruption to agricultural ' • activities. These concerns are detailed below. Other issues, included ; ' concerns about road conditions and traffic:problems and,effects on state and local tax bases. SSC-related jobs also surfaced in the seeping process as important anticipated 'benefits of the project. Nearby communities, especially Fort Morgan and Brush, probably woula attract large new populations. These communities may,thus experience boomtown symptoms during the early years of the project. Although more than 95% of the land offered currently is privately owned, only four residences and one business would be relocated (Appendix 13).- 1. Urban/Suburban Residents Social well being in the Denver-Boulder metropolitan• area mostly would benefit by indirect and induced economic activity spurred by SSC con- struction and operation. Direct SSC effects probably would-be limited to easternmost portions of the metropolis, especially the Brighton area of west Adams County and west Arapahoe County. Quite'unlike other parts of the metropolitan area, Brighton would be relatively near the SSC (in terms of commuting time) by virtue•of Colorado's proposed SSC highway. Competition for housing in currently developing neighborhoods there could be increased by SSC newcomers. As areas in transition to greater participation in the metropolitan housing market, however, social con- ditions in both the Brighton area and west Arapahoe County should easily accommodate these newcomers. SSCAP14A22288115 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 ' - Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 93 00.0 --• 0 .. ,. 1 . . 0000 wawa O ..Y 00.00 '000 • O' 1 .0 o0eos ....rain o - 0 i.,r. WZ .. v. .. Iar N ZZZZZZY. �.. MptlO a00 7�S .200o un .. N Oa0d0' ♦e-0 O ... ▪ � ' N04`O.' NCO. • "2. J "' . -1... i", at OU 0p40, • a a 00o .++.0 0 O Ip(q' p0 ap• • iy. ' N� tpp p0000 0d0 0 p:- 0 '..M. .goat J60� • �'._ 1 .Irk \. W I•••qp ...1$, • a 4 M., ` 4"4. .1 .A , !4 T , *Y"t{. er.4,M .I\„HI,44,,, \w e.l!' -`C yM ^ pp M p[� i1ws 1N:. r. r-.. Il..,a\�J .. nv., yR�,M�iq;..:^w. y.. ywr.. uw. ..n.H r. ({ wR 'p app.pp yy ({{{��•• •.Y \ .. al +AL L 1 .,bS •� \ g MMMMMM NN Y b AR)' 4 .g4 E � � 4 • .. ..g SSCAP14A222aa116 DEIS Volume IV Aremindtle/ai ,,, N„r Socioeconomic Assessments Colorado 94 2. Rural. Non,Farm Residents, This group mostly includes occupants of the relatively small towns and cities in east Adams and Arapahoe-Counties,'south-;Morgan' County, and west Washington County. Brush and Fort Morgan are particularly prominent communities, probably the first choice.of,residence for many in-migrant worker families and potential:Inttraregional migration destinations for workers originating elsewhere in the region. Along with the early waves of SSC newcomers., these residents are likely to experience some of the classic boomtown effects,on social cohesion, crime, costs of living, public services, and so on. Unlike the c,7assic boomtown experience, however, no real Pbsstr. would be forthcoming, as the early newcomers are replaced by the more permanent newcomer group: The continued tax base increases afforded by these new permanent residents would support expansions and upgrades of public services, for instance, and SSC-related job opportunities for the existing-and future baseltne residents of these small towns would continue for many years. In light of presently declining economic well being in this„portion of the region, the ultimate evaluation of these SSC" impacts must be a positive one. Adverse social impacts should be temporary, and conditions are, likely to become improved in the long;run over what,they would be— '' without the SSC. 3. farm Operators Privately held agricultural land ,included.l.n. Colorado's offering amounts- to more than 15,000 acres (Appendix 13). Removal 'Of this land from production would not amount to much of an economic impact overall 3n this region, but the impact on individual- farmers Mould be -substantial . Impacts to individual farm operators cannot be accurately determined.- until a site-specific design has been completed. Disruption to farms (and portions of farms) not directly removed from production could occur as a result of access to S$C facilities. Addy. tional traffic on existing roads (Section; 14.2.1.),and impacts assoc aced with construction of new roads also could be a nuisance for this group. SSC-related Job opportunities represent a benefit, however, particularly in light of presently declining economic conditions in the site area. This benefit mostly would be felt by operators of small fans, whose family incomes frequently are supported by off-farm employment. 4. $SC Construction-Related, Newcomers, SSC workers commuting daily from the Denver area -would spend more than two hours each day in transit to and from.their jobs. Depending on the length of particular jobs during this construction phase, such daily commuting could become stressful, and the desire to stay In focal communities could be strong. Boomtown conditions may thereby result in SSCAP14A22388118 p` DE1S Volume IV Appendix`a4 Sorioeconomic Assessments Colorado 95 these communities as discussed above, and adverse social effects.of boom- town phenomena often are most severe for newcomers (Finsterbusch, 1982). In particular, the evidence indicates that;newcomers do not adjust as quickly as residents to social,change, and this•,group,of..short-term newcomers may not be around long enough, to adjust:to, the early boomtown -- - effects. 5. $CSC 4peratiop-Related Newcomers Boomtown effects in the nearby communities probably would be decreased by the time most SSC operation-related newcomers arrive. Services and facilities expansion would be underway in these communities as a consequence of the early wave of newcomers, and residential opportunities more easily found. Furthermore, proposed highways wouldbe completed, -- allowing greater access to the metr000lttan area. •- SSCAP14A22388119 OfIS Volume. IV ;AppendfX';1.a Socioeconomic Assessments • Illinois 96 14.2.3.3 I1linQis Since 1984 unemployment in the Illinois region of"influence'.(R0I) decreased significantly, then in 1987 the labor force rebounded and ended up exceeding the previously peak level obtained in 2978. Cook County dominates the regional economy because of the economic activity in the metropolitan Chicago area, and in the last two years unemployment rates there were less than 10% for the first time since1979. Although recent trends in unemployment are encouraging for the regional economy, the rate of growth is still relatively static compared to economic activity at the national level. Development and operation of the SSC would provide a minor economic stimulus to this region. Growth related to SSC siting in DuPage, Kane, and Kendall counties, however, would represent a more substantial addition to the existing socioeconomic environment in those primary impact counties. Assumptions related to conceptual design and operation of the SSC indi- cate that siting the project adjacent to Fermilab still would require nearly the same amounts of manpower and regional spending as would be needed if the project were located elsewhere (Appendix 2). Combined with relatively large multiplier effects in the Illinois ROI. these assumptions lead to estimates of SSC-related socioeconomic effects in Illinois that are similar in magnitude to anticipated effects of the project in other states (Table 14.1.3.3-1). Direct SSC impacts would be localized in the Illinois ROI - chiefly affecting the socioeconomic environments of DuPage and Kane Counties, which currently serve most of the Fermilab population. Secondary im- pacts would be more widespread. DuPage County houses major growing suburbs of the Chicago metropolis, a fact evidenced by recently climbing labor force levels and decreasing unemployment rates. Kane County. albeit rural in its western half, contains a corridor (along the Fox River) of growing communities that also would be attractive to SSC workers. These two counties probably would not be adversely affected, in part due to their recent experiences with growth management and in part because Fermilab's presence means that their socioeconomic environ- ments are accustomed demands. Although impacts to Kendall County would be smaller, they could be important compared to baseline activity there, especially in the communities of Oswego and Yorkville. Other local areas, such as Kaneville Township in Kane County, also could experience large impacts relative to baseline conditions. A. Economic Actiyity. labor Force. and _Ircome The regional economy would experience beneficial increases in employ- ment, income, and sates as a result of construction and operation of the SSC. Additional jobs would be available including opportunities for direct employment at the SSC site and jobs involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer demands of direct project workers. Multiplier effects of these first and• second- SSCAP14A22388120 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 94 . . • Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 97 • w.. s. .wart n4airvS , exi , AAGER .ratty, MNM1r 'fl ' b"7.Ri �Sn« «g.non ::';:Q • , 3a» -:EZ.:74.'_..' .x.R - 7."SCr.LC..:r».4: 7,'FTh.. •s w ya N "' ,"1":11.- $wk �. .» 4 4 4,4, " N �. "a... - .Y ..3�.w.."n _'.�, .�.;». ...r.r .Po'.3.".. .d'��1"-"nom.-"eV, W. `SSE I " a 4.4 .a r r ". .wn�oww 4,1-4 "B»».''7i 'TY= -7N klais tea "'.A"S"..t nnR" • V n r V Ya ON o N „a w .a 7 ^ n xN Qwa.� n DIy .� C. 'Si AFi t< .;rlkriof ';4124., «Y..d +n.m.. M .[. `� yy TTO �y�!!}}jj((��h 4�..�y4 M y r y w4 .a .;:it:L;17; ..E�F AIUrt-ft '1?"IIUi ACA . An'M '�fiTJN.$iZ ♦aM '. TJ •i•M w a s a :41," •••• R _ l VV rx {� �� :pia» :xzZ `� �x: �E.:vI .xau. kl4,x:1411rf _ll _ .Q3 a ^'1 v p • .K.I I ti' ?/.-�l o� n21: w'{ �6.1!.� .,74•, qqYl u.4n'dn Li j V F. NNw, 4" » N MINT N» �M1 WmS.-. VI.v J W r w n w «�=� are� i+sa '1�� qtr? exx2ex «� • x• V !� Y � � w ..SNw �� w1.Z -.G'CINV3 4 7 :b .*PF. gyNr f, "p.S,}�K59 '!"by T�' .'C'�I lS E q's2 dw'e W.Z a- F�jj�((pSp i�.91W - yFy 9 3JW� u' c]$p9�-(4113 '. N x W6C4 ��. um Wta2 ... WA WS 66 SSCAFIAA222AA121 -IDEAS\Volume IIY'YAppsngl*.'iD4 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 98 round activities would lead to further increases in sales, which in turn would provide additional jobs and income. Relative to the size of the existing economies in the local communities DuPage, Kane, and Kendall counties would enjoy the greatest benefits of these SSC economic impacts. 1. Rectorial 0yerview Construction of the SSC would employ a peak direct work force of more than 3,400 workers in 1992 in the region, including more than 2,600 jobs in construction and almost 775 jobs required for commencement of SSC operation (Figure 14.1.3.3-1; Table 14.1.3.3-2). Spending of earnings by these direct workers, plus project-related purchases of goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.3-2), would create additional secondary jobs. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier effects in the regional economy, would measure about 7,000 jobs during the peak year of construction activity. Including direct and secondary impacts of SSC construction and related spending, peak total employment impact in the region would reach almost 10,500 jobs. Compared to the more than 4.0 million future baseline employment opportunities in the region by 1992 - available without the SSC -- this impact is quite small. This impact represents about 0.3% of baseline employment; regional unemployment rates could be rP;duced up to this amount at the construction peak. Construction, services, and trade businesses are expected to experience the largest employment increases during the peak construction phase of the project, together accounting for more than 7,000 jobs. Manufactur- ing, which plays a major role in this region's economy relative to the size of the manufacturing sector at the national level, would gain approximately 1,400 jobs at the peak of construction. By the year 2000 the SSC is expected to be at full operating employment level, providing approximately 3,200 direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add about 3,800 jobs to the total SSC regional employment impact.during SSC operation. Long-term employment gains would total over 7,000 Jobs in the region as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts of SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.2% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year 2000. Secondary jobs account for 67.1% of all SSC-related employment during the peak construction year'. This share is reduced to 53.9% during operation, however, as direct jobs become relatively more important- (Figure 14.1.3.3-3). During the operation phase secondary job oppor- tunities are concentrated in the services and trade industries, which together account for more than 2,200 jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain nearly 500 jobs. Secondary impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector peak in the operation phase. Many of the more than 500 jobs created within this sector are attributable to SSC requirements for large amounts of electricity. SSCAP14A22388123 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 SoCloeConastt Assessments Illinois 99 ,c ;2 c E j ^ o .g a _ -� �E \M y .11•41 C U O c , 8. N - Q 7 a N 4-7- a c . I I i O . C • O r w -C r • I i..a' py: we 4,4 § . as luot.torooldiM3 OSS aObJid • Lil ill 55CAPI4A22Jae124 0 S"3stunlo 14 Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments kI NPaoaggr,n g+T s«,'9' g a ) mw.� YN�y�wpw �e i o.7, _. N m Nw �. h m P m O ��GA ItlfVG in • ^; ..,../�.._�,... N S Mm ti y Z. .p 60gOrq NmN umi~sm.nV 4 w, .b pO N7N.A V4NipA (/� NN» NM-'S JV N ``NN I� er� tiui j N OPOpw.n fa.� V91rA1 r w PAN rNVN 'N . f 03 NO) NJS N_..8.. N X Vyyy� .+ N N r A! A Y N OXfa X.7N NMN MMNN N q 8 'h ^� apqp an k OpA�w �N.V w.NN m. 1Nw NON �."Nm�Smxi tu N N d (NpN� tlYi�w-. � • N N 2 N NNN MOM MN , « y Q .7 14 N N st=� R �"s $v��:n m - for. ..INwM" — r WVr8 Rp a�pppp.�I��pryry�� .pp[[''� Y 1m1pp y H. .., .—.. ....-.../ wJI.PV+ ^ V h OVw N...wwl: � Nw w / ..! w.q •Y Vin O �.N� M��ti / p (� .n ryy� pn /.�.• .4' SI LV Mt. �N.n�NV .O O M(y 1w+0m •m• . ei ��w Y NNN N—_.2.,. .N.. • 0(..'1 an., Al W Q: Vy.µµ11 pp /� pp ��pp -. M • w �y .Jry ic�TN.pN�.OI�t. IIYpd.+NIvN�tpq ." N viva* smog.* a r' 6 ^ NNhw �N N.n nc,4 WN.O qw O �^IW �af`q� � ' • V v N t h.. N p w g -4;.7.a MNNN N ` r .e i1 �y MM mm qq((pp OO a ,j'.J JN ✓��nl O� or,, . ^./. dwp r4_ N'•.^ J� f ONO p' /I pY•• S U.� m .n Nwr co{/.O.4 w... NN 4rrm�O O" .OAM .�-.NrM (Vi r- .Lr ^N 2 p u MNN ...."....—U4,M .q \.a. ` 0 W p'>� C�v� n- ~ N_h tO93zN no9n8 VI iZYVw N - .pr. 4 44 ca.. ONy�h�.MpO W .-., NN w - N.-. VYIr •-•4. w O O .p�p�• PN..e2VM ^ 8 p NMM NMNM .. b , y .“",-:- .11;E4;;12 ... - s N N pp [yy H NNAN2 O ♦ _.�Np .... t se �.: NNw .wN V11. w 4 wmr4 -. to N h Nsw p N YYV NfJ wl. .y NN r. " MNM.y ... A t w on N rg C" MM NOgi„7r� Pw M'✓. . S wqY wNCu, .s...;......: ". ^ q w MMM MMMM al VI., E "224 q w z w v s Ewa . , � r_a E to = � . .. .a SS�2� y„ g3p�tu.K� :X a xx 5 S Yr �� c g g ..g......7 ea LLe== .ryy Cn Y-Y .yy.. N M a 'hi w pt.-r i YLL 2 ,—.,FL 4..... e5 yL.F w $ C S^l}�R✓ of Y sp ~W� 7T"�s3 UyOOOOOOiHF.N6 v Jw LO a O4VaH 1 O N F w W Y[ w�ic .t.�i SSCAP14A22388125 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments I111nois 101 O 8 • c • ' 0 N.; O. CO CD 0 � .:- 8. .. . '. C o • U Q N ►.. 01 O al• • i• M • ` a Jl w e Q cm M .. c • • (/1 y N G . . I ..... y 8 8 8 O a uoltoa'2261 ;o IvofllYV . SSCAPI4A22388126 ,OCIS Volume IV Appendix,I4 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 102 8 Vl N As,,•0000000000.:0 al cc a a at.a£ i•:❖:•:•:•:•*:£�:•i •: v. rit G a V W OI 01 O J i lC Y X ! VI t •'• •' :•❖.yy..❖..❖.❖. 05 0C. o 45.r w 01, 4-0 OI 0. r x I in cn U _ ate♦11:O"goitre ui•:•:gill:••S' _ U] 1 r 1 1 1 I 1 f i 1 EMI SSCAP14AI43D81M DEIS Voles IV Appendix lit Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 103 During the construction phase annual earnings by direct workers would ' peak in 1992 at almost $165 million (all figures in 1988. dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary earnings.during tha-.peak. construction year would reach nearly $170 million. Altogether, including both direct and secondary workers, earnings impacts would be more than $335 million during 1992 (Figure 14.1.3.3-4). When the SSC reaches full operation regional earnings would be directly increased by almost $113 million annually. Additional earnings of nearly $95 million by secondary workers during the operation phase would increase total earnings by over $205 million a year. Spending in the .region directly attributable to the SSC would reach about $230 million during the peak year of construction, 51.9% of which would result from consumer spending by direct workers. Secondary in- creases would result in total regional sales impacts of almost '$500 million during the peak year of the construction phase. During full operation, which would begin in the year 2000, the SSC would be respon- sible for more than $60 million of annual sales due to procurement of ' T • regional goods and services. Additional consumer spending by direct project workers is also expected to exceed $80 million in the region, ' for a total direct impact on regional sales of nearly $150.million annually. When combined with additional secondary sales volume. total SSC-related sales would reach approximately $300 million each year. The amount of in-migration that would result from new direct and-secon-' dary job opportunities created by the SSC would be determined in large- part by the degree to which the regional labor force can adjust-to SSCs specific labor requirements. • Accounting for the size, unemployment rate, and education 'level' of ,the regional labor force, approximately 3,300 workers would in-migrate during the construction period. During full operation, beginning i.n the year 2000, about 2,400 in- migrant direct and indirect employees are projected. . Actual impacts on' the regional labor force maybe considerably-higher-due to uncertainty ' in the relationship between unemployment and in-migration. 2. DuPage County At the peak of construction more°than:900 direct SSC Jobs probably would be filled by workers residing in DuPage County-(either baseline 'resi- dents or in-migrants). In addition, nearly 700 secondary jobs would be created. Thus .the total SSC-related.employment lmppact•to°DuPaagqe County ' would peak at more than 1,600 jobs, which is 15.3% of„the total SSC..Job ._.. .. impact within the region. - During the operation phase the- long-term total impact would be more than 1,200 jobs for county residents (Table • 14.1.3.3-3). SSCAP14A22388129 • .DEIS'Voiume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 104 be ••••1 — . t `V \`I 4U , • u W \\ n I • zi D c.0, tE . i - gr c V) w f.. . . 0 g ! ai CI) '6, ✓� CO CZ erred' pr r ' Oi N O c •r . . .. t .w �. ti„ 'd 1 , / f,',r jr .—• ect pi W 1 en f 01 N a N N N M ,. mbutu o-y/evlos 'Aovnpul looJipui 'Z3QJg SSCAPI4A2Z3DOlaQ DEIS Volume IV Appendix 2A . . , • . , • :_•Socloecanoaic Assessments. ill loots 105 N a. AsiM stile y,1 Epp :• WAN mMg NN-. t . . .��5+�r .�. NY MM Mww y 4 .. t :.N- trt sn» 2 . rwr0 N N N» .2 s7, rig .aU .y.e.. ewe Tri 4 r-A.-. a'�» 44s, i N M .u..L1 ♦.N . -u....w ' a' A � .�+ sc.—nu NN Y § fr. losi -: Y: L74 454'-: =me s:^� =WI L g '! " V rag d�„. `i}t N 6°—A "-et- MrV ..-.E:iL W m g" :n try " ,' i NTat— *i.e.... ws.e 1gg. 'r 2 �. wA43 «ICj Zit YS R ? 9 N .smw w.Zw �,t 4 , yy ., s � i.2 s C, --,54))y a u'v II C ',37-7 '! .f V M ed t.. +' , ailz1 4' 1 a 'g1.1 SSCAPI4A22388131 DEIS Volume 31IWAppendix-14 zie.8,*j 0 - ea - 5 (BOOK 8) Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 106 Over $40 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC;;workers residing in DuPage County during the peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts in the county peak at over $15 million. Over the long - term, almost $40 million annually would-be earned-for. DuPage County workers directly or indirectly associated with operation. Of over $40 million in direct sales created within. DuPage County, more than $30 million, or 75.1%, can be attributed toc:adAitional consumer demand that would be produced by direct" project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attribu- table to project purchases in the county of over $10 million. During operation, sales in the county would be-increased-;directly by the pro posed SSC by almost $30 million a year, 77.7% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand with the romalndetprovided by direct project purchases. 3. Kane County At the peak of construction approximately 2,000 direct SSC jobs probably_ would be filled by workers residing in Kane County (either baseline residents or in-migrants). Approximately 300 secondary jobs would be created. Thus the total SSC-related employment impact to Kane County• would peak at more than 2,200 jobs, approximately 21.1% of the total SSG job impact within the region. During the operation phase the long-term. total impact would be almost 2,000 jobs,'(Table "14.1.3,3-4). Over $90 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC workers residing in Kane County during the peak construction year. Secondary " earnings impacts in the county peak at nearly $7 million. Over the long term, almost $50 million annually would be earned for Kane County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Of over $70 million in direct sales created within Kane County, $67.5 million, or 93.8%, can be attributed to additional consumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak, of construction • activity. The remainder of direct sates demand is attributable to project purchases in the county of almost $5 million. During operation sales would be increased directly by almost $50 million a year. 94.6% of which would be from direct worker• consumer'demand with the remainder provided by direct project purchases. 4. )(entail County Approximately 2.6% of the direct SSC jobs (90 of 3,400);probably would be filled by workers residing in Kendall County. These jobs would be filled by either baseline residents or in-migrants..; Together,with approximately 35 secondary jobs in the county, the total SSC-related construction phase employment impact would peak at 125 jobs. The long- term total impact would be more than 300 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table'14.1.3.3-5). SSCAP14A22388133 DEIS Volume-IV Appendix s.14 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 107 p nNo faN tlN Omm Y C,c) -it—.b.Vlw1, . M»� NY.f ♦F O . - » M M F. weir, wr:r *0. -I ;gat; ; $ . 3, mm r^ bma wf^ 'w.AN y Al w^w 4,1. •• �a»N..I.,.+aY... . Y !r Y v. 5?SW pa.ytl 477 al.�Np r, �yL' .w .r .1 N MY d r tat b me wrap 'MOW mw r . .0 4. elt w r Ne. »N MO A r Y g the; ea r¢ . .t . es ▪ .t 7C C7 m "w a» M .V C - m c .a r ..ate ♦ M Wry ,.. r. wVY. Vmtl y▪ . �Y� w r N N »..1V . W La▪ -4J eu H C..W ~ rNN KNN .Z.»a.. .y y ..:C .. Wr .. . 2 e, �... m. ATN ffl ewe Yi3 Ca �,. ..r �N.V )aa NNN I„ s M W — d 9 Y: ti-ag i o » ~off^. arse or. Tr to •E ., .. wow aN»'. . x'"PI"gg Y m `N,Nr; mw. 'wows .d.�p.. N N N Ma r �ai yy L W v it Id s • M Vnb Xy' 2 kill s« ¢ o 4 N r r Y Y , M i 4 c .,yr ..y �2FIIag} • eY�� ! t X76 `p J! VeV r51E µ ✓.F p Nr LiVN .. WF W O .✓ - SSCAP14A22388134 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 ' ` I. Sociaconc.$c Assessments miss 108 aisu i44 .- ii • rig! al rNFl.... ;;; it u aisle st44 E Z ttttiti A„tt e O carat -.'r.• wo,: . 1z piat a p 4. o uo372 g py DA.4 wwa.. �ww i1 i <_. T :Sax- " assk yt•� In CI .,. . In W mAZ tax auk t HW2 F 4 "a -al r- xa« akk Its 26 c ILl ! @14 w;.. .,i..�. ,I, _ nib t T. .wren ati• .. w bØi asi4 AMA ..g4 r:, taid 1 sl_It a eS if. Y Y .FxVI I r,,,,,,,,:* SSCAP144223$813S DEIS Voteer;IV-Appendix.24 .Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 109 Direct SSC workers residing in Kendall County would earn:more than $4 million during the peak construction years Secondary earnings impacts in the county peak at approximately $1 million. Over the long term more than 53 million annually would be earned by Kendall County workers directly or indirectly associated with 'SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of nearly $4 million created within Kendall County can be attributed to additional :consumer demand`that would be produced by direct project workers 'at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to direct project purchases in the county. Project purchases within the county would be relatively low since most goods and services are-expected to be supplied from the Chicago metropolitan area. During operation sales in the county would be increased directly by $2:5 million a year, 84.4%`of which would be from consumer -demand and: the rest from direct project purchases. 8. Demographics and Housing Population growth expected to result from project-related in-migration is examined for 1992, the peak construction year, and for full' operation • • in the year 2000. These estimated'increases are discussed at the level of the Illinois ROI and for DuPage, Kane, and Kendall counties. 'Demo- graphic impacts are examined in terms of both the absolute and relative amounts by which project-related population is expected to exceed base- line projections. The greatest single-year population increase is also examined for each scenario, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the baseline over,the ,same year. .3n parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-round housing as-a con- sequence of SSC-related population.growth is summarized for 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand is calculated in terms...of the additional- units required to house in-migrants in the ROI and the three counties named above. Additional housing requirements generated by the greatest single-year population increase also are discussed. SSC-related growth in population and housing demand in the ROI are ex- pected to be comparatively slight, their impacts minimal due to the large population and housing stock already present in the region - pri- marily in metropolitan Chicago. Projections indicate that the greatest absolute and relative increases in population-and housing requirements would occur in Kane County, though the anticipated changes should be absorbed with little difficulty. Similarly, DuPage- and Kendall counties should easily be able to accommodate SSC-related population and housing impacts.. • 1. Reciona) Over'dew The demographic impact on the ROI would approach 9,900 persons when SSC construction peaks in 1992, exceeding the projected baseline by roughly 0.1% (Table 14.1.3.3-6). By the time of full operation in the year 2000 a population impact of 8,250 persons is anticipated, once again about SSCAP14A22388138 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 - . .SOC10etonon�iC Assassnants•....-.,. ,,.. . ,,_,. Yp$t3a8V a «gx2 Illinois Ito 223 . = w • O wwww w yr. - q ypw N - N A. SID'Y;'a:--'P.s.iA, - YrCC.if'- 44 H - w JO 4S .. w Z S. aR e14l .dad ' e i E 7116Va7";S SP1 b ''� ii.7{ . , r w....w - , M �. -- d iivil s =3 14 113a4J1 Pit f St;g 1.2 ,e i. SSCAP14A22388139 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 a-„ + h J < T i i Socioeconomic Assessments • Illinois 111 . 0.1% of the baseline. This long-term demographic growth would generate lasting effects on housing demand, services, and public finance; the greatest increases, both in absolute and relative terms. are projected for Kane County, the location of the city of Aurora (Figure 14.1.3.3-5). The largest single-year increase in regional population '.s expected • between 1990 and 1991, with the addition of more than 4,350 persons due to the project. Although representing only 0.1% of the 1991 baseline for the ROI, this 1990-91 increase in population would exceed the growth projected for the baseline over the same year by more than 35.8%. , The age structure of the Illinois ROI population is anticipated to change slightly - by less than 0.1% in. both 1992 and 2000 for all age groups of • primary interest (S4, 5-19, Z65)'. • An increased demand for year-round'housing would accompany growth' in regional population. The growth in population projected for 1992 would generate an increase in' housing demand'for'an estimated 2,700-year-round units; by the year 2000 an additional 1,950 units would be required (Table 14.1.3.3-6). Generally low vacancy rates characterized housing in the Illinois ROI in 1980, and'have continued inmost of the region throughout the present decade (U:S. Bureau of the Census; 1482; Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986a;'1986b, 1'986c, 1986d, 1987). The housing industry in the ROI constructed an average of 23,000 units annually between 1980 and 1987 .(as :indicated by the. Issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983,-1985, 1987). It is'likely that the regional construction industry''Sproduction capacity, supple- mented by vacancies within the housing market, would enable the ROI to absorb anticipated central case housing impacts with little difficulty in both 1992 and 2000. A similar conclusion holds-for the greatest annual increase in housing demand, projettetto occur between. 1990' and 1991. when more than 1,200•-additional-units would-be required' im a' single year. 2. QuPaae County The population impact in DuPage County would exceed the baseline .projec- tion by about 2,000 persons (0.3%) in 1992, and by approximately 1,800 persons (0.2%) in the year 2000'•(Table 14.1.3.3-7). During the greatest single-year population increase in the county, between 1990 and 1991, a population impact of more than 850 persons is projected - representing only 0.1% of the 1991 baseline,-but an increase 11.3% beyond the baseline increase projected for'DuPage County between 1990 and 1991 without the project. The increase in DuPage County population would produce a demand for nearly 550 additional year-round housing units in 1992, and more than ' 425 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.3-7). DuPage County vacancy , rates been relatively low throughout the 1980s, maintaining about the same levels as the ROI as :a whole (U.S. Bureau of the Census; .1982; • Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986b). The county housing industry produced an annual average of approximately 6,000 units between 1980 and SSCAP14A22388141 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 112 m C PI • 0 /, 40, o Ai S )+ / erg. •i-rr�rV•• •r`V •� Xi., A •%•.r•rri••r'Vrr _�.�. Q i frr�r�D•err•:r•.r•..•.� O U �' •r r r r •Stir••iri "•M w' a •.rrrSr rrrr.yA.err g u .,r x S•.• rrrr.�,I.r rr q GS [n7 rrrr •..rrrr rrP.A rrrrrrrr / W . . �p ti/ S frrrirrrrri•••i ri!r� _ st nil td if. hi i. .%*-," / aim& 01 it 4 6 05 a 0 010 00. 0t moo 1 m' 4p 3 0 v Y l/l^(\\�vJ' m = rig, ;xi:. SSCAP14A22308142 DEIS Volume IY Appendtt 1S- socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 113 Table 14.1.3.3-7, SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN POPULATION AND iiat51NQ DENNO DUPAGE COUNTY. ILLINOIS • teak flair of Constrretfon rlrst Year of full i7 ensttoe.'•. 1992 2000 Population easelsn. 786.000 039.000 Impact I.995 1.803. _. 'mpaot as % 0.3% of Baseline Mousing Demand Total Household. 884 ."519 ' Femf 11ee 448 350 Individuals Housing Ilequlreasnt - 545 426• "- • • • • • • • SSCAP14A22388143 • DEIS Volume IV'Appeldtx,l4;" • Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 114 1987, with yearly production increastng ,to mare,thar 10,000 units by 1986 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983;_1985, 1987).:1.'Given"rthe;•capacity.of::'the,l'oca9-.con- struction industry, housing impac^tsJassoc1ated•with, the central case should be absorbed with little difficulty in both 1992 and 2000. Simi- larly, the increased demand (230 additional units) between 1990 and 199i should be accommodated easily. • 3. Kane County Of the nine counties in the Illinois $01, Kane County is expected: to , experience the greatest absolute and relative increases in population as • a result of the SSC. A population impact of more than 3,550 persons (1.1% of the baseline) is projected for 1992, decreasing to less than 3,400 persons (1.0% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.3-8). The greatest single-year population impact is projected between 1990 and. 1991, when nearly 1,500 additional persons would reside in Kane County. Although this single-year increase represents only 0.5% of the 1991 county baseline, it would signify a 43.9% growth beyond the growth projected for the county baseline over the same year. The demographic growth projected for Kane County would require an addi- tional 975 year-round housing units in 1992, and 800 units by the year 2000 (Table 14.7.3.3-8). Kane County vacancy rates have been low throughout the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986a). Although the average annual number of housing. units constructed in Kane County between 1980' and 1987 was only 1,400, due to steadily increasing yearly production nearly 3,400 units were constructed in 1986 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985, 1987), Thus, although the hous- ing impacts projected for both 1992 and 2000 would be relatively high, it is likely that the steadily growing housing industry in Kane County would enable their absorption. The greatest single-year housing impact is projected between 1990 and 1991, when an additional 410 units would be required. The increasingly productive housing construction industry, supplemented by available vacancies, should accommodate this single-year surge with little difficulty. 4. Kendall County Population impacts for Kendall County are projected as approximately 180 persons (0.5% of the baseline) in 1992, decreasing to about 165 persons (still roughly 0.5% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.3-9). The largest annual population impact is anticipated between 1990 and 1991, when an additional 75 persons would reside in Kendall County. • This single-year impact represents 0.2% of the 1991 baseline, reversing • the projected decline in the baseline population between 1990 and 1991. •• SSCAP14A22388144 GEIS Volume IV Appendb6 14 Socioeconomic Assessments • Illinois 115 Table 14.2.3.3.8, SSC, RELATED CI'A11 15 114 P0#V ATI$t* MD $W1L&I!ll DEDMIN . y. KANE CAt1NTY, 1t1I1t0IS , t, Peak Yost of Construstlon Bret Year of Full Operation 1992 2000 • Population Baseline 326.000 , 351.000 Impact 3.564 3.395 Impact es % 1.1% - 1• -- -.of Baseline Housing Demand Total Households 1.166 978 , , Families 800 Individuals 366 Housing Requirement 973 .602 • • • SSCAPI4AZ238CI45 DEIS Volume IV,, Appendix,JN,; ;:, Socioeconomic,Assessments Illinois 116 Table'14.1.3.3-4 ' ' SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN POPULATION'AND HOUSING OENAND' "<z KENDALL COUNTY.,`ILLINOIS ` Peak Year of Constnation . First Year of Full Operation. ...1992 .2000 Population -... .. Baseline 37,000 36,1 Impact 177 ... 16565• Impact es % 0,5% of Baseline Housing Demand . Total Households 59 47 Families" 40 >5 IndlvlduaL 19 15 Housing Requirement 48 39 • • • • SSCAP14A22388146• DEIS Volume IV Appentlx Y4" • r' • isms Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 117 An additional 50 year-round housing. units mould •be required in 1992 as a consequence of the population impact on Kendall County - the additional demand declining to,less than 40;,un7,ts;by2000..(Table 144.I1.3.1.9). As with OuPage and Kane counties, low eacenCy, rates have characterized this county throughout the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986a). Housing construction averaged 75 units annually between 1980 and 1987, with yearly production increasing steadily to nearly 200 new units by 1986 (as indicated by the issuance of construction permits„ U.S. Bureau of the. Census, 1983, 1985, 1987). The presence of an increasingly productive construction industry should enable the absorption of the projected housing impacts in 1992 and2000 with little difficulty. A similar conclusion may be drawn for the greatest single-year housing impact, occurring between 1990 and 1991, . when 20 additional units would be required. C. eublic Services Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel and facilities associated with SSC development. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes,. in service demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time equivalent (FTC) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services was measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment.. maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographic distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also was examined to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. Regional Overview Additional employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health-care, public education-, and other government services would be greatest in 1992, the peak year of con- struction (Table 14.1,3,3-10), Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals an inconsequential impact of the project on annual local public service work loads for all"years." 'During the peak of const-uction'in 1992 an additional 330 FIE public service employees, representing just-'a 0.1% increase in work load above the future' baseline, would be required to meet SSC-induced demand. During the operational phase in 2000 an additional 275 FIE public service employees, amounting to a 0.1% increase, would be needed to meet demand. SSCAP14A22388147 DEIS Volume IV Appendix, 14 ` ' „ Socioeconomic-Assessments • Illinois 118 SSC-RELATED, CHANGES 114'PUBLIC SERVICE' DOW. xIL'Iilot'S'ROL pus,Maw of CanNrraot err: . Fint.T..r of'Pall'Opsratlofr Inpaot. On Public Employment 2 General Education 19 1J1 Public Enrollments 2 2.029 - 2,004. Teaches Police-Protection 37 3L Fire Protection .:13 Health and Welfare 20 Total Public Deployment 328 � 275. Total Government Employment without Project 3 2501.755 253,2gg Total Govenrent Eepioyment with Project 251.001,._ _ 254,274 Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Gployeert 4 0.1% 04X, I. All values except .-Public EnrolT.nts- represent full•tb...equtwlent(n[) enpleysea rsgvlred,- maintain current levels of envies in each category based on population 'moots-generated by the project, _ 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment.,peraoneapes through l7, Cling dasegn lade . ana lyets. - 3. Total FTC goverment employees requdrat to maintain current lev1a,0*ssrvlorwithpat,the... . project. 4, Impes! of project se percentage of without-pea4 ct splglwntt,. SSCAP14A22388148 DEIS Volume IV Append47a'i ..,. :.r Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 119 2. pueaae County The campus, injector, expansion,, and service,areas.are proposed to lie in western DuPage County, close to numerous-'suburbs.west of Chicago. These communities, along with' others in neighboring Kane County with established services and facilities, would be highly attractive for settlement by in-migrants and would likely experience the most direct public service impacts in the R01. As with the ROI, additional FTE employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service in DuPage County peaks during the con- struction phase in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.3-11). Project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) compared with future baseline employment shows a negligible impact of the project on annual local public service work loads for all years. Public service impacts would be greatest in 1992 (55 workers, representing a 0.3% increase in work load above base, line); impacts in 2000 during the operational phase (49 workers) would represent a 0.2% increase above the baseline. Impacts from the SSC would affect public services in DuPage County both in the immediate vicinity of the project site and dispersed throughout the county. As with other experimental scientific laboratories -in -the United States, the SSC would likely support its own internai. security (police) and emergency (fire and medical) forces. Such services tend to rely on and be complemented by local public services and facilities nearby. Such cooperation, which already exists at the proposed site of the Illinois SSC between local public services and those at Fermilab, , would facilitate service expansion to accommodate the demands of the SSC. The proposed site is also already linked with ground and air ambulance service to Chicago-area medical centers. Any additional, services or facilities needed would likely be sited near the proposed campus in • DuPage County. Additional impacts would be created by in-migrant demand on services, spread throughout the county as a function of in-migrant settlement pat- terns. The majority of in-migrants to the county would likely settle in established communities. Since services are well-established for these concentrations of population, impacts would likely be small and not over- whelm existing services. Furthermore, the current distribution of public services and facilities throughout the county would provide a base from which demand generated by SSC development-could' be met. Current service• standards could be maintained through addition to baseline employment and expansion of existing facilities (such as public school classrooms and police stations and vehicles). SSCAP14A22388149 DEIS Volume IV Appendix;,14 11 1° Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 120 Table 14.1.3.3-11 = SSC-RELATED'CWARGES IM'PD8LIC-SERVIC'E Orli/0 X'" DUPAGE,COUNTY.'T1;L'rv01S Peak Year of„Conetruotion. Klrat Year.of Full.Operation iODZ 2000 Impacts on Public.8mployment General,Education Public Enrolleetta.2 TaeMn. • Pol toe Protection S e , Fire Prntwftlon Health and Welfare. Total Public Employment Total Goverreent t' 'lQysent without Project 3 Total Goverment Employment with Project 21,202 22,736 Impact of Project ae Peroentage of Baseline Enploy.nant I. All values.swept "Public-Enrollment." repreeeet;fu1,14time egWvelett QFTH).,aegloyernew ire*to maintain current levels of eerv/oe in,each.oaenory"treed on pspu.etiem tmpset. Osneretedtey!the- project. 2. pepnsents eligible pubtiQ.school earol$eente.psreonr egoe5 bsrotier47,;f a.d__pprephlw analysis. 3. Total, FTC government etploye.e regiMred'to-aentain,airmen leuele of-ssrr/oe wilhoutr the.., . • • project. 4. Impact of project is percetagr of wi houtrp►ojaob eeployeae0 SSCAP14A22331315O DEIS Volume IV Appendix Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 121 Establishment and operation of the SSC'would likely induce further growth in the western portion.of the county, which would also,need to be served. New public fate ities,wch as police end:fire substations and public school classrooms consequently would need to be established to support such growth. 2. Kane County Although Kane County is proposed to host only the far cluster and strati- fied fee simple portions of the SSC ring, the attraction to in-migrants of the established communities of Aurora, Batavia, and Geneva (clop to the proposed site of the campus) would create moderate to high impacts to local public services and facilities there. Project-related impacts to local public services in Kane County nnintain a similar pattern to those of the R0I and DuPage County, with additional FTE employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service peaking during the 1992 construction phase (Table 14.1.3.3-12). Impacts to service employment would amount to 120 FTE employees (a 1.1% increase above baseline work load) in the 1992 peak year of construction, and 115 FTC employees (a 1.0% increase) in the operation phase in 2000. Since these values are based on in-migration from outside the R0I, the impacts could be greater depending on migration into Kane County of workers cur- rently residing elsewhere in the R0I. SSC-induced impacts to local public services would likely occur in this establishedcommunities of the county. Impacts generated by in-migrant demand would be concentrated in the eastern communities of the county l (such as Aurora, Batavia, and Geneva) which lie close to the proposed . site of the campus and maintain existing services and facilities for the public welfare. The established network of public services would pro- vide an adequate base from which employment and facilities could be expanded to meet potential demand. Additionally, police and emergency fire and medical services would need to be established near the far.cluster in conjunction-with those of the project to be responsive to potential emergencies. - 4. K ndall County Predominantly rural Kendall, County is proposed to host only stratified fee simple portions of the SSC. SSC-induced impacts to local public service in the county would be•the' smallest of the those of the primary impact counties (Table 14.1.3.3-13). Public service impacts would amount to just four additional workers (representing a 0.5% increase above baseline work loads) in both the peak year of construction in 1992 and in the 2000 operational phase of the project. Such impacts would be negligible with respect to both public services and facilities. SSCAP14A22388151 DEIS-Volume IV- Appendix 14• Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 122 Table 14.1.3.3-12 SSC-RELATED CHANGES' IN-PUBLIC SERVICE'DEMAND KANE COUNTY. ILLINOIS Peek Year of Construction First Year of Full Operation 1992. - 2000 , Impacts on Public Employment 1 .. General Education 84 80 Public Enrollments 2 Teachers Police Protection Fire Protection 4 4 health and Welfare 1 P Total Public Employment 120 115 Total Government Employment without project 3 Tote) Oovernment Employment _ - ` with Project `11.065'` Ii 917 Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employment 4 1.1% 1. All values except "Public.Enrollments".represent full-time.:equivalent (FTE) employees requited to maintain current levels of service Ineach category Paged-on population-impact' gsnnratad.by the project. 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment, persons age 5 through 17, from demographic analysis. 3. Total FTC government employees required to maintain current lsvele-of service without the project. 4. Impact of project as percentage ofwithout-preject eaployeent. , SSCAP14A22388152 DEIS Volume IV,Appendix,141 ,,., — SoCloeCon0mic''Atdassiloht3"'».._ • . .__ ,..,. Illinois 123 Table 14.1.3.3-13 SSC-REI:AT.ED CHANCES IN'PUBLIC •SERVICE'DENAND • KENDALL COUNTY, ILLINOIS' • • feet tear-of Cntroction fleet Year of futrOperstten- 199? - lOOt . Impacts on'Naito Enployeent General Education . 3. S Public Eerolleents 2 3$ �P . Teachers Police Protection eel .Kl Firs Protection .:...L .,e.l Health and Welfare Total Publlo Deployment M Total Goveeneeet Eiipk Best - - without Projeot3 eta : . .9g4 • Total Goverment EnploNnent - -- with Project - MG , e09 • .,_.'' Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline.E plolewt AS%' , _ 0.51( ' 1. All values eauept "PW11u Enrollment,"represeas fstlhtme.squlwteet(FTF.)1employer.quMW to • '. nrintain.want Isle K esrvloe le each category eased srpppriattar,Ynysote anlNAed'by.the • project 2. Represents engible Publla sal eel enrralent,persc s..spa b tlwapb.1?, free 1.... pephls analysis. 3. Total FTE government employer required to maintain current levels of eervios tagged this -- project. . .. \.. _. . 4. Impact of project es percentage of without.yro4*ot.eeployeer. - - SSCAP14422388I:53. DEIS Volume IV Appendix-•!4" '' Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 124 0. public finaorr The principal public finance effects ofcthe SSC-are expectedhto occur at two levels of government: the State of"Illlnois.,.;and jurisdictions within three primary impact counties - OuPage, Kane, and Kendall. This analysis identified those revenue sources and types of expenditure which would either directly or indirectly be affected by the SSC. Direct im- pacts include consequences of SSC spending (on taxable activities) by . the federal government or its 'contractors, ,direct governmental spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases (such as property tax losses from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and population. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were esti- mated by projecting the change in the affected revenue base (such' as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a "net change* basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth. As a consequence, the critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC-are those which result 'in- • either revenue or expenditure higher than created by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenue; these-areelimited"O ' • to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared^to. . .w • baseline earnings. • o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSCwouldb increase needs for local government capital expenditure. Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the—Impact - of SSC construction and operation on-state and local government -finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. The results of this analysis are presented'for each year from'1989 through•2000:° Since the year 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full opera- tion, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual" impact for future years throughout the operational life of the project 1. State of Illinois Net revenue for the State of Illinois' i'r expected to-peak '1n'1912 at'' $10.9 million (Table 14.1.3.3-14). Annual net revenue gains during full' operation would be $6.0 million beginning in the year 2000. Approximately • 40% of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. SSC construction contractors, would contribute $1.9 million in sales and use taxesAnd $500,000 in motor fuels taxes and public utility taxes each in 1992. S5CAP14A22388154 DEIS Volume IV Append*x;,t4:,, • ' * ' ' • 'Socioeconomit'Assessments' Illinois 125 .I 00 ...Dog: a 0 � r . «P0 m.v IS ro.. . . • 900 00 wf ,N ter' NOO eN N N_ w r b00 as h �yD f9@ air 0) WW +�• 0L y) 7 "flea NN !w O 2-0 - PO Lbf NN p 0.0 Us • N N 7 At c ora /n N N q Wt f N O .q P) N N $0 4 .o oo, oP w W C N.+ e.. J W W 0C� s Of.w aft, N 9 - N .n hog Pd M•' m MOO PN N AZ - w ` iY. .+ Ob90 r a • reb w o a •t. . i � 6Pet - r y iv SN uu OI wt.`S Y d H ta. id SSCAP14A22308155 Of IS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 126 During operation of the SSC more than half the state tax revenue•gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue would come from taxes on purchases made by SSC workers and their families, income and property taxes paid by those workers, and various other state sources of revenue. The cost for site and infrastructure improvements in Illinois, which would be the responsibility of the state. were estimated at $35 million. Additional costs would also be incurred to ,purchase private property that would be transferred to federal ownership, 2. puPaoeS4gn.ty The cumulative net fiscal impact to ail local government jurisdictions in DuPage County would be negative during the firstthree years of proj- ect activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.3-15). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $5.6 million in 1991., when over 855 addi- tional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 and 1994 at $2.3 million, decline, then rise to $2.2 million during operation in 2000. The . majority of that amount would be collected by other governments (combined) rather than by the county. Direct tax revenue loses would account for nearly 550,000 annually due to the loss of real property tax collections from privately land trans- ferred to federal ownership. SSC contractors would be exempt from per- sonal property taxes in the county. 3. Kane County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions • in Kane County would be negative during the first three years of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1:3:3-16). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $6.4 million in 1991, when nearly I500 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capi- tal outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $4.2 million. Of that amount, the county would colect 5500,000 (11.9%) and the City of Aurora would collect 5800,00 (19.0%). All other governments combined would receive a net increase of $2.9 million (69.0%) from that source. The county would experience direct tax revenue losses yearly (due to reduction in property tax base) except during the height of construction (1991 through 1994) when sales and use taxes assessed on materials used by the project would exceed the property taxes lost. , SSCAP14A21888157 DEIS Volume IV Appendix,l4 • Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 127 0 aO a rn rife 03 O /\ N .4 '. Nw e a es ,$; Haan wno o n -� N: NOw o r r .. I a ✓r CS 1l1 gab O N Lrp n., r•00O row O .. .. .. — w .in ren NOON CO n! O N • y 0 oy Y O rn O r r _ J r rn vii 00 V) 0nill O M 0 0O a -v eV . aa O r .... r - Pr a a n morn Onw 43. a fa WU 20oy New a .J V r Y al a tiff v ul a Cra onnoa 0 e W2 y00V MOw O w w w w a .. .. . • •-1 rJ- 1 a. udi00 an rno 0 w M 3� w �p0� eaiOr-r 0 r•-• .. _ 6�r x .. .. T W • at a w- irl •V NI„� 0 u,•aul n►0 o ,0p .-r a • G) % e'.� .. . . rXI a� N W Vf Oars NnN rp 0$ la Om. Yao� wow Y . .. nre fr Y•OOYf NNE N WI 0 V WC-1 m eio>a 444.:44-; Ps ar..1' , a W y w w ala ra00 V1 nOn n ,s w e e.e., w o o ii o . `..'XCD, mho r Y x c s h Vw" 31av& ii F B. V Ol O s.>r N W q .. l� i.,u N p d).riti r_ 0d� .6i L R 6 V Y Y 21 1S 1lb O4f> M�� r a.. IAI U _ NO N'- y CJC O ^ N^y N N L Jw y. P 9 K _ SSCAP14A21888158 DEIS Volume IV'•Appendix 24,'? . • Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 128 • g 'I - 'OO n wrs0e O W neon a OOO O a .M ga000. ba.+e.. O M S H 00� 'f000N O +� .... cc BOOM V � N OP MO H O OO N N a nO@m s.r..w P.. O 0 ."4 g y0 �0 0 O 00400 N o a M 01 m noon ...n00N 0 0.ti O nOO Macias.; a N a a a M a rn 3 W ' -.0. ..01\00. . W a00� M OON a N . 0 r 0J lava N ...1 er. ..I in VI�I� ^ NPO y SPOON a 2 M Y.Xw M M — „y l noea N000N •` N a d /1 I wan 0.�. .. f .p. , H• u �Pd� �P00N .n �i C O H a Z4 n Naael swam.0Y b ^0 a M. `2 VOOa •MO OOw v M __ • I • U{ .I NO M no0m r....or w w Da o ti ome rasa w ti .. .2 C aa ►— i a r: F. 111 c. .o OO M 0 . ✓ is � �� qa 01 .. '1.'".Y 6 rs E W .. ', & Y &s. Z iT i t 4 ex 4 HyZ ...74 ...74'ggyLA f 0p-3 �y.411.1=Yat Y' SSCAD14A21888159 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14' '' Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 129 4. Kendall County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government; jurisdictions in Kendall County would be negative (Table•.14.1.3.3-17).. No capital infrastructure improvements would be required to accommodate SSC-related growth since the projected number of in-migrants would be less than the projected baseline population loss. . Indirect tax revenue would be approximately 5100,000 annually after . 1989. Nearly all that amount would be collected by'other governments:: (combined) with jurisdictions within Kendall County while thetcounty , would receive a net increase from that source of less than $50,000. Annual direct tax revenue losses in the county of $400,000 would .resuat from the loss of real property tax collections from land transferred from private to federal ownership. Construction-equipment used by SSC contractors would be exempt from sales. and us'e taxes. E. Quality of Life/Social Well Being . Western DuPage County represents the outer edge of Chicago's westward creeping suburbs: Kendall County, on the other hand, is Almost entirely devoted to agriculture; and Kane County balances between these extremes,, so far restraining development to the Fox River corridor while maintain_ ing rural conditions elsewhere. The. SSC would straddle these three counties, thereby potentially affecting a diversity-of social groups. Social diversity near the site is reflected in the •range of issues revealed during the EIS scoping process, as well .as 4n the large numbers of comments recorded (those numbers also reflect the large resident populations). Relocations surfaced as a primary concern; 219 reloca- tions are expected, including 160 residences and. 59 businesses (Appendix. 13). Property value impacts are important to these commenters as well... Many other comments expressed concerns about potential loss of agrtcul tural land. Concerns also included educattow impacts', 'both from popu- lation pressures and potential reducttons to property tax revenues. Results of a recently completed telephone interview survey (Center for Governmental Studies, 1987) indicate an overall favorable attitude towards the SSC by residents of the area. An important ancIlliary finding of this research is that concerns over potentially.adverse effects of the SSC tend to diminish as knowledge of.ths project is increased. 1. Urban/Suburban Residents This group contains the largest numbers of persons that would be im- pacted. Most of the residential relocations would be• in'.this group, and virtually all the business relocations. SSCAP14A22388162 DEIS Volume LV.Appondtx 114. : O Socioeconomic Assessments Illinois 130 0 .04. ..m... e n O. N 000 -1,00" m HO. 1C no ✓000 Omm a a M a am !40! .rer p- Co aM t�mOO �Mmm .�. p. a. .. ... V .. la .1 1 ,,i a.a to weave a0- 0 m Ye09, NY.2w sew .en. '..e. e J J d r 1~►,../ 0000 a a .. J pe a A �S.SC . 5ip— M !40♦ SOS' .m. A N M M VP M r• ac r. IS • IN, lm0v ..Ow m .Mi I�7iu �". `maymo ff' ee;. • d 7 r M r' p N a. flemV -ea m 7. CS INC w„ h 0 .J c. v00.... w0O 4: M . `` W �. .A....4 1 _. 4 w rr w ►- stn. z • 6 t may.. Nr .. B.yrY� t LB N asetay�.'• 4 a M r" 'x U VW 5 p L.gOIl t f 9 M G y t SSCAP14A22388163 0EIS 7olume IV'Append$x114 • I SOCloeconOmlC'ltssessment^5`•.'t Illinois 131 A household move is always a disruptive.experf41ce ana movin a• :. business can be risky. Relocation may easily be accommodated for some of these households ,Lnd •businesses just ,a tamporary.disruptIon {as $n- LL moving a household :from-.one.housinq°tract .to another,. ,er.a:.tustness moving .from.one shoppings,pl aza ,to another,}. 'Even:for someoef these-' seemingly typical moves, however, certain individuals may experience • life quality impacts that are not so typical (as in the separation of life-long neighbors, or the dissolution of a soaaal -gathering arena"tba�t does not move when the business establishment moves). And to the extent that relocated residences •didnot occupy,ardinary:properties. 'appropriate , replacements for these residences, are. more d1ffi,cultio satisfy.. The' same reasoning applies to business relocations involving prime sites or unique structures; adequate replacement properties can be scarce. On the positive side, members of this group are most likely to• benefit from SSC-related jobs and income. And supporting industries developed to accommodate Fermilab provide a firm base for expansion in response to SSC requirements. 2. Rural. Non-Farm Residents Prominent among this group are exurbanites, a term usually applied to ex-urban dwellers that still maintain business ties to the city but have chosen a more rural life style for their home surroundings. Many ex- urbanites from Chicago have settled both in lesser developed portions of Kane County and in DeKalb County. The westward march of the suburbs already is of concern to this subgroup, and the SSC may be considered.a further threat. Additionally, some relocations may involve this group near the western experimental facilities. Children of this group would be impacted to the extent that there is disruption of educational activities at Kanetand School. 3. farm Operators Agriculture is the dominant, activity in and around the proposed far cluster quadrant in Kane County and the lower arc quadrant area travers- ing both Kane and Kendall Counties. This is the heart Of 'black soils' country in northern Illinois, and agricultural production is high. Impacts to this production would be relatively low overall, but the impact on individual farmers could be high. • SSCAP14A22.881G5 ; DEIS Volume IV Appwi,4$xAn ' ' .. • r., ;a? Socioeconomic Assessments 6I Illinois 132 4. SSCyonstruction-Relat 'Newcomerg• ' A • Construction-related newcomers•would•find •abundant-services, housing` opportunities, and means.for social .fulfiflment•already'existing in the area. The development of, 'social ties to existing groups should-not be difficult. , • , 5. $5C Operation-Related Newcomers.' • - Operation-related newcomers;Drobably would share In the social relations . already established •in•'the•area Aby_fearson* as'sociated' with-••Ferrnilab'. • 411, • Q ',, rrrn..•• Y• �rex, ' JS•r, .pt, ^, •,A,•..5:, l. . r'•, �'pK •' -. ... ry SSCAP14A22388166 ' . • DEIS Volume IV Appendix 34` }- ' Socioeconomic Assessments • Michigan 133 14.1.3.4 &Waft The economy of the Michigan region of influence (R01) has expanded very slowly during the past two decades. ,Since 1984, however, unemployment has decreased significantly and, in 1987 the labor-force rebounded'to exceed its previous peak, obtained in-1978: In 1986 and 1987 Wayne County, which has a heavy influence on the regional economy because of economic activity in the metropolitan Detroit area, recorded unemployment rates below 10% for the first time since 1979. Ingham County, with its relatively large government, services, and manufacturing.sectors. also recently experienced increasing:.labor force levels and decreasing • unemployment rates. Jackson County, however: composed primarily of trade, services, and manufacturing industries, has shown only a slight increase in its labor force and the drop in .unemployment:Acting the past few year has been slower than the declining rates in Ingham County or in the region as a whole. Although recent trends in unemployment are encouraging, the rate of growth in the regional economy is still relatively static compared to economic activity at the national level. Development and operation of the SSC would provide a positive but minor stimulus to these economic conditions (Table 14.1.3.4-1). Growth related to SSC siting in Ingham and Jackson counties, .however, would represent a more substantial addition overall to the existing socioeconomic environment in those counties. While the area immediately adjacent to Michigan's proposed SSC site is largely rural, the campus would lie within reasonable commuting distance to three major urban areas, and would be close enough to the Detroit metropolis to acquire many supplies from there. The site lies.nearly midway between Lansing (the state capital) and Ann Arbor (host -city of the University of Michigan), both less than 40 ml away, Jackson, county seat of Jackson County, is somewhat closer at about 20 mi from the campus. Due to their probable ability to absorb growth, adverse socioeconomic impacts are not anticipated in these large communities from siting of the SSC in Michigan.. Stockbridge village, population 1,000, is the nearest community to the proposed campus area, however, and SSC-related population pressures on housing, public'services, and public finances would be more pronounced for this village. A. Economic Activjty. Labor force. and Income Increases in employment, income, and sales as a result of construction and operation of the SSC at the proposed Michigan site would benefit the regional economy. Additional jobs would be available to the region's labor force including opportunities for direct employment at: the SSC site and jobs involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer demands of direct project workers. Multi- plier effects of these first and second round activities would lead to further increases in sales, which in turn would'provide additional jobs and income. Wayne County would receive a.-large ,portion of.these beneficial economic impacts, however, and thus'. due to the size of the existing economy in the Detroit metropolitan area, the effect would be SSCAP140223881 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14' • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 134 40 .pr.. 0,0 y P NOm spyy ThT b1� •N y6�m 4440 , �y ��0 AI ..I..IMIN bi O.N ��MNVI =PIM:. ., 4. Zf.:4,,, I�. O, � M `.N.,ON1I1�.-.M M *f*); .3% IOI�AN r "" Ip, 1.'p ' - i. In Naa,.. ...7. .. ♦Y' Ane.e NRr �1p' '� r a' maygp-, �..//e�.Ia,NNN.7.4 zA, -..+N M.�� ` 1 h�N..M .MNW A !b gt y lV r w 1p sppy r q,00 1N NNNV. .-.. ..-_N -_ M O-N'.' . '.:IFRa. rN +.� 'Z . , '0 In Wi3.f .t t r F'O.Iw CD �.Q A �b O u .rte-d. nb0 .ANNA�...ry NNE, .n..i rPT� •..,q., ac IM1n NN.. rhLM r �.wN..u6 M O•wYNwll, MNN .•1 V M „.--a.,r� ! Vow n O ". .ryp nvi2., p' A�MNA. InV1i w W vn.�i "mmvaewe, v.ee. NIP n. • .1. - as ..JVMO... 4N rNNNh .7. r-r- ON • O' .. w. , I wM.. •NN eY 0 X:,.."!2. 2 N o dl U WM1!2. 2 + w.`. N.N .y on N.iG IO.. ea.... .. M..I1�.. - gwiYr'� �AM. N . H ... I W .... MYIMWw .+.P..M M b f w3D :, ��♦ Vw� I— O ...:- Ze..N A ". y.. og1Np 1 yypo ..yy y.p �qO K"• NNMT1On -.OM . .'- P�Ma t%tt' - V11 aE q:N N :M '25.6. O N ...✓ ,vs Ply .D u- ...�u.ON ft...., NbN*w M a r J ^ M co �' }1 _ ,.. ' TCp y yyy�yyy • W a . . 4 SSCAP14D223882. DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14' Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 135 relatively small. In relation to the size of their economies Ingham and Jackson counties would obtain the greatest benefits of these SSC ' economic impacts. 1. Regional Qyeryj The peak direct work force involved with SSC construction would employ nearly 3,900 workers 1n 1992 in the region, including more than 3,000 jobs in construction and about 775 jobs for commencement of operation (Figure 14.1.3.4-1; Table 14.1.3.4-2). Spending of earnings by these direct workers in the regional economy, plus project-related spending, to obtain goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.4-2), would create addi- tional secondary jobs. Secondary employment from the multiplier ef • - fects of the regional economy would result in approximately 5,800 jobs during peak of construction activity. Peak total employment impacts in the region would reach approximately 9,600 jobs including direct and secondary impacts of SSC construction and related spending. Compared to the nearly 2.3 million future baseline employment opportunities 1n the region by 1992 - available without the SSC - these impacts would be quite small. This impact represents about 0.4% of baseline employment; unemployment rates could be reduced by up to this amount at the construction peak. Three major industrial sectors (construction, services, and trade) are. expected to experience the largest employment increases during the peak construction 6,900 jobs. Manufacturing; which-playsta relatively nimportantg for rerolethanin; this region's economy compared to the size of the manufacturing sector at the national level, would also gain approximately 1,100-jobs at the peak' • of construction. The SSC is expected to be at full operating employment level by the year 2000, providing approximately 1,200 'direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add,'about 3,000 jobs to the total SSC employment impact during SSC operation. Long-term employment..gains_woui.d ,thus- total -more than 6,200 jobs in the region as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts of SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.3% of baseline regional job opportunities in,the year 2000. During construction secondary jobs 'account for' 60:9Xof all SSC-related employment. However, this share is reduced to 48.6% during operation as direct jobs become relatively more important (Figure 14.1.3.4-3). During the operation phase of the project secondary job, opportunitj.es..are_._._.__.....: concentrated In the services'and trade .1'ndustries, which together account for more than 2,000 jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain ap- proximately 300 jobs. Secondary impacts in the transportation. coop, - municatlons, and utilities sector peak in the long-term operation phase. SSCAP14(i216884 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments M1cM9an 136 O N C N C M 7 C V O C I. :.+ 7 - aw , c c 0 0 'm t U U fir,,.••'• a n . �, .F . 0 • - M1 (n r CO • i i 7 f a auoa6oldw3 oss ?e+IC4 SSCAP146216865 • 0EIS"volwrs iV'}pp*W1k,14 Socioeconomic Assessments M1ch1 n 137 g p V . . , « 6 ‘ la! 21aI r ugant- .4. w r «i !!! ��wA%1 . sti .... 4 R N V . f.N p.11r. O N Y V 1.. .NV .NNw -z•. N . rN - ." w .. ,�y' 44:4a &w-a? 44 4 c4. , R3 u n w �oL R n.., ro..fn N «I�ip SJ wYr ...nrN Y ya� a a� 3 R o,a ✓. N.te. AN r +. S .j 4 s_a Mass .q �4,4 - ..w�� ♦ice . . . . . . .7.. T.1O,4�y A w -- ..a z �a= r* - F a u v kb .f, y� y 4 + .,1ry"d.Y=�XN N*.w MXI� ♦ _ . .YI. :YN. .y/��..11.++.. Q ;,.r .3 aSai M D -1S 4 . .� rN 3T t5 "' I. v ey0. 9 4Fre vXS 17m.irx ,41.* IA1 ,: Zpft m51- ils :§1,1-§t rto {° . JI ' `prr Vd 4ii r a�9a SSCAP140216886 DEIS Volume IV AppenQ x)4:___ ,..:_,_. ,1N-029 0- 09 - 6 (0.`K EU ,, '- Socioeconomic Assessments . - Michigan 138 O . 2 at ." U .. .y C)W a) N O a L ~C c ft c o O Ws g . N r _C .. tlw. O C -../ - ti ta.'r. -F+ O) .+.r: t-I aC ' t :� U - - } o N . a ....... - i i i i i i i ! t ! i i r i i i i r i 8 $ • 884. v. . $ _ • 8401100 296L 10,suollI W_ S5CAPI462I6887 OEIS Volume. IV Appendix 14 . , Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 139 4d4 ee co .r A ♦•,74 1 i4•✓ib•1RWOd:•i:ewj..,• . 41� . �i•�R••i's••••:•.••• a u0 4, . V v, il 15. C/�J �(/Jy�\J W 0 rn rV ir O 0 U J V 2 N O{rn sip a 09 p O M 'y P __ 713�. .II gj * 111i1i $ a@ ° raor SSCAP140216886 otis vela W Appendix 14" . i , . alransw�� Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 140 Many of the more than 370 jobs created within this sector are attribu- table to SSC requirements for largo amounts of electricity. In 1992, during the construction phase annual earnings by direct workers would peak at about $176 million (all- -figures in 1988 dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary -earnings during peak construction would" reach more than $140 n both drect an secondary workers, earnings nimpacts gwould�benmore ithan.$3151milliondduring 1992 (Figure 14.1.3.4.4). When the'SSC 'reaches full operation, regional` earnings would be directly increased by Almost $112.5 million annually. Additional earnings of about $75 million by secondary workers during the operation phase would increase total earnings in the region by over:, ' $185 million a year. Direct SSC spending in the region would be over $240 million at the peak of the construction phase, 52.0% of which would result from consumer spending by direct. workers. Secondary increases in spending would result in total regional sales impacts of nearly $465 million during the peak year of the construction phase. During full operation, which would begin in the year 2000, the SSC would be responsible for almost $80 million of annual sales due to procurement "of regional goods and services. Additional consumer spending by direct project workers is • expected to exceed $80 million for a total -direct impact on sales of ' approximately $160 million annually, When combined with additional secondary sales volume, total SSC-related spending would-exceed $280 million during each year of operation,_ The degree to which the regional ,labor 'force can adjust to the needs of the SSC would determine in.large 'part-the degree "to .which in-migration results from these new job opportunities. Accounting for the size, unemployment rate, and educational level of the regional labor force, approximately 2,200 workers would in-migrate during the construction • peak, largely because of reratively'high unemployment in the region. Beginning in the year 2000, during full operation about 3,500 in-migrant direct and indirect employees are projected. Actual In-migration could be considerably higher due to uncertainty regarding the relationship between unemployment and inmigration. 2. Ingham County More than 1,700 direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers-resi- ding in Ingham County at the peak of•construction (either baseline resi- dents or would be created. , Thus,ithen atotal�employmentaimpactsto•Ingham secondary County would peak at almost 2,100 jobs, which' is approximately 22.0% of the total SSC Job impact within the region. During the operation phase the long-term total impact would be more than 1,600 jobs for county resi dents (Table 14.1.3.4-3). SSC/014)82238810 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 141 cn c G m �, b to ti — IR G m •,� - " IC ,, . W ,g, ; .„ . .d ^ •CO C : Si:- � ^ N `o f' z is)r CO o '. o� .•'', m O �. ce a o •J01 r... ..C▪O y1 • m • N ii-=�;y77` 4 0 CO• S ..4 ' • a. I.4 aw: -. N -.: W ^ - 1y�1y� . f.. r r 8 8 w NOP ell 400 ($29 4* auorillf4) abuluJo3/oalo$ 'poonpul 42ODJIpuI lo9Jlp • • SSCAP14B223DDhI DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 .. - / „, : Socioeconomic Assessments . . .. ,. Michigan 142 ie O�a. gyp (� «GCJJ • T wag' VVO .vNMf p8 _s_ w .nogrN nn it ...wo . ' $ w N.+N A4wtir,7Y w on N M M.A lot e fzrdais Ow.w Z' Y 1. I•-;l♦• NwMI w w .. N+N .M M1I.�. y r ”' ... w2 . ~ N hll Alww wNM �y0 Y ('S m NN Nn NOO OOw I) M 4PpV w AaNOOq w«a NMM y- V,r RX . W w Y.A- M rim 2 O u V W it YSco Nr...... ti�J1 X .. .. ? NwN y Y ... r V Y A 72. gi N Mr-,-: NI�w rlAe n., ((pp pmmpt� ^ . � I." w w N HtiN �MN - N taw Y wa 4S r" 4ts ti00 w.w . l.` -.. O o w N :3-3 -..la • S{« a: a n! ea IA one None —'- y E 1E YEk k • ..- - f S �l\ N w Y'O 4g Y f -i-4 �^ e ta 27 c..,.. . � 1NIP s } A9tap 3.28N527.5 sng_. W q SSCAP1482238812 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 143 Over $80 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC workers residing in Ingham County during the peak .construction.year.. Secondary earnings impacts peak at nearly $9,million ,(during 1991). Over the long term, more than $55 million annually would be earned for Ingham County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Of nearly $65 million in direct sales created within Ingham County, more than $57 million, or 89.0%, can be attributed to additional consumer demand produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is 'attributable to project purchases of approximately $7 million. During operation sales in the county would be increased directly by over $40 million a year, 88.7% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand with the remainder provided by direct project purchases. 3. Jackson County Of the direct SSC jobs, 26.0% (approximately 1,000 of 3,800) probably would be filled by workers residing Jackson County. These jobs would be filled by either baseline residents or in-migrants to the county. Together with approximately 200 secondary .jobs in the county, the total SSC-related employment impact would peak at 1,200- jobs, which is 12.2% of the total job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be more than 900 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.4-4). Direct SSC workers residing in Jackson County would earn over $45 million during the peak construction year -(-1992). -Secondary earnings impacts in the county peak at approximately•$5 million during 1991. " Over the long term, more than $30 million annually would be earnediby Jackson County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of more than $35 million created within Jackson County can be attributed to over $32 million of additional consumer demand that would be ,produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is at- tributable to direct project purchases of less than $5 million during 1992. Project purchases within the county would be relatively low since most goods and services from.:the region are expected to be supplied from — the Detroit metropolitan area. During operation sales in the county would be increased directly by over $20 million a year, 89.2% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and the rest from direct project purchases. Although this consumer demand for goods and services is relatively large, it is expected that spending would not create a large amount of secondary jobs within the county. This would result partly because con- sumers would likely travel either to the Detroit metropolitan area, Ann Arbor, or to Lansing to make many large retail purchases, and partly because during additional rounds of spending, retailers and service providers within the county would also make large wholesale purchases SSCAPI482238814 DEIS Volume IV Appendix; 1'4 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 144 m4.mwr' `m8 ' J Italy; •LYE.. ',i r 1, . . .. , • I, a . MM• n ,;:i5,),-•Z* qEA r.o.n M .....2 Wm NY1.e. %3 .l7: w,.v D ..o - - x-x ww y ` 1- 4 ��a V 1 �m N++r Mw1yyI1 N.Q !1 yI M ' M V, ONE YON 000 ' r� ••N .. , m•..5 T.n.n♦ Mt.O.+ 2 V W ^ »'^N **M= ' ' 8 ti V7 V N y4 Sit w+ a.rr. i's!'"”... .. ti17•. -. ,. A JN m • .�.mr� .aM m. F• eV '�wF 1 � ''. we: ^ V{ V;2"..1R.IO! AIN p N g M ^ u .! y� t it:'-' • .m .W, r ., w G .. , rri • ... T'.X m.rnr ...r., i •`. t''','t�' . rte► lw..—.... i ) �: 1$ W m .XQp� ... ..i a.m ' n ui.o L qq }�MrM. ,.MMM IYI i 'N.WC • Y N ��11 r � i v .-. w yr _ x ..'7.1 �"'y^u C $ww 71w;t it 6'y4gS . � .� i� , .'.:'awl ,ww S ' .. •—...'t• r $ 5g „ 1+1f • 1 4L _ M (((,�S1 x �_p yY�j. �1 .�YNW alaiYY1�'., I.v�. V +• M N�b. SSCAP1422238S1S - 0EIS: Volume 'IV Appasc4x.44.' • ,. • • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 145 from distributors in the Detroit area. Therefore, much of the SSC- related consumer spending is not anticipated •to,remain, in. ,the,county: It is possicle, =however, that local businesses.wou1d.adapt to the increased level of consumer demand within'Jackson County.in order to ,. retain a larrger portion of the SSC-related, spending. It this adaptation. takes place, the number of secondary jobs created within the county would likely be greater than those Indicated in Table 14,.3,4-4. B. Demogra0hics and Housing Demographic growth resulting from project-related in-migration is examined for 1992. the peak year of SSC construction, end for 2000 when the installation would be in full operation. These estimated increases are discussed at the level of the Michigan ROI and for, Ingham, .Jackson. Livingston, and Washtenaw Counties. Demographic impacts are examined in terms of both the absolute and relative amounts by which project related population is expected to exceed baseline projections. The. greatest single-year population increase is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the base- line over the same year. In parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-round housing as a result of in-migration is summarized for both 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand is calculated in terms of the additional units required to house in-migrants in the ROl and the four counties ,. named above. Additional housing requirements generated by the greatest single-year population increase are also, discussed. SSC-related impacts on population and housing demand in. the ROI. .would be comparatively slight, due both to the large population and housing • inventory already in place (primarily in metropolitan Detroit) and the fact that without SSC the projections indicate a future regional decline in population and housing demand. The greatest absolute:changes- in. demographics and housing demand are anticipated in,Ingham County, while larger relative changes are projected for Jackson and Washtenaw Counties; impacts on the former could be absorbed easily,,,but the increased demand for housing in Jackson and Washtenaw Counties would likely require a special effort to respond adequately;; Smaller-changes .in;Livingston - County should be accommodated with minimal difficulty., SSCAP14132238817 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 ammalepa Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 146 I. Realgnal Ovgryisx •The population impact on the �Michigan ROI • would approach•5„700 persons at the peak of SSC construction •in,1992,. roughly-0.42'O)f the baseline year population (Table the • onimpact`of.nearly 5,300 persons anticipated - again approximately' 0.1% of the basei1ne; ' These long-term. • changes in population would generate lasting impacts on housing demand, serviceimpactsswould he and 1pic tofinance.counteractiahin the projected demographic ion as decline population the next two decades; the same is true for.,Ingham and Jackson counties, projected to experience the greatest absolute and relative population impacts, respectively (Figure I4.1.3.4.5). The, largest single-year population impact in the ROI is anticipated between 1990 and 1991, when roughly 2,800 SSC. Although pthis nimpact s drepresents be added tless o ethan�0n1% of thet1991dbue to ase- line, it effectively reverses the trend in,declining population by addtheibaseline in is Isypredictedle rto lose. Only slightemodificationsle to the �inOthe than age • composition of the ROI are expected for 1992 and 2000 - less than 0.1% change for each of the age groups of primary interest (14, 5-19, and ≥65). - A changing demand for year-round housing would accompany changes in • ' regional population. The projected 1992 population impact would generate a demand for more than 1,800 year-round units in 1992, declin- ing to 1,250 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-5) The ROI ex- perienced relatively low vacancy rates in 1980 (U.S, Bureau of the Census 1982), a characteristic that has Continued..throughout much of. . . the region in more recent years (Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1987d), However," the.ROI4is"projected to lose populationcover the next two decades, potentially' creating additional averago an annual ' e of 10,000 newhis housingdunits, alonbetweenwith, c1980rand1on1987f(as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the ,Census 1983, 1985, 1987), suggests that the housing' impacts .in,1992 and 2000 could be absorbed with little difficulty at theregional level. Between 1990 and 1991 about 765 year-round units would be required to accommodate the increase in population. Many of the individuals constituting this, single-year impact, however, would be construction workers who could be housed in the region's abundant temporary lodgings. The expected in- crease in vacancies due to the decline in baseline population, along with new housing construction, could satisfy the demands of new permanent residents. 2• Ingham County Of the 12 counties found in comprising the Michigan ROI, Ingham County is expected to experience the greatest relative increases in population tas a result of the SSC. A population impact of about 3,100 persons o approximately 21.1% of the ,450 per is sonse(0.9%cted fof thor e basam eline) by t in he yearc2000 SSCAPI482238818 ' DEIS Volume IV AApendix'14' • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 147 ryy SA , .R .b 2 Z.J2;:l_ ae m PJ o m r It��rysr,e4..O.r^6PA0 V V'w�N r it 77 -Vi ;11Z w. co �n • .YO .aUN .$e 'Z bP Rant; .. M +.. ..' w, w w -1 mli W of •4 x:sr a a.+o.w..MYeoP ig N'P.!x VI r g .y Y~IONI.w - P' +N �. Yw sea •t• v+ 9g�NN.Om co.... ,NWA:v • s N, of .i«w w .} ..e. w...n r ,... tr cs M O win .. w wn .A... . ... I laid v C. . Cn — s x er w+ w N+ d 2 �. re-. n se A ...x 7 V "Im7, t'i'9.'Pe...o.r.3PPSP m M1 .dS . t W.Mna�.uOP.yO I..OoR.O, w NNN b✓..n r.� a N 0% W .. riCaL to o....co V.O .O ti A I0 r in OO"PwTP°9°, r :52 vNiaYr.a�' + e s �nqm N II ^ •-•• ✓ WN,....I CV IN e N N n C T q g • u P 23383.3 53 M .3 -. ig gt NM cc aaa is tiWSJtSNal -ex 0 oO` M Ck me • SSCAP1462236619 DEIS Volume -IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 148 / J • a/ . . e4 0 a= / ►+++++ foft4 t. CD cv is v /t ��+�+�+�+�+� u1,7 u O4 >4 /ilr Y �.•.�..S�.off.•~♦++. CZ1— U .•.•.• _ r.'.h' + 4 '`+ ern. . O O / 4 '''C44.:ar:7 a o �� V/ o a </ ,a a i w f V O ; N Co O O O O c d0 lit- .a%li 0 ® `+'+ �ti�.4. +4 .: .:. . SSCAP1482238t20 DEIS Votume:.1V Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 149 (Table 14.1.3.4-6). The greatest singles year of population growth is anticipated between 1990 and 1991. when an additional 1,300 persons would reside in Ingham-County-as a'Consequence 0t theChighiin-migration scenario. Although this single-year impaCt.represents only 0.5% of the 1991 baseline, it would effectively counteract the projected decline in baseline population - adding about the same number of persons the county baseline is projected to lose during that year. As a result of these population impacts increased housing demand for approximately 850 year-round units is projected in 1992, decreasing to roughly 580 units by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-6). Ingham County housing has been characterized by relatively low vacancy rates through- out the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987d), and by a moderately productive construction industry which produced more than 900 housing units annually between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985, 1987). Despite the low vacancy rates, the combined effects of declining county population and moderate rates of new construction would likely enable Ingham County to absorb the projected housing impacts. Similarly, the maximum single-year . increase in housing demand for nearly 440 additional units between 1990 and 1991 could be met. 3. Jackson County Jackson County is projected to experience the greatest relative changes in population as a result of the SSC. A population impact of more than 1,700 persons (1.1% of the baseline) is projected for 1992, decreasing to less than 1,400 (0.9% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-7). The greatest single-year demographic impact is anticipated between 1990 and 1991, when an additional 725 persons would reside in Jackson County. Although representing only 0.5% of the 1991 baseline, this impact would reverse the projected decline in baseline population - adding about four times (410.4%) the number of persons projected to be lost. The increase in Jackson County population would generate a demand for almost 475 additional housing units in 1992 and about 325 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-7). Vacancy rates were low in Jackson County throughout the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982: Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987c) and an annual average of only about 200 housing units was constructed between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987). Despite the declining population projected for Jackson County over the next two decades - potentially making additional housing units available - the housing impacts generated by SSC-related population increases would require a focused effort to provide adequate accommoda- tions. The greatest single-year increase in housing demand is projected to be almost 200 units, between 1990 and 1991. This single-year impact would also require an extra effort to provide sufficient housing - the possibility of housing a large proportion of the 1990-91 in-migrants, anticipated to be construction workers, in temporary lodgings reduces the impact somewhat. SSCAP14B2238822 DEIS Volume IV Appendlx''14` Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan ISO, Table.14..1.3.4-6, SSG-RELATED, CHANGES IN. POPULATION AND•MOUSItatIEMANO , ; 1NGNALCOUNTY. N!CMI6AN',. Peek Yee.of Conetruotion First Year of 1ull:Operrtsnk 1992 • •2.0a' Population :,.. Baseline .284.,900 y» 500, Impact 3,077 LM(16/x3O . .. Impact as % - X of Baseline _ Housing Demand Total Nnu.alrolda 1A27 706 . Pami live fl93 .IA Individuals •3a4 - _.'PJO Housing Requirement SSCAP1482238823 OEIS Volume IV AppendkK"14` • ,, Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 151 Table 14.1.3,4-7 SSC-RELATED CHANGES.I N POPULATION Alm\MOUSING_•DEMAND r• '. ,• ,• JACCSOM-COUNTYyMICHIGAM•'.` ' ` Peak Vest of Construction ,.,.Dist VIII of Pull Opetstlon , ..._ 1992 2000 Baseline .15/,100 152 000 Intact' - 117Y7 ',. : 136 , Impact es % . of Baseline Rousing Demand Total Households -576 'ox Ferrilie. 369 267, Individuals . , - . ' .` 167 i•129"• Hou.ing Rsguire�nt 'e7J .. ' 32S , I•r ' • SSCAP1482233824 DEIS Volume IV;,Appendtx,14,_ • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 152 4. .Livingston County The population impact on,-Livingston :County would beiapproximat,Ty 95 persons in 1992 (0.1% of thetheAbaseltne),/detreattog4to about 75 persons (0.1X of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-8). The most rapid demographic growth experienced over a single year is projected between 1990 and 1992, with the addition of about 40 persons to the Livingston County population. Comprising less than °a% of the 1991 baseline, this single-year Increase-represents growth 2.3% beyond that . projected for the baseline over the same year. The anticipated growth in Livingston County population would generate increases in housing demand for approximately 25 additional year-round units 1n 1992 and20 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-8) Vacancy rates in this county have been low throughout the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, 1987b), and an annual average of only 450 housing units was constructed between 1980.. and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983. 1985, 1987). Housing construction has been'increa- sing steadily over the past few year, however, with more than 1,000 permits issued in 1986 (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1987). The increasingly productive county housing .industry -should-enable tha..,. _ accommodation of housing impacts in both 1992 and 2000. A similar con- clusion holds for the greatest single-year increase in housing demand, when about ten additional units would be required in Livingston County between 1990 and 199E 5. Washtenaw County A population impact on Washtenaw County of nearly 1.800 persons (0.6% of the baseline) is projected for 1992. decreasing to approximately 1,400 persons (0.4% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1,3.4-9). The greatest single year of demographic growth is expected between 1990 and 1991, when county population is projected to increase by more than 300 persons. Although this single-year increase represents only 0.1% of the 1991 baseline, it comprises growth 15.5% beyond that projected for the baseline over the same year. The increase in Washtenaw County population would generate a demand for almost 500 additional year-round housing units in 1992, the demand falling to about 330 units by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.4-9). The Washtenaw County housing stock has been characterized by relatively low vacancy rates throughout the present decade (U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1982; Federal home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, 1987a). Moreover, a particu- larly large portion of the total inventory in this countyis rental . housing (46.8%; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982) which, coupled with the low owner vacancy rate, makes even fewer units available to those who wish to purchase a home. An average of more than 750 housing units was constructed per year between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985, 1987). Ali factors considered, it is likely that a concerted effort by the county construction industry, possibly supported by contractors in SSCAP1482238825 DEIS Volume IV'Append'1X'14 '"- ' Socioeconomic Assessments • • -Michigan 153 • Table, 14.1.3.4 8.`. SSC-RELATED CMANAES 1M=POVVLATIOIt ANOYMOUSI 'OEI{iUt' L1VZNGST0N COMM. XXMIGAW ,Peak Yam e1 [ota$notlonn. Flnt Year of Pull Operation-. 1992 • 2000 Population D■eeltn. 126,006 152,300 Impact 93 . 74 Iupaotn X of Baseline Housing Demand Total Household. Famt l tea Z1.... 1+.. '.. Individual, 13 7 Housing Requirement - 26 >♦. �. • • SSCAP14R22;8R?6 r . DEIS Volume• IV"Appe dl*i14Cti . WMOMMMIF Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 154 TaM.'144'.S.4-9' SSCwRELATED CHANGES' IN P0PUCA1'I0N' AND)HOUSING DEMAND' BASKIE1AW COUNTY-; -MICHIGAN- -Peak tear otConet14otton' "'Flnt tsar of full Operation i9R 2000 Population 6an11ns 301,800 317.000 Impact 1,776 b sot as % 1,106 0.6% of Baseline D.1X Housing Demand , 276 Total Households - Fa»filea sue.. individuals 400 - - - Housing Requirement193 486 ]34 SSCAP1452238827 DEIS Volume IV 'Appendix'•14''•-- mar, Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 155 surrounding counties which ars.losing.population, would be needed to meet the SSC-related housing impacts in 1992 and 2000. A similar con- clusion holds for ,the single.year.+,projected.toexperiesce'tie greatest growth in housing demand, 1990 .to':'1991,mbe%.more than 200 additional units would be required. C. Public Services Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel and facilities associated with SSC development.. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes in service demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time equivalent (FTC) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services was measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment, maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographic distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also was examined to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. Regional Oysrvje Additional employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health care, public education,. and;,other' government services combined for the Michigan ROI would be greatest in 1992, the peak year of construction (see Table 14.1.3.4-10). Comparison of :)roject-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service} with future baseline employment reveals a negligible impact of the project on..annual-local public service work loads for all year. During the peak of construction in 1992 an additional 210 FTE public service employees, representing a 0.1% increase in work load above the future baseline, would be required to meet SSC- induced demand. During the operational phase of the project, in 2000 only 167 additional FIE public service employees would be needed to meet demand. 2. Ingham Cooly Most of the Michigan SSC 1s proposed to lie in rural areas of Ingham County: the campus and injector would be located approximately three miles southwest of the village of Stockbridge and the far cluster would be sited along U.S. Highway 127, five miles south of Mason. Stockbridge, the community with established services and facilities closest to the SSC campus and injector, would likely be highly attractive for settlement by in-migrants and experience the most intensive impacts in the ROI. Like the ROI, additional employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service in Ingham County would peak during the peak year of construction in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.4-11). SSCA?1482238828 DEIS Volume IV'Appendir 14 •''' Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 156 • Teblazl4.l:.d.4-IQ . SSC-RELATED.CHANGES`IN PUBLIC'SERVICE.'DEMAND NICNIGAN:t z; ' � • Peak Year of Construction Firet Tear of Full.°perdition. . . . Inpects on Public Employment' General rduoatlon 115 .gl' Public Enroltmmtw2 1.374 1,202 Teacher. Police Protection Fire Protection Health and Wlftre Total Public Employin■nt 210 . ' ;107 • Total Goverment tamjoynunt - .. .. without Project 147,955 147.370 Total Goverment Employment .-- - --with Project 146,165 147,537 Impact of Project se Paroants9e of Baseline Employment♦♦ 0,1% 0.1X.. . . . 1. All values except "Public Enrollments" represent full-tine equivalent (FTC) seployese Per 1000 population required to maintain current levels of servios in each category eased on population . impact. generated by the project: 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment?personragrs,through.I?.'froe deeeQraphlc an►lyps-. 3. Total FTF 9ovanmant employees requiredto maintain current levels.of service without the project. :.. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without-project employment. .. • SSCAP1462238829 . DEIS Volume IV'AApendix d4 :`: ` • Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 157 Table„34,3.3.4-31, . . SSC-REUTED CHANGES Ill PUBLIC.SERVICE DEMAND INGHAM' COUNTY, MICHIGAN-,. . , ' . , • Peak Tear of Construction first Year of Full Operation Incepts on Public Employment) General Education 71 - 57 Public Enrollmente2 633 Teacher,. Police Protection 7- E Fin Protection 4 a Health and Welfare 22 16 ' Total Public Employment 136 110 Total Government Employment - - without Project.' . 12,727 12 227 Total Government Deployment - with Project 12.005 `12.337 Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Emwlorment4 1.1% p.9% 1. All values except "Public Enrollments' represent full-thee-equivalent (FTE) i plOyeee per 1000 population required to maintain current levels Of service in each category based on population impacts generated by the project. 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment, persons age 5 through 17, free demographic analysis. 3. Total FIE government employees required-to samisen current-levels o eervioe without the project. -4. Impact of project es percentage of without-project employment, . SSCAP1482238830 DEIS Volume IV Appendixrl4.• Socioeconomic Assessments • Michigan 158 Project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) Compared with future baseline-,employment shows only a slight impact onannuat-focai .pubT1c service 'work loads for all years. Public servictimpacts'would require an additional 138 FTE employees in 1992 (representing a 1.1% increase in work load above baseline), while impacts during the operational phase would be 110 workers (a 0.9% increase) in 2000. - . - Although impacts to public services countywide ray be insubstantial, the geographical distribution of such services and-facilities to the proposed SSC site may be insufficient to meet demand. Additi.on,.of service employees and expansion of currently existing facilities to meet project-induced demand would maintain current local public service standards in the more urbanized and populated areas of the county (metro- politan Lansing) where such infrastructure is well established. Such action, however, would not effectively serve demand at the proposed SSC site where services are not as well established or not designed to ac commodate the projected large number of in-migrants. Although the SSC would likely support its,own internal security (police) and emergency (fire and health) forces. such services tend to rely on and be complemented by local public services and facilities off site as shown by other national laboratories. Public services supplied by • the county at Stockbridge would need to serve both the demands of the . SSC campus and those of in-migrants residing in the village. To ef- fectively serve both these demand sources, most public services and facilities (police, fire, health care, public schools) at Stockbridge would need to be greatly expanded. Air evacuation services, already existing between Stockbridge and Ann Arbor, could be expanded .to link the site with medical facilities in the Lansing and Detroit areas as well . In addition to the concentration of public services ,and facilities within Stockbridge caused by the proximity of the project, establish- ment and operation of the SSC would likely induce further growth sur- rounding Stockbridge, which would also need to be served. New facilities such as police and fire substations and public schools consequently would need to be established. Expansion of basic emergency services near Mason to serve the far cluster may also be necessary. 3. Jackson County Project-related impacts to local public services in Jackson County are similar to those for Ingham County (Table 14.1.3.4-12). Impacts to service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) would amount to 47 FTE employees (a 1.1% increase above baseline work load) in the 1992 peak year of construction and 37 FTE employees (a 0.9% increase) in the operation phase in 2000. SSCAP1482238831 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 159 Table 14.1.3.2-12 SSC-RELATED, CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEKAND . JACKSON COUNTY; MICHIGAN • Peak.Year of Construction. Tint Year of Pull Operation.. 1992 _ 2000 !pacts on Public, Cmploymntl - General Education 31 _ 24 _ Public Enrolleents2 355 ' 326 ' Teachers Pol ice Protect Ion - '3 3 Fire Protection •.2 . ' -� 1 ... Itith and Vslfan 4 3 " Total Public Employment Total Government Employment without Pro3sot3 4,180 - - 4;101 Total Government Employment - with Project 4.207 4.138 Impact of Project as Percantegs - of Neel me Employment" - 0.9>< 1. All values except "Public Enrollments` ropreeent full-tlmmm equivalent (FTC) *ploys*. per 1000 population required to m.lntaln current levels of .srvi0e in each category band on populetisn impacts generated by the project. 2. Represent. eligible public-school•enrollment, persons-ego-5-through 12. from demographlo analysts 3, Total FTE government employee• required to maintain current-levels of,eaWlw without the pro3eot. 4. Impact of project ae percentage Of witiout.projeet employment. . SSCAP14C2238832 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic. Assessments • Michigan 160 Unlike impacts in Ingham County which would be both spread countywide and localized to a single con anity,.,iapacts'totpubltc`services in Jackson County would likely be''spread through commmdties evenly as a response to the in-migration of workers. Such impacts, not concentrated in one place, could be absorbed by local community services. Only near the Ingham County border near Stockbridge would new services andfacili- ties need to be established to serve the portions of the SSC campus and ring that fall in the county and to anticipate growth induced by the project. D. Public Finagc^ The principal public finance effects of the SSC are expected: to occur at two levels of government: the State of Michigan, and jurisdictions within two primary impact counties, Ingham and Jackson. This analysis . identified those revenue sources and types of expenditure which would be either directly or indirectly affected. Direct impacts include con- • sequences of SSC spending (On taxable activities) by the federal . govern- ment or its contractors, direct government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases (such as property • tax losses from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects. • attributable to growth in earnings and population. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were • estimated by projecting the change in the affected revenue base (such as motor fuel purchases) and a)plying the appropriate tax rate Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development in-that state. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated. on a "net change basis. State and local governments-generally attempt to. balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth. -As a consequence, the critical indirect fiscal effects are those which result in either revenue or expenditure higher than created by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenue: these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared to baseline earnings. o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditure. Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the impact of SSC construction and operation on state and local government finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. The results of this analysis are presented for each year from 1989 -through 2000. Since the year 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full operation. the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual impact for future years throughout the operational life of the project. SSCAP1432168833 • OEIS Volume IV, Appendfx .34 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 161 1. State of Mtchjaan• Net revenue for the State of Michigan is expected'to peak in 1992 at $12.4 million (Table 14.1.3.4-13) Annual net revenue gains during full operation would be $4.6 million beginning inthe,year 2000. Ap- proximately 86.3% of this impact is derived from $adirect tax revenue. The remainder is derived from direct tax revenue: SSC construction contractors would contribute 51.3 million,in=sales and use taxes and $400,000 in motor fuels taxes and public utility taxes in 1992. During operation of the SSC nearly all of the stats 'tax gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This would come from taxes on purchases made by SSC workers and their families, income and property taxes paid by those workers, and various other-state sources of re- venue. The cost for site and infrastructure improvements in Illinois, which would be the responsibility of the state, were estimated at 533.1 million. Additional costs would also be incurred to purchase private property for transfer to federal ownership. 2. jngham County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Ingham County would be negative during the first two years of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1:3.3-14). Capital infrastructure improvements required' to accommodate SSC-related growth- would cost as much as 53.6 million in 1990, when nearly 1,200 addi- tional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $1.5 million (and rise to $1.2 million during operation in.2000). Of that amount the county would collect $400,000 (28.6%), the City of Lansing would collect $100,000 (7.1%), and the Village of Stockbridge would collect. 5300,000 (21.4%). The remaining 5600,000 (42.9%) would be collected by other • governments (combined) with jurisdictions within the county. Direct tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $1.5 mlllion,, all attributable to personal property taxes applied to SSC contractors. The value'of real property to be transferred from private to iederal ownership is not available from the State of Michigan. 3. Jackson County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Jackson County would be negative during the first three years of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.4-15). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as 51.8 million in 1991, when nearly 660 SSCAP1482168834 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 162 • Y in in O • Y Y , r x .. •,r r., r.�,.. M a '•(Lr wM w Y Y w N w .:SAY r•Y _L..Y �t• A_ • el V • M w ^ e w rr. }F r P w w • a v W R I• w r w w q y Wta • H YN P S O ..�.. r M N w O O r N }..K S O r r Y •. M E. rr ._1."4"/-t 0 SSCAP14a1166635 Otis Volume IV A PPend1X J4 ,Soctoeconomlc Assessments Michigan 163 saran* •r -?/fir 1. M. ..zialAeel Foeer • .. ggeed uwwew w .. I . - On s< wn..:. r. w '. gwoJ ,4444 e S tg wwof o 0 Nw �rwl rwrw.r w ' w' (W�Vl N WW :7 �orJ L..wao.e e' SS 5 • aY N sJ03. M F, awww- O' 4 m• is.VIL0.01K ww+..r w r .• t N�rrY ▪ w w rrrw r �► c9 o r .W.,��V fir.."teE7 ne roe �., . . .. -14 23 $' _w..l .-ac • W Y ✓yuP. � a are," v TX .. . V1 row�r " , Rwwi &0000 s d ..?; 3 r�5 a % Y' ;&_. YMy' o � y SSCAP1482168S36 , DEIS Volume- r/-AppendtuT4 Socloeconoeilc Assessments Z Michigan 164 • 9' Gard x•/.. r. a. saw OMUM. • /.: le u'l J grad N/•w a. tt. 2 6Pa.[ N•M.M r .I.,. . }Pwd M ate as ... . • g, if. VI W V y arrd a+as.. a • • �U _ .-. • C . V7 �T! 0.3.0a Maeda. A.. J. r1 l' i'.R' asaat rata I mom N .. v �N •sr� • / •ase nMNe. r... /.. 7; .J.. ► h. {µK Y t MM O wa ...... 1Co a•s* rOaw a a ' N, ¢� •OOR Mara n a -- O Qaad gaOa ° a • W a. ► Y E 1 w y' �pa a ., • it ?3uY A • a }} 5 ‘ .� 6 t 3 rxt K.Juy 4 0 ..; H ..� SSCAP14621G8S37 F, GEIs Volume,Iv. Appendix'1'4 Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 165 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected c'to_move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). , Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at,52.4 million.. Of that amount, the county would collect $300,000 (12.5%) and the City of Jackson would collect $200,000 (8.3%). All other governments.with jurisdiction in the county (combined) would receive a net increase of $1.8 million (75.0%) from that source. The value of real property to be transferred from private to,federal,, ownership is not available from the State of Michigan. The project would be exempt from county sales and use taxes andconstruction equip- ment would not likely be taxed by the county. E. Qualjty of11fe/Social' Well Being Michigan's proposed SSC site occupies a rural environment midway between the Ann Arbor and Lansing urban areas; Jackson is the closest large city. The SSC campus would, nearly ,abut the village of Stock- bridge, and boomtown effects may occur there during the early years of the project. In that regard, issues revealed by. the EIS scoping process included concerns about education impacts,and,problems with roads and traffic, usual symptoms of boomtown phenomena. Concern with increased demands for water and electricity also have been. expressed. Economic conditions have been depressed in. recent years in this area, however, particularly In Jackson County, and SSC-related jobs and income would be welcome. Anticipated labor effects thus surfaced as another important issue during seeping, as well is effects on the. area's.tax base. A total of 221 relocations are expected if the Michigan SSC site is developed, including 216 residences and five businesses (Appendix 13). Most of these relocations would be in the near cluster quadrant, an area of rural dwellings that probably house both farm workers and exurbanites. According to extensive survey results obtained by the Institute for Social Research at the University,of Michigan, overall attitudes toward the SSC are favorable, both in the site,area;and in the stateas a whole (Stoffle, et al, 1988). These surveys cite a number of perceived benefits of the SSC to area residents, including jobs, tax revenues, enhanced status, and a generally more educated and wealthy population. Adverse effects of the project perceived by these survey respondents include the selective disruption afforded households that are required to relocate, loss of farmland, traffic and other population pressures. (Additional findings from this survey effort are incorporated in the specific group discussions below.) SSCAP]482168841 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14" ; "" Socioeconomic Assessments Michigan 166 I. Urban/Suburban Residents - Beneficial effects from SSC-related sales, sobs;' and income mostly' would accrue to this group of residents._„ In some respects, the project` would represent an extension to the' h1gh-teth Industry concentration developing near Ann Arbor. All three urban areas probably would receive some of these beneficial effects: impacts due,to, population,pressures also would be spread among these cities, not unduly impacting social groups in any one of them. 2. Rural. NQP•Farm Resident4 Most of the regional population likely to experience direct contact with SSC population would fall into this group. These include residents of Stockbridge and other nearby villages such as, Chelsea and Leslie: Many in this group also occupy rural dwellings outside the villages. choosing rural life styles either due to preference or economy or both. including a number of homes near the southern end of,the proposed campus. More densely spaced 'than 'elsewhere in the area, many of the relocations would involve this latter'set of'homes. The area's rural character most likely would be altered somewhat by SSCrelated population and visitor potential. Traffic problems, especially in Chelsea, would intensify. Stockbridge businesses and services probably would have difficulty meeting the increased demands.,, and personalized treatment of individuals would diminsh. Eventually, new and expanded businesses and services would develop, improving. the quantity but not necessarily the quality of service provided. Associated profit and employment opportunities would represent''beneficial'effects of these changes to local residents, in addition to job and income potential from the SSC itself. ' 3. Farm Ooerators More than 15,000 of the acres included in Michigan's land offering for. the SSC currently are privately held (Appendix 13),•mostly used for,, agriculture. Fair compensation for the removal of this land from production is an important issue there. Development;.potential of some of these properties also should be considered. Area farmers expressed a number of other concerns about the SSC in recent survey results (Stoffle, et al, 1988), including o Worries about how the SSC and its related population would .., affect their water supplies (Appendix 7). both in terms of,,. quantity and quality. o Other potential threats to crop production, including soil , contamination (Appendix 10), soil compaction and crop damage during survey and construction activities, and drainage problems. SSCAP14B2168842 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments - Michigan 167 o Concerns about livestock health, es i ]] •the,eff L S pee a y sets o _S C... . related noise (Appendix 9). o Apprehensions.,about the potential nuisance;that the-SSC might cause, such_.as the need'.to plowLaround°SSCaccess shafts-.if they . . are placed in the middle of. a field,,;,traffic.;and,dust,generated:•... during construction, ,and the general uneasiness ,that.mataccom- pany the relinquishing of.rights to•privacy on,and,,arounCtheir - land. A special subgroup of area farmers identified in the .survey ,(Stotfle. et al, 1988) are renters. Some of these farm,families may arose access to many acres, and without the. compensation..that-landownerswouidbe afforded. Not only could tt be, difficult to find similarly-sized tracts of land available for lease in the area, but such. properties could be quite distant from their other leased, holdings-that are not part of the SSC offering, and kinships could be:broken in the process= of these selective land shuffles. : Special mitigation measures.,may need - to be devised for this subgroup (Stoffle, et al, 1988). 4. C Constr ction-Related Newcom rs Although newcomers would not find an abundance of-temporary. accommoda-; tions in Stockbridge or neighboring villages, they.easily would find housing in the urban areas of Lansing, Jackson. and Ann'Arbor. . Housing opportunities in Jackson could be,particularly_enticing'_for:-these new- comers, providing shorter commutes tO SSC-construction sites than•either of the other cities. Adjustment problems for this group should be minimal . 5. SS( Operation-ReJate4, Newcomers Operation workers and their families would have a. wide range•of life . style choices in the region, from cosmopolitan Ann Arbor to quaint Stockbridge. Employment:opportunities for SSC dependents:would.include • state government work in Lansing, university jobs in both- Lansing-and Ann Arbor, industrial opportunities in Jackson, and -farm laborr.through-- out the area. Weather extremes in,the region nay,require 'some.ad3ust- ment by newcomers. SSCAP1482168843 DEIS Volume IV Appendlx.I4• Socioeconomic Assessments. • North Carolina. 168 14.1.3.5 North`Carotina r r . The economy of the North Carolina,.region of influence ,(ROI) has grown during the past 'two decades°at-a sllgght'y faster"pace'than :that'of the national economy. Between-1969•and"1984 employment ,and per capita income grew faster than the corresponding national rates, and earnings per worker increased in the'ROI'whfle there was a 'slight decrease at the national level (although national per 'Capita-Income and earnings • per worker are both still greater than the levels in the North Carolina ROI). The rate of unemployment in the R0I has also been significantly less than the national rate since at -least 1974 '(unemployment data for the ROI are not available prior to 1974). In 1986 Wake County, which has a heavy influence on the regional ecónono" because'of'the economic activity in the state capital of Raleigh, recorded an unemployment rate of 3.0%, less than half the national rate of 6.9% that year. Durham County, which has large services -and manufacturing sectors, has, also experienced very low unemployment rates. In Granville tounty,.which is composed primarily of government, manufacturing, and farming In- dustries, unemployment rates were both above and below the national levels during the 1970s, but more recently the average annual rate has been below the national unemployment rate. .person-county, however, which has a dominant manufacturing sector, has typically had a higher rate of unemployment than-the nation. tevel'opment'and operation of the SSC would provide a 'stimulus to the economy of the North Carolina ROI (Table 14.1.3.5-1). Growth related:to SSC siting in Durham, Granville,. and Person counties. however, would represent a more substantial • addition overall to the'existing 'socioeconomic environment in those counties. Except for military activities in northern Durham County, until recent years the areas immediately surrounding the proposed-SSC site had been devoted almost entirely to agriculture, with tobacco the. leading cash crop. Manufacturing still 'dominates the economy in the western por- tions of the ROI, around Greensboro but the Raleigh-Durham area 1s increasingly becoming a service center and seat of"•high tech ' activ- ities for the region. As a conseguence, 'the•agricultural makeup of the. proposed SSC area has recently been giving way to-the residential demands of workers in the RaletgMDurham'corridor. Siting the. SSC in this environment, therefore, probably would speed the pace of develop- ment, but would not represent a major departure from existing develop- ment trends. Local area housing, public service, and public finance impacts thus would be minimized. A. Economic Activitv,_Labor Force. and Incemc Construction and operation of the SSC would provide beneficial increases in employment, income, and sales in the regional economy. Additional jobs would be available to the region's labor force including opportuni • - ties for direct employment at the SSC site and jobs involved with pro- viding goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer SSCAP14D2238845 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 74 . . ..; . . Soctosconowle Asssssaants North Carolina 169 S .. . _ w c."- 1-...41 5I d a S �Ifi. $- ?aisc7 ash LT • .«.,�� .CE :'viii-!; 3r . tibsas.: A3 -.SDf�-a via. p . Q l7 w r 5 ar 1.'3' . - . . .:..:a.:s - :n3.c3 asr EassaAx Ur. bloat* x.. w1 V _ u w R ?Fl '! 3-52 cl 33323E"ua siCit' w f :f "'-Er:R ,.g".ittwifs 17= R37ri, r.w .-.r.1w'Rw y M f. 4 s bi x•31x dii EP" ! alit : II- -sb. .! 5gai.-! ea 3 �xd p �X M I 6 SSCAPI4D213SB46 DOS Yotumt IV Appendix 14 ti Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 170 • demands of direct project workers. Multiplier effects of these first and second-round activities will lead to further increases .in sales, which in turn would provide additional jobs and income. Durham, Granville, and Person counties would receive the greatest benefits of these SSC economic impacts relative to the size of the,existing economies in the local communities, 1. Regiona3 Overviejy • During construction of the SSC about. 3,900 direct workers would be employed in 1992 in the region, including almost 3,100 jobs in Construc- tion and about 800 jobs required for commencement of SSC. operation (Figure 14.1.3.5-1; Table 14.1.3.5-2). Spending of earnings by these direct workers, plus project-related purchases of goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.5-2), would create additional secondary jot;. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier effects;of the regional economy, - would measure about 5,600 jobs during the peak of construction activity. Including direct and secondary impacts-of SSC construction-and related spending, total employment impacts in the region would peak at approximately 9,600 jobs. Compared to approximately 1.0 million future • baseline employment opportunities - available without the SSC - these impacts would be relatively small. This impact represents about 0.9% '" of baseline employment; regional unemployment rates..could-be reduced by - . • up to this amount at the construction peak. Construction, services, and trade businesses are expected-to experience the largest employment increases during the peak construction phase of " the project, together accounting for about 6,800 jobs. Manufacturing, • which plays a relatively important role in this region's economy com- pared to the size of the manufacturing sector at the national level, would gain approximately 1,000 jobs at the peak of construction. SSC is anticipated to be fully operational by the year 2000, providing approximately 3,200 direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add another 3,200 jobs to the total employment impact during operation. Long- term employment gains would thus total 6,400 jobs as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts of'SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.6% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year 2000.' Of all SSC-related employment, secondary jobs account for 59.0% during construction; this share is reduced. to 49.2% during operation, however, as direct jobs become relatively more important (Figure 14.1.3.5-3). During the operation phase secondary job opportunities are concentrated in the services and trade industries, which together account for almost 2,000 jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain about 300 jobs. Secondary impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector peak in the long-term operation phase. Many of the more than 500 jobs created within this sector are attributable to SSC require- ments for large amounts of electricity. SSCAP1482238848 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 24 .. ... ., .`:: ^i\.. •,.. i .,a(.yKi';V14-.... . e .. '_�"_, �..,,, �OC10e0e110e14C .. -. l' 0 d , O C1 ti--5 — ., f• a Q7 C 0.• Q cal . ,. o Y a M N �) 2sZ a: N C ( &a . . o� Mi o O $2 • ie amp 2• .c ---- w ' •✓ in O -"- Co. - • , . -- C .r O • m U ci ...........a 4s1; • 1 ,. B. 1 -, § § 0 . . . : , . • , , itatuxO 0WW3`ass aroma. SSCAP2402238049 otis Volts. IV AppeWMx 14 ' a os..:, .....c. _ .Sodoscana lc Asusswnts • North Carolina 172 ... _..__. . o rs ew9 Npg .. _. _ • NIw.EE F.1-572i2-01-5------4-"--'1";;C,w 7. w w... . w . a B1w. . CR'QO go- Et. -f ssealt:E oEN7.":y. R. ^-....t..«, r..w ..r.'r.-1"1. wr+ rrr.n w 22g2n29m2, 2?£5a2 o g 0 QQ'�p., sw... g - N N N 1 _ A�iMN� N - s gY u E 2aIl2Zo.`9n'—R�JR .2i Nss^'o .E. E ! Zr :4;1: 8 u_ 2S z.. on .4 "t•- . s-a§ 'ZEES! a a 7rb eei; 2 -a r Mg 2 Ry eiltEs&E X1i3y'INV S a r.r ;,', •.;. 2:-- .0 N ..... .r .."t4 E&J rt 3. rS � .g M�q et ;« w G:iiu wLiS( ' a E Ce Pg� naERA RXM, M spa M..N; ,' ,1 wirier w. .�N^ w` 23 Aa a ....:A ii I «.. . w - w h af z� smEas�ag ss �!^a t ¢ g [� i�{r Mr.. r.7j�'...� w �� r.,. w,[.j��.�w �Sul! p r r• ww .{N 3M � jg g. ga E. g �� M 00 + � i . sisv li211 a Fa . Asa 'P a s w • 55CAPf4B2230850 DEf5 VOlusie IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments North Caroline 173 1 cn a N C rn 449r.—.. 0 L _ - . N p• � w �S I . 10 0 0 . u g ° o . N $ v •0 01 w u4 01 H %♦ M 6. 0 0 a " g Z_V I- LO O .✓ .. w ma, Is gEs v L ••• f N 0 Q (1) laJ re U N , , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 I _. S 28 •8 �QJ tarIN M M wollod 6861 po euo!!!!W SSCAP1482238851 DE15 Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 174 25 . . VI r7 n V rn% t6 a a .O Wr II Veegreeiree r% w° mi wr J Cot M Q .4 i„..., r. _ ., IP w 14 ct, 1V 1.Its • r .4 xa ax iIhs 0 m r 1790/4 j I 5SCAPJ402230052 DEIS Volume IV Appwdl% 14.'. Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 175 During the construction phase .direct-workers would-receive.peak annual earnings in 1991 of almost $160 million (all figures in 1988 dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary earnings would be in excess of $100 million. Altogether, including both direct and secondary workers, earnings impacts would be almost $270 million during 1991 (Figure 14.1.3.5-4). When the SSC reaches full operation regional earnings would be directly increased by more than $100 million annually. Addi- tional earnings of nearly $60 million by secondary workers during the operation phase would increase total earnings in the region by more : than $160 million a year. Almost $240 million of spending directly attributable to the SSC would' occur at the peak of construction, 46.9% of which would result from consumer spending by direct workers. Secondary increases in spending would result in total regional sales. impacts of nearly $420 million during the peak year of the construction phase. During full operation, anticipated to begin in the year 2000, the SSC would be responsible for , about $70 million of annual sales due to procurement of regional goods and services. Consumer spending by direct project workers would be another $70 million. for a total direct impact on regional sales of more than $140 million annually. When combined with secondary sales volume, total SSC-related sales would reach approximately $250 million each year. The degree to which the regional labor force can adjust to the needs of the SSC would determine in large part the degree to which in-migration results from these new job opportunities. Accounting for the size, unemployment rate and education level of the regional labor force, it is estimated that approximately 5,000 workers would migrate to the region because of a comparatively small regional labor force with a low unemployment rate. Beginning in the year 2000,. during full operation about 3,600 in-mi- grant direct and indirect employees are projected. 2. Durham County At the peak of construction almost 2,000 direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers residing in Durham County (either baseline resi- dents or in-migrants). In addition, more than 500 secondary jobs would be created, thus total SSC-related employment impact to Durham County would peak at about 2,500 Jobs, which is approximately 26.6% of the total SSC job impact within the region. During .the. operation.,phase..,the long-term total impact would be almost 2,000 jobs for county residents (Table 14.1.3.5-3). More than $90 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC workers residing in Durham County during the peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts peak at over $10 million. Over the long term nearly $60 million annually would be earned for Durham County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. SSCAP1482238654 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 WEMMMUMFMMIMMIIMM Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 176 eta . A i Q h .� :b. +. r i 4e q {Y7 V • o bW J `i r M sr t y r ,� ' "D - x I O$ 0 t ;/I 7• oa _ - O1 i CO 1 / '¢ ' 0o / i �+ w, rn O OCY , ... +' nq • �• 4 ' 0 Q� ••' �,• ' ,.- '' ' • " • t0 u y., , p .-. Q' _ Cil •••'•w,titi: 1 o, -' Oh iS 8 M N N N a sbc+runv3l"s.yr tpul,DOJIp01 `yasjjp SSCA1RZp22]es5% . . ` :DEIS'Volume IV:Appendix 24 ,/.°•Y ,+r^ Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 177 r Nso - ...: N ..n a N N N a a II Y'. N N 4 1:419 h A P O O O r P N rr w lit .in N N II.: . . Nom" «S. SI war • ' • e .� . `f at 4 • _ .. w I— Z N is -J p y it r sx i :T III V x r ter W ere w• N N r.7 g S: - w•..7r 9. 4i�, w rd - � Ia _- �Ii � 1 .. gN N N M ».. .t. r r P _ a IW w .Y o le wr.In •v'w. ..I a'c. Fn' 3. R g' a Zr • 9 r• i Ai.. oNI q fl IV r• y �fI N.wP wIT_ 1 .�Yy Y' rF •...M (11 O I.1 I7 N...M vI YY a a , M. . Y . on r x N . l 1 t' Y " R ' T rrr a eu ti I. m O e r % t L V -. ' N M,r. I1 N A• N w III. . N. (h sr N N MN r. Y Y• w 4 V - r r O ! Vw, 910 15 J�O}I ' 4VQ.' M Ybrwl. %.:a p-. !..E-L K meiNNNU y tI w U w p �a k i V N L H ' 0 a . 3 G . • • Alillgt,0 % W a V Vu u �i WJ SSCAP14a2238t56r . DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 178 Of the 570 million in direct sales created within Durham County. approximately 83.5% can be attributed,toadditional Consumer demand produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction . activity. The remainder of direct sales demand. is attributable to project purchases of over'$10 million. During operation, .sales in the county would be increased directly by more than $40 million a year, about 84.0% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand with the remainder provided by direct project purchases': 3. Granville County More than 350 of almost 3,900 direct SSC jobs (9.4%) probably would be filled by workers residing in Granville County. `These jobs would be filled by either baseline residents or in-migrants. Together with over 100 secondary jobs the total employment impact would peak almost 500 jobs, approximately 5.2% of the total SSC job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be almost 400 jobs for county residents during the operation.phase (Table. 14.1.3.5-4). Direct SSC workers residing in'Granville County would earn about $15 million during peak construction. Secondary earnings impacts peak at: .approximately $2 million. Over the longterm, over $10 million • annually would be earned by Granville County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of over $13 million created within Granville County can attributed to more $10 million worth of consuerdemand that would be produced by directproject workers latathe ' peak of construction activity: The remainder of direct sales demand Is-: ,, attributable to direct project purchases of about'$3 million. Project __. purchases within the county would be relatively low since most goods • and services from within the region are expected to-be supplied' from' ' the Raleigh-Durham metropolitan area. .During operation, sales in the , ' county would be increased directly by'approximately $8 million a.year, 81.0% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and:the rest from direct project purchases. 4. ga.e int . Of direct SSC jobs 3.5% (over 130 of almost 3,900) probably would be filled by workers residing in-Person County, either baseline residents or SSC-related in-migrants. Together with s o edemployment impact would. peak atmore thans230hjobs, which is approximately 2.5% of the total SSC job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be about 170 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.5-5). SSCAP]482238858 DEISVolume IV Appendix:'14' - . . , , . '•r'Sotloeconanl�c.Assassaa►ts . . -North Carolina 179 N Qp� rl N.M� N�M �iM r et -EI ri ^ Yw Y' -!-••-!-•• M 4. . NI Y N N a N N N ' - py O - N M N .N N ego yy o'Y • IW i' .N Y.N: N�.N. C. H06 T M q V O 0 r N N Y . !r Su - aGs * •-• N� M I x r • ..> y N w ..• ww - r r.w ill I-r J • t o g N 53 IVA -+ w Nw y 2 Q4 W Y E. C y, &. .r N • • • -it w i- raw C am. . . W:N I• •�•Y�Nj 1 Mp M •• 8YY9 ' 1, F r r 'Yt M 4 NNN. nM -�. . � � r : y o M Y 2.^ 1 1 C .. E� a = rr Y 313 - Z . Vy6 Q ¢ Z e@ 4 �.t..- ` w T 1? d 9 p � � � r r .c ; 3 ."2"2 .8 . h a 'gigs ; jJ � dr a ,�.on-r S cosh Xi 3 r,{jr., W Q YGw "I SSCAP14B223S859 -DEIS Volum* IV APpsneix 14 - : ` Socloeconputc Assessments North Carolina 280 a ALS Ltta a Aar" LD;A 5 47. Y O la 0X . . r too 7 Z -' : . . 6p ,� r� »Lz »aa t5• x ..s a ; SLS ... LAS i{f.g » N f • y-Co 5 F3 M r 00 w7 „ 1-• is 4.• .J r . IA F. :.i U II Y a "a a S.ri e.u. Xt 3.aa ' - 'A .. « r7 6 wo sat, ..ASS 14 1 I N . AM.T. M AA ..; e ; '.C �_ J u r;;illr1. a gg 6IP.P c i I raSi c6 .41. E! 45 � ea-c,. sJ SSGAP1402230859 :DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 181 Direct SSC workers residing in Person County would earn almost $6 mil- , lion during peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts peak at approximately 52 million. Over the long term, about 55 million an- nually would bo earned by Person County workers directly .or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of over S6 million created within Person County can be attributed to approximately S4 million worth of additional con- sumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to direct project purchases of about 52 million. Project purchases within the county would be relatively low since most goods and services from within the region are expected to be supplied from the Raleigh-Durham and Greensboro metropolitan areas. During operation, sales in the county would be increased directly by the proposed SSC by approximately 54 million a year, 65.8% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and the rest from direct project purchases. B. Demographics and Housing Population growth expected to accompany project-related in-migration is examined for the peak construction year (1992) and for full operation in the year 2000. These estimated increases are discussed at the level of the North Carolina ROI and for Durham, Granville, and Person counties. Demographic impacts are examined in terms of both the absolute and rela- tive amounts by which SSC-related population is expected to exceed base- line projections. The greatest single-year population increase is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the baseline over the same year. In parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-round housing as a result of in-migration is summarized for 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand is calculated in terms of the additional units required to house in-migrants in.the ROI and in each of the throe counties noted above. Additional housing require- ments generated by the greatest single-year population increase are • also discussed. Anticipated SSC-relatec increases in population in the ROI would be comparatively slight, cite to the large population already present in the region. However, the housing impacts associated with population growth may not readily be absorbed, due to low vacancies in the regional housing market and the limited production capabilities of the regional housing industry. The greatest absolute growth in population and housing is anticipated in Durham County, with the largest relative increases occurring in roughly equal amounts in Granville and Person . Counties. In all three counties the anticipated increases in housing demand would likely exceed levels that could be accommodated easily. SSCAP1482258862 DEIS Volume IV Appendix'14' Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 182 1. Regional Overview( The population impact on the ROI would exceed 15,400 in 1992, the peak year for SSC Construction, causing total population to rise approx- imately 0.39: beyond the projected baseline for the same year (Table 14.1.3.5-6). During full operation in the year 2000, the regional population impact would decrease to roughly 13;000, 0.7% of the baseline. This long-term growthwwould generate lasting impacts on housing demand, services, and public finance. Geographically, the greatest absolute demographic changes in the region are anticipated in Durham County. the location of metropolitan Durham, while the greatest relative increases would occur in roughly equivalent amounts in Granville and Person counties (Figure 14.1.3:5-5). The largest single-year population increase is expectedbetween 1990 and 1991, with the addition of approximately '6,.650 persons due to the project. • Although representing only 0.4% of the 1991 baseline 'for the ROI. this 1990-91 increase.in population would exceed the projected baseline growth over the same year by 31.3%. The age structure of the North Carolina ROI population is anticipated to change .only slightly, by less than 0.1% in both 1992 and 2000 for all age groups of primary interest ( 4, 5-19, Z 65).. An increased demand for year-round housing would accompany growth in population,. Almost 4,100 year-round ;housing units 'would(be required in the region in 1992 due to SSC-related population growth (Table 14.1.3.5-6).. By the year 2000 increased housing demand is projected to be approximately 2.850 units. 'Low vacancy rates characterized both owner and renter housing units in 1980 <U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982a, 1982b), continuing at least in portions of the region to the present (Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, 1987). The regional housing industry was moderately active between 1980 and 1987, as indi- cated by the annual average issuance of approximately 17;000 peewits during the period <U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1'985, 1987). In this relatively tight regional housing market it *s likely that the increased population would have a substantial impact on housing demand. Associated with the anticipated 1990.91 growth in regional population, almost 1,800 additional housing units 'would be ,requlred aver a single year. While many of these immigrants would be construction workers who could be housed In temporary lodging. a special effort would Likely be required to accommodate the Increasechhousing Clemently new perma- nent residents. 2. Durham County Of the 20 counties and two independent 'cities in the .North Carolina • ROI, absolute increases in population Aue'to the .SSL are,anticipated to be the greatest in Durham County. The population impact on this county is expected to approach 4,600 persons in 1992 (2.5% of the baseline). declining to approximately 4,450 (2.2% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.5-7). Between 1990 and '1991, when the greatest SSCAP14B2238864 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 183 X N o .tctn Onzw N7j�.IN+MIN1n IH2M O Sm—x u 725117-•. N m yy Ysw pe mm Mr ��ypy n+♦gy�pp�1,pp��pp rWq I� o mNNwONNO�� O T. MC4C II,f 2MMZ I* NINw1MASO MN a .OIOq MI ...—.M VrN♦ - YI -Ml'q w n nNwN m r �p a��pppp 1ryy ap�y I�.�pp yy�� Xq • -t M01VI MM^�NOI�. N.NW N/7011I 0G�wN N a �WaN... r m ms - N rsNmN s w m m A. A n�up�yN1+V��/1p 2 ' ' yyIyy1� mQ M1Mp�•II��^r �qf Iy�1A(�aY�� T t0 PYI WNW MIDW NI�m�III NNf NNI�NM1N^N , IDI OCa+�9-44 TN N mm (yC ss N l0 OW WNIONmu"4 —n nn__•.�NM1NwV N YI om—O. ✓ NN I s am; a 0 r X N • o� s� �� s�n'�a�xx�xx xs�axp x r� �ppNyy �O�bpp yy�ppf� N e «««« ~i �Mr w asms 11 -A Irk W y�p p mm pp��iipp��yy yy pp 1y — c2{., O Vma- wN.rNNVHMr _ — —... N m �n w �wiw ri.`. — t m N anssq�yy�xaas' nMmxa�« « a nano RI Ce 1+1' `^ 4 O�MVOIYIwrn N ,{. — W .,;.m-(rye Iyy� I� �I/wp1!� p qp. W .AmV. . . W- MZ:94Nwrnl/IrtS2E3 $1.2VwMIN2 2 MInVg .. tm. m rn wnw r A m •/Iw1 ` eyy OO�� yy �py MM♦p♦�j p pp��yy I�Q p.yry�. 1py . N - • 0 Ol tlr P Nw N H ti Nm pNw 47.4=IyMy1E�pZM gp�r NM1...IO.+Z�11rf"4 M IpAS 1O NeIM1Y��O-N lI1NUYlZtlI A V1 Imm Nw NIO� O isms.. N l'; r ((((N��rr M Y C 8 Pr. Ka LI• M m 411 i k �q+ a3 0 w > .. . ' a.' d Sw 3d • o • $ ,as t'dr,s O. ! L CO gi Ti ..,, 3x"333"3 448.031 k f.4.-.LO s ! Any g � _. Y_ Pis a- rc SSCAP148223886S DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 184 r A o � � .mi bo in � I ? a � I � 8Foi d 0 C) I•r i�►�� °�` I .e.a td V ♦ r♦, ♦ y H1.1 .. a C � r CIO g . CI V •ea 0 4 4 (r al J . ti 46° W ill QS 0 mi.O CO A td ni O as r+ ...-• • 2O o - w r] in a S5CAP1482238866 0C1S Volvo. IV Append$ot 14 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 285 'Cable 144.3..E-7 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN POPULATION MD MOUSING DEMAND DURHAM COUNTY, NORM CAROL'TNA Obac Ye of 4twetruwtfon First Neer Mull Operation 199E *2000 Populat$on Baseline 0a0t00 404,200 Impact 4,509 4,4550 Impact se % 21% 2,214 of Bass11M • Housing Demand Total Households S.S43 - • 1,202 Feed 1 tea 2s021 CU Individuals 492 390 Housing Requirement 1,241 256 • • • • SSCAP24Za,23Cs69• DEIS Volume ry•Append1% 14 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 186 single-year growth in Durham County due to the SSC is anticipated, an increase of nearly 2,000 persons is projected - representing only 1.1% of the 1991 baseline, but growth 84.3% greater than growth projected for the baseline over the same period. As a consequence of the additional population expected in Durham County increased demands for year-round housing are anticipated: nearly 1,250 additional units would be required in 1992, declining to roughly 1,000 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.5-7). Vacancies in Durham County were low in 1980, a trend which has continued in recent years (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982a; Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, 1987). Although an average of approximately 2,500 housing units were constructed annually in Durham County between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of construction permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1983, 1985, 1987), housing impacts in 1992 and 2000 would be expected to place a strain on the county. An additional 525 units would be required over the single year spanning 1990-1991, in response to the projected popula- tion increase. Because many of the in-migrants during'this year would be construction workers much of this impact could be absorbed by the county's temporary accommodations, while the combined capacities of current vacancies and new housing construction for permanent residents suggest that this single-year impact could be more readily accommodated. 3. Granville Count% Granville County is expected to experience the greatest relative impacts on population of all R0I counties and independent cities. In 1992 a population impact of more than 880 persons is projected, 2.1% of the baseline (Table 14.1.3.5-8). By the year 2000 a population impact of 850 is anticipated - about 1.8% of the baseline. The greatest single-year increase in Granville County is projected between 1990 and 1991, when an additional 380 persons would reside there as a result of SSC-related in-migration. This increase represents only 0.9% of the 1991 county baseline, but would represent 65.7% of the growth to county population projected over the same period without the project. As a result of the population impacts, approximately 240 additional year-round housing units would be required in the county in 1992 and about 190 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.5-8). Such impacts, although not large in absolute terms, would strain the county's capacity to provide adequate housing - due both to the low vacancy rates (par- ticularly among owner units; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982), and the small-scale county construction industry which on average constructed on only 120 housing units annually between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987). A similar conclusion holds for the greatest annual increase in housing demand, projected between 1990 and 1991, when an additional 100 year-round units would be required in Granville County. SSCAP1482238870 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-14; Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 187 Table 14.1.3.5-$ SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN POPULATION AND'ROUSING DEMAND • GRAKV1U.E COUNTY. NORT14 CAROLINA Peak Use of Construction First Year of full Operation 1992 aselmmomesmmessa Population Baseline - 41.500 ILY Impact Impact ae,% 2,4% dud% of Baseline. Housing Demand Total Households 291 229 Families 197Individuals 94 74 Housing.Requitement - 2.1618/ SSCAP1.482238871 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 188 4. PCrso11_Coynty The population impact on Person County is expected to be 400 persons in 1992 and about 365 in the year 2000 - roughly 1.2% and 1.1% of the baseline single- for each yearincreas year, s c tivel ewouldbebetwee (Table 1991. when ane reatest additional 175 persons would reside in the county. Representing only 0.5% of the 1991 population baseline, this projected 1990-91 growth in Person County population is 70.4% greater than the increase projected in the " baseline during the same period. As a consequence of the population impacts, demand for additional year- round housing in Person County would increase by almost 110 units in 1992, and by more than 80 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.5-9). Due to the traditionally low vacancy rates in this county, and its small housing construction industry, these increased demands are expected to place noticeable strain on county housing. During the most rapid annual population increase nearly 50 housing units may be required between 1990 and 1991. This increased demand also may be beyond that easily absorbed by the county housing stock and the capacity of the local construction industry. C. Public Servi,gga Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel and facilities associated with SSC development. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes in service demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time equivalent (FTC) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services was measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment, maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographical distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also was examined to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. Regional Overview Additional employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health care, public education, and other government services combined for the North Carolina ROI would be greatest in 2992, the peak year of construction (see Table 14.1.3.5-10). Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels service) future baseline employment reveals a small impact on annual local public service work loads all years. During the peak of construction in 1992, an additional 495 SSCAP1482238872 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • • Socieconomit Assessments North Carolina 189 Table,14,1,3.5-9:. 7 SSC-RELATED..CNANGES:IN,POPULATION ANO.,HOUSING..DENAND: PERSON COUNTY.p,NORTK,,CAROLINA Peek Year of Conetruotion ynt Year of full Operation 1992 2000 Population Baseline 32.400 34.200.. ... Impact Ingact as % 1.2% 1.1% of Baseline Housing Demand Total Households 132 98 Families 59 ..68 Individuals 43 32 Housing Requirement • SSCAP14&2238873 , DEIS Volume;/tVr;Appenda,x;.-14 Soc4economtc Asaesarents • North Carolina 190' Table 1444.5.10'' SSC-REIATED CIMNCE3 : $ POWL"It SERVICE"flEMAI 1108111•CARCRIRA.RO! Peek Year:KCen.traaetten ' Flnt Year of Full Operation. . 199Z 2000 Impacts on Public Employment) - - General [drastic* 304 262 .. .. .. Public Enretlwnt.Z 2.972 2.613 Teachers 170 161 Police Protection 32 28 .. Fife Protection 14 12 - • Health end Velfaae' 41 35. Total Public Employment - 495 - - Total Goverment Eeploy+asnt - - without Project3 59,741 - . 65.309 Total Goverment Employment with Project 60,236 65.735 Insect of Project as Percentage of baseline r ployment4 0.8% 0.7% . 1. All values except 'Public Enrollments' represent full-thus equivalent (FTC) employees requiredto maintain current levels of service in each category baud on population evicts.generated by the project. 2. Represents eligible-public school enrollment, persons-age 5 through 17, fromsi mograpMc-analysis. • 3. Total FTE goverment employees required to maintain current levels of.service without,the project. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without-project employment. SSCFPI48T21$8T4_: . DEIS Vol ume`•PV,Appends,c 14 Socleconomic Assessments North Carolina 191 FTC public service employees, representing''a 0.8% increase in work load above the future baseline, would be required to meet..SSC-induced demand. During the operational phase of the project ln'the year 2000; an increase of 426 FTE public service employees• (07%) 'would be needed to meet demand. 2. Durham County The campus, expansion, and service areas of the SSC are proposed to lie in northern Durham County, approximately 15 miles north of the city of Durham. Durham, the closest city to the SSC site with established services and facilities,-would be highly attractive for settlement by in-migrants and would likely experience the most direct public service . impacts in the R0I. As with the R0I, additional employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service in Durham County would peak during the construction phase in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.5-11). Project-induced public employment in Durham County (necessary to main- tain current levels of service) compared with future baseline employment shows a small impact on annual local public service work loads. Public service impacts would require an additional 154 FTE employees in 1992 (representing a 2.6% increase in work load above baseline), while impacts during the operational phase would be nearly 150 workers (a 2.2% increase above baseline) in the year 2000. The SSC would affect public services in Durham County both in the imme- diate vicinity of the project site and dispersed throughout the county. As with other experimental scientific laboratories in the United States, the SSC would likely support its own internal security (police) and _ , . • emergency (fire and medical) forces. Such services, however, tend to rely on and be complemented by local public services and.facil-ities.,. . . , nearby. The proximity and concentration of existing services in Durham, the county seat, would facilitate cooperation and reliance between the two forces. Basic facilities required by the project would include a police substation, a' permanently staffed fire station, and an emergency medical care facility (all presently existing in Durham). The proposed SSC site is also within the range of ambulance service to Raleigh-Durham area medical centers. Any additional services or facilities that may need to be established would likely be sited'between the"proposed• campus site and Durham. Since the SSC project is not proposed to contain perma- nent residential housing, no impacts to local public schools would be expected at the site. Additional impacts would be created by in-migrant demand on services. These impacts would be spread throughout the county as a function of in-migrant settlement patterns. The majority of in-migrants to the county would likely settle in Durham, where public services would thus be the most affected. Since services in the City are well established and serve the largest concentration of population in the county, SSCAP14B2238875 DEIS Volume-IV-Appendix-14 Sociotonomtc Assessments North Carolina 192 Table 14.1.3,.6-1} SSC-RELATED CHANGES- IK PUBLIC SERVICE. DEMAND DURHAM, COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA • Peak.`ser of CaNwotta - 'trot 'her e fell Op.rmtta - iI 1992 1• Intact* es Pel to Er aleym.ntl General Education _ 91 6p„. Public Enrollment.= Teachers 51 S5 Police Protection Ftro.Protect tan Health and Volfen Total Public-EmpToymmt 154 - US Total Government Employment without►roleot3 6.014. Total 6er.rrwe.t Emplo rent with Prol.et 6:164 6.795 Impact of Projt at Pa aentap. of 6eenNn. 6nploymmt4 2.6% 2.25.. . • . 1, Alt aluaa ermept "Publ.*Enrallam te" represent taN.tt.e qu M,S..le . PTE) epiory..■PrrOsised to• .'. maintain ersrent level, of cartmo in'seelawteocryn beats.w.pepaiattea tmpest.'l.meeebd'b."the. . Project.. 2. Reprawsta .l.tg*N.µblto:sohsol nolim..t,tenors ass.5't h 12,.firm. brag Aerop.phle.arlyah. 3, Total.FIE q.r.rreatt arployaer negates}to amint.ia outmost'ir.T.:sf'eervi a:aithout,tie .4.9.44. .. 4. Impact of Project a, p.r0atale sP-attharMprsj.ct .epleyernt. SSCAP14B223887& DEIS Volumes Itppendtx 24 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 193 impacts would likely be small aad-not,overwkelm existing services. Furthermore, the current distribution of public services and facilities throughout the county.would,prov$de a from which demand-generated by SSC development could be met. Current servace standards could be maintained through addition to baseline employment and expansion of existing facilities (such as public school .classrooms and-police stations and vehicles). Establishment and operation of the SSC would likely induce further growth surrounding Durham, which would also need to be served. Sew public facil- ities such as police and fire substations and public school classrooms consequently would need to be established to support such growth. 3. Granville County Project-related impacts to local public services in Granville County would have a similar pattern to those ,for Durham County and the ,ROI (Table 14.1.3.5-12). Impacts to service employment (necessary to main- tain current levels of service) would amount to 29 FTC employees (4 2.1% increase above baseline work load) in the 1992 peak year of construc- tion, and 28 FTE employees (a 1.8% increase) in the operation ,phase in the year 2000. Impacts to public services in Granville County would likely be concen- trated in the undeveloped areas near the SSC, to meet site-specific demand, and in the established small communities (such as Oxford and Butner) to accommodate the in-migration of workers. Granville County is proposed to host the injector, portions of the near and far clusters, and fee simple areas of the SSC. Demand at the project sites could be met with the establishment of county emergency and .security support services (expansions of currently existing police, fire, and health services) that would work in conjunction with the project's own service forces. Impacts throughout the county attributable to in-migrants could place a burden on public services in communities unaccustomed to serving high demand. In these communities addition to public service staffs would need to be accompanied by expansion of key facilities (namely public school classrooms, police and fire stations and vehicles, and access to emergency medical care facilities) to effectively maintain current ser- vice levels and accommodate Increased employment and enrollments. Establishment and operation of the SSC would likely induce further growth in the areas near the campus and injector areas, which would also need to be served. New public facilities such as police and fire sub- stations and public schools consequently would need to be established to support such growth. 4. Person County Fee simple portions of the SSC ring and half of the far cluster are proposed to lie in Person County. SSCAP148223887.7 DEIS Volume TV -Appendix 14 • Socleconomic Assessments • North Carolina 294 Table 14.1.3.5-12 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND GRANVILLE,COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA • Peak Year of Construction First Year of Full Operation 1992 - 2000 , Impacts on Public Employmentl General Education 19 18 Public Cnrollmente2 174 184 feathers 9 10 Police Protection 2 2 • Fin Protection 1 - 1 Health and Welfare 6 6 Total Public Employment 29 - 28 Total Government Employment - without Projects -1.348 1.502, Total Goverment Employment with Project 1.377' - - 1.530 • Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employment4 2.1% 1.8% 1. All values except "Public Enrollments" represent full-tine equivalent (FIE) employee; .'squired to maintain current levels of service in each category based on population iepaots gensra!ed by the-,. project. 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment, persons age S through 27, from.,denogrephic analysts. . 3. Total FTC goverment employees required to maintain current levels of service without the project. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without-project employment.. • SSCAP1482238878 DEIS Volume 1V Appendix°.14 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 195 Additional employment needed te,maintale,curreat levels of local public service in Person County would have a pattern similar to those of the other primary impact counties (Tabhe :t4:1.3.5-13). -Public-service impacts would amount to 14 .additional'workers.%(a 1-:2% increase above baseline) in the peak year of construction in 1992 and 13 workers (a 1.1% increase) in the operational phase of the project starting in the year 2000. Impacts in Person County would likely result from establishment of public services (permanently staffed emergency police, fire, and medical facil- ities) to the far cluster slated for the southern portion of the county and from work force settlement In small communities. Impacts attribut- able to in-migrants could stress public services in communities unaccustomed to serving sudden and high demand. In these communities addition to public service staffs would need to be accompanied by expansion of key facilities (namely public school classrooms, ponce and fire stations and vehicles, and access to emergency medical, care facilities) to effectively maintain current service levels and accom- modate increased employment and enrollments. D. Public Finance The principal public finance effects of the SSC are expected to occur at two levels of government: the State of North Carolina and jurisdictions within the three primary impact counties (Durham, Granville, and Person). This analysis identified those revenue sources and types of expenditures which would be either directly or indirectly affected. Direct impacts include consequences of SSC spending (an taxable activities) by the federal government or its contractors, direct government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases tsuch as property tax losses from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and population due to the SSC. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were esti- mated by projecting the change in the 'affected revenue base '(such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development in that state. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated-on a 'net change' basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth. As a conse- quence, the critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC are those which result in either revenues or expenditures higher than created by base- line or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenues; these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared to baseline earnings. SSCAP146223t879 DEIS Volume.fl- netx:24 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 196 Table 14.1.3.5-13 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND PERSON COUNTY. NORTH CAROLINA Peak Year of Construction First Tear of Full Operation I992 .2000 mm.ems Impacts on Public Employment'. - - General Education 10 10 Public Enrollments2 79 - 7p Teachers 4 e Police Protection 1 1 Fire Protection 1 1 0 Health and Welfare 1 1 Total Public Employment 14 13 • Total Government Employment -, •__ without Project3 - 1.095 1.158 Total Government Employment with Project 4 1,109 _.. 1,171. Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employment4 1,2%. 1.1% 1. All values except "Public Enrollments" represent full-time equivalent (FIE)'employees required to maintain current levels of service In each category based on population trisects generated by the... project. 2. Represents eligible public school enrollment, persons age 5 through 17. fro.demographic analysis,. 3, Total FTC government employees..required to maintain current levels.of servioe without the project. 4. Impact of project as percentage of without-project employment, SSCAP14B2238880 DEIS Volume•TV-Appendix--14 Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 197 o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditures. Additional detail describing the methodology used toproject'the impact of SSC construction and operation on state and local government finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3. Assessment..Neth0dologies. The results of this analysis are presented for each•year from 1989 through 2000. Since 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full operation, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual impact for future years throughout •the`operational life of the project. 1. State of Nortb Carolitu The State of North Carolina is expected to receive peak net revenue impacts in 1992 when additional revenue would reach $15.2 million (Table 14.1.3.5-14). During full operation.• annual net revenue gains would be approximately $8.4 million beginning in the year 2000. Less than 20% of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. SSC con- struction contractors would contribute as much as $400.000 in.motor' ' fuels taxes in 1992. Additional revenue from sales and use taxes of. about $700,000 would be collected during peak construction activity in 1991 and 1992. Public utilities taxes would also provide additional income of approximately $400,000 annually during peak construction and" about $1.6 million annually during full operation. During operation of the SSC $6.8 million of state tax revenue gains ` would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue'would come from'-' taxes on purchases made by SSC workers-and their families, income and property taxes paid by those workers. and various other state sources ' • of revenue. Tho cost for site and infrastructure improvements in North Carolina, which would be the responsibility of the' state, was estimated at $95.0 million. Additional costs would also be incurred to purchase•' . private property that would be transferred to federal ownership. 2. Durham County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all. local government jurisdictions in Durham County would be negative duringthe' first three years of proj- ect activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.5-15). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $4.6 million in 1991 when almost 2,000 additional SSC-related workers and their families would be expected to move into the county (it may be possible, however, for the county to finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $3.4 million. Approximately $2.0 million would be collected by the county. 51.0,•million by the City of Durham, while all other governments would receive a net increase from that source of an additional $400,000. SSCAP1482238881 DEIS Volume•:2Y'Appendix,14 a • , , . •Nord►„Carolina 198 oR 000 00 0 w MN P P... 0.. 4 p M00 OM 0 0 • .IR wO0 Of% w 0 _. - :^4.00 M W dig�.2 5 300 00 a ,. a—. w .�• H�Vt . . �J m N@w w 0 0 , atbj =as ea,, .w. S • • .9 CO - „ t�y N z ca°0 OP .� M N MM ,N; W,.Q►' to re tN wane~ PM 0 C NO0 Oa w 4' S Cpc,., p .E• i. E SSCAP1482238882 .. - : DkIS.Voloaer3V-Append!"r.24 . Socieconomic Assessments North Carolina 199 E 2 w ea 444 O el006 O w q� :X00 V.. NwOO U .T 6OO V •141. . O. ^ �•: w OOO O ,noO CO N 444 d00 SS,.M 0 YI wir v00 w N 00. 0 N el le 000 O rM ON O .� .+ .€+ap 0 a..d0 0 wi V .N. N N •Y ca 00 d q44,wM "O n at ... 44,OO .O..r al ma O.l M WI. Nmo, ..w0 v 0VMM O p. .'+OO ..1OO O N y N N N r W tl V J• MI PIN V Ny1TV O A Ifl ti ^1 as aO Os no p en ow a fll T NrM O On et P -,b . NIL. .+ w r (MI a) ,r, 02 441,liA4 f`)'. mr.M V •aO� w CU 44.4,474 is (0 1-1. r...the, O 4414:4O444 (.W W Si r-4 N `.OO V PINwO O. W J N6. UC IV VV.V n o r. H� n an Nw Of N. N "� .. —a .. .+p p V ..;p p .w ...; o w4'^.' ..O O. •#1 a- .1 m r Mp0 od0e 46 N V. v. ►.• I ry„, r • N 0,V O u � Y I oK.. LI- Tn °' 1 ti 2t Pr wfJ.11' 12 L “b 1�u1.F M it O rt.y1 p al Z1 -0 V 41 ~0Y_!yy� U t V qq� Lu •� WW c /. r ..i lV16Kf av Y.[ b 4, a ••• w S SSCAP1482238883 DEIS Volume IV'Appendix:14 - Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 200 Direct tax revenue would account for an additional $800,000' during 1992 due to local sales tax collections applicable to explosives, power, fuel, forms, and other dispensable items uset during construction, and personal property tax collections on construction equipment used by SSC contractors. After construction is completed in 1996. however, the net direct revenue impact would be negative...but less than.$50,000, because of the loss of real property tax collections from tand::_that would be. , transferred from private to federal ownership. 3. Granville ;ounty The cumulative net fiscal impact to ail local government jurisdictions in Granville County would be negative during. the.ftrst three years of project activity but would be positivt• thereafter (Table 14.1.3.5-16). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $900.000 in 1991, when almost 400. additioaal SSC-related workers and their families• are expected to move into the county. Indirect tax revenue would reach levels of about $500,000'annually from ' 1991 through 1994. The level of indirect. revenue would decline to about $300,000 by 1997, following the( completion of construction, 'but rebound back to the $500,000 level during full operation. Approximately $400.,000 would be collected by the county,. .while all other governments would " receive a net increase from that source of an;•additfonel $100,000. No direct tax revenue from local sales tax or personal property tax collections would be expected for local jurisdictions in Granville County. Thus the net direct revenue impact would be negative because of the loss of. real property tax Collections from land that would be trans- ferred from private to federal ownership..- 4. Person County The cumulative net fiscal impact to al/ Total government jurisdictions, in Person County would be negatives during the first three years of pro- ject t Capitalinfra would ( structureimprovements:required to accommodate SSC-related t 400wadditional cost SSCarelatedaworkers and their in 2991.families would that be expectedar to have moved into the county. Indirect tax revenue would reach levels of about 5300,000 annually in 1991. The level of indirect revenue would decline>to about' $200,000 the following year and remain at that level during: both per-operation and full operation. The majority of this revenue impact would be realized by the county government. • SSC/491402238886 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 201 n P2.,..O O N+ :Fro qq �T ..a a w .-A Mme. Ie. .:yr .7 .. 0a o a M 'Ode, a M o" p to w0 O •alr a n, m-. MO a 0 »aa a 0 i T i0 0 C Ina a a M- ' ' ". 'moo d 0 oaa 0 o M M a .�+a O r ••elm s H ✓.O 0 ti el. 0 •0 • {Al ...... , N V • t - 0a d 0 00 la a0 a w 40 it. ac raO O 'I'•.'''.a. 'Y. ' . Vl :. 0 0 0 d 0.04 a 0 • .- r v N M ..' a N ill• •IAA rue ON YrI M re CP 0 oo aft me••• a •. ' V.C.l -el y0 O t ne ♦ a N V1?'V .w W Cr Vsworn A a.cd IN Va o e �aa •v .� a J W cc"al u V. -Oa -O O - O b v . so r r �.. Cog J ' r .K . N re. re W .. .. Y .J - - . 1 Y V • in u » ¢w » .-- 44 • Ss, 40 n. 4 Z S a wr . 3 .- 6. p rase '!L"a. ..y �i J L Sib SK . < " a — • SSCAP1482238887 . ,. Dt1S V tume .1V Appoedixi'14-'° • - 218-e29 0 - 08 - 8.{PXU 8) • Socioeconomic Assessments . North Carolina 202 --0 a NN®.. b. ..w w 0n 0 �o _ - Fri '.e 0 Nws, I „ , y —4 m O .••••• .:000 0 0 0 .. .. N 74 NO 9 .N NO. a as M Cy r- ••-.O O .-. NCO. O. _ 11 n. 00 O 0 000-. e, x M re N 0 09 w0 0 NN0 0 40 N N 1 uc rn N -0 0 � N Pa O 0 w _ �0 0 O SOP. b!. .[f N y r • U.4 < N . O;X Oi n0 0 wN0 . 0 . M N .-....j V6 0 D .N00 0 . ws M i to Ti+ • Z V1 P. �o e tw .w No a Ow .M w 66 O sor e. MOO . p .. W r M1 W I m � } 1 VO O 4 MOO CA !y Yti 41�{ea ! u�(C. st�J .i a7 7-70 O = wwor�. .. N !W. Y a N u .^ -,0 0 . . wwe. 0 .r • J o 0 o 6 ^66 y .3; ti O p. cr. La do 0 00o n. -n . . . y do. o 'i ovd .0 . r Y w N O , V �' u 6 y 14 '� 3Y b , 3.9 MwI. .4 AI.- e C� C d 8 4.4 lic et o n YVY J. 4 at2. 3K 2 g Y w II • FN , SSCAP1482238888 OEIS Volume IV Appendix'-14- • r,' Socioeconomic Assessments North Carolina 203 No direct revenue from local sales tax or-pers0nal"property tax collec- tions would be expected for local jurisdictions in'Persorr Countyy.. Thus the net direct revenue impact would be negative because oftbe;loss of real property•tax collections''from'land that would. be. tranS'ferred',from ' private to federal ownership. C. duality of fife/Social Well Be1no The areas around North Carolina's proposed'SSC'site-are'mostly 'rural.' - but some outer suburban development is occurring in the southern portion of the site. Rural residents are scattered throughout the site. many of whom earn their livelihoods to the Raleigh-Durham metropolitan'.area. A total of 111 relocations are anticipated, ,106 residences and five, businesses. Issues of importance to regional residents, as revealed during the ,EIS scoping process, include the anticipated benefits of SSC labor effects, and a number of potential adverse consequences. Water demands of the project are of concern (Appendix 7). as are road and traffic problems (Section 14.2.1). education and general tax base effects, and impacts associated with residential re/ocations and agricultural land withdrawal. (Appendix 13). , 1. Urban/SuburDan Resident Durham, Raleigh and Chapel Hill area residents should benefit ,from a high share of the job and income impacts of the-SSC, without enduring noticeable adverse effects. Already prominent as a research-oriented urban area, with three major universities as wet) as the Research Triangle Park, this image would be enhanced by the SSC. Traffic effects probably would be this group's major concerns, and these would not be substantial (Section 14.2.1). 2. Rural . Non-Farm Residents. Most of the residential relocations would affect this group, which includes those residences in the Rougemont area. Replacement properties providing equal satisfaction may be difficult for relocated property owners to find in the area. And many of those rural residents not forced to relocate would be impacted by localized changes to the area's rural character. „ibu among this group are the residents of Roxboro and Oxford, and smaller settlements such as Stem. These areas might experience increased pressures on housing and services by SSC-related population. Associated employment and income opportunities would be a beneficial effect. SSCAP1462238091 DEIS Volume Iv Appenctir14`'.``, a Socioeconomic Assessments • North Carolina 204 To the extent that institutions are relocated; or disturbed In this region, as may be the case,for.one,or,.two area,,churches'and, at least one• cemetery, special subgroup. impacts area concern: N Social- tles to'such institutions often are not, flexible, and emotional distress:,may accompany these special impacts. 3. farm,Operators • A large portion of the more than '14,000 acres'ofeprivately' held land in- cluded in the offering currently is used for agriculture (Appendix 13). Potential groundwater impacts-of the .55C area major concern of this group (Appendix 7), in addition,to concerns over the taking of agricul- tural land. Nuisances associated with site access, traffic and dust ' generation, and increased demands for local services all may be felt by this group. SSC-related jobs would present beneficial opportunities, • especially for those families operating, small farms, many of which must supplement their incomes by outside employment 4. SSC Censtruct,ton-Related Newcomers • Abundant housing opportunities, services, .andtcultural resources are available in the Raleigh-Durham area to accommodate this group of newcomers. No significant adjustment problems are expected. 5. SSC Operation-Related %welegrs SSC workers and their families should easily integrate with this area's existing population, by virtue of the. academit'concentration 1th;the region. Ample employment opportunities for dependents 'exist in the urban area. Those families seeking a more rural,setting also' could be satisfied, both in the areas•surrounding .the .proposed.ring,and in neighboring communities. • • SSCAP1482238892 • DEIS Volume IV Appendix`I4i. ' ' Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 205 4.1.3.6 Tennessee During the past two decades the economy of the Tennessee region of influence (ROI) has expanded slowly. Since 1934, however, unemployment has decreased significantly and the site of the labor force in 1987 rebounded to exceed the previous peak level, obtained in 1978. Bedford County has recently experienced increasing labor force levels and decreasing unemployment rates. Rutherford County, however, has shown only a slight increase in its labor force, and the drop in unemployment during the past few years has been slower than the declining rates in Bedford County or in the region as a whole. Although recent trends in unemployment are encouraging for the regional economy, the rate of growth in the economy is still relatively static compared to activity at the national level . Development and operation of the SSC would provide a minor stimulus to the economy of the Tennessee ROI-(Table 14.1.3.6-1). • Tennessee's proposed SSC site would be easily accessible to the growing city of Murfreesboro in Rutherford County, and would lie within short commuting distances to the Nashville suburban communities in Williamson and southern Davidson counties. Impacts to housing. -public services,.. and public finances in these areas due to SSC-related population impacts thus would be minimized. A. economic Activity. Labor Force. and IJicome The regional economy would experience beneficial increases in employ- ment, income, and sales as a result of construction and operation of the SSC. Additional jobs would be available to the region's labor force, including opportunities for direct employment at the SSC site and jobs ' involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer demands of direct project workers. Multiplier effects of these first and second round activities will lead to further increases in sales, which in turn would provide additional jobs and income. 1. gegional Overview Construction of the SSC would employ a peak direct work force of almost 3,800 workers in 1992 in the region, including 3.000 jobs in construc- tion and approximately 800 jobs required for commencement of SSC operation (Figure 14.1.3.6.-1; Table 14.1.3.6-2). Spending of earnings by these direct workers, plus project-related purchases of goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.6-2), would create additional, secondary jobs. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier effects of the regional economy, would measure about 5,600 jobs during the peak year of construction activity. Including direct and secondary impacts of SSC construction and related spending, peak total employment impacts in the region would exceed 9,400 jobs. Compared to the nearly 0.7 million future baseline employment opportunities by 1992 - available without the SSC - these impacts would SSCAP14B2238391 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 SoC/oeconem1C Assessments Tennessee 206 • R3;III tl - r � - ca: RS teas zr »a»:3) :U.& g scl ;rat; I�V� t. yy.^ !Pitt ~ m-"S f� Ir a sax ��jj M H E. ww:x.: Ti Tiim m �«Z". sax . .ALIR Is 4 f$ Q ti r ¶ ��f � fa- r Z .. yr .M wo u bI w�:KJw Imam Z. 8�aaZci mew aA..: Iw• i �Q 'g ,T;lia2 N yy�� . r w . tl rrppr s4 w 175102 . ✓� ..w,:.;- 27 - A2432 .. '-"'L 4sz wr- Yi.}. .A J r sc t - Y e 4 _ Y Ili • w .err , r . . :r .Tire Y Tr G $ C s �i illWrgWA ieLIM` 4 GVN_ 4� 3X 'V. 42 2 . so SSCAPT402ZJ0092 DETS Volans N Appendix lA St Socioeconomic Assessments - Tennessee 207 tl o_ C R • W a) a o CU _ g 0 O C N 8 Q J N O C N 4.— O 'a.§ C C ,L 2 A K r/ N N .-. C) (V io• to Q ^W B L UI � ..... . r' • W C N pJ C C rn 'o+ h- N u o � � et '� o �0 V N I 1 § § § I § O luawl(o;dw3 DSS ioo.94 fh • SSCAP14B2230093 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 208 ` a5 a"" s4 a =�� _ n.• - a- ssr ea a r r r NNa A:,.1 .ri • sews ozza alumN Mwr NNeN w vs" rs leMg cuznu ? 0 yI-- ,Pe N a N Nlmy y N. ba�ri- a a w a M1y Ix a AI m• W Dnigia g P C u :" ""Nw .. .. P P .a ^ w »2w ii'M P .�. orr r M rsr t:" in.�v^r�:,3m�a �uiw�as M x �p a .4 N N « N y �n V Z4, N I... g, EP;12.42g r9' .7 Nm_ P Eli Hu, _ I :J - r �V Gsl�dyp 6 Hi � � m ^r s 4 w » �� m ^� J: "' J Jl nt'7 n'�N �' 4 Naar r.X a 1 Nwr Nrr� M is r w'S.�7$�T�.1'r' 7"x14 91 o - A. $ j r r~ r r U ti NMM ~MMM w `3t . II W r'Im yN2r H um N rr.+ NPNN 2 N w r ," H Mw - ...H .a a .�.+ A — M �M r :{� T�s�x�CaZ NrixZ V fl, _ma. C, ANONNN .� Y.y gall- sin �R 72282 a P 4, a" m - r P n Na» NZLL w a_.p7 •mm'.rn .$ 3. 51 :.�.7'M-M14:.:IME. 218- -a C 4.e,. ..rrr r err '83Qi sxes Too r F 6R �J filc4xg g n Via . x3.2. • SSCAP14B2230894 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.14 t Socioeconomic.Assessments Tennessei 209 - o c r U 0. p t mac ' `` R C 1 n�1[ a �.... W N lYY r... _ a..... r w my c M W b ys e W .0° -- p�,a La •.. .'- U c ( ,-O -- ', W o IiI 'V) w .- g 4 rE "4'�.., r r 1 , 1111 1 { r r I I r I - c I aiI. Z 2 8 a 0 , w 4iY IJD8OG 990 L o wolplty . L SSCAD1482238895 OCSS vGhas IY Appesdk'1� Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 210 be small . This impact represents about 1.37. of baseline employment: regional unemployment rates could be reduced by up to this amount at the construction peak. Construction, services, and trade businesses are expected to experience the largest employment increases during the peak construction phase of the project, together accounting for more than 6,500 Jobs. Manufacturing, which plays an important role in this region's economy relative to the size of the manufacturing sector at the national level, would gain approximately 1,100 jobs at the peak of construction. By the year 2000 the SSC is expected to be at full operating employment level, providing approximately 3,200 direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add another 3,600 jobs to the total regional employment impact during SSC operation. Long-term employment gains would thus total almost 6,900 jobs as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts. of SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.9% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year 2000. While secondary jobs account for 59.9% of all SSC-related employment during construction, during operation this share is reduced to 52.8% as direct jobs become relatively more important (Figure 14.1.3.6-3). During the operation phase secondary job opportunities are concentrated in the services and trade industries, which-together account for almost 2,200 jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain almost 400 jobs. Secondary impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector peak in the long-term operation phase, with many of these more than 600 jobs attributable to SSC requirements for 'Targe amounts of electricity. Annual earnings by direct workers would peak in 1992 at over $150 million during the construction phase (all figures in 1988 dollars unless other- wise indicated) Secondary earnings during peak construction would be almost l workers, earnings�impactsowouldrbeiapproximately $260cmillionS during r1992 (Figure 14.1.3.6-4). When the SSC reaches full operation regional earnings would be directly increased by more than $100 million annually. Additional earnings of more than $70 million by secondary workers during the operation phase would increase total earnings by more than $170 million a year. Spending in the region directly attributable to the SSC would reach about $210 million at the peak of the construction phase, 53.6% of which would result from consumer spending by direct workers. Secondary increa- ses in spending would result in'totaT sates impacts in excess of 5400 - million during the peak year of the construction phase. During full operation, anticipated to begin in the year 2000, the SSC would be respon- sible for about $75 million of annual sales due to procurement of regional goods and services. Additional consumer spending by direct project workers is expected to exceed $75 million for a total direct impact on regional sales of more than $150 million annually. SSCAP1482238898 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 211 1 1 - . .. co i to { at - - r 7 Y Y♦' y.i.x•i i4::i.i•; phi-._. . . JJ ll V i 5;r �w1w�.►�w�w�i;•.a❖.❖•ts•.••. r : o � 1 Oro El C ��.w :::!:!:!:*:::.:::: SI ` ad O ID 0,,, ,.r a _ a'w c N Ts .42 V- ny cm 00 a 93 cn 1 1 I I I '.. I I I 1 egor., SSCAP1442220899 0EIS Volume IV Appendix 14 f ameensommr Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 212 :1 ! : p1elf o M O o, in on rn .J _ ._ •. vaall a �9 0 a tilicE 411 � a g } _ tl C) N W L Eml ` C _ In aVl w F1 ..A•W 6 „.• .. .., r 1+ a • W 4.0 i-. is CCa 4 o Q a (;86' i0 SUOIII9k) , cbulwo3/solos •peDnpul '10e.gpui yooJlp SSCA➢14822300100 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 213 • When combined with additional secondary sales volume, total SSC-related sales would reach approximately $280 million each year. • The amount of in-migration that would result from new direct and secon- dary job opportunities would be determined in large part by the degree to which the regional labor force can adjust to the specific labor requirements of the proposed project. Accounting for the size, unemployment r.te, and educat or. level of the labor force, it is estimated that approximately 4,900 workers would in-migrate, because the regional labor force is relatively small with a lower than average unemployment rate. Beginning in the year 2000, during full operation, about 3,600 in-migrant direct and indirect employees are projected. 2. Qedford County Almost 100 direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers residing in Bedford County at the peak of construction (either baseline residents or in-migrants). In addition, almost• 150 secondary jobs would be . created. Thus the total SSC-related employment impact to Bedford County would peak at close to 250 jobs, which_Is approximately 2.5% of the total SSC job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be about 200 Jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.6-3). Almost $4 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC workers residing in Bedford County during the peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts peak at nearly $3 million. Over the long term approxi- mately $5 million annually would be earned. for Bedford County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Of the over $5 million in direct sales created within Bedford County approximately $3 million, or 55.6%, can be attributed to additional con- sumer demand produced by 'direct project workers at the peak of construc- tion activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to project purchases of about $2 million. During operation sales would be increased directly by the proposed SSC by almost $4 million a year, 51.3% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand with the remainder provided by direct project purchases. 3. Marshall County • Approximately 20 direct SSC jobs probably would be filled by workers residing in Marshall County at the peak of construction (either baseline residents or in-migrants). In addition, about 100 secondary jobs would be created. The long-term total impact would be less than 100 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.6-4). About $1 million in earnings would be collected by direct SSC workers residing in Marshall County during the peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts peak at nearly $2 million. Over the long term, approximately $2 million annually would be earned for county workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. SSCAP14B22388101 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 214 F. eaS (.ytas. an M Z S. YNQ ;17 :It?'. ' etie� ..ew 11U E. Uiia GZ(.'Z 9Z i tin eel ere F =az graft. Rt "3 .N(y, El?..7:7; I.MW 3 it- BP g�a y vale.. a..� rd Y aka ?i � u ":: ,a ;71 wee ee. _ ZT� =um w.x$ ; 1w• W~^ x !A Et% n.-.. ere - e 4 M 3 ti Ter. per - M. c.W a q r .. Ca C. I u W S II 4A S . ertie 27' ecill.r- _ T a liU; ! ' a t`-Y6'llM Y SSr F ,Y. Oy S9CAP1482212f810Z DEIS Vela TV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 215 »:.» war 5 «« «»« ®ti p r , rvN Y e+VN .. .0. . 4 »N•» «ww s E� ...vs. N.. r.°' Y a»w «»., IA . A ..2r wr. wNwr 1a. ti S»» g ::s 1! ....... E:W •r�1 a»» waa 1r . MP ,T - W i 14 t . r • W W n .e r... w8 c , d ,,Y ae IIO.ny w•.. ,r •. 1J W. .NUM ti I.sM M»3 Yr % V c, 1r • Hw it Nm,e .e.. .w..y jr 7 4 41 4 11 9?' .,rz « 4 N«w •y»N „.. . s • III « . 1:C Y' �AAZ h G « :: P SF, �' �4,k• y+. .s,:. — r2Lq�4ie u ligX r o #us t3? Y.Y-JS4 .aA.- j & SSCAP14022306103 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 216 Of over $2 million in direct sales created within Marshall County, 26.1% can be attributed to additional consumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to project pur- chases of almost $2 million. During operation, sales is the county would be increased directly by the proposed SSC by $2 million a year, 23.57, of which would be from direct worker consumer demand wit) the remainder provided by direct project purchases. 4. Rutherford County Approximately 49.0% of the direct SSC jobs (over' 1,800 of about 3,800) probably would be filled by workers residing in Rutherford County. These jobs would be filled by either baseline residents or in-migrants. Together with approximately 500 secondary jobs the total SSC-related employment impact would peak at over 2.300 Jobs, which is 24.5% of the total SSC job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be almost 1,900 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.6-5). Direct SSC workers residing in Rutherford County would earn more than $70 million during the peak construction year. Secondary earnings impacts peak at approximately $9 million. Over the long term, nearly $60 million annually would be earned by county workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Most of the direct sales of over $60 million created within Rutherford County is attributed to over $55 million worth of additional consumer demand that would be produced by direct project workers at the peak of construction activity. The remainder of direct sales demand is attribu- table to direct project purchases to the county of $E million.. Project purchases would be relatively low since most goods and services bought within the region are expected to be supplied from the Nashville metropo- litan area. During operation sales in the county would be increased directly by the proposed SSC by about $40 million a year. 86.1% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and the rest from direct project purchases. B. Demographics and Mousing Population growth expected to result from project-related in-migration is examined for 1992, the peak construction year for the SSC, and for the year 2000 when the installation would be in full operation. These increases are discussed at the level of the Tennessee ROI and for Bedford, Marshall, and Rutherford counties. Demographic impacts are examined in terms of both the absolute and relative amounts by which project-related population is expected to exceed the baseline in each area. The greatest single-year population increase is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change Froje!ted 'a SCAP14B22388106 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 mime Socioeconomic Assessments , ' Tennessee 217 1 21 »:i . a Ii $ . Vim, ...1. RN,1,.. ,g .:, .; a: =In : w: ,nom... ---..,77.. • 1F .� ' y.S. —144:4 Ys w s 1 YF Ira 'It". .Y^”'!. 'd wr r 2.1.1. 2.133. ¢ O Las • siW .�.a�. ear. I pF 0 .a . sc 7:a: n a 1 7 • "7. , r r r X .i N- W ti NT RRR www s4 tt - z.. X ymd ztiz wall r. .1 ti »t y 3 w Y u YY � F♦ m^., P Y O A f "J09 . - NI 41 - ":11-a.• ' • w3. Z Z! N•inM.Rw , a' x Fin "x" .-- •$'gaw k Q, ,,k3.a' t MR'n NNr • .. �yy�'ppp t 1 Attila-.1 , aE • _ 7= , . 3., 1 r p• • 1 U p ' TTI- e _ r5-5421:2.-1 3i.'. .b- a ,X:3. Iw. M. c.- t,.r- SSCAp14D22388107 DEM-Volume TY Appendix T4 • Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 218 in the baseline over the same year. Growing requirements for year- round housing due to SSC-related increases in population are summarized for 1992 and 2000. Increased housing demand is calculated in terms of the additional units required to accommodate in-migrants in the ROI and the three counties named above. Additional housing requirements generated by the greatest single-year population increase are also discussed. SSC-related changes in population and housing demand in the ROI are an- ticipated to be comparatively slight. Their impacts should be minimal, due to the large population and housing stock already present - prima- rily in metropolitan Nashville - and the increasingly productive housing construction industry. Projections indicate that the greatest absolute and relative population and housing impacts would occur in Rutherford County; the county should be able to absorb the expected changes, though a focused effort may be required. Changes in Bedford and Marshall coun- ties are expected to be much smaller in comparison to those projected for Rutherford County, but the impacts will be greater - due primarily to the small numbers of available housing vacancies, and the low output of the local housing construction industry. 1. Rer.cdsTgl Dverv1Aw The demographic impact on the Tennessee ROI is expected to approach 14,650 persons when SSC construction peaks in 1992, roughly 1.17. of the baseline for that year (Table 14.1.3.6-6). By the time of full opera- tion in the year 2000 a high scenario population impact of nearly 12,700 is anticipated, representing 0.9% of the baseline. This long-term demographic growth would generate lasting effects on housing demand, services, and public finance. However, these effects will not be spatially uniform, with the greatest absolute increases in Davidson County and the greatest relative increases projected for Rutherford County, the location of the city of Murfeesboro (Figure 14.1.3.6-5). The largest single-year increase in regional population is expected between 1990 and 1991, with the addition of almost 6,500 persons. Althot1gh representing only 0.5% of the 1991 baseline for the ROI, this 1990-91 increase would exceed the growth projected for the baseline over the same year by nearly 84.9%. The age structure of the ROI population would change very little - by less than 0.1% both in 1992 and 2000 for all age groups of primary interest (S4, 5-19, ≥65). An increased demand for year-round housing would accompany growth in regional population. The growth in population projected for 1992 as a consequence of the SSC would generate an increase in housing demand for an estimated 4,000 year-round units; by the year 2000, an additional 3,000 units would be required (Table 14.1.3.6-6), Generally, moderate vacancy rates characterized housing in the ROI in 1980, decreasing slightly throughout much of the region during the present decade (U.S. SSCAP14622388109 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14. " Socioeconomic Assessments • Tennessee 219 N m y.N wpp,, r gAew�N 3 w'.*'JSw..n___—t wed yg}k1'ww N'w1.�8�. a :.T.°R-.i tip:.: r w .s....w u ... .. x' wt !n �y �p Ib i �.f1.0 &-st OMTn O`V• vttnNtA 1� N222 w w .1 .I, • - 0 1\d0N X - y O ww S. N w.' N 2 g am x0.0.a e. 100.p.M.A N.-.... r p�o�- `e.e. .✓r .R, i....w.- W.. _ • AA A Nw w et. • VI _ on .l. M.M. carat M zr. In r a M ........ Y �. w M4... w to r. —w .. N at .ti 6 W T N uh ern ....., ....W. .w.r ... _ �' Ca 7I' .. vi. .a.w• r 44.2..n ... r M n N N N F/N^r� 4VZ222VIA8. em23 . ONMP 0 _ ...7 •...,N... N ....II ... 4..4...:a rip r 3 rZ[pI�1 2V S.NJS'_`!'M.22222`1.? 2882.'.9 E '3'.R/.{(.2 O e NN��....'......me ....... .\ NOV. • . . .O.. W } .. 0-- " R .v.Nw v w +n..n J I L... '�. ZWYRW$Z'.C'"�d PJ:;9.,-.22bBP." «JS 22.'2'2 1 gg Lei W ...+m .. ...y.N O d�mr - ..w ^N _f 1 .. �.y p,e .r� �y �p .p x nOyl w ntrer'225YNm0V2n 222"MA^SZS 5 O NNW m 0 II O IS SA s e 1 pb p p e y r si} I Ii L ^ 3 a4 . s S r� ' . w 4 S ii it S ...r 1 g e SSCAP14822388110 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 S0cioecOnomi0 Assessments Tennessee 2Z0 FQ: w IS cup r\ WW c. on s• cu o j Fa' e{ Weep oe C? (0 L a••1�'•�• •"i� �. ~ O4 Ps 4 63 WY. 10 r. QM•� f.i ,`f K O va;¼1 a. e w�a m w a> a S' CS . o 2S Q AZ E ... P•R SSCAP14822388111 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 221 Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal. Home'.Loan Bank of Cincinnati, 1987). The housing industry in the ROI constructed an average of more than 21,000 units annually between 1980,eand4l987, with output increas- ing in more recent years (as indicated by the Issuance of building permits; cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985, 1987). This growing regional construction industry, supplemented with avail- able housing vacancies, should be able to accommodate anticipated housing impacts in 1992 and 2000 (though some amount of focused effort may be necessary). The greatest annual housing impact is projected to occur between 1990 and 1991, when almost 1.800 additional units would be required. Many of the in-migrants during this year would be con- struction workers who could be housed in the ROI's abundant temporary lodging. Through the use of this housing alternative, in conjunction with available vacancies and additional new units which could be built for permanent residents, the ROI should be able to meet the increased demand for housing over this single year. 2. Bdford County The population impact in Bedford County is expected to exceed baseline projections by about 375 persons (2.2%) to 1992, and by about 325 per sons (1.1%) in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-7). During the greatest single-year population increase projected for the county, between 1990 and 1991, a population impact of almost 170 is anticipated - represent- ing only 0.5% of the 1991 baseline, but an increase nearly four and one-half times (443.0%) the otherwise slow baseline growth projected for Bedford County between 1990 and 1991. The increase in Bedford County population would produce a demand for 100 additional year-round housing units in 1992, and approximately 75 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-7). Overall vacancy rates in Bedford County were moderate in 1980,. though vacancies among owner units were rare (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982). The county housing industry produced an annual average of only 50 units between 1980 and 1987, with yearly production increasing to average nearly 75 units 1 annually during 1985 and 1986 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985. 1987). The small number of vacancies in Bedford County, coupled with the limited amount of housing construction which has occurred there in the 1980s. suggests that some effort would be required to absorb housing impacts in 1992 and 2000. Between 1990 and 1991, an increased demand for nearly 50 additional units would accompany the greatest single-year increase in county population. Many of the in-migrants during this year would be construction workers who could be accommodated in temporary lodging; nevertheless, with few housing vacancies and a limited local construc- tion sector, the county's capacity may be stressed by these single-year impacts. SSCAP14622388113 DEIS Volume IV Appendix=14 1 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 222 SSC-RELATED £HANGF3 IN 9oPlflnTmOtt NC310U$DSG IGND BEDFORQncOUTITY4',-1JlQESSEE; - , . ,. . _. •Irak.Yaae•aif Oss.AUW.hon. --. a+ss,w.r of vulr,eps.eTon •--... Population - B.sslin. .31.800. 111v000 Impact. - ._ _971 : 385 Impact as % 1.2% 1.1% of OassHn. Housing Demand - Total HouseSeld. - 121.x. .• . , - p•{' families _ . .. Housing llenaitemsnt .10Z 76 - _ SSCAP340223883d4 DEIS Volume.4Y-Appendix'14 I, Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 223 3. J1 rsh53l County A population impact of 160 persons(0:7% 0f the baseline) is projected for 1992, decreasing to 130 persons (0:6% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-8). The greatest single-year population impact would be between 1990 and 1991, when more than 70 additional persons would reside in Marshall County. Although this single-year increase represents only 0.3% of the 1991 county baseline, it would signify growth nearly two times (174.6%) the baseline growth rate projected for the county during the same period without the project. The demographic growth projected for Marshall County within the central case would require an additional 45 year-round housing units in 1992, decreasing to 30 units by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-8). Total vacancy rates were moderate in 1980, with owner vacancies quite low (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982). Moreover, an average of only 10 hou- sing units were constructed between 1980 and 1987, although 56 were built in 1936 alone (as indicated by the issuance of building permits;. cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987). Due to the low number of housing vacancies and the limited ability of the local construction industry to provide additional units, a focused effort would be required to absorb increased housing demands in 1992 and 2000. The same is true for the greatest single-year housing impact between 1990 and 199i, when an additional 20 year-round units would be required. 4. Rutherford County Of the 2: counties in the Tennessee R0I, the greatest relative increases in population and housing demand are projected for Rutherford County. Population impacts would be nearly 4,450 persons (4.2% of the baseline) in I992, and about 4,200 persons (3.6% of the baseline) by the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-9). The largest annual population impact on Rutherford County is anticipated between I990 and 1991, when more than 1,900 additional persons would reside there as a consequence of SSC. This single-year impact represents 1.8% of the 1991 baseline, and an annual increase 143.6% beyond the growth rate projected for the baseline population over the same year. A requirement for more than 1,200 additional year-round housing units would accompany the population growth in 1992, with 975 additional units needed in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.6-9). Moderate overall housing vacancy rates have characterized Rutherford County throughout the 1540s, decreasing slightly over time (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982; Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, 1987). Housing construc- tion averaged nearly 1,500 units annually between 1980 and 1987, with yearly production towards the end of this period growing to nearly 2,500 units in 1986 (as indicated by the issuance of construction per- mits: cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983, 1985, 1987). The presence SSC/11)14822388115 . DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14. " ,. Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 224 Table 14.1.3.6-8 SSC-RELATED ,CNANGES.IN POPULATION AND?NOUSING•OCNAND NARSNAU. COMITY. TENNESSEE Ptk.Vss ofGowlavot►.n Platt Tsar Of Tull Opr.tien ,t9D2. 2004 Population - Bawl boo 22.000 . si o00 Ispaot • Iapact as % 0..71E 0.10% of Basel Me Hosing Otowd - .. Total liounholds W Fralliss M . g Individuals 17 12 Housing R.Quirwnt 11. -, 90-•"' : . . SSCAP14B22388114S - •.DETS•woluxw: b*4. Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 225 Table 14.I.3.6-9 SSC-RELATED CHANGES. IN POPULATION AND NOVSING DDUUIb. RUTHERFORD' COUNTY,.TENNESSEE' Peak That of Coetrestims Pine 'ear eI Pett 0gawebn 100f • 2000 Population Baseline 105.000 •115.000 Impact 4.444 4,110 Impact as X 4.2% 3.64 - _ of Baseline Housing Demand Total Households 1.470 Families 008 001 Individuals 410 1f►, Housing Requlrwnsnt 1.210 fry • SSCAP146223811117 , DEIS Volume .IY Appendtix 14 ' Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 226 of a growing construction industry, coupled with a moderate number of vacancies in the local housing market. suggest that the county would probably require little special effort to provide sufficient accommo- dations in 1992 and 2000. The greatest single-year housing impact in Rutherford County is projected to occur between 1990 and 1991, when more than S20 additional year-round units would be required. Many of the in-migrants moving to Rutherford County between, 3.990 and 1991 would be construction workers who could be housed in the county's abundant temporary lodging, while the construction industry could respond to provide housing for new permanent residents. C. Public Services Impacts on local public services are determined by the increased demand for personnel and facilities associated with SSC development. Ability to accommodate increased population without degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes in service demands. Current levels of public service (represented by full-time equivalent (FTE) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services was measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment. maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographical distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also was examined to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. Regional 0yervjew Additioral employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health care, public education, and other government services combined for the Tennessee R0I would be greatest in 1992, the peak year of construction (Table 14.1.3.6-10). Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals a negligible impact of the project on annual local public ser- vice work loads for all years. During the peak of construction in 1992 an additional 456 FTE public service employees, representing •a 1.1% increase in work load above the future baseline, would be required to meet SSC-induced demand. • During the operational phase of the project, in 2000 an additional 396 FTE public service employees (a 0.9% increase) would be needed. SSCAP14622388118 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 227 Table 14.1.3.6-10 SSG-RELATE& CMMI(iES Ili PUBLIC. SERVICE 001410 TENNESSEE ROL Peek Year of Construction First Year of Full Operation 1992 ;000 • • Impacts on Public Employ entl - • • General Education Public Enrollments? 2,919. 34410. Teacher% 147 -131 • Police Protection 32 Fire Protection 1A. IT Health end Welfare • Total Public Employment Total Government Employment " • without Project3 40.743 42,648 Total Goverment Employment with Project 41.199 - 436gN Impact of Project as Percentage of Balmlike Egbyment4 1.17E 0.71E 1 All values except 'Public Enrollments' represent full-time equivalent (FTC) eplogsemrenstcebta. maintain current levels of service in each category belied On population inept' generated by the project. 2 Represents eligible public school enrollment, prosenmage S-twwgn 17.frewporoomphisamslirio. 3 Total FTC government employees .egpiredto eeistain torrent levels..P mmetse.itieut-tie project. 4 Impact of project as percentage of without-project eapleyeelt- SSCAPL40222388flS • DEIS Volume .TV Appendtx 'M Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 228 2. Redford County Impacts to local public services41n. Bedford Couhty,would have a similar pattern to those for ROI, peaking during .1992 construction phase (Table 14.1.3.6-11) Impacts to service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) would amount to i5 FTE employees (a 1.2% increase above baseline work load) in the 1992 peak year of construc- tion and 13 FTE employees (a 1.1% increase) during the operation phase in 2000. Stratified fee simple portions and half the far cluster of the SSC ring are proposed to lie in Bedford County. Impacts to public services in the county would likely be concentrated in the undeveloped areas near the proposed far cluster to meet site-specific demand and in the established small communities (such as Shelbyville) to accommodate the in-migration of workers. Demand at the far cluster site could be met with the establishment of county emergency and security support services (expansions of currently existing police, fire, and health services) that would operate in conjunction with the project's own service forces and those of Marshall County. Impacts throughout the county attributable to in-migrants could place a slight burden on public services in communities unaccustomed to serving high demand. Since the countywide impact to fire and police protection is only one FTE employee each, this could be absorbed by currently existing facilities. The impact of over 75 additional students and four teachers, however, may require additional classrooms to maintain current service standards. 3. Marshall County The pattern of impacts to public services in Marshall County is similar to that for Bedford County and the R0I, but the impacts are much slighter (Table 14.1.3.6-12). Impacts to service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) would amount to just five FTC employees (a 0.7% increase above baseline work load) in the 1992 peak year of construction, and four FTE employees (a 0.6% increase) in the operation phase in 2000. • like Bedford County, Marshall County would host half the far cluster and stratified fee simple portions of SSC. Anticipated impacts would likely occur both in the undeveloped area near the far cluster and in county communities (such as Chapel Hill) to meet demands of in- migrants. Demand near the far cluster site could be met with expansion of currently existing police, fire, and health services that could operate in conjunction with the project's own service forces and those of Bedford County. SSCAP14B22388120 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 229 Table'14.1.3.6-11; .: v SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND' BEDFORD C0UNIY,,TENNESSEE •° Peak Year of Constriction -Pint Year of Full Operation 1992 2000 Impacts on Public Enploymentl General Education 7 6 Public Enrollments2 76 7y, Teachers 4 4 Police Protection 1 1 _. Fire Protection 1 1 Health and Welfare { y _ Total Public Employment 15 ly..,._. Total Government Employment without Project3 1.183 1.186 - total Government Employment with Project 1,198 1,199 Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employments 1.2% 1.1X....., 1 All values except 'Public Enrollments" represent'full-time equivalent (FIE) employees required to maintain current levels of service in each category based on population impeCts generated by the project, 2 Represents eligible public school enrollment, person, age 5•through,17, , demographic analysis. 3 Total FTE government employees required to maintain current levels of service without the project. v 4 Impact of project as percentage of without-projectemployment. SSCAPI4B223BB121 DEIS Volume:-IY-;Appendix'l4 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 230 Table 1.4.1.3.6.-12., SSC-RELIAID MIKES It PUBLIC SERVICE SCUM' :; MARSNAW COMITY.,to ESSEE: Peek Year,ef habnattee=.., ' . First Year of Full Operation 1992 - - 2000 Impacts on Public Employment' General Education a - - 3 Public, Enrollments.? u - st Teachers 1 1 .. Police Protection ' 1 - 1 Fire Protection 1 - - 1 Health and Welfare 0 p - Total Public Deployment 6 ♦ - Total Government Employment without Project3 654 660 Total Government Employment with Project 659 664 . . Impact of Project as Percentage of baseline Employmere4 0.7% 1 All values except 'Public Enrollments' represent full-tire equivetent_(rIt)wployee. reputed to maintain current levels of service in each category bred on copulation impacts generated by the project. 2 Represent■ eligible public school enrollment. persons age 5 through 17, from demographic,relysts, 3 Total FIE government employees required to maintain current levels of service without theproject.. 4 Impact of project as percentage of without-project employment, SSCAP14822388122 DEIS Vol umei:.Elf'Appendix 34 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 231 Impacts throughout the county :attributable to'in-migrants could place a slight burden on public services in communities unaccustomed to serving high demand. Since the countywide impact-to.fire :and.police protection is only one FTE employee each, the .impact eould".be'absorbed by currently existing facilities. The impact of additional students and teachers, however, may require additional classrooms to maintain current service standards. 4. pusherferd County The campus, expansion, and service areas are proposed to lie in south- western Rutherford County, approximately five miles from the city of Murfreesboro. This, the closest city to the SSC site with established services and facilities, would be highly attractive for settlement by in-migrants and would likely experience the most direct public service impacts in the ROI. As with the ROI, additional employment needed to maintain current levels of local public service in Rutherford County would peak during the operational phase in 1992 (Table 14.1.3.6.13). Project-induced government service employment in Rutherford County (neces- sary to maintain current levels of service) compared with future base- line employment shows a small impact on annual local public service work loads for all years. Public service impacts would require an additional 122 FTE employees in 1992 (representing a 4.2% increase in work load above baseline), while impacts during the operational phase • would be 114 workers (a 3.6% increase above baseline) in 2000. Impacts from the SSC would affect public services both in the immediate vicinity of the project site and dispersed throughout the county. As ' with other experimental scientific laboratories in the United States. SSC would likely support its own internal security (police) and emer gency (fire and medical) forces. Such services, however, tend to rely on and be complemented by local public services and facilities nearby. The proximity and concentration of existing services in Murfreesboro, the county seat, would facilitate cooperation and reliance between the two types of forces. Basic facilities required by the project would include a police substation, a permanently staffed fire station, and an emergency medical care facility (all presently existing In Murfreesboro). The proposed site is also within the range of ambulance service to Nashville area medical centers. Any additional services or facilities needed would likely be sited between the proposed campus site and Murfreesboro. Since the SSC project is not proposed to contain perma- nent residential housing, no impacts to local public schools would be expected at the site. SSCAP14822388123 " DEXS Volume LV:Appendix 14:; : • l . Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 232 1 Table IA-1.3.6.13' SSC-RELATED CHANGES DI PUBLIC SERVICE DEMIJO RUTHERFORD COUNTY. TENNESSEE Peak veer of Construction first fear of furl toeratiea:1992 2000 Impact. on Public CmploywentT General Education - 75 — }1 Public Enrollment.2 907 - - - 1.005 Teachers 45 w Pol ice Protection Fire Protection E, - S Health and Welfare - 8 S Total Public Employment Total Government Cmployerwt without Project3 2.678 3.160 Total Government C4loyment with Project .. 3.000:. 3.2M Impact of Project a.Pererntapa of Baseline Enploir..t4 - 4.f - leer 1 All value.except Enraterls^seprweet.,full,ttew-alentalSat flf-am*Tnyeea"eqtrired.0y maintain current .levels of whoa in,WIS C.tAgerY nal"a Polo liakr*Mats . iit rthe Oast. 2 Represents 411011l.pub14o L eclo. seriall.wrb,-q.n.e. eprS tl..gl►f8.: fwaS..41epb4eaeal it, Total FIE 9overrneet employees noshed tesseintalacureent.lev,.-.f.eerWonritAaut the prej.M. 4 Impact of project ea percentage of ritkout-prejeet.eeployeent. .. ., SSCAPI482218812a DEIS Vaunt Wippvndhs 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 233 Additional impacts would be created by in-migrant deund an •services. These impacts would be spread throughout the county as a fraction el in-migrant settlement ,patterns.. Ito majority of in-migrants would likely settle io the city of ]larfreesboro whose public serwlcei 'would thus be the most affected.. Since services in the city are ieell ,estab- lished and serve the largest concentration of population in thacouaty, impacts would likely be small and not, overwhelm existing services. Furthermore, the current distribution of public services and facilities throughout the county would provide a base from which danaadgemerated by SSC development could be met. Current service standards could be maintained through addition to baseline employment and expansion of exis- ting facilities (such as public school classroom and pollee stations and vehicles). The SSC would likely induce further growth surrounding Murfreesboro, which would also need to be served. New public facilities sock as police and fire substations and public school classrooms consequently would need to be established. D. public Finance The principal public finance effects of the SSC are expected to occur at two levels of government: the State.of Tenoessee, and jurisdictions within three primary impact counties (Bedford, Marshal), and Rutherford). This analysis identified those reveeue sources mad types of expenditure which would be either directly or indirectly effected. Direct impacts include consequences of SSC speeding {on taxable activities) by 'the federal government or its contractors, direct government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existlag tax bases (such as preperty tax losses from displaced activity). .Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and population due to the SSC. Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were esti- mated by projecting the change in the affected revenue base (such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development in -that state. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a-'net change' basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets. even in financing the impacts of growth. As a oorse— quence, the critical indirect fiscal effects of the SSC are those which result in either revenue or expenditure higher than treated by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type: o Earnings impacts on state and local revenue; these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings • compared to baseline earnings. o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditure. SSCAflC22388T25 DEIS Volume.•iuflppemd4x l4 218-029 0 - 88 - 9 tWOK 8) Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 234 Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the impact of SSC construction and operation on state and local government finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. The results of this Since the nyear i are 2000isranticipated toesented for cbe the first h year from lyear of fu 989 throuh 2000. llopera tion, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the annual impact for future years throughout the operational life of the project. 1. State of Tennessee For the State of Tennessee, net revenue is expected to peak 1n 1992 at $11.1 million ing full operation(would be approximately n$5.6 million nual net ebeginning in nue gains theyear 2000. Less than 10% of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. SSC construction contractors would contribute as much as $800,000 in motor fuels taxes in 1992. No additional revenue from sales and use taxes would be collected during construction or operation, due to tax exemptions provided by the state government. Public utilities taxes would provide additional income mainly during operation when SSC use of natural gas and telecommunications would be- . subject to taxation. During operation of the SSC almost 100% of state tax revenue gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue would come from taxes on purchases made by SSC workers and their families, income and property taxes paid by those workers, and various`other 'state sources of revenue. The cost for site and infrastructure improvements in Tennessee, which would be the responsibility of the state, were esti- mated at $27.7 million. Additional costs' would also•beincurred to purchase private property that would be transferred to federal ownership. 2. Bedford County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Bedford County would be negative during the entire life of the proj- ect (Table 14.1.3.6-15). These losses are expected because real-prop- erty losses are estimated at approximately $1.1 million annually, capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $1.1 million in 1991, and the indirect revenue from the additional population is expected to provide' only about $100,000 each year. By 1991 over 350 additional SSC-related' workers and their families are expected to move into the county. • SSCAP14B22388126 DEIS Volume IV•Appendix'14' Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 235 w.. .. ' e M n . ti e .w 74 an er r y ., J -a- ew. M 11- re were Y..., a 4 R are e 4 x w 010.a ere w w 8 . . a a ccw w .... e. •. , . . w __ •s _ 2N N M .. -ANA • a,t ri A.G7 new e. a a - - -� N yOh . Y Y ha d a C> __ __ e , 4 W O H .r(4.11r({ ay' J W - p[.L On M 3 n .et .. n a rq eY ,.. .lf fb ii 9 w& .,.4 8a h6y� y 9M Kd.5.. 4 Y� Ir.VYw . Ad 2� g 4 a « SSCA l48Zt30di27 DEIS VName t9irpperd4x 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 236 2 y - r.Y 2ai a C _ tt••d ga. r _. a.. .. W . a Y r W .m a'r._ a... S NF y, ^r.: Fig aie. Mae Y W ..- -Am N M ▪1 -am p 7447 weer . 7 to �N 0 24•c Maa . M Pl r fir. E ••-•▪ �3�d L{ wwrc &.r e -4 W v F. W J M �� v v r OC N F V! era N •a, Mb N S W Y ei Cry C g t,N e w �4 ^ 1 1 a i sJ a ale .- 2 t. SSCAP148223881z8 DOS Volume IV Appendix 14 I Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 237 - 3. Marshall County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all- local government jurisdictions in Marshall County would also be negative throughout the life of the SSC (Table 14.1.3.6-16). These losses are expected because of losses in the real property tax base, capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost about $400,000 in 1991, and the indirect revenue from the additional population is expected to provide less than 550,000 each year. By 1991 over 150 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county. 4. Rutherford County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Rutherford County would be negative during the first three years of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.6.17). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate SSC-related growth would cost as much as $2.6 million in 1990, when over 1,900 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capital outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $2.7 million. Approximately $1.6 million would be collected by the county and 51.1 million by the City of Murfreesboro, while all other governments would receive only a negligible net increase from that source. - The net direct revenue impact would be negative throughout the life of the project because of the loss of real property tax collections from land that would be transferred from private to federal ownership. A minor amount of personal property taxes would offset this loss in direct revenue only slightly during peak construction activity. E. Quality of Life/Social Well eejnz Horse breeding and cattle ranching are the dominant uses of lands sur- rounding Tennessee's proposed SSC site. The growing city of Murfreesboro would be the most accessible community to the site, but the Nashville metropolitan area could be reached in less than an hour. All of the land offered (I5,900 acres) currently is owned by private parties: expected relocations include 112 residences and four businesses. (Appen- dix 13). Population effects of the SSC are of major concern to area residents. as revealed by the EIS soaping process. including impacts to educa- tional systems, road impacts and traffic problems (Section 14.2.1). and housing supply impacts. Relocations of private homes and farms are also important issues. SSCAP14B22388131 0EIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socloeconomtc Assessments Tennessee 238 1 •944.7 4444 _ - R -e 5444 4 $..;: 'g--.-. g- .� - A W W y $$ 644.4 y4444 - 4 W i� M•- 4.. 4444 •i... !a 1 G R 4444 _ -M . �J, a-we g-.. 4 g Wt.) g__m - N • _yam ,. g M innt - N y v ,;, w` 2442 a a 7 ' a; er 4 *--C Ass' - A I'. - rt in a.4.'n 4aaa o - .r W 4.4. g-4- .-. w a `r-'I h lj,fyj V L1 iY G�i4-M • Y q Wi g.Ps $044 4444 F La os's •8 .ea xw .4J 9'�44n .444 .. "' o $'--O A.4. 8 g W r a ��« r g a . w. i bYYxxnI Yf - ' Jd`Y^2 F-4 J ,4 9r^ A li Pc^S '� SSCAP14022308132 AEIS Volume IV Appnylx .14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 239 :ems: .. .. . . R -..n x'.:.:. . S m ZOO �Mein a wpp _ - Sl VOO�r ..M.. . F J :.. ;:: W w . q--v; O Y v ,..a n.. . S IP r 4L Y •;N-. 0 A W W▪ LL N u r. .. mod' N9rV ....lea. M. .. (4 • u. rt N W %,'4 Itlf, _. Y o0. u.--•. a r. Sa ✓ W b W..J .."38 _ .N.Y @ F W J h _j.e` ..• .0 '�' A:re N L: J,Y .1 ,7 p-,. W H l';' �ce jE :Jac' st 14 a R t, s y "` pK 0t°a d1 e x «- r. � " 5SCAP14022300133 DEIS-Volume IV Appendix 1A' • • Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 240 yrban/$uburban Residents Most of the indirect and induced sales,' jobs, ,and, income effects of the project would benefit this group. Except for potential housing market impacts in southern Davidson and western Williamson counties. the lives of these residents probably would not otherwise be affected by SSC newcomers. Murfreesboro residents currently are experiencing a shift of status towards a more urbanized existence. The city is growing, both in numbers of inhabitants and in area, and SSC-related population would contribute to this growth. Continued rises in prices of housing, goods, and services should be expected. 2. Jtu al . Non-Farm Residents Life styles of nearby small town dwellers, such as those in Shelbyville, could be affected by SSC-related population. Some families have been around for more than a century, and existing residents can point out homes in which their great grandparents were raised. Reluctance to accept groups of newcomers occupying these and ne4ghbori'ng homes may be., strong. 3. Farm Operators Potential losses of agricultural properties in the SSC. land offering would be the most apparent impacts to this group of area residents. Noise effects on livestock, particularly troublesome with horses, are another important concern (Appendix 9). Protection of the region's preciously thin soils is always is another consideration. Dust and traffic associated with SSC construction activities could be a problem, and tunneling impacts to groundwater supplies are feared by some area farmers (Appendix 7). Special relocation impacts in Tennessee include an historic farmstead operated by the Saunders family in the area proposed for the SSC campus, and just south of the campus area a small school, that largely serves farm families. 4. SSC Construction_Related Newcomers Murfreesboro probably would serve as the temporary home for many area newcomers during SSC construction; others would commute from the Nashville area. No significant social adjustment problems are foreseen for this set of newcomers in either of these communities. • SSCAP14922388136 DEIS Volume IV ADpenoix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Tennessee 241 5. SSC, Oneratien-Relateg Newcomers Many SSC operation workers probably•would be attracted to southern • parts of the Nashville area, .particular near Franklin where aew devel- opments are sprigging up. Murfreesboro would house many others ia.this group, but a wide choice of settlement opportunities also would be available fe styles cold be achieved by settlement earound a number of small tlsewhere in the area. aownllsinear tthe- SSC, and medium-sized towns such as Shelbyville would be accessible as well. This variety of potential life styles for SSC newcomers would ease social integration for this group. • • • • SSCAP14822388138 DEIS Volume-IV Appendix' 14 AWWWWWWW Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 242 14.1.3.7 r�.as • Between 1959 and 1984 the economy of.the ;Texas.region of i,nfluence•.(RD1) expanded at a relatively rapid pace. Since 1984, .although the size .of the labor force has continued to expand„ the unemployment rate has increased significantly. At the national level the:unemployment rate has declined since 1984. In 1987 Dallas and Tarrant counties. major influences on the regional economy berause of the economic activity in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, hit the highest levels of unemployment of the decade. High unemployment in the region was partially related to excess development in the real estate sector compounded by a sudden drop in world oil prices in 1986. Ellis County, which has a large manufac- turing sector, has recently also experienced increasing labor force levels and higher unemployment rates. Although recent trends in unem- ployment are somewhat discouraging for the regional economy, the rate of economic growth is still relatively large compared to economic activity at the national level . Development and operation of the SSC would pro- vide a minor stimulus to the economy of the R0I (Table 14.1.3.7-1). Growth related to SSC siting in Ellis County, however, would represent a more substantial addition to the existing environment. The SSC would lie entirely within Ellis County, and the ring would en- circle Waxahachie, seat of EllisCCounty government. Therefore, some of the directly employed work force likely would reside in this county, and many of these workers would live in Waxahachie. With the site located less than one-half hour from the growing southern suburbs of the Dallas- Fort Worth metropolis, however, most workers probably would reside there. Thus, local area housing, public services, and public finance impacts would be minimal. A. Economic Activity Labor Force and income The economy of the Texas ROI would experience beneficial increases in employment, income, and sales as a result of construction and operation of the SSC. Additional jobs would be available to the region's labor force including opportunities for direct employment at the SSC site and jobs involved with providing goods and services to the project and with satisfying the consumer demands of direct project workers. Multiplier effects of these first and second round activities will lead to further increases in sales, which in turn would provide additional jobs and income. Ellis County would receive the greatest benefits of these eco- nomic impacts relative to the size of the existing economies in the local communities. 1. RegjonAl bvervtew More than 3,000 jobs in construction and about 800 jobs required for commencement of operation would be required during peak construction of the SSC in 1992 (Figure 14.1.3.7-1: Table 14.1.3.7-2). Thus, a peak direct work force of more than 3,800 would be required in the region. SSCAP14B22388138 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 .. Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 243 12 w N P A 1 .--" - - M ..xx.:3 cud ne s - -- - A -gaa seat .. nI4isw e. 8 r s. 0 � p w V, y .e^.l,r^cR a �, e R IY� - .44 Exa sud i a y Tri i— $ 6:.8.2;19 �L ryri9 mma 9Y X4-. I.. R w 0 d H C '' SSCAP14822388139 XIS Volume..SV.Appendix.14. Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 244 o O el N csi o O. W r, C d o � 8 aa) at:: o= QQ v 4 Q 0 o 0 an F c o, & • ., O • ' � _Ng . ' C0 I tea''''. ' I'''. ,p I :0 . U N 1 , R i5 a.- 0g N . _ _ / 11111 jj1 ° 3uewRojdw3 3SS 3oa+d SSCA°141122388142 OFIS Volume IV Appendix 14 .4..M.. . n • •=0'r-.Mull socioeconomic Assessments Texas 245 sa' "sac Ziff 6 � Z w �yysw x l w .4..i w n .+ . M .Y. F;ow. N.. N s tc 'Ro1'Z.3 ::ZrZ A, R Li ' ram ---e id, . 02 ZII* .00. . P. r11 "_ .y m m naa". I' VIZ€?6K P �a' ax : fl. At?g �_ y. F Xrxt`a-.a3,ffi.97 SiP.�, aRV .o' @...1 JR. . a 4w.$.e" .Y H - w.. w ..1 w V %%G u�{ ffiffi V 75 is ll lin T®N Ne " „ wNe Nrw 6. . . z .iat ,mit e 5 N hJ nwi .» .... e'I r A w »»4 ' '''DLa'll ^ ti 'Iei :id _ N N .-. .we, M. n W W ..yy ygqq.� gq ~ R% m17'17i7..1"ittZ W6.`dn(.`-d. 4 0' X weo .-.- 1.-.; }u} Y 4 N .. ..I e.v.. W.., �.. w -. P NMM sgm �..Yy n H iA W V N..v. N M' NMe a Vrw ,per S a�^ga:g,awA5 Wstuar2k ; : rsx¢ rr,q�,if0. a W _ O r w -wM1 .�� PM��N w� Nn.�. % wNP Pdrw x* a:- 4�r- r"�44 u. _ .'axe -^s-r. �. y MM N p p / 4 V.I iii " -V-v • . r _ y.y y rY. j]if r 4 *i. ' R t. C 4 ,l 1p it"5i k4Rq`-.v.. aLbyy '� SSCAP14D223DD142 DCIS Voluee.IV.Appendtx •14, 1 , , • Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 246 Spending of earnings by these direct workers, plus projectrelated • purchases of goods and services (Figure 14.1.3.7-2). would create addi- tional, secondary jobs. This secondary employment, resulting from the multiplier effects of the regional economy, would measure about 5,800 jobs during the peak of construction activity. Peak total employment impacts in the region, including direct and secondary impacts of SSC construction and related spending, would reach nearly 9,700 jobs. Compared to the approximately 2.2 million future baseline employment opportunities in the region by 1992 - available without the SSC - these impacts would be quite small. This impact repre- sents about 0.4% of baseline employment: regional unemployment rates could be reduced by up to this amount at the construction peak. The construction, services, and trade sectors are expected to experience the largest employment increases during the peak construction phase of the project, together accounting for more than 6.800 jobs. Manufactur- ing, which plays a somewhat smaller role in this region's economy com- pared to the size of the manufacturing sector at the national level, would gain approximately 1.000 jobs at the peak of construction. The SSC is expected to reach its full operating employment level in the year 2000, providing over 3,200 direct jobs. Secondary economic activity would add about 3,300 jobs to the total regional employment impact during SSC operation. Long-term employment gains would thus total approximately 6,500 jobs as a result of the combined direct and secondary impacts of SSC operation. This total employment impact would represent about 0.3% of baseline regional job opportunities in the year 2000. Though secondary jobs account for 60.4% of all SSC-related employment during construction. this share is reduced to 50.1% during operation as direct jobs become relatively more important (Figure 14.1,3.7-3) Dur- ing the operation phase, secondary job opportunities are concentrated in the services and trade industries, which together account for more than 1,200 jobs. The manufacturing sector would gain approximately 300 jobs. Secondary impacts in the transportation, communications, and utilities sector peak in the long-term operation phase. Many of the more than 400 jobs created within this sector are attributable to 5SC requirements for large amounts of electricity. Almost 5170 million in annual earnings would be received' during the peak year of construction by direct workers (all figures in 1988 dollars unless otherwise indicated). Secondary earnings during peak construc- tion would approach $140 million. Altogether, including both direct and secondary workers, earnings impacts would thus bo more than $300 million during 1992 (Figure 14.1.3.7-4). Regional earnings would be directly increased by nearly $110 million annually when SSC reaches full opera- tion. Additional earnings of almost $80 million by secondary workers during the operation phase would increase total earnings in the region by almost $190 million a year. SSCAP14B22388144 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socloetonomtt Assessments Texas 247 '! o b O' N C b z c v (1r a a n _R i y O U O N N 01) pN -.D. ^ pgg. C "04N H O O _ V W N (7 V r 01 at • _E �. _1 al Cm Ch.e0 N n .4a) W QN 00C +g za 1•. 1 W O ,��.- • ' I_ w g 41) W • III I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I ,I 9 0C w w w op w .w VJ0lo<J 996L to euo111tI • 1 SSCAP14B22388146' DEIS Volume IV Appendix14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 248 ry� N M. a a a:::•i❖:•:•d:::•!:•:•• Rh 1,1 in i ••• ►� A.ii,+ L�:••i':�i'i::%:�f air �' E w LL+ W G 9J2' cn CA a fn N 1d- w CT o 'a le St- 9d d al l- ....• (n lL X l - �Q - ^CO IIgOJdQO •0 C+ I 1 { I , 1 l i 1 1 I scot SSCAv34e22388I47 DEIS Volume 1W Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 249 • g b i Is `� 2. co W 1, o 4,' - wQ M TJ Y I v " CO yam,. ! .. a .N� ... r' �^ tn cilc c rIr ' P `„ ' CS) .o 0 r 1 rr ,�rr9 M Y / 2..ti . cci m .. 0 xvi ' �. 401 • '4 , i g , 414 ern Is im , b em J cii „,e- ^ g ,.` 15 GJ W •., ., JG ,�: U ' ro p 010 p g 8 8_. O. O ,M .' ($29 ;o ouoppp) pp s5ulwo3/solos 'poonpui '}oa!pul '}ooJlp SSCAP24a22388I48 , DEIS'Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 250 • At the peak of the construction phase spending directly attributable to SSC would reach nearly $230 million, 55.1% of which would result from consumer spending by direct workers. Secondary increases in spending would result in total regional sales impacts of almost $450 million during the peak year of construction. During full operation, expected to begin in the year 2000, SSC would be responsible for over $60 million of annual sales due to procurement of regional goods and services. Additional consumer spending by direct project workers is expected to exceed $80 million, for a total direct impact on regional sales of more than $140 million annually. When combined with additional secondary sales volume, total SSC-related sales would approach $270 million each year. The degree to which the regional labor force can adjust to the needs of the SSC would determine in large part the degree to which in-migration results from these new job opportunities. Accounting for the size, unemployment rate, and education level of the regional labor force, it is estimated that approximately 3,300 workers would in-migrate. Actual in-migration could be considerably higher, due to uncertainty regarding the relationship between unemployment and in-migration. Beginning in the year 2000, during full operation about 2,300 in-migrant direct and indirect employees are projected. 2. Ellis County Of the direct SSC jobs 37.3% (about 1,400 'of more than 3,800). probably. would be filled by workers residing in Ellis County. These jobs would be filled by either baseline residents or in-migrants. Together with about 150 secondary jobs in the county the total SSC-related employment impact would peak at nearly 1,600 jobs, approximately 16.2% of the total job impact within the region. The long-term total impact would be almost 1,300 jobs for county residents during the operation phase (Table 14.1.3.7-3). Direct SSC workers residing in Ellis County would earn about $60 million during the peak construction year in 1992. Secondary earnings impacts peak at approximately $3 million. Over the long term almost $45 million annually would be earned by Ellis County workers directly or indirectly associated with SSC operation. Of the direct sales of nearly $50 million created within Ellis Ccunty at the peak of construction activity, 95.1% can be attributed to additional consumer demand produced by direct project workers. The remainder of direct sales demand is attributable to direct project purchases in the county of approximately $3 million. Project purchases would be rela- tively low since most goods and services from the region are expected to be supplied from the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. During opera- tion sales in the county would be increased directly by over $30 million a year, about 95.3% of which would be from direct worker consumer demand and the rest from direct project purchases. SSCAP14B22388148 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 251 R b��s ww Zia Y Rr{ aw.i `hiia 11.5 _ I{i ?�.nj all rwY r} _ a=x Zia ' �s nr ;mss Ina“. -u& z q tall. .$w :ri ;it t wd •� & 39 www www _ =3 an : P 2 4 YAw .w rw r`ww 1 , Fri :5 : ; e ei 1.1 t4 w' � z Pin* kli GO CO of-" n� www N i! F vi lit r E. d :" x " • fi s W .,y 5 Al ^Ma lab i aa. N r ww 4.4 a w� � jail ,:s "f l•-,-, r. 'fie rta o�4 `s • 14 ' o : eAlta ger! S b Er 7n14-t;t21 S5CAP14022388149 DEIS Volume 1V Appendix 14 I Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 252 B. Demoaraohtc and Housing. Population growth expected to result from project-related in-migration is examined for 1992, the peak construction year, and for full operation in the year 2000. These estimated increases are discussed at the level of the Texas ROI and for Ellis County. Demographic impacts are examined in terms of both the absolute and relative amounts by which SSC-related population is expected to exceed baseline projections. The greatest single-year population increase is also examined, comparing it to the baseline total as well as to the change predicted in the baseline over the same year. In parallel fashion, the increased demand for year-round housing is summarized for 1992 and 2000. Growth in demand is calculated in terms of the additional units required to house in-migrants in the ROI and Ellis County. Additional housing requirements generated by the greatest single-year population increase are also discussed. Anticipated SSC-related increases in population and housing demand in the ROI are comparatively slight, their impacts minimal duo to the large population and housing stock already in place in the region - primarily In metropolitan Dallas and Fort Worth. Although the greatest absolute growth would occur in Dallas County, projections indicate that Ellis County would experience the greatest relative increases in population and housing demand. These changes, however, lie within Ellis County's capacity to absorb them. I. Regional Overxtew The demographic impact on the ROI would approach 9,900 persons when Zion- struction peaks in 1992, exceeding the projected baseline by roughly 0.3% (Table 14.1.3.7-4). By the time of full operation in the year 2000 an impact of less than 8,000 persons is anticipated - roughly 0.2% above the baseline. This long-term growth..would generate lasting effects on , housing demand, services, and public finance; it is expected to be the greatest in absolute terms in Dallas County (containing metropolitan Dallas), though the greatest relative increases are projected for Ellis County (Figure 14.1.3.7-5). The largest single-year increase in regional population is expected between 1990 and 1991, with the addition of approximately 4,300 persons due to the project. Although representing 0.1% of the 1991 baseline for the entire ROI, this 1990-91 increase in population would exceed the growth projected for the baseline over the same year by nearly 8.9%. The age structure of the Texas ROI population is anticipated to change only slightly, by less than 0.1% in both 1992 and 2000 for all age groups of primary interest (s4. 5-19, Z65). SSCAP14822388151 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 253 m p MAM11�=N c �1s� pN NYDVI\ �+ N 0 PIwAb N P.m M r Mr 4 6 m S 4 • M �y(y r RI N Vbd YMSVNt(O. .0 O..M.S�h wwM'1� .. rl NM1OW .0. • w m �(A. Mp� �tpp y{� �y rp •� rr a . gm T N :Y1MOM e" at �a . « s. , M t —Ong •Erfl gIg725 4 2 400 9 .pl+ 1I- •A A r 'N w N . ar pa• y a_ wNV N W 0 -M1 - ft, Pm°\ 'M' MN V MN N Og 47 . .. 4 i m ��3203gMn Z dot - .. •�� rap. a — Y Nr N d F !^ r /1 w M m ♦pY spy i• N Up r.C!Y q Y OWN N MN.N a CM p_p mm - o v mOJImv NNV~N N 4� m 44 NJ1 YYYV111 r a 4440000004 _. Y ac vvzinx 4Nrm r Ora.rn; u N w I. a4 N•. rr r N pp I m.Nn ..tl-A.4..4 9 AMwr ti 0q. - YJ C YC^Y Q.LCOrar ~ & �aoYBs a21 i'. 2.'6 p �Y SSCAP14622388152 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 254 / i I /Ai li a Al ^ ':'r5S'.S`O.S•.•.S•�yi�iiiiijiiijij� ► • p ..SS•}6'•}}:` iiliiiii� ✓� • x��'i•��y��'�`i�'fSSS•�•�•:`}:•i�iiiiiii�iiiiiiyii 0 N ra y' ':: iiiiiii iiii�� 8 Rf �, ,�rih`S�•��iiiiii•_y.. n P4 .•yy�''y4•i'' ,ii.}}�i►iiiii�j ii*ii� C. ?• d:L• Siii iiiii� d S.. iii ♦♦ ♦ii♦ py 4) . !r, ,�!•S ,•}S'•�S;.S:•:'i4iii i i K W .` tA. • '`•!.•�.'••555' .�. .• •��iiiii iiiiiiiiiiii�i iiiiiiiii. C, 0y ' • �iiiii •%V mir al \J\` i8 b q•r„, \, . g b.a ` N gin>4 5 a c" 4)C� c c g g g a CI• C 0 O O O r+ O N c C• O 0, = SSCAP14022308155 DCIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 255 An increased demand for year-round housing would accompany growth in regional population. The growth in population projected for 1992 as a consequence of SSC would result in an estimated increase le housing, demand for more than 2,700 year-round units; by the year 2000 an addi- tional 1,900 units would be required (Table 14.1.3.7-4). The low vacancy rates that characterized housing in 1980 have grown dramatically during the last half of the 1980s throughout much of the region (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982; North Central Texas Council of Governments 1988). This recent trend, brought about by over-' •*lding'in the housing sector, means that increases in housing demant could easily be met. In terms of rapid change, a demand for more than 1,200 additional housing units in a single year is expected to accompany the population growth projected between 1990 and 1991. The number of current vacancies, coupled with the ability of the regio- nal construction industry to provide large amounts of additional housing (demonstrated particularly by recent development in southern Dallas County), suggests that this anticipated rapid increase in housing demand also could be absorbed. 2. tilts County Of the eight counties comprising the Texas ROI, Ellis County would ex- perience the greatest relative population and housing impacts. The population of Ellis County is expected to exceed that projected for the baseline by almost 2,700 persons (3.4% of the baseline) in 1992, and by more than 2,300 persons (2.7% of the baseline) in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.7-5). During the greatest single-year population increase, an- ticipated between 1990 and 1991, demographic growth in excess of 1,100 persons is projected - representing 1.5% of the 1991 baseline total, but an annual increase 108.7% more than baseline growth projected between 1990 and 1991 for Ellis County without the project. The increase in Ellis County population would produce a demand for about 730 additional year-round housing units in 1992 and 550 units in the year 2000 (Table 14.1.3.7-5). In contrast to the ROI as a whole, vacancy rates in Ellis County have been low throughout the 1980s (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1932; North Central Texas Council of Governments 1988), and the county's housing sector produced an annual average of only 530 units between 1980 and 1987 (as indicated by the issuance of building permits; cf. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983, 1985, 1987). However, the proximity of the Dallas and Tarrant county construction industries, in conjunction with current vacancies and construction within Ellis County itself, should enable the absorption of these increases in housing demand. For the same reasons, it is anticipated that the growth in housing demand of nearly 310 units expected to accompany the 1990-91 increase in popula- tion could easily be accommodated. SSCAP14822388155 DEIS Volume IV Appendix,14'.:-. Socioeconomic Assessments ' Texas 256 Table 14.1'.3.7-5 SSC-RELATEI) 'CHANGES IN POPULATION AND HOUSING DENAIC ELLIS CWtRY, TEXAS Peek Year at Comterotlei /fret Yeee at hell 0pae.tten 1692 2000 Population Baseline 78,300 86,600 Impact 2,682 , Impact as % 3.4% 311 2 2.317 oY Carnelian t.7% Housing Demand • Total Households 094 66s. Families 603 450 Individuals 291 z0 Housing Requirement 733 540. SSCAP1462238t1156 DEIS Volume IV'APpendfx'I4 ' Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 257 C. Public Services Impacts on local public services and facilities are'detetmttned by the increased demand for personnel and-rftfli ties associated with SSC development. Ability to accommodate increased population without • degradation of accustomed levels of local public service was examined based on potential changes in service demands_ Current levels of public service (represented by full-time equivalent (FTE) employment per 1000 population and student/teacher ratios) were used as standards for each area examined. The relative magnitude of SSC impacts on public services was measured using the percentage change in employment above future baseline employment, maintaining current levels of service, needed to meet demands attributable to the project. The geographical distribution of public services relative to the proposed SSC site also was examined, to assess adequacy of service coverage. 1. fl oional Overview Additional FTE employment needed to maintain current levels of service for police and fire protection, health care, public education, and other government services combined for the Texas ROI would ,peak in ,1992 at the height -of construction (Table 14.1.3.7-6). Comparison of project-induced government service employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals a negligible impact on local public service work loads for al] years. During the peak of construction in 1992 impacts to public ser- vices would amount to nearly 370 workers, or a '0.3% increase in work load above the future baseline. Owing the operational These of the project in the year 2000 impacts would amount to 297 workers, or a 4.2% increase. 2. Ellis County The proposed SSC, encircling the city of Waxahachie, would be completely contained within Ellis County. Most of the direct regional impacts to public services would therefore occur in this county (Table 14.1.3.7-7). Comparison of project-induced public employment (necessary to maintain current levels of service) with future baseline employment reveals a minimal impact on local public service work loads for all years. Im- pacts would be greatest during the peak of construction in 1992, with an additional 86 FTE employees needed (a 3.4% increase above baseline employment); impacts during the operational phase in the year 2000 would amount to an additional 74 FTE employees (a 2.7% increase). SSCAP14822388T57 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 258 Table 14.1.3.7-6 SSC-RELATED CHANGES IN PUBLIC SERVICE DEMAND TEXAS R0I . . Peak Year of Construction First Year.of Full.Operation 1992 - 2000 Impacts on Public Employmentl General Education - 704 164 Public Enrollment■2 2,031 - 1,900 . . Teachers 113. 106 Police Protection Fire Protection 14 12.. Health end Welfare 30 25: . Total Public Employment 366 29T.. Total Goverment Employment without Projecto 130.830 '145,231 Total Government Employment -with Project 131.196 14 6.528 6. 526 Impact of Project as Percentage of Baseline Employment" 0.3% . - 0,78 I All values except "Public Enrollments"..represent full-time equivalent (FTE) employer required to maintain current levels of service in each category based on population-impacts-generated by the 2 project. _ Represents eligible public school enrollment, persona age 5 through 17, from demographic ane lyeis. Total FT( government employees required to maintain current levels of service without the " project. Impact of project as peroentsge of without-project employment. SSCAP14822388158 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 2S9 Table .243.3.7-7 SSC-RELATED CHANGES 7N 'PUBLIC SERVICE'DDtNO Ell-IS COUNTY. TEXAS • 'Peak Year-ofConstruotlon - ',Fernt Year of-ful1:6,esrabten 1792 2000 Impacts on Publio.fmplarisntl General Education 61 54 Public Enrolle.nta2 551 553 Teachers 35 35 Police Protection 6 5 Fire Protection Health and Velfare 1 4- Total Public employment 86 74 Total Goverment'Employment without Project" .'4.480 2.747. Total Goverment Employment - with Project 2.568 • 2,321 Impact of Project-es-Percentage of Baseline Employment'. 3.4'% 2.7% I all va lees.except "Public Enrol bleats",reereeset fuil..t/w seeive% t•<PYE)aapleyaee reev4eb4e maintain ourr.nt levels of service,in Aeon category.beeed e.ieoesl.e/en arpects eenn'etad- .the.. . 2 project. Represents eligible public scleol'.nreliment.'psr••ne-ageb thra:O17, 'rem deogrspMO analyse. 3 Total FTE government employees inquired to maintain6oerant I.vels of serrierwithoet'tie 4 project. Impact of project espercentegu.of.rlt$out•project'aeployeent. • SSCAP14822388159 DEIS Volume IV Appendix ad': ' . Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 260 Impacts would affect public services in Ellis County both in the imme- diate vicinity of the project site and throughout the county. As with other experimental scientific laboratories in the, United 'States, the SSC would likely support its own internal security (police) and emer- gency (fire and medical) forces. Such services, however, tend to rely on and be complemented by local public services and facilities nearby. The proximity and focus of existing services in Waxahachie, the county scat less than ten miles from the proposed campus site, would facilitate cooperation and reliance between the two forces. Basic facilities required by the project would include a police substation, a permanently staffed fire station, and an emergency medical care facility (all already existing in Waxahachie). Any new services or facilities that may be needed would likely be sited between the proposed campus site and Waxahachie. Access to air evacuation services between the site and medical facili- ties in Dallas, currently linked with Waxahachie, could readily be ex- panded to the SSC site. Since the SSC project is not proposed to con- tain permanent residential housing, no impacts to local public schools would be expected at the site. Additional impacts would be created by in-migrant demand on services. These impacts would be spread throughout the county as a function of in-migrant settlement patterns. However, since settlement options are attractive throughout the ROI (especially in Dallas County), the antici pated impact to the county's public services would be small and not likely to overwhelm established services. Furthermore, the current distribution of public services and facilities within the county would provide a base from which demand generated-by SSC development could be met. Current service standards could be maintained through addition to baseline employment and expansion of existing facilities (such as public school classrooms and police stations and vehicles). Likely subsequent growth near the SSC site, induced by its development, would also need to be served. New public facilities such as police and fire substations consequentially might need to be established to sup- port such growth. D. Public Financq The principal public finance effects of SSC are expected to occur at two levels of government: the State of Texas, and jurisdictions within Ellis County. This analysis identified those revenue sources and types • of expenditure which would be either directly or indirectly affected. Direct impacts include consequences of SSC spending (on taxable activi- ties) by the federal government or its contractors, direct government spending in support of SSC activities, and offsets against existing tax bases (such as property tax losses from displaced activity). Indirect impacts include effects attributable to growth in earnings and popula- tion due to SSC. SSCAP14822388160 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 261 Direct revenue impacts on state and local government finances were esti- mated by projecting the change in the affected revenue.base- (such as motor fuel purchases) and applying the appropriate tax rate. Direct expenditure impacts were obtained from published state and local sources regarding proposed outlays to support SSC development in that state. Indirect revenue and expenditure impacts were estimated on a "net change" basis. State and local governments generally attempt to balance their budgets, even in financing the impacts of growth. As a conse- quence, the critical indirect fiscal effects are those which result in either revenue or expenditure higher than would be Created by baseline or normal growth. There would be two principal effects of this type:, o Earnings impacts on state and local revenue; these are limited to the relative magnitude of SSC-related earnings compared to baseline earnings. o Growth of population in areas most affected by the SSC would increase needs for local government capital expenditure. Additional detail describing the methodology used to project the impact of SSC construction and operation on state and local government finances is presented in Section 14.1.2.3, Assessment Methodologies. The results of this analysis are presented for each year from 1989 through 2000. Since 2000 is anticipated to be the first year of full, operation, the impacts shown for that year are representative of the. . annual impact for future years throughout the operational life,of the project. 1. State of Texas At the state government level net revenue is expected to peak in 1992 at $5.8 million (Table 14.1.3.7-8). During full operation, annual net revenue gains would be approximately $3.2 million beginning in the year 2000. Less than 10% of this impact is derived from direct tax revenue. SSC construction contractors would contribute as much as $400,000 in motor fuels taxes in 1992. No additional revenue from sales and use taxes would be collected during construction or operation, due to tax exemptions provided by the state government. Public utilities taxes would provide additional income during both construction and operation. During operation of the SSC almost 70% of state tax revenue gains would result from indirect tax revenue. This revenue would come from taxes on purchases made by SSC workers and their families, income and prop- erty taxes paid by those workers, and various other state sources of revenue. The cost for site and infrastructure improvements in Texas, which would be the responsibility of the state, were estimated at $25.7 million. Additional costs would also be incurred to purchase private property that would be transferred to federal ownership. SSCAo14822388161 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 262 wee OA w k • he- diet wi 4 . X,rI Mww 1w M ..•r.re r w • r w . - Lew me ,r . Mawr wr 4 S Q taut !7{ rwM rM w M rs r M sum me w m A" V 1J •ww� fr .w W W PACI WOW we _ ft et H l� ww M._ .N... 3 1 4N wee es q w • i wrr ms — r r G g t+r I y SlaarrF OZiw S 4 SSCAP14822S8B162 0EIS Vulvae'IV•Appendix 10 ' ,'. Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 263 2. Fills County The cumulative net fiscal impact to all local government jurisdictions in Ellis County would be negative during the first year of project activity but would be positive thereafter (Table 14.1.3.7-9). Capital infrastructure improvements required to accommodate' SSC-related growth would cost as much as $2.1 million in 1990, when over 1,000 additional SSC-related workers and their families are expected to move into the county (although it is possible that the county could finance this capi- tal outlay with long-term bonds). Indirect tax revenue would peak in 1992 at $3.9 million. Approximately $500,000 would be collected by the county and $1.7 million by the City of Waxahachie, while all other governments would receive a net increase from that source of an additional $1.7 million. Direct tax revenue would account for an additional $300,000 during 1991 and 1992, due to personal property tax collections on construction equip- ment used by SSC contractors. After construction is completed in 1996, however, the net direct revenue impact would be negative because of the :. loss of real property tax collections from land that would be transferred from private to federal ownership. C. Quality of Life/Social Well_Deinq Although the proposed Texas SSC would encircle the 'city of Waxahachie,. it would be almost entirely on rural lands. The Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is less than an hour north of the site, and suburban development extends south of the metropolis nearly to the site area. Besides the agricultural uses to which much of the SSC land currently is devoted, rural residences of exurbanites from Dallas dot the countryside. Altogether, there would be 224 relocations required to accomodate SSC siting there, and more than 15,800 acres of privately held lands wou)d be included in the offering (Appendix 13). Issues of concern to local res;dents, as revealed by the EIS seoping process, include the impacts of these relocations, and effects of SSC- related population, especially effects on highway congestion (Section 14.2.1). Other important issues ate local labor effects, mostly antici- pated to be beneficial SSC impacts, and effects on 'state and local tax rates. 1. 4rjan/Subur-ban Residents This group includes mostly residents from the Dallas-Fort Worth metro- politan area, but also City of Waxahachie residents. Metropolitan resi- dents would be the prime beneficiaries of indirect and induced economic effects of the SSC; Waxahachie residents would be more likely to partake SSCAP14822388164 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 264 P ...0 r.wq Y q - 2 3•St . A M• *".1v r 2 • — tt ' h e V Nw...w r w teem ae..w e 4 • Vs eV ...Ns e • • Wuy in rawu MYY• r M.J � n..W . •n. ...WNW w `}w • M M r Yw a• • O. ..4N Y•/.q YeYM r A. T r• te.e Ser•ri. ...As.. ¢. .+▪ wk., do J r woe nwwa ...woo T. w n-1 W w••Y a a a V o J - . ..m wS wo SUSS r <a M••0 34 se fs. ., ,KJ gg oar= .w�wr.. 4 a yio V•ru Wares .�. . In r Ls! . �.. T r r g liti1.1 P z Pv �,,.g 1 x i a23 pit: , I i SSCAP14B223BB165 • DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 265 directly in SSC job and income impacts, but-also-would-be wore subject to whatever adverse effects might accompany SSC-related population pres-, sures. Urban life to Waxahachie"is 'tempered byy'the' City's rural snr- roundines. unlike the more concentrated-urban'tife'style of the metrop- olis. The pace of new suburban.development in-southern Tarrant and Dallas counties and in northern Etlis:Ccunty, diminishing in recent years, could be accelerated by the SSC. As-&result, the rural spaces separating Waxahachie from the.Dallas-Fort Worth sprawl •could fill up more rapidly than otherwise woutd:be expected. Quality-of life for Waxahachie residents then would more Closely resemble that in the metro- politan region. A more intense urban existence would be welcome for some Waxahachie residents, business people In particular, but could be a source of dissatisfaction for others. 2. Rural . Non-Farm Resident% Many of the rural residents in the SSC area are exurbanites, maintaining economic ties to the metropolis but generally enjoying a more rural life style than their co-workers in the cities and suburbs. Some of these residents would be relocated, and some would be subject to increased traffic (Section 14.2.1) and other SSC-related activities. Both the relocated residents and those left behind' to experience these population effects would be subject to important quality of life changes. One entire community would be disbanded by the fee simple land offering. as complete a breakup of a social subgroup as one ever is likely to encounter. The town of Boz contains about 25 residences. Most of these residences are in mobile homes or modular structures; less than ten are permanent (brick) homes. All would have to be removed to make room for the SSC campus area. 3. farm Operators Agricultural land withdrawal by the SSC is a major concern of this group, particularly with regard to compensation. Development potential of these lands should be considered in determining fair compensation, as many would lie in the normal path of suburban sprawl south of Dallas. According to a recent-attitudinal study (Ellis County Environmental Review Committee, 1988), water quality and quantity impacts of the SSC • (Appendix 7) also are of concern to this group, as is the potential for inconvenience caused by SSC construction and site access. Off-farm employment opportunities generated by the SSC would constitute positive effects for this group. 4. SSC Construction-Related Newcomers Whether commuting from the Dallas area or staying in Waxahachie, early SSC newcomers would find the region responsive to most of their social needs. No adjustment problems are anticipated for this group. fin , SSCAP14B22388aG7 DEIS Volume IV Appendlxv!s. 270.829 0 - 88 - 10 (BOOR B) Socioeconomic Assessments Texas 266 5. $SC Operation Related JVewcomeri, , ,, These longer term newcomers also would find the regionwhospitable Ample employment and education opportunities are avail able depen- . dents in the metropolitanarea, along;with sufficient cultural •amenl ties. Waxahachie services might.be..<saturated if large numbers-of<-new- comers choose residence there, but expansion of these services likely would be well underway by the:time they arrive, in response to and by virtue of revenues provided by the constructlon.related newcomers. SSCAP14B22388168 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Cumulative 267 14.1.3.8 Cumulative Impact ,v Re"tlpn of Inflnenre. This section discusses the cumulative impacts that: caaldocsur'at'each of the proposed sites. Cumulative, impacts'occiet whenotber activities, not directly associated with,tbe project, changer-Me capacity isf the'RA1 to absorb SSC-related impacts. Concurrent activities reswlt 1a ebanges.. to the ROI capacity which either may exacerbate potential Impacts or the impacts may be lessened because the activities, complement•one another. A. Arizona Two major construction projects currently underway -in the Arizona ROI will be nearing completion about the time that SSC construction would commence. The Central Arizona Project, a 320-mi aqueduct system of tun- nels and canals, already brings water from the Colorado River to Phoenix and when completed will serve much of the Phoenix-Tucson corridor.. The • Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, being built in central Maricopa County, is the largest nuclear power station in. the United States and is expected to have the capability of serving up to three million residen- tial customers. No new projects on the. same scale have been proposed in the region. There are, however. two smaller scale,.dam construction projects slated to occur over the next five to six years. Both the new Waddell Dam at Lake Pleasant and modifications. to Roosevelt Dam at Roosevelt Lake are upgrades of existing structures in oorthern Maricopa County, and would lead to relatively minor socioeconomic impacts xtth or without concurrent construction of the,SSC. The most important regional factor with respect to cumulative impacts in the Arizona ROI is the rapid expansion of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Large tracts of vacant land' ringing the urban area and ranging 111 size from 300 to 12,000 acres have been purchased by developers for future residential and commercial construction. The 38 large-scale develop- ments identified in the Maricopa County Comprehensive Plan (Maricopa County Department of Planning and Development 1983) are estimated to have the capacity of accommodating over 400.000 residents. In- the con- text of such extensive regional growth. SSC-related socioeconomic is- pacts would be comparatively small and easily absorbed. B. Colorado A number of major construction projects are planned for the Colorado ROI • in the next decade, with the peak cumulative construction activtty occur- ring in the early 1990s. The most important of these projects include: a new airport, a new metro,Oenverbeltway and upgrades to existing•hlgh� ways, a major water project, and cleanup of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal waste disposal site. The new airport, to be located northeast of Denver, is scheduled for peak construction between 1990 and I994. At a total cost of $2 billion, the project is expected to employ Eras 2,209 to 2400 construction workers annually....the major transportation project involves completing the remaining two segments of the Highway 470 beltway around SSCAP14'82236t169 DEIS Volume-IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Cumulative 268 metropolitan Denver: the first segment (E-470) is planned for construc-tion beginning in 1988 at an estimated cost of $722 -mtfl1on;-work 'on the . . second segment (W-470), expected to cost approximately $350 million. is. not scheduled to begin-until- the year 2000.- Another'$54'minlion is; bud geted for the first phase of construction of fast-track corridors - dedi- cated lanes on existing highways for buses and high-occupancy vehicles, The Two Forks Water Project is proposed as a means of providing an ade-' quate water supply for the area's future growth. The first phase. of the project would be a dam located-just below the confluence of the South Platte and North Platte Rivers. Construction is currently expected. between 1990 and 1995, at a cost of $350 million. Finally. cleanup of the hazardous waste at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal could entail a project estimated at anywhere from $1 billion"to $4 billion, depending on the option implemented. In anticipation of these projects as well as the possibility,of building the. SSC in Colorado, a special public-private task force was established to assess the possibility of shortages in critical materials and labor resulting from simultaneous development. The task force report - the "Strategic Resource Assessment Study" - concluded that labor, equipment, and critical resources should be readily available in the region unless construction activities were to escalate dramatically. Cumulative socioepubliccservices, and onomic 5publicfinances))in aas othertwerehanenotospecificallymlyment suchaaddresses d in the' report, but at the regional level the same conclusion would hold for these as insome ofuthes well. level, small communities close to the site Vcou adverse could be exacerbated by the cumulative impacts of other projects. For example. if the proposed_. (but postponed) expansion of the Pawnee Power Plant between Fort. Morgan and Brush were to occur during construction of the SSC, these small towns would experience even greater difficulty' absorbing, the-substantial impacts expected. C. Illinois Economic activity and development in the Illinois R0X have been concen-trated primarily in Chicago and Cook County, and this trend' is expected to 1994o(estimateddtotal $3 twe mbillion)or l/andaer propo edts$1-billion offio be ce in plex in suburban Des Plaines. Major transportation projects in the region include highway improvements expected to exceed $1 billion between 1988 and 1992 and a new $410-million .rapid transit line. Out- side the Chicago metropolitan area large construction projects include a $800-million Chrysler plant expansion'in Boone County (to the northwest) • and a retirement community development in Will County to the south), In DuPage and Kendall counties, wtere it is expected that the Socio-economic impacts of the SSC would be the greatest, a number of develop- went projects are planned. Most notably, projects are proposed ,in the growing communities along the Fox River and the western metropolitan-area SSCAP14BZ23B8170 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-14 .: Socioeconomic Assessments Cumulative 269 suburbs such. as Downers .Grove: and Wheaton. , Almost these projects, however, are relatively small--; less than S50--million and;cumulatively are not expected to compound substantially any potential SSC-related " socioeconomic impacts. D. Ntchloan Economic growth in the Michigan R0I hasbeen and 'most' likely will' continue to be relatively slow. New projects.%proposed in the region are'primarily located in the Detroit metropolitan area and the state capital' of Lansing; Michigan State Department of Transportation highway developments tend to ' be the largest construction projects currently foreseen in-the' region.. In the rural areas of Ingham and Jackson counties, adjacent to the pro- posed SSC site, there are no other major proposed projects. SSC-related socioeconomic impacts, which would be substantial in small nearby com- munities such as Stockbridge, would not be compounded by cumulative' effects of other concurrent developments,' E. Nerth Carolina Initial construction of the Treyburn development, located between Durham and the proposed SSC site, .is scheduled for completion.during 'the summer of 19119, but build-out may not be realized' 'for' as long: as 20 years. This combined residential., commercial , and industrial planned develop- ment thus would compete for labor and materials during SSC construction. During SSC operation, on the other hand, the Treyburn development -likely would servo SSC-related population, housing some workers and providing Job opportunities for their dependents. ' ' Other major projects currently proposed in•Durham. Granville, and Person counties would be farther from the SSC. These projects are considered to be within the normal baseline expansion of the region's economic activity, and are not expected.to adversely impact housing, public services, and public finance in- the region . even in concert with SSC 4 development there, F. Tenne;sY General Motor Corporation's Saturn, Plant, a manufacturing and assembly " complex south of Spring Hill in Maury County, is the largest project underway in the Tennessee ROI. Construction of the plant should be com- pleted by 1990. however, and thus would not compete with SSC construction for manpower or materials. Operation of the Saturn Plant would directly employ approximately 3,000 workers, nearly as many the SSC. and to the extent that these workers are in-migrants to the region, SSC-related impacts on regional public services and public finances would be com- pounded. This cumulative impact would be most evident in the relatively large Davidson and Williamson counties, where the impacts could best be 1 SSCAP]4622388171 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments Cumulative 270 absorbed. The cumulative impact probably would notrbe taitin the. smaller Bedford. Marshall. and Rutherford counties due to their distance from the plant. Other proposed projects in the region. nearer the SSC, include expansion at the Bridgestone Tire Company facility north of laVergne in Rutherford County, and a set of commercial and residential developments near Franklin in Williamson County. All of these construction projects should be completed before peak SSC construction in 1992. and would not compete with the SSC for labor or materials. Impacts of these projects would fall within expected baseline expansion of the region's economic activity, so that cumulative impacts in conjunction with SSC operation would be minimal. C. Texas The rapid development of the past 15 years in the Texas ROI has stowed dramatically since the collapse of world oil prices in 1986. The resulting decline in economic growth as well as recent excess building in the real estate sector, has led to the delay of a number of proposed. residential, commercial , and community developments. Nevertheless, many new construction projects are planned for the region - mostly concentrated in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. From 1988 through 1995 S5 billion in state highway construction projects are scheduled in the ROI. In addition, the DART rail system, a $2.8-billion rapid transit project, is expected to begin construction in mid-1989. Major private develop- ments include a S208-million office complex being built primarily for tenancy by an IBM work force of 5,000 in Tarrant County (near the Dallas- Fort Worth airport) and numerous other buildings and factlities through- out the region. In Ellis County several highway projects are planned as well as a $5-million expansion of the Waxahachie Water Plant and a $3.3-million Waxahachie/Midlothian airport. In light of the recent downturn in economic growth in the region, devel- opment and operation of the SSC would provide needed economic stimulus to the region. Cumulative impacts would be minor at the regional level, but more substantial in Ellis County. However. many of the planned proj- ects In Ellis County are for infrastructure expansion which would com- plement SSC development by increasing the local capacity to absorb SSC- related impacts. SSCAP14822388172 DEIS Volume IV Appendix, 14. Socioeconomic Assessments References 271 14.1 REFERENCES �,. Cartwright, J.Y.; Beemiller, R.M. and Gustely, R.D. 1981. "Reojopej 1;poutEILtout Model_1nj System (RIjj; JI): Estimation Evaluation.jpd Ap3ra..ic&tfon of a Qfsaaoreoated Reoional Impact Model., Stock No. 003- 010-00078-3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Center for Governmental Studies, 1987: "An Overview of Citizen Reac- tions to the Proposed Superconducting Super Collider in Illinois." DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, April. Ellis County Environmental Review Committee, 1988. "Report of the Ellis County Environmental Review Committee for the Superconducting Super . Collider." Prepared for Texas National Research Laboratory Commission, March. England, J.L. and Albrecht, S.L., 1984. "Boomtowns and Social Disrup- tion." Burt) Sociploav, 49: 230-246. Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986a. $Qu=int Vacancy .Suryey. Aurora-Elain. I13ipois MSA. Chicago: Federal Home Loan Bank. Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986b. liousino Vacancy Survey. Chicago. Il linois PMSA. Chicago: Federal Home Loam Bank. Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1986c. Housing Vacancy Survey. Joliet. Illinois Pi5A. Chicago: Federal Home Loan Bank. Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. 1986d.' Housing_Vacancy Survey, ak County. Illinois QM$A• Chicago: Federal Home Loan Bank. • Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, 1987. NQysing' Vacapcy_,Suryev. Rockford. Ilhipots MSA. Chicago: Federal Home Loan Bank. Finsterbusch, K., 1982. "Boomtown Disruption Thesis: Assessment of Current Status." pastfic Sociological Review, 25: 307-322. Flynn, C.B. ; Flynn, J.H. ; Chalmers, J.A.; Pijawka, D.; and Branch. K.,- 1983. "An Integrated Methodology for Large-Scale Development Projects." 5ocialimoact As essment Methods. K. Finsterbusch, ed. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Freudenburg, W.R., 1982. "Balance and Bias in Boomtown Research." Pact fic Socioloolsal Review, 25: 323-338. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources (10NR), 1988. Memoranda and working papers concerning SSC impacts. March. Levine, N., 1985. "Halley: A Population Analysis Program using lotus 1-2-3." Unpublished manuscript. Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California, Los Angeles, SSCAP14622388173 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Socioeconomic Assessments References 272 Maricopa County Department of Planning and Development, 1983. - tcopt County Comprehensive Plan. Vol . 1, Background. Phoenix, AZ. Niehaus, R.D. (ed.), I982. A Generalized geolenat Socioeconomic Analy- sis Sn;telt. United States Air Force, Norton Air Force Base., .CA. North Central Texas Council of Governments, 1988. Current Housing Estimates: 1988. Arlington: North Central Texas Council of Governments. President's Economic Adjustment Committee, 1981. Community Impact Assistance Study. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Defense. Stacey, G.S.; and Duchi, M.L., 1978. 'Analyzing the Socioeconomic Effects of Large Energy Projects.' Environmental Impaty esseisment ' Review. Vol 1. pp 267-286. Stoffle, R.W.; Traugott, M.W.;. Warshbarger, C.L. ; Jensen, F.V.; and Evans, M.J., 1988. "Assessing Community Support for the Superconducting Super Collider at the Stockbridge, Michigan Site: A Report to the United States Department of Energy." Ana Arbor: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, February. Strategic Resource Assessment Task Force, 1987. $tryteolc Resource Assessment Study. Denver, CO. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981. 'Report of Survey of Corps of Eugi— neers Construction Work Force. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982. 19R? Census of Agriculture. Washington, DC. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982. 1980 Census of Moustna: Volume I. GeneralLH4.uz1na Characteejstics. Part 15. Illinois. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982. 1980 Census of 4oys nee Volume?. Gener(l_4Qusjng_Eharacteristics. Part 45. Texas. Washington, DC: J.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1983. U.S,. Bureau Of the Census. Constrac Lion Reports - Homing Units Authorized by Building Permits and Public C.en .ra .s. nnuau2EZ. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing ,L, Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1984. froiection, of xhe Population of the Dmj ted States by Ree. Sex. and,Race: 1983 to 2080. Washington, OC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1985. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Co r, j tion Report; Houstna Uni s Aa11JU1rtzed by Sut di no Permits and Relic i entracts. Annual 1984. Washington, DC: U.S, Government, Printing I Office. 5SCAP14822338174 DEIS Volume IV 'Appendix>14 Socioeconomic Assessments References 273 U.S Bureau of the Census, 1986. 1985 Census of Governments. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census,; 1987. Q.S,$ureau of the Census, Gonstruc- tion•contracts. Annualu1986.UnWashington zed DC:bv Buildina U.S. Governmentts _and Printingb�C Office. U.S. 3ureau of the Census, 1987a. 1984 County Business Patterns. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1987b. Geographical Mobility: March 1980 to barch.J985. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988. 1986 Census of Governments. Washing- ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census, forthcoming. State Population Protections: 1987 to 2010. Washington, OC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Council of Economic Advisors, 1988. 'Economic Report of the President." Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1986. ke.11_O11.29nomic Information System. Washington. DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Economic Growth 1987a. a stork Outout and Employment by Ind strial Lector. 1959-J986. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Economic Growth, 1987b. Protected Qutout and Employment Growth Rates by Indys- t�tal SSct9r• 1986-1995 and 1996-200Q. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Wilkinson, K.P.; Thompson, J.G.: Reynolds, R.R.; and Ostresh, L.M., 1982. "Local Social Disruption and Western Energy Development: A Critical Review." Pacific Soclo]ooical Review, 25: 275-296. Williams, R.G. and Olshansky, S.J., 1987. "Quality of Life and Com- munity Satisfaction in Proximity to Hazardous Waste." In Geotechntcal And_ GeohYdroloaical Aso s oft M as ment, D.J.A. van Zyl, ed. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers, Inc. Wilson, A.G., 1970. EAM0Y iR lrban and ReolonaljlodeUnq. Monographs in Spatial and Environmental Systems Analysis, Report No. 1. London: Pion. SSCAP14822388175 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 APPENDIX 14. 2 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation 1 14.2 INFRASTRUCTURE 14.2.1 Transportation This section assesses impacts to transportation systems resulting from SSC preconstruction, construction, and operations. Impacts to transporta- tion systems resulting from decommissioning are net assessed. It dis- cusses modifications to the existing transportation systems and increases. in traffic caused by SSC activities. This assessment incorporates quan- tities and assumptions sot forth in Appendix 1, Engineering Assessments/ Implementation at Alternative Sites, Appendix 10, Hazardous Source -Terms and Waste Disposition Assessments, and Section 14.1 of Appendix 14, Socioeconomics and Infrastructure Assessments. Existing transportation systams at the proposed SSC sites are discussed in Appendix 5, Affected Environments at Alternative Sites. This assessment consists of three major sections; Section 14.2.1.1 presents the purpose and scope of the assessment, Section 14.2.1.2 eX- plains the technical approach and' assessment methodology, and Section 14.2.1.3 assesses direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on transporta- ' tion systems for each of the proposed sites. Other impacts caused by construction of roads and rail spurs/sidings and by increased traffic on existing roads and highways are addressed in ' other appendices. Impacts to surface drainage caused by construction are addressed in Appendix 7, Water Resources Assessments. Impacts to air quality by fugitive dusts generated during construction and by polu- tion generated by increased traffic are addressed tn'Appendix 8', Air Quality Assessments. Noise impacts resulting from construction and from increased traffic are addressed in Appendix 9, Noise and Vibration Assessments. Ecological and wetlands impacts resulting from construction and increased traffic are addressed in Appendix 11, Ecological Resources Assessments. Land use impacts resulting from construction are addressed in Appendix 13, Land Resources Assessments. Quality of life impacts resulting from construction and increased traffic are addressed in Sec- Lion 14.1.3 of this Appendix. Cultural and Paleontological impacts resulting from construction are addressed in Appendix 15, Cultural and " Paleontological Resource Assessments. And finally, scenic and visual impacts caused by construction are addressed in Appendix 16, Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments. . 14.2.1.1 purpose and Scone The purpose of the transportation assessment Is to. evaluate the ability of the existing transportat'ion'system'at•each proposed 'site to .accommo- date the transportation demands Of the SSC. The scope of the transportation assessment is the following: o To define the capacity and current utilization of existing transportation systems. SSCAP14c223881 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation 2 o To define transportation demands of the SSC. o To assess the ability of existing transportation systems, to accommodate SSC demands. o To suggest mitigations that would,be considered during. detail design or during construction and/or" operations planning. 14.2.1.2 Technical Approach and Methodojoev , A. Concentual Basis 1. level of Rrsolutto a. !moral The transportation assessment focused on peak. SSC, transportation demand periods during preconstruction„ construction, and operations to assess worst-case impacts and to address the greatest need for mitigations. b. Spatial The assessment for roads focused on roads and highways providing access from the proposed campus site to site fac tiesfrom nearby small. citiesaan highways dspol ls- disposal areas, and on major highways providing access to the site area from nearby major metropolitan areas. The assessment for rail, air, waterways, and public transit systems focused on those systems that directly serve SSC transportation demands,, 2. Definition of imp jg i The following Impact definitions were used in the transportation. assessment: a. Tune of Imnaet% o Direct Impacts: impacts to transportation systems directly by construction or operation. of the SSC, directly 4y transpor,—tatton of supplies or wastes, or directtlyby employees• of the SSC. o Indirect Impacts: impacts to transportation systems by the famiiies. of SSC employees,. by other indirect population-growth caused by the SSC, or by construction and/or opersttons, af industrial' or commercial: facilities. tadtrectly estab44sheo to support the SSC. SSCAP24C223882 DEIS Volume IV A ppendtk 24' ' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation 3 b. Magnitude of Impacts , o Impact Not Assessed: no impacts are anticipated. o Negligible Impact: no appreciable change in the Current util- ization of the transportation system or in quality of service provided by the transportation system. o Measurable Impact: appreciable%change in current utilization of the transportation system; however, an acceptable quality of service is still being provided. o High Impact: appreciable change in the quality of service provided by the transportation system. c. Duration of Impacts • o Short Term: impacts occurring during preconstruction or construction. o Long Term: impacts occurring during operations. o Irreversible Impacts: impacts that cannot be mitigated and that are expected to continue indefinitely after the SSC. Generally, transportation system impacts are not expected to be irreversible because transportation systems can usually be expanded or replaced with new facilities. B. Ref r n d (jhta Used in Assessments Detailed references for the data used for each proposed site are presented in Appendix 5. C. Asse3smens Methodologies The following paragraphs discuss the methods that were used to perform the transportation impact assessments. 1. Buds a. Road System Modific;tions Road system modification issues assessed include direct impacts to exist- ing roads, such as connection of new to existing roads, relocation of existing roads, disruption,to existing roads because of construction, and closing of roads. Impact magnitude was subjectively estimated based on importance (curre::t traffic carried by the existing roads and desti- nations served), amount of disruption to existing roads, and duration of the disruption. Road system modification issues dealing with new roads include the impact of new roads on existing traffic patterns. Impact SSCAP14C223883 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX' 14` Infrastructure Assessments Transportation 4 magnitude was subjectively estimated based on the ammmt ofchange occurring in existing transportation patterns. In general, the new roads considered are. the roads discussed im tha proposgt for:wadi site. b. Direct Traffic Impacts 1) All Highways The following assumptions were used- for the assessment of' traffic' impacts on all highways: o Existing traffic volume for a stretch of highway is equal to a distance weighted-average-of volume on individual. segments of the highway. o Peak-hour volume is equal to 10% of the average daily traffic; and is distributed equally in both directions. o SSC-generated traffic for construction is based on, construction labor, equipment, supplies, and spoils disposal requirements. o SSC-generated traffic for operations is based on the operations labor, supplies,, and, waste disposal; requirements.. o Labor-generated traffic is distributed based on forecast, popu- lation growth as stated iq..Section•:14.1 of this AppendiX. Spoils-haul truck traffic is distributed to likely disposal locations. All other traffic is distributed to the nearby major metropolitan area. o Level of service (LOS.) for highways is based on the• following criteria from the Transportation Research Board's (IRS): 298S Highway Capacity Manual (TRB 1985): - A: free flow with individual users virtually unaffected by the presence- of others in the traffic stream - 6: stable flow but the presence of others in the traffic stream begins to be noticeable. - C: stable flow but operations of individual users becomes significantly affected by interactions with others in the traffic stream - D: high °de►%ity,. but stable flow with speed and freedom• to maneuver severely, restricted and the driver experiences ,. a generally poor level of comfort and convenience. E: unstable flow at near capacity levet with speeds reduced,. maneuvering, difficult, and extremely poor level of comfort and convenience. SSCAP14C223884 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Infrastructure Assessments Transportation S - - F forced or• breakdown .flow,witfr traffk4emar4 exceed- ing the capacity of the highway, unstable stop-and-go traffic. 2) Freeways Freeway impacts were assessed using methodologies recommended by. the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (TRB 1985) and the following assumptions: o Freeways were designed ,for a speed of 70 mi/h. o Freeway capacity i.s 2,000. passenger cars•,per.hour (pcph} 'per lane. o LOS is based on the following maximum peak-hour.volQae to - - capacity (v/c) ratios: - A: 0.35 - B: 0.54 • D: 0.93 - E: 1.00 - F:>1.0O 3) Rural Multilane Highways Impacts were assessed using methodologies recommended by the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (TRB 1985) using the following assumptions: o Highways were designed for a speed of 60 mt/A. o Highway capacity is 2,000 pcph per lane. o LOS is based on the following taxieue v/c ratios:. ▪ A: 0.33 . B: 0.50 - C: 0.65 - D: 0.80 - E: 1.00 - F:>1.00 4) Rural Two-Lane Highways Impacts were assessed using methodologies recommended,by the 1985 Highway Capacity -Manual (TRB L985) •using the. following assumptions: o Highway capacity is 2,800 pcph total for both directions. o Highways are located on level terrain and have 100% no passiig. SSCAP14C223885 DEIS Volume IV-Appendtc 14- Infrastructure• Assessments Transportation 6 o LOS is based on the'loll'owing maximum v/c.'rat'tos: - A: 0.04 - 8: 0.16 - C: 0.32 - 0: 0.57 - E: 1.00 F:>1.00 5) Urban Highways: Urban highways are generally only encountered in the eastern half of the • proposed Illinois site. Thus, impacts were assessed using methodologies recommended by the Illinois Department of Transportation (LOOT 1988) and using the following assumptions: o Highway capacities vary from highway to highway and are equal to values provided by the Illinois Department of Transportation. These values account for the effect of traffic lights -and urban traffic. o LOS is based on the following maximum v/c ratios: - A: 0.60 - 6: 0.70 - C: 0.80 • - D: 0.90 - E: 1.00 F:>1.00 c. Indirect traffic impacts Indirect traffic impacts, generated by•employee families and indirect commercial and industrial developments, were assumed to be comparable to forecast population growth in affected cities and counties.- Impact magnitude was subjectively estimated based on the magnitude of the forecast population increase. 2. Rail a. Rail System Modtficatiops Rail system modification issues assessed include direct impacts to exist- ing railroads such as connection of new'sidings/spurs to "existing'•ines, relocation of existing lines, disruption of existing lines because of construction, and closing of existing rail lines. Impact magnitude was subjectively estimated based on importance of the existing rail line, amount of disruption, and duration of disruption. SSCAP14C223886 DEIS Volume IV Appendtx'I4 • Infrastructure Assessments ' Transportation 7 b. pixpct Traffic Imoacts The magnitude of traffic impacts was estimated based on SSC requirements for rail shipment of equipment and materials. c. Indirect TraffIc_ mnactt The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight rail traffic was assumed to be comparable to forecast population growth in the affected area. 3- Air a. Airport ModifirA nE Airport modification issues assessed include disruption of existing air- ports because of construction. Impact magnitude was subjectively esti- mated based on the importance of the existing airport, and the amount and duration of the disruption. b. Traffic.,lmpacts The magnitude of direct and indirect passenger and freight air traffic was assumed to be comparable to forecast population growth in the affected area. 4. Naterwava The magnitude of traffic impacts was estimated based on SSC requirements for water shipment of equipment and materials. S. Pyblic Transit The magnitude of 4trect and indirect public transit'traffic was assumed to be comparable to forecast population growth in the affected'area. • SSCAPI4C223887 DEIS Volume IV Appendtx I4` Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 8 14.2.1.3 Rpso rce ssessments A. Arizona 1. Roasts a. 5oad 5vstem Modifications 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- tion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site•monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing roads is not expected to resultIn impacts to the capacity or-current utiliza- tion of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of road modifications would occur during construction. These include on-site access roads (such as improvement of the Maricopa-Gila Bend road and construction of new roads to all SSC surface facilities) and off-site access roads (such as the proposed Estrella Freeway). These road modifications are discussed in the following paragraphs and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-1. The Maricopa-Gila Bend Road is a two-lane dirt road. A portion of this road, extending from 14 mi east of Mobile to the site of ,the proposed hazardous waste facility, is currently being upgraded to atwo-lane state highway and would be designated as State Route 238 (Keller 1987). The state has proposed to extend the two-lane paved highway improvement to Gila Bend if the Arizona site is selected. This road improvement activ- ity would result in a short-term direct measurable impact similar to impacts resulting from the current road improvement activities. Traffic on the road may experience delays because of construction. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling of major activities during off-peak hours of the day, maintaining at least one lane open past individual construction areas, and using flagmen to direct traffic and maintain flow. Arizona has proposed to construct new two-lane. access roads to each of the SSC surface facilities. These would connect to the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road and Interstate 8. Connection to the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road would occur at two locations, in the near cluster between F9 and E10 and in the far cluster near 1(6. Connection of access roads to the Maricopa- Gila Bend Road would result in short-term direct negligible impacts. Some very short-term disruption to traffic flow may occur when construc- tion takes place on or near the road. Mitigations that would be consid- ered are the same as those suggested above. SSCAP14C223388 °EIS Volume IV Appendix-14;,: N.:A Vl !W. a'I t1 Q e311CSSIsti9A322 . Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 9 Figure .14.2.1-1 . , SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY'ARIZONA , • N. • ` /lar M I". i I —4. N,R1I OP- 1 / . ¢s IN. C. Y • / 61 s 1 �- I . FV 10nialt llA •L -IN r c * !RY t-uka wain)fee • RN on [R1II.Ce In Own,M.®.er UMW"e.I.1Ir,00 ie'-tnt -....5.—...Nna.00 U.S. OEPRR1MENI OF ENERGY —411— mr.Ri.MN 4-VOIF eiw.+ SUP;:RCDNDUCT ING SUPER COLL IDER - ml.Ry.ewAnr.e umr . .—.i,s✓.-n i_a—I C..YIF IY MC cfrl ww.... .2.:I nPlr' �NI w ACCESS ROADS .,..-- STATE OF ARIZONA wN14kM14 r -... `49N:RREi IRs-rrG4/ aj(Raor}D MAO uii.e w. OIIW INY_RR;IR ORIE fl ml re. SNEE1- ,.. —Are' Y� SSCAP14C223869 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation- Arizona 10 The state has proposed direct connection•of access roads to 1-8 at three locations in the far cluster and the lower arc. These connections are expected to result in long-term directihrgh impacts. .Construction impacts would be short-term. However, traffic from the access roads would continue to impact I-8 for the life of the facility, causing long- term impacts. Impacts are considered to be high because an appreciable change would occur in the quality of service currently provided by the interstate. Entering and exiting vehicles would disrupt traffic flow. The access roads may result in hazardous driving conditions to motorists not expecting to encounter slow moving traffic at or near the connections. In addition, substandard connections are not consistent with the concept of a limited-access high-speed highway. Mitigations that would be considered during detail design include up- grading access road connections to standard freeway interchanges, involv- ing exit and access ramps and overpasses, or construction of a ring road from F4 to F2 with a connection to 1-8 at the existing Freeman inter- change near F2, and elimination of the connection from £5. The latter would result in fewer impacts to 1-8. Arizona has proposed to construct a new freeway, the Estrella Freeway. from Interstate 10 at' Goodyear (north of the site) to 1-8•at the existing Vekol interchange (south of the proposed campus location). The freeway would pass to the east of Mobile and the proposed campus location. This freeway was originally proposed by a land developer to provide access for new land developments and to provide a bypass around Phoenix for traffic on I-10. It could also provide access to the SSC site. The state proposes to construct a two-lane access road between the campus and the new freeway. Construction of the new"freeway is not considered a direct part of the SSC project for a number of reasons. First, completion of the highway was proposed for after the year 2005 (8RW 1988a), after SSC construction and a number of years of operation. Second, the proposed freeway align- ment, as recommended in an analysis of alternatives study .(8RW 1988b), is approximately 14 mi east of the proposed alignment shown in the Arizona proposal, making it less desirable for .SSC site access. Third, the state has not formally committed to construction of the highway. Fourth, the freeway was proposed to be constructed with or without the SSC. Availability of the Estrella Freeway for use during SSC construction activities is not considered likely, for the reasons discussed above. Therefore a new access road between the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road near F9 and the existing Vekol interchange on I-8 would be considered during detail design. This road would provide primary access to tine campus end near cluster locations, and would be a four-lane road following criteria established in the Conceptual Design Report. Impacts resulting from construction of this road would be the same as those for the SSC surface facility access roads discussed above. Impacts to I,8 could be aegal- gible because of the use of an existing interchange. SSCAP14C2238810 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 11 New roads constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term negli- gible direct impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would be long term because the roads would last for the £ jf4Qf the reject. Because the project access roads provide access solelyto SSC surfacefacilities, they would not cause any appreciable change in existing traffic patterns. While some people may use these roads to gain access to wilderness areas, such traffic is anticipated to be limited. The main SSC access road between Maricopa-Gila Bend Road and I-8 could change traffic patterns slightly. For example, people living in Mobile would have more direct access to 1-8. Arizona has proposed to construct the collider tunnel using cut-and- cover techniques in areas where the tunnel crosses the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road. Because of the importance of the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road in providing east-west access across the site and because of its location adjacent to a main line railroad, it is assumed that the tunnel would be constructed underneath the road using tunneling techniques. If the road is cut by cut-and-cover construction, short-term, high-magnitude, disrup- tion would occur. Mitigations that would be considered during construc- tion planning include building a temporary bypass road to maintain ser- vice and expediting work to minimize the duration of the impact. Total construction road system modifications would include construction of 15 mi of new 4-lane highways, construction of 37 mi of new 2-lane roads. upgrading of 20 mi of existing 2-lane roads, and construction of 8-mi of new 1-lane roads. These totals are based on the modified site access road plan discussed in paragraph 3)b. below. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to occur. In the event road improvements are needed during operations, impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. b. Direct Traffic Impacts A modified Arizona site access road plan has been developed because of impacts that would result from the direct connection of access roads to 1-8 and the anticipated unavailability of the Estrella Freeway. The modified road system assumes that a ring road with 1-8 access at the existing Freeman interchange would replace direct access to I-8, and that a new access road between the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road and 1-8 would replace the Estrella Freeway. The modified Arizona site access road plan is shown in Figure 14.2.1-2. The modified site access road plan was assumed in the assessment of direct traffic impacts. 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result during pre- construction. Traffic would consist of a limited number of surveying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would SSCAP14C2238811 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 12 Figura 24.2.1-.27 , I . . MODIFIED SITE ACCESS &DADS VOR ThE,ARLZOMA SET .— i / t.. Ma t ... ..,....4 1< .1 ET • r.. • ,• ••.,.. ,r 'tins. ,• "::fit '^ .' " +re's- w' �; / +.-ti- Jr .JI ; I I 1i.C 4 1 ..w 11 . / W rr 2G in Gun / i I it .e +� .•• • G-" ,w� w IF hi wt 1•t y ..„ ,,,_4`!W{LLLAW_IMI —ty— cV.rwa'r M.t-t.f wawa ado jN— C ST uC7 Me 1,..1.1.11—to I O uR.O['Ulm Pimp,O',lea f.'. ,'... —+r •ca.�,e,4."suit nt.wr Y.S. :OCPRRTMGIT OF ENERGY "'liV""4.' swoon. •a..w...+tw..R.. ��'LRCDNDUCfTNG-Slt/f'R"cotuvE`R ' , "' ....,..,ii rs..a ratt-,CLyt.Krr« - .. . r' 4MOO1FIEa ACCESS'ROADS wewrr . r � " --- STRTE OF RR�.ZQNRt, ... _...... ..on lag CONTRACT ^.•- D[-AC G2-05EN<0290 a[ B5,2d re .r a .r, Gams RR.IO LIME Pa/MI ll"--L"_1,9MEET SSCAP14C2238812 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14, Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 13 travel to various locations around the rung., Ab appreciable change in current traffic is expected to occur. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-1 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions and forecast conditions in 1992, the peak construction year, both wltb and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume, and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist'x.1992 if the Arizona site is not selected. Short-term negligible, measurable, and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction depending on the roads impacted. Two site roads are expected to experience a high magnitude of impact: the Maricopa Road from I-10 to Maricopa and the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road. They would experience a decrease in level of service (t0S) from Stop. A third road, State Route 85 from I-10 to 1-8, would not experience a decrease in LOS but is projected to experience LOS 0 even without the SSC. State Route 84 from 1-10 to I-8 is expected to experience measur- able impacts, with a decrease in LOS from B to C. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual ser- vice and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250,,. 300, and 200 vehicles per day, respectively. The quality of service provided by the impacted roads is not projected to decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not projected to be exceeded. Mitigations that would be con- sidered during construction planning include the use of carpools, van pools, and buses to decrease the peak traffic volume. In addition. SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along with the work shifts at other places of employment to reduce peak traffic volume. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-2 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast tondit4oes in -2000 jthe year operations employment reaches a constant level) both with and with- out the SSC. It allows a direct comparison `of operations-traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and .with levels that would exist in 2000 if the Arizona site is not selected. Long-term negligible, measurable, and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC operations, depending on the roads impacted. Two Arizona site roads are expected to experience a high magnitude of impact. These are the Maricopa Road from I-10 to Maricopa and I-10 from State Route 360 to Maricopa Road. They would experience a.decrease in SSCAA14C2238813 DEIS Volume IV: Appendix ,14, .-, • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 14 Table 14.2.1-1 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR ARIZONA SITE ROADS CANS7ROGT10N - 19922 Without SSC , With SSC' Exlatlng,Csoo,�dttlons - peek Hour. Oak Hour ,. Capacity Volume Volume;; ; Values Road Segment pcphl poph LOS poph LOS poph LOS I-10: State Route 585 to 27th Ave. 6.000 2,400 A 2.850 - B - 2,900 B 1-10; - State Route 360 to Nericope Road 8.000 ..4.150 B 4.950 C . .6.600 , C I-10: Naricops Road to 8,000 2,200. A 2.800- A 2,600 A I-8 _ 1-8: _. . State Route 85 to 1-10 8,000 _ 550 A 650 A- 1.350 A State Route 65: 1-lo to I-6 Including Spur 85 2.800 800 ,.. C.' • 1,000.. 0..,. 1.200 ,, 0, State Route 84: - • 1-10 to 1-8 2,800 350 B 400 B 800 C Naricops Road: _ 1-10 to Msrtcops 2.800 350 B . 400 6' 1.250' 0 Naricops Road: . .Mattoon* to to Stets Route 84 2,800 250 B 300 0 350, ' 6 .. Nericopa-Gila - Bend Road; - - (State Route 236) 2,600 100 N/A3 •150 6 950 0 Merioope-Casa Grande Road: 2,800 200 8 250 6 300, B Motes: 1. poph: passenger cars per.lour. 2. Construction impacts we reevaluated for 1992. the peak construction year. 3, The Marloops-G11a Bend rood is currently a two-lane dirt road. }kronor,-itwould be upgraded to a two-iane'hlgheey during:construction;- ... Sources: ADOT 1987-2; Helsingor 1987; IRO 1985; ADOT 1988. • SSCAP14C2238814 - DEIS Volume iv,• Appendix-.14 a Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 15 Table 14.2.1-2 :. EXISTING MID PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC'AND LrvEt. OF SERVICE '• ' ' FOR ARIZONA SITE-ROADS- OPERATIONS - 20002 �1u1gyL,SSC Y Th SSC, r,}i1,1ttn0_Cppsdltiot1 — Pork Hour Peak Hour Zapacity Vohs Volume Volume Road Segment pophl pcph LOS mph LOS WO' ':LDS 1-10: State Route 585 to 27th Ave. 8,000 2,400 A 3,350 6" ' 3,400•. 6 1-10: State Route 360 to Nerlcopa Road 6.000 4,150 6 5,800 C 6.500 D I-10: haricopa Road to 8.000 1.200 A 3,100 B 3.100 ' 6 1-6 1-8: State Route 65 to I-10 6.000 MO ,A 600 A I.300 A Stets Routs 05: I-10 to 1-6 Including Spur 85 2,800 600 C 1.150 0 1.250 0 State Route 64: 1-10 to 1-8 2.000 350 8 SOO 41 700 ,C • Nericopa Road 1-10 to Narioopa 2,500 350 0 500 C 1,200 0 Maricopa Road: Maricop■ State Route 64 2.500 250 B 350 B 350 6 Mertoopa-0i le Bend Road: (Stets Rout. 238) 2.800 100 M/A3• 150 B 000 C Martcopa-Casa Grano Road: 2.800 200 B 250 B 250 B blots: 1. pcph: passenger ears per hour. 2. Operations tmip.ots ee►e•eva.Matsd,for 2000,.40me ye.r operations emp30164rt reaches a constant level. 3. Tlr'Merlcops-Gila Ord toad't.'curr ntly a twoTana dirt road. Amasser, it would to upgraded to a tue lass Mg1..yshui p.oswWot4on. Sourc.ec ADDY 1987-2: Hsta.tnger 1967: TRB 1905;AD0Y 1968. - - SSCAP14C2238815 DEIS Volume IV Appendl1C Infrastructure Assessments , Transportation - Arizona 16 LOS from C to D. The Marlcopa-Gila Bend-Road would experience a decrease in LOS from 8 to C. State Route 85 from 1-10 to 1-8, would not experience a decrease in LOS but' is projected,to experience LOS D:even without the SSC. I-10 from Maricopa Road.•to 1-8 and-Maricopa-goad from Marlcopa to Casa Grande are expected to experience negligible impacts. The remain- ing roads are expected to experience measurable impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual ser- vice and intermediate access areas, and individual, experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,500, 325, and 150 vehi- cles per day respectively. .. Mitigations that would be considered during operations planning are the • same as those suggested for construction impacts. • c. IndireeS Traffic Imoacts The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly pro- portional to the magnitude of-forecast population increases caused. by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase by up to 0.4% during construction and up to 0.3% during operations, over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily in nearby urban and metropolitan areas. The impacts are expected to be long term. 2. Rail a. Rat) System Mogjftcations No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. The State of Arizona has proposed to construct a rail spur from the existing Southern Pacific Transportation Company main line, adjacent to the Maricopa-Gila Bend Road, to the proposed campus location. 'The-spur would exit the main line at a point west of Mobile and proceed straight south, then turn straight east and proceed to the proposed campus. 1t would not cross any existing roads. , Construction of the rail spur would result in a -very short-term high impact to the existing main line. Rail service on the main line would be halted during installation-of the switch to-the spur: It is antici Dated that service would be disrupted for less than a day. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule.demand,around .the disruption so that disruption does not occur to the customers of the railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. SSCAP14C2238816 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 3d • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 17 The Southern Pacific main line must be crossed by;site- access.roads.yn- two locations. In the first, the main campus and near cluster access road must cross the tracks 'south of. F9, the second, the main far :- cluster access road must cross the tracks north of KS. It is •not clear whether grade or grade separation crossing• would'be provided, Construction of grade crossings would .result in a 'short term high impact to the existing rail line. Rail service on the line would be. halted for a short period during construction of the grade crossing. Since con- , struction of grade separation crossings is not expected to disrupt rail service, impacts would be short term and negligible. Mitigations should be the same as those 'discussed above for the rail spur. Measurable long term impacts to road traffic would occur if grade cross- ings are provided. Frequent rail traffic would delay heavy traffic on. the access roads during both construction and' operations. Mitigations that would be considered during detail design include provision of grade separation crossings. Arizona has proposed to construct the collider tunnel by cut-and-cover techniques in the areas where the tunnel crosses the railroad. Because of the importance of the main line railroad, it is assumed that this crossing would be constructed using tunneling techniques so that the railroad would not be impacted, . Short-term, high-magnitude, impacts to the railroad would occur if the railroad is cut by' cut-and-cover tunnel- construction. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include rerouting of trains over other' rail lines where feasible and expediting work to minimize the duration of the impact. No rail system modification impacts are expected-to result from operations. b. Direct Traffic Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from ;reconstruction. However short-term measurable impacts to rail traffic are expected to occur during construction. Construction materials, equipment, and nonfragile technical components would be transported to the site by rail if convenient and economical. Fragile technical components such as the magnets would not be transported by rail. These rail shipments would be made to the campus area using the rail spur discussed above. It.is esti- • mated that an average of less than one train per day would serve the SSC rail spur during construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected to result from operations. Occasional shipments of ,supplies and nonfragile technical components'may- occur during operations. • • SSCAP14C2238817 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 18 c. Indjrc Traffit Ineacts The magnitud.. of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to,the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. -Populatiart,:•and therefore traffic., is projected to increase by up to 0.4% during construction and up to 0.3% during operations over levels projected.to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected t0 occur primarily at rat),yards -ad train. stations in nearby urban and,.metropolitan areas_ These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 3 a. Airoari Modifications No airport modifications are expected to result from SSC activities. b. firect Traffic Impacts Short-term negligible air traffic impacts: consisting. of occasional per- sonnel, mail, and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction, activities. During construction increased traffic would result from transportation of 00E and construction and operating contractor per- sonnel to and from the site from home offices. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE, operating contractor, and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that. the DOE and operating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel are expected to travel more frequently. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air; It is estimated that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would average one flight per week.• . . . Most of the direct traffic impacts would occuraat the $toenix Sky Harbor Airport. which is currently congested. Increased traffic:would slightly. exacerbate the congested conditions. c. indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast indirect popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population,• and therefore traffic, is projected to increase byup to 0.4% during construction and:up to 0.3% during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at the Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport. The increased traffic would slightly exacerbate congested con- ditions at the airport. SSCAP14C2238818 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.:14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Arizona 19 4. Waterwava Some technical components manufactured overseas may be shipped to ports,, then transported to the Arizona site by rail or by truck. Ports that may be impacted include west coast ports, gulf coast ports. and. Puerto Penasco, Mexico. These shipments would cause short-term negligible impacts to those ports. S. Public Transit Generally, public transit systems do not extend to the proposed site area and therefore would not be directly impacted by the SSC. Exceptions include rental car services and bus services that may be expanded to provide transportation to construction and operations workers. Many of the personnel using direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since the rental services are private it is assumed that the operators would increase the supply of cars..to meet the increased demand. Limousine or shuttle bus, service to the airport may be initiated by private industry. Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities and selected locations in Phoenix and other cities could mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and operations. This service would cause long- term measurable impacts to the operators. The magnitude of indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast indirect .popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population. and therefore traffic, is projected to increase up to 0.4% during construction• and up to 0.3% during operations over levels projected to exist without the.SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily in the. Phoenix metropolitan area • and are expected to be long-term and measurable. SSCAP14C223C819 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.14, Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 20 B. ,Colorado 1 a. ,goad Systemriodlticjyipn 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- tion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site nonitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utilization of existingroads. 2) Construction A number of road modifications would otter during construction. -These include on-site access roads (e.g., improvement of-existing-two-lane • dirt roads and construction of new roads to most SSC surface facilities) and off-site access roads (e.g.. the north-south and east-west access highways). These road and highway modifications are discussed in the following paragraphs and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-3. The proposed site area is now served by a network of narrow, two-lane dirt roads. The state has proposed to widen and pave many of these if the Colorado site is selected. These road improvement activities would result in short-term direct measurable impacts. Traffic may experience delays because of construction activities. ' In addition, these roads intersect at six locations with State Route 71 running north-south across the site. Traffic on State Route 71 may experience delays as work on intersecting roads reaches the state highway. Mitigations that would- be considered during construction planning include scheduling major activi- ties during off-peak hours, maintaining at least one lane open past indi- vidual construction areas, and using flagmen to direct and maintain traffic flow. Colorado has proposed to construct new two-lane access roads to most of the SSC surface facilities. These would connect to the improved exist- ing two-lane road network. In addition, the state is proposing to con- struct a new rail spur to the campus. Connection of access roads to improved existing roads and construction of the rail spur would result in short-term direct negligible impacts. Some very short-term disruption to traffic flow may occur when construction occurs on or near the roads, but these would be eased using the mitigations suggested above. Impacts are expected to be insignificant because of the negligible magnitude and short-term duration. The state has proposed to construct a two-lane north-south access road that would extend from Interstate 76 in Fort Morgan to the proposed campus. It would follow the alignment of County Road 20 and connect to SSCAP14C2238820 DEIS Volume IV Appendix- 14- Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 21 figure 14.2.14 SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED SY COLORADO N. j i , r , , n,.., TO*FORT N0perin,.•(�. '..;,_IJ"�^'�'b'+-._;' �I it _ Ire— r ' g`d •• o �N 1 [t , ',Mt' ,„- -s , ,Irrt : 1 ' - E--14 /,11 y - f_,.,.1--;,t-.1.1-1.4).,...... -L=..1M 1ir"-1r— +v 'F 'r ,I,_. ... . + iii e.—/- ' i a i ;7 ,N 1. 1 ,„�.♦ 1 'D� .. I . �- 44 I)‘ mt, '—'_r - ,+et Jilt' IN RN'. P� 1 • �. / •'� ....--->•-• fin. —_ -.+ 1 _ - ,) I ' I; 1 1 J I '' I 1 ,_... I i r. , • ; - ---I ., r 0., • I ♦ —1N— Nisar.l.r.T I tom YN.N.O NNn —pt.— Cp..Ncr r..t ..10 1.0.0 r — — JINNI.C•0111,10 110110 10 NM I U.S. OEPPP�IMLIEI 'Br b44-140v ^^°"^N I SUPERCONOUC 7 INC: SUPER COLL,I OER —FN— CO®INFT MS 1.IY..IW... t^. - - ninnatm rommucr c..N.00sumo I — -....I...... .1..I_. vit...IN INTO C01010ATINN ACCESS ROADS STRTE OF COLORADO - -- --4,-.., Nao ...<N.. ' CON1aacT�D[-aCOt-USL2anOq0 4•• ,••• IFCi i�`,122 'I ilm••••• •w-, 0NRN INC PR-2 lora(V::/n0 1M:r-II-—91.EEr SSCAP14C2238821 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 278-829 0 - 00 - 11 (BOOK 8) -- -"--------- . . . Infrastructure Assessments Transportation — Colorado 22 the interstate at an existing interchange. County Road 20 does not extend all of the way to the interstate, so 4.mi of new road alignment would be required. In addition, a railroad grade structure may be required over the Burlington Northern tracks. Construction of the north-south access road would result in short-term measurable impacts to County Road 20 and to other county roads that intersect with County Road 20. These impacts would be similar to those discussed above for improvement and construction of site access roads. No impacts to the interstate are expected because of the use of an existing interchange. Colorado has proposed to construct a new two-lane, limited access high- way from the campus to Brighton, northeast of Denver. The highway would either intersect 1-76 at the existing Bromley Lane interchange or at a proposed 120th Avenue interchange on the proposed (-470 highway that would serve the new Denver airport. The state has proposed to use all new road alignments for the highway to minimize impacts to existing county roads. The new highway would generally run parallel to existing county road alignments. The existing county roads would remain in place to serve local traffic. Only limited access would be provided for use by existing local traffic. A few new segments of county roads would be pro- vided to connect existing county roads (CDOH 1988). Construction of the new highway is considered to be a direct part of the SSC project for two reasons. First, the state has formally committed to construction of the highway if the Colorado site is selected. Second, the highway would not be constructed without the SSC. Long-term measurable impacts are expected to result from construction of the east-west highway. Numerous existing north-south county roads that cross the proposed alignment would be cut for the life of the project. However, traffic on these existing roads would be accommodated by the new segments of county road and the limited number of intersections with the new highway. Traffic heading north or south may have to detour to an intersection to cross the proposed highway, resulting in a longer travel distance and time. However, existing traffic that would normally head north to I-76 to go west, or east-west traffic may find the proposed highway convenient and thus reduce travel distance and time. Some exist- ing residents of the area may find their normal travel routes and times significantly changed for the life of the project. The mitigations pro- posed by the state in its design would go a long way to reduce these impacts. Construction of a greater number of intersections with the new highway would further mitigate the impacts but would increase impacts to traffic on the new highway. Direct impacts resulting from construction of the new highway would be short-term and measurable. They would be similar to those associated with construction of the north-south access road and similar mitigations would be appropriate. SSCAP14C2238822 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 23 Total construction road systems modifications.would include construction of Sa mi of new 2-lane highways, construction of 34 mi of new 2-lane roads, upgrading of 91 mi of existing 2-lane roads,..• and/construction-of, 2 mi of new 1-lane road. New roads constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term measurable direct impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would be long term because the roads would last for the life of the project. Because the on-site access roads provide access solely to SSC surface facilities, they would not cause appreciable change in existing traffic patterns. The new north-south access road would provide better transportation for residents of the area so that they would tend tc use it instead of other roads such as County Road. 19. In addition, people traveling from Fort Morgan to last Chance may find the north-south access road and improved cross-ring road to State Route 71 mare conve- nient than proceeding east on 1).S. Route 34 before turning south on State Route 71. Traffic patterns on existing north-south county roads would be impacted by the new east-west highway as discussed above. The new east-west access highway may also induce new land development east of 8rtghton. This could result in generation of considerable new traffic in the Crighton area. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to occur. In the event road improvements are needed, impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. b. Direct Traffic Imrarts 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result-during preconstruction. This traffic would consist of a limited number of surveying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. 110 appreciable change in the current traffic is expected. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-3 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions and forecast conditions in 1992 <the peak construction year) both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 1992 if the Colorado site were not selected. SSCAP14C2238823 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 , Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 24 Table 14.2.1-3 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE' . FOR COLORADO SITE ROADS CONSTRUCTION - 19922 Without SSC . With SSC Ei(,lg$10g„C0Pd1((pfLi Peek Hour Peek Hour Capaoty Vo tame Volume Volume • Road Segment pophll pooh LOS pooh LOS poph LOS 1-76i 1-270 (Denver) to State Route 7 8,000 900 A 950 A 1.000 A 1-76: State Route 7 to Fort Morgan 6,000 800 A 800 A ' 1,050 A I-763 Fort Morgan to State Route 71 (Brush) 6,000 850 A 900 A 1,100 A 1-70; 1-225 (Denver) to U.S. Route 36 0,000 .950 A 1,000 A 1,100 A U.S. Route 36: 1-70 to Last Chance 2,000 100 A 100 A 200 8 Stat. Route 71: 1-76 to Woodrow 2,800 100 A 100 A 450 0 State Route 711 Woodrow to Last Chance 2.004 100 A 100 A . 300 8 Sharman Road (County Road 19)3: Ft. Morgan to 40th Parallel(near campus area) N/A 20 N/A 21 N/A 21 N/A County Road 204: South of Ft. Mor)an to 40th Parallel', (near oanpus arts) 2,800 3 N/A 3 N/A 600 C State Route 75; 1-76 to ouryua area 2,800 N/A N/A N/A N/A 600 C Notes: 1. pcph: passenger cars per hour. 2. Construction impacts were evaluated for 1992, the peak construction year. 3. Sherman Road is currently a narrw two-lane county road that 14 paved pert of the way from Fort Morgan to the 40th Parel`el. 4. County Road 20 is currently a narrow two-lane dirt road that does not extend all the way from Fort Morgan to the 40th Parallel. It would be upgraded to a two-lane • access road (the north-south access road) if the Colorado site is chosen, 5. State Route ; Iron 1-76 to the campus area does not cunently mist. It would to constructed as a two-lane limited access high speed access higtmay (The seat-meet access highway) if the Colorado site is chosen, Sources; TRO 1985; Atenoio 1908. SSCAPI4C2238824 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 25 Short-term negligible as well as measurable direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction, depending on the roads in question. Two site highways are expected to experience a measurable magnitude: U.S. Route 36 from Interstate 70 to Last Chance, and State Route 71 from I-76 to Last Chance. All would experience a decrease in level of service (LOS) from A to B. The new north-south access road and the new east-west access highway would experience LOS C. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250, 300, and 300 vehicles per day, respectively. The quality of service provided by the impacted roads is not projected to decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not projected to be exceeded. Mitigations that would be con- sidered during construction planning include the use of carpools, van- pools, and buses to decrease the peak traffic volume. In addition, SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along with the work shifts at other places of employment to reduce peak traffic volume. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-4 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 2000 (the year operations employment reaches a constant level) both with and with- out the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of operations traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 2000 if the Colorado site were not selected. Long-term negligible and measurable direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC operations depending on the roads impacted. Two site highways are expected to experience a measurable magnitude: U.S. Route 36 from 1-70 to Last Chance and.State Route 71 from I-76 to Last Chance. Both of these highways would experience a decrease in LOS from A to B. The new north-south access road and the new east-west access highway would experience LOS C. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Mitigations that would be considered during operations planning are the same as those recommended under construction. • c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.4% during construction and up to 0.3% during oper- ations over levels projected to exist without SSC. However, population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in Morgan County by up to 14% during construction and up to 11% during operations. SSCAP14C223BB25 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 26 'Yale r3A,szli-A EXISTING MD PROJECTED"OPERATIONS 'TRAFFIC AND IEV£La SERVICE .LOR COt'ORADO 53J.E XOOADS • 'tPCRATTOMS -_20002 Fxinj Peek Wow-no Coan�ditions Pe � Peak tour •Road Segnaat tapau142 .Yalrpia ,Nslua. -Vela pcph1 pooh COS pcph LOS ,pcph LOS 1-78: 14[10'(goner) to State Route 7 8,000 900 A AO A 1460 ,A 1.76: State Route y _ to'Fort'Mergen '0:000 -EOO :A 'MO 'A 100 'A 146: FartMorpae to State Route.,/1. (Brush) 0:000 E50 -A '900 •A 1-70: 11A25AOanwer) to U.S. Route 36 8,000 .950 A 1400 A 4,100 .A U.S, Route 36: 1-70 • to Last Chance 2,600 100 A 100 A 150 dB State Route 711 :1176 t.'*,odew 2,000 300 M 400 A ' 200 4 Stete,Rsute 71: Woodrow-to :Lest:flame :21930 - HO •a 400 A- 200 4 Sharan'pgad (County Road 19)1: Ft. Morgan to 40th Parallel (near.asnpes arse) .M/A 30 !ASA 21 OVA 21 - NA - 'CuuntyRond 204: So a:,_Ft..Sargon 5o40Utyaad4el (near coops area) '2400 .3 WA .3 Jt/A - ,BOO ,C Statraeute 25; 1-76,te'aepee area 8,800 ,1UA *1A AVA 14/A S00 'C Notes: 1- mt4h: paeesnpr.oare ter'hoer, 2. Operation phase impacts were evslusted'8or.2000,.*Se year,ppentiee.asWsymaat reaches a constant level, 3. Sherman Road is currently a narrow two-lane county road that is paved part of the way from Fort Morgan to the 40th Parallel. 4. County Road 20 1e currently a morrow two-lane dirt rood that don not extend all the way from Fort Morgan to the 40th Parallel. It would be upgraded to a two-lama aces. weed lthnnorth-eauth.an..•mod) Atha CeleMe.its.N.groeen. 5. State:Route F f.ss.1484o'the oespea.snesadseenet warrenly exist. 1t.,aouddl be constructed as a.two-I ne liml tsdraars Jil9h.epead.aeoer 4 lghwey,(tbi,nt.Sest svtsee"tri0hwy)-1T-the-Colorado site'ta-thwan. Scenes: :TWA 4985;Ato al° 1988. SSCAP14C223882& DEIS Volume IV Appendix•JA Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado. 27 These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. They would' have low magnitudes when the entire ROI is considered. However, the impacts in Morgan County could have a high magnitude depending on where new housing developments are located and what new traffic patterns are established. The quality of service provided by impacted roads, partic- ularly those in Fort Morgan, could decrease to unacceptable levels. 2. MI a. Rail System Modifications No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. The Stato of Colorado has proposed to construct a rail spur from the existing Public Service Company of Colorado rail spur located adjacent to the Pawnee Generating Station. This spur is currently used to de- liver coal to the generating station. The new spur would exit the existing spur and proceed southwest to the alignment of County Road 20 and then proceed in a southerly direction to the proposed campus. The existing spur currently connects to the- Burlington Northern Railroad Company main line north of the generating station, through the eastern leg of a "Y" type connection. Colorado has proposed to construct the western leg of the "Y," to service rail traffic in both directions. Therefore, two connections must be made to the existing rail spur and one to the existing main line. The rail spur would cross approximately eight existing county reads. Construction of the rail spur would result in a very short-term high impact to the existing rail spur and the main line. Rail service on the main line would be halted during installation of the switch to the western leg of the "Y" connection. Service on the existing rail spur would be halted during installation of switches for the western leg of the "Y" connection and the new spur. It is anticipated that service would be disrupted for less than a day. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule demand around the installation to avoid disruption to its customers. Coal deliveries using the existing rail spur could easily be scheduled around the disruption. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. New crossings would be required where site access roads cross the heavily utilized Burlington Northern main line. The first would be located on the north-south access road. At present there is a grade crossing where County Road 20 crosses the railroad. The crossing is used by only a small number of vehicles. Traffic would increase significantly on the new access road during construction causing potential impacts to both rail and road traffic. A grade separation crossing would mitigate these impacts. The second crossing would be required near I-76 if the east-west access highway connects with the existing Bromley Lane interchange. A grade separation would probably be required at this point because of the SSCAPI4C2238827 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 28 IImited access, hlgh-spoed-character of„the east-west„access,highw r A crossing,would not be required if tbe-new.eaat,west bigbway,conoects.ko the proposed E-470 highway.. Impacts to the existing main lima .are.axpecxed.to,be short-,farm and negligible. .It is anticipated that:.tbe,-grade .separation•cou14-be.beilt with little if any disruption to the main line. Short-term measurable impacts would occur if a grade crossing were used. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning would be the same as those discussed above for the rail spur. No rail system modification Impacts.are.expected so result !tom operations. b. Direct Traffic Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to resalt from,precenatrMaJo . However short-term measurable .impacts to ail traffic are.eip}ei cted to occur sluning construction- •Construction materials, mou4pment„, and nonfragile technical components would be transported to tde 'cite .by rail if convenient and .economical_ ,Fragile technics] components amebas .the magnets would not be transported-byrai].. %hese.rail 'shipments mould be made to the campus area ,using the rail spur.discussed-above- 4t its esti- mated that an average of less than one train,per day,wouad.servo the SSC rail spur during construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected to result .&Qm4pr- ations, Occasional shipments of supplies and nonfragile technical com- ponents may occur during operations. c. indirect Traffic Impacts' The magnitude of indirect passenger,and.freight.xraiffic impacts 4s assumed to be directly proportional to:the.magnitude,ef forecast popu- lation increases caused.by.SSC. Popu)atlog and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROY brim to A44X,during.construetion,and up to 0.3% during operations, ,over levels projected to.exlst without SSC.. These impacts are.expectadto%occur primarily.at,ra4l yards and train stations in nearby urban .and metropolttan areas. .AMTRAK'passenger utilization at Fort Morgan ,may increase,appreci ably%because.of -the projected population growth in Morgan County of 14% and 11% during construction and operations, ,respectively. ,These dmpacts.are.exDected to be long term rand measurable. 3. Al.r a. Airport Modification\ No airport modifications are expected to mersutt .from SSC acttritbes. SSCAP.14C223II828 OEIS Volume IV Appendix.24 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 29 b. Direct Traffic Imnactr Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional per- sonnel, mail, and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts expected to result from con- struction include increased traffic from transportation of DOE and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site as they travel from home offices. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE, operating contractor, and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that DOE and oper- ating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel are expected to travel more frequently. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air. It is estimated • that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would average one flight per week. Most of the direct traffic impacts during construction would occur at Stapleton International Airport, which is currently congested. Increased traffic would slightly exacerbate the congested conditions at the airport. Denver is planning to complete construction on a new airport by 1995, so direct traffic impacts during operation would be easily accommodated. c. Indirect TrafficImeacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase by up to 0.4% during construction and up to 0.3% during operations, over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at Stapleton International Airport during construction and the new Denver airport during operations. These impacts are expected to be long-term and measurable. 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas may be shipped to ports, then transported to the Colorado site by rail or by truck. Ports that may be impacted include west coast ports, gulf coast ports, and ports on the Mississippi River system. These ship. ents would cause short-term negligible impacts to these ports. 5. Public Transit Generally, public transit systems do not extend to the proposed site • area and therefore would not be directly impacted. Exceptions include rental car and bus services that may be expanded to provide transporta- tion to construction and 'operations workers. SSCAP14C2230829 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Colorado 30 Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since these services are private it is assumed that operators would increase the supply to meet the increased demand. Limousine or shuttle bus service to the airport may be initiated by private industry. • Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities and selected locations in the Denver metropolitan area, and other cities, would be considered to mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and oper- ations. This service would cause long-term measurable impacts to the operators. The magnitude of indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be dir6ctly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase in the R0I up to 0.4% during construction and up to 0.3% during operations, over.levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily in the Denver metropolitan area and are expected to be long-term and measurable. SSCAP14C2238830 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 31 C. Illinois 1. Roads a. Road System Modifications. I) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- tion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utilization of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of highway and road modifications would occur during construc- tion. These include improvement of existing roads and construction of new roads to most SSC facilities. These highway and road modifications are discussed in the following paragraphs and are shown In• Figure 14.2.1-4. The proposed site area is now served by a network of federal and state highways and county and township paved roads. The State of Illinois has proposed to upgrade many of these roads if the Illinois site is selected. This includes widening to four lanes State Route 56 (Butterfield Road) from State Route 59 to Kirk Road and the addition of more turn lanes at the Kirk Road and Pine Street intersections to improve access to the proposed campus area. In addition. a portion of Dauberman Road would be widened and resurfaced to improve access to the far cluster facilities. These road improvement activities would result in short-term direct measurable impacts. Traffic on the roads may experience delays because of construction. In addition these roads intersect at a number of locations with other roads and highways that cross the site. Traffic on these roads and highways may experience delays as work on intersecting roads reaches them. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling of major activities during off peak hours of the day, main- taining at least one lane open past individual construction areas where practicable, establishing detour routes around construction areas, and using flagmen to direct traffic and maintain traffic flow. The State of Illinois has proposed to construct new two-lane access roads to the SSC facilities not currently served by roads. Roads to service areas, experimental areas, and other key facilities would be paved. • Roads to intermediate access areas would be gravel roads. These would connect to the existing highway and road network. Connection of access roads to existing highways and roads would result in short-term direct negligible impacts. Some very short-term disruption to traffic flow may occur when construction occurs on or near the highways and roads. Miti- gations that would be considered during construction planning are the same as those discussed above. SSCAP14C2238831 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments. Transportation - Illinois 32 • Figure 14.2.1-4 S:TE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY ILLINOIS ----_-� N I 1 � �� I M I I I wu.rc `i'r _I �.di r �I y 11� �,._ I � ,, �� f l `a ".+.� - 'ori I . , I JJ- 4 —.;� a trNNr } - I Il i 1"I t vrl 4 Am r` wig 1 r.✓, K. t NLVIL1j{ ,y, I ai" 1� 1„,..)-7:- ,.)-7 :.._I� Ie`l _444nwT1-._..._.. -w,.",:.`, -Ff-d eili i-..r{ o, rio `F ti a _�• .ail A:A N,4 a SO. HI ^' + at • I 1J 4 ELI • 1 I • 1_ T,M 14 1— � r U1p... �_[ I I+.1 t,; 1' I r i r��-� ,tt �J�t} r �M rte✓i , � rah — H c, I` �/ 1 hi L ,I 'ti. h L f II 1� TJ. .� • I j�' j ( N ,°P.CY 411* ✓ I I !c ^� - N LI0END 1--� 'Sc r2&gZYo4ait — IN— Omelet!ICS I-y..Woo.) e w-TN— [Ost. c*N.&qua MIRO ISO ,^— -"- 1_tnt",.MeV 1e t-t- ✓MLO coop U.5. (/ENfX17NENT OF ENERGY —4N— COWi,NIL1 Wit._LIM Sisson SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLL I DER .nnu... IVe:•--"1 *SUS COr1M/:1 not FI51*n.IOM —i,.,1 I."�%.a callimzz,I , ACCESS ROADS ww..a -"- .w.We . STATE OF ILLINOIS r_ --- — IJ ...nosWi+n ... .w t4NTNNL1 Q -R[o D��NaO27o 70 r.Y (MiI22 .wee q .e L�yee rjne p„w .'C r ORAIOINPt.,' DO 11TN PP fro --L.� T e.. �Bw[ET SSCAP14C2238832 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 33 Interstate 88 (the East-West Tollway) would receive short-term measurable impacts during construction at two interchanges. The existing inter- change at State Route 47 would be completed and a new interchange would be constructed at Dauberman Road to provide access to the far cluster. In both cases bridges over I-88 are in place. However, construction of access ramps at both interchanges would require temporary removal of highway lanes from service. This may cause traffic on I-88 to experience speed reductions and potential delays. Construction on tollway inter- changes typically last for approximately one year. New roads constructed for the SSC are expected-to have along-term mea- surable direct impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would be long-term because the roads would last for the life of the project. The project facility access roads that provide access solely to SSC facili- ties would not cause any appreciable change in existing traffic patterns. Some of the improved highways and roads may provide better transporta- tion to area residents causing slight changes in normal traffic patterns. The State Route 47 and Dauberman Road interchanges on I-88 would improve access to the interstate by existing residents. However, the inter- changes may induce some growth in the area because of improved access to the tollway. The construction road system modifications would include construction of 4 mi of 4-lane highways, construction of 3 ml of 2-lane highways, con- struction of 3 mi of 2-lane roads, upgrading of 20 ml of 2-lane roads, and construction of I mi of new I-lane road. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to occur. In the' event road improvements are needed during operations, impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. b. Direct Traffic Impacts 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result during pre construction. This traffic would consist of a limited' number of survey- ing, geotechnical, environmental and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. No appreciable change in the current traffic is expected to occur. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-5 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 1992 (the peak construction year) both with and without -the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and levels that would exist 3n 1992 if the Illinois site is not selected. SSCAP14C2238833 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 34 One Illinois site highway. 4.5. houte 34 from State Route S9 to State Route 31, 4s expected ito experience a decrease In level of service.(COS) from f to f. The traffic dmnaed is projected,to 'exceed the capacity of the highway,. 'Mitigations that would be considered 4uring construction planning include the die of carpools, waepoels, and buses to decrease peak traffic volume. In addition, SSC construct4on work .s,hifts could be staggered along with the work shifts at employers to reduce peak traffic volume. Short-term negligible, measurable, and high direct traffic impacts to the remaining roads and -highways are expected to result from SSC. con- struction depending on the roads $g*cded. State Route 44 from.Kirk Road to Randall Road and State Route 69 from -1-88 to State -Route 56 mould experience LOS E avlth or without "the :55C. State Route 38 from dirk Road to Randall Road .wound experience -a ,high magnitude of impact with a :de- crease in LOS from C to .D. 4-90 from 1-,290 to State Route 59. State Route 47 from State Route 56 to XL.S. Route 34, and State *Roue b4 from State Route :59 to :Kirk Road all would experience 'LOS ID artth or .without the SSC. The .remaining roads are expected to experience "negligible impacts. State Route 56 (Butterfield Road) from State Route 59 to Kirk Road would experience a high magnitude of impact if its current two-lane configura- tion remained. .-However, the State tf .Il14nois .has proposed to .widen State .Route 5.6 to four lanes if .the Illinois site is selected. The widened State Route 56 would experiencetIDS-A.daring oorstructdon. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual ser- vice and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an .increase 3n traffic of.yp to ;];..250, 300,. and 200 MSS. Iles par day., re part Wely. Mitigations that would be considered.duntog construction plafl img are the same as those discussed above for U.S. Route 34. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-6 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads .under existing conditions., and forecast conditions -in 2000. the year vperatioos 4mployment reaches a constant Jewel.. Loth with and'with- out the SSC. :It allows .a direct comparison of'operations traffic volume and Tavel .of service a+,S.tb twisting levels and .levels,:that ,would,exist le 2000 if the Illinois site is not selected. Three Illinois site highways, State Route 64 from Kirk Roadtto -Randall Road, U.S. Route 34 from State Route 59 to State Route 31 and State Route 59 from 1-88 to State Route 56 are expechei to experience a snot/Waal, impact with :a 'decrease in LOS from 'E to .F. The traffic -demand is re- jected to exceed the capacity of these -xighway. Mitigations that would be considered during iopenations ,leaning are the same as those discussed under construction impacts. SSCAP14C2238B34 DEIS Volume IV:Append* 24 Infrastructure Assessments ' Transportation - Illinois 3S Table 14.2.1-5 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CON C SITR F STRUTI TRAFFIC CS ND �EL.0F SERVICE O CONSTRUCTION - 19922 Vtthout SSC lath SSC Extetlni Cpndlttone Peak Flour Peak Hour tapaoity Volume LOS Rollin .LOS'. V PORN LOS ta Road Segment pcph SO I-90: 8,000 6,650. D 7,250 D . . . 7,250 0 1-290 to State Route 59 1-90: 8,000 9,000 B 3,250 B 3,250 6 - - - State Route 59 to State Route 41 1-88: 12,000 8,800 C 7,400 C 7,500 C 1-294 to Naperville Road 1-88: 8,000 4,200 5 4,600 C 4,750 C Naperville Road to - State Route 59 • State Route 56: 8,000 1.500 A 1,650 A 1,850 A 1-88 to ... Dauberman Road 1-08: to State Route 550 A 650 A 59 to Daubermen Rd. 8.000 . 500 A State Route 56: 2.800 550 C 800 C 650 C' State Route 47 to . Oaubenran Road State Route 35: 2.000 500 C 550 C 550 C Randall.Road to ' Meredith Road State Route 64: 2,800 650 C 700 C 850 C • Randall Road to State Route 41 State Route 47: 2.800 450 6 500 C 700 C 1-90 to State Route 56 . State Route 47: 2,800 900 C 1,000 0 1,050 0 State Route 56 to U.S. Route 34 U.S. Route 34: 2,800 750 C 800 C 850 C State Route 31 to State Route 41 Oaubenaan/Meredith Road 2,800 100 A 100 A 150 6 State Route 56 to State Route 36 SSCAP14C2238835 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 36 Table 24.22.1.6 (Mont) EXISTING 1WD TROJECPED°CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND 3,171431.40F SERVICE FOR 4lt.INOTS SITE a*OCDS .coBCTRUctiox - 19922 irtnouta5f, :Vith SSC Extntlntrte ditiona Peak Howe ''ask Hour nt Lapao ity Volume 'Volune "Volta Road Se gment pcph T SAO 'LOS pooh 1MS -P00A- Bag State Route 38; 2,450 1.350 A 1.450 A 1,700 B State Route 59 to Kirk Road State Route 36: 2,450 1,800 C 1,950 C 2,050 D Kirk Road to Randal) Road State Route 583: 1,300 1,050 C 1,150 D 1,250 A State Route 59 to Kirk Road State Route 64: 2.350 1,750 C 1,900 D 1,950 "D State Route 59 to Kirk Road • State Route 64: 2,350 2.050 0 2.250 E 2,350 E Kirk Road to Randall Road U.S. Route 34, 1,300 1,150 0 1,250 - E 1.350 '7. State Route 59 to State Route 31 Kirk Road: 2.950 1,300 A 1,400 A 1.600 a State Route 64 to 1-88 State Route 59: 2,750 1.850 B 2,000 C 2,150 C U.S. Route 34 to 1-88 State Route 59; 2,750 2,300 D 2,500 E 2.700 E I-08 to State Route 56 State Route 59: 2,750 1.800 0 1,950 C 2.200 0 State Route 56 to 1-90 Batavia Road: 1.300 550 A 600 A 700 A State Route 59 to , • Reneilab Campus Notes: 1. pcph: paseanosr oars per hour. 2. Construction impact* were evaluated for I992, the perk construction year. 3, State Route 56 from State Route 59 to Kirk Road would be expanded to four lane* if t1M'11T1nola site is selected. The capacity ie assured to increase to 2.750 pooh. Sources: TRB 1985; 1001 1988; 100T 1905; 1007 1964-1; l00T 1984-2. SSC"APT4CZ238E35 DEIS Volume PIappendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 37 'Table 34:2;1.8 EXISTING.AND 1PROJECTED FOR ILLINOIS S ROAD6 i.1EYEL OF,sfi�YncE OPERATIONS - 20002 Without SSC Math SSC ExistlnQtpn4tt'4uoa Peak.Nour Peak NOW Capacity Volume ltAymie Volu" Road Segment pcphl pOpk LOS paph LOS p0ph LOS I-90: 8,000 6.650 0 7.850. E 7,050 E 1-790 to state Route 59 1.90: 6.000 3,000 a 3,450 B 3,450 5 State Route 59 to State Route 47 1-88: 12.000 6.800 C 7,800. C 7,900 L 1-29.4 to Naperville Road 1-58: 8,000 4,200 0 4,850 C 5,050 C Naperville Road to State Route 59 1•B8: 8.000 1,500 A 1,750 A 1.950 A State Route 59 to Daubennan Road State Route 50: 8,000 590 A 600 A 700 A 1-88 to State Route 47 State Route 56: 2.800 580 C 680 C 700 C State Road 47 to Oaubennan Road State Route 35: 2,800 500 C 600 C 800 .C Randall Road to Meredith Road State Route 84: 2,800 800 C 750.. - C 000 .C Randal) Road to State Route 47 State Route 47: 2,800 460 B 500 C 550 ,C 1-90 State Routs 58 State Routs 42: 2,600 900 C 1.050 0 1.100 0 State Routs 56 to U.S. Route 34 U.S. Route 34; 2,800 750 t - '650 t '650 I state Route 31 to State Rout.4,7 DaubennanAMerSWu .[.000 400 a 440 ./A .200 A Road State Route AA - to State Route 38 SSOAP,I4C223883,7 DEIS Volume LYAppendix a Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 38 Table 14.2.1-6 (Cont) EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND''LEVEL-OF'SERVICE FOR ILLINOIS SITE ROADS OPERATIONS - 20002 Without 55C , With SSC Q taUns COndit1ons Reek Hour Peak hour Capacity Volume Volume Volume Road Segment pcPhl pcph LOS poph LOS pcph LOS' • State Route 38: 2,450 1,350 A 1.550 5 - 2.850 C State Route 59 to Kirk Road State Route 38: 2,450 1,800 C 2,050 D 2.200 D Kirk Road to Randall Road State Route 563; 1,300 1.050 C 1.200 E 1,350 A State Route 59 to Kirk Road State Route 64: 2,350 1,750 C 2,000 0 2,000 D State Route 59 to Kirk Road State Routs 64; 2,350 2,050 D 2,350 E 2,400 Kirk Road to Randall Road U.S. Route 34: 1,300 1,150 D 1,300 E 1.350 / State Route 59 to State Route 31 Kirk Road: 2,950 1,300 A 1,500 A 1,900 B State Route 64 to 1-00 State Route 59: 2,750 1,850 5 2,150 C 2,200 C U.S. Route 34 to 1-88 State Route 59: 2,750 2,300 0 2,850 E 2.850 1-88 to State Route 56 State Route 59: 2,750 1,800 5 2.050 C 2.350 0 Stets Route 56 t0 1-90 Batavia Road 1.300 550 A 650 A 750 A State Route 59 to Fermilab Campus Notes: 1, ncph: passenger oars per hour. 2. Operations impacts were evaluated for 2,000, the year operations employment moose e constant level. 3. State Route 56 from State Route 59 to Kirk Road would be expended to four lens* if u* Illinois site Is selected. The capacity le aesind to increase to 2,750 poph. Sources: TRB 1985; LOOT 1988; 1DOT 1985; LOOT 1964-1; 1001 1984-2, SSCAPI4C2238838 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 39- Short-term .negligible, mea*urabl+e, .and tiaigh,1dtrect traffic impacts to the remaining .roads and 'bi,,gbways are,expected to ;result from SSC 'oper- ations depending on the,roads .impaoted. 1-90 )fnom I,290 to State Route 59 would experience LOSE with or without the SSC. State Route 59 from State Route .56 to I-90 would experience a ;high vagnttude of impact with a decrease in ,LOS from .C to D. :State Route +47 ',from State iRoute 56 to 41 S. Route 34. State ,Route 38 .from ,Kirk Road 'bo Randall 'Road amd State /Route 64 from 'State Route 59 to xirk +Road 'would experience tOSIDAwilth +ar without the :SSC. State 4Roube 32 item State Route 59 •to KChrk Road is expected to experience a measurable magnitude of iapa+ot w4tb a +docreasre in LOS from 2 to C. Jbe +remaining treads are expected to eucperiemce negligible impacts. State Route 56 4,eutterfiield Road) from State Route 59 4o Vert tad wowkd experience a high magnitude of impact if its ovrnat two-1 ene smnfAgure- tion remained. However, the State of Illinois has proposed to widen State Route $6 to four lanes '1f .the Illinois site is •eei.ected- •L►e widened State Route 56 would experience LOS A during operations. • Roads providing access to the campus and injector amines, .iadiwiduaol ser- vice and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience.an .increase im .ttaffl c of ep to 4,,5000 25, al..1J0 mated•- cles per day, respectively. Mitigations .that aawuld .be ccnsidenad durieg operations planning aarre the same as :those .discussed winder construct,ion ,impacts. c. Indirert Traffic Impart; The .magnitude a .1adineet traffic •impacts areaasaemmi Ito ima directb proportional to .the magnitude of*retest popul;tt1on increaseSicaused by the SSC. 'Population and therefore traffic is projected to Jaocnexse in the ROI by up to 0.1% during both construction and operations over levels .projected to-exist +wi3Jmut .the SSC_ 'IbeMer populatbmi and therefore :traffic i:s volatted ,a'increase •ial 3uPege*S iKene moustibas by up to 0.3% and 1%, respectively, during construction andimremILSr4 and 1%, respectively, during operations. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 2. Rail a. flj] System Modi(tcoitlilps No rail system modification Impacts .ears expected to asuix damn preconstruction. The State of Illinois has proposed to construct a new rail siding off of an existing Burlington Northern main line. The new rail siding would be located just west of the proposed point where the collider ring would te SSCAPI4G?Z38839 DEIS Volume IV ppeaad3+c ' • 1 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 40 cross State Route 56 at the south end of the far cluster. Two connec- tions to the main line would be required. In addition, three of the upgraded facility access roads would cross existing' raii lines. Construction of the rail siding and upgrading of existing grade crossings would result in a very short-term high impact to the existing rail lines. Rail service on the rail lines would be halted during installation of switches and during grade crossing construction close to the rail lines. It is anticipated that service would be disrupted for only a short period of time at each switch and each grade crossing. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule demand around the disruption so that significant disruption does not occur to the customers of the railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from operations. b. Direct Traffic Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable impacts to rail traffic are expected to occur during construction. Construction materials, equipment and nonfragile technical components would be transported to the site by rail if con- venient and economical . Fragile technical components such as the magnets would not be transported by rail. These rail shipments mould be made to the site area using the new rail siding discussed above and the existing rail spur at Fermilab. It is estimated that an average of less than one train per day would serve the SSC rail siding or spur during construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected to result from operations. Occasional shipments of supplies 'and nonfragile technical components may occur during operations. c. in0irect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at rail yards and train stations in nearby urban and metropolitan areas. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. SSCAP14C2238840 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation Illinois 41 3. Air a. Airport Modifications No airport modifications are expected to resdit from SSC activities. The DuPage Airport. a general aviation field. is located above the pro- posed location of the buffer area and burled beam zone (Area I) north of the campus between buried beam zone access areas.J3 and J4. In addi- tion, a small portion of the airport (2.5 acres) is located above the proposed location of the near cluster (Area G). However, it is antici- pated that no impacts would occur because the airport operations at the field would be located in a stratified-fee area. b. Direct Traffic Impacts Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional per- sonnel, mail, and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts are expected to result from construction. Increased traffic would result from transportation of DOE and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site from home offices. Considerable freight consisting of mail, supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE, operating contractor and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that the DOE and operating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel may travel more frequently. Considerable freight consisting of mail, supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by air. It is estimated that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would average one flight per week. Most of the direct passenger traffic impacts during construction and operations would occur at the Chicago O'Hare International Airport. which is currently congested. Increased traffic would slightly exacerbate the congested conditions at the airport. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase by up to 0.1% during both construction and oper- ations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. Most of these impacts are expected to occur at the Chicago O'Hare International Airport. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. The increased traffic would slightly exacerbate the congested conditions at the airport. SSCAP14C2230841 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 v..., Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 42 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas-and/or.at.aocattons:.Wase- to the Great Lakes or the Mississippi River inland waterway system may be shipped to the Port of Chicago and then>transported to the IlTinofs site by rail or by truck. These shipments would cause short-term negli- - • gibie impacts to the port. 5. Public Transit • Public transit systems are available in the Fox River Valley on the eastern side of the proposed Illinois site. These systems include. suburban bus service in DuPage, Kane, and Will counties and commuter rail service in the cities of Aurora and Geneva that are operated by divisions of the Chicago Regional Transit Authority. These systems do not directly serve the proposed campus location at Fermilab at the present time. Taxi service is also available in a number of the cities close to the proposed campus location. Therefore, a person could use public transit to travel to the SSC site area from the O'Hare International Airport and other locations in the Chicago metropolitan area, transferring to a taxi to reach the proposed campus location. Few construction and operations workers would use public transit to-com- mute to the site because existing public transit systems do not currently • provide convenient transportation to the proposed campus location. Therefore, it is anticipated that the existing public transit systems would receive negligible direct long-term impacts during construction and operations. Exceptions include rental car services and bus services that may be expanded to provide transportation to construction and operation workers. Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since the rental car services are private it . is assumed that the operators would increase the supply of rental cars to meet the increased demand. Limousine or shuttle bus service to the airport may be initiated by private industry. Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities and selected locations in the Fox River Valley and other locations in the Chicago metropolitan area could reduce traffic impacts during both construction and operations. This service would cause long-term measurable impacts to the operators. Long-term measurable impacts could occur to existing transit systems if new bus service is established between the proposed campus location and transit stations. The magnitude of indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.1% during construction- and oper- ations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts SSCAP14C2238342 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 _ Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Illinois 43 are expected to occur primarily in DuPage and Kane counties. Population and therefore traffic in these counties is projected to increase by up to 0.3% and 1%, respectively, during construction and up to 0.2% and 1%, respectively during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. • • S5CAP14C2238843 DEIS Volume IV Appendix•I4'' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 44 D- Mlchlaan 1, Roads a. Road System Modlficaslons 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed_ A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- tion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utilization of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of highway and road modifications would occur during construc- tion. These include on-site access roads such as the improvement of existing two-lane roads and construction of new roads to most SSC surface facilities, and off-site access roads such as the new four-lane access boulevard and the extension of State Route 52 in two locations to provide bypasses for SSC traffic around the village of Stockbridge. These high- way and road modifications are discussed in the following paragraphs and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-5. The proposed site area is now served by a network of two-lane county paved roads. The State of Michigan has proposed to upgrade and/or resur- face many of these two-lane roads if its site is selected. This would include upgrading bridges where necessary. These road improvement activities would result in short-term direct measurable impacts. Traffic on the roads may experience delays because of construction. In addi- tion, these roads intersect at a number of locations with other county roads and state highways that cross the site. Traffic on those roads and highways may experience delays as work on intersecting roads reaches them. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling major activities during off-peak hours, maintaining at least one lane open past individual construction areas where prac- ticable, establishing detour routes around bridges that are being up- graded, and using flagmen to direct traffic and maintain traffic flow. The state has proposed to construct new two-lane access roads to most of the SSC surface facilities. Roads to service areas, experimental areas, and other key facilities would be paved. Roads to immediate access areas would be gravel. These would connect to the improved existing two-lane highway and road network. Connection of access roads to improved exist- ing highways and roads would result in short-term, direct, negligible impacts. Some very short-term disruption to traffic flow may occur when construction occurs on or near the highways and roads. SSCAP14C2218844 DEIS Volume IV Appendix. 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 45 ,Figurs 14:244.4 i, SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY MICHIGAN N 1 "iiftI100N 4 i M- NII� I ..�M.wl:.0 r'Cti"D V. ) ^-- -.rte /'.- 'L. „.4.,,s.-+"'.4j `r -E�` _,Ir— ( I '��""1 L` 1 1,74 I '- 4---\ 4k-- -‘'1 ,.)r, 1/4, y i-' Lfi• e. ,1 ' -r I. 1:� , flLV ▪ �''"rrta �,I,NIKINe —{ gicC _ Y ; � � T I ‘----4,-----1 1w r Irwu'n� �I _ _ , I / 1 L ri . _ _ J � s , s - A- "----'''' IAGF"I1 —2n.— Iluu+rcc MVOS l6V 44-4-!4RfiS 1/2LP 23 — IM-• ccesmuct,. 1.1,,411 Y[..[a M.a —IN m CONVOUCt M.2-lM IM@"WO IMOM<[YIp1Y IItlO to...A[ te-.1 MO ROM U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY .-.N— ua.+,4..Mil.a,4.M.M. SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLL I DER 0.....‘ "4'a"'q rlNM[ 1k Nye MIHNFt?I I r,.......,.... w' ACCESS ROAOS ..--...... --------- ...1..,.. STATE OF MLC4*FGAN • ...11 WU CPR'"N4' 2E-ficO e5rag2 a D?9tr us12? wa,..s....:a....., 9" 0.MIIG !if,-4 (pat 'R.*, '5.[ET SSCAP14C2218845 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 46 Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning are the same as those suggested above. Michigan has proposed to construct two two-lane extensions from State Route 52 to provide bypasses for SSC traffic around the village'of Stockbridge. The first would extend west northwest from State Route 52 south of Stockbridge to State Route 106 at the point where the new four- lane boulevard would intersect with State Route 106. The second would extend south from State Route 52 west northwest of Stockbridge to State Route 106 northeast of the point where the new four-lane boulevard would intersect with State Route 106. New intersections would be required at two locations on both State routes 52 and 106. The state has also proposed to construct a new four-lane access boulevard from State Route 106 south west of Stockbridge west to the proposed campus location. A new intersection would be required on State Route 106. Construction of these extensions and the four-lane access boulevard would result in short-term negligible impacts to State Routes 52 and 106 during construction of intersections. These impacts would be similar to those discussed above for improvement and construction of site access roads. New roads constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term mea- surable direct impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would be_. long-term because the roads would last for the life of the project. The project on-site access roads that provide access solely to SSC surface facilities would not cause appreciable change in existing traffic pat- terns. Some of the improved county roads may provide better transpor- tation to area residents, causing slight changes in normal traffic pat- terns. The extensions off State Route 52 would provide a bypass around the community of Stockbridge that may reduce the quantity of traffic going through the community. Total construction road system modifications would include construction of 1 mi of 4-lane highway, 7 ml if 2-lane highway, 99 mi of upgraded/ resurfaced 2-lane roads, and 2 mi of 1-lane road. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not addressed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to occur. In the event road improvements are needed during operations, impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. SSCAP14C2218846 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 47 b. DirectTraffic, Impacts 1) •Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result during preconstruction. This traffic would consist of a limited number of surveying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. No appreciable change in the •current traffic Isexpected. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-7 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 1992, the peak construction year, both with and without SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 1992 if the Michigan site is not selected. Short-term negligible, measurable, and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction activities, depending on the roads impacted. Two site highways a'e .expected to experience a high magnitude of impact: State Route 52 from State Route 106 to I-946 to 1-94, and State Route 106 .from 1-94 to State Route 52. Both of Hess highways would experience a decrease in level of service (LOS) from C to D. State Route 52 from State Route 36 to State Route 106 is expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact, with a decrease in WS Iron 6 to C. The new four-lane boulevard would experience LOS.,A and the new extensions to State Route152 would experience LOS 8. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual services and intermediate access areas, .and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250, 300, and 200 vehicles per day, respectively. The quality of service provided by the impacted roads .is:nat;projected to decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not protected to be exceeded. Mitigations that mould be con- sidered during construction p1anntng include the use of carpools, van- poois, and buses to decrease the.peak traffic volume. In Addition. SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along witn the work shifts at other places of emplcemeat .to reduce "oak traffic volume. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-8 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 2000, the year operations employment reaches a constant level, both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of operations traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 2000 if the Michigan site is not selected. 1SSCA1714a218847 DEIS Volume 'W appendix 34 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 48 Table 14.2.1-7 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE • FOR MICHIGAN SITE ROADS CONSTRUCTION- 19922 ..JL1Sh0gLI,V,„ With SSC Cxlating Cypd1t1gne - Peak Hour Peek hour Road S meet - Capacity Volume Volume Volume poph poph LOS poph LOS poph LOS 1-94: U.S. Route 127 to State Route 52 8,000 3,500 B 3,550 B 3,600 8 "- I-94: State Route 52 to Ann Arbor 8,000 5,400 C 5,450 ' C 5;850 C I-96: U.S. 177 to State Route 52 8.000 4,400 C 4,450 C 4,450 C " U.S. Route 127: 1-94 to State Route 36 0.000 1,600 A 1,600 - A 1,800. A U.S. Route 177: State Route 36 to 1-96 8,000 2,100 A 2,100 A 2,350 A State Route 52: 1-06 to 1 State Route 36 2,800 250 B 250 " a 400 B State Route 52: State.Route 36 to State Route 106 2.800 350 8 350 8 700 C State Route 52: State Route 106 t 1-94 2,800 650 C ,850. C. 1,000 0. State Route 36: U.S. Route 127 to State Route 52 2,800 450 C 500 C 850 C State Route 106: I-94 to State Route 52 2.800 450 C 450 C 1,100 "0 Northwest Exteneion3: State - - Route .52 to State Route 106 2,800 N/A N/A N/A N/A 350 B South Extension3: State Route 52 to State Route 106 2,600 ' N/A N/A N/A.- . .N/A 200 . .8. Access Boulevard4: State Route - 106 to Campus Area 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,000 A Note,: 1. pcph: passenger cars per hour - - 2 lonutruction impacts were evaluated for 1992, the year construction employment reaches a constant 3. The northwest end south extensions are two-lane highways that would be constructed to bypass traffic around the comunity of Stockbridge if the Michigan site is selected. 4. The accent. boulevard is a four-lane access highway that would be constructed to provide access to the proposed campus area if the Michigan site is selected. , Sourest.: TRO 1965; M00T 1986 o SSCAP14C22ISB4C DEIS Volume 1V Appendix 14 • • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 49 Table 14.2.1-8 EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE, FOR MICHIGAN SITE ROADS, OPERATIONS• 20002 Without SSC 1/1th SSC fxlettntC0pdltlone Peak Moor Peek Maur Capacity Voluee Volume Valise Road Segment poph 1 poph LOS poph LOS Pop, LOS. . I-94: U.S. Route 127 to State Route 62 6,000 3.500 8 3,550 6 3,550 8 I-94: State Route 52 to Ann Arbor 8,000 5,400 C 5,450 C 5,800 C 1-96: U.S. 127 to State Route S2 8,000 4.400 C 4,450 C 4,450 C U.S. Route 127: I-94 to State Route 36 8.000 1,600 , A 1,600 A 1,750 A U.S. Route 127: State Route36 to 1-96 8,000 2.100 A 2,100 A 2.300 A State Route 52: [-96 to State Route 36 2,800 250 B 250 B 350 B State Route 52: State Route 36 to State Route 106 2,800 350 B 350. 5 600 C State Route 52: State Route 106 to 1-94 2,800 650 C 850 C 950 0 State Route 36: U.S. Route 127 to State Route 52 2.800 450 C 500 C 650 C State Route 106: 1-94 to State Route 52 2,800 450 C 450 C 1.050 0 Northwest Extension3: State Route 52 to State Route 106 2,800 N/A N/A N/A NIA 300 8 South Extene lon3; State Route 52 to State Route 106 2,800 N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 B Access Boulevard4: State Route 106 to Carpus Area 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,050 A Notes; 1, pcph: passenger core per hour Z. Operations impacts were evaluated for 2000, the year operations employment reeohn a constant level. 3. the northwest and south extensions are tw .lane hlghwys that would in.constructed to bypass traffic around the community of Stockbridge If the Michigan ■Its to selected. 4. The access boulevard Ia a four-lens access bltlhwarj that would be constructed to provide eases to the proposed carpus area if the Michigan site I. selected.. Sources: TRB 1985; MOOT 1988 SSCAP14C2218849 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 50 Long-term negligible, measurable,and 'high-direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC operations depending on the roads impacted. Two Michigan site highways, State Route 52 from' State•Route 106 to S-94 and State Route 106 from 1-94 to State -Route 52, are expected to ex- perience a high magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from C to D. State Route 52 from State Route 36 to ttatr Route 106 is expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from C to C. The .new four-lane boulevard would experience LOS A and the new extensions to State Route 52 would experience LOS 8. The remaining roads arc expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual 'experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,500, 25, and 150 vehicles per day, respectively. Mitigations that would be considered during operations planning are the same as those suggested under construction impacts. c. Indirect Traffic imeact3 ' • The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly pro- portional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without SSC. However, population and there- fore traffic is projected to increase in Ingham and Jackson counties by up to 1.1% and 1.3% during construction, and up to 0.9% and 1.1X during operation. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 2. $sii a. Rail System Modifications No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. Michigan has proposed to construct a new one-half mile rail siding off of the existing Conrail main line. The new siding would be located close to U.S. Route 127 approximately two miles east of the. -proposed location of C6. Two connections to the main line would be required. Construction of the rail siding would result in a very short-teen high impact to the existing main line. Rail service on the main line would be halted during the installation of each switch_ It is anticipated that service would be disrupted for less than a day for each connection. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule 4emand so that disruption does not occur to the customers of the railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from operations. SSCAP14C2218850 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan $1 b. Direct Traffic Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable, impacts to rail traffic are expected to occur during construction. Construction materials, equipment, and nonfragile technical components would be transported to the site by rail if conve- nient and economical. Fragile technical components such as the magnets would not be transported by rail. These rail shipments would be made to the site area using the rail siding discussed above. It is estimated • that an average of less than one train per day would serve the SSC rail siding during construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected to result from opera- tions. Occasional shipments of supplies and nonfragile technical com- ponents may occur during operations. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at‘ rail yards and train stations in nearby urban and metropolitan areas. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 3. Air a. Airport Modification No airport modifications are expected to result from SSC activities. Mason-Jewett Field., a general aviation field, is located above the pro- posed location of the collider ring between El and F6. However, it is anticipated that no impacts would occur because the field is located in a stratified fee-area. b. Direct Traffic Impacts Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional per- sonnel, mail, and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts are expected to result from construction. Increased traffic would result from transportation of DOE and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site from their home offices. Considerable freight (mail. supplies, and .some equipment) would be shipped by air. SSCAP14C2210061 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 52 Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE., operating contractor, and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that the DOE and operating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel may travel more frequently. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped rby •air. It is estimated that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would average one flight per week. Most of the direct passenger traffic impacts during construction 'and operation would occur at the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, which is currently congested. Increased traffic would slightly exacerbate the congested conditions at the airport. Most of the direct freight traffic impacts would occur at the Detroit Willow'Run Airport. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Ttpulation and therefore traffic is projected to increase by up to 0.T%.during 'both construction and 'opera- tions over levels projected to euist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at the Detroit•Metropolitan 'Wayne 'County'and Willow Stun airports. The increased 'traffic et the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport would slightly exacerbate congested -conditions at the airport. 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas and/or-at locations close to the Great lakes may be shipped to ports and then transported to the Michigan site by rail or by truck. Ports tliat may be Impacted include Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo.on the Great takes, plus west coast ports. These shipments would cause short-term negligible impacts to these ports_ 5. Public Transit Generally, public transit systems do not extend to the proposed site area and therefore would not be directly impacted by the SSC. Exceptions include rental car services and bus services that may be expanded to provide transportation for construction and operations workers. Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since these services are private it is assumed that the operators would increase the supply of rental -ears to meet-the increased demand. Limousine or shuttle bus service to the airport may be initiated by private industry. SSCAPICCZ23,f1052' DEIS Volume IV-Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Michigan 53 Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities and selected. locations in the Lansing. Jackson, and Ann Arbor metropolitan areas and other cities could be established to mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and operations. This service would cause long-term measurable impacts to the operators. The magnitude of indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase in the ROI up to 0.1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts, expected to occur primarily in the Lansing, Jackson, and Ann Arbor metropolitan areas, are expected to be long term and measurable. • • • • • • SSCAP14C2218853 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-14 218-©29 0 - 08 - 72 (HOOK 8) Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 54 E. North Carolina 1. &Ida a. Road System Modificatdyns 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- tion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utiliza- tion of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of highway and road modifications would occur during construc- tion. including construction of on-site access roads such as new roads to most SSC facilities and the two lane North-South Campus Connector, and off-site access roads such as the new four-lane Northern Parkway and Durham Northeast Loop/Campus Drive. These highway and road modifica- tions are discussed in the following paragraphs and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-6, The State of North Carolina has proposed to construct a two-lane North- South Campus Connector. This highway would extend north from the pro- posed campus location to the proposed far cluster location, generally following the alignment of existing paved and unpaved state roads. These roads would be widened and upgraded. In some cases new highway sections would be constructed along new alignments. These road improvement and construction activities would result in short- term direct measurable impacts. Traffic on the existing roads may expe-rience delays because of construction activities. In addition, the new highway would intersect at a number of locations with other roads and highways that cross the site. Traffic on those roads and highways may experience delays during work on intersections with the new highway. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling of mayor activities during off-peak hours of the day, main- taining at least one lane open past individual construction areas where practicable, establishing detour routes around work areas, and using flagmen to direct traffic and maintain traffic flow. North Carolina has proposed to construct new two-lane access roads to most SSC facilities. Roads to service areas, experimental areas, and other key facilities would be paved. Roads to intermediate access areas would be gravel . These would connect to the existing two-lane highway and road network. Connection of access roads to existing highways and roads would result in short-term direct negligible impacts. Some very short-term disruption to traffic flow may occur when construction occurs SSCAP14C2238854 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . J' '1 )i '1aS:ii:h ill) ( Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 55 Figure 14.2.1-6 ' SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY NORTH CAROLINA , : 4z1 �. N1N r 1 _ rh ' :• { I ///// `...... NT. IAIM 9 _ / X ` l I v_ r^ ...TO oNI.a. . ..- IN— (MTAC.MY:1-wurwWKw . V.9. 0[WWTMENT OP.EMMY -•214—, cMlwcT la rue( WA SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLL I DER WOW. PIf11K 11[M 10 PAM ,,.eoiw 4 —.N— C0NSIwC.was,.,«ch10IM. ACCESS ROROS ... ,..� _J CMAE�yf N W C(STMCI IU _ _. -- STATE OF NORTH CRROCI:NR• Iaa r..l.w,.. `I-gNThA e n4p,,_ u5CNnO9 ,0` i2- -W . i ��,t�•_7, OARYINO eft, 1,0ATE_,_ ln_an- L ET SSCAP14C22388t' DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 56 on or near the highways and roads. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning are the same as those suggested above. The state has proposed to construct two general site access highways. The first, the Durham Northeast Loop/Campus Drive, would be a four-lane highway providing major access to the site from the Durham metropolitan area. The Durham Northeast Loop would be a limited access freeway ex- tending from Interstate 85 northeast of Durham to the community of Treyburn. The Campus Drive would be a boulevard without access control that would extend from Treyburn to the proposed campus. The second, the Northern Parkway, would be a four-lane parkway providing major east-west access to the site. It would extend from 1-85 to U.S.. Route 501 and would intersect Campus Drive. The Northern Parkway would not have access control . These highways would be constructed along existing road align- ments where practicable. Construction of Campus Drive and the Northern Parkway would result in short-term measurable impacts similar to those discussed above for the North-South Campus Connector. Construction of the Durham Northeast Loop, however, would result in long-term measurable impacts because of the proposed limited access status of the highway. A number of existing state roads would be cut for the life of the project. Traffic on the roads that are cut would have to travel to an interchange or take another route if possible to cross the proposed freeway. Some existing residents of the area may find their normal travel routes and times changed for the life of the project. Mitigations that would be considered during detail design include the construction of frontage roads and inter- changes to provide reasonable access to the new freeway and to other roads cut by the freeway. I-85 and U.S. Route 501 would receive short-term measurable impacts during the connection of the site access highways. The Durham Northeast Loop would require the construction of a new interchange on 1-85. The Northern Parkway would require widening of the existing State Route 56 interchange on I-85 and construction of a new interchange on U.S. Route 501. Traffic on the existing highways may experience speed reductions and potential delays during construction of these interchanges. The interchange bridges probably would be built with minimal disruption to the traffic flow. However, construction of access ramps would require the removal of highway lanes from service, which would disrupt traffic flow. Construction activities on freeway interchanges typically last for approximately one year. Total construction road system modifications would include construction of 25 mi of new 4-lane highways, 12 mi of 2-lane roads, 10 mi of up- graded 2-lane roads, and 1 mi of new 1-lane road. New roads and highways constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term measurable direct impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would be long-term because the roads and highways would last for the SSCAP14C2238856 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina Si life of the project. The project on-site access roads provide access solely to SSC facilities and would not cause any,appreciable .change i:n existing traffic patterns. The North-South Campus. Connector, the Northern Parkway, and the Durham Northeast Loop/Campus Drive would pro- vide better transportation to area residents causing appreciable change in normal traffic patterns. These highways may induce growth in the area and therefore increase traffic flow because of the improved access. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to.occur. In the event road improvements are needed during operations, impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. b. Direct Trafflg_Impacts 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result during preconstruction. This traffic would consist of a limited number of surveying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. No appreciable change in the current traffic is expected to occur. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-9 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions and forecast conditions in 1992, the peak construction year, both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 1992 if the North Carolina sit,. is not selected. Short-term negligible, measurable, and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction activities depending on the roads impacted. U.S. Route 501 from U.S. Route 158 to State Route 49 is expected to experience level of service (LOS) E both with or without SSC. U.S. Route 501 from south of Picks to U.S. Route 158 is expected to experience a high magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from C to D. U.S. Route 158 from U.S. Route 501 to U.S. Route 15 and State Route 56 from I-85 to State Route 50 are expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from B to C. The new North-South.Campus Connector is expected to experience LOS 8, while the remaining new access highways are expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250, 300, and 200 vehicles per day, respectively. SSCAP14C2238857 OtIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 58 Table 14_$ 14 EXISTING MD PROJECTED cONSTRUCI'ION TRAFFYC .AND 1wwal OF SERVICE FOR NORTH CAROLINA SITE ROADS CONSTRUCTION -19922 Without SSC With SSC Jxtpttna CQndjtlone Peak Hour Peak Hour Capacity Volume Volume Volume Road Segment poph4 poph LOS poph LOS pooh LOS 1-85: U:S. Route 70 to 1.000 '1.150 a 2,050 A 2050 A Durham Northeast Loop 4 I-as, Durham Northeast Loop4 8,000 1,850 A 2.000 A 2.550 A to U.S. Route 15 near Oxford U.S. Route 15: I.85 near 2.Boo 500 C 500 C BDD C Oxford to U.S. Route 158 U.S, Route 501: I-85 to 8,000 800 A 650 A 1.050 A South of picks U.S. Route 501: South.? 2,100 800 C 850 'C- 950 O.. ..picks to U.S. Route.158 U.S. Route 501; U.S. Worts 2.800 1;150 0 1.050 E. 8650 C. 156 to Stets Route 49 U.S. Route 158: U.S. Route 2.600 300 B 350 B 650 C 501 to U.S. Route 15 State Route 49: US.4oute 2800 250 5 150 ■ . . 450 I 501 to Stall cKwte 98 State Route 96; U.S. Aaut, -j,800 1E0 .0 150 1 150 8 158 to State Route 49 State Route 56; 1-85 to .2,800 300 8 350 6 B00 C State Route 50 State Route 50: State Route 2.800 400 8 458 C .650 .C 56 to Raleigh North-South Cinque Connector:3 .2.800 WA N/A r/A WA 10 A Far Cluster to U.S. Woute 158 North-South Campus to nretorr3 2.800 N/A W/A N/A N/A 200 S U.S, Route 156.to Near Cluster Cempu$ Drive/Durham Northeast Loop:* Campus to 1-85 6..000 N/A 'N/A 41/A WA .800 -A SSCAP14C2238858 DEIS Volume IV Appendix -i4 r Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 59 Table 14.2.1-9 (Cont) EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR NORTH CAROLINA SITE ROADS CONSTRUCTION. 19922 Without SSC lath S5C Ext9S171p CO'dJt1o0! Peek Hour Peek Hour tap olty Vulum■ Volume Voltam Road Segment pcphi poph LOS Port LOS poph LOS Northern Parkway:5 U.S. Routs 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 100 A Sol to Campus Drive Northern Parkway:5 Campus 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 400 A Drive to 1-85 Notes: 1. pooh: passenger oars per hour. 2. Construction /mpsote were evaluated for 1992, the peak construction year. 3, The North south Campus Connector does not currently exist. It would be constructed es boo-lane paved highway generally foliating the alignment of existing dirt roads.4. The Campus Drive/Durham Northeast Loop does not currently exist. It would be constructed as a-,four- lane boulevard from the campus to the oonmunity of Treyburn and a four-lane freeway from Treyburn to Interstate 85. 5. The Northern Parkway dons not currently exist. It would be constructed as a far-lens boulevard from U.S. Route 501 to Interstate 85. Sources: IRO 1785: SCOOT 1987 SSCAP14C2238859 LEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation — North Carolina 60 The quality of service provided-by tbe.4mpacted roads is not projected tc decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not projected to be exceeded. -Mitigations that would;be.con- sidered during construction planning Include the use of carpools, van- pools, and buses to decrease the peak traffic volume. In addition, SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along with the work shifts at other places of employment to reduce peak traffic volume. The section of U.S. Route 501 with LOSE could be widened to increase its capacity. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-10 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 2000. the year operations employment reaches a constant level, both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of operations traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and with levels that would exist in 2000 if the North Carolina site were not selected. Short-term negligible and measurable traffic impacts are expected t' result from SSC operations activities dependingon the roads imparted, U.S. Route 501 from U.S. Route 158 to State 'Route -49 is expected to experience LOS E with and without the SSC. U.S. Route 501 from south of Picks to U.S. Route 158 is expected to experience Los D both with or without the SSC. U.S. Route 15$ from U.S. ,Route 501 'to 'U.S. Route 15 and State Route 56 from I-85 to State Route 50 are expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact with a decrease in level 1.0$ from 8 to C. The new North-South Campus Connector is expected to experience LOS B. while the remaining new access highways are expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,500. 25, and 150 vehicles per day, respectively. Mitigations that would be considered during operations planning are the same as those suggested for construction impacts. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.8% during construction and 0.7% during operations over levels projected to exist without SSC. However, population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in Durham, Person, and Granville counties by up to 3%, 1% and 2%, respectively, during construc- tion and up to 2%, 1%, and 2%, respectively, during operations. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. SSCAP14C2238860 DEIS Volume-IV Jippendix 14- • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 61 Table .I4.2.1-10 EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC-AND LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR NORTH CAROLINL• SITE'ROADS OPERATIONS -.20002 With SSC E%lot1jw_Cohliiti96t Peek lbw Peak Hour `Zpeoity Vohose VOM. Volusr Road Segment (Pc0) (000) LOS (posh) LOS (Pooh) LDS 1-85: 6,00D 1,850 A 2,200 A 2,2D0 A U.S. Route 70 to Ourham Northeast Loop4 / I-B5: Our)orm North- 6,000 1,850 A 2,200 A 2.700 A rat loop' to U,S. Route 15 near Oxford U.S. Route 15: 2,600 500 C 550 C 600 C I-85 near Oxford to U.S. Route 156 U.S. Route 501: 8,000 800 A 950 A 1,000 A 1-85 to South of Picks U.S. Route 501: 2.000 800 C . .950 D 1,000 D South of Picks to U.S. Route 158 U.S, Route 501: 2.800 1.550 D 1.500 E, 1,800 E U.S. Route 158 to State Route 49 • U.S, Route 156: 2.600 300 8 350 8 550 C U.S. Route 501 to U.S. Route 15 State Route 49: 2,800 250 B 250 B 250 8 U.S. Rousts 501 to State Route 96 State Route 98; 2,6011 150 8 150 B 150 B U.S, Route 158 to Stets Route 49 State Route 56: 2.800 300 B 350 B 750 C 1-85 to - State Routs 50 State Route 50: 2,800 400 B 500 C 650 C State Route 56 to Ralelah - North-South Csecue Connector:3 2,800 N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 B Far Cluster to U.S. Route 158 North-South Comm; Connentor:93 2.600 N/A N/A N/A N/A. 250 B U.S. Route 158 to Near Cluster • SSCAP14C223886I DEIS Volume IV Appendfx`14 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 62 • Table 14,2.1-10 (Cont) EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND •LEVEL Of SERVICE FOR NORTH CAROLINA ROADS • OPCRATIONS - 20002 �,xiettnc Vtthyt,�rr` With SS( • Cop511Si9n0 Peak Hour Peak Hour lapnoqy Volume Voltam Road ;nowt (pcph)1 (poph) LOS Yolun. (PopN LOS (pooh) LOS Campus Drive/Durham Northeast Lonh:4 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 650 A Campus to I-85 Northern Parkway:5 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 100 A U.S, Route 501 to Campus Drive Northern Parkway:5 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A. 350 A. Campus Drive to 1-05 .. Notes: 1. pcph: passenger oars per hour, 2. Operations impacts were evaluated for 2000. the year operations employment reaches a constant level. 3. The North-South Campus Connector does not currently exist. It would be constructed as a two-lane paved highway generally following the'alignment of existing dirt roads, 4. The Campus Drive/Durham Northeast Loop does not currently exist, It would be constructed as a four-lane boulevard from the magus to the community of Treyburn and a four-lane freeway from Treyburn to Interstate 85, 5. The Northern Parkway does not currently exist. It would be constructed as o four-lane boulevard from U.S, Route 501 to Interstate 85, Sources: TRB 1985; hCOOT 1987. • SSCAP14C2238862 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14, Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 63 2. Rail a. Rail System Modifications No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from SSC pre- construction or construction. However, the existing Southern Railway low-speed local rail line between Durham and Oxford must be crossed by the Northern Parkway and potentially by the Durham Northeast Loop. Con- struction of a grade crossing by the Northern Parkway would result in a short-term high impact to the existing rail line. Rail service on the line would be halted for a short period during construction of the cross- ing. Construction of a grade separation crossing by the Northern Park- way is not expected to disrupt rail service, so impacts would be short- term and negligible. The crossing by the Durham Northeast Loop would likely be a grade separation because of the limited access high-speed character of the highway. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule demand around any disruptions so that impacts would not occur to the customers of the railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during detail design and during constructin planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. Impacts to the rail line should be minimized by the construc- tion of a grade separation for the Northern Parkway and routing of the Durham Northeast Loop to avoid the rail line. No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from operations. b. Direct Traffic Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable impacts to rail traffic are expected to occur during construction. Construction materials, equipment, and nonfragile technical components would be transported to the site by rail if conve- nient and economical . Fragile technical components such as magnets would not be transported by rail. These rail shipments would be made to the site area using a rail siding in Durham or the termination of the Norfolk and Western Railroad line near Rougemont. It is estimated that an average of less than one train per day would serve the SSC during construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected to result from opera- tions. Occasional shipments of supplies and nonfYagile technical components may occur during operations. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect freight traffic impacts is assumed to be , directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Passenger rail service is not available to the 5SCAP14C2238863 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - North Carolina 64 North Carolina site ROI. Population and therefore freight traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 0.8% during construction and up to 0.7% during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at rail yards in nearby urban and metropolitan areas. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 3. air a. Airport Modifications • No airport modifications are expected to result from SSC activities. b. Direct Traffic Imgacts Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional personnel, mail, and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction activities. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts are expected to result from construction. Increased traffic would result from transportation of DOE and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site from home offices. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE, operating contractor, and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that DOE and oper- ating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel may travel more frequently. Considerable freight (mail, supplies, and some equipment) would be shipped by air. It is estimated that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would aver- age one flight per week. Most of the direct passenger and freight traffic impacts during con- struction and operation would occur at the Raleigh-Durham Airport. c. Indirect Traffic Imnact„i The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase by up to 0.8% during construction and up to 0.7% during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at the Raleigh-Durham Airport. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. SSCAP14C2238864 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4 Infrastructure Assessments • Transportation - North Carolina 65 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas and/or at locations along the Gulf and east coasts may be shipped to Portsmouth, Virginia and then transported to the North Carolina site by rail or'bytruck. • . These shipments would cause short-term negligible impacts to the port. 5. Public Transit Generally, public transit systems do not extend directly to the proposed • site and therefore would not be directly impacted by the-SSC. Exceptions include rental car and bus services that may be expanded to provide transportation to construction and operation workers: • Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since these services are private it is assumed that the operators would increase the supply of rental cars to meet the increased demand. Mitigations that would be considered during construe- . tion and operations planning include establishing limousine or shuttle bus service to the airport. Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities andselected locations in the Durham, Chapel Hill, and Raleigh. metropolitan areas 'and other cities could be established to mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and operations. This service would cause long-term . measurable impacts to the operators. The magnitude of• indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase in the R0I up to 0.8% during construction and up to 0.7% during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. . These impacts are expected to occur primarily in the Durham, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill metropolitan areas. Publically operated rural bus and para-transit services are available in Person and Granville counties. In addition, privately operated taxi services are available in a number'of communities in the SSC site area. Indirect impacts to these services are assumed to be proportional to the l% and 2% forecast population increase in Person and Granville Counties. Impacts to public- transit systems are expected to be long term and measurable. • SSCAPI4C2238865 DEIS Volume IV Appendix I4" Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 66 F. Tennessee 1. Roads a. Road System iodificatioeg 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads 'would be constructed during precoostruc- tion to provide access to various.•geotecholcaledri+lling.and site monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing- roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utiliza- tion of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of highway and road modifications would occurduring.coesbxc- tion, These include the construction of en-site access roads such as new roads to most SSC facilities, and an off-site. ►four-lane access highway from Interstate 24 to the proposed campus location. These highway and road modifications are discussed in the foilowing paragraphs. and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-7. The State of Tennessee has proposed to upgrade existing roads end to construct new access roads to most of the SSC facilities- .Roads to service areas, experimental areas. and other key facilities would be two-lane paved roads. Roads to Intermediate access areas would 'be gravel. .These wound connect to the existing highway and road network. These road improvement and construction activities would result in short- term direct measurable impacts. Traffic on the existing roads that mould be upgraded may experience disruption and delays because of construc- tion. In addition, connection of access roads to existing 'highways and roads may cause some short-term disruption as construction occurs on or near the existing roads and highways. Mitigations that would be consid- ered during construction planning include scheduling of major activities during off-peak hours of the day, maintaining at least one lane open past individual construction areas where practicable. establishing detour routes around work areas„ and sting flagmen to direct traffic and maintain traffic flow. The State of Tennessee has proposed to construct a new four-lane limited access highway from I-24 to the proposed campus location. The highway would intersect I-24 at existing interchange number 78. It would proceed west along the existing alignment of State Route 96 for a little more than a mile and then south to State Route 99. South of State Route 99 the new access highway would turn southwest to the proposed campus location. SSCAPI4C223C866 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 . Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 67 Figure 14.2.1-7 SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY,TENNESSEE N ..ic„,:,.\?:\5,, I All -------..%---14..r F + 144 r -IV M� I y \_i2N , J q�a� 44 • I• � 2v X I: I � 1 —T— I eN 11— . - .\ J x.--:' k�`Y--• • ,9 I n • L' l0 P9cjc L41e.Mtn - — IN•— COATFL1 M. Ia1%t SOWN NOM• •• .e EN-. cfMTNalt N.1.+tale MN SID V,S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY -•P0• MOM�aplweoroTn TO-Uwe SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER CDILIDER ••s•:�,�_,�^•,••n•• �•P•y) C,e r IN,0 COIATNKT101 ACCESS ROADS R 1.L AT -- STATE OF TENNESSEE rw1.Its.. — _ _.. TSgNTnntr 0[-PCU'-NI.4402•N I PRBJrtCY 851 i,--.— - N... r' DIVINING RR-6'DATE/t,lee Ial•r—rI6NEET SSCAP14C2238867 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 68 Construction of the new access highway'wot114'result in long-term measur- able impacts because of the proposed limited access status of the highway. Some existing roads may be •cut•for the life of the-project. Traffic on the roads that Are cut would have to travel -to an interchange-or.take another route to cross the new highway. Some existing residents of the area may find their normal travel routes and times changed for the life of the project. Mitigations that would be considered during detail design include construction of frontage roads and interchanges, to provide reasonable access to the new highway and to other roads cut by the highway. No impacts to I-24 are expected because an existing interchange would be used. However, traffic on State Route 96 would experience some disrup- tion because of the highway construction activities along its alignment. These impacts and mitigations that would be considered during construc- tion planning are similar to those discussed for the on-site access roads. Total construction road system modifications would include construction of 6 mi of new -4-lane highways, 4 mi of 2-lane roads, 12 ml 4'f upgraded 2-lane roads, and 3 Al of 1-lane road. New roads and highways constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term negligible impact on existing traffic patterns except for the roads that are cut as .discussed above. Impacts would be long term because the roads and highways would last for the life of the project. The project on-site access roads provide access solely to SSC facilities and would not cause any appreciablechange in existing traffic patterns. The new access highway may provide better transportation to some area residents causing a negligible change in normal traffic patterns. This highway may induce growth in the area and therefore increase traffic flow because of the improved access. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because modifications to the roads system are not expected to occur. .In the event road improvements are needed during operations, impacts would ,be similar to those discussed for construction. b. pit^ect Traffic Impacts 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result 'during preconstruction. This traffic would consist of a limited number of surveying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. No appreciable change in the current traffic is expected to occur. SSCAP14C223I3868 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 74 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 69 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-11 provides the traffic volume 'and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, 'and forecast conditions in 1992, (the peak construction year) both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and levels that would exist in 1992 if the Tennessee site is not selected. Short-term negligible. measurable and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction activities depending on the roads impacted. U.S. Route 231 from 1-24 to U.S. Route A4l and State Route 96 from I-24 to I-65 are expected to experience a high magnitude of impact with a decrease in level of service (LOS) from C to D. 1-65 from State Route 254 to State Route 96 and State Route 99 from State Route 96 to U.S. Route A41 are expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from B to C. The new access highway is expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250, 300, and 200 vehicles per day, respectively. The quality of service provided by the impacted roads is not projected to decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not projected to be exceeded. Mitigations that would be con- sidered during construction planning include the use of carpools, van- pools and buses to decrease the peak traffic volume. In addition, SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along with the work shifts at other places of employment to reduce peak traffic volume. 3) Operations • Table 14.2.1-12 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 2000, the year operation employment reaches a constant level, both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of operations traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and levels that would exist in 2000 if the Tennessee site is not selected. Short-term negligible, measurable and high direct traffic impacts are • expected to result from SSC operations depending on the roads impacted. U.S. Route A31 from East State Route 99 to Vest State Route 99 and State Route 96 from I-24 to 1-65 are expected to experience a high magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from C to D. U.S. Route A31 from East State Route 99 to West State Route 99 and State Route 99 from State Route 96 to U.S. Route A41 are expected to experience a measurable magnitude of impact with a decrease in LOS from B to C. The new access highway is expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads are expected to experience negligible impacts. SSCAP14C2233869 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 70 Table 14.2.1-11 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC AND LEVEL.,OF SERVICE FOR TENNESSEE SITE ROADS • CONSTRUCTION » 19922 Without SSC With SSC Exletlna Co0nnditions Peek lour Peak Hour Cepeolty Volume Volume Volume Road Segment pooh++ pooh LOS pooh- LOS - Pooh LOS 1-24: State Route 8.000 3.000 B 3.200 8 3,800 B 254 to State Route 96 1-24: 0,000 2.100 A 2,250 A 2,300 A State Route 96 to U.S. Route 231 1-65: State Route 8,000 3,200 8 3,450 8 5,000 C 254 to State Route 98 1-65: 8,000 1,700 A 1,850 A 1,850 A State Route 96 to State Route 99 U.S. Route-A 41: 2,800 850 C 700 C 800 C State Route 254 to State Route 96 U.S. Route A41: 2,800 500 C 500 C . 500 C State Route 96 to U.S. Route A31 U.S, Route M1; 2,800 200 B, 250 8 300 8 U.S. Route A31 to State Route 99 - - U.S. Route M1: 2.800 350 B 350 B 400 8 State Route 99 to U.S. Route 231 U.S. Route A31: 2,800 250 B 250 8 350 B U.S. Route M1 to Cast State Routs 99 U.S. Route A31: 2,800 400 0 450 C 450 C Eeet State Route 00 to Meet State Route 99 • SSCAP14C2230070 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 1' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 7I Table 14.2.1.1 (Cent) EXISTING AND PROJECTED 'CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC IAD 'LEVEL Of SERVICE FOR TENNESSEE SITE ROADS taw-maim -19927 5nthout_5SC With SSC �ctatjna COndlvyn( Peak Hour Peak Nour Capacity Volume 1Olun. Selma Road Segment pcph' posh LOS poph 1.05 Pooh 105 U.S. Route 231: 2.800 800 C a00 C 1.200 e • I-24 to U.S. Route M1 State Route 96: 2,800 450 C 500 C 1.300 0 1-24 to U.S. Route Ml State Routs 98: 2,800 750 C 900 C 950 0 U.S. Route Ml to 1-85 State Route 99: 2.800 300 5 350 5 500 C State Route 98 to U.S. Route Ml State Routs 99: 7,800 50 A 50 A 100 8 U.S. Route Ml to U.S. Route *31 State Route 99: 7.800 150 8 150 8 200 8 U.s. Route A31 to 1-65 Access HIghway3 11,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 700 A 1-24 to Campus Notes: 1. pcph: passenger cars per hour, z, Construction impacts wore evaluated for 1992, the peak construction year. 3. The Access Highway from I-24 to the camps. area does not ounently ei.t. It mould be constructed as a four-lane limited access highway if the Tenness.m site is chosen. Sources: TRB 1985; TOOT 1988-3. • SSCAP14C2218B7t DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 9 ' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 72 Table:14 2.1-12. EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS: TRAFFIC AND' LEVEL'OFaSERVICE FOR TENNESSEE SITE ROADS, • OPERATIONS - 20002 Vlthout_55C - With SSC Exis tt na Cppfltlone ' Peak Hour - Peak hour Capacity Volume Volume Volume Road Segment .pophl pooh LOS - poph LOS .poph.. . LOS. .. I-24: State Routs 8,000 3,000 0 3,350 B 3,900 B 254 to State Route 96 1-24: 8,000 2,100 A 2,350 A - 2.500 A State Route 96 to U.S. Route 271 1-65: State Route - 0.000 7,200 B 3.650' B 3,650 B 254 to State Route 96 I-65: 8,000 1,700 A 1.950 A 1.950 .A State Route 96 to -- - - - - State Route 99 ' U.S, Route A41: 2,800 650 C 750 C' 600 ,C State Route 254 to State Route 96 U.S. Route M1: 2,800 500 C 550 C 650 C State Route 96 to U.S. Route A31 U.S. Route M1: 2,600 200 B 250 B 300 B U.S. Route A31 to State Route 99 U.S. Route M1: 2,800 350 B 400 8 400 8 State Route 99 to U.S. Route 231 • U.S. Route All: 2,800 250 B 250 8 350 B U,S. Route Ml to East State Route 99 U.S. Route A31: 2,800 400 b 400 B 450 8 East State Route 99 to West State Route 99 • SSCAPI4C2238872 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessment?' Transportation - Tennessee 73 Table 14.2.1-12 (Cont) • EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OFSERVICE FOR TENNESSEE SITE ROADS OPERATIONS- 20002 V Shout SSC With 5SC rxistln9 Cpnditions Peak Hour Peek lour Capacity Volans Valise Volume. Road Segment pophl poph LOS poph LOS pcph•. LOS U.S. Route 231:4 2,800 800 C 900 A 1.100 A I-24 to U.S. Route M1 State Route 96:5 2,800 450 C 500 C 1,250 D I-24 to U.S. Route M1 State Route 96:5 2,000 750 C 850 C 1.000 0 U.S. Route Ml t0• State Route 99: 2,600 300 B 350 B , 550 C State Route 96 to . . -. U.S. Route Ml State Route 99: 2,800 50 A 100 A 200 B U.S. Route Ml to -U.S. Route A31 State Route 99: 2,800 150 6 150 8 200 B U.S, Route A31 to 145 Access Hlghway3: 8,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A 700 - -A _: I-24 to Campus Notes: 1, pcph: passenger cars per hour. 2. Operations impacts were evaluated for 2000. the year operations employment reaches a constant level. • 3. The Access Highway fron I-24 to the campus area does not currently exist. It would be constructed as a four-lens limited oehighwa i he Tennessee sg site is U.S.-is chosen. 231 to • 4. The Tennessee Department of Transportation currently planning expand four-lane highway prior to the year 2000. 5. The Tennessee Department of Transportation is currently planning to construot a new freeway, interstate 840, between interstate 24 end interstate 65 prior to the year 2000. The alignment of this freeway may be near State Route 96 and may therefore mitigate some of the impacts to State Route 96. Sources: TRB 1985; TOOT 1966-3. - SSCAP14C2238873 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 74 Roads providing access to the campus--and,injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,500, 25„and 150 vehicles per day, respectively. U.S. Route 231, which is expected to experience a high magnitude of impact during construction, would operate at LOS A after expansion to a four-lane highway, as currently planned by the Tennessee Department of - Transportation (TOOT 1986a). Impacts to State Route 96, which is expected to experience a high magnitude of impact during operations, could be mitigated by the construction of I-840. This new highway would provide a connection between I-24 and I-65 and may follow an alignment not far from State Route 96 (TOOT 1986b). c. Indirect Traffic Imoacts The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in the ROI by up to 1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. However, population and therefore traffic is projected to increase in Rutherford County by up' to 4% during construction and up to 3% during operation. These impacts. are expected to be long term and measurable. Impacts and mitigations that would be considered during operations plan- ning are similar to those discussed above for construction. 2. Rail a. RaiLSvstem Modification No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from precon- struction or construction. However, the two existing CS% Transportation rail lines that cross the site must be crossed by a ,few'of the upgraded on-site access roads. The upgrading of existing grade crossings by the on-site access roads would result to short-term high impacts to the existing rail lines. Rail service on the lines would be halted for a short period during construction at the grade crossing.. It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule demand around any disruptions so that impacts would not occur to the customers of the railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of iow demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of the impact. No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from operations. SSCAP14C2238D74 DEIS Volume IV Append x" 14/. 1 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 75 b. jurect Traffic Imflaqfl, No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable impacts to rail traffic are expected to occur during construction. Construction materials, equipment and nonfragile technical components would be transported to the site by rail if con- venient and economical. Fragile technical components such as the magnets would not be transported by rail. These rail shipments would be made to the site area using rail sidings in Murfreesboro and/or Lewisburg. It is estimated that an average of less than one train per day would serve the SSC during construction period. Negligible impacts to rail traffic aro expected to result from opera- tions activities. Occasional shipments of supplies and nonfragile technical components may occur during operations. c. jndircct Traffic Imoacts The magnitude of indirect freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Passenger rail service is not available to the Tennessee site ROI. Population and therefore freight traffic is projected'to• increase in the ROI by up to 1% during both construction and operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at rail yards in nearby urban and metropolitan areas. These. impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 3. Air a. Airport dodifications No airport modifications are expected to result from SSC .activities. b. Direct Traffic DRaS,',, Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional person- nel , mail , and supplies are expected to result from preconstruction. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts are expected to result from construction. Increased traffic would result from transportation of DOE and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site from home offices. Considerable freight consisting of mail, supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE, operating contractor and visiting personnel. It is anticipated that the DOE and operating contractor 'technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientist and other visiting SSCAP14C2238875 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee 76 personnel may travel more frequently. Considerable freight consisting of mail, supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by air. It is estimated that the increase in direct traffic during construction and operations would average one flight per week. Most of the direct passenger and freight traffic impacts -during construc- tion and operations would occur at the Nashville Metropolitan Airport. c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitude of indirect passenger and freight traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popu- lation increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic are projected to increase by up to 1% during both construction and oper- ations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily at the Nashville Metropolitan Airport. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas and/or at locations along the Gulf and east coasts and the Mississippi River inland waterway system may be shipped to Nashville and then transported to the Tennessee site by rail or by truck. These shipments would cause short-term negli- gible impacts to the three multipurpose barge terminals on the Cumberland River in Nashville. 5. Public_Transit Generally, public transit systems do not extend directly to the proposed site and therefore would not be directly impacted by the SSC. Exceptions include rental car services and bus services that may be expanded to provide transportation to construction and operation workers, Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts would make use of rental car services. Since the rental car services are private it is assumed that the operators would increase the supply of rental cars to meet the increased demand. limousine or shuttle bus service to the airport may be initiated by private industry. Private and/or public bus service between SSC facilities and selected locations in the Nashville metropolitan area and other cities could be established to mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and operations. This service would cause long-term measurable impacts to the operators. The magnitude of indirect impacts to public transit systems is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population and therefore traffic is pro- jected to increase in the ROI up to 1% during both construction and SSCAP14C2238876 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Tennessee- 77 operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to occur primarily in the Nashville metropolitan area. • Publicly operated rural bus and para-transit services are available in 13 middle Tennessee counties including Rutherford County. Indirect impacts to these services are assumed to be proportional to the 4% and 3% forecast population increase in .Rutherford County during construc- tion and operations, respectively. Impacts to public transit systems are expected to be long term and measurable. • • • • • SSCAPI4C2238877 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 78 C. lens. 1. gads a. Road Svslemtlodifications 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction road system modification impacts were not assessed. A number of temporary dirt roads would be constructed during preconstruc- Lion to provide access to various geotechnical drilling and site monitor- ing activities. The connection of temporary dirt roads to existing roads is not expected to result in impacts to the capacity or current utiliza- tion of existing roads. 2) Construction A number of highway and road modifications would occur during construc- tion. These include the construction of access roads to most SSC facili- ties, and a new four-lane access highway from Interstate 35E to the proposed campus location. These highway and road modifications are dis- cussed in the following paragraphs and are shown in Figure 14.2.1-8. The State of Texas has proposed to upgrade existing roads and to con- struct new access roads to most of the SSC facilities. Roads to service areas, experimental areas, and other key facilities would be two-lane paved roads. Roads to intermediate access areas would be gravel. These would connect to the existing highway and road network. Those road improvement and construction activities would result in short- term direct measurable impacts. Traffic on the existing roads that would be upgraded may experience disruption and delays because of construction. In addition, connection of access roads to existing highways and roads may cause some short-term disruption as construction occurs on or near the existing roads and highways. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling of major activities during off-peak hours of the day, maintaining at least one lane open past indi- vidual construction areas where practicable, establishing detour routes around work areas, and using flagmen to direct traffic and maintain traf- fic flow. The State of Texas has proposed to construct a new four-lane access high- way from I-35E near Waxahachie to the proposed campus location. The highway would intersect 1-35E at an existing interchange, however the interchange would have to be reconstructed to accommodate the new high-way. thwest Farm to t would Market (F.M.)d west Route 66udirectlyalong thethe proposedexisting calignment location. The State of Texas has also proposed to upgrade F.M. Route 1446 west of I-35E and to construct a new two-lane highway between F.M. Routes 1446 and 66 to provide a bypass around the campus and future use areas for existing traffic on F.M. Route 66. Impacts from the construction and upgrading of these highways and mitigations that would be considered SSCAP14C2238878 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • :4,'i.1 II filo ")', i . . 4) iJ": : 1'_ :: Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 79 Figure 24.2.1-8 SITE ACCESS ROADS PROPOSED BY TEXAS II M i in r Y7 E 1 r i / a I N V / Nb •• .14°..1 • / . W .. • A .„ .4/♦ I / . . + I PN l L 1 ...• 2,+' �Fi1, IM leI A 1/4 . • • , . . IN I zr\r+ ..• 17 ‘ N Ne......‘..... 4kit.H.04 ::/ene) • • , ,. i . 4LucNQ IN.. t4•17•47 Mk.is..MIID MID • U.5. 'UEYNRfMENT OF fgEii('.Y ra—4 co.,.Y.T NW:MUM Mall 11010 -,,,^ —„— ..wv.n•rN.lmlewo!Moot SUFTRCONCIUCTTNG SUPER COLLTOER M.•l..0 mina...,4Mfb6.M lint,r IWO COIIVINCIICM ACCESS ROADS STATE OF TEXAS — �+� �!!}•p� LI +N— ,+.,. '✓. �rz NTNNcT QC 'Noe Ilatti902QQ .Noy.Y' Y51 a'? ..'.........,,..._N ...........•• "6 o1MNINo fjR-7 Id1TnMMO_:in ft/tin IIINiET SSCAP14C2238879 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 80 during construction planning would'be'similar to those discussed above for SSC facility access roads. I-35E would receive short-term measurable impacts during the reconstruc- tion of the existing F.M. 66 interchange. Traffic on I-35E may exper- rience speed reductions and potential delays during reconstruction of the interchange. The interchange bridge would probably be built with minimal disruption to traffic flow. Construction of access ramps would require temporary removal of highway lanes from service, however, which would disrupt traffic flow. Construction of freeway interchanges typically lasts for approximately one year. Total construction road system modifications would include construction of 5 mi of 4-lane highways, 22 mi of 2-lane roads, 23 mi of 2-lane roads, and 4 mi of 1-lane road. New roads and highways constructed for the SSC are expected to have a long-term negligible impact on existing traffic patterns. Impacts would • be long term because the roads and 'highways would last for •the life of the project. The project facility access roads provide access solely to SSC facilities and would not cause any appreciable Change in existing traffic patterns. The new four-lane access highway,and bypass may pro- vide better transportation to some area residents causing a negligible• change in normal traffic patterns. These highways may induce some limited growth in the area and therefore increase traffic flow because of the improved access. 3) Operations Operations road system modification impacts were not assessed because no modifications to the road system are not expected to occur during opera- tions. In the event road improvements are needed during operations,' impacts would be similar to those discussed for construction. b. Direct Traffic 'floes 1) Preconstruction Short-term negligible traffic impacts are expected to result during preconstruction. This traffic would consist of a limited number of sur- veying, geotechnical, environmental, and cultural resources teams that would travel to various locations around the ring. No appreciable Change in the current traffic is expected to occur. 2) Construction Table 14.2.1-13 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 1992 (the peak construction year) both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of construction traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and levels that would exist in 1992 If the Texas site is not selected. SSCAPI4C2238880 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 81 Table 14.2.1.13 EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION SITE RA UTRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR TEXAS CONSTRUCTION - 19922 Without SSC _With SSC __EXiottpit Conditions - Week hour Risk hour Cepeolty Volum. lume Road Segment oh I poph 1.0S pooh Yo poph LOS poph LOS 1.35E;4 8.000 4,200 B 4,800 C 5.450 C 1-20 to U.S. Routs 77 I-35t: 8.000 2.800 A 2,950 B 3,800 8 U.S. Route 77 to U.S. Route 267 1-35E: 8,000 2,100 A 2.400 A 3,050 8 U.S. Route 267 to State Route 34 1-45: 8,000 3,050 8 3,500 8 3,550. 8 1-20 to F.M. Route 878 1-45: 8,000 2,450 A 2.750 A 2.800 A F.M. Route 878 to U.S. Route 267 U.S. Route 67: 8,000 2,800 A 2,950 8 2,950 0 1-70 to U.5. Route 287 U.S. Routs 287: 8,000 1.850 A 2.100 A 2.500 A 1-70 to Ellis County Line U.S. Route 287:5 2,800 900 C 1.000 A 1.200 A Ellie County Line to U.S, Route 61 U.S. Route 287:5 2.800 1,100. 0 1.250 A 1.600 A U.S. Route 67 to F.M. Route 528 (West of Waxahachie) SSCAP14C2238881 • DEIS Volume IV Appendix 1'4 • Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 82 Table 14.2.1-23 {Coot) EXISTING AND PROJECTED CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC NO LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR TEXAS SITE ROADS CONSTRUCTION-1992? - Without SSC With SSC Dilating Conditions Peak Hour Peak Hour Ceeac•.tty Volume Volume Valve Road Segment pcph 1 pooh LOS pooh LOS. •pooh ,LOS U.S. Route 287: 8,000 1.200 A 1,360 •A 1,560 A -F.M. Route 528 (West of Waxahachie) to F.M. Route 528 (East of Waxahachie)U.S. Route 787: 8,000 900 A 1,000 A 1,050 A F.M. Route 528 to 1-45 U,S. Route 77: 2,800 800 . C 900 C 950 D I-35E to U.S. Route 287 • U.S. Route 77: 2.000 200 B 200 B 300 B F.M. Route 66 to. State Route 34 - ' F.M. Route 86:6 2,800 200 B 250 B 800 A U,S, Route 77 to Maypearl F.N. Route 878: 2.soo 150 B 150 B 200 II U.S. Route Z87 to Palmer State Route 34: 2,800 200 B 200 B 250 8 U.S. Route 77 to Ennis F.M. Route 55: 2.800 100 A 100 A 200 B U.S. Route 77 to State Route 34 Notes: 1. pcph: Passenger Cars Per Hour, 7, Construction impacts were evaluated for 1924, U. peak construction year. 3. F.M. Route: Fans to Market Route (State Road). 4. A four mile section of 1-35E from south of pelt Line Rood to I.20 in Dallas County would be widened to six lanes starting in 1991. The widening of 1-35E was not considered in the determination of LOS because the entire segment from 1-20 to U.S. Route 77 was not widened. 5. U.S. Route 787 would he widened to four lame starting-In 1989 with or without the SSC, 6, F.M. Route 66 from 1-35E to the proposed campus location would be expended to a four lens highway if the Texas site is selected, Sources: TRB 1985; TOOK 1986-2; TOON 1986-3. • SSCAPI4C2238882 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 83 Short-term negligible and high direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC construction depending on the roads impacted. U.S. Route 77 from 1-35E to U.S. Route 287 is expected to experience a high magnitude of impact with a decrease in level of service (LOS) from C to D. The new four-lane access highway is expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads and highways are expected to experience negligible impacts. Roads providing access and injector areas, individual service and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,250, 300. and 200 vehicles per day, respectively. The quality of service provided by the impacted roads is not projected to decrease to an unacceptable level and the capacities of the impacted roads are not projected to be exceeded. Mitigations that would be con- sidered during construction planning include the use of carpools, van- pools and buses to decrease the! peak traffic volume. In addition, SSC construction work shifts could be staggered along with work shifts at other places of employment to reduce peak traffic volume. 3) Operations Table 14.2.1-14 provides the traffic volume and level of service for site roads under existing conditions, and forecast conditions in 2000, (the year operations employment reaches a constant, level) both with and without the SSC. It allows a direct comparison of operations traffic volume and level of service with existing levels and levels that would exist in 2000 if the Texas site is not selected. Short-term negligible, direct traffic impacts are expected to result from SSC operations depending on the roads impacted. U.S. Route 77 from I-35E to U.S. Route 287 would experience LOS D with or without the SSC. The new four-lane access highway is expected to experience LOS A. The remaining roads and highways are expected to experience negligible impacts. U.S. Route 287 from the Ellis County line to F.M. Route 528 west of Waxahachie would experience a high magnitude of impact during both construction and operations if its current two-lane configuration remained. However, the Texas State Department of Highways is planning to widen U.S. Route 287 to four lanes starting in 1989 (TDOH 1986). The widened U.S. Route 287 would experience LOS A both' during construction and operations. Roads providing access to the campus and injector areas, individual service areas and intermediate access areas, and individual experimental areas may experience an increase in traffic of up to 1,500, 25, and 150 vehicles per day, respectively. SSCAP14C2238883 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 84 Table 14.2.1-14 EXISTING AND PROJECTED OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR TEXAS SITE ROADS OPERATIONS - 20002 Vt g522µ _-C tm Stq Exist1 NQ r,pndtitong Peek Nolr Peek Moon CapecILy Volume Volume Volume Road Segment pcph I poph LOS pcph LOS DOPA LOS era, 1-357:4 8,000 4,200 0 5,300 . C 5.850 E 1-20 to U.S. Rout. 77 I-35E: 5.000 2,000 A - 3,300 0 3,050. 5 U.S. Route 77 to - U.S. Route 287 I-35E: 8,000 2,100 A - 7,050 A 3.150 8 U.S. Route 287 to State Route 34 I-45: 0,000 3,050 0 3,850 8 3.900 0 I-20 to F.M. Route 078 I-45: 8.000 2,450 A 1,050 0 3,100 5 F.M. Route Ale to V.S. Rout. 287 U.S, Route 67: 8,000 2,600 A 3,250 a 3,200 5 1-20 to U,S. Route 207 U.S. Routs 287: 8,000 1,850 A - 2,300 A 2,500. A 1-20 to E111e County Line U.S. Route 287:5 2,800 000 C I,100 A 1.300 A Elite County L1M to U.S. Route 67 U.S. Rout.207:6 2,800 1,100 0 1,400 A 1,000 A U,S. Routc 67 to F.11. Route 528 (Wet of Va■ahachte) • SSCAP)4C22?8$84 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 1 ' InfrSstructure''A's'S;essments Transportation - Texas 85 Tabla,1M1,R.1-14,4Cont)cc.; %v oar EXISTING AND PROJECTED'OPERATIONS TRAFFIC AND'LEVEL`OF SERVIC! FOR TEXAS SITE ROADS ' , , dfrluiTlaAr- 2ooD2 r' txtntlm Cwdtttont -Rook Misr ,:•.•,Pus Mow, Cap.atty ,Vats ..Vobas . Road Ssrosnpcpht p 1 Ooph tom. ... 'ac for ' pod+ .Los U.S. Rout* 287: F.H. Routs 528 (Wet of Vaxahechts) to F.M. Routs ue (East of Waxahachie) U.S. Routs 787: - moo 900 A 1,100 A 1.100 A . F.M. Routs 528 to U,S. Route 77: 2.800 .900 :,C.,, 3.000'• 0 w1,050 ,�, 4 1-35E to U.S. Route 287 U.S. Rout.77: F.M. Route 08 to State Rout. 34 - - '. F.N. Routs 66:6 2.000 200 �8 ;250 b 1.000 A .. . U,S. Rout. )7 tO Mayp.arl F.N. Route 878: U.S. Routs 287 to Pa Leer State Route 34: 2,800 200 0 250 B 250 8 U,5. Route 77 to Ennis F.M. Route 55: 2,800 100 A 200 A '150 0 U.S. Route 77 to Stet. Routs 34 } .•. )lute.; 1. pcph: Pn.enOer Care for Moir. 2. Op.ret in Imamate tote *salines&for 2000,the ye.t cpsv t4.ne ew0tes..wt Inds.ceostant loyal, 3. F.M, Route: Farm to Market Route (state Road).4. A four silo section of'2-35C•fros eeottrnf.Belt ttns'Rosd to I-20 in Dallas County would.be Eldred is six lanes starting is 1991. The wiaitsirq•of 1-35tweeu.taaseide.nd-4n the., determination of LDSksoss. the enti eMonetfeao,l-20,to M,S. Routr71 Ma.'eo ssialeeesi. 5, U.S. Route.287 would a. wtdw,ad to four 1ann.startinw is 198iwttit or without.the 5%,. . 8. F.M, Route 66 from 1-35f to the proposed covens location would ha .handed to a four lane highway if the Texas site is eslsotea. - -Sources: TO 1985:.LOOK 1988-2;.t00M: 1908+3. .. . SSCAP14C2z33885 DEIS Volume IV:Appendix-14 . 218-829 0 - 88 - 13 (w00% 01 ._ Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 86 Mitigations that would be considered=duringroperations planning are the same as, those suggested under, construction c. Indirect Traffic ImpactsN1/4 I • The magnitude of indirect traffic impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to thefmagnitude of_ forecast popul.atlon_increases_.caused_. __ ._r by the SSC. Population and .therefore traffic is projected to increase in the R0I by up to a.3% during construction and up to 0.2% during operations over levels projected•to'exist_without'theSSC. However, population and therefore traffic'is`projected t0'.'increase in Ellis County by up to 3% during construction and up to 2% during operations.,. These impacts are expected to,,be Tong term ,and measurable. 2. Rail r a. Rail System Modiftcatinnq No preconstruction or rail system modification impacts are expected to result from SSC construction. However, two of the upgraded facility access roads and one' of the new facility access roads must cross existing rail lines. Upgrading of two existing grade crossings and construction of a new grade crossing would result in short-term high. impacts to the existing rail lines. Rail service on the lines wou1Q be" halted for a short period during construction at the grade crossings.., •. ,. r- It is assumed that the railroad would be able to schedule demand around any disruptions so that impacts would not occur-'to the 'customers .of 'the, " railroad. Mitigations that would be considered during construction planning include scheduling work during periods of low demand and expediting the work to minimize the duration of'the impact. No rail system modification impacts are expected to result from operations. . b. Direct Traffic ,Impacts No direct traffic impacts are expected to result from preconstruction, Short-term measurable impacts to rail traffic are expected.to, occur during construction. Construction,materials,.equipment. and nonfragile ' . technical components would be transported to the site)), rail if con venient and economical . Fragile technical"'components'Such; as magnets : would not be transported 'by' TTiese-rail shtpments,.would.be• maderto+ the site area •.using•'a rail sidtngi'n'Mldlotblan.^^ 'It tthrest'imated'that'-' an average of less than one t'rain',per'day;would Serve the,'SSC`durfng;. construction. Negligible impacts to rail traffic are expected'to'"reselt' from-operations:" Occasional shipments of supplies and nonfragile technical components may - occur during operations. SSCAP14C2238806 DEIS Volume IV' Appendi'x'I4-' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Texas 87 c. Indirect Traffic Impacts The magnitudes of indirect passenger and freight traffic impactsare assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast popula- tion increases caused by the SSC: Population and therefore passenger and freight traffic is projected to increase ,ip.the ROI by:up,to 0.3% during construction and up ,to .0.,2%=during operatidns over levels proj- ected to exist without the SSC. These impacts an expected to occur primarily at train stations andlrailyards,in nearby urban and metro- pol itan areas. These impacts;arefexpected,tobe'long.,term,and measurable. 3. fli.C a. Airport Modifjcations No airport modifications are expected to result from SSC activities. However, the cities of Waxahachie and Fidlothtan,are'planning.,to build a; new general aviation airport that would be located above the proposed location of the collider ring adjacent to intermediate access-area. E2. . Construction of the proposed airport is scheduled to start in 2989 (Willis 1987). Impacts to the proposed airport from SSC construction and operations are expected to be negligible Dacause the airport wOGIld be located in a stratified-fee area. b. Qi;ect Traffic Jmoacts Short-term negligible air traffic impacts consisting of occasional per- sonnel., mail, and supplies are expected, to resultfroa .preconstructfon.,. Short-term measurable air traffic impacts are. expected to. result from construction. Increased traffic would result from transportation of-DOE ' and construction and operating contractor personnel to and from the site from home offices. Considerable freight, consisting of mail, supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by air. Increased air traffic would result from transportation of DOE. operating contractor and visiting personnel . It is anticipated that the DOE and , operating contractor technical personnel would average less than five round trips per year each. Other DOE and operating contractor personnel would travel less frequently. Visiting scientists and other visiting personnel may travel more frequently. Considerable,freigAt consisting of mall. supplies, and some equipment would be shipped by ,air•- It is estimated that the increase:in.direct.traffic'during construction and operations would average one flight per week. Most of the direct passenger and freight traffic impacts during construc- tion and operations would occur at the Dallas/ft. Worth International Airport, which is currently congested. Increased traffic would slightly exacerbate the congested conditions at the airport. SSCAP14C223888J - DEIS Volume IV Appendix,,1A••, Infrastructure Assessments . ' Transportation - Texas p° • • .h c. Indttect Traff moacts The magnitude of''indtr ct',passenger IS freight.trafffe:fimpacts'areta's a sumed'to -be directly proportional' to the magnitude of forecast' p'opu'ta&pr ' "• ' tion increases caused by the' SSC': ' •Population•and''iherefdrest.afftt1t r projected to 'increase by up 'to 3% duHn coitstruttFon and 'up 'toi0:2% during operations over-levels projected,to•;exVst;;without the'SSC. ' °These impacts are expected toocCur primarily"at'therDal1'as/Ft1'Worth Inter.- national Airport: These`impacts 'are'expected to ,belong';te► eand'measur. able. The increased`traffic wouTd`slightiy"exacerbate the"tongested;con• •"? ditions at the airport. G C 4. Waterways Some technical components manufactured overseas and/or'.atytocati•ons-'aloig the Gulf and east coasts may bo„shipped,to Houston and then transported to the. Texas'site'by`rail -or by-truck; These 5hfpments'would cause"thort ';t1 term negligible Impacts to 'the Port''of;Houston '''•'""'' , '' "' •'' S. Public TCARjt ' '' ,_o: Generally, public transit systems 'do not extend dtrectly•to-the•proposed , ' site and therefore'would not be directly'impacted,'by'the'55c ' Exceptions' '' include rental car services and bus services"that'may'be'expanded to 9- provide transportation to construction and operations workers. Many of the personnel causing direct air traffic impacts.would make use, of rental car services: Since the rental car-services Are' private' it' Is' ' ' assumed that the operators would'i'ncrease'the supply of rental cars"to' " ' • meet the increased demand. Mitigations that'would be considered during. construction and operations,,planning„include' establ•ishing 1imousinei'or shuttle bus service to the' airport. • Private and/or public''bas-servite'between'SSC faciljtfes and'selected locations in the Dallas/Ft. Worth• metroplex'and- other`citl•es'could'be"' established to mitigate traffic impacts during both construction and , operations. This service would cause long-term'meastable impacts to the operators. , The magnitudes of indirect impacts to public:transit'syst'ems are assumed:' to be directly proportional to the magnitude`of forecast'populatio'nif ' ' ,.- increases caused by the' SSC. Population` an'd therefore'traffi•c ts'pro- jetted to increase it the i RDI 'up to O.3%'during'construction'and•'up to " 'a 0.2% during operations over levels projected to exist without the SSC. These impacts are expected to'occur'primarily In'the''Dall'as/Ft:'Worth' metroplex. Impacts to public transit'systems 'are'txpected'to 'belong" term and measurable. • • 55CAP14C2238888 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 14'"'"-‘ Infrastructure Assessments Transportation.- Cumulative 89 H. .S'mt • i I.mDactS_in eQpns of Iif3uencprw co.^ Cumulative transportation; Impacts/resuttio4 froai:general,Ipopulatioe , growth have already been,addressed to the;indiv,iduat state;"transportation' assessments. Traffic on-site. roads ,without.the,SSC:was.increased`in.,,, proportion to forecast population growth for the years -1992 and 2000, the years the Construction and ,operations direct traffic.jmpacts•were, -- assessed. Assessment ''of""Indirect;trpffic, impacctS,",atso.,included t,con- sideration -ofgeneral population growth.. -Therefore,: the fotTowtag pca- graphs address only specific,.prosects'in the site,area and/or special topics. 1. Arizonl . Two projects have been identified near the proposed Arizona site that ' would cause cumulative transportation -impacts. - Tha,:first,isfa,hazardous.;, waste treatment.and disposaT,.facil;ity being,,Auilt,.within.,the proposed location of'the collider .ring,,approximately-six,miles..westsouthwest-of-- Mobile on the Maricopa-Cila•Bend Road.. Approximately.2,000: and;320• ship-- ments of hazardous waste er.year ,f'rom.Phoenix and,Tucson,.,respectively, would be made to the completed p facflity.,.•The-second;pro.$ect, ts -a 30:000-bbl/d oil refinery proposed by Maricopa Refinery Company to be located near Mobile. The refinery would extract oil from a proposed'- crude oil pipeline and further refine petroleum products for shipment - from the site. The shipments of hazardous wastes and refined oil,-products, and:,the commuting of construction and-operationsrworkers.associated with these projects, would. impact many: of,the roads"khat;atso mould-be.iap►acted'by. SSC construction and operattons. , In►,.particular,. the Maricopa and., Maricopa-Gila Bend roads are projected to operate, at..,level -of•service_ (LOS) D during SSC construction and the Maricopa-Gila Bend road is projected to operate at LOS C during•operat4ons, ;,.The-addition rof hazardous waste and refiner .shipments on these roada,could decrease service to an unacceptable level.. The Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport Is currently congested.• . If edditien1 the population of the Phoenix metropolitan area is growing steadily. Impacts:, to the airport would occur as the population of the area increases with or without the SSC, resulting in increasing delays as the air traffic.-` demand increases. Impacts would continue until the airport is expanded or a new airport is completed.. ,- 2. Colorado The Public Service Company.of".Colorado has:propased.to expand the,Aawnee_ Power Plant located between,Ft-.Korgan'aad Brush appro%tmately.20;mi north of the proposed SSC campus. The expansion wor1A•oonsitt:of;a,. 500-MWe coal-fired generating,unit. The new. unit,was.,originally.sched- uled to go on line in 1994, however the company has postponed construe tion indefinitely. Construction of the new unit, when and if it occurs, SSCAPI4C2238889 DEIS. Volume IV Apperddx. 147 Infrastructure Assessments ' Transportation - Cumulative 90 would bring 2,000 to 3,000 workers' to' Morgan County,-ial id would°greatly • increase traffic in ,the area. SSC Construction and operations,-workers , would consume much of the existing excess'_capacity on-roads in 'the"area. , Therefore, addition oT a:major construction project during SSC 'construC- tion or operations would'cause 'high' traffic''impacts:;', A number of-major construction_projects '(such'as the'new airport•and;'new' highway projects) have'been..proposed for the :Denver, Metropolitan atea.. These projects are not expected'to result in'-high-cumuTattve'transport'e- tion impacts because of their-distance-from. the proposed SSC site and because the population increase in the Denver metropolitan area caused by either the SSC construction or operations is expected to be small. In fact, these projects would serve to mitigate transportation impacts " when they are completed. The Stapleton Internationals Airport is currently congested, ' :In addi tion, the population of the Denver metropolitan area: -Is' growing. Impacts to the airport would•occuras thepopulation of 'the area in-'" ' creases with or without the SSC, resulting in Intreasltig-del'ays'as'the air -traffic demand increases. Impacts- would'continue'unt11' th'e•new ' ' Denver airport is completed 1n=1995: 3. Illinois Many projects have been proposed in DuPage and Kane counties, -particu- larly in cities located along the Fox River Valley. —These include shopping centers, office bui ings, apartment•buildings',"commercial'4: '' buildings, industrial buildings, motels, and public`facil'ities. Cumulative transportation impacts' caused byy•these:projects''wer0''con- sidered to be included In general •population 'growth'impacts - discussed above and were not' •assessed further':: ' The Chicago O'Hare International Airport 1s currently congestedH In- ' addition, the population of the`Chica o metropolitan area fs growing - J ,-• ` ` steadily. Impacts to the airport would occur as the-population increases with or without the SSC, resulting. in Increasing delays as the air traffic demand increases. Impacts would, conttnue untilthe' airport' fs expanded. 4. Michioaa Many projects have been proposed in Ingham county; ' These' Include shop- ping centers, office buildings, apartment buildings, commercial build- ings, industrial buildings, motels, and public facilities. It is as- sumed that most of these facilities would be located in the Lansing metro- politan area. Only a limited number of-projects'haVe'been proposed in Jackson County.- Cumulative transportation-impacts caused'by:these proj- ects were considered to be' included`in,the,general,population growth : , , , impacts discussed above and were' not assessed further.' ' SSCAP14C2238890 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14'' Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Cumulative 91 The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is currently congested. The population in the Detroit metropolitan area is not growing, however demand at the airport is;,increasi,ng.. . Impacts to.,the-airport.,would occur- as the demand increases with,or without the SSC, resulting.'in •tncreasing delays. Impacts would continue ,until airport is.,expanded- 5. 'North Caroling One project that would cause cumulative transportation impacts is the new community of Treyburn. This planned unit development:would be .located ' north of Durham about one-third of the way to'the ,proposed SSC campus. This 5,200-acre development would include residential and recreational areas and office, commercial, research, and industrial parks. . Construc- tion started in 1987 and would last approximately .15 to 20 years. ,The Durham Northeast Loop, a four-lane limited-access freeway planned to provide access to the proposed campus from I-85 northeast of Durham, would also serve Treyburn. Therefore, construction and commuting traffic to and from Treyburn would result in cumulative impacts.to the Durham Northeast Loop. The Durham Northeast Loop is projected to operate at LOS A with just the SSC traffic, however, and should be able to accom- modate the increased traffic. Additional projects in Durham, Person, and Granville counties include a few office, commercial , industrial and research parks, and public facilities. Cumulative transportation impacts caused by these projects were considered to be included in the general population growth impacts discussed above and were not assessed further. G. Iennessec A number of projects located along the 1-65 corridor to the west of the proposed SSC site may cause cumulative transportation impacts. These include the Saturn automobile assembly plant located south of Spring Hill; the Cool Springs, Franklin Commons North, and Franklin Commons South planned unit land developments; the Williamson Square and Watson Glen shopping centers; and the Galleria at Cool Springs office building located in the Franklin area. These projects are expected to attract more than 20,000 workers to the area by the year 2000, which may in- crease traffic on 1-65 between Franklin and Nashville. High cumulative traffic impacts to I-65 are not expected because the interstate would be able to accommodate much more traffic (it is currently operating at LOS B), and because the SSC traffic impacts to 1-65 are expected to be negligible. One project located along the 1-24 corridor to the east of the proposed site may cause cumulative impacts. This is the expansion of an existing Bridgestone Tire Company facility in LaVergne. This project is expected to attract 450 workers to the area by 1989, which may increase traffic on I-24 between LaVergne and Nashville. High cumulative traffic impacts to I-24 are not expected because the interstate would be able to accom- modate much more traffic (it is currently operating at LOS 8), and because the SSC traffic impacts to I-24 are expected to be negligible. SSCAP14C2238C91 DEIS Volume IV Appendix T4 Infrastructure Assessments Transportation - Cumulative 92 7. Texas Many new cwostruction projects have been.proposed, in Dallas County and a•, few in Ellis County. These include shopping centers, 'olftce' buildings, apartment buildings, commercial buildings, industrial buildings, motels, and public facilities. Cumulative transportation impacts caused by these projects were considered to be included in the general population growth impacts discussed above and were not assessed further. The Dallas/Fort Worth airport is currently congested. In addition, the population of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metropolitan area' is growing steadily. Impacts to the airport would occur as the population increases withdor` without the SSC, resulting tit increasing delays as the air traffic demand increases. Impacts would continue until the airport is expanded. SSCAPI4C2238tt92 DEIS Volume IV Appendix Infrastructure Assessments Utilities 93 14.2.2 Utilities Assessments ,,• .,., • This section assesses impacts to utility systems resultingefrom,SSC_.pre- construction, construction, and operations. Impacts to'utility systems resulting from decommissioning are not assessed. Decommissioning is,,,, , addressed in Appendix 3. Impacts to electric, gas. and'communicatlOns- utilities are included. Impacts to water supply utilities are addressed in Appendix 7, Water Resources Assessments, and impacts to waste disposal utilities are addressed in Appendic, 10,.Hazardous Source Terms and.Waste Disposition,Assessments., This section,discusses:modificati,ons-,:to utility systems needed to serve the SSC and increases in, uti;ity,service demand' caused by SSC activities. This assessment incorporates quantities and assumptions set forth in Appendix 1, Engineering Assessments/" Implementation at Alternative Sites and Appendix 14, Socioeconomics And Infrastructure Assessments. Existing utility systems at the proposed sites are discussed in Appendix 5, Affected Environments at Alternative. Sites. , This assessment consists of three major sections. Section 14.2.2.1 presents the purpose ,and scope of the assessment, Section 14.2.2.2 explains the technical approach.and assessment ,methodology, and Section 14.2.2.3 assesses direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on utility systems for each of the proposed sites. Other impacts caused by con- struction of utilities are addressed in other appendices. 14.2.2.1. pureese and Scoot A. Purpose. The purpose of the utilities assessment is to. identify, quantify and evaluate the ability of the individual proposed sites to accommodate the demands placed on existing utilities, with respect to preconstruction, construction, and operations of the SSC. This,assessment identifies the type and magnitude of expected impacts on existing utilities, assesses the ability of existing utility systems to accommodate SSC .demands and suggests mitigations that would be considered during detail design. 6. Score The scope of the utilities assessment is to provide an evaluation for each of the BQL sites that identifies the boundaries of the, affected environment, describes the existing utility network for electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications,, and assesses the impact on utilities within that region of influence (R01). SSCAP14C2238893 DEIS Volume IV,?Append ix Aø,. , Infrastructure Assessments Utllitits 94 14.2.2.2 Ichnicai Approach _and Methodoloov • '': =•'- A. Concentu4T Basis, - a. Temporal Impact analysis and evaluation extends throughout the"iife'of tine proj • - ect,, from preconstruction tin uuyh operations. ,The enalysis'concentrfates on construction and operations because' far impacts' are'expected'daring preconstructlon. b. $oattaT Boundaries of the affected environment ASP determined for each of the'Mt sites evaluated were defined functionally to include the service terri- tories of the subject utilities. The spatial timtts of the utilities'impacts'varied depend?ng''on, the loca- tions and arrangement of the sources'uttttzed; 2. Deflnyion of Imoficts The utilities impact assessment was focused on making evaluations as ,to each BBL site's regional ability to accommodate increased demandson the following utilities as a result of the SSC project: electricity, natural gas, and telecommunications. This included evaluations for preconstruc- tion, construction, and operations. Emphasis was placed on evaluating project-related planned utilities improvements according to their direct and indirect impacts. These impacts were considered in terms of service _.,ncerns, and included regional issues such as'nuns l*til tr; stability, reliability, and cost of service. The following impact definitions were'*sect fir the utilities impact assessment: a. TvDQ of Impact.‘ o Direct impacts: impacts to the utilities systems directly'by construction, operation or direct service to the SSC. o Indirect Impacts: impacts to the utilities'systems' by the • families of SSC employees, by other' indirect population 'growth caused by the SSC project, or by the construction and opera- tion of industrial or commercial facilities indirectly estab- lished to support the SSC. SSCAVI4C223i1094 DEIS Volume ht Appendix 74 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities 95 b. Magnitude of Imnnti,.- . , , is „ •'c. o Impact Not Assessed: no impacts anticipated. o Negligible Impact: •,no,appreciable,'thane to the`curreot util- ization of the utilities system or in the quaLityotcservice provided. o Measurable Impact: appreciable change in the current util- ization of the utilities system; however,r.en acceptable • quality of service still;being provided.: : o Nigh Impact: appreciable change. to-rtbe geality.of service provided. c. Durataort of Impacts o Short Term: impacts that last a• few years or less: generally. construction impacts would be short-term. o Long Term:. impacts that are expected to;last.for-the durattoa : of the project but would end when project operattons..end.: o Irreversible Impacts: those tmpacts•tbat cannot be mitigated and that are expected to continua indefinitely after the life of the.SSC. General}yv utilities systen,impacts,are-not-ex- pected to be irreversible because•.they'can either be expanded or replaced with new facilities. 8. Referenced Data Used in Assessments Types of data that were collected, received and used as the basis for assessing impacts for each of the BQL sites evaluated included federal and local public agency sources. private agency studies and reports and • materials from industry associations and private ottltttes. Examples of such data sources include the Department of Energy (DOE), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). rural electric associations. municipal utilities. North American Electric Reliability Gannett, mid private utilities :such As pipeline companies and telecommunications:carrters Detailed references for the data used for each proposed.sitevars ,presented to"Appendix-5. C. Assessment Methodoloojes The utilities impact assessments included performing, the following activ- ities for each of the 'utiltties•examtnods o Definition of study-areaboimdaries_ • o Identification of ender system' features or characterttics • SSCAPI4C2238895 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14" - ' infrastructure Assessments Utilities 96 o Description of facility characteristics and-capacities''both!"' existing and projected, with and without the influence of the SSC project. : ,,; o . Comparison of existing:capacities+;to existing iand)projected. peak ,demands. o Assessment of system capabilities. o Identification and analysts of possible,mitigative measures that would be considered during detail,:design;-• - ,r. ; , The study area boundaries correspondrto service area boundaries for the particular utilities examined for the individual proposedcsites.: Iden- tification of major system features vary from site to site as well, depending on the complexity of the system in question. . `.The_description of facility characteristics and capacities supplied are based on data verified from the individual proposers or taken directly from published public sources. Projected SSC project utility needs were quantified according to input generated from Appendix I, Engineering Assessments/Implementation at Alternative Sites, Appendix 14, Socioeconimics and Infrastructure, and the Invitation for Site Proposals (I5P)J Comparisons of existing and s• projected conditions were made, and assessments made as to system capabilities. Mitigative measures that would be considered during detail design were identified either by the.proposers themselves as part of their submittals or as a result of performing this analysis.` Mitigative measures included were those that the affected utilities had already identified as part of their routine planning efforts or those that were noted as remedies to obvious adverse impacts. Utilities maintain quantities of generating capacity to meet uncertain peak loads and the possibility of .failure :of generating'•units or trans- mission links. In the face of this uncertainty, the amount of generat- ing capacity that a utility should possess can be calculated-in (various ways using different criteria. Because forecasts are uncertain and un- expected events occur, the amount,of generating capacity actually needed may differ from the amount forecast. For this :reason, utilities try to maintain a degree of flexibility in their plans; The utility does not want to be short of capacity, but excess reserves increase costs to ratepayers, and may be disallowed from rates placing a cost burden on the utility's equity owners. Because each utility does retain flexibility in its 'planning, `resource plans based on load growth not including SSC loads shiould not be used as the sole basis for examining the •impact of the •SSC ory the-utility. Most utilities would be able to modify their resource plans to accommodate changes in planned requirements with little difficulty.- SSCAP14C2238896 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix T4 -• Infrastructure Assessments Utilities )7 For this analysis, surer peak demands and.resources.wer&atil.lted to. determine reserve margiasrand quantities.of excess-capacity because the-. amount of excess capacity was,.typically lower_ ie-tbe- swzsr. Data on forecast resources and -loads are published by the.Nortk American Electric Reliability. Council. (NERC), for' Ragtonal:,Rellability Councils and Subregions in- its publication,,,",L987 Electricity Supply 5 , Demand For 1987-1996.-" NERC also.publ:ishes ayegion.by-region "1987 Reliability Assessment, the Future-of-Bulk Electric System Reliability in North America 1987-1996," which assesses:electric.supply.adequacy in . • North America. These assessments are included 1n the discussions for the individual sites. Also included are.reserves for NERC .regions and subregions in which the proposed sites are located, along with reserves for individual utilities supplying. electric service to each site. An additional factor to be considered in making co>nparisons,between utilities systems is the difference in reliability criteria used by the utilities or imposed on them by the power pooling 4r interchange,agree ments in which they participate. Some utilities use- a percent reserve- margin (e.g., percent of-expected peak loads}, while others use more complex calculations depending on such.factors as the size of the largest unit in operation. Another planning criterion is the use of. a capacity margin, which is calculated as a percentage of resources. NERC uses capacity margin figures in reporting reserves in its "1987 Relia- bility Assessment." For the utilities serving /the proposed sites, Plan- ning reserve margins range from 15. to:28X. In. this report, — have utilized the planning criterion identified by the utility. Generating capacity exceeding planned reserves can be considered excess, but because the term "excess capacity".-has connotation of mismanagement. it is not often used by utilities_ Capacity in excess of the quantity identified as "desired,." `required." m' "planned" reserves has been,. designated excess- capacity for purposes of. analysis. In some cases. utilities may have a tendency to overstate the quantity of reserves that is "desired," particularly if their total reserves greatly exceed the needed levels. Only by chance would the cost of serving an increaentof additional load - be the same as the average cost of serving an existing load. During the decade 1960-1969, electricity was a declining cost industry in the long run, and an incremental load costs less to serve than an existing load. It is generally believed that production of electricity is currently an increasing cost industry in the long run, so that an incremental load costs more to serve than an existing load. Total incremental cost in excess of average cost would vary from utility to utility, as would the impact on existing customers. The cost impact of additional load on existing customers would be less for a larger utility, all else being equal. SSCAP14C2238897 - DEIS Volume IV Appendtx.14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities 98 Utilities with generating`'capacity-'in excessio'futheir'reerv@ require ments sufficient to meet the SSC load,in 1996'may ohave- short-term' Incre- mental cost that- are quite lOw,`even Substantially lower than average costs at the time. However, with load growth on the system and retire- ments of older generating units, the need-for additional'generating capacity may arrive earlier than it would in the absence •of .the SSC load. The short-term advantage owing to the existence of excess capac- ity, may be lost over time, and the long-run impact may- be to increase average costs for the utility because of the SSC load. In general, how- ever, the greater the excess• capacity a utility possesses theless likely it is that the addition of SSC loads would result in significant cost increases for existing and future utility customers. The secondary effects of population influx because of the SSC were cal- culated by using the projected population forecasts to estimate the number of new households for the years 1988-2000; Current residential and commercial consumption per household for the utility's service territory was then used to project annual energy consumption Energy consumption was converted to a range of increases in peak'.demand, first by using the system load factor and, secondary calculating peak demand for all other consumption at a 100% load factor and subtracting all other peak demand from the total load. The mid-point of this range was used in the analysis. A final factor to be considered in assessing the utilities' adequacy to provide electric service for SSC primary and secondary loads, is that the utility providing retail service or providing bulk power to the site may not be the only utility impacted by the addition of the SSC loads. Many utilities plan resources on a regional basis and construct gener- ating units jointly. Interchange 'agreements:'enable -utilities to meet short-term capacity and reserve requirements through other utilities' excess capacities and to reduce •overall reserve requirements. Diversity interchanges between utilities transfer excess capacity from summer- peaking utilities to winter-peaking ones and vice versa, so that idle off-season capacity can be more fully utilized:' Additionally, long-term firm purchases from a utility with excess capacity can postponed con- struction of unnecessary generating units. Thus, to some extent, the impact on the individual utility may be less' relevant than the impact= on the region. SSCAP14C2238898 • 0EIS Volume IV 'Appendix.' lilt • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 99 14.2.2.3 -Resources-Assessments ';h• A. Arizona I. flectrlcl.tz a, 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction electrical uti'iitt,impacts.are expected:tobe shortAerm-,� and negligible. Activities would- include various.geotechnicalidril•lMng and site monitoring operations..Limited:electric:powerrrequirem mtsufor(- these activities probably would be met by portable power generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power ,requirements and-ahe':duration)of''' construction, it, is assumed.that:the'SSCcontractor5-would use.:utility. power for construction--work.,: This• utility.power:can•bet.broughtsonssite by providing a pole,line :that•could:be•,removed:whee.work is 'complett or-'• by early construction of permanent facilities to support construction work. Construction power could be supplied to contractors at the site by- ,- tapping existing 69-kV power lines at the Arizona Hazardous Waste Disposal- Facility located-approximately 5.7-,m.i west:,of%Mob1le The pole lines constructed. whether temporary -orrpermanent,: would be routed along existing :or newly.•acquired rtghts•of•way+ .-Temporary .s substations could be built by the contractor to distribute medium- -- voltage power around -the-area :on a::temporaryvpole line to the::tunnel' boring machines-(TBMS). Stop-down;transfOrmersand aaowwoltagez distribution system would provide 480-V-constructt:on'power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around 'the-ring"couhdbe:-.servede1therc by portable on-site generators with -routed power 'cord; or/iv-placing. - - temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. . For either scenario.. the'impactrwOuld be-short-term-. and negligible. 3) Operations The Arizona Public Service Company (APS) interconnected transmission network serves the•entire-state.of,.Arizona. . It wouldssupply electric . power to the proposed Arizona site. . This power would;be•deliveredwia the APS 230-kV high-voltage transmisgion .system to which the SSC :would -' . be connected. - SSCAP14C2258899- DEIS Volume IV'Appendrx' 14:! • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 100 Arizona proposes to construct a new 230-kV transmistion-llte,fyem the.`. existing 230-kV line at the Santa Rosa substation. This line would ser- vice Substation 1, and would require construction of approximabely21•' • mi of line. Substation 2 would be serviced by construction of another new 230-kV transmission line extending from the Gila Bend stnsta*ion:- The length of this line is estimated to be approximately 16.6 mi. An alternate transmission line routing arrangement could be made by adapting an existing APS proposed route. APS has filedtplans w4Rhy2he Arizona Power Plant and Transmission Line Siting Committee as part of its ten-year plan for construction)of ,new'or upgraded:transmission and • generating facilities. - Included aro• plans.toeconstruct=a new 230'kv line between the existing Santa Rosa'and'GilarOend`substations. APS has proposed both preferred and alternate routes to situate thenew line, and has filed an environmental assessment report for the proposed construction project. The approved route passes directly through the SSC campus area and across.thering. ,Construction( is scheduled to begin in 1996, with a planned in-service date,of 1997:' Th4s line would be' . interconnected with existing/2304V lines at both ends, thus furnishing.+' the two independent power'sourcos mentioned in the' SSP.' • Since the SSC is proposed to be completed in 1995, this construction timetable would need to be modified to accommodate the needs of the project. Electric power distribution around the'in3eetor'•rings -and\collider tunes net would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric 'power•wouad be distributed to the buildings ey underground, duct banks, The APS electric generating,system'has 'current generattng 'capacity resources of 3,926-MW_ APS has 20 times' the peak load'of;the SSC, and currently possesses 716 'MW 'ofreserver. APS'has determined':that 11614W of these 716 MW are excess. APS, being a member 'of the Western••Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC), is included in WSCC assessments of system capabilities and operations. . The Arizona/Now Mexico subregion of the 1WSCCtetwork consists of the interconnected power systems of several electric utilities. .' This subregion reports 1987 resources of 14,521 MW and 4,174 MW of reserves. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission intertles'•to neighboring electric utility systems. On a regional basis the proposedArizona SSC site electrical lead can be met with the generating capacity that is currently projected, to be' avail- able' in 1996. On a -utility-specific basis APS does not project that Its reserves would be sufficient to meet the SSC load in 1996 unless-construc- tion of planned generating units is accelerated, power purchases are made, or other arrangements for obtaining power are concluded. SSCAPI4C22588100 DEIS Volume IV`'Appendix l4' ' Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 101 Based on the '1987 APS Integrated"Least'Cost Planning Analysts,' APS is projecting a total,.resorve,.margtn of.716vMWvin>3987rand 632 MW in 1996. The planning criteria for APS•'are a 20%'reserve margin for 1987 through 1991 and a 16% reserve margin for 1992 and beyond. Based,on these criteria, required reserves are 600 'MW for 1987 and 640 MW for 1996. On this basis, APS has s-1.16-tiW"of; excess',reserves over:requ tOcreserves in 1987, but planned reserves are' less;than'requiredl.,reserves ;by 8 MW in 1996. ` The following Table displays resources, loads and"'reservemargins for 1987 and 1996..-APS's reserve criterion is not applied directlyto managed peak demand but rather managed peak demand less Class 8 inter- ruptible load• and firm purchases, because APS is not required to' provide reserves for either of these. APS COMPANY.RESERVE MARGINS 1987 1996 Total resources .. 3.926 g!.919 Managed peak dsesnda 3.210 4,267 Planned reeervei "•' 716 `',.632 . .n Reserve requirerent 600 640 ,r,„ .,Excess reserves 116 "',(6) -forecast dolma! less customer-stds demand reductions. Source: 1967 MS Integrated Least Cost Planning Analysis. Arizona/New Mexico subregion reserves are projected to decline to 3,671 MW by 1996. Therefore, generating capacity Margin projected for the summer peak are expected to decrease over the next 10, years from 37% to 28%. However, these capacity margins are adequate, and.should enable the region to supply projected loads. The provision of power to the SSC would impact utility plans and;schedules for future additional generating capacity and/or power purchases'from other utilities. The "1987 APS Integrated Least-Cost Planning Analysis" shows additions of refuse generation,. cogeneration; addition' of combus- tion turbines, upgrades of existing capacity, capacity exchanges,,. purchases: of coal generatiom. from other utilities,^and the' construction of one coal-fired generating unit in the period 1997 through 2006. , This resource plan is designed to.just meet'the reservecrequirements'of.APS. Addition of the SSC load would require that APS revise its resource plan, and accelerate.acquisition of.generating resources*' 8ased'on Informa- tion in the planning documents, such revisions appear reasonable. SSCAP14C22388101 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 102 Table 14.2.2-1• APS RESERVE/9DUItBIR VIT?1 A710'VYT110Ur.SSC Prowl S5C leeaar7 71444101 Lad. Lad. .lad. Rnaur0., w/o SSC w/S5C •w/o SSC w/SSC Year MI IU NIl 14.1 141 IH % 1947 3.210 1 0 -0 D4Q{': ';'f s 718 •,:;,.22,8-` 2[.5• 1998 3.296 0 .'0', ;, 3.874 .578 ..., 678 1P.5 ' 17.5 1989 3.393 1 4 4.037 644 639 19.0 16.8 1990 3,533 2.. " :14 .4,242`: ..13 9: 693 20,1 19.5 1991 3.684 4 26 .4,365 681 652 18.5 - 17.5 1992 3.791 6 24.. 4.371 580 516 lS.J 14.3 1993 3,690 . 16 25 4,491 601 ."^.642 '916.4 14.3 1994 4.025 36 14. 4,01] ,;,,:•,.., 589 .: 614 ^'•44:6 1].0 1995 4,153 36 19. 4,793 610. ;- 686 ..'•78.4 13.9 1996 4,287 200 1997 4.416 200 15 5,077 661 448 15.0 9,6 4.528 200 .17. , .•5.218• ,7Wt; 4N8: .•15 5 -9071 1999 1,680. 200 19 4,408 . '746 •62T .11.0 .. . 50.8 2000 4.787 200 20 5,549 762 542 1s.9 10,6 2001 4.916 . 200_ 20 -5,706 '796 r +579 :.14,2 , ' `119 . 2002 5,032 200 20 4.azs 791 .., 572 , 4542 90.9 2003. .5,157 200 20 6.964. 707 r.1577'. ' 16.6 10:7 2004 5.234 200 so- •• 0,714 . 619 608 '15.7 11.0- 2005 5.417 2006 5.548 200 20 6,454.:•,,... 906 666 18,3 41.9 SSCAP14C22388102 DEIS Volume IVrApp dszj4, Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 103 Possible. future sources ,ofY electric.generati:ofuincludetrixglnq,Wf1'fth 'A unit on,.line •at:the Cholla.,steam generatiac .Tbattowould, increase• capacity directly to APS .by:approximately-340,W,, y') b. Service Assessment: forpoeulation-Re13ted;emends Because of the influx of construction and operationc workers 'and secondary commercial, and industrial :activitiessupportinq;the'SSC its workers, APS cannot•.meet.the,.demand of increased growth'•treitha"SSC,' region without affecting,the:schedule 'of,future'generatingP'CapaGity'and power purchases..,. Secondary; loads•,during:Construction,'are estimated'-toot range as high as 26 MW. By the fourth year of operations the secondary loads are estimated to have reached 20 MW. Table 14.2.2-1 snows-the:--" impact of both the SSC loads and secondary loads on the existing re- source plans of the utility. c• Wirral• c sm nt, a' Potential impacts of the SSC project on future regional power costs can be analyzed by comparing;the, anticipated SSC"power'•requtrements against', the utility's system capabilities..- " "' D'V Large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special .large- industry rates, the anticipated'presence'of addit1ona'l-generatingicaptci . ties, and the ,high,power'load,factor',lneorporatad`iett tiie,SSC.des{ignb ' will maintain regional pricing costs. Both heating costs and the impact'otthe7SSC._on the traesmissi'on'grld'` may be minimized,by.:careful:planning:and9design.for+increased-'avail ability of solar energy. -Oaring,the. lifetime-of. the SSC the improving ' economics of solar technology may furtheruencourage the use. o'f•'solar"'' ' "' energy systems. Arizona's .geographinosit-ionAnutheoUnited States prod vides relatively high insol anon:'level sw thereby;providing''an increased''''''" opportunity for locating solar power facilities. The final location' of•,the:proposed''SSC:fad lity.may require the reloca tion of several:transmission-•linesainYthnLcintty.''>7his•+wouldi'requtre some rerouting of lines service. Any impacts from rthis rerout lag_wool& beishort•+term,and negligible. Currently, 12..272,-,MW of,the:•total ,15.,8034IW'.net.capacity''additions 1 ` planned to be operational in 1996 are not yet under construction. Thus, the region would have a:reduced abii4Xyrto respond•fto,snoreases2iiW.demandvr, in the 1990s if construction of this capacity does not proceed•on>"+ ' - schedule. S5CAP14C22388103 0EIS Volume IV"-Appendiat 14 - Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 104 An issue, expected to be_of,cont1nuing,toncernidurNmrkfie;aext'ar'yeary: is the effect,of-heavy econnceyi traiisfers:entutic electric.power isystem reliability. Over the lastafednyeentAreduced;gas and allr,prtcn Mhaw,-.. ) allowed utilities to generate energy more economically with local gas- and oil-fired units. isecaese.ot°this -lmmcreesed'_incenrtllrrforr economic' energy transfers, portions of the regional transmission systems are • loaded to higher -levels for-sustatmed perlods'af time,..,This e,ode:of operation poses;greaterTisks:'to system rellabflity,beeausae1-ofireduced operating -margin., ,It 4s_expected:,thatiover"theAongSerm, dhe st.dff - ferential between Qas/o14,fired-generating.units'and$other-generat}ng,.: resources would increase,, thereby,execerbating this:problem. 2. Natural Ca% a. Service Assessment for Project Demands Preconstruction gas demand.probably would be met using_bottled'propane- so that impacts to the natural gas utility would- be negligible. Natural gas deliveries can.be made to the. SSC through an.existing--pipe- line in the vicinity of the proposed site. •The. HAne.isronmed and` operated by the El Paso Natural Gas Company (El Paso). El Paso Natural Gas Company owns and-operates a.22,000-mi- inttrstate• - natural gas pipeline and gatherieg:system.ln, the:south ruweste aid western United States. : .• , With gas transmission lines adjacent to the.site, .construction of new pipeline would-be minimized.- The'exlsting pipeline-that:crosses the Gila Bend-Naricopa Road would be.tapped,.and--a new-6-inchrgas-male.would be constructed to service the.far)cluster., This would; require approximately 17 mi of new line. To provide •service:to tho campus are", this°line would require further construction of-approximately9.3''$ of new• pipeline. Final location of the ring and improvements to- locai- roads-.to'.handle construction and service traffic mgr require-relocation'of smaller•-gas lines. If this occurs.-and -if proper •construction-techniques are followed, impacts would •be short-tens and- negiigible. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel requirements at remote service'areas during-construction or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that mould be-considered during detail design include: . _ , o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site supply source with the use of a 15-mi pipeline to connect the East and West clusters. SSCAP14C22388104 OEIS Volume 1Y Apgendiie i "'•'•- Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 105 • o Use of coal or fuel ott as as., alternate..kettle,fuel.. o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel. b. 5SY�4P stet m f for Poe�latten. gala a Deers The impact of a. growing, population and secoadarlly-ieduced comwercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly teethe addition,of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the-magni.tude.of forecast population increases. causeit by the SSC. Population levels. and therefore service. impacts, are. projected Burin contact-Len and operations, to increase in the ROI. by up to- 0,.4X over the, levels projected to exist 'evithout the presence of the SSC. This impact is expected to, be oeglig ble when.the entire ROL is considered because of its low magnitude. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area,. ad should be capable of beteg easily. integrated into the existing gas network without the necessity of conrstructi g sew transmission lines. Thus, there should be a negligible impact to the system other than. the addition of net* individual service taps.. The supply of oatural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently, placed on tie service network, or expected to be placed on the network for way years. The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the. new growth. If sufficient lead tins is gives to the util.tty,to,plan for. finance.. and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the systeu.. 3. Telecommunication a. Service Assessment for Protect pemapds The telephone system described in. theConceptual Design Report consists of a private automatic branch exchange (PABX) with solid-state circuitry, using either pulse code modulation (tail or time artistes exteg to control voice and data commue;i.catioes. Capacity is 4,000 liars with 200 trunks. There are several, options available for linking, this network with the outside world. Some of these are: direct copper wire or fiber-optic connections into the local telephone utility. microwave ceenecttee to a more remote telephone utility (which would-,req.ire construction of a microwave antenna, tower), and a. satallite. uplink to a commrnications. satel Lite. SSCAP14C2238Li105• DEIS Volume IV, Appamdtx:ilt Infrastructure Assessments Utilities —Arizona 106 Mountain Bell is engaged in the business. of furnishing telecommunica- tions services in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah. and Wyoming. Locally, Mountain Cell provides service to Maricopa,`Yuma, 'Pima, and Pinal counties, It would provide telecommunications service to the SSC project, which would require construction of a new aerial fiber-optic communications line from Gila-Bend-to serve the campus area. Telecommunication lines would be distributed around the ring. This would be accomplished by running the line along the existing road to the ring, south along the ring to the main campus, and finally with the ring to all sites needed, as per the conceptual design. During construction communications can be handled by commercially avail- able two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on con- struction sites. If the site terrain were particularly hilly a small repeater station might be required to be built. In either Case, impact would be short-term and negligible. Communications between the site and the outside world during construc- tion could either be via connection to a local telephone system or by radio link to a system some miles away. Communications between tunnel- ing operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario, impacts would be minimal. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation of several communications lines in the vicinity. This would require some rerouting of lines to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting should be minimal. b. Service Ass szmenr for Population-Related Demands. The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. In the ROI population levels, and therefore service impacts, are pro- jected to increase by up to 0.4% during construction, and up to 0.3% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of their low magnitudes. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being easily integrated into the existing telecommunications structure without the necessity of constructing new transmission lines. Thus, impacts to the system would be limited to the addition of new individual service taps. SSCAP14C22388106' -DEIS Volume IV'Appendfx 141 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Arizona 107 The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stables telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead Lime is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there woald be oaly eteegltg1bxe impact to the system. SSCAP14C22388107 DEIS Volume IV Appeedtx:.14: Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 108 B. Colorado :, Electricity a. Service Assessment for Pro ertjem Aq 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction electrical utility impacts are expected to be short-term and negligible. Activities would include various geotechnical drilling and site monitoring operations. Limited electric power requirements for these activities probably would be met by portable power generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power requirements and the duration of construction, it is assumed that the SSC contractors would use utility power for construction work. This utility power Can be brought on-site by providing a pole line that could be removed when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support construction work. Construction power could be supplied to contractors at the site by • tapping the existing Morgan County Rural Electric Association (MCREA) 12-kV distribution system in the general vicinity. The pole lines constructed, whether temporary or permanent, would be routed along existing or newly acquired rights-of-way. Temporary substations could be built by the contractor to distribute medium- voltage power around the area on. a temporary pole line to the tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Step-down transformers and a low-voltage distribution system would provide 480-V construction power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cord, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either scenario the impact would be short-term and negligible. 3) Operations Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) has teamed with Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association (Tri-State) and MCREA to propose a source of electric power for the SSC. These three utilities would provide the 230-kV service required for the facility, including construc- tion of the necessary transmission facilities to connect SSC substations with existing power grids. The two substations would be served by trans- mission lines on separate structures, with separate routings from alter- nate transmission sources. SSCAPI4C22SOII108 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 109 Tri-State, headquartered in the Denver area, provides electricity to 11 member utilities in Wyoming, eight in Colorado. and six in Nebraska. Combined, the member systems deliver service to more than 140,000 customers throughout a 100,000-mi; area. PSCo serves approximately 950,000 electric utility customers in a T-shaped area extending from Grand Junction on the west to Sterling on the east, and from Cheyenne, Wyoming. on the north to Alamosa on the south. PSCo provides gas and electric service to approximately 70% of the residents of Colorado. MCRCA is a cooperative venture distributing electric power to rural customers in and around Morgan County. Colorado proposes that service to the SSC be provided by four proposed transmission lines connecting the SSC with the existing transmission network. The primary sources would be provided by 230-kV lines extend- ing from the existing Story (aka Beaver Creek) and Pawnee substations. This would require construction of approximately 70 mi of new transmis- sion line. Two additional 230-kV lines would interconnect the SSC with the existing Big Sandy and Daniels Park substations. This routing would require construction of approximately 14 mi of new transmission line. In addition, there would be a 230-kV intertie between the SSC East and West substations. The intertie, an aerial transmission line, would be approximately 13 miles long. Electric power distribution around the injector rings and collider tunnel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric power would be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. Electric power needs for the proposed site would be provided through the transmission facilities of MCRCA, with electric power supplied by PSCo and Tri-State. PSCo currently possesses 3,606 MW of generating capacity, and Tri-State has 1,298 MW of generating capacity and power purchases. Together, the two utilities currently have 879 MW of reserves (with 385 MW identified as excess) and are projecting 858 MW of reserves in 1996 (with 275 MW identified as excess). PSCo and Tri-State, both member systems of the Western Systems Coordinat- ing Council (WSCC), are considered in WSCC assessments of system capabilities and operations. The Rocky Mountain subregion of the WSCC currently has 9,357. MW of gen- erating capacity, and reserves of 3,454 MW. In 1996 it is projected to have reserves of 2,822 MW - a reserve margin of 36.8 %. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties with neighboring electric utility systems. SSCAP14C22588109 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 210 On both a regional basis, and a utility-specific •basis., generating reserves sufficient to meet the SSC load in 1996 exist for the proposed Colorado 'site. The two utilities providing bulk power to the site. 'PSC and Tri-State, are projected to have excess capacity in 1996 exceeding the needs of the SSC. Based on PSCo's Demand and Supply Plan, projected reserves for PSCo are 471 MW in 1988 and 543 MW in 1996. The minimum reserve criterion is shown to be 468 MW in 1988, providing excess reserves of 3 MW. In 1996, the minimum reserve criterion is the same as the projected reserves, providing no excess reserves. The PSCo reserve criterion is approx- imately 15%. The following table summarizes the information on reserve margins for PSCo in 1988 and 1996. PSCo RESERVE MARGINS 1986 1996 S .J11L Net effective capability 3.652 4,248, fires load obligat3on 3,.151 3,706 Projected reserves 471 543 Mincer reserve criteria 488 543 Excess reserves 3 0 Source: PSCo Sumer Demand end Supply Plan. Tri-State's supply capability analysis shows 382 MW. of surplus capacity in 1988 and 275 MW in 1996. In determining this surplus, required reserves of 20% were calculated for Tri-State's firm supplemental load. This firm supplemental load is calculated as total peak non-coincident member load less firm purchase contracts. Therefore, .reserves art maintained only on loads that exceed firm purchases. The following table summarizes Tri-State's reserve situation. • SSCAP14C223881I0 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16• - Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 1I1 TRI-STATE RESERVE MARGINS 198E1906 JA Total resources 1,298 1,352 Peak non-colnoidsnt load and contingent sales 690 1.037 Reserve margin - . 408 315 , Required reserves 26 40 Excess reserves 382 275 Source: Tri-State Sumner Poser Supply Capability Analysis., PSCo and Tri-State can provide power to the SSC without impacting their acquisition schedule for additional generating capacity. Tri-State has a number of purchases of hydro power from the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) and other sources that provide it with firm power. This reduces Tri-State's need for reserve capacity. In addition, Tri-State has substantial reserves in excess of reserve requirements through the forecast period. The PSCo resource plan shows reserve margins only slightly above the reserve requirements for most years on the planning horizon. Possible future sources of electric generation include second units at existing sites: Pawnee Generating Station Unit 2 (485 MW) at Brush, Colorado; and Nixon Generating Station Unit 2 (210 MW) at Colorado Springs. The Nixon unit is planned for operation in the mid-1990s, while construction on Pawnee Unit 2 has been delayed indefinitely. Tri-State also has 300 MW of combustion turbines installed that are on standby status, making them available for additional emergency loads. b. Service Assessment for PouldisnLRetated Demands The impacted utilities at the proposed Colorado site can meet the demands of increased growth in the region caused by the influx of construction and operations workers and secondary commercial and.,industrial activ- ities. During constructions secondary loads range as high as 11 MW, and during operations the secondary loads reach 8 MW£ by the year 2000. Table 14.2.2-2 shows the reserves available for the combined loads and resources of PSCo and Tri-State. c. General Assessment Potential impacts of the SSC project on future regional power costs• can best he analyzed by assessing potential impacts on each of the utilities involved in supplying power_ SSCAPI4C22388111 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14r ..,' Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 112 Table 14.2.2-2 PSCo AND TRI-STATE COMBINED RESERVE MARGINS WITH AND WITHOUT SSC Projected SSC Secondary Plann.d elfaztivjrcen %Reeervee Loads Load► Loads Resources w/e SSC w/SSC w/o SSC w/SSC Year MY MY' MY MY ltd MY. % % 1968 4,071 0 0 4,950 879 879 21.8 21.6 1989 4,179 1 2 5.157 978 975 23.4 23.3 1990 4,269 7 6 5.266 997 - 980 23.4 23..1 1991 4,349 4 10 5.209 859 - 845 19.8. 19.4 1992 4.430 8 11 5.286 859 839 19.4 .18.9 1993 4,511 I6 9 5.311 860 815 19.. 18.4 1994 4,601 36 10 5.462 861. 816 18.7 17.4 1995 4.687 38 8 5,550 863 819 18.4 17.3 1996 4.742 200 7 5.800 858 651 18.1 13.2 1997 4,797 200 6 5.660 863 656 18.0 13.1 1998 4,881 200 7 5,754 872 56S 17.9 13.1. 1999 4,962 200 8 5.829 .867 859 11.5 12.7 2000 5.043 200 8 5.909 663 655. 17.1 12.5 200I 5,001 200 8 5,984 963 755 19.2 14.5 2002 5,090 200. a 6051 961 153 16.9' 24a • PSCo both generates and purchases electric power. The regional surplus available from Colorado members of the WSCC indicates that purchase of additional power would not be unduly difficult or-expensive. Construc- tion of the SSC should only require a change to schedule for the unit. Tri-State is also both a generator and purchaser of electric power, and presently has excess capability available. MCRCA is a cooperative venture distributing electric power purchased from independent sources. If 4CREA provides service to the SSC and'to ancillary residential and secondarily-Induced growth, its pricing struc- ture may be impacted in that MCREA would need to finance and install ad- ditional service and distribution equipment. SSCAP14C22388112 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 113 large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special large- industry rates. the anticipated presence of additional generating capaci- ties, and the high power load factor incorporated into the SSC design will maintain regional pricing costs. WSCC's Rocky Mountain subregion's generation capacity margins, protected for the summer peak. are expected to decrease over the next 10 years from 35% to 27%. However, these capacity margins are adequate, and should enable them to maintain area reliability. Currently, 12,272 MW of the total 15,803 MW net capacity additions planned to be operational in the WSCC in 1996 are not yet under construc- tion. This means the region would have a reduced ability to respond to increases in demand in the 1990s if construction of this capacity does not proceed on schedule. An issue expected to be of continuing concern during the next 10 years is the effect of heavy economy transfers on bulk electric power system reliability. Over the last few years reduced gas and oil prices have allowed utilities to generate energy more economically with local gas- and oil-fired units. Because of this increased incentive for economic energy transfers, portions of the regional transmission systems are loaded to higher levels for sustained periods of time. This mode of operation poses greater risks to system reliability because of reduced operating margins. It is expected that over the long term, the cost differential between gas/oil-fired generatirg units and other generating resources would increase, thereby exacerbating this problem. The transmission system northeast of Denver continues to be heavily loaded. To relieve this loading plans are Underway to uprate certain existing Tine sections and to construct a new 230-kV line between the Ault Substation and Ft. St. Vrain Switchyard, both in Colorado. Much of this work is scheduled during the next three to five years. Both heating costs and the Impact of SSC on the transaission grid may be minimized by careful planning and design for increased availability of solar energy. During the lifetime of, SSC the improving. economics of solar technology may further encourage the use of solar energy systems. Colorado's geographical position provides relatively high insolation levels, thereby providing an increased opportunity for locating solar power facilities. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation of several transmission lines in the vicinity. This..would require some rerouting of the lines to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. SSCAP14C22388113 DEIS Volume IV;Append$x,14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities . . Colorado 114 2. Mature] Cap a. ServiQe_iyssessment for Protect Demangg Preconstruction gas demand probably would be met using bottled propane so that impacts to the natural gas utility would be- negligible. , Natural gas deliveries can be made t0 the SSC through existing lines that now cross the proposed site. These lines are owned by Colorado Interstate Gas Company (CIG) and Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America. CIG operates as a transmission company, collecting natural gas at its source and transporting it to market where it is sold to distributors such as PSCo and transmission companies such as WestGas. PSCo can supply natural gas to the SSC through its subsidiary WestGas. CIG also makes direct sales to a few interruptible industrial customers. - Colorado has proposed that PSCo, through its intrastate gas transmission subsidiary WestGas, deliver natural gas to the SSC site through existing lines now owned by CIG. CIG carries about 70% of the natural gas needs of its home state, Colorado, and serves utilities and other customers in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. PSCo serves approximately 820,000 gas customers in a T-shaped area extending from Grand Junction on the west to Sterling on the east and from Cheyenne, Wyoming, on the north to Alamosa. on:the south. PSCo provides gas and electric service to'approximately 70% of the residents of Colorado. CIG has developed underground storage facilities to provide natural gas during periods of peak demand. The Fort Morgan storage facility is approximately 20 mi north of the SSC campus. With gas transmission lines on site, construction of new pipeline would be minimized. Providing service to the campus would require constructing a new line approximately 0,9 mi long. Providing service to the far cluster areas would require tying into another existing gas transmission line and constructing a new line approximately 12 ml long. Final location of the ring and improvements to local roads to handle, construction and service traffic may require the relocation of smaller gas `.ines. If this occurs, impacts would be short-term and negligible if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel requirements at remote service areas during construction or operstions. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: SSCAP14C223881I4 DEIS Volume IV'Appendix 24 , ., 1pfeeStructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 115 o Connection of the natural gas system from one,off-site connec- , tion"and the use of a 25-mi pipeline' to`connect the East and West clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil as..an alternate heating fuel. , o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel . b. Service Asse3Jnent or Poeuletiort Jielated Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-Induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in. the R0I by approximately 0.4% during construction and 0.3%during operations over the levels projected to exist without the presence of SSC. In Washington County population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, by up to 1.7% during construction and up to 1.3% during operations. In Morgan County population impacts are expected to reach their highest levels, increasing 14% during construction and 11% during operations. These impacts are expected to be long term and measurable. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being integrated into the existing gas network without the necessity of constructing new transmission lines. However, some new branch lines to new housing developments may be required in Morgan County. The supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently placed on the service network, or expected to be placed on the network for many yearr. The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance. and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. 3. Tel ecommunicattons a. Service •essessmenLfor Protect Demands The telephone system described in the Conceptual Design Report,consists of a private automatic branch exchange'(PABX) with solid-state circuitry using either pulse code modulation (PCM) or time division multiplexing to control voice and data communications. Capacity is '4,000 lines with 200 trunks. • SSCAP14C22388115. DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments s nts Utilities - Colorado 116 There are several options.available forIinking,.this. network with the outside world. Some of those.are direct copper wire or fiber-optic connections into the local telephone utility, microwave connection to a more remote telephone utility (which would require construction of a microwave antenna tower), and a satellite uplink to a communications satellite. Mountain Bell can provide telecommunications service to SSC. This would • require the construction of a telecommunications (fiber-optic) line between Fort Morgan and the campus area, and between the campus area and the experimental halls. The total length of this construction is approximately 42 mi. The Mountain Sell communications service area encompasses the western United States, including parts of Morgan County,the Jackson Lake area, and the Plattle River corridor between Orchard and Hillrose, which is the majority of the county's area and population. During construction, communications can be-handled by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction sites. Communications between the site and the outside world during construc- tion could either be via connection to a local telephone system or by radio link to a system some miles -away. Communications between tunneling . operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario impacts would be negligible. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation of several communications lines in the vicinity. This would -require some rerouting of lines to maintain system continuity.and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. b. Service Assessment for Ponti)aajiop-Related Demands, The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth' would be felt mostly in the addition, of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of fore- cast population increases caused by the SSC. Within the R0I, the highest population levels, and therefore the highest service impacts, are projected to increase by up to 14% during construc- tion expectedto tolbe during gnterm andions in Morgan measurablee. Theuconstruction of newtransmission lines may be nefded, in Morgan County because of the magnitude of the forecast population increase. SSCAP14C22388116 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Colorado 117 The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable telecommunications network is the economic ju;tification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network. there would be only a negligible impact to the system. . • SSCAP14C22388117 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 218-89 0 - B8 - 14 (BOOK N) Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 118 C. Illinois 1. Llectrlcitx a. Serxice.lssessment for Project Demands 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction electrical utility impacts are expected to be short-term and negligible. Activities would include various geoteChnical drilling and site monitoring operations. Limited electric power requirements for these activities probably would be met by portable power generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power requirements and the duration of construction, it is assumed that the SSC contractors would use utility power for construction work. This utility power can be brought on-site by providing a pole line that could be removed when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support construction work. Construction power could be supplied to contractors at the site by tap- ping Commonwealth Edison's existing 12-kV and 34-kV distribution system in the general vicinity. Commonwealth Edison proposes to supply and build the power distribution lines and step-down transformers to provide construction power as an infrastructure improvement. Commonwealth Edison estimates approximately 22 mi of power lines would be needed to supply this power to ten loca- tions around the collider ring. The pole lines constructed, whether temporary or permanent, would be routed along existing or newly acquired rights-of-way. Temporary sub- stations could be built by the contractor to distribute medium-voltage power around the area on a temporary pole line and to the tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Step-down transformers and a low-voltage distribution system would provide 480-V construction power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cord, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either scenario the impact would be short-term and negligible. 3) Operations Electric power for the project would be supplied by Commonwealth Edison which plans to provide service to Substations 1 and 2 via existing I38-kV and 345-kV lines. The two points of service chosen would provide power independently to each substation from separate grids. SSCAP14C22588118 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 119 Illinois proposes to provide 345-kV service to Substation 1 from the same location that presently provides service to Fermilab. No new facilities or improvements would need t0 be installed to provide this service. Substation 2 would be fed by a tap from an existing 138-kV grid. This tap would require construction of a new transmission line approximately 1.5-mi long. Electric power distrib,:tion around the injectorrings and collider tunnel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric power would be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. The Commonwealth Edison electric generating system has a current total generating capacity of 22,284 MW, and reserves of 6,634 MW. Of this reserve, 4,287 MW exceeds the planning reserve requirements for Common- wealth Edison. Commonwealth Edison is projecting that in 1996 it would have reserves of 3,522 MW, of which 770 MW exceeds its planning criterion for reserves. Commonwealth Edison, being a member system of the Mid-America Intercon- nected Network (MAIN), is considered in MAIN assessments of system capa- bilities and operations. MAIN currently has 48,053 MW of generating capacity and 12,110 MW of reserves. In 1996, MAIN is projected to have 7,949 MW of reserve generating capacity. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties to neighboring electric utility systems. On both a regional and a utility-specific basis, generating reserves suf- ficient to meet the SSC load in 1996 exist for the proposed Illinois site. In the Commonwealth Edison Load and Capacity Statement for 1988 through 2007, Commonwealth Edison loads and load requirements are presented. Excess reserves for 1988 are calculated to be 4,287 MW, and excess reserves in 1996 are calculated to be 770 MW. The following table sum- marizes load and capacity projections for Commonwealth Edison in 1988 and 1996. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY RESERVE MARGIN 1968 1996 M/ Total capacity 72.204 21.672 Net peek load' 15.650 18,350 Reserve margin - - .6.634 3.512 Required reserves2 2.347 2.752. Noses reserves 4.287. 770 Notes: 1. Net peak load is peak demand less interruptible load. 2. Based on Commonwealth Cdison'c 15% planning criterion. Source: Commonwealth Edison Conpany load and Capacity Statement. SSCAP14C22588119 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 FIMWPW Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 120 The generating reserve criterion used in MAIN provides that the utili- ties should maintain a capacity margin of at least 13 to 17%. This figure was determined to be applicable for conditions axpected in .MAIN. during the forecast period 1987-1996. A capacity margin of 18% is pro- jected for 1996. Four new nuclear units with a total capacity of 4,310 MW are expected to be placed in commercial operation and join the.MAIN network by 1988. With these four new units generating capacity scheduled for 1996 should be adequate for reliable supply to the projected peak demand.. Ne major additional units are now planned for service during the 1989-1996 period. Since there is believed to be an abundant capacity to handle growth, Commonwealth Edison plans no new generating stations, for the next several years. Planned expenditures in their latest construction budget are slated for operating generating stations, and reinforcing the. exist- ing transmission and distribution systems. Since there would not be sufficient generating capacity to provide power to the SSC in 1997 under Commonwealth Edison's current resource plan, it would be necessary to alter that plan to meet the 200-MW load in 1997 and beyond. In 1997, and in eight of the ten succeeding years. Commonwealth Edison plans to retire approximately 200 MW or more of generating capacity. If many of those retirements can be delayed by one year SSC loads can be met without construction of additional facilities or pur- chase of power from other utilities. Even with the current retirement schedule, reserve margins fall only slightly below the Commonwealth Edison objective of 15% with the SSC load included. b. ,$ervire Assessment for Pooulation-Related Demands While Commonwealth Edison can meet the demands of increased growth in the SSC region caused by the influx of construction workers during con- struction, during operations the combination of SSC loads and secondary loads reduce the margin below its 15% objective. Secondary loads during construction reach a maximum of 13 MW, and secondary loads during opera- tions reach a level of 11 MW in 1999. Table 14.2.2-3 shows reserves and percentage reserves for Commonwealth Edison with and without SSC and secondary loads. c. general Assessment Potential impacts of the SSC project on future regional power costs can be analyzed by noting that Consolidated Edison currently serves Fermilab whose electrical load is comparable to that expected from the SSC. The Fermilab pulsing load has reached peak values of 200 MW without causing system outages or instabilities. Thus, the necessary system capability may be thought to be essentially in place. SSCAP14C22388120 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 121 Table 14.2.2-3 COMMONWEALTN .EDISON COMPANY RESERVE MARGINS WITH AND WITHOUT SSC • Projected SSC Secondary Planed Pl.nrod Rearrn Percent Reaerea loads Leda Loade Reeounoee .yo 55C a/SSC 14/91,3C r4/SLC Year MY MY MY 989 IM MY % % 1988 15,650 0 0 22,284 8,634 1,634 42.4 42.4 1989 15,050 1 2 21.457 6,007 '6,004 37.7 37.6 1090 16,250 2 7 21.952 1,702 3,693 35.1 35.0 1991 16600 4 13 23,952 5,352 5,335 32.2 32.1 1902 16,950 8 14 21,97t 5,022 5,000 29.6 29.5 1993 17,300 16 13 21,972 4,672 4,644 27.0 26.8 1994 17,650 36- 11 21,072 4,322 4,274 24.5 24.1 1995 18,000 36 9 21,972 3.972 3.928 22.1 214 1996 16.350 200 11 21,872 3,522 3.313 19.2 17.9 1997 16.700 200 9 21,685 2,985 2.777 16.0 14.7 1998 19,100 200 6 22,197 3,097 2.867 16.2 15,0 1999 19,500 200 10 22,472 2.972 2,762 15.2 14.0 2000 19,900 200 11 23,040 3,140. 2.929 15.8 14.6 2001 20,300 200 11 23.549 3.249 1,038 16.0 14.6 2002 20,700 200 II 24,024 3,324 3,113 16,1 14.9 2003 21.100 200 11 24,524 3,429 3,216 15.3 15.1 2004 21,550 200 11 24,141 3.294 3,0&3 15,3 14.2 2005 22.000 200 11 25.394 3,394 3.183 15.4 14.3 2006 22,450 200 II 25,99$ 3,545 .3.334 15.8 14.7 2007 22.900 200 11 15,577 3,677 3,466 ' 16.1 15.4 SSCAPI4C22388121 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 12, Additions to the system that would require capital expenditures not otherwise required would be routing and constructing new transmission and distribution lines. The cost of these system components in compari- son to new generating stations is much lower, and therefore unlikely to affect power costs noticeably. Large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special large- industry rates, and the high power load factor incorporated into the SSC design will maintain regional pricing costs. An issue of concern to the MAIN and Commonwealth Edison networks is the possible impact of future regulatory actions dealing with acid rain. Since coal is a major fuel for these systems, new requirements for reduced emissions may adversely affect reliability of supply. The out- put of existing coal units would be reduced if retrofitted with emis- sions control facilities. Also, it may not be possible or economically advantageous to retrofit some older units, thus causing premature retirement. These factors would tend to reduce the capacity available from existing coal units with the result that new replacement capacity would be required. If new regulations are developed to control acid rain the cost and lead time for required replacement capacity would have to be given suitable consideration. Another concern for the Commonwealth Edison network is the uncertainty of effectiveness of conservation and load management programs. Pro- jected load forecasts are intended to have an equal probability of being high or low. If load forecasts are too low, the present difficulties for utilities to site, license, finance and construct new generating capac- ity in a timely manner may have a significant impact. This is especially true'given Commonwealth Edison's preference for nuclear generating units. If load forecasts are too high there may be substantial economic impact, but reliability would not be jeopardized. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation of several transmission lines in the vicinity. This would require some rerouting of the lines to be relocated to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. 2. Natural Gad a. Service AssessmentJor taut Demapds Preconstruction gas demand probably would be met using bottled propane so that impacts to the natural gas utility would be negligible. Natural gas deliveries can be made to the SSC through an existing pipe- line network now on-site at Fermilab. These lines are owned and operated by Northern Illinois Gas Company (NI Gas), a public utility principally engaged in the purchase, storage, transportation, distribution and sale of natural gas. Illinois has proposed that NI Gas continue to serve the proposed SSC project through these existing lines. , 55CAP14C22388122 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois 123 NI Gas is the largest distributor of utility energy in Illinois, serving nearly 1.6 million customers in the northern th4rd of the state. This service territory is approximately bounded by Decatur to the south and Moline to the east. NI Gas also serves a strip of territory in the eastern part of the state running from Burlington to Alton. NI Gas has extensive underground facilities to provide natural gas during periods of peak demand. One such facility is located in the Aurora area, southwest of Fermilab approximately 7 ml from the SSC campus. With the gas transmission network essentially already in place, construc- tion of new line would be minimized. The existing 150-1b/inz(ga) natural gas distribution system now serving Fermilab would be tapped to provide gas to new pipelines for the campus and experimental areas. Service to the far cluster areas would be supplied from a 230-1b/in2(ga) system that presently exists along Main Street in icaneville. This line would be tapped to provide gas to a new pipeline which would be constructed along Dauberman Road. Final location of the ring and improvements to local roads to handle construction and service traffic may require the relocation of smaller • gas lines. If this occurs impacts would be short-term and negligible, if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel require- ments at remote service areas during construction or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site supply source with the use •of a 15-mi pipeline to connect the East and West clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil as an alternate heating fuel . o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel . b. Service Assessment for Pooulation-Related Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of fore- cast population increases caused by the SSC. Population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in the ROI by approximately 0.1% during construction and operations over the levels SSCAP14C22388123 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois .124 projected to exist without the.presence.of the SSC. In Kane.•County,._ however, population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, by up to 1.1%.during construction and up to 1.0% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of the low magnitude of the impact. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being integrated into the existing gas network without the necessity oi' constructing new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negli- gible impact to the system other than the addition of new individual service taps. The supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently placed on the service network, or expected to be placed on the network for many years. The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding net- work service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements .to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. 3. TelecommUnlcatlons a. $ervigs Assessment for Protest Demands Illinois Bell Telephone Company can provide telecommunications service to the SSC project. Illinois Bell presently serves Fermilab in Batavia using a digital tele- communications system installed in 1987. The system includes optical fiber connections, digital signal processors, electronic subscriber line interfaces, And magnetic bubble memories. Given the status of the cur- rent equipment no new communications lines would need to be installed for the SSC. Illinois Bell provides exchange and exchange access telecommunications services to 3.7 million customers in 456 Illinois municipalities. During preconstruction and construction, communications can be handled by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction sites. Communications between the site and the outside world during construe- tier, would be via connection to the local telephone system already in place. Communications between tunneling operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For either scenario, impacts would be negligible. SSCAP14C22388124 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Illinois .125 The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation ' of several communications lines in the vicinity. This would .require. some rerouting of the lines to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term. and. negligible. • b. Service Assessment fry Potation-Rel ted Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial • and industrial growth would be felt mostly ,in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of.these • impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of fore- cast population increases caused by the SSC. Within the ROI, the highest population levels, and therefore-the highest service impacts, are projected to increase by up to 1.1% during construc- tion and up to 1.0% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the, entire ROI is considered because of the low magnitude of the impact. Individual cus- tomers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being easily integrated into the existing telecommunications structure without the necessity of constructing new transmission lines. Thus, there should be negligible impact to the system as a whole other than the addition of new individual service taps. The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding • network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan- for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. • • SSCAP14C22388125 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 infrastructure Assessments • Utilities - Michigan. 126 • D. Michioan I. £lectr_ctty a. Service Assessment for Prot r 0• mant • 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction electrical utility impacts are expected to be short-term • and negligible.. Activities would teclude various.ceeteddoicel drilling and site monitoring operations. Limited electric power requirements for these activities probably- would be met by portable power generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power requirements aed the duration of. constructfon, it is assumed that the SSC contractors wa►ld use utttitf power for construction work. This utility power can be brought on site by providing a pole line that could ba rmmove0 when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support constructton work. Construction power could be supplied to contractors, at the site by tap- ping existing 12-kif (or higher) power lines located around the stte. The pole lines constructed, whether temporary or permanent, would be routed along existing or newly acquired rights-o6-wey. Temporary sub, stations could be built by the contractor to distrtbute medtuM-ualtage power around the area on a temporary pole tine to the tunnel boring machines (TBMsj. Stop-dawn transformers and a low-voltage distrtbutton system would provide 480-1( constructioe power front thts aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cord, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either scenario the impact would be short-term and negligible. 3) Operations Electric power for the project would be supplied by the Michigan Electric Coordinated Systems (MECS), which comprises the electric generating and transmission systems of Consumers Power Company (CPCo) and the Detroit Edison Company (Detroit Edison). CPCo provides electric and/or natural gas service to 67 of the 68 coun- ties in Michigan's lower peninsula, serving almost 6 million of the 9 million residents. Detroit Edison provides electric service to the southeast quadrant of the lower peninsula. SSCAP14C22588126 DEIS Volume IV Appendix--1* Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Michigan 127 Michigan proposes to provide 345-kV service to Substation 1. This would require construction of a new 345-kV tap from the existing345-kV Argenta-Majestic tine adjacent to the site. This new-line-would run north from the tap location and would be approximately 0.5 mi long. Substation 2 would receive 138-kV service from the existing Tompkins Substation. This would require construction of-a new 138-kV line ap- proximately 5.8 mi long. The points of service chosen would provide connections from separate 138-kV and 345-kV power grids. Electric power distribution around the injector rings and collider tun- nel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric power would be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. The CPCo system currently has 6,215 MW of generating capacity. Its cur- ' rent reserves are 835 MW, 402 MW less than its required level of reserves. Detroit Edison has a net effective capability of over 9,300 MW, with an estimated summer peak demand of approximately 8,000 MW. Both CPCo and Detroit Edison are also members of the East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (SCAR) network, and are considered in ECAR assessments of system capabilities and operations. Together, ECAR members currently possess 93,487 MW of generating capacity, of which 23,881 MW are reserves. In 1996 reserves are projected to be 21,721 MW. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties to neighboring electric utility systems. In 1996 CPCo projects that it would have exactly enough excess reserves to meet SSC load requirements. CPCo has presented reserve margins based on inclusion of the SSC load. The reserve margin for 1988 was shown to be 835 MW, and the margin is projected to be 1,471 MW in 1996. CPCo complies with reserve guidelines of ECAR and MECS, which require a 23% minimum reserve margin. The following table summarizes the load, capacity, and reserve characteristics for CPC° in 1988 and 1996. Required reserves were calculated based on the 23% criterion, and for 1996 are shown both with and without SSC load. CPCo RESERVE MARGINS 3096 1988 w/o SSC v/SSC _W- MI Total-forecast capacity - 6,215 7,801 7.801 Forecast demand 5.380 6,180 6,330 Reserve margin 835 1,621 1.471 Required reserves' 1.237 1.421 1.456 Excess reserves (402) 200 15 1. Calculation beard on CPCo'a 231. reserve planning criterion. Source: Table 3.4-1, CPCo SSC Study Long Range Load and Capacity Fondest SSCAP14C22588127 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Michigan 128 Both CPCo and Detroit Edison plan electric generating capactt,, additions • to maintain an installed reserve margin of approximately 232_ Additions include an ultimate total capacity at Fermi II of 1.100 MW:by 1188, and increased purchases of non-utiltty power gemeretiae totaling 1,50a WV by 1997. CPCo plans capacity additions that would provide 200 Mit of reserves in excess, of its requirements In 1996. CPCo cannot meet the requirements of the SSC toad during operations without impacting their current resource plan. However, CPCo utilizes a planning criterion with t 23% reserve mmrgto. Thts-margin is higher than that used by ma'y other utilities. Withthis 23% reserve margin requirement CPCo still maintatns reserves to excess of 22% through the year 2010. This deficiency in gerterattng reserves can be met by accel- erating CPCo's construction schedule. For example, 150 MW of combustion turbines are planned to be added to 1498. If these generattng units were installed in 1996, and other additions were Similarly moved for- ward, CPCo's reserves would remain above the 23% plmetng objective through the planning, horizon. b. Service Assessment for Population-Related Demands • With its existing resource plan CPCo cannot meet the demand growth in the SSC region caused by the inRlux of construction and operations workers and the secondary commercial and industrial actteittes support- ing the SSC and its workers. Secondary loads reach a maximum of 7 NA during construction, and 5 MW by the year 20011 daring operations. Table 14.2.2-4 shows the planned reserves for CPCo with and without inclusion of the SSC and secondary toads. • • c. Gcnerat Asse«mpnf Potential impacts of SSC on future ragtonal power costs cart best be analyzed by assessing potential impacts on each of the utilities tre - volved in supplying electrlc•power. Detroit Edison both generates and purchases electric pater. and pres . ently has surplus capacity available. The regional surplus available from SCAR members indicates that purchase of additional power would not be unduly difficult or expensive. Further, Detroit Edison had already committed to. bringing Fermi II on Tine prior to the SSC. This would further enhance its ability to provide electric power to the project. Large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special large- industry rates, the anticipated presence of additional generating capaci- • ties, and the high power load factor incorporated into the SSC design will maintain regional pricing costs. SSCAP14C22388128 DEIS Volume IV •Appenddx 14 Infrastructure Assessments *' Utilities - Michigan 129` Table 14.2.2-S CPCo RESERVE MARGINS WITH AND WITHOUT SSC Prolaatad 55C S.o.nd►ry P468.6 Pt++need Isszca1 ?erupt Reeervti. Load. Loads load. Raaorro.. w/o SSC w/55C w/o SSC w/95C tsar MM MI MI M! MI 1M X % 1988 5,380 0 0 .6.215 835 .635 15.5 15.5 1989 5.480 1 1 6,314 634 63? 15.2 15,2 1990 5,540 2 3 0.663 1,143 1,338 20.6 20.5 1991 5,640 4 6 7,082 1,442 1,432 25.6 25,3 1992 5,760 8 7 7,191 1,431 1.416 24.8 24.5 1993 5,550 16 6 7,299 1.449 1,427 24.8 24,3 1994 5.900 36 7 7,587 1.607 1,565 27.0 26.1 1995 6.070 36 6 7,575 1.605- 1.564 28.4 25.6 1998 8,180 200 5 7.601. 1,521 1,416 28.2 22.2 1997 6,290 200 4 7,931• 1,641 1,437 26.1 22.1 , 1990 6,470 200 5 8.206 1,738 1,533 26.9 23,0 1999 6,570 200 5 8,266 1,690 1,491 25.6 22.0 1., 2000 6,680 200 5 5.422 1.742 1.537 .26.1 22.3 2001 8,760 200 5 9,097 2.317 2.112 34,2 30,2 2002 6,890 200 5 9,097 2,207 2,002 32.0 28,2 2003 6,99D 200 , 5 9,097 2,107 1,902 30.1 26.4 2004 7,100 200 5 9.007 1.997 1,192 28.1 24.5 2005 7,200 200 5 9,112 1,912 1,707 28.6 23.0 2006 7,310 200 S 9,182 1.672 1,867 25.4 22.2 2007 7.410 200 5 9.305 1,895 1,690 25,6 22.2 - • 2008 7,520 200 5 9,440 1,920 1.715 25.5 22.2 2009 7,020 200 5 9,555 1,935 1,730 25.4 22.1 • 2010 7,730 200 5 9,686 1,985 1,760 25.4 22.2 SSCAP14C22388129 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities —Michigan 130 Currently, a significant portion of ECAR..capacity additions planned for operation in 1995 are not yet under construction. This means the region would have a reduced ability to respond to unanticipated increases in demand in the 1990s. since the lead times involved make it unlikely new capacity could be placed in service before then. These additions include one coal-fired unit (600 MW), 12 combustion turbines (975 MW), and four non-utility generation projects (440 MW).Availability of highly rel%able generating equipment would cause capacity margins to continue to decrease over the coming years. By the end of 1995 approximately 27% of the generating capacity in the (CAR system would be at least 30 years old. Another issue of great concern to the SCAR and MECS systems is the pos- sible impact of future regulatory actions dealing with acid rain. Since coal is a major fuel for these systems, new requirements for reduced emissions may adversely affect reliability of supply. The output of existing coal units would be reduced if retrofitted with emissions con- trol facilities. Also it may not be possible or economically advanta- geous to retrofit some older units, thus causing premature retirement. These factors would tend to reduce the Capacity available from existing coal units with the result that new replacement capacity would be required. If new regulations are developed to control acid rain, the cost and lead time for required replacement capacity would have to be given suitable consideration. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation. of several transmission lines in the vicinity. This would require some rerouting of the line's to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. 2. Natural Gal a. Service_Assessment for Project Demands Preconstruction gas demand probably would be met using bottled propane so that impacts to the natural gas utility would be negligible. - Natural gas deliveries can be made to the SSC through existing pipeline networks near the proposed site. The proposed lines are owned and operated by CPCo. CPCo acts as a distribution system, collecting natural gas from sup- pliers and transporting it to market. The CPCo transmission system may be utilized either by contracting directly with CPCo, or by contracting with an independent supplier and using CPCo for final distribution. CPCo provides natural gas service to 40 of the 68 counties in Michigan's lower peninsula, serving more than 1.2-million gas customers in an area of 13,000 mil with a population of 3.8 million. SSCAP14C22388130 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Michigan 131 To serve the fuel needs of the, SSC facility, Michigan has proposed extending the existing CPCo distribution system. A new 6-inch natural gas main would be constructed from the existing main to-the campus area. with 2-inch feeders going to the experimental areas. This would require approximately 6.5 mi of construction work. Other•new construction-work . would involve the installation of 2-inch and 4-inch supply lines to the far cluster, requiring an additional 4.5 mi of construction work. Final location of the ring and improvements to local roads to handle construction and service traffic may require relocation of smaller gas ' lines. If this occurs, impacts would be short-term and negligible if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel requirements at remote service areas during construction or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site supply source with the use of a 15-mi pipeline to connect the east and west clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil as an alternate heating fuel . o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel. b. Service Asses;tpevt for Pooulation-Related Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by SSC. Population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in the ROI by approximately 0.1% during construction and operations over the levels projected to exist without the presence of the SSC. In Jackson County, however, popu- lation levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, up to 1.3% during construction and 1.1%during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of their low magnitudes. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and .should be capable of being inte- grated into the existing gas network without the necessity of construct- ing new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to the system outside of the addition of new individual service taps. 5SCAP14C22388131 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • 1 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Michigan 132 The supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently placed on the service network, or expected to be placed on the network for many years." The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding net- work service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. 3. TelecOmmunicatlol a. Service Assessment for Protect Demand3 Telecommunications service to the area is provided mainly by Alltel Michigan, Inc. and Michigan Bell Telephone Company. Additional communi- cations capacity at the proposed Stockbridge site can be provided by modular expansion of existing facilities. A new intertie between Stock- bridge and Lansing would be constructed to improve system reliability. During preconstruction and construction, communications can be handled by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction sites. Communications between the site and the outside world during construc- tion could either be via connection to a local telephone system or by radio link to a system some miles away. Communications between tunnel- ing operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario, impacts would be negligible. The final location of SSC may require relocation of several Communica- tions lines in the vicinity. This would require some rerouting of the lines to maintain system continuity and Customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. b. Service Assessmentjor Poeulatjon-Related Demand; The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these im- pacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Within the ROI, the highest population levels, and therefore the highest service impacts, are projected to increase by up to 1.3% during con- struction and up to 1.1% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of the low magnitude of the impact. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being easily integrated into the existing telecommunications structure without the necessity of SSCAP14C22388132 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Michigan 133 constructing new transmission lines. Thus there should be .a.=negligibla. . impact to the system as a whole other than the addition of new individual service taps The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable. telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. • SSCAP14C22388133 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 134 E. North Carolina 1. Electricity a. $erviSe h;essment for. eroiect Demandt • 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction. electrical utility impacts are expected, tmbe short-tern and negligible. Activities would include various geotecbatea', drtlling: . and site monitoring operations. Limited electric power requirements for these activities probably would be met by portable power generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power requirements and the duration of construction, it is assumed that the SSC contractors would use utility power for construction work. This utility power can be brought on site by providing a pole line that could be removed when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support construction work. There are existing 100-kV and 230-kV transmission lines nearby and run- ning directly over the proposed site. It is assumed that construction power could probably be provided from one or more of these lines. The estimated total length of temporary line needed for construction power would be approximately 30 mi. The pole lines, whether temporary or permanent, would be constructed along existing or newly acquired rights-of-way. Temporary substations could be built by the contractor to distribute medium-voltage power around the area on a temporary pole line to the tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Step-down transformers and a low-voltage distribution system would provide 480-V construction power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cords, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either scenario the impact would be short-term and negligible. 3) Operations Duke Power Company (Duke) and Carolina Power and Light Company (CP&L) have jointly and severally agreed to provide a source of electric power for the SSC. These two utilities can provide 230-kV service to the facility either separately, or by providing multiple source feeds from the individual systems to make use of the transmission grids of both companies. • SSCAP14C22588134 DEIS Volume IV AppendIx• 74 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 135 Duke Power Company is headquartered-in Charlotte, North Carolina, and operates in the Piedmont area of North and South Carolina. Its 20,000 miz service area extends from Durham. North Carolina, to Anderson, South Carolina, serving more than 1.5 million residential. commercial, and industrial customers in that area. CP&L provides energy to over 3 million people in a 30,000-mi2 area that includes about one half of North Carolina and one fourth of South Carolina. Most of the service is provided in the coastal plains, but the service area also includes a slice of the Great Smoky Mountains in western North Carolina (CP&L 1986). North Carolina proposes to construct a new 230-kV line between an exist- ing 230-kV line and Substation 1. This would require construction of a new transmission line approximately 2.1 mi long. Substation 2 would be fed by a tap from an existing 230-kV line. This tap would require con- struction of a new transmission line approximately 1.9 mi long. Electric power distribution around the injector rings and collider tun- nel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric power would be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. The CP&L and Duke electric generating systems together currently have 25,652 MW of generating capacity, with 5,430 MW of reserves. In 1996 the two utilities project 5,932 MW of reserve generating capacity. Both CP&L and Duke are members of the Virginia-Carolinas (VACAR) sub- region of the Southeastern Electric Reliability Council (SERC), and are considered in VACAR assessments of system capabilities and operations. VACAR presently has 45,739 MW of generating capacity and 10,330 MW of reserves. In 1996 it is projected to have 7,325 MW of reserves. SERC currently has 136,809 MW of generating capacity and 31,239 MW of reserves. In 1996 SERC is projected to have 28.259 MW of reserve generating capac- ity. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties to neighboring electric utility systems. Based on their respective reserve criteria, reserves for CP&L and Duke together are projected to fall short in 1996 by 13 MW of the 200 MW of excess capacity needed to meet the SSC operational load. On a regional basis reserves are adequate to meet the additional loads of the SSC. CP&L's 1988 Energy. Load, and Supply Summary contains forecast reserves of 1,963 MW in 1988 and 2,036 MW in 1996, under the assumption that CP&L uses a minimum reserve margin of 20% of power resources over peak load as its reliability criteria. In both 1988 and 1996 the planned reserve margin exceeds that criterion, with a 24.1% margin and a 21.9% margin. respectively. The following table summarizes the load, capacity, and reserve characteristics of the CP&L network in 1988 and 1996. SSCAP14C22588135 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 a • • Infrastructure Assessments Utilfiles - North Carolina 136 • • CP&L RESERVE,HARMS. x9oe laaa " . Jet. .1fLG Total newer,seers, 10.099 11.33P Load - - 9.143 - 96301 Reserve msrgt% l,ye. Required rserreal ?,ate bat Excess reserves 337 1. Calar:tattoo lamed ow CIaL'a 20t MOSPVF criteria,. Source: CPM. 19aa Eeermr,.Load ear Sapp Eye 5uerrrry, An examination of the Duke System -Expansion Study was made for the period 1990 through 2019., This study provided sufficient. information on loads,. existing and planned capacity„ and retirement. schedules for reserve margins to be calculated.. For 1996. Duke has planned reserves of 3,896, MW. This is based on a Duke planning- criterion, of a 20%.capacitr martin. which equates to approximately a 25% reserve margin. Based on this cri- terion, in 1946 Duke would haws 11 MW of excess. reserves. Tht following; table presents a summary of coodittons. DUKE.RESERVE MARGINS 1895 S Proyereted.dosed 15,541 Planned seearroea 19.437. Reserve margin 1;.995 Required reserver' 3,885 Emmet ruses. 11, 1. Calculation beset ow Duke's 20Y.0apwttysard% oMLrlon, Source: Duke 1980 System Expansion Study To meet each utility 's reserve. requirement.criterion. ,addition of the SSC load' would, have an impact on the- util'ity's plans. for future addi- tional generating capacity or power purchases, CPtL. uses a. planning, criterion of' 20% reserves. and Duke uses'a criterion of 20% capacity. reserves (approximately 25%.peak reserve marg.inj. With. the SSC loads the combined utility reserva margin exceeds 22%' during construction and the first six years of operations. SSCAP14C22388: 36 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 1.4, Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 23T Possible future sources of electric generationinclude 1,100 MW of capacity in older coat-fired units that Duke has removed from service for rehabilitation and modern.zation.`''These ere expected to return to service by 1995. These refurbishments could be accelerated and.retire- ments postponed to meet Duke's planning objective of a 20% capacity margin. In addition, Duke expects approximately 1,000 MW of pump stor- age capacity to be available .front the Bad Creek pt,.nt, Currently-under construction and scheduled for commercial operation in 1'!92'-1992. b. Service Assessment for Pooulatfon:Relattd Demands The impacted utilities may able to meet the demand of increased growth in the SSC region caused by the influx of construction workers during construction if load requirements are properly apportioned between the two utilities. However, during, operations demand growth activities, in combintions ationrs withdthecSSCaload,mcannotlbe�aetd nwithoial ut. affecting the utilities' resource plans. Secondary loads during con- struction reach a peak of 36 MW, and, a peak. of 25 *1 during operations by the year 2000. Table 14.2.2-5 shows the planned reserves for the combination of Duke and CP&L loads and resources with and without the SSC and secondary Toads. c. Genera) Assessment Potential impacts of SSC on future regional power costs can best be analyzed by assessing potential impacts on each Of the utilities that would be involved in supplying electric power. Duke both generates and purchases electric power, and presently has surplus capacity available. The regional surplus available from SER1C members also indicates that purchase of additional power would not be unduly difficult or expensive. Also,, Duke 4s already committed to au additional 2,000 M1f of capacity by the mid 1990s, which should further augment its capability to respond to, an increased load. la. considera- tion of these factors, no adverse impact on regional cost is anticipated because of the presence of the SSC_ CP&L is also both- a generator and purchaser of electric power, and presently has excess capability. However, CP&L has not committed to construction of additional power capacity, so this assessment may not hold true in the future. . Large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special large industry rates, thre anticipated presence of additional generating capaci- ties, and the high power load factor incorporated into the SSC design will maintain regional pricing costs. SSCAP14C223D6137 DEIS Volume IV Appendix f4' 210-829 0 - 88 - 15 (BOOR 8) 1 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 138 Table 14.2.2-5 DUKE AND CPBL RESERVE MARGINS WITH AND WITHOUT. SSC-LOAD Projected SSC., Secondary /lamed , ,. ClAnno ma Loads SSC SC,R6f87SSC Loads Loads R'��• w/o SSC w/ SSC MI we _MV ply . _ w/o S Y/SSC 1990 21,678 2 19 26.843 5,165, 5,145 23.8. 23.7 1991 22,2?2 4 35 27,660 5,426 5,389 24.4 24.2. 1992 22,691 8 38 28,754 6,063.. 6.019 26.7 26,5. 1993 23,205 18 - 30 28,883 • - 5.656 5.612 24,4'.. 24.1 1994 23,726 38 31 29,329 3.603 ' 5,537 ' 29.6 23.3 - .. 1995 24,212 36 25 30,049 5,837 5,777 z4,1, 23.8 1996 24,842 200 20 30,774 - 5,932 5.712 23.9,. 22.6 1997 25,428 200 l9 31,634 0.206 5,987 24,4 23.3 1996 26,086 200 22 32,299 6,213 -5,991 23,8 22.8 1999 28,808 200 24 33,179 6,371'.' 8,147 -'' 23.8 22.7 2000 27.545 200 25 34.829' 7,284 7,050, 26:4 . zs:4 2001 28,149 200 25 95,391 7,242 7,017 25.7 24.7 - . 2002 -28,751 200 25. 35,465 0.794 ' 6,509 23.4 22.5 SSCAP14C22388138 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX 14•, Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 139 Capacity addttions with n the SERC region for the 1967-1996 period . include 4.800 i MW to storage,. 5,8un NW in tiimn turbine s, am* 1,300 MW in pumped storage+.. 4800« 200 MW of conventional hydro capacity. An additional 3,700 MW is pro- jected. based on unit upratings• and units returned te. service. Also,. approximately 2.500 Mi of new non-utility geneartton CNUG) is protected;. Most of the large .baseload units projected to come on tine during tins assessment period are well under construction with near-term operating dates. Although CPU.. is not currently committed to constructing addtttonwl generating capacity beyond that already installed, the company's tong . rainnthee load mid 199Os.. The.s cc indicate the tsneoonsideredd for d mdesa�ated capacity sett tsime and is identified strictly for long-range^ planning purposes to reflect the need for additional capacity to as . �epsr9� should the demand for electricity grow as tndicat forecast. In addition to installat.4ofl of new'capacity needs would be.met by returning units to service, alter upgrade, life extension programs.. reactivation of mothballed units, and conservation and load management programs... A relatively large penetration of load management ts. expected by the end of the assessment period, which contributes to the lower growth rate projections. The SERC bulk electric. transmission systems configuration ten years front now would not be significantly different from the present-day system. The transmission systems are basically in place for mast of the rum- planned capacity. Greater dependence on load management, an expectation of moderate load growth„ and shsring, generatio Capacity would likely reduce operating, margins throughout this period. -Fhtsswould place an even greater burden on the systems, and would require continued coordi- nation and communication among all systems involved. The NCRC 1987 Reliability Assessment considers that projected generating capacity margins in SERC are judged to be adequate during the revtew (1987-1996) period, based on current generating capacity expanstom schedules and peak demand and' energy projections. The final location of SSC may require relocation of several transmission lines in the vicinity. This would require some rerouting of lines to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any tweets from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. 2. Natural Gas a. Cervi Assessmed !g,1 ldret laCMDds Preconstruction gas demand probably would beret using bottled propane so that impacts to the natural gas utility would be negligible. SSCAP14C22388134 • DEIS Volume IV /ippeadiSc.14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 140 Natural gas deliveries can be-made to the SSC through An existing:pipe line that runs within 1 ml of the proposed campus. This line is owned and operated by Public Service 'Company of North Carolina '(PSNC). .. PSNC operates as a transmission company, collecting natural gas from .its pipeline supplier, the Transcontinental Cas Pipe Cine•Corporation, and transporting and distributing it to residential, commercial, and indus trial customers. PSNC's service area encompasses 83 communities in 26 North Carolina counties, spanning an area of approximately 10,000 mil and serving over 190,000 customers. This area approximately consists of a section to western North Carolina bounded by Brevard in the west, Concord in the east, Statesville in the north, and the state line in the south; and a section of northeastern North Carolina bounded by Stier City in the west, Henderson/Oxford in • the east, Sanford in the south, and the state line in the north. With the gas transmission lines near the site, construction of new pipe- line would be minimized. The existing 14-inch naturai 'gas main that runs southeast from Roxboro would be tapped to supply gas to the campus' area and the far cluster. This would require construction of approximately 3 mi of new pipeline. Final location of the ring, and improvements to local roads to handle construction and service traffic, may require relocation of smaller-gas lines. If this occurs, impacts would be short-term and negligible if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel re- quirements at remote service areas during constr'?:tion or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site • supply source with the use of a 15-mi pipeline'to connect the East and West clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil as an alternate heating fuel. o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel. b. Service Assessment for epQUJ ation-Related Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these im- pacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude'of forecast SSCAP14C22388140 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX,14 1 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 141 population increases caused by the SSC. Population levels. 'and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in theR0I _by-up to 0.8% during construction and up to 07% during operations over 'the levels projected to exist without the presence of the SSC. In Durham, Granville, and Person Counties, however, population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, reaching as high as 2.6% during construction and up to 2.4% during operations. These impacts are expected to 'be negligible when the entire ROI is • considered, because of their low magnitudes. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being inte- grited into the existing gas network without the necessity of construct- ini new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to' th.a system outside of the addition of new individual service taps. Thl supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently •placed'on the service network. or expected to be placed on the network for .many years. The, real factor expected to be of primary importance in establlshi'ng 'an adequate and st,ible service network is the economic justification of expanding net- work service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only negligible impact to the system. 3. Telecommunications a. $cry tce As,ssmenl for Project Demands Telecommunications services would be provided to SSC by the Durham and Creedmore offices of GTE South, and the Roxboro office of Central Tele- phone. These utilities, along with Southern Bell and Carolina Tele- phone, are working together to detail a communications plan that would allow the project to network with the major universities in the area via long-distance carrier. It is proposed that existing communications facilities in Durham and Roxboro be utilized for the project, with all new communications lines to be installed across existing rights-of-way currently available to the telephone companies. During preconstruction and construction, communications can be handled by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction sites. Communications 'between the site and the outside world during construc- tion could either be via connection to a local telephone system or by radio link to a system some miles away. Communications between tunnel- . ing operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario impacts would be negligible. SSCAP14C22388141 DEIS Volume IV Appendiic 14' '; a ice •: . _ Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - North Carolina 142 The final location of SSC may require relocation of several commonica- . tions lines in the vicinity. This mould require some rerouting of the lines to maintain system continuity and customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible. b. Scrvic&fissessment for Pooulattop-Related Demandk The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these im- pacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the .magnitude of forecast population increases caused by SSC.. Within the ROI the highest population levels, and therefore the highest service impacts, are projected to increase by up to 2.6% during construction and up to 2.4% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of the low magnitude of the impact. Individual customers would be spread out over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being easily integrated into the existing telecommunications structure without the necessity of constructing new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to the system as a whole out- side of the addition of new individual service taps. The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. • SSCAPg4C 23$ I42 - DCIS Volume IV Appendix 24. I • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 143 F. Tennessee 1. Electricity • a. Service Assessment for Pro ect Demands 1) Preconstruction • Preconstruction electrical utility impacts are expected to be short-term and negligible. Activities would include variousgeotechnical drilling and site monitoring operations. Limited electric power requirements for these activities probably would be metby portable power generators. 2) Construction • Because of the large construction power requirements and the duration of construction, it is assumed that the SSC contractors would use utility power for construction work. This utility power can be brought on-site by providing a pole line that could be removed when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support Construction work. Construction power could be supplied by an existing 46-kV network in the general vicinity. Two 46-kV transmission lines 'are in,proximity to Sub- station 1 and would require approximately 5 mi of 'power line. Construc- tion power to the Substation 2 vicinity could be provided by a 3-mi tap line from the existing Murfreesboro-Shelbyvllie\46-kV line. The pole lines constructed, whether temporary or permanent, would be routed along existing or newly acquired rights-of-way. Temporary sub- stations could be built by the contractor to .distribute medium-voltage power around the area on a temporary pole line to the tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Step-down transformers and a low-voltage distribution system would provide 480-V construction power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cord, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either sdenario the impact would be short-term and negligible. 3) Operations Electric power for the project would be supplied by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which plans to provide 161-kV service to Substations i and 2. The TVA electric power and distribution system provides power to 110 municipal and 50 cooperative electric systems for distribution to 3.2 million customers. The locally owned distributors serve 80,000 miz in parts of seven states (Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Mississippi. Alabama. Georgia and Kentucky) with a population of an estimated 7 million. ' SSCAP14C2258B143 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 144. Tennessee proposes to construct a new substation (Rutherford Substation). to the vicinity of the proposed site with a new 161-kV transmission line to service Substation 1. The total length of the new 161-kV line would be approximately 9.3 mi. To service Substation 2, new breakers would be added to the existing 161-kV switchyard-at. Maury-Substation, and a new 161-kV transmission line constructed along an existing right-of-way. The total length of the new 161-kV line would be approximately 22.2 mi. Electric power distribution around the injector rings and coliider tunnel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric ,powerwould be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. TVA is the largest utility proposed as supplier of electricity .at ,any of the 8QL sites, with 32,089 MW of generating capacity in 1986. Currently, it has 11,665 MW of reserves, and is projected to have 3,927 MW of reserves in 1996. TVA is a subregion of the Southeastern Electric Reliability Council (SERC), and as a momber system of SERC, it is considered in SERC assessments of system capabilities and operations. SERC currently has 136,309 MW of generating capacity and 31,239 MW of reserves. In 1996 SERC is projecting 28.259 MW of reserve generating capacity. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties to neighboring electric utility systems. In 1996 TVA is expected to have excess reserves available to meet the SSC load requirements. Proj cted ve arns were presented ased on nd low loadeforecastsrfor mthe period 1990-2010. bReserve marginserangedafrom 23 to 23% during the forecast period. In 1996, under the high load fore- cast, the available reserve margin is projected to be 7,465 MW, medium load forecast the available reserve margin in 1996 is- 9,930 MW. which provides excess reserves of 3,927 MW. Under the low load forecast the available reserve margin is 13,172 MW in 1996, which provides excess reserves of 7,309 MW. The following table presents the data for the medium load forecast. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY RESERVE MARGINS 1996 .iJft- Peak demand" 23,777 Dependable caw lty 33,707 Ave t lab te.msrgtn 9,930 Desired margin 4.003Surplus 'Based on 7Ndw ,Load'Forecast. • ken .55CAp14C225Es14a DEIS Volume Iv Appendix • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 145 Provis should have an impaction of on utilitytric plans anrd schedulesuffoor futuressee'eite not generating capacity until the year 2004. From 2001- throrg�' ' reserves-belowotheedesired level can be met by acce2erating'ec0s with theeinclusion of SSCrloads, however where y falls short of available that dethan a sired approximately 24 to 25X. b. Service Assessment lqr Pooubtlon-Related DeMAIdi TVA can meet the demand of increased growth in the SSC regions caused by the influx of construction workers during construction. TVA cannot meet the demands of increased growth caused by the SSC and the influx of operations workers and secondary commercial and industrial activities. however, and still maintain its desired level of reserves. Relatively minor changes to the construction schedule would enable TVA to meet those demands. Secondary loads would reach a maximum of 31 MW during construction and 25 MW during operations by the year 2000. Table 14.2.2-6 shows planned reserves with and without the SSC and secondary loads. c. Genera) Assessments When TVA's nuclear power plant construction program is complete in the mid 1990s, approximately 4,800 MW of additional new nuclear capacity would have been added to the system. The 'Watts Bar Units 1 and 2 are currently awaiting licensing, and the Bellefonte Units. 1 and 2 are over 80% complete, but are not scheduled for operation until the mid to late 1990s. In addition, TVA would have decreased its system capacity require- ments by 1,000 to 1,800 MW through conservation and load management activities. Projected generating capacity margins in SERC are judged to be adequate during the X987-2996 review period, based on current generating capacity expansion schedules and peak demand and energy projections. Capacity additions within the SERC region for the 1987-1996 period include 4,800 MW in Coal-fired units, 7,800 MW in nuclear units, 1,300 MW in conventional al hydroed gcapacity. A00 MW n additionaln3,700ine 11W isits and 200 pprojected+basedf on unit upratings and units returned to service. Also, approximately 2,500 MW of new non-utility generation (NUG) is also projected. Most of the large baseload units projected to come on line during this assess- ment period are well under construction with near-'term operating dates. Potential impacts of the SSC project on future regional power costs can be analyzed by noting that currently several industrial with comparable power demands. In terms of both demand and energy usage the SSC load represents less than IX of TVA's systemwide energy capabil- ities, and would normally be included in YVA's annual supply plans and price projections. SSCAP14C22388145 DEIS Volume IV dippeodtx24.• • Infrastructure Assessments Util4t'.. - Tennessee 146 Table 44.2.2-6 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY . RESERVE MARGINS HIM AND WITHOUT SSC Projected SSC Secondary Planned Planned Rensryffi alCalla03a1z1.. Loads Loads Loads Resources w/o SSC w/55C w/o SSC .,/SSC Year IN NY 1w "P4l MI x.. . x 1990 21,051 2 16 29,048 7,997., .. 7.979 38.0 -,37.9 1991 21,592 4 30 30,113 . 8,521 . 8,487 39,5 39,2 I992 21,669 8 31 31.763 9.594 9.555, 44.2 • 44,0 1993 22.203 16 27. 31,283 9,080. 9,037. 40.9 40.6 1994 22,733 36 29 32,495 9,762 9.898 42,9 42.5 , 1995 23,215 36 24 32,495 9,280 9.220 . 40.0 39.6 1996 23.771 200 20 33,707. 9.930 9.710 41.8. 40.5 1997 24,328 200 19 - 33,707 9,379 . 9.160 38.6 - 37.3 1998 24,646 200 22 33,707 . 8,861. .8.639. 35,7 . . . 34,5 1999 25,429 200 24 33,707. . 0,276. . 8.051, 32.6. -. 32.4 2000 25,559 200 25 33.707 8,148 7,923 31.9 30.7 2001 28.088 .200 25 33.707 7.621 ,7.396. '29.2 28,1 2002 26,590 200 25 33.707 - 7,117 6,892 26.8 25.7 2003 27,093. 200 25 - 34,231 7,136 6,913 26.3 25,3, 2004 27.819 200 .. 25 34,531, 6,912. . ' 6,881. 25,0 .24.0. 2005 28.133 200. - 25 35.131 0,996. ... 6.773 24.9, 2008 28,793 200 - 25 36,031 - 7,236.. - 7,013 25.1, ..24.2. 2007 29,443 200 25 . 38,831 7,188 6,963:.. _24.4 23.5 2008 30,100 200 25 .. 37,531 1,422, ., 7.197 ,24.7 23.7, 2009 30,792 ..200... 25 38,131. 7.339 7,I14 23.6 22.9 . . 2010 31.490 200 25 39.031 7,541 7,316 23.9 23,1 SSCAP14C22388146 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 awimewwwwwwwmat Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 247 TVA both generates and purchases electric power. asd ,pesestly bas an additional capacity .of epprexaoately 8.000 SW available_ The regional surplus from SERC members also iedicetes, that.purchase of -additional power world not be unduly difficult or expensive.. Further,- IVA is already committed to an extensive program of additional capacity to be • available by the mid to late 1990s, which should further augment its capability to respond town increased load. In consideration of these factors, no adverse impact on regional cost is anticipate because of the presence of the SSC. Large economy-of-scale factors, the possibilities of special large- industry rates, the anticipated l�preesmce�i�i additional ,ontl capacities, and the bigb power SSC design will maintain regional pricing costs. In addition to the installation of new capacity, needs would be net by returning units to service after upgrade, life extension programs, reac- tivation of mothballed units, and conservation and load management pro- grams. A relatively large penetration of toad management is expected by the end of the assessment period. which contributes to lower growth rat e projections. The SERC bulk electric transmission system configuration ten years from Tnow he transmission s hot be significantly stems a elbasicallly itn place for offttheystem. new planned capacity. Greater dependence on loadmanagemxnt, an expectation of moderate load growth and sharing generation capacity would likely reduce operatinginarglas throughout this period. This would place a greater communication among n on the stems systemsInvolved. .aw4reqire continued coordination and t The final location of the proposed SSC facility lay require relocation of several transmission lines in the vicinity- This would require some rerouting the hoes customer service. Any iapacts (ram this ymwett system og would be short-Mena and negligible. 2. NaturJ Gas a. service Assessment for_Proiect Demands Pr be met usiog bottled so thatimpacts togtthe naturalgaasyu�� would be negligible.�� Natural gas •deliveries cat be lodetto the SSC through existing pipelines in the vicinity of the proposed campus location. These lines are owned and operated by United Cities bas Company. 5SCAP14C22388147 DEIS Volume IV /Ippen iX.14' Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 148 A new 6-inch natural gas main would be constructed from the existing rain . located outside Murfreesboro, and routed to serve the campus area. The length of this line would be approximately 6 mi. New 4.lnch.mains would also be constructed to service the experimental areas Kl, K2, K5 and K6. This would requirb construction of approximately 9 mi of new pipeline. Final location of the ring and improvements to local roads. to handle construction and service traffic may require the relocation of smaller gas lines. If this occurs impacts would be short-term and negligible if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel requirements at remote service areas during construction or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site sup- ply source with the use of a 15-mi pipeline to connect the East and West clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil as an alternate heating fuel. o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel. b. Service Assessment ter Population}telated Demapds The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these im- pacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in the ROI by up to 1.0% during construction and up to 0.9% during operations over the levels projected to exist without the presence of the SSC. In Rutherford County, however, Population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, by up to 4% during construction and up to 3% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is considered because of their low magnitudes. Individual customers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be capable of being inte- grated into the existing gas network without the necessity of construct- ing new transmission lines. Thus, there should be a negligible impact to the system other than the addition of new individual service taps. The supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in ex- cess of the demands either currently placed on the service network, or expected to be placed on the network for many years. The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding net- work service to include the new growth. SSCAP14C22388148 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.d4 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 149 If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for. finance and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would . be only a negligible impact to the, system.. 3. Tel ecommuntcatlons a. Service Assessment fop Erojecy,Demands, Telecommunications services would be provided to the SSC project by the South Central Bell Telephone Company from their digital switching center in Murfreesboro. Thee utilizin rox South Central Bell provides telecommunications services in 17 calling ines encompassin 78% of the opulation and Alabama, Kentucky. L uisiana, Mississippi,6and Tenness3% of the ee. area . During preconstruction and construction, communications can be handled by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction sites. If the site terrain were partic- ularly hilly a small repeater station might be required to be built. In either case, impacts would be negligible. Communications between the site and the outside world during construc- tion could either be via connection to a local telephone system or by radio link to a system some miles away. Communications between tunnel- ing operations and the surface would be v:4 a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario, impacts would be negligible. The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation Of several communications lines in the vicinity. This would require some service. Any g of the impacts froms to thismaintain reroutingystem continuity wouldbe short-term customer and negligible. b. Service Assessment for Pooulation-Related Demands The impact of a• growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these im- pacts is assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Within the ROI highest population levelscrease�byand upttorefore the hihest 4% during constructioni and ce iupatos3%a re projected during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is con- sidered bebecause spread over the a fairly magnitude area,the andimpact. should beIndividual ofcustomers being SSCAP14C22388149 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Tennessee 150 easily integrated into the existing telecommunications structure'without the necessity of constructing ,new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to the system as a ,whole outside of the addition of new individual service taps. • The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be ,only a negligible • impact to the system. • SSCAP14C22384150 DEXS Volume IV Appendix-14 Infrastructure Assessments • Utilities - Texas 151 G. Texas , 1. fjectriclty a. Service Assessment for Protect Demands 1) Preconstruction Preconstruction electrical utility' impacts expected to be short-term and negligible. Activities would include various geotechnical drilling and site monitoring operations. Limited electric c ower rrreqie for these activities probably would be met:by portable pow generators. 2) Construction Because of the large construction power requirements and the duration of • construction, it is assumed that the SSC contractors would use utility power for construction work. This utility power can be brought on site by providing a pole line that could be removed when work is complete, or by early construction of permanent facilities to support construction work. It is anticipated that construction power would be supplied to contrac- tors at the site by tapping the existing 69-kW network of power lines located in the vicinity. The pole lines constructed, whether temporary or permanent. would be routed along existing or newly acquired rights-of-way.. Temporary substations could be built by the contractor to distribute medium- voltage power around the area on a temporary pole line to the tunnel boring machines (TBMs). Step-down transformers and a low-voltage dis- tribution system would provide 480-V construction power from this aerial line. Construction power for structures around the ring could be served either by portable on-site generators with routed power cord, or by placing temporary pole lines from nearby existing power lines to provide 480-V construction power. For either scenario the impact would be short-term- and negligible. 3) Operations Electric power for the project would be supplied by Texas Utilities Electric Company (TU Electric). which plans to provide 345-kV service to Substations 1 and 2 via new and existing transmission lines. The two points of service chosen would provide power independently to each substation from separate grids. TU Electric provides electric service to over 5 million people, about one-third of the state's population. The service territory extends 600 mi from west Texas eastward to Louisiana and 250 ml, from the Oklahoma border southward into Central Texas. SSCAP14C22588151 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Texas 152 Service is provided in 87 counties to 361 incorporated cities, including Dallas, Fort Worth, Wichita Falls, Arlington, Plano, and Waco. Texas proposes to provide 345-kV service to Substation 1 by constructing new switching station and 345-kV transmission line from, -an .exdSting stationl2ne.wouldhe benew line servicedwbyld be constructingmatnew switchingnstationyand 345-kV transmission line. This would require construction of a new transmission line approximately 1.5 mi long. Electric power distribution around the booster rings and coll'ider tunnel would be accomplished by routing power cables either in conduit or duct banks around the circumference of the ring. Electric power would be distributed to the buildings by underground duct banks. The TO Electric utility systems currently has available capacity of 19,452 MW. Its current reserves are 2,069 MW, of which 83 MW are excess reserves. In 1996 TU Electric's reserves are projected to be 3,851 MW, of which 603 MW are projected to be excess. TU Electric is a member of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERGOT) and is considered in ERCOT assessments of system capabilities and operations. ERCOT currently bas 47,398 MW of capacity, of which 8,063 MW are reserves. In 1996 reserves of 9,061 MW are projected. This capacity is backed up by the regional transmission interties to neighboring electric utility systems. In 1996 TU Electric projects that it would have sufficient excess reserves to meet the SSC load requirements. Based on the ERGOT minimum required reserve level of 15%, TU Electric has excess reserves'of'83 MW in 1987, and 603 MW in 1996. The following table summarizes the capacity, load and reserve charac- teristics of TU Electric in 1987 and 1996. TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC ,COMPANY:RESERVE'MARGINS 1987 1996 .119'.. Peak demand' 19,452 25,504 Dependable'woo tty 16;643 21,653 Available margin 2;609 3,651 Otte f red:eernlm 2,526 3,246 Surplus ,0 60.1.. "calculated bend onCRCOT 15%wlnisa required ran leal• SSCAP14C2258815z DEIS Volume IV Appendix d4 • • Infrastructure Assessments . Utilities - Texas 153 • TU Electric plans electric generating capacity addition to maintain the minimum 15% reserve level required by ERCOT utilities. Capacity addi- tions would include an additional 6,000 Mg to be put. Sn place by 1996. This would increase the system totsl available capacity to approximately 25,500 MW. TU Electric can meet the requirements of the SSC load during construe- ' tion and during the first year of operations. without impacting its latest resource plan. During the. period 1987 through 1996 TU Electric reserve margins remain above 15% with the SSC included, in its demand. No specific resource plan is provided beyond 1996,. and it is likely that TU Electric generating plans would change with time. A possible change is the deferral of the retirement of 1,856 MW of capacity. currently sched- uled for retirement prior to 1996. Engineering; studies have Indicated that the life of this capacity may be extended, making it available to serve future loads such. as the SSC. b. service Assessment for Poeulatlon-Related Demands TU Electric can also meet the demand growth in the SSC regioncause& by the influx of construction and operations workers and secondary com- mercial and industrial activities supporting the SSC during construction and the first year of operations. Secondary loads during construction reach a maximum of 23 Mitt by 1992. and-a maximum. of 18, MW by 2000 during operations. Table 14.2.2-7 2.2. -7 shows the planned reserves with and without the SSC and secondary c. General ,Assessmegts The capacity margins within the ERCOT region are expected to range from 19.8% in 1987 to 16.6% in 1996. Capacity purchases, principally from non-utility generators, are being used to supplement ERCOT capacity on • both a short- and long-term basis. Projected capacity margins exceed the planning guidelines adopted by the region. thus planned capacity resources are expected to be adequate during the 1987-1996 period. ERCOT systems project additions of approximately 17,900 MW of new and up-rated generating capacity during the decade 1986-1995. Retirements during that period are expected to be approximately 2.650 MW, resulting in net additions of some 15,250 MW. Because transmission improvements within ERGOT have not proceeded as • planned, a considerable increase in loading of existing transmission has occurred. Further increases are expected because of various forms of inter-utility and non-utility generation (NUG) wheeling. The increasing utilization of transmission facilities for wheeling has been, and would continue to be. a significant reliability concern within ERGOT. During 1986 several instances occurred where economy transac- tions were interrupted because of insufficient transmission capacity. • SSCAP14C22388153 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Texas 154 Table 14.2.2.7 TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY RESERVE MARGINS WITH AND WITHOUT SSG Projected 55C Secondary Planned fir %revoltReserves lade loads Loads Resources w/o 55C w/SSC w/o SSC w/SSC Year N4 NY NW - 'MY . ,. MY -l61. x. X... 1987 16.843. 0 0 19,452' 2,609 2,609 15.5 15.5 .. 1988 17,227 0 0 70.125 2,806 2.896 16.8 16.6 1989 17,689 1 3 20,623 2.934 2,930' 16.6 18,6 1990 18,198 2 12 21.888 3,490 1,471. 19.2 19.1 1991 18,724 4 22 22,448 3.724 3.698 19,9 19.7 1992 19.340 8 23 - 22,873 3,533 3,502 18,3 16.1 1993 19.955 16' 21 23,531' ' 3.576 3,540 17.9 17.7 1994 20,536 36 22 24,249 3,713 3,656 18,1 U.S 1995 21.129 36 18 24.904 3.775. 3.721 17.0 •17,6 1996 21,653 200 15 25.504 3.851 .3,636 17.8 16.3 Source: • SSCAPI4C22388154 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities. - Texas 155 The situation has been aggravated by the impediments that have occurred in construction and operation of needed transmission facilities. WWith greater utilization of the transmission grid being projected,t reliability within the ERGOT region cannot be expected to-remain at cur- rent levels without the completion of planned transmission improvements. Current forecasts indicate that up to 2,475 MW of the. capacity within ERGOT by 1996 (approximately 10% of total) would be in the form of non-utility as yet t to be naestablished, and concecilities. The rn xistsiover issueslity of such as their h facilities hy on natural gas for fuel, wheeling, minimum oload cconstraints, and long-term availability,ab � The future impact of non-utility generation on the reliability of electric supply within ERCOT remains uncertain. Several major nuclear projects represent the bulk of additional capacity expected to be completed within ERCOT during the next few years. These are South Texas 1 and 2 (1,250 MW each), and Comanche Peak 1 and 2 • • (1150 MW each). Collectively, these four units represent 38% of the ex- pected increase in ERGOT capacity during the next ten years. As is the, case with all nuclear units, there is considerable technical, regulatory and political uncertainty associated with bringing these units on-line. Should unforeseen impediments occur, ERCOT could incur significant risk to the adequacy of its future electric supply. The final location of the proposed SSG.facility may require relocation of several transmission lines. im the vicinity. This would'require some rerouting of the lines relocated to maintain customer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would system be short-term and negligible. 2. Natural Gil a. Cyi ° �* foy Erolect errands Preconstruction gas demand probably would: be met. usingrbottled propane so. that impacts to the natural gas utility would be negligible. Natural gas deliveries can be made to the SSC through an extensive natural gas pipeline network that crosses the proposed site. These lines are owned or operated by Lone Star Cas-Company (Lone, SStarT, Valero t Energy Company (Valero), an( Texas Utilities: Fuel Company ( Fuel). lonitso Star sourceoandates as a transportingnsmission company, collecting natural gas it. to, market, where it is distributed-to at residential, commercial and industrial customers, or unaffiliated pipe- , line customers. laloro. also operates as a natural gas- transmission and distribuases, and ural providestthird party gasttransportationh sells services. TU1Fueltowns aas, and natural gas pipeline system, and acquires, stores, delivers gas, and provides other services for the generation of electric energy by TU Electric. SSCAP14C22388155 DEIS Volume IV'Appeedtx 14 Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Texas 156 Lone Star has developed an underground st0eage system consisting of, ten - separate storage reservoirs located at strategie,points ,along .the com- pany's pipeline. This system can store up to .65 billion fts (8CF) of highas that demand. bValero withdrawn maintainsuapsto agent gfacilas ity. in Wharton, Texas with 6.7 BCF of gas available for withdrawal. Withdrawal rates from this facility can run to 800 million ft' per day. Valero's natural gas pipeline systems are located primarily along the. Texas Gulf tward to Pecos, Texas. Then companygalso jointlye owns Aande operates nctxtend e spipelines that extend from Waha, Texas. to the Dallas-Forth Worth area and- from Waha-to San Antonio. Lone Star's natural gas system primarily services a 120,000 mis area of northeast Texas and southern Oklahoma. Its network stretches north- south from Norman, Oklahoma. to Houston. Texas, and east-west from Abilene, Texas, to the Louisiana border. Texas has proposed that Lone Star deliver natural gas to the SSC through its existing pipelines. With gas transmission lines on-site. construe- tion of new pipeline would be minimized. Providing service to the campus area would require constructing a new 3-inch natural gas main from the existing twin 6-inch gas mains serving Waxahachie from the. south. The length of this line would be approximately 2.5 mi. Providing service to the far cluster would require constructing a new-3-inch main from an existing 30-inch main. The length of this line would be approximately 2.7 mi. • Final location of the ring and improvements to local roads to handle construction and service traffic may require relocation of smaller gas lines. If this occurs impacts would be short-term and negligible if proper construction techniques are followed. The use of bottled propane may be an alternative for meeting fuel requirements at remote service areas during construction or operations. Possible mitigative alternatives that would be considered during detail design include: o Connection of the natural gas system to a single off-site - supply source with the use.of a 15-mi pipeline to connect the East and West clusters. o Use of coal or fuel oil .as .an alternate, heating fuel. o Use of electric heat for requirements now using fuel. • SSCAP14622388156 DEIS Volume IY;Appendix. 14°•- Infrastructure Assessments Utilities'- Texas 157 b, s rvi e�tessment for Penula ten-$g]ated Demands The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly-proportional to the magnitude of fore- cast population increases caused by the SSC. Population -levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase in the ROI' by up to 0.3% during construction and up to 0.2% during operations over the levels projected to exist without the presence of the SSC. In Ellis County however, population levels, and therefore service impacts, are projected to increase slightly more, by up to 3% during construction and. up to 2% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire ROI is con- sidered because of their low magnitudes. Individual, customers would be intoad thever a existingrgaswide networkawithouththednecessityle of of constructing new • transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to the system other than the addition of new individual service taps. The supply of natural gas to the region is considered to be far in excess of the demands either currently placed on the service network, or expected to be placed on the network for many years: The real factor expected to be of primary importance in establishing an adequate and stable service network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to- plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact to the system. 3. Telecommunications a. c ire AsiessmenY for Prolect Demands Southwestern Bell Telephone Company can provide telecommunications service to the SSC project. This would require construction of a new fiber-optic aerial-line between the campus area and an existing line. The length of the line is estimated at approximately 5 mi. Service to the far cluster would be provided by constructing a new aerial line from an existing 'line. The length of this line is estimated to be approxi- mately 12 mi. Southwestern Bell provides a variety of telecommunications services to customers in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. It is presently installing a fiber optic-run from Dallas to San Antonio. The installation to Waxahachie is complete, with service to San Antonio expected in late 1988. Also, a new technology in integrated services digital network (ISDN) is being introduced, and would be available in the equipment and planned digital switches. SSCAPI4C223Z8I57 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Texas 158 During preconstruction and construction, conem ricattons caste boodle(' • by commercially available two-way radios and walkie-talkies that are commonly used on construction.sites. Communications between the site and the outside worldduring construc- tion could either be via connection to the local telephone system, or by radio link to a system some stoles away.. Communications between tuawe-_ ing operations and the surface would be via a hard-wired system on-site. For any scenario, impacts would be negligible- The final location of the proposed SSC facility may require relocation of someeveral eroutinggof the lines tos in the maintainvsystemycontlinuittyand culd stomer service. Any impacts from this rerouting would be short-term and negligible, b. Service Asseccm�ynt for Popu]atip, +The impact of a growing population and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth would be felt mostly in the addition of individual customers to the existing service network. The magnitude of these impacts is assumed to be directly proportional, to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused by the SSC. Within the RDI, the highest population levels, and therefore the highest service impacts., are projected to increase by up to 3% daring corstruction and up to 2% during operations. These impacts are expected to be negligible when the entire R0I is con- sidered because of the low magnitude of the impact. Individual omstommers would be spread over a fairly wide area, and should be-capable of being easily integrated into the ex.istiag telecommunications structure without the necessity of constructing new transmission lines. Thus there should be a negligible impact to the system as a whole outside of the addition of new individual service taps. The factor of primary concern in establishing an adequate and stable telecommunications network is the economic justification of expanding network service to include the new growth. If sufficient lead time is given to the utility to plan for, finance, and construct any necessary improvements to the service network, there would be only a negligible impact of the system, • • SSCAPI4C22388158 DEIS Volume IV Appendix i4 • Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Cumulative 159 H. Cumulatjve_jmoacts.Jn Rgaion of Influence The cumulative impacts on utilities resulting from:ge eral'population- growth and secondarily-induced commercial and industrial growth have previously been discussed in the individual state utilities assessments. " • In these cases, the magnitude of the impacts was assumed to be directly proportional to the magnitude of forecast population increases caused '. by the SSC. In this section, the scope has been narrowed to address only specific projects in the vicinity of the proposed site, or special considerations, that may impact the utilities' ability to provide adequate service-to the project or the population. 1. Arizona Two projects have been identified in the vicinity of the proposed Arizona site that would cause a cumulative impact on the utility systems con- sidered. The first is the Arizona Hazardous Waste Disposal Facility located approximately 5.7 mi. west'of Mobile on'the Marlcopa-Gila Bend Road. The second is a 30,000 bbl/d oil refinery proposed by the Maricopa Refinery Company to be located near Mobile. The refinery is expected to extract oil from a proposed crude oil pipeline, and further refine petroleum products to be shipped from there. Neither project appears to be far enough along in the design development stage to make definite statements concerning the required electric loads. to be supplied to the projects. However given the information currently available, it appears that the regional electric utilities can integrate both projects' needs into the existing networks without adversely affecting service. In the case of supplying natural gas and telecommunications service to these projects, no adverse impacts are expected to either of these sys- tems if sufficient lead time is given to the utilities to finance and • construct any additional system improvements. 2. Cptorado Public Service Company of Colorado is presently engineering a system upgrade at an existing power plant at Brush, approximately 20 mi from the proposed SSC site. The proposed expansion would consist of a 500 MW coal-fired generating station as a second unit. Pawnee Generating Station II was originally scheduled to go on-line in 1994, however construction has been delayed indefinitely. If this unit is constructed, the impact to the electric utility would be beneficial in that more power would be available -to the system. In the case of supply- ing natural gas and telecommunications service,. no adverse impacts are expected if sufficient lead time is given to the utilities. 55CAP14C22388159. DEIS Volume IV Appendix•14 ' `- i Infrastructure Assessments Utilities - Cumulative 160 Construct on of a new airport has .been proposed'-to +spgrede the capacity • of Stapleton International Airport, which is currently being exceeded. xc�dd. Construction is expected tote completed in 1995.-I mpacts'ta the various utility systems are expected to be apprextmytely the same -r those at present. • • 3. Illinois Several projects have been proposed for development in the viciolty of the officeoposed but dings,apartmis ent •bulldiegs, ccommmerojects rcfe1aandhfndustrial�build- ings, motels,,and public facilities. Cumulative at,11ty impacts caused by these projects are considered to be included in the general and secondary population growth impacts discussed in the foregoing sections, and are not addressed further. 4. flichtaaQ SevSeveral alpprojects Michigan been reposed for development to the vicinity of office buildings. site. These projects heelude shopping centers, ings, motels,and paublic ties 'emu rive �ial �it impacts these projects are considered to be- included 1n'the 'g caused d secondary population growth impacts discussed in the foregoing gn sec and are not addressed further, sections. 5. Berth Carolina One project has been identified 'lithe vicinity of the proposed Worth Carolina site that would cause a cumulative impact on the-utility systems consiburn,dwhich would be loca. This is the tednned north oflDurham.nt of hise5,2 0-acre development wouldwould include residential and recreational areas, and -office, commercial, research, and industrial parks. Construction began in 1987 and would continue for the next fifteen to twenty years, In the of upplying ctric,servicectoethissproject, noeadversenatural impactsgas, and are telecminunicatons sfinance andstems ce constrructent anyladditionalime Ssystem given to the utilities .ta. Y Di'ovements' 6. Tennessee A number of projects located in the vicinity of the proposed Tennessee site would cause .a cumulative impact on the electric utility system. the projects include the.Saturn aatomobsleassembty plant located south of Spring Hill, and the Cool Springs, Franklin Commons-north and Franklin CootrsnoonnsGlSouth planned unit Iand developments, the Williamson Square and en hopping centers, and theGellert* at 'the' Cool Springs .office attract9moreated thanin 20,000Franklin w0 kers to the areaa by hese ee turn of thecce to y. SSCAPI4C223i38160 DEIS Volume IV APpen e Qix 14 • Infrastructure Assessments. Utilities - Cumulative '_61 It is anticipated that the TVA would be able to meet the electric'needs of these projects with no adverse impacts to service if it adjusts its construction schedule for adding etectric•%generating capacity. In the • case of supplying natural gas and telecommunications service to,these• projects, no adverse impacts are expected to either of these systems if • sufficient lead time is given to the utilities to finance and construct any additional system improvements. • } Another project in the vicinity of the proposed North Carolina site should be noted: the expansion of the existing Bridgestone Tire Company facility located in LaVergne. Impacts to the various utility systems are expected to be approximately the same as those at present. • Several projects have been proposed for development In the vicinity of the proposed Texas site. These projects include shopping centers, office buildings, apartment buildings, commercial and industrial build- ings, motels, and public facilities. Cumulative' utility impacts caused by these projects are considered to be tnehuded In the' general' and secondary population growth impacts discussed in the foregoing sections and are not addressed further. • • • • 1 Y • t • R I. SSCAPI4C22308161 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14' Infrastructure Assessments References 162 14.2 REFERENCES AD0T 1986. Maricopa Area Special Counts., Arizona Department of Transportation. Dec 15-19, 1986. File Nos. 1-17, ADOT 1987-2. Traffic on the Arizona Highway System, 1986. Arizona Department of Transportation, Report No. 3140-87-2: Sept 24, 1987. Atencio 1988. Letter from Samuel R. Atencio, District Environmental Manager, State of Colorado Department of Highways, to-Bob Schenker, RTK. May 3, 1988. BRW 1988a. Estrella Freeway Connection Between I-1Q and j 8. BRW, Inc., Jan 11, 1988. p 13. • BRW 1988b. Estrella Frn Y ronnestion Between I 10 and I-8. Analysis of Alternatives. BRW, Inc. Feb 29, 1988. p 4-7 and.16. CDOH 1908. Enylronmental Oyeryiey for Proposed Access Roads. Suoercon- d.1LctiJ)g.S.uper Collider Project. Colorado Department of Highways. Feb 29, 1988. pp 1,2,6,7, and Appendix p. 14. Colorado Division of Local Government 1988. Table, of Fstthated 1987 • goustna Stott. Prepared for select counties in Colorado. Denver, CO: Division of Local Government. 1988. Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta 1987. Housing VaCanCV Suyvey,_Raleioh- • Durham.JiC MSA. Atlanta: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati 1987. Housing Vacancy Survey. Nashville. Tl_msA. Cincinnati: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987a. Housing Vacancy my v Ann Arbor. dI MSA. Indianapolis: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987b. Uousina Vacancy Suryev. Detroit. MIJISA. Indianapolis; Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987c. fpusingyacaney Survey. Jackso___ n. MI MSA. Indianapolis: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis 1987d. }lousing Vacancy Survey, Lansing. MI MSA. Indianapolis: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1987. Federal Home Loan Bank of Topeka 1986. fotsj,Do Vacancy Survey,' Denver Boulder. CO RSt1. Topeka: Federal Home Loan Bank. 1986. Reisinger 1907. Memo from Russell Reisinger, Planning Aide, to Richard Turner, Principal Planner, Maricopa County Department of Planning and Development. Subject: Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). Mar 27, 1987. SSCAP14C22388162 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments References 163 IDOT 1984-1. 1984 Traffic Map for DuPage County, Illinois. Illinois Department of Transportation in association with the V.S.'Department Transportation. 1985. IDOT 1984-2. 1984 Traffic Map for DuPage County, Illinois. Illinois Department of Transportation in association with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1985. !DOT 1985. 1985 Average Daily Total Traffic Map. Illinois Department of Transportation in association with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. 1001 1988. Letter from Keith M. Sherman, Chief, Transportation Planning Section, Illinois Department of Transportation, to Robert Schenker, RTK. May 26, 1988. • • Keller 1987. "Proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC)." Memo from Harry R. Keller, Assistant County Engineer, Maricopa County, .to Richard Turner, Principal Engineer, Maricopa County Department of Planning and Development. Mar 31, -1987. . MDOT 1936. 1986 Sufficiency Rating, Michigan State Trunkline Highways, District 8. Michigan Department of Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. pp. 4. 5, 8, 21, 22, 27, 36, 37, 42, 43. NCDOT 1987. North Carolina, 1986 Primary Highway System Traffic Map. State of North Carolina Department of Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation. May 1987. North Central Texas Council of Governments 1988. urrept Jiousin4 jtimates: 1988. Arlington, TX: North Central Texas Council of Governments. 1988. Sherman 1988. Letter from Keith M. Sherman, Chief, Transportation Planning Section, Illinois Department of Transportation,. to Robert W. Schenker, RTK. May 6, 1988. TDOH 1986-2. District Highway Traffic Map., District 2. Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. TOOK 1986-3. District Highway Traffic Map, District 18. Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. TDOH 1987. Additions' and Modifications to 1986 10-Year Project Develop- ment Plan, Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. April 13, 1987, Category 2A, p. 4. SSCAP14C22388163 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 Infrastructure Assessments References 164 TOOH I986. 10-Year Project,Development,Plan, Texas State .Department of Highways and Public Transportation. November. 1986, Category 3. P. 57. TOOT 1906a. Urgent Highway Needs, Primary Highway System Improvement Plan, Tennessee Department of Transportation. February, 1986. Revised March, 1986, p. 18. TOOT 1986b, Urgent Highway Needs, Tennessee Department of Transportation, February. 1986, Revised March, 1986, p. .2.TO T arsha , Maury, and Bedford rll Traffic aCounties, Tennessee. Tennessee'Depar M tment of Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. TRB 1985. HighwA Cdn city Manual : Transportation Research Board, Special Report #209. pp 2-11. 3-8. 7-7 and 8-5. 1985. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1987a. r" *' " " 00011 �n Arr firl elation of ColorfIQ Current pep a- tion reports, series P-26, no 85-CO-C. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1987. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982. ,1,280 Census,pf Housing: Vol 1. General HeusAngShAracterjstics. Part 7,, CQJora<Q. Washington. DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982. 1980 Census of Housing: Vol 1. General li2uxt,Da Char 211.Stic ._ Part 24. Michigan. Washington, DC:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982a. 1280 Census of Housing: Vo) 1. General L{2ljSifn -CPij c cis i c. Part35. North Carolina. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982. 2980 Census of t{pusino: Vol 1. General Reusing Characteristics. Part 44_,aenuies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982. 1980 Census of Housing: Vol 1. General Noy ing haracterjssics. Part 4.5a Texas. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982b. 1980 Census of Housing; Vol 1. General Housing Charactertsxics. Part_48,yirainia.. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. SSCAPI4C22388164 . , DEIS Volume IV•Appendix, 14 . . ssments Infrastructure Assessments 165 U.S. Bureau of the Census 1983. YLS—Buteau of ina Pthe Census. Construction Reports - HQS4�• tllnt.i—� 9n a -S. annual 1982. Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1983. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1985. Qa_Bureau of the Census. Construction nrtt Hou_sina Un1t5�S!3�horpd by Bulldine Permits anal Public c(ntraCt' Anne 1 i 4. Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1985. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1987. U.5. Bureau of the Census. Construction Reports - Houjine Units Authorized_by Building Permits and Public Cy raLts., A0 1 85. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1987. l nt,NewlAirport, Waxahachie-Midlothian. Texas.roFinalaReportsbye Proposed Charles W+ills & Associates, Inc., March 20, 1987. pp 5.3 and 6.1. Ili • SSCAP14C22388165 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 14 u.s. OOVERNMF2JT PBINtING orrice : 1988 0 - 218.829 (Bock 8) 4 it4 DOE/EIS - 01381? Volume IV Appendix 15-1i3'of 16 • DRAFT • ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT • • SUPERCONDUCTING • SUPER COLLIDER Volume IV Appendix 15-16 I August'1988 • U.S. Department of Energy UNITED STATES FIRST-0LI+pq.#4►1L DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY u.s.DE E WASHINGTON, D.C.20545 Us. PT.OFE V ER-65/GTN P'ERANT 4>7A OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE,$300 PINT CIAO MAIL DOE/EIS- 0138D Volume IV Appendix 15-16 0116 DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER Volume IV Appendix 15-16 fik\ %is w * x m August1988 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 218-029 0 - BB - 1 !BOOR 9) VOLUME IV APPENDIX 15 CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS APPENDIX 16 • SCENIC AND VISUAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS , APPENDIX 15 CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS Cultural and Paleontological Resources Contents 1 CONTENTS 15.1 CULTURAL RESOURCES 1 15.1.1 Purpose and Scope 1 15.1.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 3 15.1.2.1 Conceptual Basis 3 15.1.2.2 Referenced Data Used in Assessments 5 15.1.2.3 Assessment Methodologies S 15.1.3 Resource Assessments 8 15.1.3.1 Arizona 8 15.1.3.2 Colorado 16 15.1.3.3. Illinois 24 15.1.3.4 Michigan 33 15.1.3.5 North Carolina 43 15.1.3.6 Tennessee 53 15.1.3.7 Texas 59 15.2 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES 65 15.2.1 Purpose and Scope 65 15.2.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 65 15.2.2.1 Conceptual Basis 65 15.2.2.2 Referenced Data Used in Assessments 67 15.2.2.3 Assessment Methodologies 67 15.2.3 Resource Assessments 68 15.2.3.1 Arizona 68 15.2.3.2 Colorado 70 15.2.3.3 Illinois 73 15.2.3.4 Michigan 77 15.2.3.5 North Carolina 81 15.2.3.6 Tennessee 83 15.2.3.7 Texas 85 REFERENCES , 87 LIST OF NATIVE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITIES CONTACTED 99 SSCAP15E223882 DEIS Volume I"Appendix 15' a ;,;,Cndtun3- and Paleontological. Resources Contents ii TABLES,.'. EBge 15-1 Sites Within Direct Impact Areas of Proposed.. rllzoea SSC Site : 12 15-2 Sites Outside of Direct Impact Areas of' Proposed Arizona SSC Site 13 15-3 Previously Recorded Cultural. ,Resources, in, the . . Vicinity of Proposed Colorado SSC,SSLe.- 19 15-4 Locations of Recorded Archaeological Sites in Proposed Illinois SSC Site 28 15-5 Locations of Pre-World War II Standi.nq, Structures at Proposed Illinois SSC Site 31 15-6 Known Prehistoric Archaeological S3tes,W4thie Direct Impact Areas of Proposed Mlchigan.,Si"te.. 35 15-7 Other Prehistoric Archaeological Sites Nith% One Mile of Proposed Michigan SSC Site 37 15-8 Locations of Potentially Impacted Historic Archaeological Sites Within Michigan-SSC Site. , Facility Boundaries 39 15-9 Archaeological Sites Recorded in the Vicinity of Proposed North Carolina SSC Site 46 15-10 Historic Sites Located" in, the' Viitntty,of-,Proposed North Carolina SSC Site 50 15-1! Cultural Resources Recorded Within the Vicinity of Proposed Texas SSC Site 62 15-12 Recorded Fossil Localities in the Victefty of Proposed Illinois SSC Site 74 15-13 Vertebrate Fossils Previously Located-frog the -We Pleistocene of Ingham, Jackson, Livingston, end Washtenaw Counties 78 SSCAP1SE2028813 . DEIS Volume lifieend'kx 15c ,N , ,,,, 'J.Cultural and Paleontological Resources 1 CULTURAL ANINIPALEONUOLOGICAL RESOURCES, Appendix 15 discusses cultural resources and paleontological resources as separate sections. Cultural resourceassesSmentss;consider, potential effects to significant archaeological sites, .itistoric- standing,struc- tures, and Native. American sacred sites. Significant sites are those that would meet the eligibility crtterta;for listing on the National Register of Historic.Places'described in 36.CFR 6Or Paleontological resource assessments consider potential adverse effects on important fossils finds. These assessments consider- potential effects-due to SSC preconftruction, .construction, ;and ;operation and potential mitigation measures. The assessments of cultural resources at each of the proposed SSC:.sites are not complete at this time intensive field..inventories and resource evaluations have not been performed.•Similarly, additional field research of paleontological resources may be,necessary at some proposed sites. Because resource identification procedures are not; complete, specific mitigation measures cannot be provided at this time. After the SSC site is selected, assessment and aii.tigation procedures, will. be_cow. pleted. Consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) will be initiated and, if appropriate, a: Memorandum of Agreement (MCA) will be developed between the DOE and the SHPO. Consultation with other federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management. (Wi), will be conducted as necessary. Cumulative impacts• to,both, cultural and paleon- tological resources would result fran the- increased-incidence of surface disturbance due to encroaching development, greater accessibility to sites near new transportation corridors, and greater dispersed recrea- tional activity. It is assumed that these effects are proportional to the growth of local and regional communities due.•to•;both the SSC project . and other influences. Appendix 14, Socioeconomics and Infrastructure Assessments, defines the proportional contribution of the proposed SSC project regional population-growth. 15.1 CULTURAL RESOURCES 15.1.1 Purpose and Scope The cultural resource assessments identify significant sites at each of the proposed SSC sites. Cultural resources are nonrenewable and could possess important scientific, educational, and heritage values. Cul- tural resources potentially affected include. historical, architectural, and archaeological (prehistoric and.htstortc) sites which would meet the eligibility criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Important cultural resources,al so. include NativeAmerican sacred sites related to traditional religious.be),fiefs and practices. Pertinent federal legislation incudes:• • 1. The ilattonal, Historic; Preservation-Act4{NHPA), of 1966-,(P.L. 89-665, 80 Stat. 915, as amended.; 16.U.S,o.A; 470)_ SSCAPI5D218881 DEIS Volume IY;Appeedix:15 ';,'Cultural and Paleontological Resources 2 the 2. ExecutivCulturaleEnvironment, May 13, (36 C Rn89921n;t16fU.S C.A 470). 3. The Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act (AHPA);of 1974 (P.L. 93-291, 88 Stat. 174; 164U.S.C.A 469). 4. The American Indian Religious Freedom-Act:(AIRFA) of 1979; (P.L. 95-341, 92 Stat. 469; 42 U.S C.A. 1996). 5. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979. • (P.L. 96-95, 93 Stat. -721; 16'U.S.C.A. 470aa-11). ' NHPA established a national policy for historic preservation and reha- bilitation of "districts,sites, buildings,` structures, 'and objects of • significance." It established procedures through Section 106'and- 110 for consultation by federal agencies with>SHPO and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to identify significant cultural resources which would be eligible for listing on the National"Register of Historic Places (36 CFR 60) and to develop measures to-mitigate potential adverse impacts on significant cultural resources (36 CFR800), AIRFA provides the basis for compliance with constitutional rights to• - ' free exercise of religion by Native Americans. - In particular, the intent of this act is to `implement'procedures to identify sacred sites which have intrinsic religious stgni'ficance-to'I'ndian.::groups or communt-, ' ties, and to permit access to these sites for'reltgious purposes: ; -Proms visions of AIRFA pertaining,to'consultatton andnott'ftfcationuare' imple- mented through the ARPA regulations. ("43 CFR 7).' • To date, the information on/'culturah' resources-available at each of the proposed SSC sites varies; intensive /cultural resource surveys have not yet been done. After selection'of'the'SSC sites; 'the eDOE'wi1L consult with the SHPO and, if appropriate, will enter into an•MQAIwith>the, SHPO: to identify and, where necessary, mitigate adverse impacts on cultural resources. The scope of these cultural resource assessments includes:. o Identifying the nature and extent of- resources, within the project area. o Determining whether resources (or dtstricts)"arw significant,: using'criteria ''in '36'CFR" 60,63:', ,. ` o Evaluating the potential direct and''indirect Dimpactsion sig- nificant resources; o Developing and implementing mitigation plans based on an MOA to prescribe measures to mitigate adverse impacts to signifi- cant cultural -resources from.preconstruction,'construction,: and operations.' . SSCAP150218882 DEIS Volume IV:Appendiz•'15-: -Cultural and Paleontological Resources 3 The identification of cultural resources is based in part rupon-i,►for-` mation provided in the state proposals for the SSC. The data available for each state depends upon both the extent of field research and pre- vious studies in the general area. Intensive field surveys of poten- tially affected areas are not- complete'or May need to be supplemented with further evaluations. In addition, site-specific impacts,ta cultural resources cannot be fully assessed until project'constructton plans have been finalized. Thus, a cultural resource mitigation program based on an MOA would be developed after the SSC site is selected in order to comply with federal cultural resource management laws. 15.1.2 Technical Approach and; Methodology 15.1.2.1 Concektual Bas13 Cultural resource management procedures involve the identification of significant archaeological, historical, or architectural sites or struc- tures utilizing archival data, field inspections. and evaluations. Project activities which could potentially adversely impact cultural resources would be minimized until the necessary inventory and,evalua- tion procedures have been completed. Evaluation procedures to determine significance, potential impacts,• and alternative mitigation procedures would be performed. An MOA between the DOE and the SHPO will address: o Procedures to minimize potential adverse impacts of precon- struction activities, such as geotechnical testing, surveying, or vehicular activities, on cultural resources prior to the completion of cultural resource inventories. o Early completion of cultural resource surveys and evaluations at the selected SSC site in order to address potential sched- uling, budgetary or other constraints (e.g., local' weather conditions). o Cumulative impacts on cultural resources which result in the nonrandom loss of cultural resources, o Contingency procedures to handle potentially significant cul- tural resources (particularly archaeological sites) that are discovered during construction activities. o Consultation requirements 'between'the DOE. the SHPO, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. and with other federal agencies such as•the•BiM'and-the Native American . groups. SSCAPI 50218883 DEIS Volume IV Appendix IS ;;;,,,CuUltural and Paleontological Resources 4 A. leycl of gesolutloR -, I. 'Femora) Cultural resource:assessments eonsider,SSC,,proyecct actiMitios during preconstruction, construction,.:and.operatlons., . It.i;s- expected that an MOA could include the following,.resource activities° during these;•time , periods. o Background data accumulation. , o Regional resource characterization;;4etermi»ation;of ,resource: range and potential importance. o Consultation, as necessary, with Native Americans and other potentially concerned.,groups and individuals. o Intensive field inventories: archaeological, historical; ethno- graphic, and architectural, o Site evaluations and,documentation test. . . ing; preparation of National Register .documentation) in' con- sultation with the SHPO and the Advisory Council-on Historic* Preservation. o Identification, evaluation, and selection of mitigation options. o Mitigation monitoring and.reporting- a. ,. ; o Architectural/historical documentation (structural recording, photography, etc.). • o Data recovery and analysis.program,at,unavoidable .sites com- mensurate with regional practices ,and- agreement<amongirthe MOA parties. o Mitigation report toageneies asnecessary Archaeological/ historical monitoring where necessary. 2. Spatial Cultural resource assessments would identify cultural resource sites within the selected SSC site., ,,Methodologies•w4ll,be)designed to-lden tify, evaluate, and develop mitigation plans forhdirect.and indirect adverse impacts to significant. resources within„construction..and"ancil- lary activity areas, including appropriate buffer zones. Cultural resources will be inventoried in areas where surface distur- bance is anticipated. Evaluations will be made of the significance of vulnerable archaeological sites, buildings, and other elements of the SSCAPI5D218884 DEIS Volume IV Appendix4SCC 'Cultural and Paleontological Resources 5 built environment. and of potential impacts to their integrity of loca- tion. In addition, evaluations will be made of planned changes to topo- graphy or groundwater levels that could impact surface and subsurface cultural resources. D. Definition of Impacts Direct impacts would result from actual disturbance of the structure.setting, or spatial configuration of a cultural site during construction or operations. Disturbances of this kind could occur within facility construction zones and areas of ancillary activities, such as access roads, storage yards, parking areas, assembly areas, and project field offices. These kinds of activities often disturb surface and subsurface elements of historic archaeological sites. The removal of historically or architecturally important structures are more obvious direct impacts. Indirect impacts to cultural resources often result from the general intensiftcation of land use activities in the area surrounding a new development. Population growth and greater accessibility because of improved roads and other facilities may result in increased vandalism, and other forms of disturbance or destruction. Further, patterns of land use on nearby public and private nonproject lands may change, e.g., construction of roadways, housing, commercial properties, and recrea- tional facilities. The indirect impact area will thus vary with each proposed site, depending on Site location and existing land' use patterns. 15.1.2.2 ReferencetData Used 1n Asses;menu Data pertaining to known cultural resources were derived from informa tion provided by the proposing states. Conclusions about additional potential resources were developed based upon data'submitted,' data gath ered through independent literature review, ^and 'consultation with'the' various SRP0s. After site selection, relevant regional and jurisdictional cultural resource management plans will be reviewed to determine regional research questions and data classes required. Cultural resource sites that possess these data are likely to be'considered significant for their research potential, and thus subject to mitigation procedures. Further, the regional range and representativeness of extant historic structures provide a framework to develop resource'preservation and' pro- tection standards. 15.1.2.3 Assessmejit Methodpl_o tes The state proposals and supplemental data generally desdribe''the extent of current knowledge of cultural resources in the proposed project area. In addition, further materials and information provided by the states included reports. published articles, cultural"resource management plans, and regulatory information. Section 15.1.3 below summarizes the SSCAP15D218885 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 1'5' "CMltural and Paleontological Resources 6 findings .about known resources in each state- -;These:findings..very , widely depoedtng.upon such factorsies: 1)• prerkrus.,rosearcb, *tithe pro-, posed project vicirtitya 22 the extentof•,fiel4 studyy.coap+Usted ;w$thie the proposed SSC site area, which varies from intensive surveys•.of per—,. tions of the proposed project areas to nonsystematic ("windshield") field reconnaissance: 3) the extent to which resourceevn?uations have. been completed: and 4) the development and execution of predictive stu- dies on resource potential anddistributions • After selection of the. SSC site, tcultural:resources.,inventory. will be done. Field studios would- ber used. t locate archaeological: sites4mud collect data to determine theirs •ficance. -. Upon,Completioeof. inven- tory, data compilation, and analyses..the significancit of,resource would, be evaluated. The location and:dimens$ons of ea h.resource stte would, be identified so that mitigation of impacts from preconstruction and construction activities can be planned. Ethnographic research and tnterviewing will' continue in:order to idene tify Native American concernspert*ining to.cultaral apt religious val- ues. Archaeological and historical,properties o .. Importance to Native Americans would be identified pursumst.ta ARPA t42,'CFRHTk, aid National Register criteria (36 CFR 60. 63), • . To identify sacred-Native American sites and other„ethnopraphtc loca- tions consultation has• been .initiated with representatives who. have traditional or current ties to the areas affected by the project, and who could identify concerns about the, future management and treatment:of those resources at the selected SSC site. The organizations and commun- ities contacted are listed at the •end of this-document. • - After site selection. intensive field.studies of.prolect tepact areas that have not already been surveyed should be completed•early. in the preconstruction process. The objectives of field studies are twofold: to verify the existence and condition of previously recorded cultural resources, and to identify additional properties-within all, areas, affected by the project., Cultural properties are,evaltated against the National Register oligtbility which. usually. involves.collecting surface. materials and subsurface testing to.establish the •age. Content. and.the dimensions and integrity' of the deposit.., Evaluation of historic properttes,-includiag butid4rgsw, structures, and objects also requires application of National Register criteria. The evaluation process would require detailed, resource-specific investiga- tions regarding age, ownership, historic associat$ons,.'architectural design, and documentation of condition, stylistic/functional traits, and integrity of contributing e:lemests. - After significant culture,% resources have: been identified. tack: shoul4 undergo an evaluation of poteetfal� impacts; wrto pvtjectimplemaeta- tion; determinations can then' b.rmwdr of:appropriate mdtiyetioar seas-• ures. Avoiding significant historical and archaeological resources could be the most effective means of mitigating impacts to significant SSCAPZSD212686 DEIS Volume IV sell. 1S• /:' Cultural and Paleontological Resources 7 sites. In locations where avoidance is not feasibl'e,rbecause of,.tech-nical , operational, regulatory, or cost considerations, alternative mitigation measures will be adopted. Such measures could include: (1) recovery, analysis, and curation of data from significant sites (including the written presentation,of• research results): (2) documenta + tion of historic structures prior to their removal or demolition; and (3) monitoring of construction. Prior to construct"on, mitigation measures would be developed based' on scientifically sound research programs.• SSCAPI50218387 DEIS Volume IV Appendix•15 ;'Guttural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 8 15.1.3 tcairce Its,sas> a to .. _ A. R e tval Ra ton nd Inner Aer t 1. Cultural History Summary People have ttveth to the southern desert. of Arizona for at toast the past 12,000 years. Archaeologists dlvtde tkts ttmeAnta five cultural periods: Paleo-Indian (9000-5000 B.C.), Archaic (5000 B.C.- A.D. 500), Hohokam (A.D. 500 - 1450), Protohistoric (A.D. 1450 - 1700), and Historic (A.D. 1700 - present) periods. The Paleo-Indian period represents Late Pleistocene-early Holocene occu- pations when prehistoric populations hunted now-extinct large game. Paleo-Indian period sites are rare, so it is difficult to evaluate the lifestyle or locations of sites near the proposed SSC locality. Most Palen-Indian finds in Arizona have been located on higher desert grass- lands of the southeast (Shackley and Rice 1985). However, a Folsom- point has been recorded located near Gila Bend (Effland et al. 1982). The Archaic period is marked by the introduction of seed grinding imple- ments and basketry. Archaic peoples hunted wild game and gathered native plant resources while moving seasonally from one location to ano- ther. Because of their low population density and their nomadic life, Archaic sites tend to be rare and small in size. The Maricopa Mountains include springs, sheltered valleys, and the type of ecological diversity used by Archaic peoples (Bostwick 1986). Populations appear to have increased toward the end of the Archaic, which, combined with a decrease in precipitation, may have been the impetus for a transition to a farm- ing economy, and a settlement shift to more sedentary habitation sites located on major drainages (Wilcox 1979). The Hohokam tradition became dominant following the Archaic and lasted until 1450 A.D. when it seems to have abruptly ceased. The Hohokam were farmers who lived in sedentary villages and frequently relied on canal irrigation (Haury 1976). Very large Hohokam villages are found in the Vekol Valley to the southeast of the proposed SSC site and the Gila River Valley to the north and west. A major Hohokam site, which may • have been an important trading center, is located at Painted Rock Reser- voir west of Gila Bend. Research in environmental regions similar to the proposed project area (Bostwick 1982), has identified Hohokam sites. In the western Arizona region; Hohokam settlements were established as far as Gila Bend and the Salt-Gila Basin, where agriculture was irri- gated by an extensive network of canals. The Classic phase of the Hohokam period was from 1100 A.D. to 1400 A.D., (Shackley and Rice 1985). The territory around Gila Bend may have been abandoned around this time as the Hohokam retracted into a smaller ter- ritory. Patayan migrations from the lower Colorado River area into the SSCAP15D224888 DEIS Volume IV AppoodfxC'15%- ' 9 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 9 westernmost portion of the area abandoned by the. Hohokam may have. occurred in the latter part of the Classic period (Shackley and Rice 1985). It is likely that'the.Hohokam'used.trails'that :crossed#hr pro posed SSC region,during their-travels tetween'major populatton'cen 'ers' and probably hunted and gathered resources 'inthe area- Between 1375 and 1450 A.D., there appears to have been a return to 1es&Complex , architecture, settlement, and subsistence patterns,r-indicated at sites : excavated in the Phoenix basin '(Doye1 1988)- and throughout• the region. The Pima, Papago, and Maricopa Indians were living' ia the southerm<des•'., erts at the time of first European arrival. These groups were smaller than the Hohokam population. The Maricopa Mountains. a large part of which are located within the proposed SSG ring, are within the 'least investigated zones adjacent to the Gila River. Sites in' this zone could yield tnformatton on regional settlement and subsistence' patterns and the range .of economic practices (Rice and Shackley 1985): During the survey of the 2304Y- Liberty to ' Gila Bend transmission system, Brook et al. (1977) found a high number of prehistoric loci near a major pass in the North Maricopa Mountains, suggesting that travel corridors were an important factor in prehistoric land use. The Zig Zag pass area may exhibit similar evidence of.prehis toric trail use. Jesuit missionaries reached .southern Arizona tn. 1.687 led by Friar kiao;. The Spanish introduced domesticated livestock and new crops such'as wheat, which thrived in the,Arizone winter climate, allowing the Pima to farm in the winter and acquire ,a surplus ,of grain. 8y 1744, the Gtla , Pima were growing winter wheat 'irrigated .by an extensive system,of canals and ditches (DoyeT 1988). ' Between 1848 ;-r1 1854 it is estimated that 60,000 American gold seekers passed through the Pima villages. and territory on their _way to Califor- nia. They camped at a site near Maricopa Wells where they traded with the Pima for provisions (Hacicenberg 1983). People of European descent in the Historic period utilized the region for cattle grazing and small-scale homesteading. Transportation routes, wagon trails, and a railroad system were established. The deAnza Trail, a major Spanish route to California, crosses the proposed site; it is eligible for National Historic Trail designation (NPS1985)'. The most famous historic trail was the Butterfield Stage tine, which crossed the • proposed SSC site through the,,Maricopa Mountains. The Butterfield Stage Line was used by the Butterfield Stage Coach Company between 1846 and 1661 as part of a contract with the federal 'Government to provide:mail service from Texas to California., • • SSCAPYSD224884 OE IS Volume IV'ApperiaiX;i5? c,- :. 'Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 10 2. Discussion o, Information pertaining to known sites iin the proposed project area ;is • based upon: 1) previous surveys within the area and' in, adjacent•regions (BLM 1985, 1987; Bostwick 1982); 2) archival research; and '3')• recent field surveys conducted by the Office. of Cultural Resource Management, Department of Anthropology, Arizona 'State University, (Shackley and. Rice 1985; Bostwick 1986). For information and comparative purposes. archival research included identifying previously recorded sites on land within the proposed SSC site and recording the sites on U.S.G.S. ,7.5-minute maps. • The archival research performed by Arizona State University also included a records search at the Phoenix District Office of the BLM and an exami- nation of General Land Office records. The DIM archaeological staff conducted an overview of this area during the development of Environ- mental Impact Statements (BLM 1985; 1987). Previous surveys have been conducted in the nearby Vekol Valley (Bostwick 1982). to the east of the SSC site. Major environmental overviews pertaining to the project area involve the Lower Gila South Resource Management Plan (RMP) The RMP analyzed the effects of alternative land use plans involving such components as graz ing, wilderness areas', acquisition, etc. The study included portions of Maricopa, Pinal, Pima, Yuma, and La Paz counties. Portions of these documents compare 12 Wilderness Study Areas (WSA), including three that partially coincide with the proposed SSC' site;North Maricopa Mountains WSA, Butterfield Stage Memorial WSA, and. South Maricopa Mountains WSA. As reported in the project documents about 1.26% of the RMP area had been intensively surveyed for cultural resources; 390 cultural resource sites had been recorded on BLM lands. Over 20,000 sites would be esti- mated to occur over the entire study area. Further, the one percent sample survey of 607,532 acres of the WSAs resulted in designating • 218,560 acres as having high probability of yielding cultural resources. Reports describing traditional cultural/religious sites as identified by Native American interviews are also cited (Cultural Systems Research Inc, 1978; Westec 1982; Woods 1982). Also noteworthy is Appendix 17 of the RMP which lists prehistoric and historic archaeological site types in the Lower Gila South study area. • Within the North Maricopa Mountain WSA, a potentially significant archaeological site was described. Recorded in 1982, this large sub- surface site, with possible pithouses, probably contains over 10,000 groundstone, chipped stone, and ceramic artifacts. Few sites of this , size or nature have been found in the area. This site, which is outside the SSC study area, is probably eligible for the National Register. A recent study pertinent to the project area is the Environmental Impact • Assessment Report prepared for the 230-kV Santa Rosa to Gila Bend Trans- mission Line Project (BLM n.d.). The proposed route crosses the Maricopa Mountains. Although actual field survey was not undertaken, assessments SSCAP15D2248810 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 . .Cuttuhal and Paleontological Resources Arizona 11 were made of the potential impacts to cultural resources along portions of the .route. Throughout,the. Maricopa Monntains, -tti ' potential impact- on archaeological and historic,sites. was :consldered:moderate;: o impacts to Native American sacred sites were identified, although a gathering place is nearby. Preliminary interviews,with elders and•religiouc.`specialtsts among the Native American groups residing near the project area suggest that the Maricopa Mountains and surrounding regions are-viawed-aa wilderness (Bahr n.d. ; Butler and Fletcher..n.d.). There are native beliefs per- taining to the importance of wilderness portions of the landscape; the proposed project area may fall into, this general •category. As yet, however, no specific locations of religious significance have been identified. A further study .isbeing conducted by ASU to determine if there are Native .American religious sites in the study area. 3. Archacoloalcal Staes For preparation of the Arizona SSC siting proposal, several phases of field research were undertaken.by Arizona State University to determine the actual cultural resources 'that could be affected by SSC activities (Schackley and Rice 1985; Bostwick 1986). Prior .to•several stages of seismic testing, archaeological crews surveyed the testing areas to inventory and mark the. boundaries of cultural resources. Those portions of the ring. to..be constructedby-tut-and-cover operations were intensively surveyed for archaeologtcal 'sites. These areas include the section for mile '2.0 to mile 16.3 (from approximately service area F8 to intermediate area E1) and-from mile 35.0 to'mile 41.6 (from approX- imately service area F4 to intermediate access -E6). Table 15-1 lists recorded sites that are located in direct impact areas of the proposed. project area. A total of 17 prehistoric and historic sites could be_. impacted by SSC construction. Seven of these are prehistoric'sites affiliated with the Hohokam period, and probably date between A.D. 700 and 1450. The remaining 10 sites are historic or modern sites resulting from Euro-American occupation of Arizona. In addition, 13 sites have been recorded by previous surveys within or near the circumference of the collider ring and are listed on Table 15-2. These will not be directly impacted by SSC activities (State of Arizona 1987). The significance of these sites has not yet been fully determined. The seven prehistoric sites within direct impact areas include a lithic quarry, two base camps with multiple categories of artifacts, two sherd scatters, one site of rock piles and an associated scatter of sherds, and one site consisting of two rock piles. One of the two camps includes a roasting pit; excavations at these two sites could locate additional features and structures. These seven sites appear to have been used by Hohokam populations during intermittent visits to the areas to procure SSCAP150224$B11 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15• Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 12 lithic materials and gather locaily .avaitabl'e food resources.' 'It`1s likely that the prehistoric .sites recorded 'in'the proposed' SSC project area reflect a plant gathering emphasis by 'the Hohokam. 4 Table IS-1 SITES WITHIN DIRECT IMPACT AREAS OF PROPOSED ARIZONA'SSC SITE Project Site Number location Description.'' - - ASU PS-1 i9'-•LIU - Historic trash ASU"FS-2 ;F9 +-L10 . Mietorielhcseatesd and'trash ASU F5-3 F8.-,49 Prehistort0,ertffasteatter probable campsite AZ:Z:3:4(8LN) Injector Historic building., AZ:Z+3:1(A5U) neer E2 Plelnwere sherd.scatter' ASU IM-2 Injector Two rock features ASU LN-3 Injector , .Historic structure end trash with.. • ASU LM-5 - - prehistoric sherd* Injector 'Prehistoric sherd and lithic scatter' ASU L$-7 .Campus Historic •tractors ASU LM-0 Campus Vrehistoric third scatter A50 LM-9 - -- Campus/F10 Prehistoric quarry with lithta. ASU LM-10 Future, • Historic trash scatter ASU MZ I Injector Historic trash...possible ASV PM-1 Campus Historic heewtesd. foundation end trash ASU PM-5 Future Pleineare scatter with pos ible expansion- store pi lea , Butterfield Abort external Only locatipna'0f patient' within-SSC Stage line ' been c43-J4): ring are,Ulentified: . far*meter De Anza Trail 34; F9-L9; - Only location-of portions 4'x46,.near KO within SSC,ring are identified Source: Bostwick 1980. . • • SSCAPISD2248812 DEIS Volume Il Appendfx' IS r,+ :, :,nc cl.•Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 13 Tabie 15-2 s SITES OUTSIDE OF, DIRECT ,IMPACT•,AREAS OF.PROPOSEYr•ARIZONA,SSC SITE r • • Site Number , Description • ,rr •• ASU FS-5 , Desert WelI: Stati-on of the Butterfield Stage;Line . ASU FS-6 HappyrCemp,station 0f:•the;Butterfield: • Stage Line AZ:Z:3:3(BLM) Prehistoric campsite HW2 .Prehistoric campsite HW3 Prehistoric lithlc,scatter AZ:T:15:1(BLM Rock:pile • • AZ:T:15:1(ARS) Railroad station AZ:T:15:2(ARS) Railroad camp AZ:T:15:3(ARS) Rai.lroad•Camp AZ:T;15:3(BLM) Historic-trash concentration . • AZ:T:15:4(BLM , Historic trash Concentration AZ:T:15:5(BLM) Historic homestead ..• AZ:T:15:2(BLM) Historic can scatter Source: Boetwiek.1986. , _ 4. Historic Sites , Historic sites within the proposed project area include the route of the ' ' • Butterfield Stage Coach Line, construction camps associated ,with• the' Southern Pacific, Railroad line in- 1880. --and:a seriesyof• homesteads• and related sites dating to the 1930s (Shackley and Rice 1985). The Butter- field Stage Line crosses the proposed project area near burled'beam zone access areas (J3-J4) and,through the-far cluster. A:one-room stone and concrete structure is still standing, i,n the proposed campus area 'and'was - deeded to Clyde Collins in 1932., , At four other locations wlthln. the• - project area, only the foundations.and,remains,of, collapsed.buildings were found. There are also.three-scatters of historic •artifacts (dating prior to World War II) that appear to be,assoctatedr.with!the•occupations of the nearby homesteads (State-ofArizona-1987)•. - Another historic thoroughfare that crosses- the proposed SSC 'sito 1s the Juan Bautista de Anza.Historic 'Trail;,(National ,Park Service,,1985):' This trail was a thematic component of.the,1975-76 BIcentennial,activittes- ' involving a ro-enactment. of:the ,de•Anza1775-76,expeditlon,; The de AnzaH Trail extends between Nogales, Mexico, and the San Francisco-Bay.•Areatr• After overland routes had been proven feasible by earlier expeditions, the Spanish wanted to establish an outpost and harbor at the recently SSCAP15D2248813, DEIS Vol ume: Lr Appendi:x:.15 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 14 discovered San Francisco Bay. The expedit4on left Horcasitas (175 miles south of Nogales) on September 28, 1775 with 30 families. .After several delays and stopovers, 191 tcaOnlst 4ive Vv&ittMin*tne ores on-June-27, 1776. National Historic Trails are "nationally significant historic routes of travel" as prescribed by the National Trails System Act (P.l. 90-543) of 1968. This congressional designation identifiesand.protects thehis- toric route and "its remnants and artifacts for public use and enjoyment (National Park Service 1985). -On September 17, 1987, the National Park Service recommended to Congress that the de Anza Trail be established as a National Historic Trail. The draft bill has been prepared for Con- gressional review. Portions of this east-west trail cross the proposed SSC site near buried beam zone access J4, along the' collider ring between service area F9 and intermediate access E), and between service areas E5 and E6 near inter- action point K6. In addition to sites, isolated feature** and artifacts were noted during. field survey ranging from single historic'tin cans to a small' scatter; of . , prehistoric sherds that probably represent the breakage of a single ' vessel (Bostwick 1986). B. Mitigation Planning No cultural resource properties in the proposed Arizona SSC site have yet been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. No Native American sacred sites have yet been identified. If the Arizona SSC site is selected, additional surveys and evaluations would be completed, and, if appropriate, mitigation measures would be developed in accordance with an MOA between the. DOE and the SHOO. Consultations with O1M will be conducted if cultural resources occur on public land managed by the BIM. These general procedures are described above in Section 15.1.2.3. The seven known prehistoric sites within the proposed SSC project area may have the potential of yielding scientific information about the past, and are therefore potentially significant• cultural resources using National Register -criteria. The significance of the prehistoric re- sources, can be realized through appropriate data recovery programs. Such programs would include emphasis on the recovery of botanical and faunal data from roasting pits, rock pile features, and buried cultural features in an attempt to document the procurement activities performed at these locations. It is possible that a considerable part of the sig- nificant artifact assemblage at these sites is surficial, and field pro- grams would emphasize the detailed •mapping.:and•recovery-of surface artifacts. Excavation strategies tan be used to determine the potential, distributions of buried features and to recover ecological information from such features. SSCAP150224881i, DEIS Volume IV -Appendix 15 . Cultural" and Paleontological Resources Arizona 15 The construction of the SSC project in Arizona could impact.'a:total of'- • ten known historic sites. These include portions of the de Anza Trail and the Butterfield Stage Coach tine, the remains of fi:.ve•structures, and three scatters of litter. The de Anza Trail is associated with the migration and settlement of early Spanish-American•-populattonsl .The." '. - stage line is associated with an important event related to Anglo- American settlement of the Southwest..' The five historic structures (of which only one• remains"standing) and the three scatters of artifacts are,slightly more-than/ 50 years' old. : They reflect attempts made during the' 1.930s. to establish• homesteads 'on the flat plains encircling the Mari-eopaMountains..- -The history- of - homesteading is an important processin the Euro-American settlement of the arid Southwest, and ,these .structures might..have the' potenti'al of rr providing a local, rather: recent perspective-om this'pro.,ess. The significance of the historic sites has: not been fully established. Additional archival and oral history research, maybe necessary to''docu ment the origins of such occupations and to develop research questions that could be approached utilizing.retrievable data..- Field•studies • can be used"to determine whether:these. historic sires'contain'archaeolo gical components. 11 Additional studies need to be conducted of theutenrecorded-historic sites. The route of. the de,Anza Trail".and: the. Butterfield'.Stage Coach- ' ' Line should be.documented,_mapped,,.andophotographedvat.direct, impact locations. Additional research;.may be. needed.touprovide,a. basis. for evaluating the potential significance .of the five.:buildingsltes'and three artifact scatters dating to the twentieth century. This research,.--. could preclude the need for additional studies if it is sufficient to realize the historical .significance.-of the. resources', ,and/or'itresults in an evaluation that sites .of;this kind:are notosignificant. ' "' - Additional surveys and site evaluations.:wlll bec.needed for all remaining• SSC facilities, such as- access• roads, construction,staging -areas; spoil deposition areas, and other ancillary facilities. ...additional sites are likely to be found ,by such surveys; althoughuitLis:un11ke1y-that'the' ' density or nature of,.these would•differ'slgnificantnyifrom those'already" recorded. Ail sites recorded thus .far'andSShose';to-be-:identified during:additional- field surveys will undergo '.evaluations -for appl.ication.'of-National ' Register eligibility criteria. To assure the protection:of. si.gnificanthistorical and"archaeological • resources, a mitigation.program, as-prescribed:by a»•MOA, will' be'ample • mented that provides. for.Identification-, evaluation,"and- treatment of properties that. could be, affected-by the .SSC projects --To -identify hfs= torical and archaeological--,resources,-within•areas:to=begaffected by'the ' project, an archival and field program would'betimpl"emented as described - in Section 15.12,1. SSCAP15D2248815 OEIS Volume-IV' Appendik`15 • no,:c,`, bnr: CCwlte al and Paleontological Resources Colorado 16 15.1.3.2 Colorado .: ? ,+:' , •.r".;: A. Resource-ftelvation and Imeact' Asse.sment 1. CSlltural History Summary The prehistory of Colorado (Greiser 1980) ia:',generally divided^into tear poral periods based largely on changes in projectile point forms corre- lated with radiocarbon and stratigraphie,dating- methods'(9500.S.C.. 6000 B.C.). Evidence of the earliest•Paleo-lndian..occupation 1.s.repre- sented by the presence of Clovis projectile points which- are often found associated with mammoth kill and .processing-sites'datingmto%the tate • Pleistocene (Elghmly 1984). Clovis-points .are.trequently located 'in sand dune fields in the eastern Colorado region. Two,stratified sites con taining Clovis points are located close to the SSC project area. These sites contain components from later Paleo-Indian phases,, Folsom and -Late Paleo-lndian, and from the Middle Plains Archaic. The Folsom-Midland phase, from 8500.B.C. to-7000 B.C., is-considered' a transitional period between. the tate Pleistocene to Holocene climatic change. Prehistoric sites dating to this time period are marked by the presence of Folsom and Midland projectile points and a more varied tool assemblage than that of the Clovis period. Midland-sites also- include evidence of circular structures.- The Agate Basle/Melt Gap-'occupation (8500 B.C. - 7400 B.C..) overlaps the .Fomsom-Midland and also exhibits evidence of structures but contains a wider-variety'oy chipped,stone tools and milling stones. Sites are associated with pond or stream environments. • The Late Paleo-Indian period occurs during the'cllmatic changes that marked the end of the Pleistocene. Sites•are more 'numerous and exhibit a number of projectile point styles representing local variations within • the same cultural complex; Many sites contain.mill1ng stones for pro- cessing plant foods, numerous bone,tool•s.are found;, •and'•the-spear'thrower makes its first appearance. .Settlement patterns'•lnctude•'base;camp sites . in rock shelters and open ,locations,,.kil] sites -in deep arroyos or 'traps in sand dunes, and associated 'sma]:l .short-term sites. An•easternCol'orado groups often moved to sheltered mountain sites in the winter. The Early Plains Archaic (5700 B.C. -.2700Th-C.)' 1s-less well known than other time periods in. the region.,. This.may.refl•ect •a •hiatus,of occupa- - tion caused by deteriorating carrying capacity for-,big game. . Site'loca tions are restricted to mountains, foothills, and ecotonal situations of the plains. During the Middle Plains Archatc'12700 .B.C. - 900'13,C.) A greater number of sites and site types•are.reported imdtcating'a signif icant population increase. ..The first ,wtdenceaof stone ,corraltraps'for bison and the use of acorns as a food source,is:documented. ,—food stor- age pits and caches indicate increased seasonal .sedeatism •with resource procurement scheduling.,a determintng•.factor•t settlementtattevws:' Late Plains Archaic (900 B.C. - 500 A.D.) complexes exhibit ashift -' - " toward increased regional variability. Artifact assemblages remain SSCAP15D2248&16.: DEIS Volume'TY,Appeedix :16 Ma. "' ' °1i Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 17 essentially the tame as those of-the`previousperiod, `bat'.bison iuettog strategies become is more'.eommuna%'effort'Itigbmr.1984; State of':tAlarade • 1987), The Archaic stage is'represented in`the South-Platte'drainage system as described by.Morris et -4. 11975). Late Prehistoric (Gralser '1980) 'or *Formative (nohow 11984) Covers the period from ca. 500 A.D. - '1750':A:D. 'and is sub-divided`according to the' spatial and 'temporal •dtfferences -of 'styles in ;pottery. ''Formative otcupa- tions have been test described•by'Wood '('1'967). It is dharactertzed'by the introduction of the bow and arrow and ceramics, and by the large scale migrations of (groups Iron the north ,('Atharptskan4),, thelil,ssi&s'lept Valley, and the enters prairies. The Early Ceramic Period/Woodland (Ca. '900'- 1000 'AM.) is represented by the introduction of pottery similar to those types found to the east. The introduction .ot maize .cultivation may also!be indicated.' Concentra- tions of sites are located adjacent'to major streams and on high ;ridges. The Middle Ceramic /Period '(ID00 '1'500 AM.') is tharatterized l)y..seden- tary committees ifiltber:Aig into the'region tringlyp .subterranean'•em'th lodges, cultivation IoM 'mamze, beans. end squash as;well 25'.dtstioctiw pottery. The tate Ceramic Qeriod".(1500': •1725 AS'.) -witnessed the expansion of Shoshonean end Apache groups Onto the area. A mixed hunt- ing and gathering economy continued as the primary subsistence pattern. Plains Indian culture continued until the early 1800s when the area was opened to Lure-American trappers 'and -settlers after the Lewis and,•lark expedition. The local a lrnohMstoriesTly known Indian creeps include the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, 7Ciowa,`Apetbe, and Comanche. 'The `Norse had 'been introduced by this time; the economy was based on .bison Feinting—supple- mented by famine. The Plain Apache ,were ,probably the earliest Jaster1C inhabitants of the proposed•'SSC pra'ect area,'atthough many ether grays may have passed through or briefly 'occupied the area during ;the .exxteasiwe tribal migrations that took piece throtelhotet the pvrind Ry heinidd3e of the 170as, the ;Cheyenne %ad pushed south and :established Themselves on the North and 'South *tette rivers: By' 1'820 the Comandhe .Occupied most of the Colorado area east of the Rocky Mountains, but they were supplanted by the Arapahoe and Cheyenne by 1830. (Cassell.c. L983,) Spanish nett oration of southern Colorado was mecumpl i'shea by the mild 1600s. ::n 2720 the 'Vdalastar apedlt1on was sent north Tram Santa Fe, through the project area, and to the South Platte River to recoaaoAter French presence In the northern plains. The expedltloo was eventually wiped out by the Pawnees 4s western Nebraska'. The -Spanish gained rights to the territory from France in I763 but ceded it back to the French in 1803. It was later sold to the United States as part of.the Louisiana Purchase. Americas •exp1'orateen 'by 'Pike in 1'806, the'Long -Party in .1820. and others began soon after. The 'fur trade tloorls'hed in .tbe.,ear ly 1800s, and the 'South Pl'atte River became a"major:cor'r'ldor`to the'west eventually 4eael.oping into part of the-Overland Trail, Torts rwene established at various points 'for protection: 'The 'Overland 'Trail SSCAPI'SU2248817 DEIS Volume 'TV 'Appendix 15 .Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 18 • diverged from the Oregon Trail. the major, route to .Fort. Laramie,estab, 1i shed by Fremont and,others,, and' was heavily, used,by,tmmigrantsAnd:: gold seekers heading west. Portions of thertrail .and.,the Fort-Morgan cut-off are close to the SSC project area (Mehls, 1984)., The region was given impetus to develop..a cattle industry.between 1840 and 1870 because of the huge surplus of cattle. in Texas at that, time. Herds were driven along the Texas Trail, north to Kit Carson,• across the SSC project area to Brush, and then north eventually .to Montana. The Fort Morgan Canal, completed in 1884;,by, homesteaders who worked on the canal in exchange for water rights, was instrumental inthe settle- ment of Fort Morgan. Other irrigation companies and districts built a large network of ditches and reservoirs. Homesteading began in 1862 with passage of the Homestead Act. Eastern Colorado remained the domain of the cattle ranchers until around 1370 when agricultural colonies based on communal irrigation development were established (Mehls 1984). This was followed, closely,by an increase in homesteading in more marginal areas, where dryland.•farming techniques were utilized. This technique of farming the, drier plains, continued through the 1930s and is still used today :in eastern.Colorado. 2. Discussion Thirty-eight cultural resource properties are currently..recorded within the project vicinity, referred to as the region of influence (ROI) (State of Colorado 1987). These sites are listed on Table 15-3. One of the properties, the Fort Morgan Post Office, is listed, on the National Register (Colorado Historical Society 1987); the remainder have not been evaluated for National Register eligibility_ The• 38' known , properties include 22 prehistoric archaeological sites, three historic archaeological sites, nine sites with historic standing structures, three historic cemeteries, and an archaeological site. with both prehis- toric and historic components. Within the proposed SSC site, Joyner (1988) has identified several irri- gation canals and ditches constructed in the late 1800s and early 1900s that are potential National Register sites. These sites, which are lo- cated close to the proposed SSC footprint, fit the-RP3 Plains Context of Early High Plains Irrigation and Farming to 1900 and the Engineering Water Irrigation Context. Other similar sites may occur within the SSC project area. It is anticipated that future project-related archaeological and his- torical surveys may locate additional archaeological sites within the project area. Prehistoric sites within the proposed •project area are- particularly likely along drainages such as Badger, Beaver, and Bijou creeks. Additional archaeological sites containing,,burials..may be located. SSCAP1502248818 DEIS Volume IV:Appendix-.15 rCuiteral and Paleontological Resources Colorado 19 xebk..,,t5-3 PREVIOUSLY',RECORDED-,CIRTIRTAL .RESOURCES fall 3NVVICRICIT ,• •OP PROPO580PCOLORADO.ISSC SIZE ': • Sits Number •.Sfle 1 p •IwAM, AM-19 Open Dap ':IHIISetorts . NI-65 Open Damp Prehistoric AM-125 ¢wl c Me1UteMo ' " AN-194 8fw's'..4+tlmesd.-StAt4dnp 4petvd - .. VelnsduMer'••Alnw tYtes - AH-729 .8yem►IPtwbytertiea CleNdi '®L1>c. ' AH-230 5lieeu6eoYber jgt)1* • AH-231 Rysrs�CailYlY... - l�0ei AN-257 'Opt fAlhlq,'MICSMe +WeideleNe/ Patemdnt}A.lUAr1s Nie'Mrle , NI-259 NI-1 Open lithia AM-4 Open damp; burial Prehtetor10 AM-5 Open camp - Prebfaterle LMod . dJl".. AM-6 Open llthtc Prehtetorio AM-7 i0finen,l4thb .TNMstem$. - AM-6 - •Alen. lltleln . . . _ _ PreNMor4c ;, AM-9 .. QVw:BNtina �.MaA4eten4o :. AM-10 AM-11 •Nan;BNLMa -: lasAlatorao AM-119 Noonan Ranch AM-147 Ft. Morgan out-off Historic trail NI-153 •nerlae,5a4i uw•., - UnsMMo AM-156 ,Opw/1911MM0 . ,.�.. ••;Pr11N�IpMp - l AM-157 -...tso'IstadOltlJos:; �, r -,fP.WMs►erfe . . NN-B - Olen eap ., :•♦relelMer4 , ,. . '. , YN-10 ,omen mmgp „prlhfrnerk , WA-49 1►Aieroteapol. SW n.• "nMtYOn+H¢ . .. . . M-96 'QlmenQeq Fa"Iee�Cn/Mn•• . - M-278 Aebrtle saamar t (.., M-286 Cemetery 1860s M-327 Open camp Prehistoric M-338 men oaap Pdlee mitA4an, AroN4e; M1st': . M-335 QDen.llrilMa '141ee�Sa#4n...: M-378 Oasr oaep: bur117 -..' . ,' p yliMoMo (Meedlend) - .. MR-468 11ef2 Awtsry . . to . M-469 - Pk..Mn9s.. r.e-OFlbe.-.. -aeCf1► - M-470 ari.lt,Oem[r.! t,eMea1 .ri0lb�.-J M-474 Source: State of Colorado 1987. SSCAPISD224S8,19 DEIS Volume*AV.appendix-'g- :Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 20 The majority of Arapahoe and Cheyenne-who occupied the project area at the time of Euro-American contact were relocated to Oklahoma after the Sand Creek Massacre. which took'place.:east`of.'the proposed`SSC-site in 1868. The Colorado Native American Heritage, Council has been notified about the proposed SSC project and has been requested to provide infor- mation concerning known sacred sites. Recommendations have also been requested should Native American burials be discovered during construction activities. 3. Known Natjonal Register Sites/Sacred Sites While no currently recognized National Register sites are located within the boundaries of proposed SSC facilities, two cultural resource proper. ties, the Fort Morgan Post Office and the Rainbow Arch Bridge, located in Fort Morgan north of the project area are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places; other sites will require National Register evaluations prior to project implementation. In addition, there are several buildings of state importance in Fort Morgan, the 1866 Fort Cemetery and an historic trash dump associated with the original site of the fort (State of Colorado 1988). No Native American sacred sites have yet been identified. • 4. Archaeoloaicfl Sites In northeastern Colorado known archaeological sites date from 9250 B.C. to recent prehistoric times. Most archaeological sites correspond to drainages and their associated ridge systems (Xvamme, 1979; Morris et al . 1975). According to Greiser ,(1980) several primary"environmental fac- tors influenced prehistoric .settlement locations 'including water, fuel, shelter, and areal overviews. Paleo-Indian sites are rare but are found in sand dunes and blow-outs, and on first and second terraces along major drainages. Precise correlations between Paleo-Indian sites and soil horizons are lacking (Wedel 1961). Although most,information pertaining to Archaic sites derives from surface data, it has been suggested (kvamme 1979) that flat terraces and high terraces associated with drainage confluences and divides were preferred settlement locations. Formative stage sites are often found on second terraces removed from the drainages; these may, however, be buried and identifiable by inspection of bank erosion. (Eighmy 1984). Morris et al . (1975) conducted an archaeological survey of over 36,000 acres for the U.S. Bureau of.Reclamation's Narrows Dam project on the South Platte River in Morgan and Weld Counties. This area is 15 to 20 miles north of the proposed SSC project area. Over S00 sites dating from Paleo-Indian to late prehistoric cultural periods were recorded: the majority were Archaic sites. Recent •Indian groups represented by these occupations include Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Shoshone. SSCAP15D2248820 OEIS Volume-IV Appendix 15 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 21 An archaeological survey of .the proposed new ai•rport,site-.in,western ' .; Adams County (Burney 1987) recorded-twos lithic,,scatters and 27';isolated finds. This study includes a descri'ptionrof,a local .resident's;artifact collection 'which consists of Paleo-Indian to recent prehistoric materials from western Adams County. The most likely sites to be located in ,the proposed SSC, project area are open lithic scatters with earlier sites ,associated more frequontly with drainage systems. Sites are most likely to.date from Late Archaic to : late Prehistoric times (Joyner ,198a). ; • Joyner (1987) surveyed portions of a proposed SSC access roadway within areas of Adams and Arapahoe Counties which are environmentally similar to the SSC study area. One prehistoric site and/ten isolated finds.were recorded. Activities such as farming, ranching, nonprofessional col- lecting of artifacts, energy development, and transportation have sub- stantially impacted many cultural resources (Joyner 1988). The previously recorded prehistoric sites within the, proposed project area include open lithic sites and open,campsites,dating from the Paleo- Indian through the historic period; .two prehistoric sites include human. . burials (Table 15-3). Only one previously recorded.prehistoric. archaeo logical site, WN-10, is recorded within the proposed the col,lider ring.' This is a campsite containing,hearths, ground stone' tools. projectile points, and pottery, however, its exact location is not recorded. An archaeological survey of proposed access roads to-the proposed SSC site (Joyner 1988) involved inspection of approximately 20% of two linear alignments, a 63-mi-long ,by 1,000-ft-wide east-west corridor in Adams County, and a 18.5-mi-long by 60-ft-wide north.south corridor 1n Morgan County. Seven prehistoric sites and ten isolated prehistoric finds were identified in potentially affected areas., Six of the sites are open lithic scatters; the'other is an open lithic/ceramic scatter. Two of the sites (AM504 and MR478) could be significant.and would require further evaluation; the other sites are considered ineligible- . for inclusion on the National Register. MR478 dates between approx- imately A.D. 1550 and 1750. The other sites could not .be temporally, placed. 5. Historic Sttq The three recorded historic archaeological sites within the proposed project area include structural foundations, scatters ,of historical debris, and a historic trail (Table ,15-4),,, A complete historic building survey has not been conducted: however,' local residents and amateur archaeologists report.the,existence' of sev- eral historic sites in the project area (State of,Colorado ,1988). Although these sites are reported of.local significance.they. have not been evaluated using'National Register criteria. Within the pro- posed SSC ring, six potentially significant historic sites were identi- fied including two cemeteries, three schools, and an area referred to SSCAP1502248821 OEIS Volume^IVa,Append.ix:'15 -''Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 22 as God's'Half Acre: The frost Ranch' Cemeter '•is tocated9_mt'1es'east of Adona; the original ranch'was-a'histoi'ic'mail'toutettop.' The Swan ' Cemetery dates to 1888. 'The three'schools'are'tamed'Gaey'Scbool, ,SW Gary School, 'and SE Gary Scheel: 9. , Within the limits of the proposed project facility, are three known his-• toric sites. Located near't 4'Is the Steyaert'Ranch which is said to , include 12-15 Indian sites.' The'graves of John '9flager and five others, are located on' the Hough farms which is part Of the proposed,eexxppaannssion. area. The Pleasant Ridge School is located on th'e'proposed collider ring between F-1 and E-2. Outside the proposed ring, in addition' to.Hoyt Cemetery, the dena.Union Church Cemetery is located west of the proposed facility. : Fort Hall . (Hall Ranch) is located west of `Hoyt. ' The. Glendale School is located. near the northern boundary of the campus facility.. . " An historical survey was undertaken (Pearce and Whitacre 1988) of the SSC access roads involving a one-half mile wide corridor on either side of the centerline of the proposed access road alignments: The majority of historic sites in the region were farm complexes and irrigation ditches or canals. Ten sites were recorded including six irrigation ditches and canals, two schools, one grange hall, and one barn_ In consultation with the Colorado Office,of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, six of these sites were Considered eligible' to the National Register: Speer Canal, Neres Canal, Denver Hudson Canal. Sunnydale School, Fort Morgan Canal, and the Work family Barn. Carly historic settlement patterns in-the region are best evidenced by farming and homesteading and the' corresponding development Of irrigation systems involving reservoirs, canals.'and .ditches: The. increasing„popu- lation created the demands for schools, stores,'and meeting,places. Historic resources can be expected relating:. to the developmentof farm- ing settlements, communities; 'and transportation and communication with other areas. Although no Indian sacred sites have been documented to date, interviews may be necessary with traditional Native American representatives with ties to the area to identify such localities. In addition, some of the historic buildings in the area may be historically or architecturally significant. The majority of Arapahoe and Cheyenne who occupied the project area at the time of Euro-American contact were relocated to Oklahoma after Sand Creek Massacre, which took place east of the proposed SSC site le 1868. The Colorado Native American Heritage Council has been notified about the proposed SSC project and has been requested to provide information concerning known sacred sites. Recommendations'have also been requested should Native American burials be discovered during construction activities. SSCAP15O22a8822' '• DEIS'.Volume IV Appendix I5 rh :,..Cultural and Paleontological Resources Colorado 23 B. Mitjaation_e anninQ If the Colorado SSC site is selected;'additional_ 'surveys and evaluations would be completed and, if appropriate, mitigation measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA between the DOE'and the' SHPO'; -These general procedures are discussed in Section 15.1.2.3. No systematic cultural resource inventory procedures have been completed in the proposed project area. Further archaeological and historical surveys may locate.additional. historic sites within-the project'area. Prehistoric sites are particularly likely along'drainages' such as Badger, Beaver, and Bijou creeks. Archaeological sites .containing burials`may ' be located. The known 'sites within the proposed project area have not been evaluated with regard to National Register'criteria'or'specific potential project impacts. The historic sites identified by local resi- dents have not been thoroughly documentedLand,evaTuated; 'the'precl'se' locations of these sites and theirindicated components are`unclear'with respect to proposed project facilities. The information that is available provides indications of resource types and potential, but few details for 'planning'purposes. ' little is cur- rently known about the specific range of cultural resources' in'the pro- • posed Colorado SSC project area. Prehlstoric'5ites representing various portions of the cultural history can be' expected. ' Historic°sites, iden tified and evaluated for portions o•" therproposed SSC'-access roads; are indicative of the nature of historic:agriculture-related' resource's and vernacular architecture. To assure the protection of significant. historical and'arch'aeologica1 resources, a mitigation program, as prescribed -by 'an'MOA ' will be 'imple- mented that provides for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of properties that would be affected'by the•SSC project 'To'identify historical and archaeological' resources•within areas to be"affec;ted by the project, an, archival ‘and tieldiprogram' would be ;tmpl'emented in r' Section 15.1.2..1.. ' • SSCAP15D2248823 r DEIS Volume IV'Appendi'x'15 Ay „o.,;-,^ rr.Cultural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 24 15.1.3.3 Illinois A. Resource Evaluation and impact-Assessment. 1. Cultural History Summary The culture history of northern Illinois begins with the Paleo-Indian Period that dates prior to,8000,-8,.C, ,(McGimsey)etcaF. 1986). The few sites recorded for this-period:consist-ofismall .iithic scatters, -that • contain lanceolate projectile;points, chipped!stone tools,cand,biface- tools which may represent,short-term settlements-, Most .of these sites occur in upland locations adjacent to,bogs although sites have also been- recordedtnear streams and-ion floodplain terraces (Harrison et al . 1977). The Archaic period -which fellows is generally divided into Early Archaic (8000 B.C. —6000 B.C.). Middle Archaic (6000 B.C. .-:3000 B.C.:) and Late Archaic (3000 B.C. - 500 B.C.). Adaptations ,and changes during'-the- Archaic period are poorly understood for northern Illinois, as few sites have been excavated andinformation is .ldmited. Early Archaic sites appear near bogs, depressions,•-headwaters•, •tributary streams and aajor uplands, and adjacent to.main drainages•{springer~et-al•:, 1978)•, Middle Archaic sites demonstrate a greater tendency .toward occepati'ons•of - larger valleys (Conrad 1981). Each period isidentified by diagnostic projectile points. Site size -remains• relatively small- with Middle Archaic sites containing a-greater density of debris than the earlier - . sites. - The Late Archaic exhibits amore intensive use -of small !upland sites with larger sites present in the major river .valleys• (Fortier 1983). Evidence of horticulture is apparent suggesting am increased demand for predictable food resources; .the:population. may have. increased by this period. Interregional exchange isestablished toward the latter part of the Late Archaic along with two distinctive-mortuary traditions known as the Red Ochre and Glacial Kame (Ritzenthaler and Quimby 1962)._' The Early Woodland (500 B.C. - 100 B.C.) is poorly known although the available data indicate a shift in site locations toward the larger river systems and away from the upland areas to floodplains and valley margins. Sites are slightly larger and contain a greater density of artifacts (Springer 1985). Ceramics, burial mounds, horticulture, and interregional exchanges are present. An emphasis may be seen in a shifting to reliance on aquatic and floodplain resources. The Middle Woodland (100 B.C. - A.D. 400) exhibits an elaboration of mortuary practices, changes in social organization, larger and poten- tially long-term occupation sites, and more reliance on horticulture. Site locations show a pattern of settlement near the major river sys- tems. Site size and density in the typical northern Illinois are much less than in other parts of the Midwest, and the typical Havana-ware ceramics and lamellar blades are absent. Mortuary complexes are lacking SSCAP1502248824 DEIS Volume-.'I?-Append4x' 13 r'Cwlteral and Paleontological Resources Illinois 25 away from.the Illinois Riven,(6priegar,1942: .1 &):;.- .Ins particulw,r,thr Ki shwaukee. and. Rock..River- basins. iei the,norelwest corner of then SSC- study area, show. these,differences,- Vt..has•bees seggestednthet,tbi's Brea was used seasonally, by, groups, uti.l•iz,ing,,they larger°.drainage+ systems. Mound groups are present along the Foxy Des Plaines.,, andrDuPage^ Rovers. (Earl 1972), but a lack of well documented sites' makes comparisons of adaptations. difficult.. During the Late. Woodland/Mississippian period. (A.Dt 400.- 1L04)r, a^ , number of changes, occur in, subsistence• practices,.,settlement. patterns,. and demographics.. Permanent village- settlements, reflect the-increasing cultivation. of maize . Mississippian, periods sites, are d4stinguished,byr development of regional„ ceremonial„ and political• centers that were, supported by smaller settlements. Specific adaptattioos• are,designateet as Effigy Mound, Middle Mississippian, and 0neota,. but. theie temporal: and spatial limits are not well documented. Effigy Mound sites have been recorded on floodplain terraces and. bluffs along,thtFoxandiRock- Rivers (Boris 1984). Mississippian traits, including shell-tempered ceramics, diagnostic projectile points, and intensive maize, cultivation. appear around 1150 B.C. Village sites occur along major drainages; and, • the uplands were used primarily as hunting,.territories..during: this. period. One Middle Mississippian site of the Langford Tradition has. been investigated within the study area. (Wiant-and kassen 2984),. The' Oneota tradition is coeval, with the Effigy.Mound appearing around-A.D. 750, and continues until' historical. times. Lt.represents an bntenstft- cation of local resource exploitation and maize agriculture. • The historical period begins in the. 1670s with exploration of the Mississippi" and Ltlinofs Rivers by, Marquette and:Joliet and the vtstt to the Chicago area by MichaTas. Perrot. The Pottawatomie, Sauk., and.Fox tribes were tnhabi:tfng villages along the Fax R•Svier. .and seasonal camp sites in the hills and on the -prairies. to the west,. By the 1700s,. the Kickapoo, Mi"ami, and Mascoutan tribes were being pushed into Illinois by members of the Iroquois Confederacy and by the expansion of Euroamerican settlers. The northern portion of l:ll4nois. was only sparsely settled by Euroamert- can populations before, 1230, except. iai, the, larger riker valleys... Fol low,- ing the opening. of the Erie. Canal lit 1825,, and steam nawlgati:on. on• the- lakes by 1830:,, immigration. into. Lll. noi•.s increased., The settlement pattern was. influenced by, new transportation routes. After 1850',. the, -- frontier pattern changed and most immigrants seettled in-then urban: centers (Ingalls 1987). In Kane County. the first. settlers•establ-i.shed themselves near then Fox: River constructing, mills, to take, advantage of the free water- power and the nearby timbered- areas (Dooley 19624. By 11139 40,. 'levee wills: were located on the-Fox River and seven.were on, smaller streaen: withrin, the- SSC study area. Mine villages, existed in. the. study, area:during the same period. Farming was concentrated in the uplands, area w,ith.more- thanctwo- hundred plowed fields recorded in. 1839-40. farmingtwas. extendedi into: • SSCAP15D2248825. DEIS Volume2V'Appendtx. 15 216-H?9 0 - N9 - 2 (BOOK 9) • " ' rClttural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 26 the prairie with the invention'of McCormack's Virginia Reaper and'John Deere's Moldboard Plow. By 187O'immigrants and migrants coming'into Kane County were from many ethnic backgrounds The settlement patterns of these groups are reflected in the architecture'of'the-various commun- ities that they established (LeBaron 1878). The population greatly increased after the Civil War with people looking for jobs in the mills and factories being built along the Fox River. The westward expansion of the railroad from 1850 to 1875 meant that " farmers and manufacturers could reach distant markets more easily. Dairy farming became prominent in the 1860s'. Early in the 1900s, drainage districts were organized; excavating ditches and installing drain tiles in the remaining prairie made-it suitable for cultivation. Dairy farming eventually declined in the 1930s to 1940s and was replaced by wheat and corn crops. 2. Known National Realatey Stats/Sacret.$Jtes No currently recognized National Register sites are ,located within the boundaries of facilities of the proposed SSC project area. Further evaluations of some previously recorded sites and field surveys could result in the identification of significant sites. A number of National Register Historic Districts and properties are located in nearby commun- ities. The towns of Aurora, Batavia, Elgin, Geneva, Montgomery, St. Charles, Sugar Grove, and Wasco all have properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places and State Historic Landmarks. The town of Kaneville, which is located close to the far cluster H, has one property listed as a State Historic Landmark and may have other struc- tures potentially eligible to the National Register. No Native American sacred sites have been documented. although in response to DOE inquir- ies, the Citizen Band Potawatomi Indians of Oklahoma cited known his- toric villages and the potential for location of burial sites near the Fox River. 3. Archaeoleoical Sites Prior to the SSC siting studies performed by the Illinois State Museum (McGimsey et al . 1986), only 88 prehistoric sites were recorded in the immediate 16-Township area. These sites were documented by local, residents or by professional archaeologists conducting small-scale sys- tematic cultural resource surveys. A systematic survey was conducted prior to construction of Fermilab (Early 1970); the remainder of the Fermilab property has since been surveyed (Jeske 1986). The Illinois State Museum studies for the SSC project have included field- work, archival research, and consultation. These studies have involved identification of resources in what is referred to as the P-ring, the Corridor-5, and "Candy Stripe" features. The P-ring is the primary pro- posed corridor ring alignment; the Corridor 5 is a 65 degree rotation of the P-ring using a point on the east side of Fermilab as a tangent; the "Candy Stripe" features denote the hypothetical path of an access point generated by ring rotation. SSCAP15D2248326 DEIS VolumeIVAppendix 15 • Garlt & and Paleontological Resources Illinois 27 Artifacts collected by local amateur arcchaeoltgists were inspected and an effort was made to contact all rural inhabitants within the Corridor-5 area to attain their Knowl.Qga.abouZ Sncati'at bAeeJoggeali4ett'es:' More than 245 persons were interviewed! and TOS .arahaauxlogical "sites were identified during this process. In addition, artifact collections cur- ated by the Geneva Historical Museum, Batavia Depot Museum, and White School Museum in Oswego were examined. Table 15-4 summarizes the most recent available ffndTngs of the ongoing survey and evaluations of the proposed Itlinois SSC site (Want 1988., personal communication). The potentially affected areas of 'intermedfate access, service~, interaction point, and beam absorber port locations • were examined,, where possible. Parcels were not inspected if landowner permission was denied or if the ground surface was obscured by vegetation. • • • SSCAP15D2248827 DEIS Volume.. DL Appendix.IS, wk +: vn(rA t)0'6. toltural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 28 Tabie15-4 :_ , LOCATIONS OF RECORDED. ARCNACOLOGICAL' SITESE;NLPROPOSEO -_ • . ILLINOIS S5C SITE, -Project Location Corridor-5 Candy Stripe • P-Ring -Comment Campus/Injector 0 24 =Fermilab - Intermod. Access: -: Cl 0 • ,O • .• -.No accass ,. , E2 4• 1 i ,,,a 'Surveyed.' ' E3 . 0,. 0 Surveyed, E4 0 0 Surveyed - . E5 0 0 Surveyed E6 0 0 Surveyed E7 0 0 No access E8 0 0 woods E9 0 0 : Grass/woods E10 0 0 ' Surveyed Service Area: Fl 0 0 Surveyed F2 0 0 No access F3 2 0 Surveyed F4 2 0 Surveyed 15 0 0 Pasture F6 0 0 Surveyed F7 0 0 Surveyed F8 0 0 Surveyed F9 0 0 Surveyed FIO 0 0 Surveyed Near Cluster (G) 4 2 100 acres 2% surveyed Far Cluster (H) 5 25 250 acres 70% surveyed Buried Beam Zone Access: J1 0 0 No access J2 0 0 50% surveyed J3 0 0 Surveyed J4 0 0 No access J5 0 0 Not surveyed J6 0 0 Fermilab Interaction Points: K1 0 0 Fermilab K2 0 0 Fermilab K3 0 0 Not surveyed K4 0 0 Surveyed K5 0 0 Not surveyed ' K6 0 0 Not surveyed Other Acquisition Areas 3 Subtotal 7 16 55 Total - 78 3'SCAA15D224882$ DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 29 Seventy-eight prehistoric archaeological 'sites:have beenridentifled in the project area to date.(Wiant 1988,.personalhcommunication); fifty.five of these are located withinn -the proposed_ SSC.project area"(P-ring). Twenty-five of these are located on. Fermilab property.„ Thirteen of these sites have been tested to determine if.they are eligible for 'nomi- nation to the National Register; final determinationsare pending. One site was identified in intermediate access area E2 'Twnnty-five sites have been identified within the far cluster, two within the near cluster and three within acquisition lands near the Fermileb complex. Sixteen sites could also- be-affected if changes are made to the location of the collider ring. This: could involve three sites located near • intermediate access area C2, two each near service areas F3 adn F4, five sites in the far cluster, and four sites in the near cluster, Seven additional prehistoric archaeological sites have been identified within the extended project. area referred to as the Corridor-5. In addition, 11 historic archaeological sites have been identified and verified to date within the project area. . Four of these are located with the far cluster (P-ring) and four within the near cluster ("candy stripe" area); two others are located within the Corridor-5 boundaries. To evaluate the potential resources within the proposed SSC project area, a preliminary model projecting possible locations of archaeologi- cal sites was developed (Mccimsey et al. 1986). The model is based on the relationship between known archaeological sites and certain environ- mental variables. Four variables were used to characterize the location of known sites: occurrence of soil,,types, distance to water, surficial geology, and pre-Euro-American settlement vegetation. The model is based on three assumptions: . 1) regularities in site locations. reflect the way human populations used the landscape; 2) the modern range of environmental diversity is similar across the study area; and 3) the ' selected environmental variables adequately account for the location of sites. The results are presented in three categories: 1) the "high site probability" category represents those areas expected to have a higher density of sites than the surrounding area; 2) "sites expected ' but probability unknown" identifies those areas for which a probability estimate cannot be generated but in which sites are known to occur; and 3) the "insufficient data" category includes those areas for which not enough information was available to make a projection. Portions of the SSC study area fall into each of these categories with the highest probabilities along the Fox River. 4. )lijtorlc sites Ten historic cemeteries have been identified in the Corridor-5 area. One of these is located on Fermilab property, one is within the easement corridor of the P-ring alignment, and eight are elsewhere within the Corridor-5 area. SSCAP1502248829 OEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 ` Cultures and Paleontological Resources Illinois 30. Several agency-sponsored architectural !surveys 'have been`eompieted portions of the 16-Township area. l+be-•t1ltoois:Department of Coneerva- tion (IDOC) spoesored:.the 11i1nois'Htstorsc •Sttes;Surverfocueiae om urban settings. during which sections of.•the:proposed SSC project`area were surveyed '(IDOL 1972a, 1972b). The 100O also conducted the P1 mets Historic Landmarks Survey to produce it record of.all ft$storicai#y sigM- ficant state landmarks ()DOC 1974a. 1974*). The Kane County'OeveTopmest'•' ` Department initiated systematicrural structure surveys in rural and urban areas of Kane County '(Zeflie 1977; Xorlimp 1977; -fins 1979; "' Hervert and Allen 1930; Surra 1981). In 1985 a reconnaissance program was begun to document all standing structures in ice:unincorperated sec- ' tions of Kane County and in small sections'of -Outage, Kendall, and Mill Counties that were included within. the. SSC-related .X&-Township area (Ingalls 1987). All unincorporated rural sections of.ths .16-Tewnshtp area have been sys tematically surveyed during the rural structures•'survey.' 'Of the 587 ' • standing structures documented within the Corridor-5 area (Table 15-5), 323 lie within the corridor but outside the '9•rtng. -•Ninety three struc- tures are included M4htin, the Candy. Stripe areas, b2dare' situaded in the P-ring areas outside tire facilities locations and 30'structures' are located in the beam absorber easement areas.. . Seventy-four structures are found in the near and far clusters. Only five structures are located within areas designated for imtermediate access, service' areas, buried beam zone access ports, or tutee-actton .pot'nts' (State of Illinois 1988). • To estimate the density of historic arcJ aeoiog1ca1 sites• in non-urban regions of the study area, a probabtllty.sgdel was developed'Oic;iesey et al . 1986). Various combinations of four.variables: sturficial geology, soil types, hydrology, and pre-fiuro-American settlement vegeta- tion were grouped to define envtrormxntal settings. Site density values for unmapped areas were assigned on the basis of the scores for mapped areas with similar environmental ssvtlegs.. *Density valves were expressed as low, medium, or ttigk. Tbee proposed"SSC site is principally an area of medium proteMlity; however. the soil-associations and Quaternary deposits along the Fox River carry the highest density proba- bilities throughout the valley. 5. Discussion Three Native American. villages are documented within the 16-Township area in historical records of Kane. Kendall, Wilt, and DuPage' counties. Based on maps and written descriptions of site location, all of these sites are in developed sections of Aurora, Dundee, and Oswego. None are located within the affected P-ring area (State of Illinois 1988). Six mound groups are recorded in the project vicinity; three have been - destroyed aad three will not be affected by the proposed project (State of Illinois 1988). There are several references to the discovery of Native American burials within the 16-Township area, including a newspaper story, an unpublished manuscript, and a 1911 memorandum found SSCAP1502248830 7 DEIS Volume 1it'Appeedix' 15 ' Cultural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 31 Table 15-5 r , LOCATIONS OF PRE-WORLD WAR-II STANDING STRUCTURES,IN PROPOSED ILLINOIS SSC SITE ' ` Project Location torrid-or:5 Candy Stripe -Ring Comment Intermed. Access: E1 0 0 Surveyed E2 . . 2 0 Surveyed E3 2 0 Surveyed E4 9 0 • Surveyed E5 0 0 Surveyed E6 0 0 Surveyed E7 13 1 Surveyed E8 6 0 Surveyed E9 1 0 Surveyed E10 0 0 Surveyed Service Area: 11 0 0 Surveyed F2 2 0 Surveyed F3 4 0 ;Surveyed F4 14 1 Surveyed F5 0 . 0. Surveyed F6 6 0 Surveyed F7 8 : I Surveyed 18 5 0 Surveyed F9 0 1 Surveyed • F10 0 0 . Surveyed Near Cluster (C) 0 37. Surveyed Far Cluster (H) 37 Surveyed Buried Beam Zone Easement (I): 30 Surveyed . J1 2 0 Surveyed J2 8 0. Surveyed J3 3 0 •Surveyed • J4 6 1 Surveyed, , J5 2 0 Surveyed J6 0 O. Surveyed Interaction Points: K1 . 0. , 0 Surveyed, K2 ,0 ,v0' , Surveyed K3 , 0 , •0 . .Surveyed K4 0 0 Surveyed' KS 0 0 Surveyed K6 0 0 Surveyed P-Ring Easement 62 Subtotal 323 93 171 Total - 587 SSCAP1502248831 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-IS:, Cultural' and Paleontological Resources Illinois 32 at the Aurora Historical Society Museum. ft is not apparent if these were burials of prehistoric or historic Native Americans. .None .of these is located in the affected P-ring areas (wlant'1988, personal ' communication). The Illinois State Museum is in the process of contacting official tribal representatives for each tribal *group 'historical'ly-reported for the area. The unsurveyed areas of the ring alignment and locations at which sur- face facilities would be constructed are physiographically comparable to those already inventoried (McGimsey et al .' 1986). This fact, paired with the results from models used to predict the probable location of cultural resources, indicates that the distribution, density, and charac- ter of historical and archaeological sites in uninventoried areas will be similar to the inventoried areas. B. Muigation Planning If the Illinois SSC site is selected, additional surveys and evaluations would be completed and, if appropriate, mitigation measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA between the DOE and the SHPO. These general procedures are described above in Section 15.1.2.3. Many of the proposed project construction areas have undergone intensive cultural resource survey as indicated by the tables in the previous sec- tion. Historical building inventories are complete. The archaeological surveys are indicative of resources that remain to be located during future surveys_ Additional surveys are currently being completed by the Ilinois State Museum, as are evaluation studies of those sites already recorded. These evaluations of eligibility of archaeological and hts- torical sites to the National Register and of potential project impacts are necessary prior to further cultural resource planning. To assure the protection of significant historical and archaeological resources, a mitigation program will be implemented as prescribed by the MOA, that provides for the identification of properties in areas that have not yet been thoroughly surveyed, evaluations of all potentially affected sites. and treatment of properties that would be affected by the project. To identify historical and archaeological resources within areas to be affected by the project, a field program would be imple- mented as described in Section 15.1.2.1. To assure protection.of Native American sites which may exist, interviews' with the Citizen Band Potawatomi Indians of Oklahow will need to be completed. SSCAPI5D2248832 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 .'Cu)tural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 33 • 15.1.3.4 Michiaan . ,, A. Resource fmlileition and Impact_AssessmenE' 1. Cultural-}{);Sory Summary The earliest occupants of,central Midges were-.Paleo—Xndians,~big-game hunters whose cultures date to approximately 1O.000'8-C. to 8,'000 B.C. Late Paleo-Indian boreal forest .hunters expanded' across central Michigan as the glacial fronts retreated Northward. Paleo-Indian sites are characterized by fluted lanceolate projectile points and a small range of chipped stone •tools. Later sites exhibit smaller unfluted points, such as the Holcombe and Hi-Lo types. This period is poorly documented. but;sites were generally located in upland areas, along lake shores or in riverine environments. In central and southeastern Michigan, there is potential for Paleo-Indian sites exhibit- ing considerable time depth, although most of the current information is based on isolated finds (Mueller 1980). The Archaic period is marked by a transition fromthe nomadic Paleo-Indian cultures to a more seasonal settlement pattern. Sites from the Early Archaic are rare with most finds from surface collections. Projectile points are of several types including: Scottsbluff, Eden, Kirk, LeCroy, Decatur, Thebes. and Dovetail (Fitting et al. n.d.). The Middle Archaic period is identified by side-notched projectile points also from surface collections. Information on site locations is generally lacking but, according to available data. it is presumed to continue in upland areas near sqamps and small tributaries. Archaeological sites dating to the Late Archaic (ca. 3000 S.C. - 1000 B.C.) are more common. A wider range of resources was exploited as indicated by a variety of new projectile point types and-groundstone technologies. Groundstone grooved axes and chisel-shaped Celts, and slate banner and birdstones are characteristic. There is tentative evi- dence for a settlement pattern that includes a base can and small see- cialized activity sites. The first large sites along major rivers are recorded during the Late Archaic (Levis et al . 1980). The Woodland period (1000 .B.C. - A.D. 1500) begins with the introduction of pottery and possibly some cultigens- . The Early Woodland (1000 B.C. - 200 B.C.) is characterized by the continuation and gradual development of the subsistence-settlement patterns of the Late Archaic. The Middle } Woodland (200 S.C. - 'A_D. 500) .is apparently influenced by the Hopewell culture with characteristic ceramic style elements and burial. practices, although this is not well documented for the project area. Large summer fishing camps and small winter hunting camps may have teen the indigenous pattern for Michigan at this time (Fitting 1975). Agriculture becomes an ,important factor in the -sobsistenece-settlement ' pattern of the Late -Woodland.(A.D. 500 2500), .witb the introduction of maize around .44. . 1000. . Population increase .isievidenoed .by•the larger SSCAP15D2248833 0EIS Volume I•V Appeitdi ( lrr Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 34 size and greater number of sites and a shift toward more permanent'' villages. Side and corner-notched projectile points are slowly sup- planted by triangular points. Ceramics from-the Late WOodlandrepresent • the Wayne tradition, which is also associated with a distinctive mortuary complex (Fitting 1975). The historic period in Michigan begins with direct contact between Indians and Europeans in the 1600s when French and' British traders _' ' entered the territories and .established military forts. One of these was Fort Lernoult which later became the city of Detroit, The south- central Michigan area was occupied at that time by the Maseoutin/ Kickapoo who wore subsequently driven out of the area and into Illinois by the Iroquois Confederacy. They were replaced. in the early 1700s by the Chippewa, Potawatomi, and Ottawa. The Potawatomi had established a large territory by 1820 and had expanded into a considerable range of environments, although preference for summer villages was lake shore or riverine locations. The first area of Michigan settled by immigrants during the frontier period early in the 1800s was the southeast. Euro-American settlers pushed north from the newly created state of Ohio. After 1830, there were periods of intense immigration spurred by the promise of iron and copper mining. The result was a series of boom towns associated with a specific resource along with more permanent towns. ' Small farms were also established, although much of the land in the proposed project areas was unsuitable for farming. The population continually expanded through 1880, declined until around 1910 and then increased again when there was a shift towards rural settlement and farmstead development between 1910 and 1940. These fluctuations in population are reflected in the historical remains and architectural styles in and around the project area. 2. National Resister,sites/Sacred Sites No previously recorded National Register sites and Only three State Register sites occur in the project area, all of which are'remote from the proposed SSC facilities. No sacred sites have been identified. Three residences identified during a recent local building survey are considered eligible for the National Register. One of these, the Springman Centennial Farm, is located in the proposed injector area. Intensive field surveys for locating prehistoric and historic archaeo- logical sites have not been undertaken. Intensive building surveys have been completed throughout the project- area. 3. prehistoric Archaeologica•j_,Sites To determine how many previously recorded prehistoric archaeological sites are located in the general project vicinity, archaeological-data were compiled through a records search of the Archaeological Site' Files at the Michigan Bureau of History, the Museum of Anthropology at the SSCAP1502248834 DEIS Volume IV'Appenaix-15 'Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 35 University of .Michigan. and the Department of Anthropology at lilchigan State University. One hundred twenty-five prehistoric archaeological sites have been previously recorded viithin the general project vicinity (State of Michigan 1987). A total of 44 sites are located within one mile of the,proposed SSC site. of which seven are located within the proposed facilities boundaries (Table 15-6). four of the seven sites are tate Woodland, including one excavated burial_ Another site is a surface scatter generically recorded as Woodland and may represent a Late Woodland site as well. The two remaining sites are both '"undetermined'prehistorie sites, One is known on the basis of a private collection; the other is classified as a "find spot. All of these sites are associated'with either the Grand or Portage Rivers in the southern_half of the area. Table 15-6 KNOWN PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN DIRECT .IMPACT AREAS OF PROPOSED MICHIGAN SITE' Site Number SSC Facility 6escrtption 20JA133 Intermediate Access Late. Woodland' 20JA42 Collider Ring Late Woodland 20JA56 Collider Ring find spot; undetermined period - - - Intermediate Collection ;location; undetermined Access Area E2 period 203A67 Service Area F1 Late Woodland burial 20JA62 NearClester Latte Woodland surface 'scatter 20JA7 Buried Beam Zone Woodland surface scatter Source: State of M oMpee 1986. Of the 37 other prehistoric archaeological sites within one mile of the proposed project area (Table 15-7), all are located in the southern half with the exception of three sites. Twenty-one are of undetermined age and cultural affiliation. Fourteen of the 44 sites are classified as Late Woodland and most of these are represented as surface scatters along the Grand River. 'Four sites are classified as Woodland; three of these are located along the Portage River and one, a burial site is located on Orchard Creek. Four sites within one mile of the project area aro described as Archaic; one of these is located along the Portage River, while the others are associated with lake edges. An additional site is classified as a Multicomponent Archaic/Woodland site. One Paleo-Indian s4$e is also located 'within one mile of the;proposed SSC facilities. This site is located on a low river terrace along the SSCAP15O2,248835 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 7 ;n , ; Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 36 Portage River,and represents, thq,oldest -site; in -the,,project vicinity.: It is located approximately, one -quarter et! a miles from the buried beam zone area, and .about. .50 mi.west of.the sorvice, area Fl„(State of Michigan 1988). Most prehistoric archaeological sites in south-central. Michigan are from the Late Archaic or Late Woodland: periods. Most of,-the„sites. identified .r and studied are relatively small: campsites,, specialized activity. sites and isolated finds. In fact. over 50% of the •sites.•lotated during.a 1979 survey on the Looking Glass River, a.Grand;River tributary just north of the project area, were either isolated..finds or smaller than • 1,000 m2 (Levis et al . 1980).. About 501; of these sites were associated with upland swamps; village and base campsites arerlocated along the main channel of the Looking•Glass River. Similar-conditions can be expected within the SSC project area. Despite the fact that sites in the region are generally small, such sites may be important in defining stability and/or change in procurement strategies as they relate to resource scheduling, abundance, and reliability. The distribution of recorded archaeological sites appears to indicate localized sensitivity zones but these are probably not representative. These zones, such as the more southern extent of the study area, are a reflection of the areas that ,have been examined to date'(principally by amateur archaeologists)'. To characterize and predict potential prehistOric•archaeological site frequencies within the proposed..project area, the following procedures:' were utilized (State of Michigan 1987). 'Archaeological data from sys tematic surveys and site inventortes near and within-the p proposed proj- ect area were compiled. Based upon these data, environmental variables were identified that would be potentially useful for.;projecting site densities as well as the associations which occur between pertinent and environmental conditions and known archaeological, site locations (Cleland 1969; Peebles and'Krakker"1977) Expected site frequencies were principally treated as a function of water body type and stream order. The data employed were not necessarily fully representative not being based upon formal, intensive, stratified sampling procedures. Nor have there been any systematic excavations designed to evaluate• the resources present when sites are Identified using only surface features. The data available were clearly oriented toward proximity;to major streams because of the nature of previous research in the area. Despite these shortcomings, the frequency,of prehistoric archaeological sites in the proposed project area was projected,by calculating either the linear or acreage occurrence of key environmental variables and multiplying by the highest calculated site densities,for that variable. Given this approach, a minimum of 118 sites can be predicted. It is emphasized that this is a minimum, and that no distinction has been made on the basis of age. cultural affiliation, or site size. However, based- on previous survey data, the majority of the sites in upland and wetland SSCAP15D2248836 DEIS Volume..'LV.Appen41x-:1V . Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 37 • Table 15-7 ; , OTHER PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN ONE MILE OF PROPOSED MICHIGAN SSC SITE Site Number Description Reference N/A Undetermined 'MSU File 20JA134 Late Woodland Peebles and Krakker 1977 N/A Undetermined MSU File , N/A Undetermined MSU. File l 20JA31 Undetermined Cleland' 1969 20JA40 Undetermined Cleland 1969 20JA39 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 20JA41 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 20JA113 Undetermined Bureau of History 20JA4 Woodland .Hinsdale 1931 20JA49 Undetermined Cleland 1969 ZOJA51 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 20JA50 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 20JA52 Archaic Cleland 1969 20JA53 Undetermined r Cleland 1969 20JA54 Undetermined .Cleland 1969• 20JA55 Undetermined Cleland 1969 20JA59 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 • 20JA57 Undetermined. Cleland 1969. 20JA58 Undetermined Cleland 1969 N/A Undetermined MSU File 20JA61 Paleo-Indian Cleland 1969 • 20JA60 Late Woodland Cleland 1969 20JA99 Archaic/Woodland Peebles and Krakker 1977 20JA202 Archaic Peebles and Krakker 1977 20JA93 Undetermined Peebles 1976 20JA124 Undetermined Peebles and Krakker 1977 20JA63 Undetermined Cleland 1969 20JA117 Undetermined Peebles and Krakker 1977 20JA96 Archaic Peebles and Krakker 1977 20JA8 Woodland Holmes and Ellis 1937 N/A Undetermined MSU File N/A Undetermined MSU File N/A Undetermined MSU File 20JA6 Woodland Hinsdale 1931 20JA22 Undetermined Hinsdale 1931 20JA97 Archaic Bureau of History Source: State of Michigan 1988, SSCAP15D2248837 DEIS Volume IV-Appendix`15' a •+ Centers) and Paleontological Resources Michigan 38 contexts are either small surface scattersor.Individual finds. Similar environmental contexts account for more that 91 of the 113 projected sites. 4. historic Archaeoloalcal Sites A minimum of 82 historic archaeological sites of-varying•potential some cases unknown) are located in the proposed SSC project area- _l.oca- tional projections of historic archaeological resources within the pro- posed SSC project area was addressed. through the review of nineteenth century map sources depicting rural structural sites:(State of Michigan 1988). Information provided through these sources indicate that the primary consideration in the siting of structures was roadway access, with topographic variables a secondary consideration except in marsh- lands habitats such as those within the southeast portion of the project area. One hundred twenty-nine of the total 613 structure locations identified from 1858/1859 maps lie directly within, the immediate project site. One hundred fifty-nine-of the 833 structure' locations identified from 1874 maps lie in the project area. Among these,.totals, at least 82 historic archaeological site locations could potentially be impacted as a result of project construction (Table 15-8). At this time, field verification- of the locations of these sites has mot been conducted. Some of these locations may have rbeen.evaluated during the historic building surveys described in the following' section. A portion of the potential sites identified may have been lost through past construction or farming activities. However, oth r !site locations, including those that predate and-postdate the mops,-were mot identified. SSCAP15O2248838 DEIS Volume IV-Appendfir•i'5`= Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 39 Table 15-8 LOCATIONS OF POTENTIALLY IMPACTED.. . HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. WITHIN MICHIGAN SSC SITE FACILITY BOUNDARIES Project Facility County/Townshlp,Section . Number Intermediate Access-E9 Ingham/White Oak, 28 1* Intermediate Access-E10 Ingham/Stockbridge, 22 1* Intermediate Access-E10 Ingham/Stockbridge, 22 I Service Area-F10 Jackson/Waterloo, 5 1* Abort/Ext Beam Acc-J1 Jackson/Waterloo, 30 2 Interaction Points-K3 Ingham/Onondaga, 24 1 Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 1 1* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 1 1* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 12 2* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 12 1 Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 13 2* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 14 2 Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 23 1 Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 23 1* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 24 4* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 24 1* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 25 1* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga,26 2* Far Cluster Ingham/Onondaga, 26 1 Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 3 1* Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 4 1* Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 9 1 Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 15 2* Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 21 1* Near Cluster Ingham/Stockbridge, 28 1 Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 8 1 Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 8 1 Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 18 1 Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 18 1 Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 18 2* Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 17 1* Near Cluster Jackson/Waterloo, 19 2* Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 28 3* Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 28 2 Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 28 1* Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 29 1 Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 29 I Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 29 4* Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 29 I* Injector Ingham/Stockbridge, 32 1* SSCAP15D2248839 DEIS Volume IV-.AppendixA1'5` 1 Celtaral and Paleontological Resources Michigan 40 Table 15-8-(Cunt) LOCATIONS OF POTF.MTIALtY IMPACTED . HISTORIC..ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIZES Project Facility County/Township,Section Number • Injector 1ngham/StoCXLridge, 33 ' 1. Injector Ingham/Stockbridge. 33: I* Campus Ingham/Stockbrldge. 31 I . Campus Ingham/Stockbridge. 32 3 Campus Ingham/Stockbridge. 32. I Campus Ingham/Stockbridge. .33 3* • Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 5 2 Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 5 I Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 5 2* Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 6 2 Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 6 I* Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 6 2 Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 6 2 Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 7 • 2 Area C Jackson/Waterloo. 7 2* Area C Jackson/Waterloo. '. I* TOTAL .. £c2 * e occupied Source: State of Michigan 1908, SSCAP15D2248840 DEIS Volume IV'Appendix 'i"5' Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 41 These historic archaeological .sttes,were idengjfled by using two-bistor ical maps and thus may not be inclusive or -completely-accurate. .Other sites may be Located durtng intensive, Oeld, survey.and more Coo rehw+n, sive archival study., 5. Hjstoric_Strustures ,As a result of an intensive historic bu,Sldings inventory" a total of 243 standing structures were evaluated for,--their histortcel significance (State of Michigan. I96Z).. One hundred twenty-one ,are located-wl'thtrt the proposed: SSC factti.ties baundartes and twenty-two are located near the facilities. Three of these structures..mey meet National Register crh • - teria. Field teams Identified every structure visible on aerial photo- graphs and drove alt ready within the corridor to. ensure.that no struc- tures were omitted, In addittoa to the field. survey. the Centennial Farms Files maintained at the Bureau of History in Lansing were examined. Architectural classifications were based, on exterior analysis only. The physical' attributes determining the "type" of structure were emphasised rather than the specific decorative elements. daflalag an. architectural: style of house. The house "type" is composed. of several diagnostic com- ponents that together are essential elements of all houses but yet differ in significant degrees among, individual structures. The first variable in structure is shape and plan., as defined, by the floor plan and massing, The second variable is height as defined by the number of stories. The third is root' type. determined by profile, and, composition. Very fewexamples of' any architecturally pure styles exist aed, im general, very few individually distinguished structures.were-defined in the project area (over half were Tess than. 50 years old,),.. The typology of house structures ident.ifted include the following; ltnear simple I - house (McAlester and McAlester I9841; I cottage (Jakle n.d.); New Eng}and. 1 1/2 (McLennan n.d.); gable fronter (McClennen. n_d,y; bungalow/craftsman (Mattson 1981); Dutch colonial (McAlester and McAlester 1984); double I (Jakle n.d.); high style variants; foursquare -cube-(Kahn- 19821; pyramid cottage (Jakte n..d.X; upright and wins-massed compound (McClennan n,d_); gable ell ; and unclassified massed compound. Barn types included English and gambrel roof types (Nobte I9841_ The Cady Centennial' Farm (referred to as R-503) is situated adjacent to the study corridor and may be directly impacted. Construction of inter- mediate access structure E-6 would occur w.tthia 1/4 mile alt thts resi- dence. The residence is an example of Greek Revival amehttettun .. it also appears to be one of the,o.Tdest dwellings wtthis the project area based on architectural attributes and information supplied bd" the Cady family. The Landscape setting adds ter the s.1te'asigirifi.eance.. SSCAP15D2248841, DEIS Volume Illr eppoendi t-W- Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 42 Located within 1/4 mile of the southwest"corner of the-proposed future expansion area is a structure referred to as R-5I6. which is an excel- lent and unaltered example of Gothic Revival architecture. The steeply pitched roof, front centered gable, knee-hole windows, save'bracket's, milled porch work, as well as the mature landscaping, are important features. Of the intact examples of "gabled ell typo" residences, the most sig- nificant is the Springman Centennial Farm (R-I04) located within the. proposed injector area. This brick structure is an example of the type with a combination of stylistic elements of the basic ell form, but with Gothic Revival style elements. The exterior is entirely original. The interior is also generally original with extensive use of graining on pocket doors, trim, and wainscoting. This house appears to be eligible to the National Register. It is located in the proposed campus area. G. @1it.igatlon Pla0njnq If the Michigan SSC site is selected, 'additional surveys and evaluations would be completed and, if appropriate, mitigation measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA between the DOE and the SHPO. These general procedures are described above in 'Section 15.1.2.3. ' While it appears that the historic structures survey of the project area is complete, surveys for prehistoric and historic archaeological sites remain to be completed. Little is currently known about the full range of prehistoric archaeological sites in the proposed Michigan SSC project area, although most of the cultural history is represented by nearby . recorded sites. Prehistoric 'sites are particularly likely in upland and wetland contexts. The predictive study described above indicates that numerous sites will be located. The Studies described above pertaining to historic archaeological sites demonstrate that potential locations are numerous; however, field verification has not taken place. Additional archaeological sites containing prehistoric Indian burials may also be located. Although burials are generally considered by Native American groups as sacred sites, no additional sacred sites have been identified. Interviews with traditional Native American represen- tatives with ties to the area could reveal localities of significance. To assure the protection of significant historical and archaeological resources, a mitigation program as prescribed by an MOA, will be imple- mented that provides for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of properties that would be affected [by the SSC project.' To identify historical and archaeological resources within areas to be affected by the project, a field program would be'implemented, 'ut'i'lizing the archival information described above and as described in Section 15.1.2.1. SSCAP1502248842 DEIS Volume IV'Appendix`"I5 Callers? and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 43 15.1.3.5 North Carolina ' A. pesoaue ff alidion andjeleact'Aesesament 1. cultural History' Stedfaylr • The earliest known occupation in. North Carolina ts. the Paleo-Indian (10,000 B.C. -- 8000' B.C.) period, although few sites have been located: Most Paieo-rsdiaa remains have been identified as sparsely scattered, isolated surface finds of Clovis and Clovis-like Hardaway projectile points.. This cultural stage is poorly vndersteod' for North 'Carolina '. because off the general' lack of systematic samples of"site locations and other data. The Earlp Archaic cultures 03000 S.C. - 6000 13.C.) are characterized by a gradual change ha projectile pstavt morphology, from the large Taney late type points to small corner-notched-points. • Patterns ce settlement and and subsistence are unclear, .het it appears that hunter getherer-strate- gies adapted: to the diverse ecology and seasonal changes are most likely. with sites oecerrtnng most often ire upland areas-and in rock shelters' (Claggett and Cable 1982y. During the Middle Archaic (600CP•B.C. •- 5000 B.C.)' pro'jectile peit types become more varied, and the artifact assemblage includes a greater num- ber of groureistone tools, along .with polished'a'letl weights.` The Fiore ow' Mountatn and Guilford petits, characteristic of this period,.'may repre- sent a break with both the: earlier and later styles 1nd'Feattng possible diffusion from the west. In general, there was a shift from- titer located in upland areas. to bottom land'sites near streams. ' There is some indicattam of more soderetary settlement patterns' and an increase trr the number of burial practices (.Hargrove- et al. 0.4.y. Late Archaic sites (3400 S.C. - .1040' S.C.) are generally larger than earlier sites, with denser concentrations of artifacts and well' deve- loped middens. Subsistence patterns are well adapted to diverse ecolo- gical niches and to predictable resource such. as fish, -shell•fi'sh, and- nuts. The broad-bladed Savannah River projectile points and soapstone bowls are diagnostic of the period ('Hargrove et al. *.d.). The Woodland, period that follows Cs a contl'nuartl'orr of' the earl ter hunter- gatherer subsistence pattern that may continue until' around' 1'504 A.0.. In other areas of the eastern Halted States, the Early Woodland i's marked by the introduction of maize and other caitlgens, bet in: North CaroStna evidence for early caltieens is geneneliy lacking. Triangular po-ojectt:le points of the Satin, Vincent, avid' Yade% types and ceramics tempered with fine sand and imprinted-with cord or fabric do make their appearance. A Mississippian. type culture, the Pee Dee, makes a brief intrusion, but the majority of the cultures costlneed to develop regional variations of the Woodland potteen' (Hargrove et al. e.d.). SSCAP15D224i884'3 DEIS Volume TV Appendix I5' Cultural and Paleontological Resources • North Carolina 44 The first Euro-American description of the North Carolina Piedmont.is the account by John Lederer, a German doctor, of his exploration along the Indian Trading Path from Fort,Henry in Virglnia, west ,to theCatawba, Nation near the present town of Charlotte. In 1670, Lederer passed through a number of Indian sites and at least two large. villages in Durham County, Oenock, and Adshusheer. The tribes living in North Carolina at that time belonged to the Siouan group. Those encountered by Lederer were identified as the Enoand Occaneechi, among others. The Tuscarora territory was further north •in Granville County.(Boyce- 1978). : Pioneers and settlers used the Trading Path as a gateway to the interior. It served as the basis for an increasingly complex system,of roads. and is an important historical element in the growth and development of North Carolina (Cross 1980). By the late 1700s, mills had been established along the rivers and their tributaries. These were an integral part of the agrarian economy of the early settlers who were mainly of British • origin migrating from Virginia and down the,river valleys from Pennsyl- vania. Many of the earl'est farm buildings were of log construction, a style that endured through the nineteenth,century. By the 1800s, some of these early settlers had established large plantations, notably the Bennehan-Cameron family and the Gains. Some of the houses built by these families are still standing and are considered good examples of architecture from the Georgian and Federal periods. The economy of the counties in the project area had been based on diversi- fied agriculture, with most of the inhabitants working small independent farms. The establishment of the railroad -in 1848 brought added prosper- ity and saw an expansion of the farming population.- In 1858 the.manu facture of tobacco was established at Durham, which became -the, capital of tobacco production in thecountry following the Civil War. Log tobacco r, barns are a remnant of the small tobacco producers. A second boom in the early 1900s resulted in the building of a number of commercial and residential structures in the affected countiesthat—are considered fine examples of their era. 2. National Reaister Sites/Sacred $ltes Several historic properties in the vicinity of the proposed SSC site - have been listed on or determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register. In Durham County, Hardscrabble and Horton -Grove- are listed; Durham County Truss Bridge 828 was determined to be eligible in 1979. In Granville County four National Register nominations are in progress: Marcus Royster House, James Blackwell House„David Adcock House, and Puckett Family Farm. In Person County four sites are listed on the National Register: Holloway-Walker-Dollarhite.House, -Roxboro Male Academy, Roxboro Commercial Historic District, and Person-County Courthouse. Only one known potentially significant historical' site, the Dudley Cunningham house, is located ,within •the,tar cluster::of- the.pro- posed SSC facilities boundaries. Other,sites are, currently being evaluated. SSCAP15D2248844 DEIS Volume IM:Appendix'iS:' „Cultural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 45 One historic archaeological site in: the vicinity of the proposed SSC site, a 19th century mill, has been determined to be eligible for the National Register. . four. other--sites-are-.included in'the•,Bennehan-Cameron Historic District. Five"additional;potentially significant sites are located within the boundaries of the'district but have not been assessed (Hargrove et al . n.d.). Of the 89 previously recorded archaeological. sites to the, vicinity of the proposed area, 51 are not considered to be eligible for inclusion on the National Register, 31 have yet to be' evaluated, and seven either have been determined eligible or are considered eligible by the-State Historic Preservation Officer but not officially nominated (State of North Carolina 1987). The North Carolina Commission on Indian Affairs indicates-that it has no knowledge of Native American sacred sites within the area- In addition, the Guildford Native American Association, the Haliwa-Saponi. ,Indian Tribe, and the Indians of Person -County were contacted.by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources; no.:sacred sites were identi- fied by these groups (State of North Carolina 1988). 3. Prehistoric and Historic Archaeplooica jites Eighty-nine archaeological sites have' been previously recorded in the vicinity of the proposed SSC project area (Table 15-9), including- part.' of the Bennehan-Cameron Plantation Historic District, which was deter- mined eligible for the National Register: in 1978. None of these, sites is located within proposed SSC project facilities. $eventy of'the. sites date exclusively from the prehistoric period, eight date:from the 'his- toric period, and eleven date to both periods. It can be,concluded from this table, which depicts previously recorded sites on all coinciding U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic maps, that much of the prehistoric: ` cultural history of the region is represented by this sample. Although this information is not adequate to make predictions of,site.numbers or location in the project area, it does provide evidence..of,the-range of • possibilities and is indicative of research potential . , It is possible that other historic archaeological sites are-present. The nearby Bennehan-Cameron Historic District and the other'sites in the areas, which have been identified as significant or in need,offurther evaluation, indicate the likelihood of important unrecorded -sites within the project area. 4. Historic Sites Fifty-four historic properties have been identified within the vicinity of the proposed SSC project area (Table 15-10) which are listed or potentially eligible for listing on.the National Register4,.six•,in Durham County, thirty-nine in Granville County, and nine -in Person,County (State of North Carolina 1987). These include houses,--milTs,. a, church, a grove, a bridge, a tobacco factory, two masonic lodges. a courthouse, a SSCAP15D2248845 DEIS Volume Iv,Appendix ,I5 . --Cultural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 46 Table I5-9' ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES-'RECORDED'iN•'THE'VICINITY OF PROPOSED NORTH CAROLINA:SC SITE ' Key # Cultural National Register Affiliation Recommendation Status , Roxboro 'Quadrangle 14 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 16 late Archaic No further work Not eligible 17 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed 18 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed 19 Woodland No further work Not eligible 53 H1st. cemetery Removed in 1978 Not eligible 54 Hist. cemetery Removed in 1979 Not eligible Triple Sodas Quadrangle 15 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible Stem Qua renale 7 Prehistoric - Unknown Unassessed 89 18-19th century - 'Unknown ' -' Vnassessed ' 113 Prehistoric and Testing - • Unassessed s Hi stori c Berea Quadrangle :• 1 Woodland and Hist. Unknown Unassessed Amer. Indian 6 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed Rouoemogt Quadrangle 30 .Historic mill Testing Considered complex eligible 155 Late Archaic and No further work Not eligible Woodland 63 Archaic No further work Not eligible 168 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 169 Archaic No further work Not eligible 170 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 171 Early, Middle No further -work Not eligible and Late Archaic 203 Middle and Late No further work Not eligible Archaic S5CAP1502248846 - DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 Cultural and Paleontological Resources • North Carolina 47 Table .15-9 (Cont). ' :: . ' ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES RECORDED IN THE'VICINITY. OF . PROPOSED•NORTH'CAROLINA SSC:srrt. .. icy N Cultural National Register Affiliation Recommendation Status 311 Late Archaic and Testing Unassessed 312 Prehistoric Testing Unassessed. 313 Late Archaic, Testing Unassessed Early Woodland and Historic ' 314 Archaic and Hist. Testing Unassessed 318 Middle and Late No further work Not eligible Archaic 344 Prehistoric No further.work Not eligible 345 Archaic No further work Not eligible 348 19th c. mill Data recovery 1983 Det. eligible 349 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 3.;0 Late Archaic No further work Not eligible 352 Archaic and Testing Unassessed Woodland fake Mjchie Ouadranale 4 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed 5 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed 64 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 67 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 71 Woodland No further ,work Not eligible 72 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 73 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 74 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 6 Late Archaic, Preservation Within Bennehan- Woodland and Cameron Historic Hist. Amer. Indian District 7 Late Archaic, Preservation Within Bennehan- Woodland and Cameron Historic Hist. Amer. Indian District 8 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed (within Bennehan- Cameron H.D,) 51 Prehistoric and Testing Unassessed' Historic 52 Middle Archaic Unknown Unassessed and Historic SSCAP1502243847 DEIS Volume tV Appendix I5• .<, `..C ;.c,. :Cultural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 48 Table;1S9 (Coot') 6'. . ARCHA'DDLDCICAL:SI]XS RECORDED" IR aE:OIGIII11Y-CF ... PROPOSEO`NOA'7ff.CAROLBIA TSC' S77£ Key N Cultural National- Register-7 Affiliation Recommendation Status 53 Archaic and Unknown - ' Unassessed Woodland 54 Middle and Late Unknown Wnassessed Archaic 55 Woodland No further work 11ot eligible 56 Archaic, -Wood- Preservation Within 'Benaehan- land, 'Historic Cameron historic Amer. Indian District 57 Archaic, Wood-- Preservation Wit'hi'n Berme'han- land, Historic Cameron Historic Amer. Indian District 91 Woodland Unknown Unassessed (within 8ennehan-'Cameron ' lust. District) 104 Archaic Unknown Unassessed '(within Bennehan-Cameron i4iit.'U'istrtCt) 107 Late Archaic and Unknown Unassessed Woodland • 122 Early and Late Unknown Unassessed Archaic 123 Early Archaic Unknown • Unassessed • 124 Middle Archaic Unknown Unassessed. 125 Archaic Unknown Unassessed 126 Archaic Unknown Unassessed 158 Prehistoric Unknown Unassessed (within • Dennehan-Cameron Hist. District) 164 Archaic No further work Not eligible 177 Palen-Indian Unknown. Unassessed 198 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 199 Prehistoric No further work - Not eligible 240 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 241 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 242 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 246 Prehistoric No further work Sot eligible 247 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 317 Archaic Unknown - . Onassessed (within Senneban-Cameron Hist. District) 346 Prehistoric and No further work Not eligible 347 Archaic No further work Not eligible SSCAP15D22MB84B DEIS Volume TV AppendSic'15- n1— • , ' i , Cultural and.Paleontological Resources North Carolina 49 Table 15-9 (Cont) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES RECORDED IN THE VICINITY OF PROPOSED NORTH CAROLINA 55C SITE Key # Cultural National-Recd sir Affiliation llecommendation Status ' Timberlake Quadrangle 22 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 26 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 27 Archaic and No further work Not eligible Woodland 28 Historic mill Testing & Research Unassessed 29 Historic mill Testing & Research Unassessed 31 Prehistoric No furthor work Not eligible 32 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 33 Woodland No further work Not eligible 34 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 35 Archaic No further work ' Not eligible 36 Historic No further work Not eligible 37 Archaic No further work Not eligible 41 Woodland Preservation Considered eligible 42 Prehistoric No further work Not ell able 43 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 44 Prehistoric No further wort Not eligible 45 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible 46 Archaic No further work Not el/gtble 47 Prehistoric No further work Not eligible. Note: Key I - Location reference on maps .usltMd to Depertaent of Energy with .it. proposal information, Source: State of North Carolina 1987, • SSCAP15D2248849 • DEIS Volume It Aggendix'T5 Cultural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 50 Table 15-10 HISTORIC SITES LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE' ' PROPOSED NORTH CAROLINA SSC •SITE, • '_ Key # Property Name National Register, Status Durham) county 1 Bowling Mill Study list 2 Hardscrabble National Register 3 Orange Factory Study list 4 Durham Cty Truss Bridge 28 Determined eligible 5 Tilley Farm Study list 6 Horton Grove National Register Granville County 1 Adoniram Masonic lodge Study list 2 Marcus Royster House NR Nomination in progress 3 James Blackwell House NR Nomination in progress 4 Ceasley-Blackwell House Study list 5 Felix 0. Bumpass House Study list 6 Dr. William Thorp House Study list 7 Oliver Family House Study listAll 8 Samuel V. Morton House Study list 9 Dudley Cunningham House Study list „---- 10 John Wilkerson House Study list ,- 11 David Adcock House NR Nomination in progress 12 Richard Thorp House Study list 13 Elijah Sherman House Study list - 14 Puckett Family Farm NR Nomination in progress 15 Cole-Brooks House Study list 16 White Rock Alliance #586 Study list Building (former) 17 Henry Hobgood House Study list 18 Hunt-Pruitt House Study list 19 [non Baptist Church Study list 20 Burnette Family House Study list 21 Henry W. Jones House Study list 22 Fielding Knott House Study list 23 Samuel H. Jones House Study list 24 Edward N. Clement House Study list 25 John Webb Plug Tobacco Fact. Study list 26 Webb-Wren House Study list 27 Ashabel Brown Kimball House Study list 55CAP1502248850 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 , :,(,;, Culture) and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 51 HISTORIC.SITES'LOCATED I$':TH(`vremiTY.:ep THE ' PROPOSED NORTH CAROLINA SSC SITE Key Property Hama • Nati+onai•Register'Status 28 Sidney Roberts Nouses • , Study'3Sst 29 E1.iza Waters, House Study list 30 David C, Crews,House , , •' Study fist 31 Bullock-Mopklns House Study-list' 32 Hardee-Parrish Mouse .‘:Study list 33 James -Meadows House - Study Ylst' 34 John flaming Nouse , Study1irst• 35 .Bullock. Methodist Church • Study list ' 36 Obadiah 1linston,Houser Study-74st 37 Mitchell-Mangum-fuller ouse ' • Studflifst • . • . • 38 Robert H. Whitfield House Study list' 39 Mt. Energy Masonic Lodge Study-71st „ Person County 1 John Bryce Day House • ' Study 1 tst' 2 Hol ker-•Ool•lariitem• • National Register fr 3 Rogers, (Lyons / Noodle) House Study List 4 Roxboro Male Academy National Register 5 Roxboro Commerdal •Nis. Dist. National' Reglster 6 Person County.Courthousa ''National Register 7 Woodsdale (Clarksville):Depot • Study list - 8 Colonel Stephen: Moore,-Hoes* • • •'StadY'71st 9 Noel1 Noose Study list Note., Key 0 - Location retrieve on taps Orevt id Ce'Oeperawsnt of -. - . Energy with sits proposal inforastfen_ Source: State of North Carolina 1987. - - SSCAP15D224B851 DEIS Volume PttAppend'ix 25 • . Cultural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 52 depot, and a historic district. One site,-the•Dudley Cunningham house, is located along the northeast portion of the collider ring between intermediate access E6 (far cluster) and 'service,area F6. No known Native American sacred sites have been identified in the proposed project area. It is very likely that other historic structures are present that have • • not been recorded or evaluated. On the basis of information available from reconnaissance-level historical resource surveys conducted in Durham and Person counties (Thomas.et al . 1981; Chaggett and Cable 1982) and a recent comprehensive historical and architectural inventory -of Granville County (Brown and Esperon 1987), it appears that the significant historic • resources in the vicinity of the proposed SSC site date from the late 18th to the early 20th century. They are primarily rural farmhouses, with some farm complexes and plantations, one National Register historic district in Roxboro (consisting of 70 commercial and public buildings), a grist mill, a male academy, a train depot, and a metal truss bridge. These resources illustrate vernacular examples of Georgian, Federal, Greek Revival, Victorian, and early 20th-Century Revival architectural styles. Most buildings are built of wood, except for those in the Roxboro district, a majority of which are masonry. B. Mitigative Planning If the North Carolina SSC site is selected, additional surveys and evaluations would be completed and, if appropriate, mitigation measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA between the DOE and the SHPO. These general procedures are described in. Section 15.1.2.3. Essentially no intensive survey has been undertaken in the actual pro- posed North Carolina SSC project area, and data is not available to predict numbers or projected locations of cultural resources. Those resources which have been recorded indicate that the area is rich in prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and historic structures. Most of the known sites are not located in potential impact areas, how- ever, it is likely that previously unrecorded prehistoric and historic archaeological sites will be identified during intensive field surveys. In addition, an intensive historic buildings survey of areas not previously inventories: would likely identify important structures applying architectural and historical criteria. Historic cemeteries could also be located. To assure the protection of significant historical and archaeological resources, a mitigation program as prescribed by the MOA will be ample- merited that provides for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of properties that would be affected by an SSC project. To identify historical and archaeological resources within areas to be affected by the project, an archival and field program would be implemented as described in Section 15.1 .2.1 . SSCAP1502248852 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 35 • ;,Cultural and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 53 A. Resource Evaluation and ImoAct Assessment 1. Cultural U.istory Summary,. , Paleo-Indian occupation in Tennessee-begins. around, 20.000 8.C.,, Jennings (1978) cites the Wells Creek site•,(Dragoo,1976) as evidence.for an early and relatively intense early Paleo-Indian,occupation..'•.,The• nomadie, Paleo-Indian subsistence was based on big-gamer.hunting, , Sites.-are gen- orally small campsites identified on the basis:,of Clovis and Folsom-type projectile points.. . No sites from this period,have,yetbeen,documented. for the proposed project area. The Archaic period (8000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.) is characterized-by a shift in subsistence and settlement patterns with adaptations to local re- sources. Groundstone milling stones and axes are evident during the early period. The Eva Site (5000 B.C.;)., located,east of,the Tennessee.- River, is characteristic of the, Middle •Archaic., .The:.site contalned' a large, dense shell ,midden, fiber-:tempered Ceramics,•,and:atiatls:.with,,•:, bannerstone weights. Archaic. Morrow.Mountain,and.,White,Springs/Sykes . projectile points seem to overlap,,or.aYe•contemporary,(Dickson1979). , Several small sites, found in associ,ation•with streams,and.representing short-term Archaic occupation dating to about 2000,B.C... ,have been - recorded in the proposed project region ($udson.1976). .: The Ledbetter Phase occurs during the,Late Archaic (1500:8.C, 1000 B.C.). Sites from this phase -have been,recorded along the Duck.River immediately south of the proposed project area. :Dickson (.1979) found, that the area along the Duck River appeaws to have been more intensively occupied during the Archaic and the Early-.woodland ,than•Auring other , periods that are represented in the area. This may indicate an increased population and incipient horticulture. The.decline of;.sites. sn the following period could be a result of a stable-popul,ati.on; occupying a- lesser number of concentrated;settlements or.an_actual,decline-in popula.. tion. The Ledbetter Phase may be transitional loathe following Wade Phase (1200 B.C. - 700 B.C.) in the Duck River valley. In general the Woodland Period (X000 B.C. - 700 A.0 ) represents a gra dual change in subsistence. The hunting-gathering technology becomes . more effective with more efficient exploitation of. resources.- Under ground storage pits were documented, and settlements became more perma- nent. Local styles of pottery developed. ., Rudimentery agriculture, increasingly elaborate burials, earthworks. and burial, mounds ;were char acteristic of the later Woodland period. The Woodland is-seen as it transitional period from an economy based on hunting-gathering-to one based on agriculture. Corn was acquired around 200 8.C., and sittes... sit uated in the floodplains were ideal for its cultivations : Diagnostic, ceramics of the Woodland were tempered-wi•th-.crushed rock•:or grit, often. with cord or fabric marked designs. Reel . and•. bar-shapedrgorgets of, stone and copper and ear plugs were recorded, and extensive trade networks are believed to have been established by the end of the Woodland, but are not well documented (Hudson 1976). SSCAP1502248B53 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 r (lateral and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 54 There is a hiatus in corn agriculture, possibly because or climatic change, from 400 A.D. until 900 A.D., when it reappears with_the Missis- sippian Culture. In middle Tennessee there .resoclearit defined phases within the Mississippian culture and divisions are based on temr poral spans. The Mississippian begins around 900.-A.'D. which, is seen as. the initial growth period. Termination occurs around 1450 A.D. (8entha,ll 1923). The- Mississippian is characterized' by larger earthen platform mound's, the practice o't intense'horticul'ture, and-the develop- ment of organized chiefdoms. A' distinctive trait found in. the Central Basin of Tennessee is the stone' box burial, in, which graves Tined.with thin sheets of limestone (Brown' 198?). Shell-tempered ceramics. (Faulkner 1977), the small, triangular Madison point (Cabrera and' Hulse 1975), and a variety of exotic ground and polished stone artifacts are diagnostic of Mississippian sites. Shell artifacts are also found and include beads, gorgets, and spoons (Tennessee Division of Archaeology 1987). Previous investigations of the Central,8astn area of Tennessee have identified a variety of Mtssisstppfan site types.. These include large mound complexes, small mound sites, farming vil'l'ages,. hamlets. farmsteads. and seasonal camps (Tennessee Division of Archaaeology 1987). Large mound complexes are usually regional ceremonial 'and political centers that contain multiple mounds. Small'moand sites are probably ender the influ- ence of the centers and usually include a single mound. The small mound sites are located along principal tributaries. Farming villages com- prising a large group of families, have a number of structures„ middens, and one or more cemeteries. In contrast, hamlets represent a smaller number of families and consist of'three to ten structures. Farmsteads represent single family occupations and-generaily''have only one or two structures. Transitory seasonal -camps, usually 1fthi'C workshops or hunting camps, have no permanent structures.. Of these site types, the mound centers and the farml`ng vtllages' have been subject to the most archaeological study. Muth Of the information about these sites is based upon. early study 'by professional and amateur archaeologtsts (Maywood 1823;-Jones tacit Thruston. 1S90). One hundred thirty-seven sites belonging to the Mississippian period have been retarded in, the Central Basin. Unfortunately„ many of the early studies were performed: without recording the types of data used' in modern archaeological research. Ethnographically, the Cherokee, a tribe of Hokan-Stovan lingufstic stock, inhabited large areas of Tennessee as well as the Carolinas, Georgia, and northern. Alabama. In Tennessee they'occuptted villages and towns located on ridges or bluffs above the flood level of the. rivers. Corn agriculture was the most important vegetal food in their subsis- tence. Some: of the Cherokee towns,' between 1000 A.D. and: 1'50? A.D'., were palisaded. bet more often; settlements consistetr f clusters of buildings without fortification' (Williamss19791. ' Intrusion' into their SSCAP1502248854 DEIS volume,Ill-Append%x--IS r`r Cultural and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 55 territories and pressure from continual- Euro•American settlement• cu1m1 noted in 1838 with the rounding'up and removal c all-of the Cherokee nation west of the Mississippi River. Hundreds perished'on• the'infamous "Trail of Tears." The first European to enter Tennessee was probably the Spanish explorer De Soto, who sailed up the Mississippi River'to`a spot near Memphis in 1541. However, the fist permanent European settlements in` the northeast part of the state were not established until 1769, when the English were ceded rights to the land after the French and Indian War. During the Frontier period of the 1800s, homesteaders established small farms and grew grain crops, and the major industry in the central basin associated with agriculture was grist milling. Tennessee played a major part in the Civil War from 1861 to 2865. Two famous battles were fought close to the proposed SSC project area: at Murfreesboro. the Battle of Stones River, and at"Franklin. During the Civil War saltpeter was intensively mined in many Tennessee caves, as it was an important ingredient in gunpowder (Mathews 1971). Both tobacco and cotton were developed as major industries in Tennessee along with cotton. Plantations were part of the socioeconomic structure of these two industries but do not seem to be documented—for the immedi- ate project area, although slave cabins have been recorded as structural • components for historic farms. 2. National Register Sites/Sacred _SiseT Nine known National Register properties in the vicinity of the proposed SSC project site that have been identified (State of Tennessee 1988) include Boxwood (house) southwest of Murfreesboro; Chapel 'Hill Cumberland Presbyterian Church; Marymount (house) southwest of Murfreesboro; Morgan House southeast of Midland; Parks Place (house) north of Kirkland: Absalom Scales House north of Eagleville; Bostwick Female Academy north of Kirkland; William H. McCord House in Eagleville; and Swaim House in Chapel Hill . Seven properties in the College Grove vicinity of Williamson County were nominated to the National Register in January 1988. None of these properties would be affected directly by the proposed SSC project. However, other structures more than 50 years old which are located in the proposed SSC project vicinity could be affected by project development. Although most historic sites have not been thoroughly evaluated, one farm complex, the Sanders Farm, retains sufficient architectural integ- rity to be eligible for the National Register (Fielder, Prouty, and Spires 1988). SSCAP2502248855 DEIS volume IV-Appendix 15 • Cultural and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 56 One archaeological: site ,located deri eg`at ritoesaiersance.sarplyr t eilds be, eligible for the diettoeal.RegAstery bet-adddticnaiireraloat1 ni prvicedureS - must be. completed.:. Other sites-;tiatrt,.would•be'ldenti.fied;durlag intaw- sive archaeological field survey could also be eligible to ttre ltational Register (Fielder, Prouty, and Spires 1988). Some of the cemeteries located in the proposed project area. maybe eligible for the National .Register, Surveys of the proposed'.:project area have not identified soy Native Indian burial sites or other areas known to be considered sacred by such groups. 3. Prehistoric Archaeological Mel While the area of the proposed Tennessee SSC site-bas-.not beep systematic- ally or thoroughly surveyed far archaeological sites, there are 26-pre- viously recorded archaeological sites be the general project area. Eight of the sites are iu Bedford' County, eleven le litarsball Caaitrty, one in Rutherford County, and stx in iiilliamsoft.Commity. ffhoagb-there are some data on each site, none has been evaluated to determine eligibility for inclusion on the National Register. , Several previous surveys have been endertakat in+ the proposed SSC project area. Tennessee Department of Transportation archaeologists -('Ward 1985a; 1985b) surveyed new alignments of nearby state roads; no cultural resources were located. During a similar survey (Ward 1982), an assess- ment was made of a ca. 1890 metal truss bridge over North Fork Creek in the Poplins Crossroads vicinity near the proposed SSC far cluster. Sev- eral other TDO.T surveys were completed pertatr:tng to nearby bridge, replacements; Duvall (1943) recorded the remains of an historic erWdaur mid mill race approximately 1.5• mnles.-Emma the proposed SSC project area. Archaeological site No. 402113 was recorded' in 1973 by an amateur :.rchaeologist; this, site is located along the souther. portion of the proposed. collider ring.. Other stadl es pertinent to the assessment of cultural resources in the- proposed SSC area include the Normandy ieservoi'r survey (Faulkner and McCollough, 1973) red the' Col is Reservoir surveys (K1.i-peel, Elmeedorf, and Graham m.4.-; Dickson 197S; Jolley and Newman 1982.). historical inventories have been completed by' the Tennessee N:is.tori•Cal Commission pertaining to the improvements of State Route 99 (Slater 1985' Duvall 1980). The Tennessee Division of Archaeology conducted a reconnaissance survey to assess the potential for prehistoric and- h4stortc. arcbaeologfcai sites within the proposed SSC site (Fielder. Prouty, and.'Sptres 1988), Three locations of prehistoric archaeological materbals--were identified in ' this survey. Two small lithic scatters, 40R0164 and 4GRD165, possibly- dating to the Archaic, were located just outside the collider ring near intermediate access E10. A third Archaic site (40803), which will require additional evaluation, was relocated in Bedford County on a terrace along North Fork Creek within the proposed far cluster. SSCAP15D2248856 DEIS Volume4TC,PpgendM7r r5 if '1 Chlt:oral and Paleontologital Resources Tennessee 57 4. Historl J tQleaical Sites • ' To identify historic archaeological sites, Olvislon of Archaeology surveyors used 187E P.G. Beers historic'maps.: cover'ingtbe proposed SSC• ' project area (Fielder, Prouty, and Spires'298S). Eighteen site loca- tions are located within the campus, injector,, and future expansion areas. Twenty-five potential sites are shown in the''far'cluster. The•, historic Thomas Spain ranch and cotton gin on Armstrong Valley Road' is located in the proposed SSC campus area, although the researchers do not consider the house to be eligible for the National Register. The- archa- eological remains of slave cabins and the cotton gin building site..could.. be significant to historical research. 5. Historic Structures The Tennessee Division of Archaeology and the Tennessee Historical Commission conducted a reconnaissance'survey' to'ldentify historic architectural and engineering properties, in the proposed SSC project area that might be eligible for the National Register (Fielder, Prouty. and Spires 1988). This survey involved those areas where direct and. visual impacts from construction of facilities might occur. Previously, the Tennessee Historical Commission had intensively surveyed the Rutherford County portion of the SSC project area for buildings and. structures at least 50 years old (Tennessee Historical Commission o.d.).. Forty buildings were recorded in the future expansion area at the north end of the rang. AR additional 30 buildings were recorded in areas near other proposed SSC facilities. Of the 40 buildings within the project area, at least one farm complex retains sufficient architectural integrity to be eligible for. the National Register (Fielder, Prouty, and Spires T988); other sites could require additional evaluation. The Sanders Farm was initially established around 1810. It is located within the proposed. SSC future expansion area— the present farm house was built by R. A. Smith in 18'69 in the rural Greek eevival architectural style. A leg slave cabin' and smokehouse that predate the house are also present on the property. In addition„ other structures on the farm which are considered significant As examples of vernacular architecture h'clude a log corn crib (1930), a well house (ca. 1910), a mule barn (1930`), a• lumber'house, and anetherbaro. The survey also noted a total of ten cemeteries in the proposed project area that range from two to 75 graves and date earliest interment from 1813 to 1856. These cemeteries include the following: Clark Cemetery (1874, two graves); Willison Cemetery (1886, four graves); Cherry Grove Cemetery (1900, approximately 75 graves); Isaac Miller Cemetery (1813, approximately 46 graves); McCord Cemetery (date unknown, approximately ten graves); Snell Cemetery (1833, two graves); Morton Cemetery (1856. four graves), Ransom'Cemetery (1835, five graves); Jarrett Cemetery (1854, approximately I9 graves); Cocke Cemetery (date unknown, number of graves unknown). SSCAP15D22488S7 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 15 21R-8:9 O- 118 - 3 (1300K 9) , Cultural' and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 58 There is one existing historic bridge in the p.roposed,SSC°.project area' •. • located on Overall Creek in the Overall community west of Salem, desig- nated as number, 75 Abandoned-5 by the Tennessee.-Oepartment,of-,Jranspor- ? tation, was abandoned because of,construction, of-a;new, concrete st.ruc ture. It is a Warren through-truss with verti.cat,members; the deck is missing. The Tennessee Historical; Commission-.has determined that.;the, bridge is not eligible, for the;National; Register (Fielder, .Prouty,,,and Spire 1988). B. Mitigation Planning , If the Tennessee SSC site is selected, all additional,surveys, and eval- uations would be completed and, if appropriate, mitigation measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA between the DOE and the•SHPO. These general procedures are described in Section 15.1.2.3. Intensive archaeological surveys of,the.proposed project, area are, incomplete and data are,.not available to accurately predict numbers-or projected locations of prehistoric•and.historic archaeological sites. It is very likely that previously unrecorded• prehistoric and historic• archaeological sites will be identified. Further, additional, intensive historic buildings surveys could identify important;structures• in..areas that have not already been surveyed. Of the;-cultural ,resources,;that:, have been recorded, only one archaeolegical,-•site. has..beenwidentified at this time in the proposed project area -that will require /further evalua- tive procedures. Known historic archaeological sites, -such,ias ,the,.Spai.n . . Ranch, would also be evaluated. Although only one historic site, the Sanders Farm, may be considered eligible for the National Register, - other sites may be significant. . Interviews with traditional Native American representtjves with ties to the area could reveal localities of sacred, sites—,, .. • v To assure the protection.'of significant` historical and archaeological resources, a mitigation program, as proscribed by an,MOA, will be > . • implemented that provides for the identification, ,evaluation, -and treatment of properties that would be affected by,the-SSC-project. To • identify historical and archaeological_,resources•,within areas•to be affected by the project, an archival 'and, ,field program)wou,JA be , implemented as described in Section 15.1.2.1. • SSCAP15D2248858 DEIS Volume tV Appendix:l5'; ,Qulturall and Paleontological Resources Texas 59 15.1.3.7 'texas ; A. Besource,£valsat.ion and Impact Assessment 1. CulturaLNistory Summary Although the Palen-Indians are,Considered Ito. have been.the fr{rst. in- . habitants of the project, region during late Pleistocene and-early - Holocene times, there is little .information- available as to the date of their local occupation, life- style,: or settlement patterns., ,Their prasence is known from the rare finds of,Clovls or Folsom projectile Points, The Archaic Period (5000 B,C, - SQO A_O'J is also lacking in data. Although sites have been recorded for thts.general time period within the project vicinity, comprehensive research .forthe region does not. exist at the present time, and there is onily. a poor understaed'4nq-ef the economy, settlement pattern, or social organization of these peoples. Much of what is known relates to stylistic elements; of artifacts, which have enabled archaeologists to identify ,the Carrollton and successive Clam cultures. The diagnostic tools of: the Carrollton focus aret the Carrollton axe, Trinity-notched„ Wheeler leaf, Edgewood, Wells, Martin- dale and Castroville projectile points,. Waco net sinkers, and an as- semblage of gravers. scrapers,, burins,, and drills. Site typos.f ti the Archaic period aro found at the• coefluence of streams and rivers, where seasonal camps were established, and it special activity sites also associated with waterways but focused on hunting,; fishing, or other specialized tasks. The Elam period that follows appears to be a con- tinuation, of the Carrollton within increase,inTthe somber of grinding stones and a trend towards smaller projectile points., including; the Elam type. The. Carrollton axe, and Waco net sinker, are phased out and there is as increase in the number of turtle-back scraper forms- (8rowm I982; Raab. et al. 1980). The formative Late Prehistoric (Neo-American) stage seems to have been established, in the, project. area by around 800 A.D.,and continues. until 1600 A.D. Subsistence had shifted to an. sgricultural'bese, and' more complex social systems were.developing. She introduction of-the bow and arrow, ceramics, and cu.ltigens. are the principal.indicators of the shift from the Archaic period_ The .Southern. Celt, a religious tradition, spreading from. eastern Oklahoma to southwestern Arkansas and, east *texas Interregional trade became widespread and large mounds were constructed. Sites recorded in the project area appear to have belonged to the Wylie focus, possibly representing.small satellite sites to the large--classic Wylie sites which. covered many acres, W(ylte .sites' feature large pits, often 20 meters in diameter, and dense middens. Small sites are.Tocated at terrace margins or buried in the fioodplains of creeks, and may be small seasonal camps (Brown 1982;Raab et 411.. 1982a), . . SSCAP15o2248859 D£IS Volume rlAppendix'TS` ' ,f'.'` ''.''CvTta•rSrand Paleontological Resources Texas 60 Development of the historically known tribes, the Haslnal Caddo Con federacy and the Wichita, has not as yet been traced. The northeast region has two archaeologically established historici`cultures; 'the-'Allen: and the Glendora; however, neither of these is documented as being present in the project area. The first historical contact recorded is probably by the 'French'explorer ' LaSalle who reportedly reached the Niddlo. Trinity/ River eluting 'his ex- pedition of 1687: He was followed between 1690 and 1716 by+'Spanish ex- peditions. The Spanish presence in Tet:as. (1654-1821) was'mainly mili- tary and religious, with the settlement pattern dotermined by the Spanish effort to defend its territories. Around 1750 Euro-American hunters and trappers entered the area, but settlement did not begin until around 1840 because of ongoing disputes between' Texas and Mexico. Details of the early settlement patterns by various ethnic groups or economic development are generally lacking. "From' 1840 to 1870 there was a shift from what was essentially a:frontier,'society to one based on the• production of cotton. Tenant farmers'growing this cash`crop increased throughout the period from 1870 to 1940, with populations 'in the rural communities probably reaching'their highest-'populations during this'time period. The boom period for, the small towns and settlements"was from around 1890 to the early 1920s. Development was spurred by the expand- ing railroad system and by a healthy.'cotton'market. Ellis County' became' ' the largest cotton producer in the nationwith' the City Of Waxahachie as the cotton ginning and marketing center. The Cityof Ennis saw'a great deal of growth when it became the headquarters of the railroad (Hardy, ' Heck and Moore 1985a; 1985b).' After the Civil War, construction of the railroad opened up'markets tot' the north and east for cotton and cattle, and also brought in 'new ' settlers, doubling the population between 1890"and"1900. The result was an increase in the numbers of small 'family'farms°and"tenant"farms,' many located in marginal agricultural lands. Cotton production boomed, and ' ' by 1900 cotton gins were to be found in almost every small town. In 1894 oil was discovered at Corsicana,-southeast•-of the proposed SSC' . project area. From 1900 to around 1945, the oil Industry ln 'the' region. . . ... . had several periods of major growth, causing periodic 'booms in the local' economy. The oil refining•industry came to dominate 'the;'economy of the project arca.sometime in the first half or the twentieth century, becoming significant in the regional history and development (Raab et al . 1982b). Agriculture underwent major changes early in the twentieth century'. As • the cotton market dropped and the boll'cweevil ravaged crops, 'many farms: were apparently abandoned at this time (Bruseth and Moir n.d.). 2. Known National geaister SitesJSacreq.,5$tes ' No currently listed National Register sites are located within the facility boundaries of the proposed Texas SSC site, National Register sites are located in the towns of Waxahachie and Ennis. Some of the SSCAP1502248860 DEIS Volume IV-Appendix 13' :::Cultural and Paleontological Resources Texas 61 archaeological sites recorded during field. reconnaissance procedures require additional evaluation to determine if they are eligible for the National Register, Based on site reconnaissance and archival study conducted by the State Historic Preservation Officer, no Native American sacred sites have been- recorded in the study area (State of Texas 19813). -Burial sites, how- ever, have been located during field study. 'The Texas Indian Commis- sion, and the chairmen of the Caddo and,-itichtta.tr.,tbes.hava. ststed.that to the best of their knowledge, no Native American sacred sites are recorded in Ellis County (State of Texas 1983). 3. prehistoric Archaeo10o1c ) Sites Relatively few archaeological studies have been coaplteted in Ellis County. Information from those within the study area and nearby indi- cate that archaeological site density is law, iniupland prairie environ- ments such as the project vicinity. However, atl .prehtstoric cultural periods are likely to be represented. Those sttes.that•have been iden- tified are usually situated along the banks of larger streams such as . Mustang, Waxahachie, and Chambers creeks,or adjacent to perennial springs. None of the previously recorded archaeological sites in the proposed project area have been: evaluated regarding their eligibility'to the National Register,. Approximately 30• minor archaeological _fineestigations•have been completed' in Ellis County. These studies were undertalceri'in relation to channel and floodway improvement work, of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and roadway construction by.the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation. No sites were identified during these studies. The Texas Archaeological Salvage Project conducted archaeological studies- before the construction of Lake.Bardwell . Fifteen sites were located and designated 41 EL 2 - 41 EL lb.' , At least six of the sites were affiliated' ' with the Archaic Period, some•of which also contained Late Prehistoric' Period materials (Shafer 1964). Several of these sites are near the proposed SSC site and are listed on Table 15-11. - Archaeological studies (Raab et al. 1982a) were undertaken pertaining to the construction of Lakeview1Lake, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers• reser, voir, located principally in Dallas County but also in portions of Ellis County. Seventeen prehistoric sites were located. rive of the'pre- historic sites belonging to the Archaic and Late Prehistoric stages were evaluated as significant. A similar study .(Raab et al. 19,192b) was conducted pertaining to the'con- struction of the Richland Creek Reservoir located in Navarro and Free- stone counties approximately 55 miles southeast of the proposed SSC project area. Four hundred forty-seven archaeological..sites..wera recorded which represented the middle and late Archaic and Late Pre- historic stages. Some of these within project impact areas were con- sidered significant. SSCAP15D2248861 DEIS VolumeiN'Appendix 15 Cultural and Paleontological +Resources Texas G2 Table;i5-11 Y . CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDED WITHIN THE VICINITY` OF PROPOSED TEXAS SSC SITE Property Chronological/, • Description Cultural. Period 41E12 Unknown prehistoric . Open campsite 41114 Unknown prehistoric Open campsite 41115 Archaic Midden.And-campsite 410.6 Late prehistoric • Campsite; burials 411L7 Archaic; Late prehis. .Campsite .- 41118 Unknown prehistoric Open'campsite 41EL9 Unknown.prehistoric- Open •campsite - ' 41ELIO Unknown prehistoric Open,campsite 411L11 Archaic; Late prehis. Campsite;- burials 41E112 Archaic Campsite 41E113 Unknown. prehistoric Open campsite 411114 Unknown prehistoric - Midden, campsite 41E115 Archaic ..v , Open; campsite 411116 Unknown prehistoric Open campsite- -‘Archaic; Late prehis. Midden, campsite • 411123 Unknown prehistoric " Midden,` campsite 41E124 Unknown prehistoric .open: campsite House (FM 342) ca. 1890 Farmhouse` ' House n. of Bell ca. 1890 i '-:• Farmhouse' • - Chapel Cemetery, Farmstead n. of ca. 1890 Farm: frame house, Rockett • outbuildings; ' 2-room gabled-'home 1988 historical 1850-1935 Various--historic' properties structures'assoc. ' Waxahachie with•development House n. of ca. 1910 4-tenant frame Palmer house Historical 1850-1935 Residences, comet. resources of properties • Palmer Pratt through ca.1910 '.',Historfc'bridge' - truss bridge 1,300 historical 1850-1935 Various •historfc '' resources, Ennis assoc. with development Five Points ca. 1920 " ' Residences,, 'cotton - - ' Community :, / gin/weigh station • Bethel Cemetery - 1970-Present Leurca; State of Texas 1988. S5CAP15D224S862 • • DEIS Volume IV• Appendl'x 3'5 , ,,, ,, Cul tural and Paleontological Resources Texas 63 The Texas State Historic,,P.reservation .Ofttce.has.,conducted a„literature ' search and a reconnaissance survey of tbe':Droposed'.SSC,project area (State of Texas .1288X. 'Table 15-11:1fsts`previouslyreeorded,.sttes; within the vicinity of the proposed' S$C -site-; `tacludtng' seventeen pre- historic archaeological :sites,, '- None of these'ts:expected;to:.be affected by SSC activities. None of the known archaeological: sites ate:within„ the.bound'artes of the proposed SSC project facilities or.;construction areas. 4. Historic Sites Historical resources in the rural setting. of the project vicinity are represented by a, variety of historical structures.: Historic:farmsteads dating from I850 to I935 are present.withta the project vicinity:and' may contain a variety of structural types such as single- or double-pen Tog cabins, L-plan and I-plan frame houses, and outbuildings. Other rural. historical resources include mid-nineteenth or early, tweattetb-century cotton gins and' weighing stations. .early .twentieth-ceotury churches, cemeteries, and bridges, and early twentieth-century gas stations and grocery stores. A brief field reconnaissance of the project vicinity indicates that rural histortcal .resources are more densely concentrated in the north, east and central sections of the project.vicinity. (State of Texas 1988). Historical resources 'In urban settings are also present in the project vicinity, specifically Waxahachie, Ennis,. and Palmer. The cultural resource. studies (Raab et al. 1982a) pertaining to. the coo- struction of takeview• LakeTocated 25 historic. sites. Eleven of these sites, which were identified .as being from the antebellum period. the. Civil War and Reconstruction period;; and the'Late Victorian period, were evaluated to be eligible to the National Register. The Richland Creek Reservoir. study' (Raab .et al. 2982bj identified 488 historic sites, including dwellings. -barns, bridges,, wells, and' ceme- teries. Many of these were constdered significant. , ' Two historic sites (41 Et35 and 41 Et36), a partially destroyed farm- house dating from about 1881. and another farmhouse dating from the 1920s, were identified during an archaeological survey of the proposed Waxahachie•MI'dtothtan Airport (Westbury 15867. ; The literature search and a reconnafssance'survey of the proposed SSC project area conducted by the Texas State litstortc Preservation Office (State of Texas 1988) demonstrated that a large number of .signi.ficant historical resources are located within the victntty..;(Table 15-I1). Historic structures located include several fouses,and.farmsteads (ca. 1890), a cemetery, a truss_brtdga ,(ca- I9d0j...aed a cotten, gtn/weigh station (ca. 17201.' None of these are, expected.to.0e affectedby.SSC activities. ' SSCAP15D2248843 DEIS Volume4W•Appendtx,.15 Cultural' and Paleontological Resources Texas 6a Several communities in the vicinity of the:proposed,,SSC s1'te;feature.a,' number of historic buildings associated with the 'cotton boom''"era. From 1890 to 1910 the City. of Waxahachie ,was the,Cotton ginning and marketing center of Ellis County. ;thelargest:,cotton-producing„county in the nation. A 1985 historical survey of the city identified 1,988 structures that predate 1935 (Hardy, Heck, and Moore 1985a). ' Eighty- five of these buildings have been listed on,the National ,Register. In - . 1983 Waxahachie was chosen by thy state as a Matn Street Project City The Main Street Program was initiated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The City of Ennis similarly features a number of historic structures associated with the cotton and railroad industries (Hardy,.;Heck,. and , Moore 1985b). A 1985 survey identified 1,286''historic'Structures; several have been listed on the National Register. ' Other communities in the area such as 'Ferris, Forreston,. Italy; May pearl, Midlothian, Milford, and Palmer feature residences, commercial buildings, and railroad depots from the Victorian and early twentieth- century periods. None of these known historic sites are within the boundaries Of the proposed SSC project facilities or.construction areas. B. J4iticotion ejajn(pq If the Texas SSC site is selected,, additional surveys and„eval'uations would be completed, and, if appr0priate, mitigation,measures will be developed in accordance with an MOA:between,.the DOE and, the,SHPO. , . Thee general procedures are described above in, Section 15.1.2.3. No intensive surveys have been undertaken in the actual, proposed SSC project area, and data are not available to ,predict;numbers..or projected locations of cultural resources. It is possible that;,previously, unre- corded prehistoric and historic archaeoioglcal sites will be identified. Additional , intensive historic buildings surveys could identify impor- tant structures. Although known prehistoric burials c0uldbe considered by Native American groups as sacred sites, no sacred sites have been identified. Interviews with traditional Native American representatives,with• ties.to,tile•..area could reveal localities of significance, To assure the protection of significant historical and archaeological resources, a mitigation program, as prescribed by, .an MOA.would be imple- mented that provides for the'ident'ification, evaluation, and treatment of properties that would be affected by the SSC project. To identify historical and archaeological resources within areas to be affected by the project, an archival and field program would be implemented as described in Section 15.1.2.1. SSCAP15D2248864` DEIS Volume IV' Appendix`'I5' Cultural and Paleontological Resources 65 15.2 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES' ' 15.2.1 Purpose and Scope The purpose of paleontological resource• assessment actAvtties is`te- • _ identify and evaluate paleontological resources wftiwn eath"of' the' can- ' dictate sites. Paleontological resources are nonrenewable and may possess important scfentcffc' and•educattowal' valees. 'Paleontological resources are defined as fossfliferees Tocantttes that provide Important data pertaining to sequences and circumstances of evolutionary biology and geological processes. Important resources are those whose scientific importance has been demonstrated fn the scientific literature or' these whose rarity, uniqueness, or other characteristics may make them'the subject of future scientific study. In general , there are na federal regulatiem s for the management of pale- ontological resources. The most pertinent,, federal Yegts!atton regard- ing paleontological resonrces' is the Awttquittes'Act` F16 U.S.C.' 47?-33). Under the provisions of the act, paleontological resources are protected as prehistoric properties. The scope of this paleontological resource assessment includes: o Identify the number, nature, and extent of all such resources wtthfn the protect area.' o Determine the importance of each resource utilizing regulatory and scientific criteria. o Evaluate potential 'direct and IMI'rect impacts"to tmportaut resources. o Develop mitigation Oars Ur/define-and prescribe appropriate alternative measures to preserve and protect, or mitigate impacts on important'resources es part'of'the SSC preconstruc- ' Lion, construction, and operations, Paleontological resources have been identit'fed based principally upon information provided in the state proposals. These data vary for each state. dependfrg upon the level, of research and °recording previously undertaken within and near the proposed site, and the extent of-archival and field study undertaken in preparation of the proposals. In some cases, further research may be desfrabTe�tc assess'the'potenttuP of cer- ' tain geological strata to produce important fossil materials. 15.2.2 Technical Approach and Methodology 15.2.2.1 Concec.tuaT Basis Paleontological resource assessment procederesntovo)ve•`tdenttficati,on of "' fossiliferous strata that maybe Smpacted -by project acttvittes-.' SSCAPISD2248865 DEIS volume .Y1fAppenepfmPS Cultural, and Paleontological Resources 66 Evaluation procedures to determine actual or potenttak1ossii;•hocati•onS.,. their importance, potential impacts, and alternative mitigation proce- dures should be performed as necessary. �:• ,., After selection of the SSC site, *he .following,issues•;could be pertinent ., to project planning and scheduling:.. , o Procedures to minimize,;potential.adverse;impacts•to important paleontological resources ;that,could -Occur because of project activities. o Contingency procedures toappropriately ,handle •potentially. important paleontological, resources that•.are .discovered during construction activities. o Cumulative impacts on paleontological,resources.._.This is sometimes a concern in areas.,that are expe•rieneing.-rapid development resulting.in the,cumulative;loss,of,.,paleontological resources. A. bevel of Resolut e I. Temooral Paleontological resource activities during preconstructi,on, construc- tion, and operations could include the following: • o Background data accumulation. ' o Resource characterization; determination :of range (fossil localities) and potential importance, o Consultation with concerned--groups,and. individuals., o Sample field inventories and evaluations, ' • o Development of paleontological resources research and mitiga- tion plan for selected SSC site_.as necessary. , o Data recovery and analysis -activities. ,Report preparation for, . . agencies as necessary. • o Paleontological monitoring where necessary.. , • 2. Seatiat Procedures would be undertaken, as necessary, to identify important paleontological resource sites within potential direct -impact,;area., at ' the selected SSC site. Paleontological resources methodologies would be designed tc identify,-evaluate, and-develop mitigation •plans -pertaining - � to potential locations of significant resources,•witd�fn!-;construction;-and ancillary activity areas. • SSCAPIS02248866 DEIS Volume IV Appendix'15.5: fertile al and Paleontological Resources 67 • Direct impacts would result from actual disturbance"of•a'resourcr"s ' , structure and spatial configuration, during construction or operations. Disturbances of this kind could occur within facility construction, zones and area of ancillary activities, such as access roads, storage yards. parking areas, assembly areas, ae6-protect fieldo?'Pices. Indirect impacts on paleontological resources" sometimes result from- the general intensification of land-use activities in the area surrounding a new development. Population'growth and greater accessibl?ity'because of improved roads and other tactIfttes may result: In Increased vandalism; nonprofessional excavations of paleontological sites, and other forms of disturbance and destruction. 'Further. -patternsof )and use on. nearby public, and private norproject'-lands moy change. . The indt rect' impact area would vary with each proposed-site, depending'on sate location and , existing land use patterns., • • Although no spec$fte federal regulatory process currently exists that is used to inventory pal eontod'ogi cat resources, i t i's-general.practice that significant fossils encountered< dUring'fteld surveys'and-project. construc- tion monitoring procedures are recovered gad' analyzed for'scfentifi'c ' purposes. 15.2.2.2 Referenced Data Used itAssessments' Data sources, consulted-whes perform4ne:the paleontological resource ' assessments. 1ncTude.the fo)aowiage- clearing-heuse'records, professional literature, previous;eevtronmentaL'lstudnes. Toealresearchers: :avaca tional researchers, 'state and: local•Taws' and'precedures,' federaT' taws and procedures.- lertsdicttosa- plan' and overviews, 'professiooa•T-organi- zations, and archives. : ' • 15.2.2.3 Assessment Methodologies Paleontological resource wateattonsr Udenticy the"'potewtiaT Vocations of- fossil-bearing strata that could be,impacted by project preconstrattlon activities. SSCAPI5D22A81S67 DEIS Volume' IV`Appendix I5 4 • • Cultural and Paleontological Resources Arizona 68 15.2.3 Resource Assessments ,,v.• 15.2.3.1. Arizona • A. Resource Evaluation and Impact Assessment 1. Scientiflc3acis , _ , For a description and discussion of the stratigraphy of the project, area reference should be made to Appendix S and•-Append:lx 6.. The Arizona SSC site is geologically composed of three .distinct litho- logic groups: Holocene and Quaternary silt,_sand. and:'aliuvium overlay,- Tertiary and Proterozoic strata. The valleys•,surrounding'the Maricopa Mountains are filled with silt, sand, and gravel derived from eroded Proterozoic porphyritic granite, quartz diorite, and pinal schist. The younger and older fanglomerate (Quaternary) sediments were probably deposited during intermittent stream overflow, flooding, and 'channel deposits, and as playa-related processes., The coll-ider.tunnel. at the. proposed Arizona SSC site would largely intersect,the deposits. The Tertiary sequence (1.8 to 65.million.years old) includes volcanic'- and sedimentary rocks made up of varying thicknesses of conglomerates, tuff, and basalt flows. The upper conglomerate ,involves,po)ylithologic • clasts in quartzose to calcareous cement .and, includes basalt. flows. and' tuffaceous sandstone. The middle 'conzlomerate involves•clasts.of granite and schist in quartzose tement and'includes vesicular basalt flows with limestone and a basal sandstone, The ,lowerrconglomerate • - involves granitic clasts in quartzose cement with locai .lenser of •' sandstones. Proterozoic metamorphic and intrusive rocks are located in the Mar$copa Mountains, including porphyrittc ,bioti,te granite,..quartzdiorite, and pinal schist. 2. Known Paleontologjca•i LOcaJit es No known paleontological localities have been recordded in the proposed Arizona SSC project area. Geologic mapping along the surface of the proposed collider ring and the exposed limits of the middle Tertiary section has not produced any fossil discoveries (State of Arizona 1988). 3. Discussion The geological setting of the proposed Arizona SSC site appears to be unfavorable to preservation of fossil remains. Proterozoic granites and schists predate the existence of hard-body parts necessary for fossil preservation, and Precambrian soft-tissue organisms are rarely preserved in igneous and metamorphic rocks. SSCAP1SD22488G8 DEIS Volume:IV:Appendix:'I5 Cultural) and Paleontological Resources Arizona 69 The middle Tertiary stratigraphic section present at the site-"is- dominated by basaltic, volcanism and basement-derived conglomerates indicative of high-energy depositional-•environments.="-fossils- are • - unlikely to be discovered in the pre-Messinlan (pre-6.5 million years) rock given the region's geologic history (State of Arizona 1988 .---- The late Tertiary-Quaternary strat'lgraphtt sectioo-i's••not. sufficientl'y ' exposed to fully -determine-the nature''of the'potentiaT paleontological " resource. These sections have been examined by borehole methods, wht'ch would largely destroy any fossil remains. The older fanglomerate is characterized by coarse-grained subangular•to'subrounded Clasts' ln a sand matrix cemented by 'calcium carbonate. "These-deposits are also interpreted as high-energy environments• of 'deposition' and are^thought not to be conducive to fossil 'preservation. The-younger' fanglomerates ' ' are a sequence of sand-, silt-, and clay-sized particles moderately cemented by lime. Rocks similar to the younger fanglomerates in the San Pedro River Valley of. southeastern southeast of the • proposed SSC site, preserve alate"Cenozoic'terrestrial •sequence-and have yielded'the best record of- evolution.evolution -during thls'time (Lindsay 1984), It is unlikely that timilarfossil -remains will. be recovered at the proposed SSC site, because 'the younger'tangTomerates are not well-exposed. Locally on the desert -pavement indiViduar clasts`of Paleozotc i lnsestone' ' often contain corals and other'fauna-'rindiCattve',of=the'Paleozeit°Era:• The closest known-Paleozoic outcropstentai'n'ing'`suchrmaterials are- located 10 miles to the•south on the south •sTope•Of•the-Sand^Tank'" Mountains (State of Arizona 1988). . B. MitJ.gatJvePjanntnq ;;' The stratigraphic sequence within the project area is not generally:con ducive to paleontological preservation; however.• if- fossils-are present,. they are most likely to occur in younger fanglomerate'eXposures. 'Geo- logical testing (drilling) procedures for other purposes could include paleontological evaluations to verify the low paleontological expecta- tions, particularly 'in areas where'Cut-and-cover 'Operation-'will occur If areas of paleontological potential are identified, professional monitoring may be required during some construction activities. Construction planning could include-the development of^procedures to- respond to the-possibility that'important-fossils•maybe''-uncovered' ' during construction activities; procedures-Of this: kind-may-'include"" professional recovery'of the materials and;to-record' other'-setentifi'c data. - - _ . SSCAP1SD2248869 DEIS Volume-IV-Appendix-10-• 1j. Cultural. and Paleontological Resources Colorado 70 15.2.3.2 Colored& A. Resource Evaluatiot andioNsO Assessgtet „. 1. Scientific fasts. For a description and discussiow-of the.geelogical,stratigrapby in the. proposed Colorado SSC site, .refareece should be made to.Appendix.S and Appendix 6._ The surface geology within the proposed .project area primarily consists of late Pleistocene and Holocene stollen aaid.allinial.deposits `6ryaot. et, al. 1981; Scott 1978; Sharps 1980,,Trimble aad.Machette :1979). le addi.- r tion, there are smaller. amouets.of Cretaceous marine shales, terrestrial sands, and early Tertiary terrestrial deposits. , There are several ideatified Quaternary units. From oldest to youngest these are Slocum Alluvium, Louwigrs-Allluvia, Peoria Loess., Broadway, Alluvium, and late Pleistocene aeottao sand Wit 135A, Scott 19621 Indeck 1988),, as well as other unnamed and Holocene deposits within and surrounding the propased .project •area. Based on the presence of bison in the Slocum Alluvium, these deposits are probably no older than 500.000 years in age. the.Slocum.Alluvium, Louviers Alluvium, and Broadway.Alluviae% have.predseed .large mammal . fauna from the Denver area Went. )g54;,Scott 1962, 1964)„'iacliudieg mammoth, camel„ extioct Mersa, buffalo. and; smahl ,greend.mammals. The Peoria Loess in Yuma County has produced fossil remaieti. 1�nCludtng giant ground sloth, peccary, camel, horse, and badger, as wetl as other small mammals (Graham 1981). Holocene deposits. such as the Piney Creek Alluvium, have also produced faunal material in archaeological contexts. In addition, petrified wood and isolated bone;.frageents .ware recovered.. from stream deposits near—the prolectiarea, but their cartons were such that they could have been transported from their original province (Indeck 1988). The Cretaceous Pierre Shale in the-project area is compoosed of two pxi- mary units, as described in Appendix S. According to Sharps 61980).. U.S.G.S. Mesozoic invertebrate fossil, locality Mo. -15834• is- located nearby in the Pierre Shale in Section 7, T1S, R57W, on a tributary drainage to Badger Creek. This was inspected ,during a paleontetogical reconnaissance forproposed. SSC-related roads (lodeck-1988), but addi- tional fossils were act located. Fossils such as. Snhenediscus and (illi �1. us, are diagnostic of the Upper. transition:Member, of. the Pierre Shale in northeastern Colorado (Scott 1978). The Pierre Shale fauna and flora are well known; scientifically important fossils have been found in northeastern and east-central Colorado. The University of Colorado Museum has recovered fiish and marine reptile re- mains; part of a mosesaur was recovered from near Flagier, south of the SSCAP1502248670 DEIS Volume, 2V AppendixIS Cultura}; and Paleontological Resources Colorado 71 study area (Lee 1897). , Core samples,taken recently; from,five areas in : the vicinity of the proposed. SSC: site .revealed upper. Cretaceous,trace , fossils, including gastropods, brachipods, pelecypods, and ammonites (Kauffman and Batt 1987). Late Cretaceous Fox Hills sandstone, is not present in, the area of the, - collider ring but is discontinuous nearby,and: potentiall•y, affected. by. SSC-related access road construction (Indeck 1988). According to Sharps (1980), U.S.G.S. Mesozoic invertebrate fossil locality No. 15866, , is near the proposed project area in the Fox Hills on a tributary drain- age to Badger Creek. The ,area was ,inspected, during the paleontological reconnaissance for the proposed access roads,.(,Lndeck 1988)„ and no. ,. additional fossils were located. ., • Fossil plants, invertebrates (marine mollusks), fish scales and verte- brate, sharks' teeth, and an insect have been identified in the Fox Hills Sandstone in eastern Colorado. Oohiomorohg is present„ differentiating it from the overlying Laramie formation, (Scott 1978),. The type locality fora fossil leaf-hopper ►tesoiassoidr., alaante6 is , . south of the study corridor (0man, 1937). , . The late Cretaceous Laramie Formation and the Denver Formation. (Late.. Cretaceous to Paleocene) also occur,.only .in limited areas across the . area of the proposed .access ,roads• (Indeck„1988)., Fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals. 'and dinosaurs have been.recovered.- rom-the Laramie, Formation in Weld County (Carpenter 1979) as well as plant and , invertebrate fossils. The Denver Formation in the Denver area has produced late Cretaceous leaves and dinosaur bones and early Paleocene leaves and mammal, reptile, and amphibian bones and teeth (Brown 1962; Middleton 1983). 2. Known Paleontological Localities According to Sharps (1980), two localities occur in areas potentially affected by road construction. U.S.G.S. Invertebrate Fossil Locality No. 15874 is located in the nearby Pierre Shale in Section 7, T1S, R57W, on a tributary drainage to Badger Creek. U.S.G.S. Mesozoic invertebrate fossil locality No. 15866 is near the proposed project area in the Fox Hills, on a tributary drainage to Badger Creek. A series of five cores that were drilled at the Last Chance Drilling site near the proposed project area (Kauffman and Batt 1987) produced upper Cretaceous trace fossils, including gastropods, brachiopods (i.e., Lingula), pelecypods, and ammonites (i .e., Baculites). No other known fossil localities are located in the proposed SSC collider ring. 3. Piscuss_7on Stratigraphic levels that potentially contain fossil materials include the recent alluvium, eolian sands, and the Peoria Loess. The Upper Cretaceous Pierre shales may also be fossiliferous. Outside the area of SSCAP15D2248871 DEIS Volume 1V.Appendix .15 CvTCur+h�and Paleontological Resources Colorado 72 the collider ring, project activities could uncover paleontological resources in the taramie Fora tion,,'lDenver Formation, and`Foc Hills' Sandstone formations. Areas associated with alluvial stream or terrace deposits could poten- tially yield fossils. These Include a'r'eas around'gadger Creek, ''Lost Creek, and Box Elder Creek fIndeck 198Qr. B. Mltjgatioann4nT It is possible that important paleontological materials will be dis covered during construction, act$wit$es.' Fossil materfals have been • found elsewhere in Colorado in geological strata within the project area. Prior to construction, further paleontological reconnaissance would be completed of portions of the proposed project construction areas,where important paleontological localities are likely to occur. Paleonto logical evaluations can be adu4S as pert of any geological testing program that may take place during project preconstruction activities. Paleontological resource planning should also include the development of procedures should Important fossils be uncovered curing project con struction. In such an event, construction activftyin the immediate area should allow for appropriate measures of recovery and recordtng to take place. • SSCAP15D2248872 D£IS Volume IM Appenddk I5 , ., , ;;,; Cultural-'and Paleontological Resources Illinois 73 15.2.3.3 Illinois A. Bgsource Evaluation andAnoact-Assessment 1. Scientific Buis For a description and discussion of the stratigraphy of the proposed project area reference should be made.to. Appendix 5-and Appendix.6. Paleontological investigations have' primarily on Qua ternary aternary deposits and associated fossils.— Quaternary. drift constitutes than. 98% of the surficial deposits in the-'study Area; fossils' in this "stratum' will have the greatest potential for'being"-affected'by'the development and construction. Because the SSC' s1te area has not-been tystematicaily" surveyed for areas containing fossils, a predictive paleontological site model was developed to estimate the distribution. of'Plei'stotene fossil sites (MCGimsey et' al. 1986). This model ,incorporated published and unpublished information about the landscape, fossils, and. geologic deposits associated with. known Pleistocene fossil sites throughout the Midwest. The geologic deposits found in the project area'involve the following ' paleontological resources. The Grayslake Peat may'contain pollen, plant macrofossils, and vertebrates. %Most of the-sites 'listed on, Table 15-12 are probably from this deposit, including many of the mastodons.. Recent studies (King 1981) demonstrate that Grayslake Peat provides' ' important paleobotanical sequences. ' Swamp 'areas 'may contain similar resources. The Cahokia Alluvium-has:produced vertebrate fossils and, molluscan shells (Hajic 1981; Graham'et/a1.-1981): :The Equality Forma Lion has produced vertebrates (Graham et al . 1981), invertebrates. 'and plant fossils (Heinrich 1982) in Illinois and elsewhere {Delcourt et al. 1980) . The Mackinaw Member of the Henry Formation has produced vert- ebrate fossils (Parmalee 1967). The Batavia Member of the formation produced the mastodon listed in Table 15-12; plant macrofossils and mol- luscan remains from outwash deposits are recorded near the project area (Kempton 1966). The Wedron Formation occasionally produced fossil ver- tebrates, mollusks, and pollen in outwash deposits. Geologic formations were evaluated and ranked on the basis of their potential for yielding fossil remains (McGimscy et al . 1986). For exam- ple, the Grayslake Peat was ranked high because of the many fossil sites that have been discovered in this unit and the diversity of paleontolo- gical resources that they contain. Swamp areas have also been ranked high because they frequently contain bogs that are composed partly of Grayslake Peat. The Cahokia Alluvium, Equality Formation, and Henry Formation were ranked moderate because they have a much lower potential for containing fossils. These units do not yield fossils as consis- te.)tly as the Grayslake Peat. The Wedron and Glasford Formations were ranked low because fossils occur sporadically within their till deposits; SSCAP15D2248873 DEIS Volume .IV'Appendix`15.! =< ' " ':i i.,-Ci itaraa and Paleontological Resources Illinois 74 Table 15-12 • RECORDED FOSSIL LOCA[ILILS:.Wine VICI101IY OF PROPOSED ILLINOIS SSC SITE • Locality Name. Type formatten Age (years DP) Forest Preserve Vertebrate. .Hoory.{Batavia • 1a,I34-I5*240 Aurora Mastodon. Vertebrate, Grayslake Peat .Late Pleistocene: Vertebrate, Grayslake Peat,?. kits Pletstaeenn Naperville mastodon Vertebrate. Grayslake Peat? Late-Pleistocene Batavia Mastodoo Vertebrate ? Late Pleistocene or;Malocen► Vertebrate ? Late P%etstoceme . . Yorkville Mastodon. Vertebrate 2 , LaterPleistoceee Maple Park Vertebrate 1 Late Pleistocene • Mastodon Oswego Mastodon I Vertebrate. 2 -, Late, Pletstocene Oswego Mastodon II Vertebrate ? Later Pleistocene Bristol Station' Vertebrate ? Late Pleistocene Mastodon. Larson Gravel Pit Palen- Beery Mbrl . 42,020- botanical Macktoew Mbr 332,000. Winnebago Foy Batavia Soft Nollvscan Grayslake Peat 2.,000-10.000 Builders Bog Source; NcGlmacy et al. }%&. SSCAPISD2248B74 DEIS Volume IV- AppenCtIX'TS' Cultural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 75 Fossils are generally restricted to the interbedded fluvial:and-.,4' -.- lacustrine deposits that compose a small part of these formations. Preliminary data indicate thatrthe-proposed' SSC site is'l oCated .i.n an area of medium paleontological, site probability (McCimseyet al. 1986). 2. Knewn_2aleontologin Illinois State Museum paleontologists have been' conducting surveys for paleontological localities in the Corridor-5 'area (Mecimsey et al. 1986). Only paleontological localities from the Pl'etstocene 'andHolocene epochs of the Quaternary Period have been included 'in this survey. Pre Quaternary localities were not mapped because they lie within bedrock and are generally buried by Quaternary deposits. The Vertebrate Paleontology files at the Illinois State Museum, as well as a search through the existing•scientific• literature, yielded infor- mation on 13 known nearby localities that primarily contained vertebrate fossils as well as paleobotanical remains: and mollusks. " However, only four of these localities summarized•in,Table 15-12 had detailed locational information. The literature search was followed by a field survey to locate exposures of' Quaternary deposits within the proposed SSC site. Forty-seven local- ities were visited and 14 of these were sampled for paleontological resources. None of the quarries or exposures yielded resources. The Illinois State Museum also conducted a field survey of all high probability areas in the 16-Township area. High probability areas primarily included bogs and natural depressions located using aerial photographs, topographic maps, and General Land Office plats and notes. During this survey 30 localities were identified, but only 22 were visited where cores were extracted along transects. Thirteen of the 22 sampled localities are considered to have a high probability of containing paleontological material because abundant paleobotanical plant remains were recovered. Sediment samples analyzed at the Illinois State Museum confirmed the presence of Pleistocene and Holocene pollen grains and indicate that such localities are of value for studying past climates and vegetation. Nine localities are considered to have low potential. 3. Discus ion Another field reconnaissance was conducted to assess the potential impact of proposed SSC surface construction on paleontological resources. Twenty-six possible construction localities within the corridor were visited: three localities that appear to have high potential were sampled. Neither these nor the other 23 localities, however, were found to contain any paleontological resources. Although these construction sites intersect high probability areas (Grayslake Peat and Cahokia Alluvium) in the eastern and southern parts of the ring, only one of the 26 would potentially affect any paleontological resources. 55CAP15D2248875 PETS Volume 'IV'Appendix 15 41,,11 hrr"` e•Cutitural and Paleontological Resources Illinois 76 B. Mitlaationj}annln2 Fossil remains, are, well ,knownlroA the-Quaternaryr stratarpresent\at the proposed. Illinois SSC stte Jtvpr,,pf'the'potenttab,leCattons: of;pa/eos- tological materials have been examined; others remain to be evaluated. Upon the development of the precise location of the SSC in the Illinois project area, an assessment, could .be,made of the potential locations of paleontological. remains. Field reconnaissance erocedures. coub4 be• undertaken, where necessary,. to verify the potentiate(of paleontological finds in construction areas. •7hts•can,be -coardtnated:•wpthother geo- logical testing. Mitigation planning could provide for the identification of those con- struction areas that will-regwireprofessional nonttorUnrdurimq ground- breaking and drilling procedures.: Procedures coulee be developed for scientific recovery and recordation upon-discovery of important fossil' materials. In such an event, construction activity 1e. tpe .immediate area should allow time for appropriate measures of recovery,'and record- ing to take place. • I I. . • - 4141 • . 4141. SSCAPISo2248876 DEIS VolumeiV -Zptiendik I5 Cultural, and Paleontological Resources Michigan 77 15.2.3.4 Michigan A. Resource Exaluaiten 'andlmeact2Aslessment' 1. $cientiflc Basis For a description and'discussion'of the geological stratigraphy`of•ther ' proposed SSC project area reference should be madeEto:AppendiX' San& Appendix 6. The principal bedrock deposit underlying the,proposed.SSC project area is the Pennsylvania Saginaw Formation. In addition, .thecollider'tunnel would penetrate the Mississippian Marshall. Formation,. the?Mississippian Michigan Formation, and the Mississippian Bayport. Limestone. Glacial sediments cover the bedrock of the proposed SSC project area; • glacial features consist of plains,--m0raines,•'and eskers.. _ The'low areas contain lakes, bogs, and swampsti; as well as. the-remnants of-ancient ..- • aquatic kettles and basins that maybe filled'wlthclatePleistocene peat, muck, and marl deposits. These may also'contain.mammoth.and mastodon remains and megafauna that may have been attracted to the area by the availability of salt from Paleozoic seas. Sedimentary rocks were carried by' the-glacier-from'•northern'to more' southern localities in Michigani, bringing'withtheti' fessi;s. thatAare.not necessarily indigenous to the more southern zones. These fossils are generally surface finds and are of very little scientific value. Fossils are abundant at some exposures of the Lower Pennsylvania Saginaw ' Formation. These are well documented at'theCrani' Ledge exposures near' Lansing as well as from small, scattered localities in Ingham and-Jackson counties (Kelly 1936; Dorr and Eschman 1971). The Grand Ledge exposures. have produced four major primitive plant groups (Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteridospermales, and Cordaites). Invertebrate fossils are less fre- " quently collected, but brachiopods, foraminiferans, bryozonans, pelt' cypods, gastropods, and cephalopods have been identified. Trilobites' and ostracods are rare, and fish are very rare. Primitive ray-finned • fishes and lungfishes are represented. The Mississippian Marshall Formation has produced fossils at nearby Stoney Point Quarry in Jackson County,'Hincluding ammonoids, clams, crinoids, nautiloids, and.ostracods. The Blue Ridge Glacial Esker has produced abundant-clam fossils, brachiopods, cephalopods, and ostracods (Dorr and Eschman 1971). ' The Mississippian Michigan Formation and the Mississippian Bayport Limestone have produced fossils from localities rather distant from the project area (Dorr and Eschman 1971). Both have produced fish fossils including teeth and spines of elasmobranchs of the genera )adodus. - .C_t Ms1PSh4S. Helodus, and-Pseohodus_. The-Bayport 'Li.mestone.has.also___ . produced plant remains. SSCAP15D2248877 - DEIS VolumetV`%Appendi;OIS "• "•..R'i ' .. ni,jnatpt'',hnr.Celtufal•oand .Paleontological. Resources Michigan 78 2. Known Paltontologlcal Localities To determine the likelihood and nature'of fossils:at: the.propoaed SSC site log borings were made along the collider ring. Seven of these penetrated the Pennsylvania Saginaw Formation; five penetrated'the Mississippian Bayport Limestone; two penetrated the Mississippian Michigan Formation, The Mississippian Marshall• Formation was not , encountered (State of Michigan, D988). The Saginaw Formation yielded fossil plants or traces of fossil .plants in five of the seven boringl.. Moreover, several coal seams. az&organic layers were encountered, as well as other- potentially fossiliferous zones. The Mississippian 8ayport. l.lmestoner yielded. fossil plants in one of the five boreholes and had poteatiaflyfossiliferots. sediments in all. borings. The Michigan Formation yielded no fossils in the two borings. Table 15-13 lists vertebrate fossils. that have previously been, collected from Ingham. Jackson, Livingston, and Washtenaw counties. Four locali- ties of mastodon remains and,three of mammoth have been reported in the vicinity of the proposed SSC site, Table 15/-13 VERTEBRATE FOSSILS PREVIOUSLY LOCATED FROM THE LATE PLEISTOCENE' OF INGHAM,. JACKSON■ LIVINGSTON4. AN3 WASNTEMAU COUNTIES Species Ingham Jackson Livingston ;Weshtenaw; MAMMALS Giant Beaver x: k Meadow Vole x Muskrat x, American Mastodon x x x, x, Jefferson Mammoth x x x Peccary x Elk z x x r Deer x Moose X .. Woodland Musk Ox W FISHES White Sucker Crappie x . Source: State of Michigan 1980. . . . . SSCAP15022488713 DEIS Volume• IT Appendix,I5 S n Cul,turaT"and Paleontological Resources Michigan 79 The Sheathelm Mastodon Site. .radiocarbon: dated,at`11,85Q.+.110 S.P. and- 10,840 ± 120 3.P.. is located"outside: the,proposed,collider,ring in. • - White Oak Township, Ingham County. ,,The. Sheathelm;mastodon„is:,typical;of , , one that might be encountered in any'of'the deptessed'Pleistocene fea- tures of the proposed' SSC project area. The.,fossils were.,found„in black peatlike material below surface humus.'wi'th numerous;plant;;remains. The major elements of the skeleton include the'.greater,portion of an.artic- ulated skull, numerous skull fragments, a :complete`set of mandibles with complete dentition, the end of tusk, and,numerous'tusk ,z.nd" skeletal ' fragments (Holman 1986). The Wilcox Road Mastodon site is locate:tin Delhi'Townshi'p.' ;Ingham County. The specimens consist of a-broken' tusk 'and' two post-cranial'' bones. No specific stratigraphic information was recorded. The Blackman Township Mastodon Site is located in BlaCkman„Townsh'ip. Jackson County. The specimen consists of'only, a, broken mastodon tusk (Skeels 1962). • ' : The State Farm Prison Mastodon Site' is located it Leoni Township,' Jackson County. No other information' is currently available (MacAtpin 1940). The Cloice Mead Mammoth Site is located near the collidcr,,ring 1n,;Ingham Township, Ingham County. The, remains: were-discovered in muck,.and.marl. in a stratigraphic arrangement similar. to ,the Sheathelm.Mastodon,Site. ,- The fossils consisted of a. well-preserved,19wer rtght,third, molar and a. , partial tusk (dolman 1979): The Leslie Township Mammoth Site is located inside the colliider ring in Leslie Township, Ingham County. - Bones,recovered..-,from.under,.peat; ln-muck consist of a scapula, femur, tibia, andul;na..(Skeels 1962). The Locey Farm Mammoth Site is located in, Tompkins;Townsbip, Jackson County. The specimen consists ofa,well-preserved. lower mandible., a) partial tusk, vertebrae, ribs, two scapula, and two limb fragments, The specimens were found in marl (Skeels 1962). 3. Discussion The proposed SSC project.area contains fossilsAof two, widely separated time periods and of two distinctly.different stratigraphic,contexts,' representing Pleistocene, and' Paleozoic.,(Misbisslppian, ,Pennsylvanian), processes. Most of the eeneral criteria for finding Pleistocene fossils in Michigan given by H6 ae (2975) apply to the proposed SSC project area. These include _.+y situation: - T)-where glacial sediments are thin or where .0*- they have been uncovered by smitten or surficial excavations, thus exposing the Paleozoic bedrocks at the surface (these situations are rather rare in the SSC area); 2) where Paleozoic sediments would be S5CAP15D2248879 DEIS VolumenIV Appendix-15 Cultural and Paleontological Resources Michigan 80 exposed in rock or' sand•quarrtes; 3')•'in cores made' during exploration • and drilling, and- Win in material-'from,water well dd'ggingr•and:,,most'' • importantly, from-anctent'lake, bog, 'and pond' fillings. Pleistocene fossils previously located. in Ingham,"JackVonLivingston, and Washtenaw counties ;include; giant beaver (Castrorotdds ohioencls),• meadow vole Ifi'crQtus'penns Jvaticvr),- muskrat ('Dodatri zibethicusj.. American mastodon (Mammut americanumY, ,Jefferson. mammoth ti mnnuthic jeffersoni) peccary fJatvgopys comorejus), elk fCerVUs,canAdenst.S4 deer (0doco17gy;, _v_irninfangs), moose (Alces .alces), woodland musk ox (Srlabos cultism),tf,ron ,,), and white sucker (Satostom s commersoM).. These were recovered from features similar to those. within the proposed SSC project area. Fossils recovered from the. Pennsylvania Saginaw Formation in, Ingham County that could be present. at the proposed SSC si:te .inctude the following plants.: lycopslca (four species), Sphenopstda (four species), • Pteridospermales (two species), and Cordaites. Invertebrates include Coelenterata, arachiopoda, and Mollusca. , Vertebrate fossils include Actinopterygii (ray-finned fi'shes):, and Dipnel (tungffshes),. B. Mit_ieation Planning There have been a number of fossil discoveries within and near the pro. posed project area. Studies performed "for the SSC. site proposal vent fled the existence of fossils in several 'stratlgraphtc contexts. Further field studies may be' needed to develop expectations concerning the potential for paleontological localities within specific planned construction areas. Upon the development of the precise location of the SSC in. tfie' Pttchtgan. project area, assessments could be mode of the potential i'ocatiens of paleontological remains. Field reconnaissance procedures could be undertaken, where necessary, to verify the potential of paleontological finds in construction areas. This'tan• be"coordinated withother geo- logical testing. Mitigation planning could provide for the identification of those con- struction areas which will require professional monitoring during ground-breaking and drilling procedures. In some cases exploratory examination of construction areas' might be useful' 1•n•orders:te retrieve fossil remains before construction commences'. P'rocedurer shb ,td'be developed.for scientific•retoveryand• recordati-on upon'di coveiy'of' important fossil materials. In such an event, construction activity • should allow for appropriate measures of recovery and recordtng•.to take. ' SSCAPIS0224888a ' DEIS Volume' IV"Appendi'ic is . rteltumilaw,d*faleontologic lAm ources North Carolina 81 15.2.3.5 North C.arQ],ip,i A. Resource jvalyati,an,and Impact Assesvnegt 1. 5.0entific Basis For a description and 4iscussioo ef.tbe geologiGat.*stratlgrafhy ct'tbe " proposed North Carolina,SSC .sote .reference.slioul4obelmade to Appendix 5• and Appendix 6. The proposed SSC site is located within the geological formation referred to as the Carolina Slate Belt. It is a northeast trending tectonic province of Precambrian to Early Paleozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Sexauer 1983), which extends from southern Virginia to northern Georgia. Wormlike metazoan fossils are known to occur in the metasedimentary rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. Plant impressions, concostracans, ostracods, and fish fossils are commonly found in the Triassic Durham Basin (Reid 1988) outside the proposed SSC site. 2. Known Paleontological Localities According to the North Carolina Geological Survey there are no critical paleontological sites that occur within the proposed project area (State of North Carolina 1988). The northernmost fossil locality reported in the Triassic Durham Basin occurs near the community of Bethesda. This locality occurs approx- imately fifteen miles south of the proposed project area. The fossils reported from this locality include plant impressions, concostracans, ostracods, and fish bones. Similar occurrences of such fossils are common in the Triassic Durham Basin (Reid 1988). Wormlike metazoan impressions occur in the metasedimentary rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt along the south bank of the South Fork of the Little River approximately 5.5 miles southwest of the proposed SSC site. This is the only reported occurrence of these impressions in the area (Reid 1988). 3. Discussion Fossiliferous sites occur in metasedimentary rocks and are common in the Triassic Durham Basin (Reid 1988). The two known fossil sites occur well outside of the proposed SSC project area. There are no known critical paleontological sites in 'the immediate vicinity of the proposed SSC site area (Carter 1988). B. Mitigation Planning Paleontological remains are not extensive in the project area and are unlikely to be encountered during construction of the SSC. However, prior to construction, and to verify the aforementioned conclusions, SSCAP15D22A8881 DEIS Volume'N1Apgendtx''-),3' 2'8-829 0 - 88 - 4 (BOOK 9) - "'' .Caltural and Paleontological Resources North Carolina 82 paleontological assessments should be made at the site during-other geological testing and site preparation procedures. If the paleonto- logical expectations are modified, Commensurate:`procedures•-should-be undertaken to monitor construction activities. Project planning would include the development of procedures to be undertaken should fossil remains be ancovered.durlmg construction activ- ities. Such activities should allow for appropriate-'recovery and recordation procedures to be completed. . SSCAP15D2248832 DEIS Volume IV Appendix` 15' .Cultural and Paleontological Resources " ' Tennessee 83 15.2.3.6 Tenne t Ap A. 1- 5gientific Basis The geological stratigraphy in the proposed Tennessee SSCsite area is described and discussed 4n Appendix 5 and' Appendix 16: " The Ordovician period is the e'arl'iest stratigraphic level likely to . contain fossils will be impacted during tunneling procedures. For- mations from this period include the Stones River and Nashville groups. The Stones River Group, which dates to the Middle. Ordovtcian, consists mainly of limestone beds as does the Nashville,Croup which Occurs in the Upper Ordovician. These limestone beds contain many fossils, including: gastropods, bryozoans, pelecepods, brachiopods, cephalopods. graptolites, ostrocods, and tribolites. Corals are also present; these grew in abun- dance in what is now the Central Basin area {Miller 1974,). The Mississippian Period is represented by.the Chattanooga Shale and the Fort Payne formations, which are located mostly on hills outside the project area. The Chattanooga Shale deposits are consldered. important - • since they contain the first land and vertebrate fossils found in Tennessee. These are generally .poorly..preserved and are not very abun, dant, but they include a variety of fishes tncluding. Oinikhthys amid sharks. Plant fossils, including" driftwood,, sporas, :and..algae, are. found. Toothlike or platelike pieces. of an unknown animal and referred to as conodonts are present. These are considered diagnostics as they occur within a very narrow geological time range (Miller 1974). The most abundant fossils of the Mississippian are the Crinoids which are found in the Fort Payne deposits of limestone, shale, and chert. The Crinoids formed large mounds as they died off, collected in the muddy sediments, and are preserved as limestone bioherms; lime zones composed of these bioherms are common in Middle Tennessee (Miller 1974). The present Central Basin was formed during the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods after the chart rocks of the Fort Payne deposit were breached by erosion, exposing the underlying limestones which in turn were rapidly eroded (Miller 1974). Land animals were abundant during the Quaternary Period and included Pleistocene era mastodon, mammoth, saber-toothed cats, giant ground sloths, camels, jaguars, and giant panthers. Remains of these and other now extinct mammals have been found at various locations in Tennessee. Remains have been found in river deposits above the present floodplains and frequently to caves (Miller 1974; Mathews 1071). Known Paleontological Localities There are no .known rare or unusual fossil localities recorded in the proposed project area that would be impacted by SSC construction activ- ities (Corgan 1976). SSCAP15D2248883 DEIS Volume IU„Appendix3S Guttural and Paleontological Resources Tennessee 84 2. Discussion Ordovician limestones that occur in the SSC area as the Stones River and Nashville deposits contain a variety of invertebrate fossils, including large amounts of corals. The Mississippian Period, which is represented in the project area by the Chattanooga Shale and later limestone, shale, and chert Fort Payne deposits, may contain important land,and vertebrate fossils andthe diagnostic conodonts. Remains of Pleistocene mammals may occur in alluvial deposits of the Quaternary Period or in caves, several of which.,are• located within the proposed SSC project area (Matthews 1978), 8. Mitigation Planning Further evaluation may be needed to identify specific locations within the construction areas that are likely to produce fossil remains. Reconnaissance surveys could be undertaken prior to construction to identify such areas. Further, paleontological studies be• completed as part of other geological testing and preparation procedures.. Construction planning should include the development of procedures to respond to the possibility that important fossils may be .uncovered during construction activities. Procedures should inctude professional recovery of the materials and to record other scientific data. SSCAP1502248884 DEIS Volume'IV Appendix 15 ' Luttoral and Paleontological Resources. Texas 85 I5.2.3.7 Teas A. E£a91I d31t1t ed b ba gi.men I• Sciient�ifis i� For a description and discussion of the geological 5tratigraphy of the proposed SSC site reference should be'madeto,Appendix:5 and Appendix Although little paleontological research has been completed in the, vicinity, nearby Pleistocene and Cretaceous deposits are•documented as fossiliferous (Slaughter and Thurmond 1965). Quaternary alluvium, and • terrace deposits have. produced mammoth.and an'astortment,of molluscan fauna. The Cretaceous Austin Chalk has preduced;'nvmerous teoeost and. elasmobranch fishes as .well. as'a'specimen.of marine reptile. 2. now Pal op nloojcal I,o all i c A 1964 survey of Bardwell Lake (Slaughter and'Thurmend` 1955) 9s'the only systematic paleontological survey conducted in Ellis.Coenty. ' The-other ' paleontological sites that have been identified have resulted from chance encounters during, for example., gravel and quarry 'operations: Two Ellis County finds cataloged.i.n,•the collection of?the University of'Texas, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology,•'i•ocTudeaobtson anklebone.and a mammoth wristbone, located along .Pl<ei+stocene,!streanyterraces of.trtbu- taries of the Trinity River. The Shuler Museum of Paleontology, Southern Methodist University, has recorded a number of Ellis County localities from which fossil shark teeth were obtained from the Cretaceous Austin Chalk/Taylor Marl. The Shuler collection also contains a skeleton of the Cretaceous fish Pachyy'hizo(us from the Midlothian Limestone (Austin Chalk/Eagle Ford Group contact). The systematic paleontological survey in Ellis County was conducted in 1964 by the Shuler Museum before the building of Bardwell Lake by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Slaughter and Thurmond 1965). The objec- tives of the survey were to map the Quaternary deposits of Waxahachie Creek and to prospect natural terrace exposures for the recovery of • Cretaceous and Quaternary vertebrate and molluscan fossils. From bedrock deposits, researchers recovered a lower jaw of a marine reptile • (mosasaur), two species of teolost fishes, and seven species of elasmo- branch fishes. The presence of pelecypods was noted. Floodplain terraces were also examined along Big Mustang Creek. These Pleistocene sediments produced numerous molluscan, species. Only fragmentary identi- fiable vertebrate fossils were found, including a fragment of a leopard frog mandible and a mammoth tooth. SSCAP15DZ244885 DEIS Volume_'Ill 'Appendix 75 man ,'_:C+rltural and Paleontological Resources Texas 86 3. lacussioQ It could be expected that paleontological resources are present in Ellis 1 County formations of the Pleistocene and recent epochs. particularly along stream terraces. The likelihood of significant land-dwelling or marine vertebrate paleontological finds in the older Austin Chalk and Taylor Marl (Cretaceous) is not very great. It. As more -likely that scattered Cretaceous marine creatures (mollusks,. clams,•shark, fishes) would be encountered (State of Texas 1988). 8. Mitigation Planning Further evaluation of the proposed project area is necessary prior to construction to identify specific locations within the construction . areas that are likely to produce importantfossils`remains. Reconnais- sance surveys could be undertaken prior to construction. Further, paleontological studies would be completed- as part of geological .test- ing. These evaluations should provide the basis for identifying what areas are most sensitive and would ,require .professional monitoring,dur ing construction activities. Construction planning. should. include.the development of' procedures to respond to the possibility that•.fossils,may be -uncovered•during con- • struction activities. Procedures 'should include-professional recovery' of the materials and the recording of-other` scientifi'c data. SSCAP15G2248886 DEIS Volume,TV'dppend•fr zs' %y. Cultural and Paleontological Resources References 87 REFERENCES Bahr, D., Baptista, R., 'Butler, K., Dora, E., Fletcher, G, , .Joseph, V., Lewis, J., Pablo S.,' and White,' f: The Meani'no`of the Martcona Moun;ates, " , tithe_lndtans Llvina Nearest to Them. Tempe, Arizona: Department-o Anthropology, Arizona State University,'n:d. '• • ' Benthall , J.L. Archaeological InyestJ atlons at the Noe) (emetert_5111 . Unpublished Manuscript. Nashville: -1Tennessee Division Af,Archaeotiogy,.. 1983. Boris, C.A. ,Effigy Mounds trl,((0CSbvn Illinois; An Ann)vsis_pf an Ln ggcred r"cultural ReAOurce. 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Carter, J.C. 5,t,,ate of North CarolinasSSC-DDL.Infotoatio 'iultural .ani( , , Paleontological Resources, Attachment 1. 1988. Cassells, E.S. The Archaeology of.Colora0o,. Boulder, tolorador Johnson Books, 1983. Claggett, S.R., and Cable, J.S. The H,at,Sites 8rrh eologt al LVS.$1igat1PAs At two_Str ttflied Sites jn the deft{ arol Fiedmont,-; vol 1. Commonwealth Associates, 1982. Cleland, C.E. Summary . jwprt on theillstorlc j{ jur$ And Arch.7.G01oo74ai. Rcsourcej ofilgjzaad..Kjy .r Basin Lns]:udirni She US r Grand lover Site{... Ars,.tio, 1 and Recti,gaatXteirea No, ), £es4 Lansing, Michigan:_Michigan State University Museum, 1969. Colorado Historic Society, Natient; .Reolsserj A$ting•-for So)oredo.. Denver, Colorado: Office of Archaeology aed- Historic •Presevvation, 1987.-` Conrad, L.A. "An Introduction to the Archaeology of-Upland West-Central. , Illinois: A Preliminary:Archaeologlcal,Survey:of,\the Canton,to.•Quiinty , Corridor for the Proposed FAP 407 Highway Project." Report of limes_ SiqgtiQns ny. 7,,, Archaeological Research Laboratory_ ,Macomb.—Lli'inois:. ' Western Illinois University, 1981. Corgan, J.X. "Vertebrate Fossils of Tennessee:' Tennessee Divisjop Geology. Jjulletio 77. Nasbville, .Tennessee. 1926. Cross, J.L. Ihejradino Path: its Re)atlonsbl,p'tetpurham troygty itow_LLQ. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina 0iv,ision,of Archives and History, 1980. SSCAP15D2248888 , DEIS Volume• IV A9pendlx-15 • Cultural and Paleontological Resources References 89 Cultural Systems Research, Inc., P rslsten0,e and, Power -A Study of Natifligrigian Peonies jr,the Sonnryn Del rt_And_the Der;-P.110 Verdi • jigh_ Volta T,yatsmission Line. Report prepared for SCE. Menlo park. California. 1978. Delcourt, P.A., Delcourt, H.R. .Brister,' R-C,.. and Lackey. L.E. "Quaternary Vegetational History of the Mississi.ppi .Embayment." Quaternary Research, vol 13. 1980. pp '111-132. Dickson, D.B. Fioal_Report op the...1 7,2-1975 Archaeplonjcal_Sit& Reconnaissance in the eroposct JVA C, Jumbta_Reservoir. Maury and Marshal]. counties. Tennessee. Knoxville. Tennessee: .University of Tennessee„ Department of Anthropology, 1978. Derr, J.A., and Eschman, ELF. ,Qeolocv of Mlchioan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1971. Doyel , D.E. The Transjtionj,Q History in Northern eimerj& Alta., Draft manuscript prepared for the Columbian Quincentenar ' Symposium, 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American, Archaeology. . Phoenix, Arizona. 1988. DuVall, G.D. An Arc Geological and,}{i�tQlical Assessment of the. Walnut Grove Road Bridge, (L.M. 1.74) over the West Fork Scones River. Rutherford. County. Tennessee. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation,. Environmental Planning Division, 1983. • Early, A.M. "An Archaeological Survey of the Lower Fox River Valley.' In fr j.jminary_ieRQrt of the 1972 Historic Sites Survey,. Archaeological Reconn;issance of Selected Areas in the State of Ijljnpis: Bart I. GS!CLmary Sectiop B. Illinois Department of Conservation and. Illinois Archaeological Survey, 1972. pp 97-104. • s Early, A,M. N_AL1970 Archaeological arvey The Prehiltoric Q uo- ton Qf the Nsatjepal Accelerator laberatory Stte. Batavia, Illinois: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1970. Effland, R.W., treen, M. and Robinson, E. Yuma 500 V k Transmission . • Line: Technical Report on EJji ings. Tempe, Arizona: Archaeological Con- sulting Services, 1982. Eighmy, J.L. C,Qlorado Plains Prgpjstoric.Conlexs. „Denver, Colorado: Colorado Historic Society. ,1984. Eizis, V. Fo&.Rjyer Study IV: The Aesthetics of the Qommercial and ipold >rsal SeLtitne of the Fox River.. Geneva, Illinois: Kane.County Urban Development Department, 1979. Faulkner, C.H. and MCCoilough,,, C.R. Introductory Reopr$ 9f the J(�ormandv Re v_a rvoir Sal 2rglect z Environmental Setting._ Tvgoloav jnd Survey vol 1. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, 1973. SSCAP1502248889 DEIS Volume,IV.Appendix 15, ' . Ctilturai and Paleontological Resources References 90 Faulkner, C.H. Sim epne e'Pottery ltnpubl'1shed`paper, Knoxville, 1:ennessee: University of '1e w essee, Department of Anthropology, 1977. Fielder, G.1'., Prouty, F.. and Spires, 0. ReconrtaitsanceSurveY.sf /Chaeolooical •alKi Historic Resgllrtes in't'be PJ'9bp3Cd Sup@rrA1,l1der Proaect Area. Misldle.Tennessee•, Nashvillfe: ;t'ennessee Division of Archaeology, 1988. Fitting, J.C., Claggett, S.R., and Tre chler, S.R. "Prehistoric ' Projectile Points of Michigan." Great_1 a iM to ecies,.vol 2. ". (5). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, n.d. Fitting, J.C. "The Archaeology of Michigan.." .Cranbrook.nstitute of Science Buliettjn 55. 1975. Fortier, A.L. "Settlement and Subsistence of the Go-Kart North Site: Late Archaic Titterington Occupatiaa. in the American 'Bottom,--Illinois." ' In Archaic Hjnters and Gatbsrers in"the-A Orican 'Mittifa'. 9hi711ps, J.L. , and Brown, J.A., eds. New'York: Academic Dress, 1983. Graham, R.W., Haynes, C.V., Johnson, 0.1., and Kay, M. "Kimmswick:. A Clovis-Mastodon Association in .Eastern Missouri:" Science :'vo1 213. 1981. Graham, R.W. "Preliminary Report on Late Pleistocene 'Vertebrates from the Selby and Dutton Archeological/Paleontological Sites,. Yuma,. ,Colorado." CO tributlans to 'Geologv. Vniversity'of'_Wyoming, v01 20' ,(1,: 1981: pp' • 33-55. Greaser, S. Predigtlye Models of IUYIter—atherer SIO.S. 'hence--And $011,e- Pent Strategies of the Central High PlAjnz.• ' Uepubiished' Ph.D. disser- tation. Boulder, Colorado: Department of Anthropology., 2980. Hackenberg, R.A. "Pima and Papago Ecological '-Adaptations." In ] pp , pf North American Indians, vol 10, Southwest. W.C. Sturtevant, gen. ed. : A. Ortix, vol. ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1983. pp 161-177. Hajic, E.R. "Shallow Subsurface Geology, Geomorphology'and- Limited Cultural Resource Investigations of the Hartwell Levee and Drainage District, Greene County, Illinois." -fteeortc of jitvestjgatjorrs, no109. Contract Archaeology Program, Center for American Archaeology. Campsville, Illinois. 1981. Hardy, Heck and Moore, Inc. Historical Resources _Nyxah hie" Tex, .: Austin, Texas. 1985a. Hardy, Heck and Moore, Inc. }liLtorical' 'Ro5oirtee, s Qf •,o Tpts_ exat . Austin, Texas.' 1985b. , SSCAP15D22d8890 DEIS Volume IV Appendix "13 • 0rt Cultural and Paleontological Resources References 91 Hargrove, T. -D t Report;.,Archeeoloaical InvestinattOns-of•th%-• .. Natjonal Reei ter-Benrtehan-CRmeron P1antdt_tpn istprjcjtstrtct. vol l:. • Archaeological Research Consultant, Inc., n.d. Harrison, W.F., Karch, C.C., andr$pringer, J.W `"Morphol•ogy •and'Distri bution of Paleo-Indian.Points:from.theKishwaukee-ilasin, _Dokalbc-County, Illinois:" Wisconsin Archaeologist, vol 58 (1). 1977. Haury, E.W. The Hohokam:'Desertfarmers_afl Ccpftsmee.- --Tucson, Arizona University of Arizona Press, .197 Haywood, J. The Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee up to- the First Settlement, herein bv_the White People I the jejr 176d. - .Kinsport, Tennessee: F.M. Hi11-,Books, 1823.. , • . - Heinrich, P. Deomoroholo•v .and $�tmentol29v of Peistocene rak Salin , Southern I]linols. Unpublished Master's thesis. . Champaign,_Illinois: • Department of Geology, University of Illinois, 1982, Hervert, J. and Allen, E. : F Win . Kane CountyJllinois: Geneva, Illinois: Kane CountyUrbam Development' Department, 1960. Holman, J.A. "Michigan's.Fossil Vertebrates.' PubltcytjQns of the ' Mue2M of M chjaan State University. Educational.:Bulletin 2.--1975. pp 1-54. • Holman, J.A. "New Fossil Vertebrate-Remains from MichigaiW,,-Jilchigy8 Academic, vol 11. 1979.- pp 391-397. Holman, J.A. "The Dansville Mastodon and Associated Wooden Specimen.". National Geoaranhic Researcj, vo7 ,2. 1986, p' 416:. Hudson, C. Ito Southeastern Indians. Knoxvillo, .Tennessee:/The . University of Tennessee Press, 1976. . , Hunt, C.B. "Pleistocene and Recent Deposits in the'-Denver^Area,' - Colorado." U.S. Geological Syryev Bulletin 9$.6-C.' :1954.` ' Illinois Department of Conservation.: Inventory'of Historic-Structures in Kane County: Interir. Report. Springfield, Illinois; 1972a, Illinois Department of Conservation. Inven1Qry of H stork Structures in Kendall County: Interim'Reo9rt. Springfield,,Illinois, -. 1972b, Illinois Department of Conservation. TnVentgy_of Historic L nd� marks in Kane County: Interim Report. Springfield, .Il.lfnois. .1974a. Illinois Department of Conservation. Tnventory_Qfjltstgrie tepdmarks j R Kendall County: Interim Report. Springfield, Illinois. 1974b. SSCAP15D2248891 DEIS VolumeslV:AppendiX,:35! L. Cultural! and Paleontological Resources. • References 92 Illinois Department of-Conservati'on. jnlLeAteryof_ijstor1c andmarks In DuPPao_County: Interim Report,. Springfield.:31lnois. ,274c:;. Indeck, J. Ealrontologisal Resource Survey of ilejr000sedActn=s Roads t2She SuperconQuSSitg Super Coll'ider. Fecill'ty from Brighton• and For MQI_aap, PIOP15. and ('(on.ian Countte;,Sotoradq. Colorado Department of Highways. 1988. - . Ingalls, N. Rural r �cture Sorvev 1l•Ileteenth 'an&itwentleth Cent=FarmstPILLAR ads and R ral ands aoe� of Kane Coilply. Ill1nais.rr 'Geneva, Illinois. 1987. Jeske, R.J, The Arch nolbov o 'Pent lathonal Accde'rxtor tabors orv, fatavie,. Illinol;. Midwest Archaeological Researeh •Service, Inc., 1986. Jolley, R.L., and Newman, R.D. Archaeolotf ca1'Jeetiga of Historic Sites in the erooessdSAIRMbla Reservoir, 1'1iddls Tenn, eg. Nashville, Tennessee: Building Conservation Technology, ,1982r" Jones, J. "Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee." • - &ithsoniaribc?Ions to Knowledge, no 259. lias'hington, DC; Smithsonian Institution, 1876. Joyner, K.L. Final Reoort of•A_Cultvrzl Resource -Inventory Mr r_the* Proposed E-470 torridor-Doyglas, Arapattoe and .Adans ;ountles olorado. Denver, Colorado: Engineer 470 Partnership, 1987. Joyner, K,L. Archaeoiooli<Al Irrvestiapt1'oni of a 'tamplg 'pf 'the•'Proeosed • Superconducting SkUltr Collider Ac c Road_tn_Adams and •Moroan Ceuntiec _ Colorado. Colorado Department of Highways. 1988. Kauffman, E.G., and Batt, R.L. 4i1ah-Resolution''Strat.tgraphva £1_thof ies.,__Ind _Correlation of Five Cores from the SSC - Last Chance Area Drilling Site. Boulder, Colorado: Department:of •Geological • - Sciences, University of Colorado, n.d. Kelly, W.A. "The Pennsylvania System.of iwliehilan," ;.Mtehlgati Geological 5.31nsx.,.Eublication 4Q. 1936. pp 149-226. Kempton, J.A. "Radiocarbon date .fromvMton$an and Twocreekan -Deposit of- ' Sycamore, Illinois." I.Ca.nsactiosisof the Il jnol%Academvof Science. vol 59 (1). 1966. pp. 39-52. King, J.E. "Late Quaternary Vogetattonal 'History 'of 11l1noisi". reolooscal _ Monographs, vol 51 (1). 1981. Klippel , W. , Elmendorf, J., and Graham; B. •Caapflon and'-'Ghee Bone aarchaeo- logical Districts - Columbia Reservoir Multiple Resources District. Draft National R,pojster 'Nomtnation. Nashville: Tennessee-0ivision of Archeeol• : • • • ogy, n.d. SSCAP15D2248892 • DEIS VolumeTUAppendte 5 Cul.tural' and:Paleontological Resources - References 93 Korl ing,. U., ed. Ai3arruTamollit:_&11,1 Architecture ]n,Kane•County. Geneva, Illinois:_Kane County.Development, Department. 1977. - Kvamme, K.L. "Settlement Variability on the High. Plains and Northeastern Colorado; The South Platte River.." Southwestern tore, vol 4S—(4)., 1979. pp 18-28. LeBaron, W. The Past and Present 9f Kane County. Chicago, Illinois: W. LeBaron Jr. and Company, 1878. Lee, W.T. "Fossil Mosasaurid Found Near-F.l'agler, Colorado." iht American Naturalist. vol 31. 1978. p 614. Lindsay, E.H., and Tessman, N.T. "Cenozoic Vertebrate Localities and Faunas in Arizona." . siournal of the Axjzona Academy-of Science, vol 9. 1974. pp 3-24. , Looking Class River Archaeological Project: 1979 Season." MJCMaaq Satti niv rsttiLMuseum Archaeoloasal Survey Report No. 4X. Lansing, Michigan. 1980. Lovis, W.A., Kingsley, R.G., Forsberg, P.K., Hodges, D.C., and Lindsay, E.H. "The Windows to the Past: Fossils of the San Pedro Valley." Arizona BS(rcau of Geology and Mineral Technoloay fte)d Notes, vol 14 (4). 1984. pp 1-9. MacAlpin, A. "A Census of Mastodon Remains in Michigan." pavers of the Mtchlaan Academy_ of Scieeces,_Arts and_Letters 25. 1940. pp 481-490. Mathews, L.E. "Descriptions of Tennessee Cave.' - Tennessee Division of CesO oov Bulletin 69. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Conservation. 1971. McGimsey, C.R., Graham. M.A., Schroeder, E.K., Graham, R.W., Wiant, M.O., and .Druhot, R. $ttina thejuoerconducttna Super Collider in ll inois: Ap v .rview nd ereddtctSve11Qdel of Cultural and e io- loatcal Resources in tbt SSC4studv Area- Northern111inots." aleoIllinois State Museum Quaternary Studies Program, Technical Report 85-197-4. 1986. McGuire. R.H., and Schiffer, M.B. eds. 114bokam• and PataYan: Prehistory of Southwestern Arizona. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Mehl s, S.F. Colorado Plainsitistoricsonyexl. Denver, Colorado: Colorado Historical Society, 1984. Middleton, M.D. £erly'alsistecenc Vertebrates .f thaenver Basin. color$do. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Boulder, Colorado: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado. 1983. SSCAP15D224cc93 DEIS Volume •IV.Appendix IS 218-829 0 - WS - 5 (BOOK 9) . •: :Cultural and Paleontological Resources References 94 • Miller, R.A. "The Geologic History of Tennessee.." Tennessee Divisipnt 9f_eeoloav Bulletin 74. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Conservation, 1974. Morris, E.A. Lutz, B.J. , 0hr, N.T., Kloberdanz, T,L.,- Kvamme, K.t., and Pool , C. Archaeological Survey.f the Narrsws UP_tt erple t. Mor'gan_an-- ' Weld C0untie5._Korthca tern Colorado. Fort Collins. Colorado: Depart- ment of Anthropology, Colorado State University, 1975. Mueller, J.W. Phase II COlnpJ-etion Re ert - Mjjr Problem Qylentations in Bichiaan ArchAeploav: 1980-1984. Jackson, Michigan: Commonwealth Associ- ates, Inc., 1980. • National Park Service. Juan Bautista De Anza National° Tralj Study, . Draft Feasibility Study an( FnvlrQAmentaj Assessment.:Denver, Colorado: • National Park Service, Western Regional Office, 1985. - • ,) Oman, P.W. "Fossil Hemiptera from the Fox Hills Sandstone (Cretaceous) , of Colorado." JOurral of ealeDgtelogy, vol 11 (1). 1937. p 38. . Parmalee, P.W. "Castoroides and Cervalces from Central Illinois," Transa_et_lens Of the I,1linejs evade y"Qf Science; vol 60 (2). 1967. ' pp 127-130. Pearce, S., and Whitacre, C. Hi};0]'is eisource Survey of the Proposed Access Roads. t0.,S.he_SePerccnductina Super Collider Facility. Colorado Department of Highways. 1988. ' Peebles, C.S. , and Krakker, J.J. The_ Rive R isin Archaeoloaical $5nry'y zsPre11m1nary •R opr ' Ann-Arbor, Michigan: Division of the Great Lakes, Museum of-Anthropology; University- of - Michigan, 1977. • Pooley, W.V. The. Settlement of I111nois" from le 0 to'•185Q. Reprinted from the 1908 edition. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University microfilms, 1968. j • ! Raab, L.M., McIntyre, A.J., Bruseth, J.E.. McGregor, .0.E., Ferring, C.R., and Reese, N.G. .ArShaeo14g101 1nveStiaations gt Lakeview Lake: 1972 and 1980. Dallas, Texas: Archaeological Re?earth Program, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, 1982a, Raab, L.M. , Bruseth, J.E., Glospy, B.S. , Irvine, It, Jurney,, D.H., Lee, R. , McGregor, D. , McIntyre, A.J., Moir, R.W., Murray, P. Pheasant, D., Rutenberg, G., and Saunders, J. loSt3pment of the Frnirie Margin• i • Archaeologv of the Richland ftreek_Ressrv9UyJiavarrQand Freest,Op )j• C.Ounttes. Texas 19$ zie_8l. A Resear� Sypop;is. Dallas, Texas: Archae- ological Research Program, Department of Anthropology. Southern -Metho- dist University, 1982b. • Reid, J.C. At�ta, ri t 1 of State of North Carolina. SSC B0L Information. • Cultural and Paleontological Resources, 1988. !I SSCAP1502248894 DEIS Volume `IY'Appsnd'tx 15' , Cultural and Paleontological Resources. References 95 Ritzenthaler, R.E., and Quimby, G.I. -"The Red Ochre Culture .of -the'Upper Great Lakes and Adjacent Areas." Fleldana: Anthi"oDolOgy,:vo1' 36. '.1952 pp 243-275. Scott, G.R. "Geology of the Littleton Quadrange;vlefferson. floallas and Arapahoe Counties, Colorado." Q,S,3eologiceJ Bulletin 1171-1. 1962. Scott, G.R. "Quaternary Geology and Geomorphic History of the Kessler Quadrangle." QA S. QeoloQ ca'L Survey PCofessionaj Paper 423-A. 1963. Scott. G.R. "Map showing geology, structure and oil and gas fietds in the Sterling 1 x 2 Quadrangle, Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas." U.S, Geological Survey M}jcellaneogs Invystfgatl9nsJeries Map I-1992. 1978. Sexauer, M.L. ThQ GeolQav and Origin of he Pyroohylltte Deposits in £4uthwest^rLGrAnvi le County. North fear. nt. Unpublished Master's thesis. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Department of Geology. University of North Carolina, I983. Shafer. H.J. An Aeor_a s j of the Qrchaejogical}fesources of Bardwell Rocryoir. E1Ti Qopnty. ICUs. Austin, Texas: Texas Archaeological Salvage Project, University of Texas. 1964. Sharps. J.A. "Geologic map of the Limon 1 x 2 Quadrangle, Colorado and Kansas." !LS Geologleal $j!rvev Mi cellaneo l lgatton Series Man I-IZ,50. 1980. Skeels, M.A. "The Mastodons and Mammoths of Michigan/ ?epee, of the Michigan Academy of Sciences. Arts and Letters 47. 1962. pp 101-133. Slater, M. atatioaatectural. Survey bf lmproiement; to P'onosed Sialg_Re te_92`Phase IV. From West of Windrow Road to Near SDence's creek West of Murfrec„boro. therfordCount . Tenn sa ee. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation, Environmental Planning Division, 1985. Slaughter, B.H. and Thurmond, J.T. Geoloaicai and Paleontological Survey Q�i<he Barbell feseCyoir Basin. Ellis County. Texas. Dallas, Texas: Southern Methodist University, 1965.• Springer, J.W., Karch, C.C., and Harrison, W.F. "Early Archaic Hafted Stone Tools from Northern Illinois," W1sco0sin Archaeologist, vol 59 (3) . 1978. Springer, J.W. "Site Distribution, Environmental Adaptation and -fnvt- ronmental Change Along the Northern Edge of the Prairie peninsula.• Wisconsin Archaeologist, vol 66 (I). 1985. Springer. J.W. "Stone Tool Manufacture, Morphology and Function in the Middle Woodland of Northern Illinois: The Blue Chip Site and. Definition, of the Buzzell Complex." Wisconsin Archeologist, vol 63 (4). 1982. SSCAPISD2248895 DEIS Volume IV`Appeodix IS r Cultural, and Paleontologi'ca1. Resources References 96 State of Arizona. The ArizontSSC Protect. Maricona Site Prpoosai, ,. • :' vol 5: Environment. , 1987. State of Arizona. Marione SSC Site. Ceologv and Geotechnics (SuDolementary j)ata Submission), vol 15. 1988. ' State of Colorado. Colorado - A S1tg_Proposal in Fu11 omplianc a Qf Colorado SSC Proposal, vol 5: Environment; Appendix 5, Environment. 1987. State Of Colorado. Addjtonal Data, for _Evaluation of BOLSitetand Preparation of EIS, Appendix D: Environmental Baseline Data. 1988. State of Illinois. Site proposal for the Suoerconductinq Super Collider in Illinot5, vol 5: Environment. 1987. State of Illinois. 5upB.lement to thq Site Proposal for the Superconduct- ing Super Collider in Illinois. Vsel,„_2_,Enyjnonaeatailatia. 1988. State of Michigan. .Sitjng -the SpDergpnductjoq Super Wilder pi MiShjgan; A Proposal.Jubmitted_to the Oeoartment of Enerqv by the State of Michigan, Stockbridge Stte, vol 5: Environment. 1987. State of Michigan. Siting jhe_SuDerconduct,ina Suoer CQ]_Li•der jA Michigan. Supplementary data submitted to the department of energy by the State of Michigan, Stockbridge Site. 1988. State of North Carolina. Siteproposal, fQr the, SuDersonductino Super Collider, vol 5: Environment. 1987. State of North Carolina. SZalLinfointion. Aooendix D. Cultural and Paleontological Resources, 1988. State of Tennessee. The SSC in Tennessee:, Site Pro: isei. .vol 5: evi- ronment. 1987. State of Tennessee. The SSC in Tennessee: Supplementary,Matersal3, vol 9. 1988. State of Texas. Dallas-Fort Wortkimb r ondQt*ing z5uptr Cellider tie, vol 5: Environment. Dallas-Fort Worth: Texas National Research Labora- tory Commission, 1987. State of Texas. Environmental Inform&ij on Document foc th s-Fort Worth Superconducting_Super Collider Site. Vol . 1: land. V m it Noise, $rcjlaeo1oov and History. Dallas-Fort Worth: Texas National• • Research Laboratory Commission, 1987. Surra, S. "The Future of Historic Farm Structures." In Smal) Towns and _L rqQ Far@s.. Geneva, . Illinois: Kane County.Orban•'Development Department, 1981. , SSCAP1502248896 • DEIS Volume' fl.Appendix'15 , f ,^ ' ,.. Guttural and Paleontological Resources References 97 Thomas, R.A., Schiek, M.J.. and Hoffman, R.F. A. Report op Two Archato Zpgjcal Survey, with Prop9s_ed Alternatives for a Reservoir fo the City st._Durham, Durum and Person Counties. North Caroltnat. Mid-Atlantic Archaeological Research Inc., 1981. Tennessee Division of Archaeology. Archaeology of thedissiaslootan Cultural Pertod in the CentraIJastn. Study Unit No 37. Nashville, Tennessee. 1987. Tennessee Historical Commission. Rutherford County Survey Records. Nashville, Tennessee, n.d. Thruston, G.P. The Anticuitles of Tennessee and the Adioining jtates. Cincinatti, Ohio: Robert Clarke and Co., 1890. Trimble, D.E. and Machette, M.N. "Geological Map of the Greater Denver Area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado." U.S. Geoloajcal Survey Miscellaneous InvestlaatJeps Serjes Map I-856-H. 1979. Ward, G.R. ,yn chieploalta.LandU1lstotical Assessmept of One Bridge on MQ.9re_ggad,. LM 0.38. Over Northsrk Creek, Bedford County. Ternesj. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation, Environmental Plan- ning Division, 1982. Ward, G.R. AnArchaeolouicaLAssessment of State RouteJ9. from Concord BQ.adet9 a Point Near $pcnc CYST h r rd Goun v. Tenne.«e . Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation, Environmental Plan- ning Division, 1983a. Ward G.R. Atufr� ,loaf Assessmen f Ro a 10. from Christmas Creek to I-24. Rutherford County. Tennessee. Nashville: Tennessee Department of Transportation, Environmental Planning Division, 1983b. Wede1 , W. Pr Jii.sS9r'ic._Man on the Great Plates. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. Westbury, W. Archaeological Survey of wexahackie-Midlothiap Airport. 1986. Westec Services Inc. ,Cultural Resource InveatQry andNational Regjster Asse,Snment of the 5outhernSatifsrnla Edison Palo Verde to ,Qevers Transmission Line Corridor (6rizona, PorttsN. Pheonix, Arizona. 1982. Wiant, M.D. and Hessen, H. "Illinois Archeology: Current Research 1983-4." vol 16 (3-4). 1984. Wilcox, D:R. "The Hohokam Regional System." In An Archaeol,Daisai J st r ,QJ' Sites in the Gila Butte-Santan Reason. South-teptral Ar1ZQna. Anthro- polo4tGalJtesearSh burs NQ18. Rice, G., Wilcox, D., Rafferty, K., and Schoenwetter, J. eds. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University, 1979. pp 76-116. SSCAP15D2248897 0EIS Volume;IV Appendix 15' • Csbturet and• Paleontological Resources References 98 Williams, W.I.. $oathea9tern Indians S e the_Reenova;Fra.. Athens,. Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1979.. Wood., C. APS. SOG Intercom . -ion Proiiec a2f Aneriean GelturaT Resources. Phoenix, Arizona. 1982. Zell 'e, C. Fox.63yer Studv .T;i;, Archkt.tectale„artd atAtiartc Ur.Qan Aelah- ¢.ielhouds on the Fox R11sC. Geneva, Illinois: Kane County Urban Develop.. ment Department. 1977. • • SSCAPr502248e98 DEIS volume.lit.Appendnc* Cultural and Paleontological Resources Organizations and Communities Contacted 99 • LIST OF NATIVE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITIES CONTACTED Arizona Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community Council, Scottsdale, Arizona Yavapai-Apache Community Council, Camp Verde, Arizona Ak Chin Indian Reservation, Maricopa, Arizona Tohono O'Odham ("Papago") Tribe. Sells, Arizona Gila River Indian Reservation, Sacaton, Arizona Yavapai-Prescott Community Council-, Prescott, Arizona • Navajo Tribal Council, Window Rock, Arizona Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Council, Fountain Hills, Arizona Hopi Tribal Council, Kykotsmovi, Arizona • Pascua Yaqui Tribal Council, Tucson, Arizona Colorado • Native American Heritage Council, Denver, Colorado Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs, Denver, Colorado Denver Indian Center, Inc., Denver, Colorado Illinois Kickapoo of Oklahoma Business Community, McCloud. Oklahoma Sauk and Fox of. Oklahoma Business Community, Stroud, Oklahoma Wisconsin Winnebago Business Council, Tomah, Wisconsin Peoria Business Community, Miami, Oklahoma Miami Business Community, Miami, Oklahoma - Citizen Band Potawatomi Business Community, Shawnee, Oklahoma Sac and Fox of Missouri Tribal Council, Reserve, Kansas Prairie Band Potawatomi Tribal Council, Mayette, Kansas Kickapoo of Kansas Tribal Council, Horton, Kansas Winnebago Tribal Council, Winnebago, Nebraska Miami Nation of Indiana, Peru, Indiana Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, Seneca, Missouri Minnesota Chippewa Tribal Executive Committee, Cass Lake, Minnesota Mille Lacs Reservation Business Committee, Onamia, Minnesota Grand Portage Reservation Business Committee. Grand Portage, Minnesota Nett Lake Reservation Business Committee, Nett Lake. Minnesota Ottawa Business Committee, Miami, Oklahoma Leech Lake Reservation Business Committee, Cass Lake, Minnesota Fond du Lac Reservation Business Committee, Cloquet, Minnesota Wyandotte Business Committee, Wyandotte, Oklahoma • Sokaogon Chippewa Tribal Council, Crandon, Wisconsin SSCAPI502248899 DEIS Vol um&IV'Appendlx'15' Cultural) and Paleontological Resources Organizations and Communities Contacted 100 Michigan Saginaw Chippawa Tribal Council, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan Huron Potawatomi, Inc., Fulton, Michigan Wapool Island Council, Wallaceburg, Ontario, Canada Potawatomi Indian National, Dowagiac, Michigan Northern Michigan Ottawa Tribal Association, Ludington,-Michigan North Carolina Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee, North Carolina Guilford Native American Association, Greensboro% North Carolina Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe, Hollister, North Carolina Indians of Person County, Roxboro, North, Carolina Tenne'i.e (No tribal organizations identified to date) Texas Comanche Indian Tribe, Lawton, Oklahoma Kiowa Indian Tribe, Carnegie. Oklahoma Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma, Anadarko, Oklahoma Caddo Tribe Council, Binger,; Oklahoma Wichita and Affiliated Tribal Groups, Anadarko, Oklahoma, Tonkawa Indian Tribe, Tonkawa,, Oklahoma • • SSCAP/50224118.1.00- DEIS Volume IKAppeed.ix-15, APPENDIX 16 SCENIC AND VISUAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENTS Scenic and Visual, Resources Assessments Contents 1 CONTENTS 16.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 16.2 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Z 16.2.1 Conceptual Basis 2 16.2.2 Referenced Data Used in Assessments 6 16.2.3 Assessment Methodologies 6 16.3 RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS 9 16.3.1 Arizona 14 16.3.2 Colorado 22 16.3.3 Illinois 23 16.3.4 Michigan 30 16.3.5 North Carolina 34 16.3.6 Tennessee 39 16.3.7 Texas 45 16.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS. IN REGION OF INFLUENCE 50 REFERENCES 51 TABLES 16-1 Significance of Visual Impact By Impact Magnitude (VM Class) and Sensitivity Level S • "SSCAP16A225882 DEIS:Volume IV,Appendix16 - Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments 1 • SCENIC AND VISUAL RESOURCES.ASSESSMENTS 16.I PURPOSE AND SCOPE • The purpose of the scenic and visual resources assessments is to identify and evaluate the impacts on the aesthetics of the landscape at the proposed sites with respect to preconstruction, construction, and operations of the SSC. The assessment also identifies inconsistencies between the impacts of this project and the federal, state, and local statutes, regulations, policies, and procedures for management of scenic and visual resources. Also, mitigative measures are suggested to reduce the duration and degree of adverse impacts identified. The scope of the scenic and visual resources assessments includes an evaluation of each of the proposed sites. that: 1) describes the exist- ing regional and site landscape character and public sensitivity to adverse changes in scenic and visual quality; 2) identifies the bound- aries of the affected environment; 3) describes the intensity of adverse visual impacts; 4) assesses the significance of the possible impacts; and 5) suggests possible types of mitigation measures that should be evaluated during detailed project design. The scenic and visual resources assessments in this appendix draw upon information presented in Appendix 5 (Affected Environments). Specific sections of importance in Appendix 5 are: Section 5.2.13, which is the description of affected scenic and visual environments at the alterna- tive sites; Section 5.1.1, Earth Resources: Section 5.1.2, Water Resources; Section 5.1.9, Ecological Resources; and Section 5.1.10. Land Resources. These latter sections have beer referred to in descriptions of the regional landscape character and hrw overview of features of top- ography, vegetation, surface water, and cuizura: modifications compris- ing the scenic and visual character of the af'rec'.ed sites. The descrip- tion .of project features has been drawn from App radix 1 and Appendix 10. The regulatory framework pertinent to scenic and visual resources'is presented in Volume 1, Chapter 6. These scenic and visual resources assessments are organized as follows: o Section 16.2 presents thetechnical approach and methodology, including the definition of the resource and key terms, 'assump- tions and criteria, and data sources. The technical approach and methodology embrace not only the impact assessments pre- sented in Appendix 16, but also the assessment of the affected environments at alternative sites presented in Appendix 5. o Section 16.3 includes An overview of•the`impact assessments, followed' by site-by-site analyses, The overview describes the features of project preconstruction, construction, and opera- tions activities important to: the visual and scenic resources SSCAP16A223883 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 •r Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments 2 assessments and a key showing additional assumptions used in these analyses. It is here that the scope of the impact assessments is defined: what is included in the analyses, what is not, and why. o Sections 16.3.1 through 16.3.7 are•the site-by-site impact analyses. For each site, the impact assessments are preceded by a discussion of the general relationship of the project with the visual character of its setting and the viewing posi- tions key to the impact analyses that follow. The impact analyses address the visual impacts of each above-ground facility within important views, starting with a brief summary of the intensity of the impact, its significance and general duration, scope, and whether or not it can be mitigated. Fol- lowing the impact analyses for each salient project feature, possible mitigative measures are described. It is assumed that project facilities will be sited per the project descrip- tion. However, adjustments will be made during detailed proj- ect design. Therefore, the need for the mitigative measures, selection of the specific ones to be applied, and their feasi- bility and effectiveness must be evaluated at that time. How- ever, conclusions about whether or not an impact can be miti- gated rest upon the assumption that one or more of the specific measures described is applied and is effective_ o Section 16.4 concludes that there are not any cumulative impacts to visual resources at the proposed. sites. 16.2 TECHNICAL APPROACH AHD METHODOLOGY 16.2.1 Conceptual Basis 16.2.1.1 level,of Res11yy19n A. Temporal The impact analyses and their evaluation cover the life span of the project through decommissioning. Without clear trends to the contrary. the baseline condition of the potentially affected landscapes have been presumed to be stable; e.g.. the condition of the landscape without the project in the year 2030 is,expected to be the same that prevails today. B. Spatial The boundaries of the affected environments for each of the proposed sites evaluated have been defined as the affected viewsheds. A viewshed is the area between major ridgelines and coincides with watershed bound- aries. In cases where there is little to no topographical relief. spatial boundaries have been defined based on site-specific factors in- fluencing visibility of the SSC, such, as vegetation:and structures. The objective is to identify the threshold beyond which project features would not generally be visible. SSCAP16A225A&4 _ DEIS Volume IV Appendix..26. • Stenit%and Visual. Resources Assessments 3 16.2.1.2 Qeflnttion of Resource Visual resources comprise the natural and man-made features- that give a particular environment its visually aesthetic qualities. These features may be natural appearing or modified by human activities. Together, they form the overall impression of an area, referred to as its visual character. Landforms, water surfaces, vegetation, and man-made features are treated as characteristic of an' area if they are inherent to the formation, structure, and function of the landscape. Landscape charac- ter is studied to assess whether a proposed project appears.compatible with the affected setting or would contrast noticeably with the setting and appear out of place. Visual resources also have a social setting; this includes public val- ues, goals, awareness, and concern regarding visual quality. The social setting is addressed as visual sensitivity: the relative degree of pub- lic interest in visual resources and concern over adverse changes in the quality of that resource (81M 1978 and USDA-FS 1977): Visual 'sensitiv- ity is key in assessing how important an effect on the visual resource may be and whether or not it represents a significant impact. ' Sensitivity refers to public attitudes toward adverse effects on spe- cific views. Determinations of sensitivity are, therefore, ascribed to the views under consideration (i.e., a highly sensitive view). The most sensitive views are those from public travel routes (e.g., roads, trails, bicycle paths, and navigable streams and rivers) and common-use areas (e.g., campsites, scenic overlooks, lakes; recreation sites, parks, and residential areas). High sensitivity exists if the public is expected to react strongly to a threat to visual quality. Their concern is deep and may be widespread because the affected views are rare, unique, or in other ways special to the region or locale. A highly concerned public is assumed to be more aware of any given level of adverse change, more reactive, and less tolerant than a public that has little concern. A small modification of the existing landscape may be visually distracting to a highly sensitive public and represent a substantial reduction in visual quality. The same change would be considerably less important to those not as concerned. Moderate sensitivity exists when the affected views are secondary in importance or are similar to others common to•the 'region or locale. Sensitivity is low when the public is expected to have little or no con- cern about changes in the"landscape. Little value is assumed.to'be ascribed to the affected views. • 16.2.1.3 pefiltljlon of Impacts • An adverse visual impact occurs when within public 'view: I) an action perceptibly changes the physical environment so that it no longer ap- • pears to be characteristic of the region; or 2) aesthetic features of the landscape become less visible (e.g., partially or totally blocked • SSCAP16A225885 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 ' 4 ;,: ScenicTend Visual Resources Assessments. 4 from view) or are removed. No impacts of the. second- typerhave been identified. Changes that seem uncharacteristic are those that appear out of place, discordant,: or-distracting. ,The intensity,of visual impact depends upon how noticeable-the adverse,,change•may be. The noticeability of a visual impact depends on yrojctt.features, and their context and viewing conditions (angle of view, distance, primary viewing direction). Four levels of visual impact intensity may occur. These are termed "Visual Modification Classes" (VM Classes). Note that the VM Classes defined below are similar to. but .modifica:tiols of, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service (USDA.FS) Visual Quality Objec- tives (VDDs) (USDA-FS 1974) and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (USDI-BLM) Visual Resource Management Classes (VRM Classes) (USDI-BLM 1978). o y7j_Slass 1 - Not noticeable: changes in the landscape .re within the field of view but generally would be overlooked by-- all but the most concerned and interested viewers; they gen- erally would not be noticed unless pointed out (inconspicuous because of such factors as distance, screening, low contrast with context, etc.). o V;J_CJass2 - Noticeable. visually subordinate: changes in the 'landscape would not be overlooked (noticeable to most/ without being pointed out); they ,may attract some attention but•do. not compete for it with .other features in the field of view. Such changes often are perceived is being in the background. o V„flass ,T - Distracting, visually co-dominant: .changes in the landscape compete for attention with other features in view (attention is drawn to the change about as frequently as to other features in the landscape). o Itlass 4 - Visually dominant, ,demands attention: changes in the landscape are the focus of attention and tend to become the subject of the view; such changes often cause a.lasting impres- • sion of the affected landscape; memorable. Visual impacts ure further defined as follows (see Table 16-1): o Significant visual imnacts - Those resulting in a perceptible reduction of scenic/visual quality. lasting for more than 1 year, that are seen from moderately to highly sensitive viewing positions. o NeoilotOg visual impacts - Those resulting in no perceptible reduction in scenic/visual quality as seen from moderately to highly sensitive viewing positions; those impacts lasting for less than 1 year; or seen only from low-sensitivity viewing positions,. • SSCAP1SA223SB6 DEIS Volume IV•Appendtx;16 ::Sceniccand'N4sual Resources Assessments 5 Table, 16.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF VISUAL IMPACT BY IMPACT MAGNITUDE (VM•CLASS) AND SENSITIVITY LEVEL • Sensitivitya High Moderate Low • VM Class A • Sc S Nd Magnitudeb VM Class 3 S S N • of Impact VM Class 2 S N N VM Class 1 N V 14 a. High Sensitivity (NY: Greet public concern overadverse change In scenic/visual Qeslityl reactive, vocal Affected views are rare. unique, or in otter rays an epectal and highly valued to the region.or )coals, Moderate Sensitivity (N): Same public concern and controversy over such change. Affected view are eran,rry to importance or similar to viers ccwonly found in the region or locale. . j Low Sensitivity (L): No evidence of public concern over, or interest in, soenid/vieual resource t'pota on the affected area, b, visual Modification Classes (4) Visually downnent, demands attention (3)Distracting, competes for attention (2)itoticeabls, visually subordinate (1) Not noticeable c. S - Significant Insect d. N - Negligible Impact SSCAP16A225887 DEIS Volume IV Appendix-16 ' , Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments 6 o jQcal ;coo@ - A visual impact is of local scope when it affects views from travel routes and areas primarily of local importance, such as city parks, residential:.areas,;cor locally designated scenic routes. • o Regional scope - A visual impact is of regional scope when it affects views of importance to the 1) county or state, such as state parks, recreation areas, or county parks, or 2) the region, such as public lands managed by the BLM. o j9,itiona _scone - A visual impact is of national scope where affected views aro important at the national level, such as those from nationally designated parks, scenic trails, and designated wilderness areas. 16.2.2 Referenced Data Used In Assessments Primary data were obtained from analyses performed by the principal investigator, Secondary data included U.S.G.S. topographic maps; the Rand McNally Road Atlas for the U.S. (1987), and a review of the litera- , ture concerning physical geography and methodologies for visual analysis (Fenneman 1931 and 1938; Hunt 1967; Atwood. 1940; Pirkle and Yoho 1982; White et al . 1979; USDA-FS 1974 and 1978; USD1-BLM1978; DOT-FHWA.1980;. USDA-SCS 1978; British Columbia 1983; Anderson et al. 1979; Kaplan 1979; Yeomans 1979; Tlusty 1979). 16.2.3 Assessment Methodologies The affected environment has been described in terms of the regional and local character of the physical settings in which the facilities are sited (visual character) as well as the levels of visual .sensitivity as- cribed to affected views. The visual, impact of the project was assessed as to whether the project would appear uncharacteristic of its setting and, if so, how noticeable it may be. 16.2.3.1 VisualCharaCteC Regional character has been described first in terms of the physio- graphic province (Fenneman 1931 and 1938; Hunt 1967) in which the proposed SSC sites are located. Second, land uses (White et al. 1979) have been considered. Key to this analysis is the identification of the function and structure of the various elements of the physical environ- ment. Third, the local character has been described in terms of affected viewsheds and their topographic features, vegetation, water • features, and cultural modifications (those caused by man). The objec- tive of these studies was to establish whether or not the SSC facilities would be compatible with their context (relate well to the function and structure of the physical setting) and to identify landscape features that determine how noticeable project features may be. Local visual character data were gathered through field studies and documented by a photographic record of affected views. SSCAP26A225888 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scenic'and Visual Resources Assessments 7 16.2.3.2 Visual Sensitivlsr Sensitivity has been evaluated based upon indicators of public concern. These are listed below and reflect the concepts and assessment methods of several federal agencies that treat sensitivity as a function of viewer activity, awareness, values, and goals (USDA-FS 1974; USDA-SCS 1978; USDI-8114 1978; DOT-FHWA 1980). Certain activities tend to heighten viewer awareness of scenic resources, while others tend to be distracting. People who are camping, picnicking. or driving for pleasure are more apt to notice the surrounding scenery than those commuting in heavy traffic or working at a construction site. Viewer awareness may also be heightened where areas are formally classified or otherwise designated as being of special interest, such as national historic monuments, national and state parks and forests, scenic routes and overlooks, visitor information centers, and wildlife refuges. ;- Viewers may confer visual significance on landscape components and areas that would otherwise appear unexceptional (FHWA 1980). For example, unexceptional landscapes along tertiary roads may be particularly impor- tant to local residents (Kaplan 1979). These landscapes may be formally protected through land use controls in local planning documents or they may be undesignated open spaces. Other areas may have regional or national cultural significance, but be' unexceptional scenically. None- theless, their visual character may be considered important to their cultural value (FHWA 1980). Views of the following areas were considered to have high sensitivity: o Designated areas of aesthetic, recreational, cultural, or scientific significance, including national, state, county. and community parks, recreation areas, and historic districts, such as the following: - Nationally-designated parks, historic sites, memorials, recreation areas, reserves, wilderness areas, scenic trails, wildlife refuges; points of scientific interest to the public (such as geologic sites); rest areas, visitor information centers, and scenic overlooks along federal highways. - State-designated parks, historic sites, reserves, recrea- tion areas, coastal zones, beaches, points of scientific interest to the public, scenic overlooks, rest areas, and visitor information centers along -state highways, and developed recreation sites: - Designated county and regional parks, recreation areas. reservoirs, and beaches. SSCAP16A225889..', DEIS Volume XV A ppendlX '16' ' ' Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments 8 - Designated community and city parks. local picnic areas, botanic gardens, areas of local historic significance. open-space areas protected by local planning documents against visual modification, o Areas or sites of cultural/religious importance to Native Americans (as defined in Appendix 15). • o National- or state-designated scenic highways or roads. o Resort areas. o Residential subdivisions (large- or small-lot), country estate subdivisions (lots greater than I acre). o Travel routes, such as roads. rail lines, trails, bicycle paths, and equestrian trails, serving primarily as access to highly sensitive areas. Views of the following areas were considered to be of moderate sensitivity: • o Segments of travel routes near highly sensitive use areas of interest, serving secondarily as access to,those areas, but predominantly serving other destinations.. Views seen while approaching an area of interest may be closely related to the appreciation of the aesthetic, cultural, scientific, or recre ational significance of that destination. o Rural residential areas• and roads-•primarily serving'as access to them. o Undesignated but protected or popularly used or appreciated areas of aesthetic,recreational, cultural,, or scientific sig- nificance at the local, county, or state level. o Highways or roads locally designated as scenic routes, or in- formally designated as such in literature, road maps and road atlases. o Travel routes, such as roads, trails, bicycle paths, and eques- trian trails, that serve primarily as access to protected or • popularly used undesignated areas important for their aesthet- ic, recreational, cultural,' or scientific interest. o Religious facilities and cemeteries. Visual sensitivity is Tow for views from all sites, areas, travel routes, and sections of travel routes not identified as medium or high in sensitivity, including: SSCAP16A2Z58810 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16" • , , V a'$cenia.and Visual Resources Assessments 9 . o Travel• routes serving secondarily'as access to moderately • sensitive areas. o Farmsteads, or groupings of'fewer. than'iter.residences. o Industrial research/development, institutional;'commercial, • and agricultural use areas. 16.2.3.3 Visual 1mDjcts Conclusions about the potential visual impact of SSC facilities have been made by: o Identifying key viewing positions. These are the moderate to highly sensitive viewing positions which would be affected by the project. Field analyses were conducted to identify which views would be most •3xposed to the project, o Assessing project visibility relative to key viewing posi- tions. Visibility has been assessed by field inspection. In most cases, whether or not project features would be visible was o)vious. Where there was some uncertainty, line-of-sight analyses using U.S.G.S. topographic data were conducted. The effect of deciduous vegetation in screening project features- is uncertain due to the analyses having been done in the late spring. Best professional judgment was used concerning screening during the winter. o Assessing the VM Class for the impacts on the selected views. Photographs of facilities similar to those proposed by the SSC project served as the basis for assumptions concerning the character of the facilities,- due to the conceptual level of the design to date. Also, field revtew'of similar facilities was conducted. The assessment of VM Class was done according the best professional' judgment .based.on.such-factors as view- ing distance, angle of view, vegetative screening, and viewer' orientation (primary direction of view). 16.3 RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS The following analyses focus on the long-term visual 'impacts of the pro- . posed protect. Only significant visual impacts of the first type have been identified (Section 16.2.1.3); the project will be incongruous in some settings but will not block important views. 'reconstruction activities would be short-lived, as noted' below. Visual impacts of con- struction activities relative to any given viewing position could be intense, but can be expected to occur for less than 2 yrs. 'On the other hand, during operations, primarily the above-ground facilities, in a number of cases, have the potential to adversely affect the visual character of an area over the life of the project (over 25 years). • SSCAP16A2258811 I I DEIS Volume IV-AppendtX 16' SceariC +►nd Visual Resources Assessments 10 , During preconstruction. the boring program nay result in,transitory vis- ual impacts, depending on where drill sites occur... The;drilling equip- ment and support facilities would have.a. small-scale industrial appear- ance. For six of the proposed SSC sites, the equipment would. have the greatest potential for being out of character and within sensitive views should drilling occur in the immediate foreground.in residential areas. For one state (Arizona), that potential-could.occur for foreground views from recreation trails and historic sites. However, there would pro- bably not be any noticeable evidence of drilling upon completion of the activity and removal of the equipment. Due to their short duration, such impacts would be negligible. Because of this and because specific drill sites have not yet been identified, this phase of the project will not be further discussed. Construction impacts typically include the appearance of cut-and-fill slopes; cleared areas before they are revegetated;: excavated areas prior to building construction; temporary roads; stockpiles of dirt, sand, and gravel ; spoils disposal areas; temporary water supply, utilities (includ- ing night lighting), and waste systems; fenced laydown areas for build- ing materials; equipment yards; and contractors' offices. Relative to the SSC project. clearing of vegetation for construction and work areas and disposition of spoils materials could have long-term impacts. The other features noted are comparatively transitory, ending at the point construction is complete. . Except for the one site (Arizona) where cut-and-cover tunnel construc- tion would occur, and for spoils sites, construction impacts would be confined to the ,sites for surface facilities. These include work areas within: o Campus area and injector facilities--350 acres o Sector service areas--2.5 acres each o Intermediate access areas^-1.0 acre each In cases where the configuration of each.work area has not been desi,ned, some assumptions are made about their visual impacts. o First, it is assumed that for any site that is within moderately to highly sensitive public views, construction activities would be out of character to the same degree as the facility to be built nearby. Based on field evaluations, sensitive views that would be affected .are:limited to those from residential areas., recreation sites and trails. historic sites, and religious facilities. The affected landscapes are predominantly rural or agricultural in character; for one site. -the aff,.ted area is natural appearing. Industrial and institutional structures and large-scale construction activities are not compatible with such landscapes (see Section. 16.3.1.1). SSCAP16A2258812 DE15.Volume-IV,, Appendix 16:. • Scenic,agd Visual,,Res0urces Assessments.; ,II• o , Second, it is. assumed. that each, work.areerwould. be.clearedof existing vegetation and would be..fully.used.for, laydown, equipment storage, contractors' offices,.and,.the•other-,such ' features, as-noted. o Third, where construction activities are.vtstble, .the movement of personnel and equipment-would draw..attention-in;addition to that caused by construction. ; Given the foregoing, a conservative worst-case scenario is that.the mag- nitude of visual impacts caused by construction and associated work areas at any given site would be at least commensurate with the visual impact caused by the related surface facilities being built. Conclu- sions about the magnitude of impact of the facility once constructed are, therefore, considered also to apply to the construction activities and features associated with building them. Therefore, construction • • impacts, with two exceptions, will not be specifically addressed. The exceptions are those caused by cut-and-cover tunnel construction and spoils disposal . The impacts of these,activiti.es,are independent of operation of the facility: i.e., no above-ground .project features would • coincide with spoils sites nor on the great majority_of the land dis- turbed by cut-and-cover. The features of project operations that may affect scenic and visual resources are those surface facilities occurring within moderately to highly sensitive views, as described.in Section 16.3.3.2. Some facili- ties would occur well within large areas of fee simple acquisitions • (e.g., the campus area, injector area, and near and far clusters). In such areas, facilities would be far enough,from. the public that_in most cases these facilities would not be visible... Visual impact assessments of these areas are only presented in special circumstances. Two kinds of exceptions are addressed. First, where moderately to highly sensitive travel routes and trails would cross•- such• areas close to proposed facilities, and where a sensitive public,wouldcontinue to pass near project features. Based on field evaluations, none of the seven proposed sites have sensitive travel routes or trails that cross • through the campus and injector areas or near and far clusters in areas where surface facilities would be within view. ,Socond, sensitive.view- ing positions may occur outside fee simple lands but be close enough to project features to create the potential for visual impacts. There is only one instance where this exception would occur. ,At the Arizona site, the campus and injector facilities would be..seen from points out- side the fee simple areas. These facilities would be-seen from mountain slopes and bridges, but from a substantial 4 ,,to 10 mi 'distance, Based on the foregoing, the analysis of' operations impacts have,,concen- trated on the following facilities: SSCAVIGA2258813 DEIS Volume IV Appendjx, l,6;2. . Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments 12 acres of'the: 350 acres"ded;icated' t0'�it. "The,infector;consists• of 30 one-story buildings in I7,, clusters"about,the..chain of connected accelerators. Materials of• construction' for campus and injector buildings are assumed t0 be identical to those for the service areas; 1.e., lightweight steei;.buildings pan- eled for insulation. The aggregate of the facilities would appear to be a mix of heavy and light industrial facilities and research park-like structures. No emphasis has been placed on individual structures in the campus and injector" areas because these areas .are within moderate'to highly sensi- tive public views relative only to -points distant from the facilities. o Sector rv1 e_Ar.eAs (FI through FIO). Service facilities house the refrigerators, compressors, and. power supplies needed to operate the facility. There would be ten service areas spaced equidistantly about the collider ring, centering on tunnel sectors, and one each at the near and far clusters. They have been referenced as Fl through FIO. Service facili- ties would occupy only about half of the 5.7 acres .dedicated to each of the ten locations. The balance of the area .is assumed to be used for contractors' office space, parking, laydown areas, and construction yards. Site facilities con- sist primarily of a pump/compressor building, and a single structure housing refrigeration facilities, the power supply, • and an intermediate access area surrounding the refrigeration shaft. These two buildings combined are over 10,600 .ftt and two stories high. Also, there is a tank farm for gas and liquid helium, three transformers, two cooling towers, and a parking area. All surface buildings are to be lightweight steel frame buildings covered with insulating panels and supported by concrete slab foundations. Each site would appear to be a light industrial compound. For security, as well as public health and safety, it is assumed that the compound would be contained within a chain link security fence. o .Intermediate Access Facilities (El through E10). There would be five intermediate access facilities in each of the two arcs, each serving for collider ring ventilation'and emergency exit. These are designated as El through E10. Each facility would include a one-story surface bu.ilding,and an air cooler. The building would be of the same construction as the service area buildings, but would be much smaller: 31 ft on each side (961 ft2). Security fencing and parking for several vehicles is assumed. About 1 acre is dedicated to each of the El site locations. The building and grounds would occupy less than 25% of this, with the rest assumed to serve as a work area for construction of the building and the tunnel. The facility would have a light industrial appearance and be about half the size of a moderate-sized house. SSCAP16A22388,14 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scanitar4 Visual Resources Assessments 13' 25% of this, with the rest assumed to- serve as a work.area for construction c' the building and the tunnel. The facility -- . would-have alight industrial. appearance ant beiabout half the. size of a moderate-sized house. o ExoerimentajJacil_ities (K1 through K6). There would be four experimental facilities planned for immediate construction, two along each cluster. . There are sites for two.more in the far cluster that might be.built in the future;-for the follow ing analyses. these were evaluated as if they would be part of the initial construction. Experimental facilities are desig- nated as K sites. The main building. planned for each facility is a 304-ft-long 123-ft-wide structure 64 ft high (about five stories). There would also be a one-story intermediate access area about 21 ft on a side; a paved work yard; and parking for 100 vehicles. The main building would house offices, labora- tories, and a staging building; however, the heavy steel con- struction with metal panels wou/d be similar to a Tightindus- • trial facility. o Beam Absorbers,. These facilities are to be located 5,900 ft. from the. injector/radio frequency buildings. These would include buildings and cooling towers. Site size, configura- tion of structures, and siting have not yet been designed. During the preconstruction period, mitigation necessary to alleviate any significant adverse visual -effects of these • structures should be incorporated into final project design. The visual. impacts of these facilities have not been projected. o Buried Beam ZoneAccess Areas (.31 through J6). Six 40-acre sites are designated along the external "beam as access points; these are referred to as J sites. Currently, there are no plans for specific above-ground structures to be built there. Therefore, visual impacts at these sites are not expected. Should surface structures at these sites be specified during final project design. mitigation necessary-to alleviate any significant adverse visual effects of these facilities should' also be incorporated into final project design. o Transmission Lines and Substations. A 230-kV transmission line would feed substation No. 1 in the near cluster. and a 138-kV line would serve substation No. 2 in the far cluster. • The configuration of the substations and the transmission line support structures have not been designed. It is assumed that lattice,towers,would support the tines and that the sabsta- tions would be similar in scale to that at the entrance to the Formilab in Illinois. - SSCAP16A2258815, DEIS Volume IV Appendix I6 Scenic-and Visual Resources Assessments Arizona .14 16.3.1 Arizona 16.3.1.1 fie j.tj pshjr of Protect Features teyisuat' haracter of the Site The proposed site is a predominantly natural-appearing desert landscape with few apparent cultural modifications. It is comparatively remote • from urban development. A few isolated, small-scale,.ranch-related structures such as windmills, fences, corrals, small sheds,.barns, and low ranch residences are within the.site area. The ranches have a history of grazing across part of the site and its vicinity. Within this mostly natural landscape, and within the sparsely settled areas, the industrial-institutional type of buildings proposed for the SSC project would appear incongruous. 16.3.1.2 Identificatjon of Kev Viewing Positions The viewing positions considered key are those from which the project could be seen and, for the most part, which are moderately to highly sensitive. For the Arizona site, these are: the Butterfield Stage Route; the jeep trails and primitive roads that serve primarily as access to it; and the higher elevations of the Maricopa' Mountains and interior canyons and wash areas traveled by off-road vehicle users and hikers. There can be exceptions to the general requirement that views be moder- ately to highly sensitive before being considered "key." •The BLM has 4 established objectives for the management of visual resources that are restrictive for much of the site and its vicinity (BIM 1987tr). Several facilities would have visual impacts that would not be Consistent with these objectives. However, they would ,only be seen from travel routes that are low in sensitivity by the criteria set forward in Section 16.2.3.2. In such cases, these low-sensitivity travel routes are impor- tant in these analyses. Key low-sensitivity travel routes include: the approximately 2.5-mi dead-end jeep trail just south of 17 leading to within 4,600 ft of E7; the jeep trails approaching 16 from the west; and Interstate 8 from a point nearly due north of E4 to a point 3,000 to 4,000 ft east of F2. 16.3.1.3 jmpact.-Assessment and Mitigation Measures The effects of cut-and-cover construction activities and the above- ' ground facilities of the campus, • injector, sector service areas, inter- mediate access facilities, and experimental facilities would• be visible to recreationists and motorists in the foreground and/or the distance. These facilities would be noticeable, perhaps attracting considerable attention and detracting from the relatively pristine mountain surround- ings. Views from jeep trails and other areas visited by recreationists are considered to be highly sensitive. Significant impacts on natural ' setting for the area's scenic vistas and major viewsheds are expected. SSCAP16A2258816 , DEIS Volume IV Appendix'-16 Scente and Visual Resources Assessments • Arizona 15 The impacts for the Arizona site have been assessed'relative.to specific ; facilities, starting in the upper arc and moving counterclockwise. A. EZ Summary: VM Class 2: highly sensitive vtews affected; potentially long-term significant impact; regional scope; mitigable .to a level of insignificance, but possibly not before S years. A jeep trail crosses the upper arc at a point near F7, then passes to within 2,200 ft of that facility- This trail accesses the Butterfield Stage Route from the north and is assumed to be used occasionally by recreationists coming from the Phoenix area and the.several communities within the region: sensitivity is considered to be high. Viewing positions along the road are nearly level with F7.. The vegetattoa of the Arizona Upland in this area is comparatively tall; given the level line of sight, the vegetation would conceal most of the fatuities from view. However. it is probable that the second story of the two• main buildings would 'be at least partially visible. The road accessing the site is assumed to be paved and straight, connecting with the current jeep trail at a 90 degree angle. This improved road would contrast with the winding, sandy jeep trails in the area and would draw some attention. The required vegetative clearing along its right-of-way would draw fur- ther attention, probably exposing to full view part of the first story of the buildings and other facilities at ground level. Assuming recre- ationists do not stop at the intersection and fix their gaze in the direction of F7, the affected view of the facility would be brief. given that it would be lateral to the direction of travel . However, the con- trast of the structures with the natural setting is expected to, be noticeable, if only for an instant. The impact would be VHi Class 2. Apart from vehicle-based views, those available.to:h%kern and. backpackers would bo adversely affected: Those hiking in the vicinity could not avoid observing F7 and its associated, paved access road and right-of-way clearing. especially from elevated.rpoints- along the mountain slopes and ridges. The facility could drawwattention to the point of being distracting (co-dominant, 1H4 Class-3) or the focus of attention (dominant, VM Class 4). • Because views from. the jeep trail and dispersed, recreation areas nearby are highly sensitive and appear important as a regional resource, the impact could be significant and of regional scope.- Also, the impact would not be consistent with B[M visual management ob- jectives for the area. These requireethat there be no noticeable con- trasts in line, form, or color with the naturally established landscape elements. Such inconsistency with BIM management objectives is an indicator of potential significance. Mitiaatiel : Measures that should be evaluated. during detailed design include the following: the access road alignment could-be curved' to prevent a line of sight along it toward F7. All -of'the' road, or at - least the part in view, could bepaved with a material matching the SSCAPI6A2182817 DEIS Volume IV Appeedix• 16' L' Scente and Visual Resources Assessments Arizona 16 sand-colored desert floor. Tinted•G'ncrete could achieve the desired result. A color for the building and other structures. could .be.chosen that matched the dominant chroma of the hills behind F7. Reflective materials of construction on the east-facing side of the building 'should be avoided. Through irrigated landscaping, the density of taller shrubs and trees along the jeep trail could be increased, enhancing the exist- ing screening. If possible, the site might be excavated such that the tops of the buildings would only be one story above the desert floor. The lower facilities could be bermed over, such as the intermediate ac- cess area and tank farm. With several of these measures, it is possible to make F7 unnoticeable as seen from the jeep trail . Measures that are related to construction, siting, and design could be effective immedi- ately. Complete screening by vegetation,would probably require more than 5 years. However, relative to views from the flanks of the nearby mountain slopes and from the higher ridges, the mitigative measures probably could not render F7 unnoticeable. However, except for views from points immediate to the facility, it might be made-to appear subor • - dinate to the surrounding natural features (VM Class 2). In this case, the impacts would not be inconsistent with BLM visual management objectives. B. EZ $ummart: VM Class 2; low sensitivity for affected views; but inconsis- tent with BLM management direction; potentially' long-term significant impact; regional scope; mitigable to•a-level of Insignificance at proj- ect completion. A dirt road branches away from the jeep trail noted above at a point near F7. This road climbs steadily 280 -ft through• an area richly diverse in vegetation to deadend within 4,500 ft of E7. Because' E7 is about 40 ft higher than the end of .the road, occurring at'the upper edge of the alluvial piedmont, it would probably be within view over the-inter- vening vegetation. Coupled with the graded, paved access road, the facility may be noticeable. The one-story building could attract some attention since it is a structure in a .remote, pristine area and because of its color and materials of construction. However, it.should not com- pete for attention, since it is small and subordinate to the foreground vegetation and mountains beyond (VM Class 2). The road is low in sensi- tivity. However, as noted relative to 17. BLM management directs that there be no noticeable deviation from the line, form. or color of fea- tures characteristic of the area. Since E7 could noticeably differ from its surroundings, there is potential for inconsistency with the BLM directive and, hence, a potential for a .significant impact. • Mitigations: Several measures may successfully mitigate the impact of E7 and should be evaluated during final design. The facility could be sited on an excavated pad 6 ft below grade for concealment. The exca- vated materials could be used to construct a 64t-high berm immediately northeast of the one-story building. It is assumed that,the entire-one- acre site would be disturbed.in the process of excavation and in use as a work area. Plant materials could be' salvaged from the-site and used SSCAP16A2258818 DEIS Volume IV Appendtx.16 . -_,., • r„ -,,, , :V Scerttc,and Visual Resources Assessments - Arizona 17 to landscape the,berm. Drip irrigation would. bw necessary,for at least - 5 years (see discussion of mitigations.. for,cut-and-cover-;area & bei�w).,. ,: • Together, the berm and plantings should conceal the facility from the subject road. The berm alone,should substantielly;reduce. the visibility to negligible levels. , The access road- should be•,treated.according to • the mitigations for F7; i.e.. made as inconspicuous as: possible through alignment and construction, materials. C .5Srmmarv:. VM Class, 3; relative to.ahe Butterfield Stage Route, 'high.sen- sitivity; inconsistency with 8114.management direction . potentially sig- nificant impact; regional scope. Relative to jeep trails to the west, low sensitivity but potentially significant.impact.because of inconsis- tency with BLM management direction: regional scope. Not mitigable to a level of insignificance. This facility could be seen along a 1-mi stretch of jeep trail flanking the Butterfield Stage Route 0.5 mi southwest of Happy Camp and from two jeep trails west of F6. Hikers, campers, and backpackers using the greater vicinity of the Butterfield Stage Route in this area would also see facility F6. The jeep trail passes within about l mi of F6 and is 80 to 200 ft lower than the facility. At the point the jeep trail joins the stage route to the east, low-hills block views of F6 from there on into the Marlcopa Mountains. This is true-also .for the BIM interpretive facilities (informational.sign.dlsclosing the history of the trail- and' cistern) at Happy Camp cistern; views of the facility would not be available. The subject jeep trail is highly sensitive since it follows a historic travel route. This portion of the trail receives considerable slow- moving off-highway sight-seeing use, is a popular backpacking and camp- ing area used by the Boy Scouts, and is used by dirt bikes, hunters, and vehicle-based campers for dispersed recreational activity. In this location, vegetation is not as tall as that around the F7 site. Also, F7 would be sited at the toe of the mountains, just above the upper piedmont where the slope perceptibly steepens, and well above road-based views. Consequently, there is a potential that the facility would be substantially within view. At best, the existing desert shrubs' would only briefly interrupt views of the facility during the several minutes of driving time it takes to pass. Moreover, F6 would be within a com- fortable field of view for sightseers traveling east. However, those driving west might overlook the structures, given that it is at right angles to the direction of travel for most of the time. Also, uninterrupted views of the F6 facility would be afforded visitors sight-seeing, hiking, camping, or participating in other recreational activities requiring a longer period of stay. Viewing distances from the jeep tall and its corridor range from 1 to 1.5 mi. The mass of the buildings. their materials of construction, and colors could contrast.,enough.with the unmodified setting :of:grey-brown ' ' , SSCAP16A22S8819 DEIS Volume IV AppendiX r6%'t 'Sceftic'and Visual Resources Assessments - Arizona 18 +1i hills beyond that the structures would be'distracting,. even at the viewing'dfstance noted. 'They mOuld' compete' for:attention tVM'Class1). , +1 Given the sensitivity of.road surrounding'western Butterfield,, Stage corridor, the impact is potentially significant.. .Moreover. BLM, visual management objectives are"that activities in the affected area should result in no changes noticeably contrasting withestablisbed landscape features. The inconsistency is another indication of the potential for significance. The regional importance of the historic trail suggests that the impact is regional in scope. Relative to the other two jeep trails noted, from one, F6 would be in view along a 1.5-mi stretch; from the other, along-0.5-mi -stretch. Viewing positions are level with the facility to 160 ft below it. It is assumed that the visual impact would be similar to that affecting views from the historic stage route vicinity (VII Class 3): U.S.G.S. 7 1/2-min topographic maps indicate that no effective screening by landforms or • patterns of vegetation like those along the historic stage route would be effective and screening is probably minimal. Viewing distances are about the same as for the jeep trail along the Butterfield' Stage Route. The two trails are of low sensitivity by criteria used in these analyses. However, the inconsistency of the impact with BLM visual management objectives indicates a potential for significance. Mitigations. The following are among the measures to be considered during final design to reduce the visibility of F6; these include several of those suggested relative to f7: providing for the first story of the buildings to be below grade; berming around at-grade facilities; using color effectively to blend the buildings with the monochromatic hills; and the avoidance of highly reflective materials. However. because of the elevation of the site, F6 may remain noticeable, but should be subordinate to natural features (VM Class 2). The impact, though lessened, would still have potential' for significance. D. ik • 5ummarv: No impact. • A jeep trail accessing the Butterfield Stage Route passes within 0.5 mi west of E6 at an elevation about 30 ft lower than this facility. The slope between the road and E6 is gradual, being about 1% so appears essentially flat. There are no intervening. landforms, but the rela tively level line of sight to the one-story ficility is blocked by shrubs. There would no visual impact. E. K4 and Sut-and-Cover Area,B Summary: VM Class 4; highly sensitive viewing-positions; inconsistent with BLM management direction; potentially significant impact; regional scope not mitigable to a level of insignificance. The jeep trail mentioned in reference to E6,connects with the 'Marltopa Road within 1,000 ft of K6. In 'additfon, this trail crosses cut-and- • SSCAP16A2258820 • - -DEIS Volume IV Appendix. 16 Scenici--and Visual Resources Assessments " Arizona 19 cover area B, which extends from a point 0.5 mi south of £6 'south to a j, point 0.4 mi north of Interstate 8. ; Because it serves as a'primary access to the historic stage route, this trail 1s .considered highly ' sensitive. K6 alone would dominate views from the trail (VM Class 4), given its bulk and height (five stories). and proximity to the trail".' Views from about 2,000 ft of the trail would be affected. The cut-and- cover operations occurring across a 300-ft-wide path in the same vicin- ity would result in the destruction of existing vegetation across this zone. This impact of construction, too, would briefly dominate the attention of those using the jeep trail where it crosses disturbed area. 8LM management direction for the area is that activities should not contrast noticeably with established landscape characteristics. The impacts would not be consistent with that objective. Mjieationi. Specific measures" should be considered during final design. K6 is so close to the trail that no measure could make it unnoticeable. The cut-and-cover area in time could feasibly be revege- tated in this vicinity with the use of plants salvaged from the area prior to excavation, hydrosoeding, and drip it;lgation. The salvaged plants could consist of higher-stature plants, such as saguaro cacti, mesquite, palo verde, and ironwood trees. Success rates for most of these species have proved satisfactory. For mesquite. ironwood, and palo verde, survival after salvage and transplanting has ranged from 72%, to 91%; but for saguaro, success rates have not exceeded 50% (Olson 1988). There could be a reduction in contrast with the adjacent lands, but the absence of smaller shrubs would be noticeable. Assuming that salvage planting is successful, it would probably require more than 5 years before the distribution of vegetation could reduce the evidence of cut-and-cover activities. Also, at least 5 years of drip irrigation at a rate of 3 gal/d per plant for 6 mo each year would be required (Olson 1988). F. t5, f4. 1;4.J3.52. and EZ Summary: For 12, VM Class 4; low-sensitivity viewing positions;' incon- sistency with 8LM management objectives; significant impact; regional scope not mitigable. Lands along or near the lower arc receive much less visitor use than those around the Butterfield Stage Route and northern Maricopa Moun- tains. This is duo to the poor access to southern Maricopas from the north and access restriction off.Interstate .8 (I-8 is a limited access route; public ingress and egress off I-8 is not encouraged). Of impor- tance is Interstate 8, which;passes within 5.000 ft, 4;000 ft, 9,000 ft. 9,500 ft, 7,000 ft, 900 ft, and 7,000 ft, respectively, of"ES, F4, E4, F3, £3, F2, and £2. This highway Is considered tow in sensitivity: However, all but ES would be sited within lands the BLM has designated as VRM Class II. Management direction for VRM Class II lands is that modifications of the landscape should not contrastinoticeably with the established character of the landscape. Views from the 'highway are, therefore, important. SSCAP16A2258821 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 16 Scenicoand Visual Resources Assessments Arizona 20 Facility E5 is .within a VRM ClassIll:area. tiere iandscaptelmod1ftca- tions are permitted. but existing.visual .characterahouTd'beoat-least partially retained. ,The-terrain tetween .the highway antis is ^nearly flat. The shrubs along the higiwarzre sutficiontly-high'to block the one-story structure at the site. There would beano impact, • Facility E2 is within a VRM Class-II 'area, but it would:nettbe vtslble since the topography blocks the view. There would be'no•Impact.- Facilities F4, £4, F3, and £3, though technically within' view, essen- tially would not be noticeable from the highway. At the point that they would be within a normal field of view for those driving on the highway, , the facilities would be about twice:the distance indicated above (e.g„ F4 would be within an usual field•of view at a distance of 'at leas:' 8,000 ft, F3 at 18,000 ft, etc.). The closest viewing is possible ot'Iy when passing each facility and. turning one's head- sharply away tpom• tM direction of travel. Viewing distance, together with substantii4 screening afforded by shrubs,-,would obscure the site for-all brsc the most interested and.concerned viewers. 'There'is -no indication of such a level of interest for those traveling this route along the affected stretch. The impact would, therefore, be-negl'igibie regarding these facilities relative to views from Interstate 8r ' However, F2, at a distance of 1,500 to 2,800 ft, is within a comfortable field of view. At that distance, the structures would 'dominate atten- tion and sharply contrast with the desert landscape. The impact would be VM Class 4, which would not be consistent with Bill managemert direc- tion for visual resources. This inconsistency suggests that 'the impact is potentially significant. It is assumed that the discrepancy is im- portant to the BLM's management of•the region, The Impact.is 'therefore ' considered to be regional in scope. Mitioationa. F2 is too close to the highway to completely mitigate its impact. Nonetheless, for this and the-other facilities-noted, design _. details, siting, selection of materials and colors, and screening should be considered in order to minimize N1Sua1 impact' vin a vis views from the highway and nearby 8LN lands. ' Spectfic seasures.to'be' taken should be evaluated during final design. G. Campus and_Iniector • $wn1an: VM Class 2 to 3; .high sensitivity viewing positions; poten- tially significant impact; regional scope; not mitigable. The campus and injector could be within views from the higher elevations of the southern Marlcopa Mountains• at distances ranging from 4.5 to 10 mi. From the northern Maricopa 1loantatns. sigher elevations. viewing positions would be over 10 mi away. . Possibiy, •views from the closest: ridges of the southern part.of the range wouldbe:affected the'aggre- gate of the facilities would be distractingto dominant in the-currently undeveloped setting (VN Class 3 to 4). Gives the 11'ilderness'Study Area. (WSA) designation for these mountains, views from their flanks and SSCAP16A2258822 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 - Scenic..and Visual Resources Assessments Arizona 21 ridges are considered highly sensitive. The impact would be. signifi- cant but would affect very few recreationists. BIM visual resource management objectives for the cages and injector areas call for 'VRM Class IV (a high level of change in the landscape is permissible). Therefore, the campus and injector facilities are not inconsistent with BLM plans and policies. Mitigations.. The campus and injector facilities cannot be screened from view front elevated positions along. the Maricopa Mountains. Choosing, muted colors and nonreflective materials of construction to blend the structures with the desert should serve to reduce project contrast and noticeability. Measures to be taken should be evaluated during final siting and design. H. 50411s $ummarv: VM Class 2 to 3; high sensitivity viewing positions affected; regional scope; possibly mitigable in the long term. The state has proposed four alternatives for disposal of spoils: Three of the alternatives would pose no visual impacts; these involve disper- sal at distant mines or use as building material in the Phoenix area. However, one alternative is to spread the material across 1 mil to a depth of 1 ft within the injector area. It is assumed that the material would be sterile and that plants would not grow there. The scar would, in this case, persist indefinitely. It would be seen from the southern Maricopa Mountains from points along the slopes and ridges. Alone the scar would be noticeable to distracting (VM Class 2 to. 3). Coupled with the structures of the campus and injector, it would reinforce the dominance of the facilities. The affected views are highly sensitive and regionally important. The impact would therefore be significant and regional in scope. MitiaatioQ,f. During detailed design, the feasibility of scraping the veneer of topsoil from the disposal site and stockpiling It should be considered. Subsequent to spoils disposal, spreading the topsoil over the site may facilitate revegetation. Eventually revegetation may reduce the impact to a negligible lev31. 16.3.1.4 Jnconsi:,tencies with Laws.J'lans. Policies. and Regelatjons The BIM has established management objectives for visual resources with- in and around the proposed site. In some areas, the objective is re- strictive, calling for landscape modifications that do not noticeably contrast with the landscape features characteristic of the area (VRM Class II). Several facilities fall within areas to be so managed, in- cluding: 17, C7, F6, E6, and K6, part of cut-and-cover area B, and E4, F3, E3, 12, and E2. In most cases, the visual impacts would be notice- able to dominant as described above. Such an inconsistency. by criteria set forward in Section 16.2.1.3, indicates that the impacts could be significant. SSCAP16A2258823 - DEIS Volume IV Appendix• 16 218-829 0 - ea - 6 (8001( 9) Scenic'and Visual Resources Assessments Colorado 22 • 16.3.2 Colorado 16.3.2.1 JtelatlorlShi➢ of Protect Fe,4tures to:Visual y°haracter. • of_thp Sjte. The proposed site is sparsely settled, rolling ranchland and farmland. Farm structures are relatively isolated and not commonly visible at appreciable distances within or near 'the site. The site is predomi- nantly without conspicuous features: the terrain is rolling and unva- ried, the horizon essentially flat, vegetation low and extensively simi- lar, being grain crops and pasture. Although there are several oil and gas fields in the area, associated facilities are inconspicuous and scattered. Against t'', s agricultural landscape, the proposed project would contrast sharp'ty since most features would be industrial in char- acter and scale. 16.3.2.2 Identification of<Key Yiewtno ensttlons As noted in Appendix 5, there are no travel routes or public use.areas from which there are moderately to highly sensitive views. Nor are there applicable laws, plans, policies, or regulations that lend impor- tance to views from roads or areas otherwise considered low in sensi- - tivity. Consequently, there are no viewing positions from,which visual impacts would be sustained. 16.3.2.3 Xmoact Assgssment,j?d Mittgatiop Jleasures ' As noted above, all affected views, including those affected by the pro- posed main access road, are low in sensitivity, and there are,no impacts on views that would be inconsistent with laws, plans; policies, or regu- lations.. Therefore, there are no visual impacts. No mitigation mea- sures are recommended. 16.3.2.4 Inconsistencies with Laws. Plans. Policies. and Regulations For the proposed site, no laws, plans, 'policies, or regulations apply to scenic and visual resource protection. • SSCAP16A2228824 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 23 16.3.3 Illinois 16.3.3.1 'ft t1285hin_of erolect Featirej t01jsya1 Character ' of the $ite The eastern half of the site and enclosed lands includes'a mix of land uses, including agricultural, residential, commercial, institutional; industrial, and recreational. Evidence of an agricultural past in this part of the site is apparent (residual fields and farm structures); how- ever, outside the several small communities here, residential develop- ment is leapfrogging into farmlands. This transition of land use also includes nodes of commercial and light industrial facilities. For exam ple, along O.S. Highway 34 southwest of E2, residential areas occur to the west of E2 and are growing to the south, approaching commercial and light industrial development lining O.S. Highway 34. In some areas, the Juxtaposition of divergent land uses is so complex that in many cases there is no identifiable character (e.g., along Cola Road between Butter- field Road and El: see Appendix 5, Section 5.3.13.2 0). In such land- scapes, the SSC project facilities probably would go unnoticed, being compatible with the light industrial facilities in the area. In this case, there is little potential for visual impact. Many of the potentially affected residential areas in the transitional region are not compromised with contrasting•land uses, being 'pure" enough to establish visual character. Such is the case for several sub- • divisions or groupings of rural residences occurring around the south- east quadrant of the lower arc, and along much of the upper arc. Resi- ' dential land uses are not visually compatible with the proposed project because of the obvious functional and structural contrasts between project features 'and residences. For most of the western half of the site and the enclosed lands, the evidence of large-scale agricultural activities prevails. The land is rolling cropland, with widely spaced groupings of farm structures. Natural areas occur as isolated forest preserves and riparian zones; no views of such areas are affected by the project. The industrial appear- ance of most of the proposed structures is not in keeping with the pre- dominantly agrarian look of the land, nor are the facilities compatible with natural-appearing lands. 16.3.3.2 Identjficatlo0 9f Kev Yjewing Position. The viewing positions key to the following analyses are all moderately to highly sensitive. Starting with travel routes, there are two inform- ally designated scenic roads that- are near project facilities: State Highways b4 and 38. State Highway 64 passes 1,500 ft north of E7, 4,000 ft of F9, and 3,000 ft of J4; and State Highway-38 passes 2,000 ft south of J6. Other roads of concern are those serving primarily as access to highly or moderately sensitive public use areas; respectively, they are themselves highly and moderately sensitive. Roads secondarily serving as access to highly sensitive areas are moderately sensitive. Roads meeting these criteria, from which project features .would be visible, SSCAPIGA2228825 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 ,Scentc'and Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 24 are Empire Road, passing by the proposed location of F7; Conker Road, adjacent to the proposed location of ES; and Country Club Road, where it passes by the proposed location. of E9. Three recreational trails pass near to SSC facilities. The Virgil Gilman Trail crosses _about 6J0- ft north of the proposed location of (2; the Prairie Path less than 1 mi north of the proposed location of E1; and the Great Western Nature Trail comes to within 2,000 ft.of E7 and is adjacent ,to .F9, Concerning public use areas, of concern are views''from existing homes in subdivisions or rural residential areas next to or near to F2. E3, F4, -• E8, and E9. Views from subdivisions are considered highly'sensitive; those from rural residential areas, moderately so. It addition, one cemetery is close to a SSC structure (E4). 16.3.3.3 Impact Assessment.;ndJiitteatton Measures The expected impacts for the Illinois site are-assessed below starting with El and working clockwise to F9. ' Summary: No impact. This facility-occurs at the edge,of a residential development under-con struction. No homes have been built yet.. Proposed residentiai .areas ‘ ' are considered low in sensitivity (see .Appendix 5). Facility"EI 'is' con- sidered here because of the ,proximity of the Prairie Path.. However, this path is about 1 ml from El and the facility is not visible from the trail . Concerning the access road (Eola Road), the area is a complex mix of incompatible land uses to begin with,. including the'Commonwealth Edison substation. Finally, the trail flanks two parallel sets of 345-kV transmission lines. In summary, views from the trail and Eola. Road have been compromised by earlier land use decisions and there would be no impact because of El. D. tZ Summary: No impact. The facility is considered because of the immediate proximity of the Virgil Gilman Trail . This trail passes within 600 ft of the facility to ' the north at the toe of the rise on which E2 is sited. Trees line the trail and the rise would block views of the one-story structure. Views. from the trail would not be affected. Moreover, this is an area of com- mercial and light industrial businesses. A Skelgas propane. station, including large tanks, is adjacent•to the trail, and Con-Way Express - Trucking Co. has a terminal across State Route 30 from there. In this context, views from the road (important because this is one point of access to the trail) would not be affected by the SSC facility. SSCAP16A2228826 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 16 Scenic and:Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 25 C. FZ Summary,: VM Class 4:highly sensitive views affected; potentially long-term significant impact; local in scope; mitigable•to a level of- insignificance; indeterminate period before mitigation is effective. This facility would occur in a field surrounded by. an. existing subdivi slon. A new residential development (a Planned Unit Development (PUD)) is going to occur in the same field, but it is the view from the exist- ing homes that is of concern. The nearest residences are 500 ft west of the proposed F2 site, and views from these homes and others flanking the a field could be dominated by the large industrial structures that would ., be in the immediate foreground (VM Class 4). This would not be the case if the PUD surrounds the F2 site, buffering the facility from the resi- dences. Visual impacts can be expected to be of local importance; therefore, the scope of the impact is local in nature. Views from the road accessing the subdivision do not extend to. the field, because of intervening homes. Mitigations. If the site is within the PUD and not between it and the existing residences, no further mitigation would be needed. It•would be screened by the new homes. If not, several measures should be considered during detailed project design. Earth berms could be installed around • the facility sufficiently high to block views of the first story of the two large buildings and all of the lower structures. Landscaping the • berm with evergreens could conceal the upper story of the main buildings regardless of,the season. The required:height of the berm:and plantings would depend on how close the berm could be to:the affected residences; the closer the berm, the lower the required heights. •The time required for plantings to attain the required height cannot be estimated given the uncertain location of the facility and the height of the berm. . Large-caliper stock could be used to quicken the effect; with enough large nursery stock, screening,could be achieved immediately under the most favorable siting circumstances. It could also require many years if the berm is too far from the affected residences. In addition, should complete screening not be possible, the materials of building construction and their colors should be selected to be muted and neutral , so as not to call attention to the structures. Non- reflective materials should be used where possible. Night lighting should not be of the high-intensity type and should be directed away from residences. Security fencing should be inconspicuous (black chain link fences, as close .Ns possible to the buildings to be secured, con- cealed with plantings). The success of the proposed measures is depen- dent upon factors of site design and location of planted materials. Therefore, it is recommended that a landscape architect be part of the design team. , SSCAPI6A2228827 DEIS Volume IV Appendtx'16 'Steele set Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 26 The Illinois proposal recommended that for certain E and F sites there be architectural treatment to simulate the type of buildings adjacent to the proposed sites. The; objective is ter $,tve them blend:with. their sur- roundings. One of the goals- is to protect home values. That is ; in a residential area, E sites night betide to hok like a small house.. In, a rural area, F sites might be designed to appear to be large barns, with agricultural accessories such as Wog, grazing- cattle,- and'•.farm houses. D. Summary: No impact.. The proposed site for E3 is 3,500 ft west of.a. residential subdivision. It may be possible te see the one-story building. A- large industrial building- housing. Caterpillar Tractor Corporation- facTllties, and a 13E'--kV transmission line occur to the north, and the facilitywould abut rail- road tracks. From E3 1,200 ft south to Mill Road, farmland, prevails. Given the proximity of industrial-scale structures, the small facility would not be conspicuous or incompatible. Therefore', there,should be no visual impact. E. L4 Summary: Vii Class 1; negligible impact; local scope. Facility E4 would be. about 400 ft south of a smell cemetery on. a par- tially wooded knoll. A farm is sited across• the road to the west and' there are extensive open fields to the north and south.. thefaci.lity would be partially screened from-view by fenceror plantings at the ceme tery's southern edge, which help to partially enclose it, lending• a sense of privacy, and an- inwardorientatioa. The alignment of the road accessing the cemetery is east-west, which does. not. encourage. views to the south toward E4. These factors suggest that. £4 would not be espe- cially noticeable from the cemetery. Moreover, iffthe structure should be glimpsed, there is a row of large lattice-structure transmission line towers directly south in line with views toward it from the knoll. These large industrial-like structures commend attention and would dwarf the one-story building proposed, by comparison greatly overshadowing its impact. It is concluded that E4 would go unnoticed by most. visiting the cemetery (YM• Class 1). This would be• a negligible Impact of local scope. F. E4 Summary: Vii Class 4; moderately senstttve views affected; potentially long-term significant impact; local scope; possibly mitigable to a levei of insignificance in the long term. SSCAPI6A2228828 DEIS Volume IV Appendix PS • Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 27 This facility would occur as close as 1,000 ft from an area of scattered rural residences (moderately sensitive). Most of the land in the area consists of undeveloped, agricultural fields. There would be nothing like F4 within any local views and the industrial-like facility could become the focus of adverse attention (VM Class 4). By the criteria used, the impact potentially would be significant. to the local residents (local scope). Mitigations. During final detailed project design several measures should be evaluated. The use of landscaped berms could screen the facility from view, as per recommendations for concealing F2. However, here this measure might not effectively conceal the facility for many years because of the distance at which F4 would be seen. A 12- to 15-ft berm may be required, which may not be feasible. A lower berm would require that plant materials, to provide effective screening, may have to be IS to 20 ft high. In this case, more than 5 years would be required to provide the intended effect. Because of uncertainties over screening, design considerations are important, as per the mitigative measures for 12. The State of Illinois has proposed to treat service areas architecturally to simulate farm structures. In the case of F4, farm structures are compatible with the rural character of the area. An F site technically could be made to share certain characteristics common to area farms so as to be less obtrusive and blend in with the larger agricultural con- text. For it to appear to be an actual farm, though, great attention to detail would be needed. There could be no evidence of industrial func- tions: tank farms, security fences, transformers, parking lots, HF antennae, heavy nonfarm equipment, service traffic, etc. G. LZ £gmmarv. No impact. This facility is addressed because its proposed site is in proximity to the Great Western Nature Trail and State Highway 64, 2,000 ft and 1,500 ft to the north, respectively. From neither would E7 be visible; wood- lands immediately north of the site conceal it from view. H. EZ Summary: VM Class 4; highly sensitive public use area; moderately sensitive travel route; potentially significant; local scope; mitigable to a level of insignificance in the short term. This service area would be in a field directly across from a residential subdivision in an area where there are several such developments. Here views from the adjacent subdivision and the road accessing it (Empire Road) are of concern. The road is the only access route to these homes, but serves other destinations as well; views from the road are consid- ered to be moderately sensitive. Proposed site for F7 abuts the road, SSCAP16A2228829 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 ,Sceeic- and Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 28 so the main buildings.night•be 200' to 300,.ft fronttire nearby residences. The proximity of FT to the road and the nearby-residences is such that it would dominate. the local views (VM Class 4).. There is the potential for significance, but at a, local level. ►litioatippg. Design measures described in relati'on, ta F2 should be con- sidered during detailed project design. These measures could conceal the facility (landscaped berms, muted colors, etc.). The proximity of the site to the road suggests that berms. near the road could easily block views of the structures if the F7 buildings are back far enoeg from the road. For instance, if the buildings were 200 ft. away, a 7-ft berm 21 ft from the road would: conceal the two-story structures from pedestrian eye-level views (about 5 ft off the ground).. With plantings, the berm could be substantially lower and farther away; e.g.,. a 5-ft berm 100 ft from the road. planted with 4.5-ft shrubs. would provide full screening. It would take longer to achieve the full effect than using topographic screening alone. If full concealment is not sufficient to address the controversy, an offsetting measure might be effective. There is some evidence in the leapfrog pattern of development that the homebuying public may want a somewhat rural environment. Yet, open spaces are filling is with new development.. As a benefit to the local residents, the entire field in which F7 is to be sited could be purchased• as a abuffer which would prevent the development of more residences there. As much. of this land as possible could be 'set aside as a future forest preserve or a park serving local recreational needs. Concerning the state's. proposed architectural treatment of service areas to simulate farm structures, there are residual farms in the general area. Farm structures at this site would be compatible with the general context. I. E Ic m_atx: VM Class 4; highly sensitive public use area and road, moder- ately sensitive road; potentially significant; local scope; possibly mitigable to a level insignificance, but not in the short term. This intermediate access facility would be sited 0.2 mi from a develop- ment of new, expensive homes, the closest of which have been sold already. The one-story building would be fully ire view, abutting the entrance to the subdivision- It would be comparatively small but not compatible with the area features. Because tt its near the entrance, it could not escape attention. Those exiting the subdivision would be aimed directly at the facility and' it would dominate views toward it (VM Class 4). Sensitivity for views from the homes and the interior subdivision road are high. For Denker Roe& which also serves other destinations, sensitivity is. moderate. There is potential for signifi- cance, but on the local level. SSCAPIfA2228830 DEIS Volume IV Appendix Id Scenie ,and. Visual Resources Assessments Illinois 29 Screening with vegetation should be evaluated during final. project:.. design. The structure should be set as far back from the street as pos- sible and screened on alt sides with dense evergreen plantings. mixed with deciduous species for variety. It is not certain that full screen- ing would be possible because of its exposure to sensitive views on three sides. It would help to curve the site access road so. that plant- ings could eventually cut off views directly at it along the road. It might require more th.m 5 years to achieve full screening. J. LQ Summary.: VM Class 4; highly sensitive public use area. moderately sen- sitive road; potentially signifttant: local scope; mitigable to a level of insignificance, but probably not in the short term. The proposed site for this facility would be seen on all four sides by residents in an established subdivision on Country Club Road. It would abut the road so would not escape attention from those driving by. The impact would be the same as for E8. Mitigations. The measures recommended for ES would apply to £9 and should be considered during final design. K. a Summary. No impact. This facility is discussed because the Great Western Nature Trail (which coincides with the Chicago and Northwestern Rail Line) crosses the proposed site ,at one corner, and State Highway 64 (undesignated scenic route) passes about 4,000 ft to the north. The facility would not be visible from the highway. The facility site is in .an open field on the east side of Kautz Road. On the other side is a light industrial park. About 2,000 ft to the northeast is the DuPage Airport. In this context, F9 would be compatible and not present a visual. impact. L. Sooilj.: Summary No impact. The State of Illinois proposes to dispose of spoils at four quarries. Therefore, no visual impacts would be associated with this. construction activity. 16.3.3.4 Inconsistencies with Laws.plans. Policits....And_Requlatjinq For the proposed site, no laws, plans. policies, or.regulations. apply to scenic and visual resource protection. SSCAP16A2228831 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Michigan 30 16.3.4 Michigan 16.3.4.1 PplaIlenshio of Protect F4atures to Vyspal Charactgr of the Site The site is a low, rolling landscape, sparsely, populated and predomi- nantly agricultural in character. Small-scale farms and their surround- ing pastures and croplands are enclosed by fencerows and dense woodlots. • Residential development mostly consists of large-lot homes in small groups lining short stretches of road. There are two major areas within or overlapping the collider ring that have retained a natural appear- ance; these are heavily wooded with lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Over- all , landscape character is consistent, urban features lying to the north and south beyond the collider ring. The industrial appearance of the proposed SSC structures is not in keeping with the predominantly agrarian look of the land, nor are the facilities compatible with natural-appearing lands. 16.3.4.2 Identification of I(ey Viewing Positions No formally or informally designated scenic routes occur within or close to the proposed site. However, one road secondarily serving a recre- ation area would pass close to a proposed facility site; this is con- sidered moderately sensitive. This road serves the Robinhood Sherwood Forest RV Campground and passes within a few hundred feet of facility Fl. In addition, one potential recreation (equestrian) trail is impor- tant and is treated as being highly sensitive. It passes within 300 ft of F10 and 700 ft of K1. The proposed project would not be visible from within the recreation area noted: The only public use areas potentially affected would be rural residential areas close to facilities ES, F3, E4, and substation No. 2. 16.3.4.3 ,Jnpaclpsse;sent a d J1itieation Measures Seven of the proposed SSC facility sites would be close to moderately to highly sensitive travel routes or public use areas. In all but four cases, the project either would be compatible with the immediate sur- roundings, or probably would not be visible to the point of being notice- - able. For the balance of the facilities, the rolling, terrain 'is suffi- ciently wooded to conceal them from any sensitive travel routes or pub- lic use areas. A. LB Summ4rv: VM Class 2;moderate sensitivity; negligible impact; local scope. This facility would be 500 ft or more east of Williamston Road in a flat, open field. Within a few hundred ft of the facility to the northwest along the road, there are several residences. This rural residential SSCAP16A2228832 ' DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Michigan 31 area is considered moderately sensitive.. To the,west and across the road from ES, there is anoperating. gravel pit. A moundLof.stockplled gravel is visible but partially screened from.view.by.trees. . Weavy•,,,• equipment is also -within view. This gravel pit field of view , integral to that for the ES facility and lends alow-key industrial character to the area. A. one-story warehouse-hike bullding..out in the field might be noticed but would not.draw such attention. yit.would tend to be in keeping with the scale of buildings there, and subordinate to. the gravel pit and residences (VM Class 2). Because the'rural residences are moderate in sensitivity. the impact is considered to be negligible and local in scope. B. F1Q/K1 $ymparv: No impact. These facilities are of concern because of a potential equestrian trail about 500 ft to the southeast of Klo.and about .800 ft northwest of Xl. This trail traces the Grand Trunk Western Rail Line. In this vicinity the trail is depressed below adjacent fields and is ,lined by trees that confine views to the alignment of the.trail. lt.is.unlikely that the subject facilities would affect views from the trail; there would pro- bably be no impact. C. F1 $ummarv: No impact. The F1 facility would be sited 300 to 500 ft west of Dunn Road behind Lindsay's Wrecker Service. It is mentioned tare because the Robinhood Sherwood Forest RV Campground is 1.500 ft to the east and, because it is a recreational facility, is considered highly sensitive. Although Fl would not. be seen from the campground, it would.be visible from Dunn Road just before the turnoff to the campground. Given that the wrecker service facilities are presently in the foreground of the affected views, it is unlikely that the SSC service area would be considered to • be a visual impact. The clutter of car bodies and other junk already visually compromises the scene. D. fa m r : VM Class 4; moderately sensitive views affected; potentially significant impact; local scope; mitigable over indeterminate period, possibly over the long term. Six rural residences are in the immediate vicinity of F3,. several .homes being less than 300 ft away. Sensitivity is moderate. Given the.prox- imity of the homes, the two-story buildings at the 13 site would domi- nate views from these residences (VM Class 4). The impact"would be potentially significant to those living here .(loca1•-scope). • SSCAP16A22Vn813 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16, ' Scentc and Visual Resources Assessments Michigan 32 Mttiqatiens.: The following' mitigative'measuses should' be' evaluated dur- ing final detailed design. As-recommended in Section 16.33'.3, earth berms could be installed around the facility sufficiently high to block views of the first story of the two large buildings and. all of the lower • structures. Landscaping the berm with evergreens could conceal the upper story of the main buildings regardless of the season: The required height of the berm and plantings would depend on how•close-the berm could be to the affected residences; the closer the berm, the•lower the required heights. The time required for plantings to attain the required height cannot be estimated given-the uncertain location of the facility and the height of the berm. Large-caliper stock could be used to quicken the effect; with enough large nursery stock, screening could be achieved immediately upon the most favorable siting circumstances. It could also require many years if the berm is too far from the affected residences. In addition, should complete screening not be possible, the materials of • building construction and their colors should be selected to be muted and neutral, so as not to call attention to the structures. Non- reflective materials should be used where possible. Night lighting should not be of the high-intensity type and should be directed away from residences. Security fencing should be inconspicuous (black chain link fences, as close as possible to the buildings to be secured, con- cealed with plantings). The success of the proposed measures is depen•• dent upon factors of site design and location of planted materials. Therefore, it is recommended that a landscape architect be part of the design team. This measure might not effectively conceal the facility for many years because of the distance at which F4 would be seen. : A 12- to 15-ft berm may be required, which may not be feasible. Using a lower berm would require that plant materials, to provide effective screening, may have to be 15 to 20 ft high. In this case, more than 5 years would be required to provide the intended effect. E. ZA $ummarv: Negligible impact of *local scope. The facility would be about 1,500 ft northeast of Murray Road behind several residences (moderate sensitivity). It possibly would be screened by a low rise. If not, the one-story structure would probably be in scale with the rural character of the site. It would be far enough away to be relatively inconspicuous, being noticeable but'subordinate to other features in view (VM Class 2). The impact should be negligible, affect- ing only local residents. F. $ubstatjon No. 2 $ummarv: VM Class 4; moderately sensitive views affected; potentially significant impact; local scope; mitigable, possibly in the long term. SSCAP16A2228834 DEIS Volume IV Appendix,16:. :-/ • ;Scenic, and, Visual Resources Assessments Michigan 33 This substation i.ould be in the foreground view of several' rural' nil- .. dences along Covert Road and at its intersection with Ridley Road. Such utility structures are not compatible,with residential -areas. If the • substation is similar in size and configuration to the one serving Illinois' Fermilab near its entrance, it would dominate attention (VM Class 4) and may be a concern to the .immediate residents (local scope). It is assumed that it would not be painted the bright colon used for the Fermilab substation. • ' Mitigations. The following measures should be considered during final design. If there is flexibility in siting this structure, it could be located away from the road and behind a .woodlot to-the north. If not, plantings and/or planted berms could conceal it. Without a berm, screening would probably require more than: 5 years, With a berm. it could be concealed immediately. This assumes that the berm would be near the road and that the facility would be 100 to 200 ft behind it and about one story high. G. Spoil Summary: No impact. The State of Michigan proposes to dispose of spoils by supplying it as material for commercial processing as aggregate fill at a ,quarry and by transport to existing landfills. No visual ,.impacts-would be expected. 16.3.4.4 Inconsistenciles with laws. Plans_ Pgl)eitts.L attuPgula 4ons . For the proposed site, no laws, plans, policies, or regulations apply to scenic and visual resource protection. . • SSCAP16A222S8Z5 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 r .. Scenic` and. Visual Resources Assessments North Carolina 34 16.3.5 North Carolina 16.3.5.1 $eldionshiD ot'_Project Fea �wc rPYi yal2 racier 9f the Site. • The proposed site is a substantially forested, sparsely settled, ` rural/agricultural area that is within 10 to 30'mi-ofi urban areas lying to the south. The character of the site is consistently small 'town, rural residential, and agricultural. The industrial character of the SSC facilities would be incongruous•in this setting " 16.3.5.2 IdentjflcatlolUf Key Vjewinq Positions None of the many travel routes through the site and its v1U nity"are formally or informally designated as scenic highways or roads. Several secondary roads serve subdivisions or rural residential areas; these are considered moderately sensitive (See Appendix 5). These'are State Routes 1601, 1004, 1602, and 1736. Concerning public use areas, most are subdivisions or rural residential areas. Views from these would be affected by J1, Fl, J3, J4, F9, E8, F7, F4, C4, and F3. Apart from residential areas, there are two other sensitive public use areas. Webb's Chapel would be-displaced by r5 and• separated from its. aesthetic, historic context; and views from the Flat River, which supports some canoeing, may be affected by Fl. 16.3.5.3 Imoac ssessment an Mitigati.oil. ktates The expected impacts for the proposed' site are assessed below starting with Fl and working counterclockwise to F3. • A. fl Summary: VM Class 4; highly sensitive views affected; potentially significant impact of local scope; mitigable, but not to a level of insignificance. The Red Mountain subdivision is a cluster of expensive homes sited on a rise within 2,000 ft of the proposed site for F1 and somewhat higher than it. Because of the thick, deciduous forest surrounding the subdi- vision, views toward the facility are blocked for much of the year. During the winter, it may be possible to see the facility, but the views are likely to be substantially filtered by the trees nonetheless. It is expected that, if noticeable, the facility would probably attract little attention (VM Class 2). To a highly sensitive public, such an impact • might yet be considered significant. It would, however, be an issue of local scope. State Routes 1601, 1602, and 1736 pass within 700 to 1,500 ft of Fl. These roads primarily serve rural residences and are considered moder- ately sensitive. The residences are tucked into the wooded settings and views out are probably blocked in the summer and limited in the winter. SSCAP16A2218836, DEIS Volume IV Appendix'16 Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments North Carolina 35 However, it is expected that the facility would be visible from thearea roads noted. The proposed site for Fl is on the side of a hill and above the subject roads, a factor tending to increase its visibility. A substantial clearing of vegetation would have to occur on the 66-acre site for construction of the facility structures. as well as to create work space for other activities, such as tunnel construction. The clearing on the affected slope may render the facility highly visible to those passing by. In the winter, the facility would become substantially more visible. The industrial scale and appearance of the structures would be in glaring contrast to the small-scale rural residential character of the environs. There is the potential for this facility to attract and hold attention (VM Class 4). Within the moderately sensi- tive road-based views, such an impact could be significant to the local residents. Similar to the impact on views from roads discussed, the impact on views • from the Flat River could be significant. Local canoeists use the river (Hinton 1986) in the spring before vegetation has fully leafed out. They pass to within 2.000 ft of Fl and the facility and clearing might dominate attention (VM Class 4). The impact could be locally significant. t1itigjtions. During detailed project design, the following measures should be evaluated. The primary mitigation recommended is to minimize the clearing of vegetation between the facility and sensitive viewing positions. In addition, landscaping with large-caliper evergreens to enhance screening could be effective. Last, design considerations such as choice of color and materials of construction to blend the structures with the background; avoidance of reflective materials: and avoidance of high-intensity night lighting would minimize the noticeability of the structures. These measures could substantially reduce project visibil- ity. However, because the site is on a slope, the facility may be noticeable from below from roads and residences, as well as the Flat River, in spite of the suggested measures. Since views from the Red Mountain subdivision are from above, screening by existing and planted vegetation would not be effective. The residual magnitude of the impact on all views would be VM Class 2. B• E,2, Symrjry; VM Class 2 and 4; moderately and highly sensitive views affected; potentially significant impact; not mitigable. This facility is toward the end of a gravelled road solely serving a new subdivision called Raney Way. The facility would be in the midst of part of the subdivision, which consists of 21 parcels, some of which have been sold already. It and the gravel road are both considered highly sensitive. State Route 1004 is the main road accessing this area and is considered moderately sensitive (while providing access to the subdivision, it primarily serves other destinations). The facility would clearly dominate views from the gravel road and most of the future SSCAP16A2250037 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 ,Scenic and. Visual Resources Assessments North Carolina 36 residences, some of which abut the site (VN Class 4). The distribution of forest cover 1s such that views from State Route 1004 toward the site are limited to a narrow band along the subdivision road and must occur at 90 degrees to the direction of travel. The facility may be notice- able but could not be distracting (VM Class 2). Relative to a moder- ately sensitive viewing position, such an impact would be negligible and relevant only to the local populace. ditigations. The proposed site is 1A the midst of the affected viewing positions. No mitigation Is possible. C. Le $ummarv: Negligible impact. This facility would be 200 to 300 ft north of a road (State Route 1139) in the vicinity of a rural residential area (moderately sensitive). The probable site is bordered on three sides ty forest and seen only from the road and one home directly across the -oad. Although State Route 1139 is the primary access to the residential area, it serves other des- tinations as well; overall , it is considered low in sensitivity. Because of screening value of the forest, views from only one home are affected. Though the compound and small building at the E8 site would attract some attention, the effected views are so limited that the impact would be negligible. D. 1 Summary: Negligible impact. The facility would be about 500 ft north of State Route 1302 in a rural residential area. Presently there is a densely forested border along the road. It is assumed that the forest along the road could be left intact and clearing along the right-of-way for the access road held to a minimum. If travelers butscou degoalargelywunnotld iced by�residdents. T from hee road impactbwould be negligible. E. au1l101a1_y: VM Class 4; highly sensitive resource displaced; potentially significant impact; local scope; not mitigable. Webb's Chapel, a restored historic structure, would be displaced by FS and presumably relocated. Views of the Chapel and its surroundings, as well as s assumed that s the Chapel from the Ctoday�isrin its e ioriginal dered glocatir,,+n.hly tiFurther.ve. It iit is assumed that an historic structure and its setting are integrally related. Separating the structure from its context represents a SSCAP16A2258B38 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 Scemtc: ant Visual Resources Assessments North Carolina 37 substantial change in the visual character of the Chapel regardless of where it is to be relocated. Replacing it with the facilities of F5 would, of course, represent a change of the greatest magnitude (MR Class 4). The impact would be potentially significant, but probably on the local level . Mitigations. Apart from displacing F5 several hundred feet, there are no measures that can be taken to mitigate the impact. Re-silting, F5 would require detatled technical considerations and care be ceesidered only during final project design. F. M Summa: VM Class 4; moderately sensitive views affected: potentially significant impact;, local scope; not mitigable. The proposed site for F4 is shown straddling a road and abutting or being in close proximity to a number of rural residences in an area of residual , small farms and pastures. One structure is a homestead dating to 1800, including its original tobacco sheds. Sensitivity is moderate and this facility would dominate views from the residences. tIitigAt_ien$,. Because of this proximity between the proposed site for the facility and the points from which the structures would be viewed, there are no feasible measures to conceal the buildings. G. 14 luminary: VM Class 2; moderately sensitive viewing position affected; negligible; local scope. Several rural residences are within 100 to 200 yds of the proposed site for E4. This facility would be 100 yds south of State Route 1536 in a field near an existing shed-like structure of similar size. Sensitivity is moderate. A light-industry-like building in this location might be noticed, but would not attract appreciable attention. Given the occur- rence of a similar-sized structure nearby and that both are relatively small, (4 is expected to be a subordinate feature in the landscape (VM Class 2). The impact would be of local scope and negligible. H. El 5ummarv: No impact. The facility would be 1,200 ft south of U.S. Highway 158 in a rural residential area (moderate sensitivity). As sited now, it would be in a thick grove of trees and would not be visible, assuming that site clear- ing does not remove the trees affording the screening. Siting is criti- cal, given that a small shift to the east would place the facility in a highly visible location outside the grove and in a field. Based on current proposed siting, there would be no impact. SSCAP16A2258834 DEIS Volume IV Append4x-16 • 'Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments North Carolina 38 I. Soolls Summary: No impact. The State of North Carolina proposes to dispose of spoils at 17 dif- ferent locations. Fifteen of the sites would be 15 acres in size; the other two would each cover 20 to 45 acres. The actual acreage of spoil disposal area at each site would range from 3 to'5 acres. The intent is to provide a forested buffer around the spoils. This buffer, as planned. would preclude views of the spoils material, and there would be no visual impact. 16.3.5.4 Inconsistenctes with Laws. p)ans`PQJ sles. In( Reaulatton5 For the proposed site, no laws, plans, policies, or regulations apply to scenic and visual resource protection. SSCAP16A2218840 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 ' :Scenic..aid:Visual Resources Assessments Tennessee 39 16.3.6 Tennessee, 16.3.6.J felat effiShbo of Protect &eateres: to Vtseer Character of the SJte Project facilities of concern would primarily occur in relatively flat to rolling agricultural lands with scattered rural residences. A few subdivisions. are found along the northeast edge.of the site.. These mostly occur next to State Highways 96, 99, and 231 Just beyond the. southwestern outskirts of Murfreesboro. No natural areas would be affected, although woodlots. feecerows. and. riparian areas are prevaleet near the affected, areas at the edges of pastures and. fields. taad uses within the- same general vicinity along some roads- are mixed. farmsteads, newer homes, and Junkyards may be found side by,side. In such areas, visual* character is not welt defined and the landscape is more accepting of changs without adverse vtseal impact. The best- example. of- *Axed land use occurs along U.S. Highway 231. Apart from, those facilities along this highway. nearly all of the proposed SSC facilities of concern to visual and scenic resoerces would occur it lands readily defined as rural or agricultural. The industrial character of the proposed project facilities would be iocongrvous throughout most of tbe .stte. 16.3.6.2 Identification of Kev viewing Positions. Concerning sensitive travel routas. U.S. Highway 231/State Highway 10 is a state-designated scenic parkway; views from this road are, therefore, considered. to be highly .sensitive. Facilities. E3. and Fl proposed to be sited along this highway in, full view.. Regarding public use areas, only views, from subdivisions aad rural residential areas would be affected. Facility.Fl would be sees fSm subdivisions, and F9•, £9. Fa,. Us F2.,woeld be seen from rural residences. 16.3.6.3 Impact Ass,essment and Mitloatton Measures The expected impacts are assessed below starting with F9 aid working. counterclockwise to F1. A. E2 55emmery: Wit Class 4:. moderately sensitive views affected; potent5a'Gly significant impact; local scope; not nd tigable; long term.- This facility would be sited to the west of Coleeaa Hill Road is a shallow hollow behind two houses in a rural residential area. (moderate sensitivity)... Other homes are ca the east side of he road. The sale of the facility is such that lit woad dominate views from the neighbor- hood (VM Class. 4). It is not. knower at this time whether the taw homes closest to F9 would: be acquired fee- simple and removed. leis assumed they would not be taken. The visual impact would be potentially signif- icant to the local residents (local scope). SSCAP36A222884.I. . . . DEIS Volume IV Appeottx-16' Scenic,and::Vlsual Resources Assessments Tennessee 40 • (jtigji,oi,,. Assuming that the two homes are not removed, sensitivity relative to views from their location are important. The facility would be too close to conceal from view and the, impact- could_not. be mitigated and would be long term. B. Summary: ' VM Class 2; moderately sensitive views affected; negligible impact; local scope. Facility E9 would be sited against or behind.a fencerow 1n a field less than 1,500 ft north of Coleman Hill Road/Patterson Road intersection. Several rural residences are in the immediate vicinity of this intersec- tion and would be exposed to views of the facility (moderate sensitivity). A reasonable worst case is that the structure would be in front of the fencerow, rather than behind it, and therefore fully visible. There are no homes or other structures on the north side of the road, so the one- story structure would attract some attention. At the viewing distance involved, it probably would not dominate attention in this particular setting. given the residences in the foreground along the road. The impact would probably not be greater than VM Class 2. ' Within.moderately sensitive views, such an impact would be comparably negligible, but long- term. The impact would be local in scope. — C. a $ummary,: VM Class 4; moderately sensitive views affected; potentially ' significant impact; local scope mitigable in the long term. Facility F8 would be about 1,500 ft south of Tall Ferr Road and be in the midst of, or abutting, several rural residences (moderate sensiti- vity). The facility would clearly dominate views (VM Class 4). The impact potentially would be significant, but only to local residents (local scope). Uiti9. Sins. The facility would be viewed "point blank" and no measure could effectively screen it in the short term. Several rows of closely spaced trees 20 to 30 ft high, along with a dense understory of shrubs would achieve full screening. However, it would require many years for plant materials to attain the maturity required. The duration of the impact could be shortened by installing a berm around the facility, which would reduce the height needed to achieve the desired effect, and by planting trees that are large to begin with. It is expected that more than 5 years would be required for mitigation, even with the addi- tional measures suggested. Design details could serve to reduce the contrasts somewhat, but cannot be relied upon for full mitigation. Such details include using muted colors blending with the surroundings; avoid- ing highly reflective materials of construction; concealing security fences by landscaping; and avoiding high-intensity night lighting. These measures should be given consideration during detailed project design. SSCAP16A2228842 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 a • : Sceniceand Visual Resources Assessments Tennessee 41 D E$ • $.g_mmary.:- VM Class 2; highly sensitive. viewing positions affected; potentially significant impact; local scope; mitigable in the .short term. Facility CS would be in a field about 500 ft behind a house at the north- west corner of College Grove Road and Drumright Road. Several homes in the small, rural community of College Grove are immediate- to the site. The homes affected are part of the nearby community and are less like scattered rural residences than homes in a subdivision; Sensitivity is considered to be high. The backyards of homes on the fringe of this community merge with pastures and fields of adjoining farms. The struc- ture at ES is similar in scale to out-buildings elsewhere in the local rural landscape, such as warehouses, sheds, and rural utility struc- tures. In the worst case, it may be noticeable.. but would be subordi nate to other structures in the foreground (VM Class 2). The impact would be potentially significant. �If�igatians. The matorial of construction could be selected to be similar-to typical out-buildings in the •area. This may be corrugated metal. Avoiding a tall chain-link security fence (connoting an industrial yard), night lighting, tall antennae, and overhead utilities } would help to reduce the light industrial appearance of the facility. landscaping with closely spaced, large-caliper trees, and large-container shrubs would provide a quick screening effect. , These measures could mitigate the impact in the short term. They should be evaluated during . detailed project design. Summary: VM Class 1; highly sensitive viewing position; negligible impact; long-term. Facility E3 would occur along U.S. Highway 231/State Highway 10, a designated scenic highway. Sensitivity is high. Along the affected stretch of highway in the immediate vicinity, there are many small boxy homes and trailers, as well as sheds and other structures about the same size and simplicity as E3. It would not attract undue attention and would probably be overlooked (VM Class 1). • The impact- would be negligible, but long-term. F ummitry.: VM Class 4; moderately sensitive views affected; potentially significant impact; local scope; mitigable in the long term. SSCAP16A2228843 DEIS Volume IV Appendix N. 7. Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Tennessee 42 This facility is in a rural area of pastures and fields and several homes. The preliminary siting is such that one or more of the homes abuts the boundary of -the site.. ,Thee-facility inevitably'would dominate views out from the houses and their yards {VM Class 1).. Sensitivity is moderate and the impact would be potentially significant to these local • residents. Mitigations. At such close range,-screening.measures described earlier (closely spaced plantings of trees and :shrubs on- low berms) would be effective only in the long tent and not entirely so in the winter. unless most of the trees were evergreen. The effectiveness of landscaping should be evaluated during the detailed design phase of' the project. G. Summary: Negligible impact. facility F1 is about 1,500 ft east of U.S. Highway 231/State Highway 10 • and within views from that designated scenic parkway (highly sensitive). It is more apt to be seen by those traveling south than north because of a copse of trees to the south that probably would screen it from views from the northbound lane. The facility would be located at the edge of an open field back by a stand of cedars;.as seen from the immediate vicinity, it would stand out appreciably. However, it would be seen only at a nearly 90 degree angle from the direction of travel and might escape some attention. Due to .the set-back and viewing direction, the structures might not dominate attention, but probably would compete for it (VM Class 3) in the limited view under consideration. However, mixed land uses occur along the highway from a point less than 4 mi south of F1 to about 1 ml north of J2. This 5-mi stretch includes four junk yards, a flea market, discount store, fruit stand, gravel . , quarry, and residential subdivisions. At present. facility Pl would be • seen in a sequence of interrelated views so affected by such inconsis- tencies in landscape character .that -it and would ge. unnoticed. (VM Class 1). The impact would be negligible. H. Saoil , Semea^y,: VM Class 4 at Fe; moderately sensitive views affected; significant impact; local scope; mitigable. One of the state's alternatives is to dispose of limestone spoils at 35 sites, each close to a surface facility. The impacts are analyzed below in the same facility order as-for the preceding.discussion. The -range of mitigative measures available are presented at the end of this subsection. SSCAP16A2228844 DEIS Volume IV Appendix• 16 • • le Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments . Tennessee 43 o EQ: No impact. The disposal area would be 300 to 900 ft west of the service area. This would be 0.3 mi from Coleman Hill Road and several residences along that road. Views from the road and these residences would be unaffected: the spoils would be behind the service area, which would attract all attention directed in its direction. o U: No impact. The disposal area would be between the access facility and Coleman Hill Road, about 600 ft from the road. Several residences line this road and • could see the spoils. However, the material is expected not to be piled high enough to be obtrusive. o fa: VM 4; moderately sensitive views affected; significant impact; local scope. J Here the spoils would be readily seen from Tall Ferr Road and nearby i residences and would be in the immediate foreground. The site would, by itself, dominate views (VM Class 4), appearing as a revegetated scar next to the road. o La: No impact. The proposed disposal site would not be in view from residences in the area. The nearest homes are more than 0.3 mi to the east and lower than the site. o No impact. This disposal site would be nearly 0.5 m', west of U.S. Highway 231/State Highway 10, a designated scenic parkway. However, topography completely blocks view of the site. • o EZ: No impact. t Topography would block views of this disposal site from residences in the area. o El: No impact. The retention pond dike would be noticeable, but the spoils aro not expected to be obtrusive. They will be about 0.3 mi east rf U.S. High- way 231/State Highway 10 (scenic parkway) and secondary to F1, which would be closer. Views from the road in their direction are limited due to speed of travel and the usual field of view from a moving automobile. • S5CAP15A2228845 • . DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 SceniCand Visual Resources Assessments Tennessee 44 Mitigations. Measures to be evaluated during detailed design include: stockpiling area topsoil for distribution over spoils to facilitate revegetation; screening the spoils area with landscaping; and testing concrete to lower contrast of retention 'pond•dike (assuming concrete is used), or using an earthen dike. 16.3.6.4 Inconsistencies jttt_Laws. Plans.J ljcjes,, and Reaulattpns The State of Tennessee's intent in designating U.S. Highway 231/State Highway 10 a scenic parkway appears inconsistent with siting SSC facilities close to the highway. Although not specifically disallowed, siting industrial facilities there would not "promote the enjoyment of (natural and scenic] assets" (Tennessee Code Annotated 1987) and would further a trend set with past land-use decisions of permitting the occurrence of activities detracting from sceric quality (junk yards, commercial development, gravel quarries). - SSCAP16A2228846 DEIS Volume IV Appendix' 16 • Scesric. and Visual Resources Assessments Texas 45 16.3.7 Texas 16.3.7.1 Relationship of Protect Features to VisuaT Character of the Site The proposed site encloses land that primarily, is extensive, flat to rolling pastures and' croplands, with occasional woodlots, windbreaks% and fencerows. Farm houses are sparsely distributed throughout and there are several small communities in and around the colli'Aer ring. Some suburban development and' urban growth in and around these com- munities is apparent. However,, all but one of the proposed SSC facil- ities not to fee simple areas would be in areas rural/agricultural it nature. With few exceptions, the industrial' appearance of the proposed facilities t.s not compatible with the small-scale agrarian character- of the landscape. The. exceptions are most of the intermediate access areas. The one-story exit-vent building at each such site is similar' In scale and appearance to many kinds of one-story utility structures prevalent in the area, such as rural water supply holding tanks and pumping sta- tions, sheds, and warehouses. 16.3.7.2 Identification of Kev Viewina• ensitions The viewing positions Rey to• the fo}lowing' analyses are all moderately to highly sensitive. Concerning travel roetes, there is only one where the views are of importance. This is State Highway 34• where it crosses Lake Bardwell . The lake is a recreation area and' the highway provides access to, the secondary' routes serving- the boot launches- and pawks along. the shoreline. Because the highway primarily serves other destinations, views from the stretch crossing' the lake are only treated- as moderately sensitive. Public use areas of interest primarily are the residential areas from- which views might be affected. There are only five facilities affecting such views: F3, E4, F4, and' KS. Only F3 affects. views from: a- subdl-vi— sion, which are• considered' h4ghly sensitive. The- others are small groups of rural residences. Also important are• the. views from' Lake Bardwell , which may be a'Ffected' by facility F6, and views from-a' church and cemetery that may be affected' by facility El0'. The. views from tate Bardwell , given the recreation activities there, are treated' as highly sensitive; those from' the church' and cemetery, are moderately sensitive. 16.3.7.3' Impact Assessment and' Mitioatfolfieasurez The proposed SSC faci.ltty potentially would affect few views- Although many of the proposed facilities wauld be noticeable to dominant as seen from secondary roads and isolated farm structures% few of the affected views are sufficiently sensitive for the effects to be considered an impact. The few cases where a visual impact merits consideration are discussed below% starting with the upper arc and moving clockwise. SSCAPI6A2228847 DEIS Volume IV Appendfx' Y6 •Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Texas 46 A. E3 Summary: VM Class 2 and 4; highly sensitive views potentially affected; significant impact; local scope; mitigable; duration of impact indeterminate. The proposed site for F3 abuts the road across from and adjacent to several residences. The state proposes to acquire the land In this vicinity fee simple, which would make moot a discussion of sensitivity relative to these homes. However, there are a number of homes along the road serving F3 that are to the southeast, the views from several would include the facility. Views from the road in this neighborhood are considered moderately sensitive because they are part of .a sequence of views comprising the "entrance" to the homes there. The two-story buildings, tank farms, parking lot, and other ancillary facilities would constitute an industrial-like enclave that would command attention at such close range (VM Class 4). To the northeast there is a subdivision. Views from two of the resid- ences and from the cul-de-sac at the end of the road serving the subdivision would include the proposed facility. Two factors suggest that 13 may not, on a day-to-day basis, be noticeable to most of the residents here. First, the homes are aligned such that views are directed away from the facility. Second, homes on the west side of the subdivision block views of the facility from homes on the east side. However, as residents come and go, they try briefly see the facility. but it would probably not hold attention and be considered subordinate (VM Class 2) . An impact of such low magnitude on views from subdivi- sions (highly sensitive) may have some potential for significance, albeit of local scope. The proposed facility would be close enough to be considered to be in the neighborhood and somewhat in the backyards of the affected subdivision. =galleys. During detailed project design, several measures should be considered. The facility can be concealed from the residences to the southeast and the northeast, as well as from those driving along the road abutting the proposed site. Depending on how far it is set back from the viewer, F3 could be ringed by low berms that, together with plantings would provide full screening. The height of the berm would depend on the distance between the road and the facility. The closer the facility is to the viewer, the higher the berm must be. For example, if the buildings are 200 ft away from the viewer, a 7-ft berm 21 ft from the viewer would entirely conceal the two-story structures from pedestrian eye-level views (about 5 ft off the ground). If the facility were 100 ft away, the berm at 21 ft away would have to be 9 ft high. If planted, berms could, of course, be lower. The advantage of assuring that berms alone would afford screening is that the effect is immediate and totally effective. Landscaping the berm would be a more aesthetically pleasing solution and is recommended. Evergreen shrubs and trees would afford year-round screening, but should be interspersed with local deciduous species to blend with.the adjoining woodlands to the cast. • SSCAP16A2228848 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16. ' Saute sat Visual Resources Assessments Texas 47 Because complete, screaming trey ttat be.feasibte,. atarial-s,at buildings construction and their cols:ahnu14 'Si selected"tat be,motet and: neutral, sot as not to call attentiose artier stnectere c. Yonreflective materials should be used where possible.. MSght ldgleting should.nut be of the high-intensity type and should be directed away from residences. Security fencing should be inconspicuous (black chain link fences, placed as close as possible to the buildings to be secured. concealed with plantings). The success of the proposed measures is. d:pendeat upon factors of site design and location of plant materials. Therefore. it is recommended that b l.aadscapt architect be part of tAt de ige tram Because of conceptual. mature' of project siting, the time required for full effect.iveeess off' screer4ng, seasons camel. be- predRtte&. Thant? mitigabl.e, the vtsuni, impact may be longyteme, but ceald., under favorable circumstances be short-term. B. F.4 5timmarv: No• impact. This facility would be 2,000 ft west of State Highway 983 near a:.barn and within view of a number of residences to the south. The proposed structure would appear be subordinate to the much larger barn and be similar to many utility buildings of similar appearance and size throughout the eastern half of the site. It probablyeotttd: seem to be, related to the farm structure, fa view and would gofennoticed.. Thera should be no visual impact. C. g¢ $may: VHt Class 4; mode)at fly sensitive views- affected~- pote;etialty significant impact; local .to,*; adttgable+ la the long; tere. Agricultural lands occur around' this facility, with. a few ru►al• resi- dences being about: 1,500• ft southwest of it:. An, i ndu'trl'ad—type facil- ity in these lands would be an anomaly.. The affected. views take in, essentially featureless, flat lands. In this context., F4 would dominat* views in its. direction (Ybk Class. 4.). The sail number of rural' resi- dences taken: as a, group is considered to be moderatety sensitive. The impact would.. therefore, be significant. Oat at very local scale, Mitigat_sas. The following measures should be evaluated during- detailed project design. Unlike for F3, concealing the facility with planted berms world nut be reconnended- At. the F3, site, the suburban- context was appropriate for an v-ban, landscape soletior (berms). A. planted ben. around. F4 would appear out, of place. .Estab-tis;ries windbreaks and fence- row-like plantings, of closely spaced, trees and..shrubs'would, be a. patters, of vegetation that, in, time., would- be effective and. appear Indigenous to the area... The. trees would have te attain heights of about Z4 ft4f they are planted close to the buildings. Design measures, such as suggested S5CAP16A2258849 DEIS Volume IV Appe ttt6 • Scenicand Visual Resources Assessments Texas 48 relative to F3 (color, nonreflective surfaces, etc.), would. serve to- reduce contrast and subsequent•attention paid .these structures'. More-• `< • - than 5 years would probably be required to achieve the- desired effect, so the impact, while mitigable, would be long-term. ' D. Summary: No impact. Several rural residences are about 0.25 mi•west of the proposed site for K5, which abuts the road serving these residences. Experimental facil- ities are about five stories high, with substantial parking and work areas around them. The structure would be readily seen from the resi- dences noted, most of which are mobile homes.' There are junk automo- biles and an abandoned bus in and about these homes: Nominally, views from a rural residential area are considered moderately sensitive. How- ever, when there is evidence of a casual attitude toward aesthetics, when residents have compromised the visual integrity of their neighbor- hood, sensitivity to visual impacts is considered to be low. Though • probably being visually dominant, KS will probably not be seen as an adverse impact. • E. f¢ Summary: VM Class 3; highly sensitive views affected; potential for- significance; regional scope; mitigable in the long term. - lake Bardwell and the stretch of State Highway 34 crossing the lake are highly and moderately sensitive, respectively. Facility F6 would be nearly 2 mi from the highway and nominally in views at nearly 90 degrees away from the direction of travel.. It is unlikely that the facility would be noticed by those using the highway. Boaters could approach no closer than 2,000 ft to the facility, which would be on a peninsula. Existing trees to the south screen the site from views from that direc- tion; exposure is primarily to the east. Since the shoreline is un- developed, the F6 facility would stand out sufficiently in views from the lake to be distracting (VM Class 3). Industrial-like facilities are not compatible with recreation areas; F6 would have some potential for significantly impacting views from a limited part of the lake. There- fore, the impact is considered to be potentially significant. Since it is one of a few recreational lakes in the region, the impact would be regional in scope. Mitigations.. Measures suggested for F3 could be considered for F6 dur- ing the detailed project design. There is some roll' to the terrain such that a low berm of gradual slope could blend in. Since viewers would be no closer than about 2,000 ft away, it would take a berm approximately 24 ft high to fully hide the structures. Therefore, tall plantings on a lower berm would be preferred in order to provide effective screening. ,SSCAPI6A2228850 DEIS Volume IV Appendix 16 l Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments Texas 49 The time needed for plantings to mature;to.the .point ;of,being.fully ef- fective would probably exceed 5 years. Large-caliper nursery stock should be used to hasten the ,effect. Other design guidelines,. as sug• . gested relative to F3, could be applied to F6., , F. En Summary: Negligible impact; local scope. This structure would be within viow,of a church and cemetery at a dis- tance of about 1,000 ft. The road accessing it would come to within several hundred feet of the cemetery. In this vicinity, lands are pas- toral, consisting of broad pastures, copses of trees, and almost no buildings. Facility (10 could not be mistaken for a farm-related out- building, because there are no farms in view. Therefore, the building would be anomalous. Most would notice it, but at the distance involved, it would be subordinate and attract little attention (VM Class 2). Given that the church and cemetery are considered moderately sensitive, the impact would not be potentially significant: it would be a negligible impact relative only to the local populace. G. moils .Summary: Under worst case scenario: VM Class 4: possibly moderately to highly sensitive views affected; potential for significance; local scope; possibly mitigable. The state proposes that spoils consisting of chalk be used at a cement plant or as a material to be used in road construction. More spoils may be disposed of in quarries or placed in a new landfill or landfills at undisclosed locations. The landfills may be 15 ft high and could present a significant impact, depending on the location. Because of the un- certainties concerning location for the spoils disposal sites, a worst- case scenario is suggested: disposal in view of rural residences or subdivisions. Landfills 15 ft high in a flat landscape could dominate foreground views (VM Class 4). Views from residential areas are moderately to highly sensitive. Under the worst case assumptions the impact would be significant. Mitigations. It is assumed a marl landfill' could not be landscaped. Screening by vegetation could be feasible and should be evaluated during final design. 16.3.7.4 Inco0sissenCies_yrj-th Lars. Plans. Policies. and Reaulatincr For the proposed site, no laws, plans, policies, or regulations apply to scenic and visual resource protection. SSCAP16A2228851 DEIS Volume IV Appendix.16 , Scenic .and Visual Resources Assessments Cumulative Impacts 50 16.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS IN' REGION'OF INFLUENCE Cumulative visual impacts are the additive effects of `two or more 'activ- ities or features within a single view or a set of closely'related views (several views from a single position or closely spaced views along a travel route). For the seven sites studied, no cumulative impacts were identified. Other activities noticeably disturbing views,either are not expected to occur in the affected areas, or any that uvay would not result in a cumulatively worse visual effect. SSCAP1oA2258852 DEIS Volume IV Append, 16 Scenic ape Visual Resources. Assessments References 51 REFERENCES Anderson, L. 'Visual Absorption Capability." In Our National Land- scape. USDA, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment. Station. Berkeley, California, 1979. Atwood, W. W. 'The Phvsloaraphtt Provinces of Worth Amertcq. Ginn and Company: Boston, New York. Chicago, London, Atlanta, Dallas, Columbus, San Francisco, 1940. BC-Ministry of Environment. Visual Res se Assesseeet. A User Guide. MOE Manual 2. British Columbia, 1983. Childress, William. August 1988. Letter verifying dispersed recreation use of portions of the southern Maricopa Mountains. DOT-Federal Highway Administration. yisuaj Impact Assessment For H9sftwty Ero.iects. American Society of Landscape Architects, Washington. DC, 1980. Fenneman, N. M. Physiograohv of Eastern_Untted States, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938. Fenneman, N. M. BusjpqraDhe of_Western United States, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1931. Hinton, 1988. Reference to come. Hunt, C. 8. Phvsioaraohv of the United States. The Johns Hopkins Univer- sity. San Francisco and London: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1967. Kaplan, S. "Perception and Landscape: Conceptions and Misconceptions." In Our Natipnal Landscape. USDA, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, California, 1979. Olson, T. Senior Planning Consultant, SWCA Environmental Consultants. Personal Communication. 1988. Pirkle, E.C., and Yoho. W.H. Natural Landscapes_of yhe Unites! States. 3rd ed. University of Florida. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1982. Rand McNally. goad Atari for the United States. 1987 Tennessee Code Annotated, 1987. Section 54-17-202. Tlusty, W. "The Use of VIEWIT and Perspective Plot to Assist in Deter- mining the Landscape's Visual Absorption Capability." In Our N,attopal andS.cane. USDA, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, California, 1979. SSCAP16A2218853 DEIS Volume IV Appendix Scenic and Visual Resources Assessments, References 52 USDA-Forest Service. E •tlonat Forest Landscape Management, vol 2,' & 1. USDA Agriculture Handbook no. 462. Washington, DC, 1974. USDA-Forest Service. re Vjsueljlanagement Sygggj. FSM Section 2383, R-5 Supplement #102. Title 2300, Recreation Management. San Francisco, California, 1978. USDA-Soil Conservation Service. procedureio Establish'Priorittes 4andscape Architectur0. Technical Release no. 65. Washington, DC, 1978. USD1-Bureau of Land Management. USD3 Mklnval $!!11, Wand'Vi;y� Resource Inventor•y and Evaluation, Washington, DC, 1978. White, C. L. , Fescue, C. J., and McKnight, T. '1. ftegiera) Geography 1.f Angl4jimer'c, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1979. Yeomans, W.C. "A Proposed Biophysical Approach to Visual Absorption Capability (VAC)." In Qur National yandssaoc. USDA, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, California, 1979. SSCAPI6A2218854 DEIS Volume IV Appendix i6 • U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:. : 1988 0 - 218-829 IDOOK 91 RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS MINUTES BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS WELD COUNTY, COLORADO AUGUST 31, 1988 TAPE //88-40 & #88-41 The Board of County Commissioners of Weld County. Colorado. met in regular session in full conformity with the law and bylaws of said Board at the regular place of meeting In the Weld County Centennial Center. Greeley, Colorado, August 31, 1988, at the hour of 9:00 A.M. ROLL CALL: The meeting was called to order by the Chairman and on roll call the following members were present, constituting a quorum of the members thereof: Commissioner Gene Brantner, Chairman Commissioner C.W. Kirby. Pro—Tem Commissioner Jacqueline Johnson Commissioner Gordon E. Lacy Commissioner Frank Yamaguchi Also present: Assistant County Attorney, Lee D. Morrison Acting Clerk to the Board, Tommie Antuna MINUTES: Commissioner Lacy moved to approve the minutes of the Board of County Commissioners meeting of August 29. 1988. as printed. Commissioner Johnson seconded the motion and it carried unanimously. ADDITIONS: There were no additions to today's agenda. Commissioner Johnson requested that she be excused from the meeting of September 7. It was the consensus of the Board to grant this request. CONSENT AGENDA: Commissioner Lacy moved to approve the consent agenda as printed. Commissioner Kirby seconded the motion and it carried unanimously. WARRANTS: Don Warden presented the following warrants for approval by the Board: General fund $ 58,424.53 Social Services 173,722.63 Handwritten warrants: General fund 52.00 Commissioner Lacy moved to approve the warrants as presented by Mr. Warden. Commissioner Johnson seconded the motion which carried unanimously. c v33o8 BIDS: PRESENT JAIL EXPANSION: Bette Rhoden, Director of Purchasing, read the names of the bidders and the amount bid by each into the record. Capt. Mike Metzger, representing the Sheriff's Office, came forward and recommended that the Board accept the low bid of $304,000.00, and also Alternates #1 and #2, submitted by Swinerton 6 Walberg. Alternate #1 is to replace the damaged brick sections and repair certain mortar joints and would cost $2,500.00, and Alternate #2 is to provide and install floor covering in Rooms 301 and 303, at a cost of $16.500.00. Peter Boer, Architect representing Swinerton 6 Walberg, answered questions of the Board concerning the floor covering. Capt. Metzger requested that this matter be considered on an emergency basis so that construction can be started while the weather is still good. The Board discussed the necessity of having floor covering in the two rooms. Mr. Boer, in response to a question from the Board, said that Alternate #2 can be added at a later date if the Board so desires. Commissioner Johnson moved to approve, on an emergency basis, the base bid and Alternate #1 submitted by Swinerton 6 Walberg for a total of $306,500.00. Commissioner Kirby seconded the motion and it carried unanimously. BUSINESS: NEW: CONSIDER TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES ON WCR 19 AT WCR 42: (Tape Change #88-41) Drew Scheltinga, Director of Engineering. recommended approval of this request for traffic control devices, saying that this is the only road intersecting Weld County Road 19 from State Hwy. 60 to Weld County Road 38 which in not controlled by stop signs. Mr. Scheltinga said this road is heavily [raveled by individuals going to and from the St. Vrain Nuclear Plant and there is also a sight problem on this road during corn growing season. Commissioner Lacy moved to approve the placement of "Stop Ahead" and "Stop" signs on Weld County Road 19 at Weld County Road 42. Seconded by Commissioner Johnson, the motion carried unanimously. CONSIDER RESOLUTION RE: MICROFILMING ASSESSOR'S FILES: Mr. Warden explained that microfilming the Assessor's files will help alleviate the space problem in that office. Commissioner Kirby moved to approve this Resolution concerning microfilming the Assessor's files. The motion was seconded by Commissioner Johnson and carried unanimously. CONSIDER AGREEMENT FOR SALE AND PURCHASE OF VACANT LAND AND MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT AND AUTHORIZE CHAIRMAN TO SIGN: Mr. Scheltinga said these documents concern the purchase of vacant land for right—of—way for the construction of Bridge 6/23B. Commissioner Johnson moved to approve the Agreement for Sale and Purchase of Vacant Land and Memorandum of Agreement and authorize the Chairman to sign. Commissioner Kirby seconded the motion which carried unanimously. CONSIDER RESOLUTION RE: TEMPORARY CLOSURE OF WCR 90 AT WCR 29 6 31 : Commissioner Lacy moved to approve said Resolution concerning the temporary closure of Weld County Road 90 at Weld County Roads 29 and 31. The motion, which was seconded by Commissioner Kirby, carried unanimously. PLANNING: CONSIDER RESOLUTION RE: ZONING AND BUILDING CODE ORDINANCE VIOLATIONS — GONZALES 6 FLAVIN; HART; ELLIOTT; RIBBERT; AND • EVERTSON WELL SERVICE: Commissioner Lacy moved to authorize the County Attorney to proceed with legal action against Sylvia D. Kurfis Gonzales and Jerry B. Flavin; Wilbert and Jewels Hart; Marjorie Elliott; R.E. Hibbert: and Evertson Well Service, for Zoning and Building Code Ordinance Violations. Commissioner Kirby seconded the motion and it carried unanimously. Minutes - August 31, 1988 Page 2 RE #1110 - CLINKENBEARD: Lane].) Curry, Planning Department representative, said this request for Recorded Exemption #1110 was submitted by James and Nellie Clinkenbeard. She said the request is to divide the property into two parcels of approximately 117 acres and 3 acres. Ms. Curry said the Planning staff has concerns whether adequate water will be available for the potential uses of this property. Burl Van Buskirk, realtor representing the applicants, came forward to answer questions of the Board. Discussion followed concerning the availability of water on this property. Commissioner Lacy moved to deny the request from James and Nellie Clinkenbeard for Recorded Exemption #1110, due to the water problem on the proposed 3-acre parcel. Commissioner Johnson seconded the motion. Mr. Van Buskirk requested that the Board allow him time to work with the Division of Water Resources in order to try to reoolve the problem. Commissioner Kirby moved to continue this matter to September 14. Commissioner Johnson seconded the motion which carried unanimously. Let the record reflect that at this time. Mr. Warden added the following as Item 95 under New Business: CONSIDER AGREEMENT WITH BLEY ASSOCIATES AND AUTHORIZE CHAIRMAN TO SIGN (CONT. FROM 8/24/88) : Mr. Warden said this Agreement was re—negotiated and he recommends approval of the Abbreviated Form of Agreement with Bley Associates for renovation of the building at the corner of 9th Avenue and 10th Street. Commissioner Johnson moved to approve said Abbreviated Form of Agreement and authorize the Chairman to sign. Seconded by Commissioner Kirby. the motion carried unanimously. RESOLUTIONS AND ORDINANCES: The Resolutions were presented and signed as listed on the consent agenda. There were no Ordinances. Let the minutes reflect that the above and foregoing actions were s'tested to and respectfully submitted by the Acting Clerk to the Board. There being no further business, this meeting was adjourned at 9:35 A.M. APPROVED: ATTEST: BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS WELD COLORADO Weld County Clerk and Recorder Sr //, and Clerk to the Board ne R. Brantner,/�J- airman By:(�/ 10/1.0`-R Am' 0 f 7TH _4, Deputy County Clerk C.W. Kirby, Serci-i-Tot51 EXCUSED DATE OF APPROVAL Jacqueli a neon i Gottdoe- cy Frank am ch Minutes — August 31, 1988 Page 3 ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDING DEMOLITION CERTIFICATE WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Pursuant to Section 402 of the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, 1985 Edition. the dangerous building located on property described as part of the NEk NW} of Section 32, T5N, R65W of the 6th P.M., Weld County, Colorado, located at 19371 Weld County Road 52. has been demolished. Weld County will proceed with efforts to recover the cost of demolition by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. Notice was posted on the property and mailed by certified mail to the property owner. J. Manuel and Jesus Montez 19355 Weld County Road 52 LaSalle, CO 80645 ._1 •.{r 00 coo 'At 110-riow A G w LJa l-� Chuck un i fe. D rect. j +f ;` Department of Planning Se i es K O 134- • Building Official Z Weld County. Colorado .. M .. Mt a Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of August, 1988. M u' vi O .3 CO ro x •- A m \-C1 CI crl.',A N ary Public ,,.. v. w .. My commission expires February 13, 1989. p w M 2 m N ,K7 O 2, S O• C. ►. O O-- PURPORTED COPY DATE: July 27. 1988 NAME: J. Manuel and Jesus Montez ADDRESS: 19355 Weld County Road 52 La Salle, CO 80645 LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Part of the NE} NW} of Section 32, TSN. R65W of the 6th P.M., Weld County, Colorado, located at 19371 Weld County Road 52 CASE SUMMARY 5-4-88 Letter sent with citation of dangerous building under the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings. Property owner waived appeal of order to demolish building by not responding within specified time period. 7-6-88 Property inspected. Building still existing. 7-13-88 Notice of hearing sent. The Department of Planning Services' staff recommends that: 1. The Board authorize the demolition work to remove the dangerous building located on the property. 2. The Board solicit bids from private contractors for removing the dangerous building. 3. The Board set October 12. 1988, as the hearing date to consider recovering the cost of the demolition work by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. On October 12, 1988, an itemized account of the expenses incurred by Weld County in the demolition and clean up of the property will be presented. ce 1,0 Y tuJ cif -f'• r y - M~>• " • % ' a,=, • • {� °Y X11 Structure is in danger of collapsing due to extensive fire damage. + none44 P 1061 PAR 01992031 ANNrc 31/14/R4 • . • 1 • R 6:1.00 1/001 — .�'� Y 1369 NARY ANN YEVEPOTE IN CLERK i RECORDER MELD CO. CEO// Nn. AP»1eDT1 If�a�ue! /.�/on�rz ti . 3Knum all Eon try these �naeate. rnet t ...7,. pile' �.faJ _Ml r� ..(piv wTuwn af. !.� �$!/�..".. _... ... whom PimM whim.in.../.. + Wed .end nude d dO/R/..:(l..d.o.... ..for tlu.n.m.wfrnthwr I County,M Drna4 106 In herd Pd hereby WI anti 9dtaWm to . ,.....An /44407- and — pp n j(.3�s....Wf ....rw?,r env,w Town.1...._..LQ,za/Ire wlMln mIM MII1n1 '�'111n.n../�] M (/{)e f. end Moor of Crt ly0/.74. . the IdWwine . - County of 'G/(� ..V adv.'',e -r In the County of .. _, (.1O se/ Roar of CyRwrb,Iswiu )p 11503 PT 4t4W4 )1 . 65 IMO 750E OP NM COR OF ■t4NN4 E710 8660 , r1, WJ30 N66O TO REr. TM 6 pi t o p I' • i:1f i 14th •nwo.n a ...,A.D. 10 84.. Npwl sad.kliva..l Jib ........ . • . ... .day d.._.. .. A 1M nee l'neetnat ar �}'I f�../2 • 1 �v r?AYN or t'1NORAu4 -� M rt......1�^ Ynld w ' treM�.W Sere i y�. e`tte .�, The Vtj+d�eRint .t.si !,+1.)I1X� e' 1MY Ji`Mi11'i.lr`yyryy..,,1 NORtea A .. - .. '�ct"s p6 Tod sang wrd11.1%6_On..�,q{,, i 411.:.. a..,412 Swat Irmo. __ 0e .444 ) 6KI rwv 5�nt, '' s. p r t t)h'�4I. V l•r.� ..e.. .•rMIS* �..r. r <.�t X iry{.'_' Y7a"tYt + { Ip,t I.tv rem 1nM�.►.. 1MrrQWr•..nt.....et. ti i r yi It to RR �, A ^ e " �p 2 y�Yv ...."14,,,,,,,, �t 4 :"' .W`Y�r 1�w��ta4C .f. ter e. . J.,... ." 4.., r ' �.r1*-+il^!f iLV}I•e44 r )Nitw.wr.f•.w�"•iu r.y,.,.,,i„I ". ..w... / n i y , 'jO,N 7tlerattOk l•Wt 4.' i-IMI Mr N�hensy. ? M•e,abnw 1.+�• .iiiil[ t1'h$rtirdiC:4i�1fltOG41K11AYlff'Ifr.("{'.' t LiY i81i01�i$'S\YltLEI,(..JdlR1w t•.^"' N •A:•� ,I� µ. DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING INSPECTION C\ if % .� PHONE(303)3564000,EXT 4425 r"'rl My 915 10TH STREET ae GREELEY,COLORADO 80631 A N J :L eC GM COLORADO etra N mm N 0 July 13, 1988 m V uw ¢ �� og � CC d q a Cn r LL " z u ! o .Nn Eo o . 5 .ti g LL g r i` 0. W sz �J SE" o a r h V o 2 75 a n A 5+ dE E2 4 -I-., E W a J. Manuel and Jesus Montez a z $ y a $ e a (mss S'o ° n 19355 Weld County Road 52 aowr►en'O'f vwn • aos►W 4 tOEW+0i Sd La Salle, CO 8O645 Re: Performance of demolition work on a parcel of land described as Pt. NE! NW; of Section 32, T5N, R65W of the 6th P.M. . Weld County Colorado, located at 19371 Weld County Road 52. Dear Messrs. Montez: The Weld County Board of County Commissioners is scheduled to consider whether to authorize demolition work by the County or private contractor on • your property on July 27. 1988, starting at 9:00 a.m. This meeting will be held in the Board of County Commissioner's Hearing Room, First Floor, Weld County Centennial Building, 915 Tenth Street, Greeley, Colorado. The Board will also set a hearing date to consider recovering the cost of demolition by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. • Your presence, or your representative's presence, would be helpful to the Board of County Commissioners in case they have any questions in considering this matter. This office is ready to be of any assistance in clarifying or answering questions concerning this matter. Please call or write. Sincerely, 1j /Q4C/\*Z...... Chuck Cunliffe, Director Department of Planning Services CAC:rg • • It 1202 REC 02148088 07/14/88 14:50 $0.00 1/001 F 1530 MARY ANN FEUERSTEIN CLERK & RECORDER WELD CO, CO ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDING CERTIFICATE WELD COUNTY, COLORADO • • • Pursuant to Section 402 of the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, 1985 Edition, a dangerous building exists on property described as part of the NE} NW} of Section 32, T5N, R65W of the 6th P.M. , Weld County, Colorado, located at 19371 Weld County Road 52. THE DANGEROUS BUILDING IS UNSAFE TO OCCUPY. Notice for demolition or repair was ordered on May 4. 1988, to be completed by July 5, 1988. No written appeal of this order was filed by the property owner. Notice was posted on the property and mailed by certified mail to the property owner. J. Manuel and Jesus Montez 19355 Weld County Road 52 La Salle, CO 80645 Chuck Cunliffe, Direc2at"' Department of Planning Se 1 es Building Official weld County, Colorado Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of July, 1988. \o\� Qprs No ary Public My Commission Expires Feb. 13, 1989 My commission expires DIRPORTED COPY ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDING DEMOLITION CERTIFICATE WELD COUNTY, COLORADO • Pursuant to Section 402 of the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, 1985 Edition, the dangerous building located on property described as part of the NEL NW} of Section 32, TSN. R65W of the 6th P.M., Weld County, Colorado, located at 19383 Weld County Road 52 has been demolished. - • Weld County will proceed with efforts to recover the cost of demolition by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. Notice was posted on the property and mailed by certified mail to the property owner. Manual C. and Flevia M. Ramos 1126 6th Street Greeley, CO 80631 • \IOTA l;y COW LAO 11:k A A U B 1.\G; Chu unlit e, Dire VN y �� • «v� Department of Planning Seri e FO : r J‘,0 Building Official V Weld County, Colorado y� xvs Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of August. 1988. PION Ca M coo o yco Mr+ N c yx s. \ Ct. A`o N Cary Public M w My commission expires February 13, 1989. v. — w ',dW Jf 1 ow. .'p O $o M o v ac a� PURPORTED COPY • DATE: July 27, 1988 NAME: Manuel C. and Flevia M. Ramos ADDRESS: 1126 6th Street Greeley, CO 80631 LEGAL DESCRIPTION: Part of the NE} NW* of Section 32, TSN, R6SW of the 6th Y.M. , Weld County, Colorado, located at 19383 Weld County Road 52. CASE SUMMARY 5-4-88 Letter sent with citation of dangerous building under the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings. Property owner waived appeal of order to demolish building by not responding within specified time period. 7-6-88 Property inspected. Building still existing. 7-20-88 Notice of hearing sent. The Department of Planning Services' staff recommends that: 1. The Board authorize the demolition work to remove the dangerous building located on the property. 2. The Board solicit bids from private contractors for removing the dangerous building. 3. The Board set October 12. 1988, as the hearing date to consider recovering the cost of the demolition work by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. On October 12. 1988, an itemized account of the expenses incurred by Weld County in the demolition and clean up of the property will be presented. eCi r1, ,\•J .Ya'/' za\\ it., ••t,,At. 7.: ai 1• �.1.1E: ^ ' "� C �+fj •.. ��1 I�. r�I��1. I. 1� 4,, . _,� Ic , - P . ..„ / yam... U4:.'Dili; + it Structure is in danger of collapsing due to extensive fire damage. 4 y • : ��s �� er • e f ' II' Lcc 923 d1l� CEC 2 9 693 47 leer ele 444 — Wald ...+Y Cd4.ada • T t4b Drib, Made 29th d.yd Donebtr in en rat dnLad • . 0 ird as slat" deem DAVID RAN0t. JOtIRRIN1 SANDS, are crow orw anon Y 9)S t ttrrt C.j4 se Tw,a r Orwlq •an , oa d Ss Oresa Veld a NAMEL O. RANDS are rurvu.N, RAMS d MW d Calais d Wear yrr4 need o wawa seem.esemn 1126 6th StreetOr••lq ...d ,bay n Town al • d to 0rry d Veld an an d Wawa d at.ward Psi • ANrM\T1ae W W Isee wee d u*saws Valuable raasideratlas pan and Tee and n e/100. �MW...d ^LOWARl4 • 4 no odd rm!ea d 4a em pan•W raid.y Ur W vale de ee and ram no coon floss(Y tea"aw brad W dr...Ser.a a T• ead 4., wlyd.alb war seaward.awl Or prior .•ere •r ••4 4444 SSY1 •,'W...cent.WY Ye NS 4,44,d Um 44•pone w M now Y 46.44 M 4}d noon.),44 444....! a a' Seal.dr••ra ad in ham.d anal of rs wore.teen, In.Minn.Annan lot r w d 4d I . '.. Sera.Ie a.ad bona I.4e Own at Veld sad P1.1.el tansy 4441 i o • :' • All that part of tad north Nµ[ a the northeast Quarter •[ the Nerthwat Quaver (NgP)aN1k) of Ssatian ThiKtt,. 02). in Township p • y ilea OMane) North, sa• ditty-raw (6)) West the h h of Stalls (:. Meridian. Veld Casty., Colorado. Isere particularly described as f'glen a ` Sasinnins 660 feet iaat of the Nerthreat earner of the berth N•lf of the Northeast Quarter of the Quarter (NVNmaRVt) o (s atin atin )2, •ad N Y Them twain east 99 feet, thane South 660 feet. chance Vest 99 feat. r theme Mirth 660 feet of tad paint •f beginning. d Totsther With sasahal[ (1/2) there •[ spite' suck of Godfrey Ditch Calomel. Also Lena en 'auto 2. In SO, LaSalle. Glared , Cansideraties has Than Or.. Hundred Dollars • Tnwbw•al,all re elaply Sr YnwYYwe•W ypwwm..•hones:•.M4Y.a 4 4,414 44444 41. • - read the....na.W trweas r Namable Yd NWatw4 Nett 1a•a asd pro 4A•error:ad ad.e mar,tae,et.. Iaaa4 AS..ale demand ryte,ee et taw au roles d no fine fro ads S I. r risky.M,la as le Seam ! ....1. 6wYae prau. .bow er Insomnia sear parer T.Nan and de W Ma rid proem abase bar'IW ad dawewd,with Se apprereades War So errs d to wad Cara IS awS at uaa u's.Ka male inn ad are.d awl,radar lerw. Ad Ss W roc as d W bee pan,la ahem does. their ions.•Nwrr.owl.....nn.aa.b Wawa.e/w to W e14 W W purr al W edat..b a re we r -area el a -.taw ragas the W.re r wan de►warm.Mal N Ws haw of Se ear W S44 dare 4444 they an Intl ones as Moons • mew amrrrred,r at•bed ewe,p .1 •b.nde and Warr*wired tinier,0 law,n Iw shwa V terra Zelda 44 tar rd L:I ru4444y 4444 S.eia.iS.d•of•w the Ina.Pi wow re la.tamd,W Sr S 31#10 111Mit rigalt IcriAlt.tS lB, ran and .wrananto e[ record end as eatassis rd by arm and 196 raal pnperty taus r_: ne a� able rS.e°— -um Tan�w,rbl.la.wl.a..t ur W eruct d Or�d par or=FAN.■ V Jae 444 art art 4a awe rd arra te W.coal,tome ad ad awry coma ea rwn WIWy resift r o.No W.4.4 r a y ran Doalr.4r ma arc in d Ye fret r.A a an eW WAMaAAT AND r0aa tic ! - uNIND. In Inman Mont Ts rid pan in.l In Ato pan a e. e.eraa IN their ens w • , .r • Ur Sy rrr Sn y ••••••...a , Meer,Sealed and Drierad le W Part et ) OA ni toot S�fiN1_ _. _ IaAU 1 ?. STAVE Or 0010SAD0. . •n'' ' 'apses Oaead►S.._.... field . . .. 1(� Te lw..dn w.aema as r dodger r,.a`, GIA /a.'•1 brew Lk. . 24th e.y r D cabs .�.pe�0.� -,•. r rte.: '.`.f by OnvM lea Jee•lhias teas and Daniel. pa ' ` ." r r- i,1 4 a Thaw my Mad are aria ml� " } dry mina. .., an ...A) J 9 P�'_—._ 1. e UDUC :o . -- r N8• • Or [04 „1. �/ a'. u..r.Sav,a.e ace a mace 10 dowry yaavennyu4 owns an.•ea•Yew 4n damtlY . , } ° 4'r• I rd. _•, i r tl nor 'mfr' �Yatpaa lr�n+ 5 s• ',Ira• � r ern e a ( 1 i.kv ,�7eDj T �`i e1...•i • . A9. Ae ieelovi.ip '�.e ••f^ • • - ,'/ ,{ ally • DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING SERVICES II� `` PHONE(303)35644000 EXT.Moo 915 10th STREET GREELEY,COLORA00e0631 • � � i ,- .x,. _i i r•COLORADO �` v p ht e„ a a- a A' Lac; 3m In w wq ♦ Rm m ny s[i u m V c, 2 U 3 1 m a I i g3 w July 20. 1988 r• O L - ,c 2 w e.' H m F. m pI� N e. 4s 7 r' p a oit m % O 8 .al r El;L' i) 2� w m g' 'ma $i S o. Nw p O , W a' p 'Xm m a. W ?i Y m ,' m ?' aE Ldg n % N O o $ &, m m ,Y co • E x ., m c E a A O o n v m i em «O e Manuel C. & Flevia M. Ramos U' s a u 0 �o 1126 6th Street ►wnsnni•osotn + 89614',9021 .0011T mindSd I Greeley, CO 80631 , Re: Performance of demolition work on a parcel of land described as Pt. NE} NWI of Section 32, T5N. R65W of the 6th P.M. , Weld County Colorado, - located at 19383 Weld County Road 52. Dear Mr. and Mrs. Ramos: The Weld County Board of County Commissioners is scheduled to consider whether to authorize derolition work by the County or private contractor on your property on July 27, 1988, starting at 9:00 a.m. This meeting will be held in the Board of County Commissioner's Rearing Room, First Floor, Weld County Centennial Building, 915 Tenth Street, Greeley, Colorado. The Board will also set a hearing date to consider recovering the cost of demolitiou by special assessment or as a personal obligation of the property owner. Your presence, or your representative's presence, would be helpful to the Board of County Commissioners in case they have any questions in considering this matter. This office is ready to be of any assist.ince in clarifying or answering questions concerning this matter. Please call or write. Sincerely. 0-3-\\dt-a---C Chuck Cunliffe, Director Department of Planning Services CAC:ja It 1202 REC 02148089 07/14/88 14:50 $0.00 1/001 F 1531 MARY ANN FEUERSTEIN CLERK & RECORDER WELD CO, CO ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDING CERTIFICATE . WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Pursuant to Section 402 of the Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, 1985 Edition, a dangerous building exists on property described as part of the NE} NW} of Section 32, T5N, R65W of the 6th P.M., Weld County. Colorado, located at 19383 Weld County Road 52. THE DANGEROUS BUILDING IS UNSAFE TO OCCUPY. Notice for demolition or repair was ordered on May 4, 1988, to be completed by July 5, 1988. No written appeal of this order was filed by the property owner. Notice was posted on the property and mailed by certified mail to the property owner. Manual C. and Flevia M. Romos 19383 Weld County Road 52 La Salle, CO 80645 and 1126 6th Street Greeley, CO 80631 i Chuck Cunxect 12(111 Department of Planning Se ces Building Official Weld County, Colorado Subscribed and sworn to before me this 11th day of July, 1988. (\per. Notary Public My,Commlulon Expires Feb. 13, 1909 My commission expires PURPORTED COPY Hello