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Home My WebLink About891509.tiff 5.0 REGULATORY STATUS AND STRATEGIES Regulatory strategies in the United States to control air emissions from hospital waste incinerators have not been addressed to date at the Federal level but have been a focus of attention at the State level . Because of their relatively small size, emissions from hospital waste incinerators are not subject to Federal regulations which control emissions from larger MSW incinerators and solid waste-fired boilers. Instead, hospital waste incinerators are subject to a 'patchwork quilt" of State and local guidance and regulations. Currently, most States recommend, but do not require, the control of particulate matter (PM) emissions and opacity for hospital waste incinerators. However, with the growing public concern over handling and disposal of hospital wastes, several States have developed emission limit regulations for incinerators which have recently been promulgated or are now in the proposal stage. This section discusses the current regulatory environment for hospital. waste incinerators at both the Federal and State level . The information presented on State programs is accurate as of June 1988. However, due to the rapidly changing nature of these programs, this information is expected to become quickly out-of-date. In addition to Federal and State regulations in the United States, this section also reviews regulations which have been established for hospital waste incineration in Canada and European countries. 5.1 FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND PROGRAMS 5.1.1 flew Source Performance Standards Hospital waste incinerators are not currently a source category subject to New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). However, they would be subject to the NSPS for industrial ,. commercial , and institutional steam generating units (i .e. , boilers) at 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart Db if units have a heat input capacity above 100 million Btu/hr and recover heat to generate steam or to heat water (or other heat transfer media) . At 8,500 Btu per pound of • CML.027 5-1 891509 Type 0 (see Table 1-3) waste, a hospital incinerator must be sized to feed over 11,700 lb/hr of waste to be subject to the boiler NSPS. The largest system offered for on-site hospital waste incineration is approximately 6,000 lb/hr capacity, and most units are well below this size. Hence hospital waste incinerators are unlikely to be impacted by the current boiler NSPS. EPA is currently evaluating NSPS for smaller boilers with capacities below 100 million Btu/hr. The lower size cutoff is one of the factors to be determined during the rulemaking process. A lower size cutoff below 50 million Btu/hr would affect at least a fraction of new, modified, or reconstructed hospital waste incinerators. The pollutants being evaluated for the small boiler NSPS are PM, opacity, N0x, and 502. Proposal of this standard is scheduled for June 1989. NSPS limiting PM emissions to 0.08 gr/dscf (equivalent to about 0.18 lb/million Btu) corrected to 12 percent CO2 have been promulgated at 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart E for incinerators having a design capacity of 50 ton/day (i .e., 4,167 lb/hr) or greater and which burn more than 50 percent municipal type waste. This waste is defined as 'waste consisting of a mixture of paper, wood, yard wastes, food wastes, plastics, leather, rubber, and other combustibles, and noncombustible materials such as glass and rock." Although hospital waste would seem to qualify under this definition, the size limit for Subpart E would apply to only the largest of hospital waste incinerators. 5.1.2 National Emission Standards for the Hazardous Air Pollutants Of the 12 NESHAPs promulgated pursuant to Section 112 of the Clean Air Act which address hazardous pollutants, none pertain to hospital waste incinerators. 5.1.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Reauirements As a first step in fulfilling the Congressional mandate to establish a hazardous waste management system, EPA published proposed regulations in the federal Resister on December 18, 1978, which included a proposed definition and treatment methods for infectious waste.' During the public comment CML.027 5-2 890958 I period for this rulemaking, EPA received approximately sixty comments which specifically addressed the infectious waste provisions of the proposed regulations.2 On May 19, 1980, EPA published the first phase of the hazardous waste regulations. The Agency stated in the preamble to the regulations that the sections on infectious waste would be published when work on treatment, storage, and disposal standards was completed. Recently, EPA published a Federal Register notice of data availability and request for comment on issues pertaining to infectious waste management.3 5.1.4 prevention or Significant Deterioration Reouirements Hospital waste incinerators are not among the 28 named prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) source categories. Even though waste generation rates vary among hospitals, emissions from incinerators are typically less than 250 tons per year. Therefore, in most states best available control. technology (RACY) is not required for emitted pollutants. 5.2 STATE REGULATIONS AND PROGRAMS .5.2.1 State Requirements for Waste Handling Most states have requirements for licensing of hospital that may include general requirements for infectious waste disposal . Usually, these general requirements are limited in scope and do not apply to other sources of infectious waste, such as crematoria.4 The only restriction on the pathological or biomedical waste incinerators in many states is that they not create a public nuisance. That has meant that no odors are to be generated and that the opacity is to be low.5 A majority of states have passed hazardous waste legislation to control the treatment, storage, and disposal of infectious waste (as part of their hazardous waste program). Some states have already promulgated regulations controlling infectious waste, while other states are preparing such regulations. Since there is no unanimity of opinion on the hazards posed by CML.027 5-3 890958 infectious waste and appropriate techniques for safe disposal of these wastes, state control varies.6 Most states do not have specific requirements for hospital -incineration that limit air pollutant emissions. To determine what efforts different states have taken to regulate infectious wastes, the National Solid Wastes Management Association's (NSWMA) Infectious Waste Task force surveyed the state health and environmental agencies in January 1987. The general purpose of the survey was to determine where treatment and disposal of infectious waste are subject to regulations distinct from those that apply to municipal solid waste (MSW).7 The survey's results indicated the following:8 o The solid waste and/or health departments in 28 states do define infectious waste items and subject these items to special rules or recommendations in management. o Some states such as Massachusetts and Louisiana expect to revise their definitions soon to capture all generators of infectious wastes and not just hospitals. o In general, hospitals and health-care facilities are prevented from disposing of wastes in a landfill without rendering the - wastes non-infectious. o Thirteen states have written or endorsed specific guidelines or requirements for transporting untreated infectious wastes. 5.2.2 ;tate Air Emission Reauirements Radian has contacted several states to clarify their infectious waste management requirements; the information collected from the states is presented in Appendix A. The appendix contains an updated list of infectious waste regulations and requirements as well as a list of state offices that may be contacted for additional information. Where data were missing from non-contacted states, data available from the IPA Guide for jnfectious Waste Management were listed. Most states did not list a specific regulation concerning the incineration of hospital or infectious waste. Pennsylvania has recently established best available control technology guidance for hospital infectious waste incineration. These guidelines require stack emission limitations on particulate matter, carbon monoxide, CML.027 5-4 890955 1 hydrochloric acid and visible air contaminants. The guidelines are listed in Table 5-1 along with guideline emission limits set by New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Illinois. 5.2.3 state Air Toxics Programs A majority of states and localities use some form of ambient guidelines or standards for the control of toxic air emissions from hospital incinerators. Several states regulate new hospital waste incinerators in a manner similar to that required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste incineration regulations, i .e.; 100 ppm CO, 90% control or 4 lb/hr HC1 emissions, and 0.08 gr/dscf (corrected to 12 percent CO2) for particulates.9 The city of Philadelphia is requiring that new hospital incinerators have scrubbers, which are used to control acid gases and toxic air contaminants.10 The State of Pennsylvania also requires ambient impact analyses for arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, nickel , polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. The acceptable ambient air concentrations for these pollutants are listed in Table 5-2. Stack sampling is required to demonstrate compliance with ambient limits based on dispersion modeling calculations. The State of New York has drafted operating guidelines for hospital waste combustion. These guidelines require stack emission limitations for particulate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, and visible air contaminants. Also, continuous monitoring and recording of temperature in the secondary chamber are required to show an exit temperature of at least 1800°F. In addition, the State requires demonstration of compliance with acceptable ambient air quality levels for toxic air contaminants (or acceptable risk assessments for carcinogens) under its Air Guide policy (see Table 5-2).11,12 In the State of California each local air quality district can establish its own emission limit requirements. Presently, guidelines on emission limits NSW and hazardous waste facilities are serving as guidelines for hospital waste incineration. However, California is in the process of developing new restrictions that pertain directly to hospital waste incineration. CNL.027 5-5 890958 T 2.6":1Y we Y M ' 1 U S gysa 1 1 1 I I S y Pit I � !! w X72 � • • e s ~ w e a wo wo a O re Y M 0 S. II � �_ 1-" 1 ^ • aro • a• 8 v • • 0 1 . 1 1 • 1 4 ; I • •I . I . 1 I I I � F. i. R . • 8N 7 8 { r" E 1 s S Y •. . d pM � yJp pe YC �a V wo r ; wOJ .q ~ C SPSr ; “ Y 2601.1 Y � ^ ; Y I` Y ; M I. 9 -. ^ Y 0 r • Y d • • y • S w v S 1 I I I I Y ` `` 0 Y j I sit N+ pp 2 t I 1 I I I M yp be e .1 S k Y S M 1 era I _ i I Al a $a i r Ili . I' a .. U 2 w 2 w w I Y O �_J • e eAl II w I i n r l 5 • �7 • pM • r • a i } Ie1 ■ • lit S. • ■J V Y V 14 V is O • 8 ■ a 6 8 e a o^ a s 8 A. 8" « 8 M N M a a ^ A 1• M w1 N M Y a 2 a a Y Y S a a a Z S •S •V a rar Y 0 IN 114 0 y g gas 3 3 s 8 1 . • I= • Y w Y Y O I Y Y . a Is 14 14 14 - • r• O O O • 5 O w O O 0 O 0 0 4 M 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. w2 awg ' a 3` a $ 'a e E a ± 8 E -pp1 i A WI y p N Y Y Q� Y VI ± e � O a V X 8 e. r y9 i7rII - s - -Or 11. 9 0g P. i a > 2 • v •• 61 114 44 ..• iniN fess nark a • .. r Y .I .1 a a a .:44 ±: Y .1 Y • a M w Y w.l Al w.1 e O I -I r y r o Ss r e o ' 3 u 9 . 8 1..1 .64 o Yy a i a Ili v 1 a .1 v 4 l a A 1.• •• •• w CML.027 5-6 890958 TABLE 5-2. ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED FOR SELECTED POLLUTANTSa Metal/Compound Pennsylvania New York Arsenic and Compounds 0.23 x 10-3 0.67 Beryllium and Compounds 0.42 x 10-3 - Cadmium and Compounds 0.56 x 10-3 2.0 Hexavalent Chromium 0.83 x 10-4 0.167 and Compounds Lead and Compounds 0.50 1.5b Mercury•and Compounds . 0.08. 0.167 Nickel and Compounds 0.33 x 10-2 3.3 PCDD and PCDFc 0.30 x 10-7 _d aReferences 26 and 27; all concentrations in ug/m3. bbutecurrently standard beingfor lead; not applied to d officially compliance adopted estatM York State, status. cExpressed as tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents dEmission sources of chlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins are reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the Department of Health (DOH) . The NY State DOH has determined that basing an acceptable ambient level on TCDDs does not adequately represent public health risks for the dioxin compounds. • CML.027 5-7 890955 • 5.2.4 State Permitting Reauirements Radian contacted several states with relatively stringent air emission limitations to discuss procedures and analyses required to obtain an operating permit for an infectious waste incinerator. The objective of this effort was to identify the range of analyses and requirements currently • associated with the permitting process. Operator training and ash disposal requirements are also addressed, where applicable. The results of the contacts are summarized below, by state, in alphabetical order: Connecticut - Department of Environmental Protection13 o Infectious wastes are currently regulated as special wastes. o BACT analysis is required in lieu of emission limits for any pollutant emitted at rates greater than 5 tons/year. This includes HC1 , PM, and toxics. o Ambient impact/risk analysis are not required, although stack emissions are limited to levels dictated by ambient Hazard Limiting Values (HLV) at the facility fenceline. The HLVs are based on the States air toxics control program. o Incinerator ash is evaluated using the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test. If the ash fails the test, it must be handled as a hazardous waste. If the ash passes the test, which is more common, it is sent to a permitted special waste landfill . The ash must be isolated and contained in a separate cell at the landfill . Illinois - Environmental Protection Aaencv14 o No BACT or ambient impact analyses are required unless the source qualifies under Federal PSO rules. o Infectious waste incinerator ash is treated as a hazardous waste. It must be sent to a permitted special waste landfill . The ash must be shipped in accordance with the State's manifest system. o If the waste is to be incinerated, the permit applicant must describe the incinerator to be used; wastes to be incinerated; gas cleaning devices; methods to dispose of bottom ash, fly ash and/or . scrubber sludge; and indicate operating temperatures and gas residence time. Massachusetts - Division of Air Quality Controll5 o A BACT analysis is required for all infectious waste incinerators. Emissions of concern include PM, PM10 acid gases, dioxins, furans, • CML.027 5-8 890955 pathogens, and metals. The analysis is performed from a •top-down' perspective (i .e. , the most stringent technology applicable must be examined and rejected on the basis of costs or other factors before less stringent alternatives can be considered). o In addition to the BACT analysis results, permit applicants must specify procedures for incineration warm-up, burn-down, feed charging, and waste handling which meet State requirements. For example, infectious waste must be placed in boxes prior to disposal . Michigan - Department of Natural Resources16 o Applicants for a permit tc operate must submit a complete description of the incineration and potential pollution control equipment which includes the following: -Plot plan and nearby building information -Description of the incinerator -Description of the waste stream -Operating schedule -Temperature profile and retention time -Temperature monitoring and recording system -Procedures to insure that prescribed temperatures are monitored -Flue gas volume and composition -Description of combustion controls • -Discussion of the physical and economic feasibility of installing and operating an acid gas scrubbing system and a high efficiency particulate collector -Description of proposed emission control equipment -Description of emission control equipment by-pass, if applicable -Discussion of stack sampling ports -Description of ash handling system -Description of preventative maintenance and malfunction abatement system CML.027 5-9 890958 -Maximum uncontrolled and controlled emission rates for specified pollutants -Demonstration that the proposed emissions will not cause injurious effects to human health and safety o In lieu of their own emissions data, applicants may use the DNR's statistical emission rate data (95th percentile) compiled on the basis of available test data. o To demonstrate that emissions do not cause injurious effects to human health and safety, applicants must perform dispersion modeling and determine ambient concentrations at both ground level and air intake levels for nearby buildings. Acceptable ambient air concentrations have been established for the following pollutants: -Particulate matter -Sulfur dioxide -Nitrogen oxides -Carbon monoxide -Polychlorinated biphenyls -Mercury -Arsenic -Cadmium -Chromium -Total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) -Total polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) -Hydrogen chloride The applicant may request the DNR to perform the necessary dispersion analysis using the methods developed by the Michigan Air Pollution Control Commission. o As discussed, ambient pollutant concentrations must be below acceptable levels at both ground and air intake levels. Options to remedy predicted concentrations above required levels are to increase stack height and to install emission control equipment such as scrubbing systems and baghouses. CML.027 5-10 i 890958 Mew York - Department of Environmental Conservation" o Applicants must submit engineering data relative to waste characterization, incinerator design, combustion air systems, incinerator control devices, and flue gas cleaning devices. o An ambient air quality impact analysis must be performed with respect to the following pollutants: -Total particulates -Sulfur dioxide -Nitrogen dioxide • -Carbon monoxide -Hydrocarbons -Hydrogen chloride -Lead -Cadmium • -Chromium -Arsenic -Mercury -Nickel -Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -Polychlorinated biphenyls -2,3,7,8 tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD) -Total TCDD -Total PCDD -Total PCDF Pennsylvania - Department of Environmental Resourcesl8 o Ambient impact analyses must be conducted for: a) arsenic and compounds; b) beryllium and compounds; c) cadmium and compounds; d) hexavalent chromium and compounds; e) lead and compounds; f) mercury and compounds; g) nickel and compounds; h) PCDO and PCDF expressed as 2,3,7,8 TCDD equivalents using toxicity equivalents CML.027 5-11 89®958 factors (TEF). Using available emission factors, the emissions from the facility must be estimated and the analyses must be conducted by performing dispersion modeling using the facility's exhaust characteristics. o If the application is subject to 'Prevention of Significant Deterioration' (PSD) requirements, the analyses shall be conducted in accordance with the 'Guidelines on Air Quality Modeling" dated January 1983 (as revised) . The applicant is advised to discuss the modeling requirements with the Department prior to starting any modeling study. The analysis must show that predicted concentrations do not exceed the levels shown in Table 5-2. o Compliance must be verified by stack sampling. Using the actual stack emission rates, the exhaust parameters from each test and the dispersion modeling techniques specified in the application as approved by the Department, the calculated maximum annual ambient concentrations must not exceed the stated levels. o Incinerator ash must be landfilled. The landfill must be permitted by the Department to accept such wastes. By the end of the decade, the Department intends that only landfills that meet new municipal waste disposal regulates, similar to these for hazardous waste landfills, continue to operate. o An application for disposal of special waste must be filed and approved which includes a detailed description of the type and source of waste and of the incinerating conditions. The Department requires ash to be tested under conditions that simulate a landfill and may, if necessary, impose special disposal conditions in a permit to prevent loading of heavy metals. o Before construction, hospital waste incinerators must undergo a plan review in which the Department reviews the design to insure that all applicable standards are capable of being met. The plan approval application must include a description of each specific waste and approximate quantity of each such wastes which will be charged to the incinerator. The application must, as a minimum, contain the final design specifications of the incinerator and the associated air pollution control devices with dimensioned drawings indicating the locations of burners, air injection ports and monitors. o In addition to emission estimates and the results of the ambient impact analyses, the plan must include a set of calculations for estimating secondary chamber residence times using specified procedures. o Facilities capable of burning hospital/infectious wastes at rates greater than or equal to 50 tons per day must also meet the permitting criteria established for municipal waste incinerator. CML.o27 5-12 890958 o Prior to startup, all incinerator operators must be trained as to proper operating practices and procedures. The content of the training program must be submitted to the Department for approval . The applicant must submit a copy of a certificate verifying the satisfactory completion of a training program by all operators prior to issuance of an operating permit. 5.3 FOREIGN REGULATIONS In Canada, air pollution regulations are established by each provincial government. Table 5-3 lists emission limits established in Alberta, Canada and technical requirements established in several European countries. This study did not include the investigation per se of foreign procedures or regulations. However, the data presented in Table 5-3 were extracted from References 19 and 20. • CNL.027 5-13 890958 TABLE 5-3. FOREIGN EMISSION REGULATIONS FOR HOSPITAL MASTEa Pollutant Alberta, Canada Europeana Particulate matter 0.20 kg/1000 kg b 200 mg/Nm3 dry of gaseous effluent at 7% CO2 maximum 0.60 kg/1000 kg of gaseous effluent` HC1 100 ppm at 50% 300 mg/Nm3 dry excess air at 7% CO2 maximum CO -- 500 mg/Nm3 dry at 7% CO2 maximum SO2 -- 200 mg/Nm3 dry at 7% CO2 maximum HF -- 5 mg/Nm3 dry at 7% CO2 maximum Opacity - . Not to exceed 30% aReferences 19 and 20. bFor incinerators with a capacity of greater than 227 kg/h. `For incinerators with a capacity of less than 227 kg/h. CML.027 5-14 890958 5.4 REFERENCES 1. EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA-530/SW-86-014 Washington, DC. May, 1986. 2. Reference 1. 3. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 53:20140. 1988. 4. Reference 1, p. 1-3. 5. Vogg H., Metzger M., Stieglitz E. , 'Recent Findings on the Formation and Decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in Solid Municipal Waste Incineration" presented at International Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Association specialized seminar on Emissions of Halogenated Organics from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, January 22, 1987, Copenhagen, Denmark. 6. Reference 1, p. 1-3. . 7. Pettit, C. L., 'Infectious Waste State Programs Survey.' Waste Age, April 1987, pp. 115-128. 8. Reference 7. 9. Reference 5. 10. Lauber, J.D. , 'Controlled Commercial/Regional Incineration of Biomedical Wastes.' Presented at the Incineration of Low Level Radioactive and Mixed Wastes, 1987 Conference, St. Charles, Illinois, April 21-24, 1987. 11. Reference 10. • • 12. New York State Air-Guide-1. N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation 1985-86 Edition, July, 1986 printing. 13. Private communication between E. Aul , Radian Corporation and W. Howard and P. Florkosky, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, June 14, 1988. 14. Private communication between E. Aul , Radian Corporation and M. Scholenburger and J. Cobb, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, June 13, 1988. 15. Private communication between E. Aul , Radian Corporation and W. Sullivan, Massachusetts Division of Air Quality Control , June 15, 1988. CML.027 5-15 890958 16. Private communication between R. Morrison, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and L. Fiedler, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, January 15, 1988. 17. Private communication between R. Morrison, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and C. Konheim, Konheim & Ketchum, January 11, 1988. 18. BAT and Chapter 127 Plan Approval Criteria: Hospital/Infectious Waste Incinerators. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resource Office of Public Liaison. Harrisburg, PA. January 1988. 19. Powell , F.C., 'Air Pollutant Emission from the Incineration of Hospital Wastes, The Alberts Experience.' J. Air Pollution Control Association, Vol . 37, No. 7, July 1987. 20. Faurholdt, B., 'European Experience with Incineration of Hazardous and Pathological Wastes. Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York, New York, June 21-26, 1987. 21. Reference 18. 22. Revised 6NYCRR Part 219 Incinerators Draft, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. April 1988. 23. Reference 10, p. 14. • 24. Environmental Register No. 230: Proceedings of Illinois Pollution Control Board, December 18, 1980. 25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 39:20792. 1974. 26. Reference 18. 27. Reference 12, p. 27 to 31. CML.027 5-16 890958 6.0 HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATOR MODEL PLANTS One of the objectives of this study was to develop modeling parameters emissions and exposure from hospital incinerator units. The parameters developed in this study will be used in EPA's Human Exposure Model (HEM) . Results of the HEM analysis will then be used to provide a preliminary estimate of chronic exposure to emissions from hospital waste incinerators. This objective was accomplished by developing input data for model incinerators which are felt to be representative of the general population instead of using actual hospital incinerator sites and stack parameters. This approach was taken because of the difficulty involved in characterizing the capacity and location of all hospital incinerators on a national level . The approach used was to analyze a segment of the population for which detailed information could be obtained regarding unit capacity, stack parameters, and operation. In this case, a recent database of hospital incinerators in the State of New York was located during. the study and used as a population segment. Through analysis of the distribution of incinerator capacities in the New York population, model plants were identified. The appropriate stack parameters (height, diameter, gas velocity, and temperature) were then determined by further evaluation of this data set. Finally the emissions factors of Section 3.0 were applied to to these model plants to estimate the short-term and long-term emissions rates. This section contains a brief discussion .of the relationship between hospital populations and incinerator populations. Next, the model incinerator capacities and stack parameters selected for the analysis are presented. Finally, the corresponding emissions rates for pollutants of concern are presented for the model plants, based on the emissions data from Section 3. 6.1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS • 6.1.1 population Distribution As noted in Section 1.1, there are currently over 6,000 hospitals in the U.S. ; it is estimated that over 90 percent of these facilities operate CML.027 6-1 890958 incinerator equipment of some kind, if only a small retort-type unit. The population of controlled air incinerators is smaller but still substantial . The development of a national inventory of hospital incinerators was not feasible for this study. Instead, an analysis of a subset of the population for which the necessary information was available was performed. A recent New York (NY) State database was located during the study which contained information gained through an in-state survey of incinerator units.' This database contained unit size, location, annual operation, and stack parameters for 433 incinerators located in NY. To estimate the 'representati%eness" of the NY hospital population relative to the U.S. population, the distribution of hospital sizes was examined. The distribution of hospital sizes according to bed number is presented for both NY and the U.S. in Figure 6-1.2 Both these distributions have similar shapes for hospital sizes between 0 and 500 beds. However, there is a greater proportion of hospitals above the 500 bed size in NY than in the U.S. population. This is probably due to the fact that NY has several densely populated areas. Therefore, a model incinerator capacity which corresponds to hospitals with greater than 500 beds was selected to model hospitals in densely populated areas in the U.S. The potential impact of these larger incinerator units on the associated populations will likely be of interest to EPA. No information was found during this study which relates hospital size to the use of incineration or to incinerator capacity. Therefore, a correlation between hospital size and incinerator capacity could not be developed. A study of the population distribution of incinerator units within the NY incinerator database was, therefore, undertaken. Figure 6-2 presents the results of this investigation. As shown, 59.6 percent of the population are units with design feed capacities of less than 200 lb/hr. A model incinerator was, therefore, chosen from within the less than 200 lb/hr capacity range. A further breakdown of the smaller size incinerator population in NY by unit capacity is shown in Figure 6-3. As can be seen, this population is bimodal with peaks for units between 50 and 74 lb/hr and 100 and 124 lb/hr. A detailed analysis of these two size ranges reveals that the majority of units in each of the ranges are 50 and 100 lb/hr, respectively. Since a CN1.027 6-2 890958 K < 1 s . O C i a 3 • g / ..! • g ...0 k < co so U V \\\\\ (` i ; .1 S V g I 1 : s z 0 0 s %////l/ : El I Cr i o salb 6 V <1 Ifis co 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 I Z Ik 0 O LL �f N N N N g O O t N O O O * N O NOLLY1lrOr 1V.1O1 AO 1N3Oi13d 6-3 890958 w • : N:- 1 N a 'R a O r ` C \ p • a r! C g p w O C m a i g 17; 2- m N p O of W C 3 m0 N LL } .0Z p C O \` a: - N N O O al • 7 co O \ O LL n \f A g N N N N p a et N 0 0 0 + N O i11411 11/101 40 30d1N30113d 890958 6-4 n co 1` \ s a CO i CO C 1 a \ it c p �\ - s N 7 A 8 n7 = i- N m * N J 7 Ni\ i A Z W E '' eW � m n , co � $, C cc c � 0 cc z } z . n \ n ; pZ N W • C IX N \ ! 0 !L O c . 3 Plb ei N M ei co Le 1 I 1 1 i 1 1 1 I i� o 7 N N N N N O O * N O is O gI N O 0 I1 S11Nfl 40 3SY.N37it3d 6-5 990958 100 lb/hr feed rate is closer to the median of this population segment than the 50 lb/hr feed rate, a model incinerator of 100 lb/hr capacity was chosen to represent the small incinerator population. A study of the capacity distribution for the incinerators in the NY database was also undertaken. Figure 6-4 presents the results of this investigation. As can be seen, incinerator units which burn 1,000 lb/hr or greater make up 33.5 percent of the incineration capacity. Units which burn 600 lb/hr or greater make up 52 percent of the incineration capacity. A model unit size of 1,000 lb/hr was chosen to represent this half of the incineration population. The 1,000 lb/hr model size was chosen because it represents the median point within the population of units with feed rates of 600 lb/hr or above (see Figure 6-2) and is an order of magnitude greater than the 100 lb/hr model incinerator capacity. 6.1.2 Model Incinerator Stack Parameters The stack parameters required as inputs to the HEM include stack height, diameter, and exit gas temperature and velocity. The NY incinerator database was used to determine values for each of these stack parameters for modeling purposes. The approach taken was to evaluate a given stack parameter as a function .of the previously presented incinerator capacity ranges of Figure 6-2. From this analysis, the variation of a given parameter was evaluated as a function of unit capacity. If the given stack parameter appeared to be a function of unit capacity, then a value based on units in a similar capacity range to the model was chosen. If the parameter of interest was not a function of unit size, then a mean value based on the entire population of units was used. Stack Height. The average, high, and low stack height values for a given feed rate range are shown as a function of feed rate ranges in Figure 6-5. The data shown are for incinerators with feed rates ranging from 1 to 2,700 lb/hr. As can be seen, stack heights vary greatly within a given capacity range. Also, stack height values as low as 6 to 8 feet were observed within the database. Although these low stack heights appear to be unrealistic, no reasons were identified which could be used to discount their use. One possible explanation is that this is the height of the stack above the nearest adjacent building and not above the base of the incinerator. Its inclusion as part of an average value for HEM modeling CML.027 6-6 890958 � a nN • l � a o to m , c o in c ^ s` oU 4 co c 0- a ._ co yW. • m • ton o a i 3 ILL } ZZ O N 2 C ei O m m 7 0) \ Il. O O O h N N 1 1 T T i 1 IQ T T 1 I I T M O N N e o et N O es it N O JLJJO1N1/O 1V101 40 3ov1N37>rl3s 890958 6-7 L\NNN3NIKJ il • 1\\\\\\\<<<<CC 5" O k\NNNNN\\NNNta%K‘\\ \ i = C) Ct S v h) CC INN\N\ «< r 1 5 o < a 'G C) 12 m rd I 41 k\\\NN\ `(\ K ; x and ON z As ta 1.\\NN\NNNNNNN,N,;<<€4 i 4* E 1: 07 ._ S LL i , NNN N\ NN < r z no s +oam Avis 6-8 890958 purposes should have a conservative effect on the stack height estimates. A lower stack height should correspond to higher exposure levels for the population and therefore a conservative estimate of the associated risk. The results presented in Figure 6-5 show little variation in the average stack height between ranges of unit capacities. In addition, no correlation was found between stack gas temperature (as an indicator of heat recovery equipment) and stack height. The highest of the average stack heights is 87 feet and the lowest is 66 feet. An average stack height of 78 feet would therefore be a representative value for use as the HEM input value, regardless of unit size or heat recovery equipment. Stack Gas Temperature. The average, high, and low exhaust gas temperature values within a given feed rate range are shown as a function of feed rate ranges in Figure 6-6. As can be seen, the low in all cases is 400°F. Analysis of the NY database indicated several vent streams with exit gas temperatures of less than 400°F. Because it was known that outlet temperatures for units which have heat recovery equipment are limited to approximately 400°F by the stack gas dew point, units with exit gas temperatures which were below 400°F were excluded from analysis. A high value of 2,220°F is shown. Little variation is seen in the average exhaust gas temperatures over the entire range of capacities. For the entire population, the high value of the average temperatures is 1,237°F and the low value is 1,081°F. The average stack gas temperature for the entire database is 1,I44°F. This temperature could be used for both the 100 and 1,000 lb/hr model incinerators. Because .heat recovery is known to be employed on larger units, an additional 1,000 lb/hr model unit with an exit stack gas temperature of 450°F could be used to show the effects of heat recovery in the modeling. An exit gas temperature of 450°F is appropriate because it provides a comfortable margin above the 400°F acid dew point. This temperature also corresponds to a known unit located at the University of Michigan.3 If heat recovery equipment is employed, an induced draft fan is often added to overcome the associated pressure drop and maintain design pressures in the combustion chambers.4 Thus, stack heights should not be affected by the addition of heat recovery equipment. Stack Gas Exit Velocity. The average, high, and low stack gas exit ' velocities for a range of feed rates are shown in Figure 6-7. Once again, CML.027 6-9 890955 I \\N\ <(((K( ~ 2 1) C KN\\ r \««« a g C3 g I 0 co co ^ y k\\\\\N\\ I m A 4 Mf .x C 1\\&(((<(( ;we! re i 5 p cc t W r w <<<((< O N m \\\t i 31 N 3LL 1 m C O 10 m t u) 01) (\ g 1 K \\\\\\\\\ \ \<\ \ \ \ I 10 ® m Q 1 \ \ NOD 1 C "\ ^ c 1 1 1 1 7 � � m • ilt N N O O r N se O O * NO O .1 el4 44: 4- o d C d U. (spueeneyy) (A) Alit Y 3dp13,1 6-10 890958 tf o § LN\\\\N' \\4\\ ! r M co S 4 — I VC �\\\NN\\\\\\\N\N\NNt <<K $ ! Q E 4 ° Osa Cp L\NNI<C<CC i To 4 W 4 SiIN\\I<«r a g LI ym I 3m O J t NN\NNIk (C a Ca Co .C CD OW 3 2r g • K<C L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\N 6 E3 m a \ \ \ \a� <C � m \ \ \ R S 2 8 S S R S $ S R S o o ir. (con/u) Amon sin 6-11 890958 the variation within a given capacity range is large. In general , the average stack velocities shown also increase with the capacity of the unit. This is understandable in view of the increasing volumetric flow rate of stack gases with increasing incinerator capacity. Therefore, the average stack gas velocity that applies to a particular model incinerator should be used for modeling. Exit gas velocities of 16.5 and 26.0 ft/sec would be appropriate for the 100 and 1,000 lb/hr model incinerators, respectively. The exit gas velocity for the 1,000 lb/hr heat recovery model should be reduced to 14.8 ft/sec to reflect the reduced exit gas temperature. $tack Diameter. The average, high, and low stack diameter values for ranges of feed rates are shown in Figure 6-8. As was the case for the other stack parameters, the stack diameters vary within a given size range. If the same approach used to determine the velocities is used to determine the stack diameters, diameters of 25 and 34 inches would be determined for the 100 and 1,000 lb/hr models, respectively; Unfortunately, these diameters are not realistic when the volumetric flow rate associated with the two models are considered; the volumetric flow for a 1,000 lb/hr unit would be expected to be 10 times greater than the volumetric flow from a 100 lb/hr unit. Instead, after allowing for the gas velocity differences discussed above, the 25 and 34 inch diameters correspond to a volumetric flow ratio of only 3. To address this inconsistency, the diameter for the 100 lb/hr model was chosen as a base point. The diameter for the 1,000 lb/hr unit was then determined by assuming a gas flow rate 10 times greater than that for the smaller unit. The resultant diameter for the 1,000 lb/hr model unit, .after allowing for volume and velocity differences, would be 63 inches. For the case of the 1,000 lb/hr heat recovery model , the diameter was assumed to remain constant. In actual practice, the stack diameters for these units would be determined by the tradeoff between stack draft flow losses and costs. The results of the stack parameter analysis of the NY database are summarized in Table 6-1. Model incinerators of 100 and 1,000 lb/hr, with two cases for the 1,000 lb/hr model , are recommended as representative for CML.027 6-12 890958 ,., k\Navzs("<... I i7 t t'6) L\\\\\\\\N\K C I ! � 4 g 0 i; 1\N\NNNKINZ- i co k m 1\\\N\\\\\\ \x r g I . � �. m �\\\\\\\\\\\\\K< C 1 ii1 ' m 0 n gi I\\\\\\\\\\\\�\\\\\\N<4%- I racc co SEISNN2828R8Sgi 2 ° co' (UI) bal3f1VIa 6-13 890955 TABLE 6-1. SUMMARY OF MODEL INCINERATOR STACK PARAMETERS 100 lb/hr Model 1,000 lb/hr Model 1,000 lb/hr Model Incinerator with Incinerator with Incinerator with No Heat Recovery No Heat Recovery Heat Recovery Stack Height ft 78 78 78 (m) (24) (24) (24) Exit Gas Temperature F 1,144 1,144 450 (K) (891) (891) (506) Exit Gas Velocity ft/sec 16.5 26.0 14.8 (m/s) (5.0) (7.9) (4.5) Stack Diameter in 25 66 66 (m) (0.64) (1.60) (1.60) • • • • 890958 CML.027 6-14 modeling purposes. The recommended stack height, stack exit gas temperature, and velocity values for each of these models are shown in the table. 6.1.3 Model Incinerator Operating Parameters The operating parameters required as inputs to the HEM include the annual operating hours and hourly and yearly emissions rates. To determine values for each of these operating parameters, the NY incinerator database was again used to determine the annual operating hours associated with each of the model incinerators. Next the hourly emission rates were determined for each of the models by combining the emissions factor of Section 3.0 with the model capacities previously developed. Finally, the yearly emission rates for each of the models were determined by applying the annual operating hours to the hourly emissions rates. Annual Operating Hours. The average annual operating hours for a given feed rate range are shown as a function of feed rate ranges in Figure 6-9. As can be seen, the number of annual operating hours increases with increasing unit capacity. Smaller units (less than 200 lb/hr), which operate approximately 1,000 hrs/year, can be characterized as operating five days a week for about 4 hours each day. Larger units (greater than . 600 lb/hr), which operate approximately 2,350 hrs/year, can be characterized as operating five days a week for 8 to 10 hrs each day. Therefore, annual operating operating hours of 1,000 and 2,350 may be considered representative for the 100 and 1,000 lb/hr model sizes, respectively. Hourly Emissions Rates. The emission factors previously developed in Section 3.0 are shown in Table 6-2 along with the corresponding hourly and yearly emissions rates for each of the model incinerators. High and low emissions rates are given for each of the compounds for which data exist. For compounds where only one data point exists, only one rate in shown. Different particulate matter (PM) emissions rates were used for the two model capacities because, as previously stated, for units of less than 400 lb/hr capacity a larger variation in PM emissions was seen over those of larger units. The high and low emission rates corresponding to this capacity breakpoint are shown. A controlled PM emissions rate is also shown. This rate is based on the baghouse data from the St. Agnes emission test. 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P. .. I.. FO I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I or A . A a w o a ^ a 00 e e 00 00 00 e e e 0 I I I AA w a a a .1 w a a AA a A r y. n w 00..4 M M M M M M M M M N M M M M M M ■ ■ e L ■ ■ MM M .1 S w• 0• w• 0• • w w 0• 0• • n a• w O w O a « 8 w w a w w a 0 w w a a O N N w O N w 0 0 a• I• w w .. . w 0 • N O .1 N me Oft w w N w a N O V. • y • N w w N N B I • w a Own 00 00 00 0. 0 P• 0 00 WO Y■ . . 1010 1 1 1 , 11 1 1 , 1 I 11 w a w I 00 e e 0 0 00 l O e e e 0 0 O O w 0 1 I 1 1 w a w w .. w w w .. A w w w M wl w .1 aa+ .Oa w w w MM NM ■ ■ 'M M ■ M MN ■ M MN NM 3 i S wMN NM w aw wpi : a P. : .wl 32 .in = n 10. 3 Sae w in In we .iii NM: wN « 4 iw wl: Nw a .. 44 9 NN .;N OA e w N WO N O a w • N OP. . 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Oa 1. • OM n n Is n 2 000 r y M a MIM Iwll.l IMlne. 8888 " " N O V p n R I~ M ~ At • 01 MN MN EN MN O S O S M M K M 88 W I 8 L i N X O N 0 0 X n 00 O O O Ina O In• 00 X • w w .. w S . . s f 1 111 M I C 6 • ws wa ow no I I I I 1 1 11 MI ' 2222222 n n O O O O i O Pa 00 e 00 e 00 00 'pp O O X w ..w w • .r a4 .. w •• .. w as OSSO M Oe• r MN NM EN MN •� I w wX in to Xn •• N• ♦ e si ei I 9 w .. .. .. aw wNnn 0 15 .1 1 p r n Iv w o w T1 111 n n V CC r •• 0 0 00 O 0 e a 1 1 1 1 s•s O M N M M w n 0 0 0 O O 0 0 O i ; f MN ■ M MN Na - S O O OK M M M 61 * 1 Y N 1• - •0. Nn we. . Or .y XNN 00 J N e AN N N M .1 • V M M e a a M Y W r • a x a N a eo e al ii I 18 X • g 'IA g 111 illAillusge € e a 0 igitlioligl j sitie e� •i▪ i Y r • r • CML.027 6-19 890958 6.2 REFERENCES 1. Air Pollution Source Management System, Current Application Data List, Hospital Incinerator List. Compiled by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York. Transmitted from W. Sountag, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to T. Moody, Radian Corporation, June 9, 1988. 2. Summary Report, Hospital Statistics, American Hospital Association, 1986 Edition. 3. Doucet, L. G. , and Mainka, P. C., Hospital Incinerator Emissions, Risk and Permitting - A case Study. Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of APCA, New York, New York, June 21-26, 1987. 4. Private communication between E. Aul , Radian Corporation and S. Shuler, Ecolaire Combustion Products, Inc. , June 9, 1988. • CML.027 6-20 89095E APPENDIX A F 890955 CML.024 A-1 • - | • - - a |S | I t t • 2 ■ | ° _ k ® � k p. `• B • ` e - J !I ! ! � � � f ! | X40 | , �! ■ || | | | | -eilZ | ■ | f§ _• -a !| l2 E+ ! � aN | ` l0 . � ! | � •' - ' !" ■ ■ E 1 | © !r | Al "• - a . - | | | iik , § k | | k ! 3a §| K 1;§ kk | | eve ! ) ! � Ji: , ! ! , ! ; • Itt | | ii- , | • alll 1 ■ ; •ill | - |• • 2 I . 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B0 1e . • hills- :la: 7II 8yaaaa=Apr 5 a : 1a 312 : 11 lli Isl . = rhlgl • i a At y Y j1 pM .l I MM I le 1w 1i t � 5 s 'i t3 I .. ii i Y 2 i ail S 4 1 el : yy 9 Y O Y Y ' .l Y 38 J . 1 .2 .4 % 1Slit 21 3 �f' i • ;: 1a 11 :!2a 21 s : �wS is x 21 3Aiii 3 .afs • • s I • • iz : 0 Sic ? s i is s �. o . i :• _ • I • 1 a a 1 c 3 3 • 890958 890958• APPENDIX B - ADDITIONAL HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATOR EMISSIONS DATA The Monitoring and Laboratory Division of the California Air Resources Board conducted evaluation tests on the refuse incinerator at the Stanford University Environmental Safety Facility, Stanford, California, and a retest on a hosital refuse incinerator at the Sutter General Hospital , Sacramento, California. The results of these tests are presented in two reports titled "Evaluation Retest on a Hospital Refuse Incinerator at Sutter General Hospital , Sacramento, CA." April 1988 (ARB/ML-88-026) and "Evaluation Test on a Refuse Incinerator at Stanford University Environmental Safety Facility," Stanford , CA. , August 1988 (ARB/ML-88-025) . To provide these test results, EPA has extracted tables of emissions data for particulate matter, hydrogen chloride, chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and other compounds from these reports and incorporated them into Appendix B. 890958 R-7 Test Data for the Hospital Refuse Incinerator at Sutter General Hospital , Sacramento, CA., California Air Resources Board Test Report, ARB/ML-88-026, April 1988. The staff of the California Air Resources Board tested and, after design modifications were made, retested the dual chamber, Thermtec - Model/No. 67-SA, hospital refuse incinerator at the Sutter General Hospital , Sacramento, CA. The hospital has a heat recovery system, Model HR-1000-2- SK-9 manufactured by Thermtec, to recover heat from the exhaust gases. The initial tests were conducted from April 28 through May 1, 1987. The system was modified to reduce the amount of dilution air entering the exhaust. gas system. The system was then retested during the period from July 29 through August 3, 1987. The results of these tests are presented in the following tables: TABLE 1 Average Refuse.Feed Rate to the Incinerator During the Test Period • DATE TIME NUHBER OF NUMBER OF b/ PROCESS INFECTIOUS CARTS WEIGHT BOXES RATE, LB/HR (pounds) (pounds) • 7-29-87 1300-180U 13 (264) 36 (2700) 593 7-30-87 0900-1400 14 (284) 29 (2175) 492 7-31-87 0900-1900 / 37 (751) 49 (3675) 443 8-3-87 1300-2300 34 (690) 40 (3000) 369 a/ Infectious boxes weigh 20.3 pounds each b/ Typical cart trash weight is 75 pounds I/ On July 31 , 1987 the refuse loading ram to the bottom chamber was inoperative from approximately 1000 to 1500 HOURS. During this period the bottom chamber was in a burndown configuration with an increased natural gas comsumption in the upper chamber to satisfy boiler heating requirements. B-3 890958 TABLE B-2 DAILY AVERAGE STACK CONUI'.1CGS FOR li.CIhER ATOR AT SUTTER GENEkrL nOSPITi,L bate Stack Gas Stack Gas I.oisture Stack Gas Velocity Flow Rate Content, Temperature (Ft/Sec) (OSCFM) (% By Volume) (0F) 7-29-87 10.9 26b7 13.2 326 7-30-87 13.4 3145 13.2 369 7-31-87 13.0 2633 15.5 409 8-3-87 11 .9 2894 10.9 357 ABB/III.-88-026 • • C-b7-G9G B-4 890958 • TA?_E B-3 DAIL) T.::n.: CZ.CclTRATi0a.5 OF S_ECTED OArli0 ' AIR COLU7k:T5 FK'. Tea UTTER R 6FaZ.S. IC:IIERATOR d/ a/ a/ a/ 6/ e/ D:/ :1 wr ON ` co2 co w!1 602 IC -a Eta/03.1 PEr."1T CER aT PCPC: OW/ OD%': pp-: 7-2947 - !5.6 4.0 (50 130 50 u - 7-30-87 Is! 5.5 150 90 13 4e 2:S f/ • I/ E/ 7-331-67 0.024 12.; 5.2 (SO so 1! t2 224 M 6-3-97 . 0.050 :3.9 4.5 (50 100 22 12 - a/ DE 02, COI k.: Cu :;....L.:25 ME WS TO OZ ER1167. THE 1S7 uAi 6216.,7 CF Tn3 57R:I( G.S. o/ a SC2 COe ECTED TO 3 MCAT 02. Cl TOTAL $YDRO�.ca•. T6 REDCRTED fG 717O7at 6/ ROUTED AT CCU:. 1LE 5.1.3 02 C.tCV TRATICAS. ,1 532 Rwt.YZER 1!3 Z.;T:di DORIhi R RT G- TEST :ERIOD, VI f. 6NSE OF F0,;% TEST O.n5 1 0.027 , 0.021 , 0.0:3 A'.J 0,024 S/3:47 9/ zee& O? T:;, Td7 6:.5 ( 269 0%0 159 C7r.V M maxi (1: Ta TES" 6.'.9 1 0.(r4 ce.0 0.057 sew SV2. 10 1.DI:6765 6.:J. C_T^iic_ LIUUT. ARB/ML-88-026 • B-5 890958 • TABLE B-4 DAILY AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN,CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE,OXIDES OF NITROGEN,SULFUR DIOXIDE,TOTAL ATE ACID IN STACK GAS AT SUTTER MATTER TTER GENERAL HOSPITAL, HYDROCHLORIC SACRNIENTO,CA •/ •/ •/ b/ b/ bc/ b/ DATE PM 02 CO2 CO NOX SO2 NC fi GR/DSCF PERCENT PERCENT PPMV PPM') PPM') PPM PPM) 4-28-87 0.023 19.4 1.2 •:30 70 20 <1 860 4-29-87 0.023 19.4 1.3 •:30 70 30 <1 2500 3-1-87 0.012 19.5 1. 1 <30 60 6 <1 2130 •/ THE 02,CO2 AND CO VALUES WERE USE GAS. TO DETERMINE THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF HE b/ NOX,S02,NC AND NC1. DATA CORRECTED TO 3 PERCENT 02. c/ TOTAL HYDROCARBON DATA REPORTED AS PROPANE. . SYMBOL Co) INDICATES BELOW DETECTABLE LIMIT. C-86-018 ARB/ML-88-026 B-6 890958 t TABLE B-5 PARTICULATE MATTER AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS AND MASS EMISSION RATES PM HCI GR/DSCF LB/HR PPM LB/HR DATE RUN NO. 7-30-87 HC1-IS - - 315 5.79 7-31-87 HC1-25 - 282 4.46 HC1-3S - 159 2.59 K5-1S 0.027 0.74 - M5-25 0.021 0.50 - - M5-35 • 0.023 0.55 - _ MS-4S 0.024 0.53 - 8-3-87 M5-55 0.043 1.09 _ - _ M5-6S 0.057 1.38 - _ • Date PM HCL i 6R/OSCF LB/HR PPM LB/HR 4-28-87 0.023 0.94 72 1 .98 4-29-87 0.023 1.05 210 6.54 5-1-87 0.012 0.49 191 5.21 i ARB/ML-88-026 B-7 890958 TABLE B-6 PCDO/PCOF MASS EMISSION RATES (ng/sec) RUN * DT-1S OT-2S DT-3S OT-4S DIOXINS 2.3.7.8-T000 <0.042 <0.039 0.058 <0.035 Total TODD <0.394 <0.058 3.958 <0.033 1 .2,3,7,8-PeCDO <0. 167 <0. 111 0.241 <0.159 Total Pe000 <0.256 0.544 6.830 <0.095 1 ,2,3.4.7,8-HxC00 <0.394 <0.212 0.252 <0.089 1 .2.3.8,7.8-H:C00 <0.361 <0.226 0.427 <0.089 1 ,2,3,7,8,9-Hx000 <0.328 <0.162 <0.213 <0.089 Total HxC00 0.788 1 .452 10.63 0.542 1 ,2,3.4.6,7,8-HpC00 3.778 0.949 9.003 0.820 Total HpCOD 6.932 2.011 18.55 1 .239 Total OCDD 7.294 2.793 19.60 2.556 Total PCDD 15.66 6.880 59.57 4.468 FURANS 2.3.7,8-TCDF 0.072 0. 131 0.760 <0.092 Total TCDF <0.328 3.910 45.94 2.459 1 ,2,3,7.8-PeCOF 0.124 0.586 3.244 0.356 2.3,4.7,8-PeCOF <0. 147 0.357 2.200 0.224 Total PeCOF <1 .839 5.558 40.84 5.151 . 1 ,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.328 0.687 2.755 <0.309 1 ,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF <0.325 0.391 2.871 <0.580 1 ,2,3.7.8.9-HxCDF <0.689 0.148 0.970 <0.383 2.3,4.8,7,8-HxCDF <1 .084 0.139 2.957 <0.735 Total HxCDF <3.548 6.675 42.96 5.500 1 ,2,3.4,6,7,8-HpCDF 2.858 2.905 28.29 2.420. 1 ,2,3,4,7.8,9-HpCDF 0.108 0.614 5.906 0.519 Total HpCDF 2.858 5.865 52.51 5.151 Total OCOF 0.591 6.089 68.85 8.017 Total PCOF 9.166 28.10 250:9 26.28 NOTES < Indicates below IImIt of detection (MOL) • Chemical interference •• MPC (Maximum possible concentration) - Total includes MOLs for homologues below the detection limit C-86-018 ARB/HI.-88-026 B-B 890938 - TABLE B-7 PCOD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS IN STACK GAS (ng/dscm corrected to 12X CO2) RUN • DT-1S DT-25 DT-35 DT-4S DIOXINS 2,3,7,8-TCDO '0. 188 <0.140 0.280 <0. 168 Total TCOD <1 .732 <0.210 19.07 <0.157 1 ,2,3,7,8-PeCDO <0.736 <0.400 1 . 159 <0.765 Total PeCDO <1 .126 1 .949 32.90 <0.457 1 ,2,3,4,7,8-HxCOD <1 .732 <0.759 1 .215 <0.429 1 ,2,3.6,7,8-HxC00 <1 .587 <0.809 2.058 <0.429 1 ,2.3,7,8,9-NxC00 <1 .443 <0.580 <1 .028 <0.429 Total HpCDD 3.464 5.196 51 .22 2.812 1 ,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 16.60 3.398 43.37 2.985 Total HpCDD 30.45 7. 195 89.35 5.970 Total OCOD 32.04 9.993 94.40 12.31 Total PCDD 68.81 24.54 286.9 21 .51 FURANS . 2.3,7.8-TCDF <0.317 0.470 3.664 <0.448 Total TCDF 1 .443 13.99 221 .3 11 .85 1 ,2,3,7,8-PeCDF <0.548 2.099 15.6 1'.716 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF <0.649 1 :279 10.6 1 .082 Total PeCDF 8.08 19.89 196.8 24.81 1 ,2.3.4,7,8-HxCDF <1 .443 2.458 13.3 <1 .492 1 ,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF <1 .429 1 .399 13.8 <2.798 1 .2.3.7.8,9-HxCDF <3.031 0.530 4.673 <1 .847 2,3,4.8.7,8-N:CDF <4.762 . 0.500 14.2 <3.545 Total HZCOF 15.59 23.88 206.9 26.4g 1 ,2,3,4,6,7,8-MpCOF 12.56 10.39 138.3 11 .86 1 ,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF <0.476 2.199 28.4 2.500 Total NpCDF 12.58 20.99 252.9 24.81 Total OCDF 2.60 21 .79 330.7 38.82 Total ►COF 40.3 100.5 1209 128.6 NOTES < Indicates below limit of detection (MDL) • Chemical interference •• UPC (Maximum possible concentration) - Total Includes MDLs for homologues below the detection limit ' C-86-018 i ARB/ML-88-026 B-9 890958 1 TABLE B-8 PCDO/PCOF CONCENTRATIONS IN STACK GAS (ng/dscm) RUN * OT-1S OT-2S DT-3S DT-4S i DIOXINS I 2,3.7,8-TCDO *0.019 <0.015 0.026 <0.015 Total TCDD <0.173 <0.023 1 .748 <0.014 1 ,2,3,7,8-PeCOD <0.074 <0.043 0.106 *0.070 Total PeCDD <0.113 0.211 3.016 <0.042 1 ,2,3,4,7,8-NxCD0 <0.173 <0.082 0.111 <0.039 1 ,2,3,6,7,8-NxC00 <0. 152 *0.088 0.188 <0.039 1 ,2,3,7,6,9-N:CDD <0.144 *0.063 *0.094 *0.039 Total N:CDO 0.346 0.563 4.695 0.239 1 ,2,3,4,6,7,8-NpCOD 1 .660 0.368 3.975 0.274 Total HpCDO 3.045 0.779 8.19 0.547 Total OCOD 3.20 ' 1 .083 8.65 1 .129 • Total PCOO 6.88 2.659 26.30 1 .97 • FURANS 2,3,7,8-TCDF <0.031 0.050 0.335 40.041 • Total TCDF • 0.144 1 .515 20.28 1 .085 1 ,2,3,7,8-PeCDF *0.054 0.227 1 .432 0.157 2,3,4,7,6-PeCDF *0.084 0.138 0.971 0.099 Total PSCDF 0.808 2.154 18.03 2.274 1 ,2,3,4,7,8-NxCDF <0. 144 0.268 1 .216 *0.136 1 ,2,3,6,7,6-NxCDF <0. 142 0.151 1 .267 40.256 1 ,2,3,7,8,9-NxCDF *0.303 0.057 0.428 <0.169 2,3,4,6,7,8-NxCOF <0.476 0.054 1 .305 <0.324 Total N:CDF 1 .558 2.587 18.96 2.428 1 ,2,3,4,6,7,8-NpCDF 1 .255 1 .125 12.49 1 .068 . 1 ,2,3,4,7,8,9-NpCOF <0.047 0.238 2.607 0.229 Total N000F 1 .255 2.273 23.18 2.274 Total OCDF 0.259 2.360 30.31 3.539 Total PCDF 4.026 10.89 110.7 11 .60 - NOTES < Indicates below limit of detection (MOL) • Chemical Interference •• MPC (Maximum possible concentration) - Total Includes MOLs for homologues below the detection limit • C-86-018 ARB/ML-88-026 890958 8-10 TABLE B-9 PCDD/PCDF MASS EMISSION RATES IN STACK GAS (ng/sec) RUN i DT-1S DT-2S DT-3S Sampling date 7-29-87 7-30-87 7-30-87 DIOXINS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 0 .24 < 0. 11 0.140 Total TCDD 25. 4 21 .0 33.3 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 4 .03 2.39 3 . 8 Total PeCDD 138 103 106 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 10. 9 8 . 96 10 . 1 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 21.5 18 .7 21 .5 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 13.4 10.5 . 12.5 Total HxCDD 291 236 242 1, 2,3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD 157 13.8 169 Total H 334 355 Total OCDDD 237 265 269 Total PCDD 1041 959 ** 1005. FURANS 4 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 6.51 4 . 86 6.05 Total TCDF 329 253 256 E 1, 2, 3,7, 8-PeCDF 30.0 25.2 30. 6 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 36.4 29.7 37 _ 0 Total PeCDF . 407 342 333 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 50.0 43. 6 "49_6 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 53.2 41.1 43_ 8 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF 14 .5 13. 9 . 17_5 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 115 104 103 Total HxCDF 463 374 431 • 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF 233 244 2:36 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCOF 45.5 51 . 1 56..2 Total HpCDF 437 462 477 Total OCDF 381 404 396 Total PCDF 2016 1834 1893 NOTES < indicates below limit of detection (MDL) ** - Total includes MDLs for homologues below the detection 1.1m.: am/ML-88-026 C-87-090 B-11 890958 • T�3LE B-10 PCDD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS IN STACK GAS (corrected to 12 percent CO2) RUN t DT-1S DT-2S DT-35 Sampling date 7-29-87 7-30-87 7-30-87 (ng/dscm) (ng/dscm) (ng/dsct:) DIOXINS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 0 .56 < 0.22 0 .29 Total TCDD 60 . 0 43.2 68 . 1 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 9.53 4 .91 7 . 83 Total ?eCDD 327 212 212 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 25 . 9 18. 4 20 .E 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 50 . 9 38.5 44 . 1 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 31 . 8 21.5 25 .7 Total HxCDD 688 486 495 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 372 28 347 Total HpCDD 227 686 727 Total OCDD 560 545 551 I Total PCDD 2462 1972 .. 2059 FURANS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 15. 39 9.05 12. 38 1 Total TCDF 779 520 525 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 71.0 51.8 62 . 7 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 86.2 61.1 75 . 8 Total PeCDF 962 702 681 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 118.2 89.6 101 . 6 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 125.8 84.4 69 . 7 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF 34 . 3 . 28 .6 35 . E 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8=HxCDF 273 213 2:1 Total HxCDF 1095 768 823 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 552 502 453 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 107.7 105. 1 115 .2 Total HpCDF • 1033 950 97E • Total OCDF 900 830 8:2 Total PCDF 477C 3770 387. 7 NOTES dscm - dry standard .c bic meter at 68 F and one atres_iere , < indicates below limit of detection IMDL) - • - Total includes ,::Ls fcr homologues below the detection. linit ARB/ML-88-026 C-E7-CC 7-C ?C B-12 890958 TABLE B-11 PCDD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS I`: S7A7X GAS (nc/dsom) RUN I DT-.S DT-25 :7-3S Sampling date 7-29-67 7-30-67 --3C-27 DIOXINS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 0 . 19 < 0. 07 C . _0 Total TCDD 20.0 14 . 4 22 . 7 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 3 . 18 1. 64 2. 61 Total PeCDD 109 70.5 72 . 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD • 6 . 53 6. 14 E.66 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 17.0 12 .8 :4 . 7 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 10. 6 7. 17 6 .57 Total HxCDD 229 162 165 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD 124 9.48 116 Total HpCDD 276 229 242 • Total OCDD 187 182 124 Total PCDD 821 657 *- 6_5 FURANS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 5. 13 3. 02 4.13 Total TCDF 260 173 175 1, 2, 3, T, 8-PeCDF 23.7 17 . 3 2. . 5 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 28.7 20. 4 25. 3 Total PeCDF 321 234 227: 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 39.4 29. 9 23. 9 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 41 . 9 28 . 1 23. 9 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF 11.4 9.55 11 . 9 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 91. 1 71 .0 73 . 2 Total HxCDF 365 256 294 1, 2; 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF 184 167 161 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 35. 9 35.0 33 . 4 Total HpCDF 344 317 325 Total OCDF 300 _ 277 2-1 • Total PCDF 1590 1257 .'92 NOTSS cscm - dry standard cubic meter at 63 F a:._ c:.= a=rcs==ere < indicates below limit of de.ec_i_r. (E^.) -* - Total includes MO Ls ho--. -7-as On' ,-... -'-= _---- . on limit ARB/HL-88-026 :-.27-2 : C B-13 890958 k TABLE B-12 - MASS EMISSION RATES OF TRACE METALS IN STACK GAS MASS EMISSION RATES, POUNOS/MOURa/ RUN NO. As. Cd Cr Fe Fin UI Pb M5-15 0.45E-5 5.90E-4 9.84E-5 2.99E-3 1.14E-4 4 6.71E-5 7.65E-3 M5-25 ND 1 .86E-♦ 4.22E-5 3.12E-3 2.55E-5 <6.09E-5 2.01E-3 k5-35 ND 1 .95E-4 5.20E-5 0.37E-3 1.67E-5 <6.96E-5 2.97E-3 M5-45 NO 2.07E-4 c4.87E-5 0.70E-3 0.31E-4 <7.30E-5 2.34E-3 145-55 NO 6.68E-4 7.30E-5 1 .52E-3 0.80E-4 <9.13E-5 6.31E-3 115-65 0.11E-5 ' 6.85E-4 1.16E-4 1 .06E-2 . 2.55E-4 €7.44E-5 1.23E-2 I/ Symbol (t) indicates below limit of detection. NO Not Determined C-67-050 ABB/ML-88-026 B-14 890958 TABLE B-13 CONCEUTRATIOI,5 OF TRACE hETALS IN STACK GAS, GRAILS/DRY STANDARD CUBIC FOOT!' RUN NO. As Cd Cr Fe l:i Ni Pb N5-15 1 .65E-7 2.18E-5 3.63E-6 1 .10E-4 4.22E-6 a 2.47E-6 2.82E-4 N5-25 ND 7.98E-6 1 .81E-6 1 .34E-4 1 .05E-6 <2.61E-6 8.64E-5 NS-35 ND 7.96E-6 2.12E-6 1 .52E-5 0.68E-6 <2,84E-6 1 .21E-4 145-45 NO 9.13E-6 < 2.19E-6 3.13E-5 1 .40E-6 <3.28E-6 1 .05E-4 NS-55 ND 2.65E-5 2.89E-6 0.60E-4 3.18E-6 <3.62E-6 2.50E-4 115-65 0.43E-7 2.81E-5 4.78E-6 4.33E-4 1.05E-5 3.26E-6 5.05E-4 a/ Symbol (C) indicates below limit of aetection ND Not Determined ARB/ML-88-026 C-87-090 B-15 890958 TABLE B-14 MASS EMISSION RATES OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM CHROMIUM, IRON MANGANESE, NICKEL AND LEAD IN STACK GAS MASS EMISSION RATES, POUNDS/HOUR- a/ RUN NO. AS Cd Cr Fe Mn Ni Pb M5-15 1.5E-05 4.9E-04 4'1.4E-4 4.6E-03 1 .7E-04 492.1E-4 4.1E-03 M5-25 2.9E-05 1.1E-03 < 7.9E-5 5.6E-03 2.8E-04 < 1.2E-4 8.9E-03 M5-35 1.7E-06 5.5E-05 < 6.5E-5 1 .7E-03 9.1E-05 (1 .0E-4 3.7E-03 y Symbol (<) indicates below limit of detection. ARB/1IL-88-026 TABLE B-15 - CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC. CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, IRON, MANGANESE, NICKEL MD LEAD IN STACK GAS CONCENTRATIONS, GRAINS/DRY STANDARD CUBIC FOOTS/ RUN NO. AS Cd Cr Fe Mn Ni Pb M6-1S 3.6E-07 1.2E-05 4:3.3E-6 1.1E-04 4.1E-06 < 5.1E-6 9.8E-05 16-25 6.1E-07 2.3E-OS < 1.7E-6 1.2E-04 6.0E-06 t 2.6E-6 19.1E-05 N5-35 1.7E-07 0.1E-05 4: 1.6E-6 0.4E-04 2.2E-06 <2.4E-6 9.0E-05 a1 Symbol (c) indicates below limit of detection. ARB/ML-88-026 B-16 890958 TABLE B-16 MASS EMISSION RATES OF SELECTED CHLORINATED AND AROMATIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BASED ON ANALYSIS OF RESIN SAMPLES, LB/HR SAMPLE IDI RT-1S 1 RT-2S I RT-3S 1 DATE; 4-28-87 : 4-29-87 1 5-1-87 1 NO. COMPOUND I 1 . DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE I~4.9e-5 1 1 .2e-4 1 7.76-5 2. DICHLOROMETHANE 1 a/ 1 3.98-4 1 a/ I 3. TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE I 8.30-5 1 3.6e-8 1 1 .46-4 4. TRICHLOROMETHANE I a/ I a/ I a/ 5. 1 .2-DICHLOROETHANE I a/ I a/ I a/ , 6. 1 ,1 ,1-TRICHLOROETHANE I 2.4e-4 I 1 .5.-4 1 4.26-4 I 7. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE : a/ : a/ : a/ , S. 1 ,1,2-TRICHLOROETHYLENE ; 5.46-5 I 3.6e-5 1 9.56-.5 I 9. 1 ,2-OIBROMOETI.ANE 1 a/ I a/ : a/ 10. TETRACHLOROETHYLENE I 8.4e-5 1 8.6.-5 I 6.7o-4 1 11 . TRICNLOROTRIFLUOROETHANEI 1 .9e-4 1 1 .20-4 i 8.06-5 I 12. BENZENE ' 3.40-4 I 2.6e-4 I 1 .30-4 I 13. TOLUENE I 5.9.-4 : 5.9e-4 1 4.Se-4 14. ETHYL BENZENE 1 1 .4e-4 I 2.0.-4 I 1 .1s-4 15. P-XYLENE 1 1 .10-4 1 1 .70-4 I 8.7e-5' 1 • 16. M-XYLENE 1 2.7e-4 1 3.8e-4 1 1 .90-4 17. CUMENE I a/ I a/ 0 1 18. 0-XYLENE 1 .50-4 , 2.10-4 1 1 .10-4 1 19. MESITYLENE I 5.1e-S I 7.56-5 I 3.7e-5 I 20. NAPHTHALENE I 7.7.-5 1 a/ 1 5.0e-5 1 I I I 21 . METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE 1 a/ I a/ : a/ 1 • a/ Below minimum detection level . ARB/ML-88-026 C-86-Ot8 B-17 890958 1 • TABLE B-17 • PCDO/PCOF CONCENTRATIONS IN BOTTOM ASH SAMPLE (n9/9) RUN a BA-1S DIOXINS 2,3,7.8-TCDO 40.015 Total TCDD 40.019 1 .2.3,7.8-PeCOD 40.046 Total PICOD 0.018 1 .2,3.4.7.8-HpCDD 4 0.11 1 ,2.3,8,7,8-HpCDD 4 0.11 1 ,2,3,7,8,9-HpCDD 4 0.11 Total HxCOD 0.24 1 ,2,3.4,8,7,8-HpCDD 4 0.17 Total HpCDD 4 0.17 Total OCOD 4 0.23 FURANS 2.3,7,8-TCDF • 4 0.12 Total TCDF 4 1.7 1 ,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.077 2,3.4,7,8-PeCDF 0.059 Total PeCOF 0.73 1 ,2,3.4,7,8-HYCOF 4 0.14 1 ,2.3,8,7,8-HpCDF 4 0.10 1 .2,3,7,8,9-HxCOF 4 0.13 2,3.4,6.7,8-HxCDF 4 0.19 Total HxCDF 0.42 1 ,2,3,4,8,7,8-HpCDF 4 0.17 1 ,2,3.4,7,$,9-HpCDF 4 0.17 Total HpCDF 4 0.17 Total OCOF 4 0.24 • C-86-018 4 Indicates below the detection limit (MDL) ARB/ML-88-026 • B-18 890958 Test Data for the Refuse Incinerator at Stanford University Environmental Safety Facility, Stanford, CA. , California Air Resources Board Test Report, ARB/I4L-88-025. The staff of the California Air Resources board tested the air emissions from a dual chamber Ecolaire refuse incinerator located at the Stanford University Environmental Safety Facility in Stanford, CA. This refuse incinerator has a sodium hydroxide scrubber control system followed by a natural gas fired reheater. These test were conducted from June 29 through July 7, 1987 to determine the emissions from the Stanford refuse incinerator. Test were conducted before (inlet) and after (exhaust) the sodium hydroxide scrubbers. The results of these test are presented in the following tables: • B-19 590958 TABLE B-18 DAILY AVERAGE OPERATING PARAMETERS Trash Natural— Lower Control Control Control Date Rate, Gas Use, Chamber Chamber Chamber Chamber Lb/Hk FW btu/HR Temp. , of Inlet Outlet Outlet Temp. , of Temp. , of Oxygen , Percent 6-30-87 550 4.3 1854 1930 1990 8.6 7-1-87 620 4.3 1964 1998 2059 8.0 7-2-87 725 4.6 1916 1993 2072 7.0 7-7-87 805 4.2 1776 1943 2000 8.8 a/ Natural gas heat, 1000 Btu/FT3 b/ Includes reheater natural gas consumption, 1 .2 NM Btu/HR ARB/ML-88-025 P-zo 890958 WILE $-19 DAILY NEIASE COKE TRATID S OF CCYGEN, CADY DIOXIDE, cam VGIIDE, OXIDES OA NITROGEN, SLLFUR DIOXIDE TESL M'DAaMflI, AARTICLLATE MATTER NC NYDIR10LORIC ACID IN DE STAN SAS ✓ ✓ ✓ b/ b/ be/ hi DATE AN 02 CO2 CO ICI 802 IC IIC1 Mr REEDIT REEDIT RAIN PPM RAIN PAIN POW 6-10-17 1065 1.6 L7 170 170 Ni 160 2.71 7-1.67 - 0.D2/ 10.5 15 CO IN 111 c1 0.5E 7-1-67 0.029 11.5 L0 CO 110 NA 2 1.16 7-7-17 - 5.5 7.0 200 100 IN 2 ✓ TIE 02,CO2 AID CO NW NEE USED TO DETERNIE DE IQFCLUI Oil OF DC STACK MS. 6/ 1101112 NO IC DATA CORRECTED TO 3 PERCENT 02. W TOlt 1MDIOCARION DATA I MO AS PROANE. DIE. In IMDICATEI BELOW DETRITUS LIMIT. MTU ULYMo I110PEINTiwE. C-67-022 ARS/ML-88-025 B-21 890958 TABLE B-20 CONCENTRATIONS AND MASS EMISSION RATES OF PARTICULATE MATTER!/ SCRUBBER STACK •INLET OUTLET PM, gr/DSCF PM, gr/OSCF.,- FRONT BACK FRONT BACK 6-30-87 0.028 0.026 0.037 0.028 7-1-87 0.028 0.020 0.024 0.004 7-2-87 0.053 0.021 0.026 0.003 SCRUBBER STACK INLET OUTLET PM, LB/HR PM, LB/HR FRONT BACK FRONT BACK 6-30-87 0.421 0.393 0.679 0.512 7-1-87 0.475 U.339 0.442 0.079 7-2-87 0.962 0.377 0.495 0.064 a/ FRONT indicates the amount of particulate matter found in the Method 5 probe rinse and filter catch. BACK indicates the amount of particulate matter found in the Method 5 after-filter sample recovery. • C-67-022 ARB/ML-88-025 B-22 890958 TABLE B-21 CONCENTRATIONS AND MASS EMISSION RATES HYDROCHLORIC ACID SCRUBBER STACK INLET OUTLET HC1 , PPMY MC1 , PPMY 6-30-87 628 2.78 7-1-87 538 0.052 7-2-87 759 1 .86 SCRUBBER STACK INLET OUTLET HCI , 18/88 HC1 , LB/HR 6-30-87 7 6,19 0.034 7-1-87 6.01 0.006 7-2-87 9.14 0.024 ARB/ML-88-025 • B-23 890958 TABLE B-22 PCDD/PCDF MASS EMISSION RATES (ng/sec) RUN $ DT-1D DT-1S DT-2D DT-2S Scrubber Stack Scrubber Stack inlet inlet DIOXINS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD < .015 <0.029 0.081 <0.020 Total TCDD . 142 <0.014 1. 924 0.279 1,2, 3,7, 8-PeCDD .044 <0.040 0 .366 <0.099 Total PeCDD .265' <0 .068• 4 .452 1.330 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD .092 <0 . 054 0.350 0. 148 1, 2, 3,.6, 7, 8-HxCDD . 142 <0 . 050 0.445 <0. 195 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD . 156 <0 . 081 0.525 <0 . 144 Total HxCDD . 610 <0 .080 6.519 3.003 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD .866 0 . 179 . 4 . 690 1.716 Total HpCDD .966 0.318 10. 65 4 .227 Total OCDD • 1 . 84 0.497 14 .20 2. 951 Total PCDD 32.82 0. 976 ** 37 .75 11 .79 FURANS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 0. 133 • <0.030 0 . 816 0.214 • Total TCDF 3. 174 <0.037 20.57 4 . 933 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 0.546 <0.025 1 .733 0. 622 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 0.702 <0. 022 1 .779 0.751 Total PeCDF 12.30 <0. 138 28 .71 10 . 08 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 1.200 <0.023 1.933 0 . 987 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 1.232 <0.023 1.894 1 . 137 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF 0.764 <0.028 0 .779 0.343 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 3.243 <0 .026 2 . 926 1.394 Total HxCDF 23. 93 0.043 17.43 9. 008 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDF 21 .73 <0.032 13.31 4 .719 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 2.401 <0.032 1 .097 0.386 Total HpCDF 40 . 19 <0 .032 21 . 08 7 .228 Total OCDF 39. 61 <0.057 13. 14 1 .501 Total PCDF 119 0. 306 ** • 101 32 .75 NOTES < indicates below minimum detection limit (MDL) * - Max:.-um possible emission rate ** - Total includes MDLs for homologues below the detection limit ARB/ML-88-025 C-87-022 B-24 890958 TABLE B-22 PCDD/PCDF MASS EMISSION RATES (ng/sec) RUN $ DT-3D DT-3S DT-4D DT-4S Scrubber Stack Scrubber Stack inlet inlet DIOXINS ' 2, 3,7, 8-TCDD <0.017 <0.010 0.081 <0.045 Total TCDD 0. 975 0 . 176 0. 940 <0.019 1, 2, 3,7, 8-PeCDD 0 .294 <0.026 * 0.517 <0.094 Total PeCDD 5. 956 0. 134 6.365 0.111 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 0.557 <0 . 038 0.705 <0.207 1,2, 3, 6,7, 8-HxCDD 1 .533 <0 .040 1.488 <0 . 188 .1,2,3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 1 .010 <0.033 2.066 <0. 173 Total HxCDD 18 . 67 0 . 329 18 .01 0.357 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD 20.85 0 .576 18.36 0.244 Total HpCDD 41 .75 1 .129 38 .37 0. 613 Total OCOD ' 75.53 2. 986 59. 67 0. 902 • Total PCDD 142 . 9 4 . 115 123 .4 2.001 •* FURANS 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDF 0 .434 0 .026 0.798 <0. 109 • Total TCDF 16. 18 0.470 22.18 1 .296 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 1.376 <0 . 028 .2. 867 <0.096 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 1 . 637 0.047 . 3. 987 <0 .060 Total PeCDF 27 .78 0.230 47.22 0 .451 1, 2, 3, 4,7, 8-HxCDF 2 .351 0.056 6. 155 <0 .244 1, 2, 3, 6,7, 8-HxCDF 2.299 <0.075 6.703 <0 .225 1,2, 3, 7,8, 9-HxCDF 1 .550 <0. 066 4 . 730 <0.319 2, 3, 4, 6,7, 8-HxCDF 4 .702 <0.061 14 .34 <0 .301 Total HxCDF 51. 95 0 . 193 84.32 1 . 018 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF 64 . 96 0.329 84 .28 0.789 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 4 .789 <0.031 8 .050 0.051 Total HpCDF 107 .2 0.494 • 136. 1 1 .071 Total OCDF 93 . 18 0. 174 125. 9 0 .490 Total PCDF 296. 3 1 .561 415.7 4 . 327 NOTES < indicates below limit of detection (MDL) * - Chemical interference ** - Total includes MDLs for homologues below the detection limit ARB/ML-88-025 B-25 C-87-022 89(0958 at _ _ TABLE B-23 PCDD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS IN GAS (ng/dscm corrected to 12% CO ) 2 RUN i DT-1D DT-1S DT.2D DT-2S Scrubber Stack Scrubber Stack inlet inlet DIOXINS 2,3,7, 8-TCDD <0. 034 <0.062 0.210 <0.042 Total TCDD 0 . 330 <0.029 4: 973 0.589 1,2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 0 . 102 <0 .085 0.945 <0.208 Total PeCDD 0. 616 <0.144 11.51 2. 808 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 0.214 <0.115 0.904 . 0.313 1,2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 0 .330 <0. 106 1 .151 <0.412 1, 2, 3,7, 8, 9-HxCDD 0 .363 <0.174 1.356 <0.303 . Total HxCDD 6.070 <0.171 16.85 6.342 1, 2,3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDD 8. 993 0 .383 12.13 3. 624 Total HpCDD• 18 .53 0. 677 27.54 8. 928 Total OCDD • 50.80 1.060 36.71 6.233 Total PCDD 76.35 2.081 ** 97.58 24 . 90 FURANS 2, 3,7, 8-TCDF 0.308 * <0.065 2. 109 0.453 Total TCDF 7.383 <0.079 53. 19 10.42 1,2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 1.269 <0.053 4 .480 1 .314 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 1 .632 <0.047 4 .599 1.585 Total PeCDF 28.61 <0.294 74 .23 21.29 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 2.792 <0 .050 4.998 2.084 1,2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 2.865 <0.050 4 . 895 2.401 1,2,3,7, 8, 9-HxCDF 1.777 <0.059 2.014 0.725 2, 3,4, 6,7, 8-HxCDF 7.542 <0.056 7.563 2 . 944 Total HxCDF 55.66 0.091 45.05 19.02 1,2,3, 4, 6,7, 8-HpCDF 50.55 <0.068 34.57 9. 965 1, 2, 3, 4,7, 8, 9-HpCDF 5.584 <0.068 2.836 0.815 Total HpCDF 93.48 <0.068 54.50 15.27 Total OCDF 92. 14. <0. 121 33.96 3. 171 Total PCDF 277 0. 653 ** 261 69. 17 • NOTES dscm - dry standard cubic meter at 68 F and one atmosphere < indicates below minimum detection limit (MDL) * - Maximum possible concentration ** - Total includes MDLs for'homologues below the detection limit ARB/III-88-025 B-26 890958 C-87-022 mmr • TABLE B-23 • PCDD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS (nq/dscm corrected to 12% CO ) . 2 RUN B DT-3D DT-3S .p'f-4D DT-4S Scrubber Stack Scrubber Stack ' inlet inlet • DIOXINS 2, 3,7, 8-TCDD <0 .035 <0.018 0.161 <0 .075 Total TCDD 2 . 092 0.323 1 . 860 <0 .031 1,2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 0 . 631 <0.047 * 1.023 <0. 157 Total PeCDD 12 .77 0.245 12 .60 0.185 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 1 . 195 <0.069 1 .395 <0 .345 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 3.287 <0 . 073 2. 945 <0.313 1,2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 2 . 166 <0.060 4 .090 <0 .288 'Total HxCDD 40 .04 0. 603 - 35. 66 0 .595 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD . 44 .71 1 .054 36.34 0.407 Total HpCDD 89.53 2.066 75. 96 1. 022 Total 0CHD • 162 . 0 5.466 118.1 1.504 Total PCDD • 306.4 7.532 244 .2 3.34 ** FURANS 2, 3,7, 8-TCDF 0 . 930 0.047 1 .581 <0 . 182 * Total TCDF 34.70 0.861 43.91 2. 16 1, 2, 3,7, 8-PeCDF 2. 951 <0.052 5. 677 <0. 160 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 3.511 0.086 7. 894 <0. 100 Total PeCDF 59.58 0.422 93.48 0 .75 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 5. 042 0. 103 12. 18 <0 .407 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 4 . 930 <0.138 13.27 <0.376 1,2, 3, 7,8, 9-HxCDF 3.324 <0.121 _ 9.363 <0 .533 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 10.08 <0.112 28.40 <0.501 Total HxCDF 111 .4 0.353 166. 9 1 .70 1,2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF 139. 3 0.603 166.8 1.316 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 10.27 <0.056 15. 94 0.085 Total HpCDF 230. 1 0.904 269.4 1 .79 Total OCDF 199. 8 0.318 249. 3 0. 818 • Total PCDF 636 2 . 858 823 7 .22 NOTES o dscm - dry standard cubic meter at 68 F and one atmosphere < indicates below limit of detection (MDL) * - Chemical interference ** - Total includes MDLs for homologues below the detection limit ARB M-88-025 C-87-022 B-27 890958 TABLE B-24 MASS EMISSION RATES OF SELECTED METALS IN THE STACK GAS MASS EMISSION RATES, POUNDS/HOUR RUN NO. Cd Cr Fe Mn Ni Pb As Cr*6 M5-1S 4.24E-4 7.96E-5 12.04E-3 1.11E-4 47.37E-5 1.51E-2 NO - 2S 3.46E-4 8.30E-5 1.25E-3 0.51E-4 <7.88E-5 1 .47E-2 NO - 3S 6.71E-4 9.94E-5 3.49E-3 1 .12E-4 c8.11E-5 1 .78E-2 ND - 10 2.6111-4 6.86E-5 U.93E-3 0.53E-4 45.41E-5 0.53E-2 ND - 2D 6.74E-4 9.47E-5 1 .16E-3 0.55E-4 <4.18E-5 1 .55E-2 ND - 30 10.63E-4 16.29E-5 1.48E-3 1 .27E-4 <4.78E-5 2.55E-2 NU - HC1-1S - - - - 2.24E-5 25 - - - - 1U.47E-5 3S - - - - - - - 12.23E-5 10 - - - - - - 7.69E-5 2D - - - - - < 1 .04E-5 3D - - - - - - 6.83E-5 a/ Symbol (<) indicates below limit of detection. b/ NO indicates none detected. C-87-022 ARB/ML-88-O25 B-28 590958 1 TABLE B-25 CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS IN THE STACK GAS CONCENTRATION GRAINS/DRY STANDARD CUBIC FOOT/ RUN NO. Cd Cr Fe Mn Ni Pb As Cr+6 M5-15 2.28E-5 4.28E-6 6.47E-4 5.97E-6 43.96E-6 8.13E-4 NO - -2S 1 .88E-5 4.52E-4 0.68E-4 2.80E-6 c4.29E-6 7.98E-4 NO - -35 3.46E-5 5.13E-6 1 .80E-4 5.79E-6 04.18E-6 9.19E-4 ND - -ID 1 .75E-5 4.61E-6 0.62E-4 3.59E-6 <3.64E-6 3.56E-4 ND - -20 4.00E-5 5.62E-6 0.69E-4 3.27E-6 c2.48E-6 9.21E-4 ND - -3D 5.86E-5 8.98E-6 0.82E-4 J.01E-6 4;2.59E-6 14.03E-4 ND - HC1-1S - - - - - - - 1.35E-6 -2S - - - - - - - - 5.42E-6 -aS - - - - - - - 6.05E-6 -10 - - - - - - - 5.17E-6 -2D - - - - - - 4:0.62E-6 -30 - - - - - - - 3.76E-6 a/ Symbol ( c) indicates below limit of detection. b/ ND indicates none detected. C-87-022 ARB/ML-88-025 B-29 890958 • • a..-.o .- 00 -.0 000 080 .. 0 OW 00000 00000 00000 0000 0 • 11 V W W W W W W W W W W WWWWW WWWWW W UJ W I WN ...0 . TOT Tf+-N •UM T.UtVN •u R . H 1 .•rmul — .-ONMN ONT .-. 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TABLE B-27 PCDD/PCDF CONCENTRATIONS IN BOTTOM ASH AND SCRUBBER EFFLUENT a/ SAMPLE No. B-1 B-2 8-3 S-1 S-2 S-3 nq/Q _ ng/0, n9/9 np/L ng/L ng/L DIOXINS 2,3,7,8-TODD <0.015 <0.034 Total TODD 2.4 <0.074 0.25 < 0.57 < 4.0 < 0.70 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD <0.055 * <0.045 Total PeCDD 2.6 < 0.45 0. 15 < 0.96 < 3.7 < 2.3 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD <0.076 <0.059 1 ,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD <0.091 <0.059 1,2,3,7,8,9-i oD <0.060 * <0.059 Total FbcDD 0.27 < 0.41 0. 16 < 1.3 < 1.6 < 2.0 1,2,3,4,6,7,0-HpCDD 0.61 Total HpCDD 1.4 < 0.48 <0.095 * < 1.3 < 6.3 < 3.2 Total OCDD 0.76 < 0.24 < 0. 14 < 2.4 < , 4.0 < 3.5 - -ital PCDD 7.43 0.56 FURANS 2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.20 Total TCDF 2.5 < 0. 18 < 0. 14 • < 0.92 < 1.7 < 0.68 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.23 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.20 Total PsCDF 2.3 < 0.27 <0.060 • < 1.3 < 2.2 < 1.9 1,2,3+4,7,8-HxCDF 0.24 1,2,3,6,7,8-HSCDF 0.20 2,3,4,6,7,0 IWCDF <0.077 1,2,3,7,8,9-HMCDF 0.46 Total HtCDF 3. 1 < 0.24 <0.038 * < 0.59 < 1.3 < 0.77 1,2,3,4,6,7,0-HpCDF 1.5 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF < 0. 16 • Total HpCDF 2. 1 < 0.29 <0.081 < 0.96 < 4.4 < 3.4 Total OCDF 0.72 < 0. 17 <0.068 < 2.3 < 5.6 < 3.7 Total PCDF 10.72 Symbol (<) indicates below limit of detection Symbol (•) indicates chemical interference C-87-022 a/ B- indicates bottom ash sample S- indicates scrubber effluent sample ARB/ML-88-025 B-31 ,i0958 son-ten REPORT DOCUMENTATION 1. a2►°NT NO. 2. 3. aaetseNt'e Aeumbn Ns. PAGE EPA 450/3-88-017 • Tai nod Subtitle a Repast Oslo Hospital Waste Combustion Study - Data Gathering Phase, December 1988 Final Report 7. Aster(s) a Perfuming OrganieMMn Olen Na. DCN 88-239-001-30-12 a PerMrnia oepntndsn Nem and Address u NalaeaRasa/77e,b Unit Nit Work Radian Corporation Assignment Nos. 30 & 40 P.O. Box 13000 11. CentraeNC) er Grunt(O) N,• Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 to 68-02-4330 (a) 12. d0snsanne Orgeniastien Nerve sad Address U. Type of NeasR a Period CommRayburn M. Morrison, Project Officer April 1987 to Pollutant Assessment Branch, Emission Standards Division,OAQPS August 1988 US Environmental Protection Agency 14. Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 LL au_Plsrnards.7 Notes U. Abstract art 200 mega) This report contains the results of a study of air emissions from hospital waste combustion. These results will allow the EPA to assess the need for and feasibility of regulating multipollutant emissions from hospital waste combustion. Information vas gathered from State and local environmental agencies, equipment vendors, the open technical literature, the American Hospital Association, and visits to three incineration facilities. Information was sought concerning feed-characteristics, :ombustor designs and operating characteristics, emissions of air pollutants, applied and potential control technology, numbers and locations of hospital waste combustors, and applicable regulations. A final draft report was widely circulated by EPA/OAQPS for review and comments. Comments received were evaluated and incorporated into this report where appropriate. The report provides a description of the industry and characterization of hospital waste, information about the processes and equipment used for hospital waste combustion, data concerning air pollutants emitted from hospital waste incinerators and their formation in the combustion process, a discussion of air pollution control techniques and possible control efficiencies, a summary of regulations affecting hospital waste combustion and model plants for EPA's use in assessing regulatory strategies. 17. tlswrnat Asags. a. Oasnylms Hospital incineration, air emissions, particulate emissions, dioxins, metal emissions, organic emissions, acid gas emissions, ESP, scrubber, fabric filters. • l .. OP-;ndod Terms Hospital waste combustion, incineration, infectious/medical waste, air pollution, combustion, air emission, air pollution control equipment, air pollution control standards. A. C0MO NUd/u,eup att.......4 11 aewnl7 Cow Rods Newt) 21. Na of Pages aL aaana7 Om(TMs Page) U. Price See esesi b.14 se. Aeetrentrun- aeeww OPTIONAL POONA Zn(4-77) Orr"NT)a-35) PaCidicCo . _ eipar'""'"weawrneres efnientaiionedeAwess glasetnch Valitywermn 5908 McINTYRE STREET•GOLDEN,COLORADO 80403 PHONE(303)279-2581 •TELEX 754211 FAX(303)279-8831 June 8, 1989 23 147.3 aa•� Mr. Abe Vasquez Public Health Engineer Air Quality Control Division .,? , ?.?;:,;\A 3773 Cherry Creek Drive North Suite 300 Denver, CO 80222 Dear Mr. Vasquez: Per our discussions over the past few days, International Process Research Corp (INTERPRO) has recalculated the retention time in the rotary kiln proposed for the bio-medical waste incineration facility in Weld County. We agree that using the calculation method used by the State that a secondary chamber is required to meet the 2-second gas retention time proposed by the State. We, therefore, will add a 2-foot diameter by 30-foot long secondary chamber to the kiln. The chamber may be placed under the rotary kiln for operation. With regard to your question as to the controls on the baghouse, we have temperature monitors on the scrubber discharge and bag- house inlet that alert the operators to temperature changes in the system so that proper adjustments in the gas stream can be made to protect the system and the discharge to the stack. I hope this answers the questions we discussed. If we can be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to call. Respectfully, _ � ti G. F. Chlumsky President GFC:jl £• 4 rt }APPead".($.' t"' i r't 414 *4 ;,4-y is, '.a -0 M rc+aW'lTfigyt{d7,- f1 7'x.1,.^f` 'T AAA%W. *efts:%'rvd, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION , - vl PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS APPLICANT'S NAME:// 7) i ` . -- 'r/ "PERMIT NUMBER: - C ,1O/6 / 4n"`' '' -1 REVIEW ENGINEER: al196,, lo ' DATE: i9 � CONTROL ENGINEER: PAGE _ of 1 /7 ✓CEGYJ J/i4t Gf ,r`rid/7 ' '/7.P'4- / %v n? 2 '�- '_. / /t / i �; /C f m 0.41. C6 6lC . 04(a ( / rte 6/ / / 1(( , t r.'I rci k , 2 /, ,J ,/ r c �-,4;, r^- = 1/ �i. , . ; 'Nt( P 4 It !/ f - J' tr /r fD G� I- 1/4_ {2 : r,� 1 P /Lf 7r / L / /r L4 C /1!i ) U 7 h_ //" `( / ( / / /' IL J> J /17^1 _R // (20( 4/: 0( f'� if 1 '� .Lif'�'� Ail& l ccy , -r.., J t /.i it/// / / /of: /= <<.A-7411 - -- F. ( i ,`-1 / — `- — — — —u d Al• /v-' CI-L Q7-t, �7 rte- /// � 40_ v",u.�U Ge, C,t• L ' . 1(-AZ / cat,ze, !L /g 1h/f %' , ` a'"/ = 71/....t Qe ` Lae_ xi e.loge fit Appendix G . t . i -ii; -/✓� ) ./1 /.ij Cs l' Z/{/.�-e.cir ( C 41.t�IFi //%//G,--�9� C (2/r--A.:14_. 4`+ /J:'. -J i'✓ :,'`v." ..�:?t..r,.':L ^• .tom ' 1 CJ 6i di -- 1 . -I -/ i �/� a 890959 JACK D. LAUBER, P.E.-D.A.A.E.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER 53 FAIRLAWN DRIVE August 12 , 1969LATHAM, NEW YORK 12110 Yettg I_ . Smith {518) 785-4908 c,i o Canterbury Travels Ltd . /600 Broadway suite 1570 denver• Co 8020E Dear Ms . Smith . I have reviewed the Wixco Ltd . Commercial biomedical waste incineration permit application and environmental reports that you have sent to me and offer the following comments ; which are solely my own independent professional engineering comments; and not those of any governmental agency . My professional resume is also enclosed for your reference . J agree that the report case#U5R-842 is technically vague in regard to the Following: 6 . The applicant believes that the incinerator ash is not hazardous; that may be true For perhaps incinerator bottom ash , but it is not true for incinerator flyash , which is usually quite high in lead and cadmium content . The ash from the wet scrubber and the baghouse air cleaning components , should he stabilized with lime or Portland cement , and made non hazardous prior to disposal ; it should be preferentially recycled into concrete products as a primary disposal option , in lieu of being landf i.11ed , which is undesirable . .9 . The radiological counter monitoring instrument should also be connected to an audible alarm, and should also be interlocked with the waste Feed to automatically shut off :i;asLe feed to the incinerator kiln if any radioactive waste is found . B . Triis section should specify 8ACT incineration conditions as ner table IA of my June 1989 paper enclosed, and as per �;fhe specif. is conditions set Forth in the Colorado Dept . of Health permit no .BBJF: 161 (pages E-Li) i .' . f-+ specification of no more than 5% Fixed carbon in the residue should be specified to insure complete incineration r)`. the wastes to be burned . "6 . fhe applicant should agree to provide automatic waste Feed interlock controls as recommended in my table IA, BACT requirements , and the Colorado Dept . of Health 's permit :onri i t i nns#:3a , b . addition to controlling fugitive odors the applicant should cerify' that they will also control fugitive smoke emissions from the rotary kiln incinerator to a no visible smoke emission standard ; and will also meet a 10: opacity stack. emission standard . wi;;co Services Engineering Design and Operation report y ' r. Start up and operation conditions should be specified at 53 .9% combustion efficiency to meet the Colorado Health Dept . 100 ppm Carbon ; ionoxide emission standard . =i . 6 . 2 Shutdown conditions should also include the Colorado Health uept . permit conditions For incinerator temperature and CU emissions ; i .e .i .e , 11900I-' and 150 ppm CO . 890958 Appendix H 3 . 5 . 3 Staff Training should specify that the incinerator operator should be properly trained, as per the Forthcoming A511E hazardous waste incineration operator training course or equivalent . Appendix A- Air Quality Permit Application Rotary kiln incinerator-operation at 1600F, 2 seconds residence time @99 .9% combustion efficiency should be specified in order to meet Colorado Health Dept . permit requirements 3-5, 12, 13, etc . Dust feed calculations are presented . However the worst case design should be specified at 99% control efficiency , not 90'x; and capable of meeting 0 .01gr/dscf paticulate emissions @j%Dxygen, which is BACT, best available control technology . There are no emission calculations for controlling HC1 hudrochioric acid gas emissions . the air cleaning system should be capable of 90%HC1 control or 30ppm HC1 , as required by the Colorado Health Dept . permit conditions . Specifically , the applicant should demonstrate that they can control an HCl emission of 60 pounds per ton of waste, which has been established from worst case emission tests at a Canadian commercial hospital waste incinerator in Quebec last year . They should insure that theta will provide enough lime absorbent in their scrubbing solution , above the stoichiometric limits for a 60 lb HCliton of waste Feed rate . The air cleaning system is shown as a Ducon UW4 model 111 wet scrubber , Followed by a baghouse operated @250F, which is an appropriate gas temperature . However the applicant should insure that the baghouse will be properly insulated for the worst case winter conditions, so that no water vapor will condense on the Filter bags, and that the exhaust gases will alwUays be above the dewpoint for proper operation of the baghouse at all times . The 15% moisture value shown in the permit application is questionable for a gas stream following a wet scrubber; it is believed to be much higher, and almost cuciy saturated . This is an important matter , since baghouse i i ters must, always he at above dewpoint conditions to fre'Jeni.. condensation piuggage . Ash disposal . The statement on page 2 that the ash is non hazareous is not [:cue for FJ.yash as previously discussed ; pr.rY sirens For proper stabilization of the ash with lime or camen snoui.d be made prior to ash disposal . Colorado IJept . of Health Emission Permit no . BBJE161 I .a visible emissions should be specified at 10% opacity as b . t nrt icu.late emissions should meet 0 . 01 gr/dscf as BACT as per table lA of my recommended BACT incineration cnndit.ions 3 . the waste feed shutoff conditions are good . However it is 890958 preferable to lower the 15 minute time period to no more than i or 2 minutes for incineration temperature dropping below 1800F ; to minimize the potential of toxic air emissions . especiallq , dioxins and furans, PCDD/PCDF 's . 10-13 are excellent BALT control provisions . I must commend the Colorado Health Deot .for being up to date with certain state or the art EWA emission standards . These are excellent air pollution control provisions . i'1 . Include a no visible emission fugitive emission provision here, which is necessary For rotary kiln incinerators, that can leak smoke at the kiln seals; as in hazardous waste incinerator permits. i`.i . Operator training . Also require that the operator attend an approved incinerator training course such as the proposed SHE hazardous waste incinerator operator course . I hope that these comments are useful in assuring that the proposed facility will be properly operated and controlled to minimize air pollution . Sincerely ter- /r Tack D . .i aub , . �•.. of s oN O kL • tjfi .P.CX* **4; ? 7 tea..,' .. .. 4268 •r�TC op-µe4 890956 BEST AVAILABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR REGIONAL HOSPITAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE COINCINERATION Jack D. Lauber, P.E. D.A.A.E.E. Presented at: Israel Ecological Society 4th International Conference June 4, 1989 Jerusalem, Israel The opinions expressed in this paper are those solely of the author. 890958 ABSTRACT Data from on site municipal and hospital waste incinerators shows the potential release of toxic dioxins, heavy metals, and acid gases as air pollutants.' Hospital incinerator dioxin/furan emissions have been reported to be several orders of magnitude greater per unit of waste burned, than emissions from municipal incinerators.2 Existing hospital waste incinerators are particularly troublesome because of the high content of chlorinated plastics in the waste. This creates a far greater potential for dioxin and acid gas emissions, which have been confirmed by the USEPA.3 The application of "Best Available Control Technology" (BACT), similar to that required for hazardous waste incinerators, will effectively control hospital waste incinerator emissions., Several states are proposing to regulate biomedical waste incineration similar to hazardous waste incineration. It may be difficult or uneconomical to apply BACT incineration and air cleaning technology to certain small hospital incinerators; the only solution may be to encourage the use of larger, more efficient, regional biomedical waste incinerators. Communities will also need multi-functional, regional disposal systems to dispose of other wastes, such as household hazardous wastes, tires and other commercial wastes. Such wastes, together with infectious waste, can be safely disposed of in efficient, multi-stage, regional hospital waste incinerators. Regional hospital hazardous waste incinerators can also generate steam and electricity, which will also lower exhaust gas temperatures to air cleaning equipment, enhancing the removal of heavy metals and dioxins. 890958 Introduction We are now faced with a crisis in disposing of all of our wastes municipal, hospital and hazardous wastes. However, all of these problems are interrelated; the basic theories of hazardous waste thermal destruction apply to both municipal and hospital waste incineration, and the lessons of controlling hazardous waste incineration can apply to all types of waste incineration; since both municipal and hospital wastes often contain hazardous components in the waste feed or can generate hazardous combustion by products in the incinerator gases. What are our Solid Wastes Composed of? We live in a complex society, therefore our solid wastes are heterogeneous mixtures of many things, food wastes, paper, metals, and complex plastic resins of many types, including PVC plastics, that contain chlorine. Waste batteries and electrical components can add heavy metals, i.e., cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, etc. and even PCB's to our wastes. Discarded household cleaners, pharmaceutical products, garden chemicals, and pesticides, further add hazardous components to our wastes. Photographic product wastes also contain complex chemicals and toxic metals. Hospital wastes also contain high levels of chlorinated plastics, waste pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and some low level radioactive waste diagnostic isotopes. What Factors Influence the Proper Combustion of Wastes? Combustion has been known since our ancestors discovered fire; time, temperature, and turbulence, the three T's of combustion are the prime factors governing how well a fuel or waste can be burned. This may appear simple, but we still do not fully understand all the complex chemical reactions that can occur in fire. However, there is much practical knowledge about the proper burning of various wastes, and the destruction of waste components. The primary objective of waste incineration is to provide suitable oxygen and temperature to convert the combustible components into carbon dioxide and water vapor, and to minimize unwanted products of incomplete combustion. It is generally accepted in the scientific community that 1000C or 1800F is a sufficiently high temperature to achieve 99.99% or greater destruction of the most difficult chlorinated compounds, such as PCB's, dioxins and furans, if sufficient oxygen is supplied and mixed properly with the combustible materials.4 A good index of combustion effectiveness available today is the measurement of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions; which only has recently been applied to large scale hazardous and municipal solid waste MSW incinerators,t.s and which has not been yet used to monitor most smaller waste incinerators. However, while there appears to be a general trend of low hydrocarbon and trace toxic emissions such as dioxins with low carbon monoxide emissions and high combustion efficiency, no exact relationship between these parameters appears to exist, because there are other more complex factors that are not well understood. However, authorities have generally concluded that high combustion efficiency operation (less than 100 ppm CO) of MSW incinerators will minimize the emission of dioxins and other trace toxic organics, similar to the destruction of PCB's in hazardous waste incinerators and high efficiency boilers."'s Though combustion controls can prevent formation of excessive amounts of gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, maintaining sufficient temperatures and oxygen and mixing conditions will probably not destroy all the dioxins, since absolute control over furnace conditions at all times has not yet been demonstrated.4'r The batch charging of wastes can 890958 often cause momentary combustion upsets generating toxic dioxin-type emissions, especially in single stage excess air type MSW and hospital waste incinerators. Multiple stage (3 and 4 stage) controlled air incinerators however, can be better operated and controlled.' Recent studies of hazardous waste incineration upset conditions show that only a very small fraction of the total volume of the waste needs to experience less than optimum combustion *conditions to result in sizeable deviations from the targeted destruction efficiencies. The poor destruction efficiency of this small fraction effectively controls the overall destruction efficiency of the entire waste volume.5 Similar analogies can be found in municipal and hospital waste incinerators. There are basically two modes of destruction of hazardous orsganic chemicals by incineration, in the gas phase; direct flame and thermal (non-flame). Laboratory studies have shown that even relatively small excursions from ideal combustion conditions can drop measured flame destruction efficiencies from greater than 99.9% to as low as 90% or less.5 Poor turbulent mixing of incinerator gases, flow channeling in afterburner chambers, and quenching by excessive amounts air, or by contact with a cool surface, are major waste incinerator upset parameters that can lead to the formation of trace toxic contaminants, such as dioxins and furans.5 An Overview of Waste Incineration Air Contaminants Particulates Particulates that can be emitted from MSW, hospital, hazardous and other types of incinerators are small solid particles or aerosols that can range in size from less than one micrometer (micron) to hundreds of microns; consisting of carbon, silica, alumina, sulfates, etc. combined with heavy metals, acids, trace organics and other pollutants.7'9 Particulates have been shown to be harmful to human health; especially the ultra fine, submicron particles, which often contain adsorbed toxic substances, such as heavy metals `and organics. These very fine particles can reach the alveoli of our lungs, and are believed to be responsible for chronic health effects.? The control of submicron particles is a very important aspect of waste incineration, because many waste incinerators typically generate particulates in the sub micron size ranges. It is generally recognized that electrostatic precipitators have a window where control efficiency for 0.5 micron particulates can drop considerable, about 5% or more, compared to fabric filters whose control efficiency is generally greater than 99% for sub micron particles.4.r Wet scrubbers of the ventury type can also control small particle emissions, but at much higher pressure drops, usually at greater than 20 inches of water pressure. Acid Gases Acid gases are generated primarily from sulfur and chlorine in wastes; there are also other types of acids that can be formed in MSW, but they are minor compared to the primary sulfur and chlorine containing acid gases, where sulfur dioxide can ')e converted to sulfuric acid, and chlorine in waste forms hydrochloric acid, HCI. There are three main concerns about acid gas emissions; localized acid gas corrosive and health effects, contribution to regional acid rain problems, and enhancement of the toxic effects of heavy metals. Hydrochloric acid is very corrosive, and in some cases HCI emissions from MSW incinerators have caused direct localized corrosive effects. There is also documentation of similar acid attack on buildings in Europe,4 and acid attack on vegetation from hospital incinerators.9 HCL can also cause irritation to the eyes, and the respiratory system; and additional health 890958 effects from the inhalation of fine particles laden with such acids which are capable of lodging deep in the lungs.7 We are familiar with the problems of acid rain, which are generally caused by sulfuric and nitric acids, which form from power plant, large mass burn MSW incinerators, and automotive emissions; however HCL, while not emitted in as large quantities as SO2 or NO., is a much stronger acid; and highly corrosive HCl acid has mists having 18-20% HCl content and a pH of about 2, can form from MSW and hospital waste incinerator emissions.10 Most progressive states are now requiring 90% control for HC1 emissions from new MSW incinerators, and commercial biomedical waste incinerators.2S Hazardous waste incinerators require 99% control or 4 lb/hr (1.8Kg) emissions of HC1, or less, as per USEPA RCRA hazardous waste incineration regulations.8,11 Toxicologists know that heavy metals, while toxic by themselves, are far more toxic in the presence of acid gases, since they become more soluble in body fluids. Thus the combination of add gases and heavy metals can result in enhanced synergistic health effects that are now well known.' The levels of plastics in our waste streams are increasing and comprise about 20% of hospital wastes.2,9 Acid gas emissions from hospital incinerators have been reported up to 6 times that of municipal incinerators; e.g. 60 lb/ton, on a weight per ton basis, and often range above 1,000 ppm HC1.12 USEPA RCRA Hazardous waste regulations require that HCI be controlled by 99% or to 4 lbs per hour; yet most hospital waste incinerators can exceed this limit by wide margins.' New USEPA risk assessment guidance now recommends meeting a 15 ug/m3 annual ambient average, and a 150 ug/m3 short term ambient level for HCI.e Dioxins, Furans Polychlorinated dioxins and furans are regarded as some of the most toxic man made substances; dioxins have been reported to be 500 times more toxic than strychnine, and 10,000 times more potent than cyanide; there is also a fear of a long term malignant effect, which has not yet been proven. Dioxins and furans are thought to be formed as a result of poor combustion, by complex reactions involving the pyrolysis and combustion of PVC plastics, chlorophenols and benzenes; and lignin and chlorine, which are ubiquitous in municipal and biomedical wastes.7'9 New evidence suggests that dioxins and furans can be formed at lower temperatures by the catalytic action of metals in the ash on dioxin precursors, such as chlorobenzenes.2,ls,2o Canadian experts have cited improper waste incineration as one of the largest sources of dioxins emitted into our environment.l,9 The Swedish government previously placed a moratorium on the construction of new MSW incinerators, because of recent evidence of widespread dioxins in their environment; believed to be coming from existing waste incinerators, many of which lack proper controls. This Moratorium did not mean that Sweden had no faith in incineration technology, rather they were awaiting the evaluation of new BACT technology, and better environmental standards.14 The Swedish government later lifted this moratorium after recommending very stringent dioxin standards of 0.5-2.0 ng/dscm of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD equivalents for existing MSW incinerators, and 0.1 ng/dscm for new sources.14 While the poor combustion of MSW has significant potential to form dioxins, the improper combustion of hospital wastes for example, has a much greater dioxin/furan emission potential, because the plastic content of "Red Bag" infectious hospital wastes is about 5 times greater than MSW.1 The chlorine content of hospital wastes is increasing and is about an order of magnitude greater than MSW, or about 5%. The PVC plastic content of hospital wastes has been found to be about 10% in recent studies of red bag infectious wastes.1s Most PVC plastics have about 58% chlorine content. Many experts believe that existing 89O956 hospital waste incinerators, which are mainly poorly controlled, are emitting more toxic emissions than hazardous waste incinerators that comply with USEPA, RCRA regu la ti ons.9,11,1s,17 Dioxin and furan emissions from previously tested hazardous waste incinerators are generally an order of magnitude less than such emissions from MSW incinerators.18 This may be because all hazardous waste incinerators are required to operate at high combustion efficiencies of 99.9% and have scrubbers to control acid gases, that also condense and remove dioxins; unlike many conventional MSW incinerators. Dioxins and furans behave like PCB's and will condense onto fine particles at temperatures of 300 F or less in air cleaning systems.l,7'9' 0 Starved air semi pyrolysis mode multi stage controlled air incinerators may also have far less dioxin emitting potential because of in situ ammonia formation in the primary combustion chamber which is a scavenger for halogens. Ammonium chloride has been found in the scrubber effluent of an RDF starved air gasifier which had negligible dioxin emissions.19 German researchers have also concluded that ammonia formation in pyrolytic incinerators could account for low or negligible dioxin emissions from such systems.20 Periodic combustion upsets or transient puffs, that often occur in MSW mass burn incinerators, and batch fed hospital incinerators, upon charging of wastes, may be responsible for the majority of dioxin and furan emissions. This appears to have happened in the Fresno California hospital incinerator tests,21 where significant dioxin/furan emissions were found, although overall combustion efficiency was high (99.9%). Combustion tests of batch fed hospital incinerators show erratic, high carbon monoxide emissions during charging. Recent USEPA studies of transient incinerator puffs appear to verify this conclusion.22 Heavy metals such as Cu, Fe, Zn, and their halides, can act as catalysts to form dioxins and furans from chlorinated benzene and chlorophenol precursors, as shown in Figure 1.14 Also reacting at lower temperatures, leaving the furnace.12,20 Heavy Metal Emissions We previously discussed the complexity of our wastes and the presence of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, etc. from batteries and electrical scrap; which form toxic metal fumes when incinerated; some of these toxic metals, like arsenic and cadmium, are also believed to be carcinogenic. Likewise, hospital wastes may also contain some toxic, radioactive metallic compounds, and lead, that are also present in fine, submicron particles in incinerator emissions. It is believed the heavy metal emissions can be highly variable, and may pose chronic, long term health effects; the enhanced toxic effects of heavy metals and acid gas emissions should be further studied. Like dioxins, studies of heavy metal emissions have revealed that a reduction in the exhaust gas stream temperatures will result in increased condensation of these contaminants onto fine particles where they can be effectively removed, such as by a fabric filter.s,10 Some heavy metals, such as chromium, can form volatile oxychlorides with increasing waste chlorine content and can have enhanced toxicity, as in the case of hexavalent chromium incinerator emissions, with high chlorine wastes. The safe level of Cr VI, at 1 x 10-g cancer risk, derived from USEPA unit risk cancer factors is 8.3 x 10-6 ug/m3, annual ambient averages Thus carcinogenic metals appear to drive, or greatly influence health risk assessments for hospital/hazardous waste incinerators. Hospital Biomedical Waste Incinerators and Hazardous Waste Incinerator - Toxic Emissions The author became interested in toxic emissions from hospitals, after observing an old hospital incinerator in Jerusalem, Israel years ago.° This incinerator had been a problem 890958 for many years and was reported to be burning a waste having a high plastic content. It was logical to connect new knowledge about dioxins and the burning of plastics in MSW incinerators to hospital waste incinerators. Most hospital incinerators are of the older excess air design, and relatively few hospital waste incinerators are equipped with scrubbers to control acid gases, heavy metals and dioxin emissions.1 Most 'uncontrolled hospital incinerators can have dioxin emissions at least 100 times or more that of a properly controlled hazardous waste incinerator.2,1e,17 The New York State Legislative Solid Waste Commission has documented numerous cases of mismanagement of infectious wastes in New York, and may improperly operated hospital incinerators.23 The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has further evaluated this problem and is now regulating these incinerators similar to hazardous waste incineration; also requiring that all such incinerators have air cleaning scrubbers, and operate at high combustion efficiency. 24 Hospital wastes are highly variable, consisting of pathological, infectious wastes, plastic disposables, food refuse, pharmaceuticals, and some low level radioactive wastes.9 Red bag mixed hazardous hospital wastes often contain RCRA listed hazardous compounds, but are exempt from USEPA regulations.' The National Institute of Health has found that seven common anti neoplastic compounds are defined as RCRA listed hazardous wastes.' It makes little difference whether hazardous constituents are in the waste, or if they are formed as PIC's, such as chlorobenzenes in the incinerator; They should be controlled similarly at least to the 99.99% destruction/removal criteria required for hazardous waste incinerators.s,tl Thus, hospital waste incinerators should be controlled similarly to hazardous waste incinerators. Low Level radioactive wastes can be burned in hospital incinerators in accordance with U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission policy, if such wastes are fully depleted. This policy may not always be properly followed. Radioactive Iodine, a widely used medical radioisotope, may be an index of this problem. How Can Hospital and Hazardous Waste Incinerator Emissions be Controlled? One of the best ways to insure proper destruction of hospital wastes is to provide incinerators capable of high combustion efficiencies; and sufficient burning temperatures and residence times to minimize toxic organic ,emissions.l,e Controlled air incineration, also called starved-air and pyrolytic incineration, is a relatively recent and rapidly growing technology, one which is currently a dominant method for on- site disposal of solid waste.1'2 Properly designed and operated systems will convert most organic solid wastes to an inert, sterile ash with a weight and volume reduction of as much as 95-98 percent. A typical controlled air incinerator will have about 1/5 the particulate emissions compared to a multiple chamber excess air incinerator.' Organic emissions from an incinerator result from insufficient exposure of incinerated wastes to temperature and/or oxygen. A general criteria for 99.99% destruction of hazardous organic compounds is to heat the waste (or its combustion products) to about 2000F for about two seconds. Emissions can result from a lack of sufficient control, as when insufficient supplemental fuel is added to maintain temperature, or when insufficient air flow causes incomplete combustion. It can also result from non-uniform conditions, as when a fraction of the waste finds a cooler path through the incinerator, a short circuit. The two second residence time is not a fundamental necessity, but it helps to insure against these short circuits. Measurable oxygen in the combustion zone is not a fundamental necessity either, but it substantially reduces the temperature needed to destroy most organic emissions.l,la 89095g About 1 standard cubic foot of combustion air is required for each 100 BTU thermal input into an incinerator. Combustion air will vary as waste conditions change, and must be precisely and automatically controlled for proper, high combustion efficiency. Improper combustion and toxic emissions can result from erratic control of combustion air, as shown in figure 2.1 Incinerators have evolved from simple devices which destroyed most of what was put in them to the present day versions which destroy essentially 100% of the organic waste. Hospital incinerators originally were used to disinfect and destroy pathological wastes, (which can be achieved at relatively low temperature) but now are also used to destroy general wastes (which can require very high temperature for reliable destruction). The evolution toward very high destruction efficiency requirements in addition to the appearance of halogenated organics in the wastes has lead to the multiple chamber incinerator. Figure 3 shows the features of a typical configuration of a modern controlled air, 4 stage incinerator, which is capable a of 99.9% combustion efficiency, and proper destruction of hazardous components. In a double or triple chamber incinerator, most of the waste incineration occurs in the first chamber, while the second and third guarantees complete destruction. Solids are burned or gasified in the first chamber, and the off gases are heated (if necessary) in the second chamber to 2000F by supplementary firing. The second chamber is usually large enough that it takes an average of 2 seconds for the combustion gases to pass through it. This incinerator concept is effective because the second chamber can be used to compensate for uncontrollable variations in the burning rate of solids in the primary chamber. Unless the properties of the solid waste fed to a single chamber incinerator are extremely consistent, it is almost impossible to control the combustion well enough to assure continuous complete destruction of potential organic emissions.ts Hospital and biomedical waste incinerators should be controlled as hazardous waste incinerators; in reality they are hazardous waste incinerators. High, 99.9% combustion efficiency, attainable in multi-stage controlled air incinerators, can minimize trace organic toxic emissions, and effective gas scrubbing can reduce acid gases by 90% or greater; also controlling residual dioxin and heavy metal emissions. There is no reason that a particulate emission concentration of about 0.01 grain/dscf (25 mg/ncm) cannot be met with reasonable air cleaning technology, such as efficient dry or wet scrubbers, Small dry scrubber alkaline coated baghouses, can also properly control these emissions as they have done in newer BACT MSW incineration systems. Figure 4 shows a hybrid fabric filter/wet cross flow scrubber installation, that is capable of meeting BACT air pollution control requirements. Hospital Biomedical Waste Incinerator Design. Operating Requirements. and Recommended Air Pollution Control Emission Standards Several states such as New York, now regulate new hospital waste incinerators similar to the requirements of the USEPA RCRA hazardous waste incineration regulations i.e. 100-150 ppm CO, 90% control or 4 lbs/hr HCl emissions, and 0.015 gr/dscf for particulates* Other operating requirements can include primary and secondary combustion chamber temperatures of 1500 and 1800F, secondary chamber residence times of 1 second, etc. Because of the varying presence of hazardous waste components and the presence of high levels of halogenated plastics in hospital wastes, on site hospital incinerators should be regulated as hazardous waste incinerators in accordance with the following improved BACT recommended requirements: 890955 TABLE 1-A Recommended BACT Pollution Control Reauirements for on Site Hospital Waste Incinerators Particulates 0.010 gr/dscf (25 mg/nm3) corrected to 7% O2. HC1 50 ppm or 90% acid gas removal or less than 4 lbs/hr (1.8 Kg) HCl emissions. Combustion Efficiency 99.9% min. or 100 ppm CO on an hourly average (CO emissions monitored continuously) Automatic combustion controls to regulate temperature, O2, and CO. Opacity Less than 10% Incinerator Design 2000F, 2 seconds residence time, with a minimum incinerator secondary chamber exit temperature of 1800F, 1000C; plus appropriate waste feed incinerator temperature/excess CO interlocks and monitoring provisions. Primary and secondary incineration temperature monitoring. These standards are similar to the German incinerator standards shown in Table 1. TABLE 1B Additional Reauirements for Off Site Commercial Biomedical Waste/LLW and Hazardous Waste Incinerators 99.99% destruction, removal efficiency, (DRE) for principal organic hazardous compounds (POHC's) and/or dioxin surrogates. (e.g. chlorobenzenes) Priority pollutant + 10, air emission tests (including dioxin/furan tests). 99% + activated carbon adsorption control for LLW (Low level radioactive waste) incinerators, (for radioactive iodine). Commercial Biomedical Waste and LLW incinerators should also be able to demonstrate 99.99% destruction and removal efficiency for principal organic hazardous compounds, POHC's or dioxin surrogates, as per USEPA RCRA Hazardous Waste Incineration Regulations.e,tt Such LLW incinerators should also have additional carbon adsorption systems to control radioactive iodine emissions. New York State also may require priority pollutant + 10 toxic air contaminant emission tests; (including dioxins, furans, heavy metals) and demonstration of compliance with acceptable ambient air quality levels for toxic air contaminants, (or an acceptable risk assessment for carcinogens) for hazardous waste incineration.25 The Concept of a Multi-functional Regional Hospital/Hazardous/Miscellaneous Waste Incineration Facility Most hospitals cannot afford to properly modify existing incinerators to BACT air cleaning standards, or to build new complex high efficiency waste incinerators that can meet hazardous waste incineration criteria. In many cases, medical facilities also cannot provide trained, skilled, operators to properly operate and maintain such incineration/air 890938 cleaning technology on a continuous basis; even a new on site hospital incinerator with a gas scrubber, could experience significant corrosion and maintenance problems if it is operated at less than steady state conditions. In addition, most hospitals can't afford computerized combustion and waste feed controls, which are necessary to minimize toxic air emissions. Larger, 50 ton/day regional, 3 or 4 stage high efficiency controlled air incinerators, equipped with BACT controls, (as per tables IA & 1B), can effectively dispose of hospital wastes on a continuous basis. They can also burn limited quantities of scrap tires, household hazardous wastes, such as waste paint, solvents, pesticides, etc. which should not be disposed of in municipal waste disposal facilities. Several regional hospital waste incinerators are now being planned in New York and other states. Other commercial wastes that may contain hazardous constituents, such as photographic wastes, waste oils, dry cleaning sludges, and possibly stripped organics from contaminated soils, can also be burned in such regional hospital waste incinerators. Scrap tires that can't be economically recycled, can also be burned in these incinerators. There is an advantage in coincinerating tires and hospital wastes, since the sulfur in waste tires may tend to minimize potential dioxin emissions.s3 In any case, dioxin type emissions will be fully controlled by BACT air cleaning technology.t,to There is also the strong possibility that incinerator ash and waste lime from dry scrubbers, can be recycled into commercial concrete products, eliminating the need for ash disposal from such facilities. It is also advantageous to generate steam and electricity from regional hospital waste incinerators, to also lower incinerator exhaust gas temperatures to air cleaning systems, to less than 400F (204C) to better condense and to remove heavy metal and dioxin emissions.to The public has to be educated about the safety of such regional hospital waste incinerators, and that they will provide a net air cleaning benefit in most communities, by replacing older, high toxic emitting hospital incinerators with an advanced, high efficiency waste disposal system equipped with best available control technology. The public should also be informed that such facilities will also safely dispose of their hazardous household wastes which should not be disposed of in municipal facilities, to further pollute their environment. 890958 8S6068 O0_ ct isi Z 0o 2 LU 0 J N <O N O Z HZ Z Z Cn inn UM U 2 00 CI- CLin Li_ R 2zo < 4 /Hi— \ v � v 3m _1 CC * O / \ —�Q Icn-- 22 (no l U 1 ~ — Z � 0 z O + ? o UW o z 0 Xw o30 2 UH Z O cnO2 cr f- o 0 cn / \ =w m co �0 O 9' - � -- I Z — UN MWLI- W is Q _J 0 L� N W m 0 W Cr 2Q 0 o (OW ULU I I CD as J W � LU xx � OZ mom � o z � = zQ oz = co 0 \ 'ir _ a� o l= H _J O Ohio: o Q U �, 2 (nW � I-- U05 J2 Q a (XWp 0 Q m a. C'1z 0 = o WOO I I N Cr O >a. u_ = Q N T Oa I BUJ Nliq o 0 Cr0lL OO O Conclusions Hospital biomedical waste incinerators that have low combustion efficiencies, can emit significant quantities of toxic dioxin/furan, heavy metal, and acid gas emissions, which could present public health hazards. Small, inefficient hospital incinerators should be closed down in favor of larger, well controlled off site regional commercial, biomedical waste incinerators. On site and off site commercial hospital/biomedical waste incinerators should be required to operate at high combustion efficiencies (99.9%) and to have effective BACT air pollution control scrubbing systems, that can meet hazardous waste incineration BACT air pollution control requirements. All biomedical/hazardous waste incinerators should be able to demonstrate 99.99% destruction and removal efficiency for principal organic hazardous compounds , 90% acid gas removal, and have acceptable trace toxic air contaminant emissions. Multifunctional, high efficiency, regional hospital/hazardous waste incinerators can also effectively burn other wastes such as scrap tires, household hazardous wastes, and commercial waste, which should not be disposed of in municipal waste disposal facilities. 890958 Figure 2 EFFECT OF INCINERATOR EXCESS AIR ON TEMPERATURE a EMISSIONS wz 1-0 W 4000- _J� E0 H ZV) W > >i- a z w om �o cn N a C) ?� 00 �uw ao0 H On D 3500- JVZ E orr Q w 20 o X 0- >- C < J W Q W Z cc 3000- Z N F- W 0QU U' Q 1Y W J Q 2500- 2 0 2 Q 2 2000- J Q U_ F- W Cr 1500- W I F-- 4000 0 100 200 300 400 AIR TO INCINERATOR ( O/O REQUIRED FOR COMPLETE COMBUSTION ) • 890958 W 2y¢ ¢ Ce ] i N 11.1 in ■ - a 4 f- O3 aill a...1/4..„2 ........„7tg — Wl a rl =0J JJ `J` m Wy \ i µ4 2 \\ < \ W 4 O g uIL Crier.../... — HW iu Y — I -4•— i''- ¢ O 4i isa vl Cr W 34 V ` S_W W to.. < Z ¢ 5m _ 2- u Z 1-N gCH 31 W ti W j ~ ° 4 t. LI W ` 2 uI" u Q + a -y i `08_ ;1 a aW 3r l Y t ' J < Aga 1aE u< „4' JO N a p. .4-- —ib . Zr -i W t. r 3 O � W d ¢ X iai cr 0 2 O 'oI I I _ a s O ° 111 F y •� ° 4. ! W Sins V< 1^�I� , a is ¢ 'I - W IY _ _ Y1 t, W Z N _ a O 'J 0 V W X IS O8 -1 Z ti 2 S. aS i z < ° a =i /. L. z �W ¢N a a AN •O R W < V w 'o SS6068 2 Ls.' n N a >- / 0 y V y Ur OZ in y C P 4\ I W W rip W J m U 8 u X c o Q U O O 1 h Z. Y OId 8 3N� Oc, ,_ Q > s n LO U n ? I) O O O 0 Z w I— cn Q 3 J Q - I— I 1 N O cr _ / X \—/ w CO CO = J LL S o o N LL W rL ) . cc a X U.' J 1 L� V U • o Q 0 V_ 0 it ........ CO >- I E 2 c u.o u c N O Cu H REFERENCES 1. Lauber, J.D., "Controlled Commercial Regional Incineration of Biomedical Wastes", Conference on Incineration of Low Level Radioactive and Mixed Wastes, 4/22/87, St. Charles, Illinois 2. "Issues in Medical Waste Management", U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, October, 1988 3. USEPA, "Hospital Waste Combustion Study, Data Gathering Phase", Final Draft Report, 10/87 4. Hasselriis, F.W., "Technical Guidance Relative to Municipal Waste Incineration", prepared for the NYC Department of Environmental Conservation Task Force on MSW Incineration, 8/18/85 5. Dellinger, B.; Rubey, W.; Hall, D.L.; and Graham, J.L., "Incinerability of Hazardous Wastes", Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1986 6. Lauber, J.D., "Arguments in Favor of BACT for Resource Recovery Facilities", a report to NYSDEC 10/12/84; presented to the Connecticut DEP 10/19/84 for the Mid Connecticut Recovery Public Hearing 7. Clarke, MJ., "Discussion Paper on BACT for Resource Recovery from a Municipality's Perspective", Fourth Annual Resource Recovery Conference 3/27/85, Washington, D.C. 8. USEPA Proposed Guidance for Hazardous Waste Incineration, September 13, 1988 Conference for Incinerator Permit Writers, Alexandria, VA 9. Doyle, B.W.; Drum, D.A.; and Lauber, J.D., "The Smoldering Question of Hospital Wastes," Pollution Engineering Magazine, July 1985 10. Teller, A.J. and Lauber, J.D., "Control of Dioxins from Incineration," presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Atlanta, GA, June 1983 11. USEPA Regulations, 40CFR 264, Subpart O 12. Personal Communication with Environment Canada and Quebec Officials, 12/20/88 13. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, Combustion Evaluation Project, Preliminary Report, September 1988, By E. Altwicker, Karasek, et.al. 14. Summary of Swedish Municipal Waste Incineration Standards 8/86, Swedish Embassy, Office of Science and Technology Washington, D.C. 15. Marrack, David, Hospital Red Bag Waste, The Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, October 1988, P. 1309 16. Doyle, B.W., Drum, D.A. and Lauber, J.D., "The Burning, Toxic Issue of Hospital Waste Incineration," presented 6/4/86 at the Third International Conference: Environmental Quality and Ecosystem Stability; Jerusalem, Israel. 17. Process Waste, PCB and NAPL Trial Burn Reports 1987, 1988 (NYC DEC) For the Occidental Chemical Co., Hazardous Waste Incinerator, Niagara Falls, NY 890958 18. Midwest Research Institute, "Performance Evaluation of Full Scale Incinerators; Final Report to USEPA", 8/84 19. Kosstrin H. Power Recovery Systems, Cambridge Massachusetts Technical Seminar, 9/19/86 20. Vogg, H.; Metzger, M.; Stieglitz, E.; "Recent Findings on the Formation and Decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in Solid Municipal Waste Incineration," presented at International Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Association specialized seminar on Emissions of Halogenated Organics from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, January 22, 1987, Copenhagen, Denmark 21. State of California Air Resources Board Engineering Evaluation Branch test report Evaluation Test on a Hospital Refuse Incinerator at Saint Agnes Medical Center, Fresno, CA, January 12, 1987 22. Linak, W.P.; Kilgroe, J.D.; et al; "On the Occurrence of Transient Puffs in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulator" Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, January, 1987 23. "Hemhorrage from the Hospitals; Mismanagement of Infectious Waste in New York State" a staff report to Maurice D. Hinchey Chairman Legislative Commission on Solid Waste Management, Albany, New York, March 25, 1986 24. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation GNYCRR 219-3, 10/88 25. New York State Air Guide 1, NYC Department of Environmental Conservation 1985- 1986 Edition, July 1986 printing 890958 Professional Resume 8/88 Jock David Lauber Date of Brttx 7/19/37 53 Fairlawn Drive Married, 2 children Latham, New York 12110 Residence(518) 785-4908 Of 457-7588 Education Bachelor of Chemical Engineering, New York University (1959) Graduate Study in Chemical Engineering, N.Y.U., 1960-61 Environmental Engineering graduate study, RPI, 1968-69 Licensed NYS Professional Engineer, May 1966 Diplomate in Air Pollution Control, American Academy of Environmental Engineers, October, 1970 • Environmental Work Experience ,'S Dept. of Environmental Conservation - 5/86 - Present • Associate Air Pollution Control Engineer - In addition to previous position; special technical advisor to Deputy Commissioner on Environmental Quality; re: BACT, Best Available Control Technology for resource recovery, alternate municipal waste incineration technologies, hazardous and hospital waste incineration, control of toxic air contaminants etc. Air pollution coordinator for the Occidental Chemical, Niagara Falls, • New York hazardous waste incineration project. Development of new • regulations and technical policies for hazardous and hospital waste incineration. NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation - Air Division, 11/80 to 5/86 Chief, Toxic Technology Development Section/Associate Air Pollution Control • Engineer, Toxic Management Section/Bureau of Air Toxics - Coordinate the technical or pollution control review of processes and installations that process and dispose of hazardous wastes, utilize hazardous wastes as fuels, for energy recovery; burning refuse derived fuels, etc. Develop air pollution control regulations and guides for the incineration of hazardous wastes and process use of chemical waste fuels. Technical expert on best available control technology, BACT, for chemical processes emitting toxic and odorous air contaminants. Technical advisor on emergency response • procedures for chemical spills. Technical expert on burning chemical wastes as alternate fuels in cement plants, combustion installations, and hazardous waste incineration processes. Technical coordinator of RCRA Hazardous Waste Incineration Systems. Technical expert on BACT for control• 8® 909513 • of toxic air contaminants, such as dioxins, from municipal solid waste resource recovery incineration systems. Technical expert on PCB process disposal systems. NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation - Air Division. 10/76 - 11-80 Associate Air Pollution Control Engineer, Chef, Toxic Materials and Effects Section. Responsibilities include the development of coordinated programs for the assessment and control of toxic process air contaminants. Technical expert on BACT air pollution controls for industrial organic chemical and plastics industries. Expert on incineration of toxic chemical wastes. NYS Dept, of Environmental Conservation. Division of Air Resources - Bureau of Source Control 9/71 - 10/76 Chief. Process Section Associate Air Pollution Control Engineer. Responsibilities include development of APC programs for industrial, processes. Provide technical consulting services to regional offices; review industrial air pollution control systems; development of process source control policies and guidelines. NYS Dept. of Health and NYS Dept, of Environmental Conservation - 11/68 - 9/71 Albany Regional Office Regional Air Pollution Control Engineer, supervision and direction of air pollution control programs in 18 counties of the State. NYS Dept, of Health, Division of Air Resources - 10/66 - 11/68 Senior Sanitary Engineer, Bureau of Air Quality Control - plan review of industrial sources, enforcement, author of APC regulations, etc. NYS Dept. of Labor. Division of Industrial Hygiene - 9/62 - 10/66 Industrial Hygiene Engineer, plan review of industrial hygiene and air pollution control facilities; air pollution investigations, etc. NYC Dept. of Air Pollution Control - Approximately 1 year (1962) Assistant Engineer, Plan Review of air pollution control equipment air pollution investigations, etc. Membership in Professional Societies. Honors. etc Biography listed in Who's Who in the East -Cited in Nelson Rockefeller's book "Our Environment Can be Saved" Doubleday, 1970 Section Chairman 1982-83, and member of the Board of Directors - Air Pollution Control Association, Middle Atlantic States Section (MASS-APCA) Diplomate American Academy of Environmental Engineers Air Pollution Control Advisor to Government of Israel, Executive Secretary and Member of Advisory Board, U.S. Committee f or the Israel Environment Chairman APCA International Technical Conference on Toxic Air Contaminants 890958 • 10/80, Niagara Falls, NY Listed in World Environment Center 1980 "Contact" Guide to Specialists on Toxic Substances Chairman APCA waste incineration sessions, annual meeting 6/83, 6/84, 6/85 Technical Session Chairman Israel Ecological Society International Conferences 5/81,83 Chairman APCA Notional Solid Waste Disposal Committee TW6.3 1984 to present Chairman APCA Hazardous Waste Incineration Workshop 4/1,2 1985 New York, N.Y. Member American Academy of Environmental Engineers Concept Study Group "Multi-media Consideration in Waste Handing, Treatment and Disposal"(1985) Listed in Who's Who in the Frontiers of' Science and Technology (1985) 2nd edition Recipient of Special Environmental Award from The Israel Ministry of Health Environmental Research Institute Tel Aviv, Israel, May 29, 1986 Honorary Membership in the New York Academy of Sciences 1987. Member of Special Scientific National Technical Peer Review Panel chaired by Congressman D. Skaggs, for the Rocky Flats Colorado, mixed • nuclear/hazardous waste incineration facility 6/87. Environmental Lecturer Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY State University of New York at Albany Union College, Schenectady, NY Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ New York University, New York, NY NYS Department of Environmental Conservation - USEPA Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel Columbia University, New York, NY ASTM Environmental Committee The Technion - Haifa, Israel 5/82, 84 Columbia-Greene Community College, Hudson, NY, Adjunct Lecturer USEPA-NYSDEC combustion evaluation course 6/83 ASHRAE Philadelphia Chapter Environmental Seminar 11/83 USEPA - Rutgers Univ. Combustion Evaluation Course 6/84 Hartford Ct. Tel Aviv University - Israel Ministry of' Health 5/84, 5/86 University of Florida 3/86 George Mason University, Fairfax, VA New York Academy of Sciences Environmental Consultina Environmental Consultant to Israel Ministry of Interior, Env. Protection Service 1977-83 Municipality of Half a Israel, and Israel Ministry of Health t982 to present. Maclaren Engineers/ECE Consulting Engineers, Ontario, Canada - BACT Air Pollution Control systems for resource recovery Hospital waste incineration Project London, Ontario 4/83. Technical Consultant and Expert Witness for Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection on BACT for MSW Incineration Resource Recovery Systems, 1984. Technical Consultant and Expert Witness for Florida Dept. of Environmental 890958 • Regulation on BACT, control of acid gases and dioxins for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Resource Recovery Systems - South and North Broward County Projects, and Palm Beach County Project 10/85 - 3/66. Air Pollution Consultant to City of Pompano Beach, Florida, et al., 10/86. Member of Board and Chairman of Technology Committee - Pure Water Sciences International Co., New York, NY. Institute for Local Self Reliance, Washington, D.C. - Consultant on Resource Recovery BACT Air Polution Control Technology - RDF Alternate Process Technologies. Power Recovery Systems - Cambr wise, MA - BACT Air Pollution Control for Fluidized Bed Resource Recovery Technology. Newman & Holtzinger, P.C., Washington, D.C./Babcock & Wilcox Co. - Low Level Radioactive Waste Incineration Technology, Apollo, PA. Backus, Meyer, & Solomon, Manchester, N.H. - Claremont, N.H. Resource Recovery Project 9/86. The Conservancy, Naples, FL - Collier County Resource Recovery Project • 11/12/86. Technical Expert on BACT for MSW Incineration. Philadelphia, PA City Council 11/86. University of California Irvine CA. Consultant and Author of Low Level Radioactive Waste Handbook 12/86 - Incineration Section. Technical Consultant to Congressman D. Skaggs/ Colorado, on the Rocky Flats Low Level Radioactive waste incinerator 6/87. Technical Consultant to the State of Vermont Public Service Board on BACT Technology f or the Vicon Rutland Vermont MSW Resource Recovery Facility. Consultant on Hospital Waste Incineration BCA Associates, Braintree, MA • Project. Consultant to the Bermuda National Trust on Municipal Waste Incineration Technology 3/88 Consultant to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NYSERDA Incineration Research Project 7/88 Advisor on Hospital Waste Incineration to the United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment 7/88 Technical Papers and Reports: 1. "Air Pollution Control" 12/68, Environmental Engineering Seminar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 2. "Control of Solvent Vapor Emissions," APCA, 6/69. 3. New Developments in the Handling and Disposal of Special Wastes, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 5/69. 4. "NYS Industrial Air Pollution Control Program" - 2nd World Congress of Engineers and Architects, 12/70, Israel. 5. "Odors and Air Pollution," Rutgers University, JO/71. 6. Controlling Air Pollution from Cement Plants, 3rd World Congress of Engineers and Architects, 12/72, Israel. 7. Air Pollution Control Aspects of Aluminum and Copper Recycling Processes, Pollution Engineering Magazine, 12/73. 8. NYS Department of Environmental Conservation-Process Source Handbook, A Manual of Industrial Air Pollution Control Recommendations, 3/75. 9. Control of Toxic Air Contaminants in New York State, 10/77, MASS-APCA. 10. Incineration of Toxic Chemical Wastes, 10/77, MASS-ARCA. 11. Incineration of Toxic Chemical Wastes, Pollution Engineering Magazine, 10/78. 890958 12. Burning Toxic Chemical Wastes in Cement Kilns and Other Mineral Product Industries. 5th World Congress of Engineers and Architects, 12/79, Israel. 13. "Industrial Air Pollution in Israel" a compilation of Industrial Air Pollution Control Reports on 14 Industries in Israel. Israel Ministry of the Interior, Environmental Protection Service, December 1979. 14. "Burning Toxic Wastes in Industrial Kilns." Proceedings of the Conference on Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals, January 9. 1980, Central New York Regional Planning and Development Board, Syracuse, New York. 15. Best Available Control Technology for Plastics and Resins Industries, Phendic Resin Producing Processes, NYS DEC, 7/80. 16. "Regulation of the Incineration of Hazardous Wastes." Air Pollution Control Association Conference on Toxic Air Contaminants, October 10, 1980, Niagara Falls, New York. 17. The Burning Issue of Disposing of Hazardous Wastes, Israel Ecological Society, 5/81, Israel. 18. Burning Chemical Wastes as Synthetic Fuels in Cement Plants, Air Pollution Control Association, 6/81, National Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. 19. Burning Chemical Wastes as Fuels in Cement Kilns, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 7/82. 20. "New Approaches for Regulating Toxic Air Contaminants and the Burning of Hazardous Wastes as Fuels" The Technion, Haifa, Israel, 5/12/82. 21. "Regulating the Burning of Waste Fuels" B.T. Delaney, W. J. Hinckley J. D. Lauber, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, 8/82. • 22. "The Need for Best Available Control Technology for Resource Recovery • Facilities" presented at Second International Conference of the • Israel Ecological Society - Jerusalem, Israel - May 24, 1983. 23. Co-producer of ABC TV documentary on Environmental Pollution in Israel, Israel's Other Enemies; "Feb. 13, 1963. 24. "Control of Dioxin Emissions from Incineration," A.J. Teller, and J.D. Lauber; presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Atlanta, Ga, June 21, 1983. 25. Best Available Control Technology for Incineration Processes. Waste Incineration Symposium, Columbia Greene College, Sept. 12, 1983. 26. NYS DEC position paper An Assessment of the Need for BACT for Resource Recovery Facilities 3/7/84. Revised "Arguments in favor of BACT for Resource Recovery Facilities 10/12/84. • • 27. "An Update on BACT for Resource Recovery Facilities and Optimum • Combustion Conditions to Minimize Emissions of Toxic Air Contaminants". Waste Incineration Seminar, the Technion, Haifa, Israel 5/17/84. 28. Co-author of "PCB's and the Environment" Volume III published by CRC • • Press, Boca Raton, Florida 3/87. 29. "Regulating the Burning of Waste Fuels for Energy Recovery in New York State" W. Sonntag/J. Lauber. ARCA International Hazardous Waste Workshop 4/1,2 1985 New York, New York. 30. "The Burning Issue of Hospital Waste Incineration" APCA International Hazardous Waste Workshop 5/9/10 1985 Buffalo, New York. • 31. Co-author of "The Smoldering Question of Hospital Waste Incineration" Pollution Engineering Magazine, July 1985. 32. "An overview of the Burning Issues of Municipal and Hospital Waste • Incineration." Presented 3/1/86 at the University of Florida "There is No Away" interdisciplinary waste management conference. 33. "The Burning Toxic, Issue of Hospital Waste Incineration." Presented at 890958 the Third International Conference of the Israel Ecological Society, Jerusalem Israel, June 1986. 34. "Toxic Emissions from Small Incinerators." New York Academy of Sciences, 11/19/86. 35. "New Perspectives on Toxic Emissions from Hospital Waste Incinerators" presented 2/12/87 at the 3rd Annual Conference on Solid Waste Management and Materials Policies, - New York State Legislative Solid Waste Commission, New York, New York. 36. "Controlled Commerical/Regionof incineration of Biomedical Wastes" presented at the University of California/U.S. Dept. of Energy International Conference - Incineration of Low Level Radioactive and Mixed Wastes 4/22/87 St. Charles, Ikiois 37. "An overview of Toxic Emissions and Best Available Control Technology for Municipal Waste Incineration" presently at the American Society of Civil Engineers, Energy Division Specialty Conference 4/28/87 Atlantic City, New Jersey. 38. "The need for Incineration of Low Level Radioactive Wastes" presented • • at the Middle Atlantic States Section, Air Pollution Control Association Technical Conference "Air Pollution from Incineration and Resource Recovery" on November 4, 1987 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. 39. "Best Available Control Technology, and Alternate Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Resource Recovery." - Institute for Local Self Reliance Conference, Safe Waste Dtsposal f or Southern Calif ornia, Monrovia, CA 1/29/88. 40. "The Incineration of Low Level Radioactive Wastes" - Presented at the Third Conference on Toxic Substances, sponsored by: Environment Canada, APCA, and The Quebec Ministry of the Environment April 7, 1988. • 890959 ., it _ C; , � o�iuoau>,1�32«aa3d 6e a2,ulta�ia0a 6908 McINTYRE STREET • GOLDEN, COLORADO 80403 i''' I' i 'i'' PHONE (303) 279-2581 i TELEX 764211 cc, I' I"; '1,..1,,,,, Ms. Laurie Best ' I' Zoning Administrator {t ... q :":16.1:11 Jefferson County �i �'' MQY�'.1 �• 98818301 W. 10th Avenue i < . :',!.:::!1,-'Golden, Colorado 80401 • ' JEFFERSpNCdONIN ay BANNING ANU ZONING ,7 fear Ms. Best: ,'' i' ,:f5 e ; Per recent discussions with International ' Process Fessearch Corporation's ;,1-,,' partner,partner, Wixco, it has became more and more apparent that the first 18 months ,1+ of our intended biomedical waste incineration project will be in a research mode rather than straight commercial production. The major reasons for the research requirements cane from two areas. ; These are: ',. I. y First: Although incineration of the ' biomedical waste is an �µ� accepted procedure, the use of a rotary kiln with a 1:10 aspect `'"•:, ' ' ratio to accomplish the incineration is not standard practice. IPRe I,' i,„ needs to establish the feed rate capabilities of the unit, the need " for natural gas, ,, the fact feed size. mechanisms (that is container sizes) , the 'oust efficient means of handling the_.ash—p cts for I ,',,I •, disposal, and the most efficient scrubber and 'after burn and bag ,, 1 . house setup for proficient dust recovery. To dater-ire-10 that the ligI' unit will incinerate the material but" for an eoonanic evaluation, ;';i, . . • , much more.detail as far as capacities and efficiencies is required 't , �r , , Second: The source of materials for incineration has not ' been „ ; established as yet and may take as long`as .12 ,months to contract ,' � 4f .; with various hospitals and clinics to 'establish a constant, feed to .% •. i the system. A constant feed is critical to develop all ,:of the: , H operating parameters such as heat value,--,ash content, metal recovery t rr:ll'i , techniques (mostly syringe i,eetile recovery) , i�` ' 9u and maintenance and. •, �i ns wear requirements of the refractory liner in the kiln. ,a , ,{ �„ {J : , For theca reasons, werequest that the Zoning: • I +wring'Administrator consider, IPRC's t I,, tics of the on-site facility for research ,and' development of the'bionedical' waste incineration until the end of 19894,i At that time, ''if the operation.„ %'i proves to be economic and feasible at this site, we will either .request'' a�1' '" zoning change or appeal the use of this site 'under 173 as an incineration "tt ,, site. 'Trjx 01 1,I i'' i I. , s. Ji 11 ,i ll We hope that this clarifies our position and •look forward ,to working with you': its, in resolving the current lard use questions, r'' i, i'..41:';:': : . 1,.?..; t A I; I I , i L tl ,A t 4 a.l ha,tt, , 1 1 f l !I r V II ! li i ;1 �t 1 '_ iLI,Ai i : 1,1,61,4,rj "F,1 i,, a 14 ''i Iii ,I` ,F 1 y I,• , I'a4jt 1, ,'t'L!'t, I t. ,. u'pi ' ,'h{ r , '..e , ,l? illrt, ,l .' ' j 1J),4 t `. 1 ? , iY1(` , `I pia Ir�t , { 3 ,(i� i1 w, , .I, 4r„ , 1 'I'(1 V`h ..4/ 1. x 'J' N ] i' :r 4 i i , ,, 1 •t'iI t�n , 1 iifi�It�I SIG p "l iF , '� , f + ^Nt 1� rJl tFy� il.i 7' .c] /�pCp 1tl L i 90957 p;• Appendix I ��IIt,IFc i i'�i 14 ,u h)�i% 14 1/4 jt ,� Atiti 'l ioiiti • , 'f i''(•t 5 "?Iw'•;g* Ti\i! + _ sr INTERNATIONAL PROCESS RESEARCH CO7"1RATION Page 2 • ' ': + - .'k' ' `° rJil'. jt i, ! If you have any questions or if I can be of any;further assistance, `p1ean do. 4;,.. not hesitate to call. Respectfully, tQ ^'1 tfir: v . fso-',y Gregory F. Q1lumsly President <; i a' l4,i 4 1 4 ITYt f•.`+ � f •,li fl I. Lr IV i.f L I •I. ` .yqi,. 0.'I�r1 1 '.:.I..:, `i }rfYI ,, 1'�ii "' 1'f r �1 ; aY ; bl i.. I . t!. f '.:1 ss2s • • of• 'I • t! 3a I { tf i • •/.1'i D't �!:'. !P � • • !;: Il, i , • ltd:.' { . p.' il ;!.D Y � Si,i (:. 4. P1 f r f , T f t it. 'IR% f'1].'e , 4I;.14 . s ' rsl� 1'f 4: ' • 1'Fc' :':'11' 'f :I'YI5 I.11:4;C::.hlt ' } ! I ii n r;It l? r sj i .YIfiI I ' L.. iv, rq! f.:isrit t ,; ,t- -,,Az t4' k �1y1 �rYV!' tt� '1 r . ) i f iP: ' • tt _; i r ! if! ,i1 .l b,M1 I: !i I 1I IJ1ori i'i ! ;°I )' ��4Yt hit; I ••• 1F r• 1 ...•+; c j'' s {..J ,to t} iv i�'. ,M 1 I I it i ' �y(i ( -y;: ,'teil •' ,l r r r 1•r .;,,•41,i r�•:cv:iti t { 13".6.J ' ''� tIl:!,t t 4 k r r 4.14-4,e):::: t1F I a ! ,{I {Li:,! Ii�Y� (E'f I { 16FY .1�bR,J�4 e ,' .•1�1f i1 'ff t� 41i " i r(/4 ,t•trf4�r li'IF j 4' AAA }} I } r•�!'irI` Y'rti.ir :?�1( . '� liJ i}t't, '1 Yt'F :Y }� •l. einL4�maIlonaL?4a d glaseeetch 607fide '.canes ; 5908 McINTYRE STREET •GOLDEN,COLORADO 804' ' t PHONE(303)279-2581 •TELEX 754211 L y L \\ ; FAX(303)279-8831 . . NOV 2 01989 "H� e'U ATAI EMEN. Ms. Laurie Best AND WASTE WAN Zoning Administrator Courthouse 1700 Arapahoe Golden, Colorado 80419-0001 Dear Ms. Best: Thank you for you letter of October 31, 1988 , regarding the Zoning Appeal application received by your department. As we had originally agreed, IPRC would conduct research and development evaluations on biomedical waste at our site in Golden, Colorado. Our agreement with the zoning administrator and subsequently with a small group of local residents was to limit the weekly burning schedule and the shipment of material to our facility. We agreed that our location was not the final commercial site and that if commercialization was practical IPRC would move to a site acceptable to the county. IPRC has recently been granted an air quality permit by the State Department of Health. The granting of this permit took several months longer than anticipated because in truth IPRC submitted the first application to be processed. With the delay in obtaining our air permit and the overwhelming response to our partners commitment to help hospitals and clinics handle their waste stream problems, we find that IPRC will have to operate the incinerator for longer periods to handle all the waste which our partners currently have under contract. Therefore, rather than going through the appeal and also having to move the kiln because the volume of material we have to process is greater than the amount we agreed to with the zoning administrator, we have decided to locate the commercial biomedical incinerator at a . facility outside of Jefferson County. We are in the process of permitting that facility at the present time and will not be incinerating or storing any biomedical waste or ash at our Golden facility. IPRC still believes that the research and development which we , were going to conduct in Golden is necessary to achieve a complete solution to the disposal problem of the ash fromithe incinerator but we see no reason to waste your time since the incineration operation will have to be moved shortly anyway because of market factors. Appendix J 890958 INTERNATIONAL PROCESS RESEARCH CORPORATION 4 r 3 Page 2 F(41f �es, '..1 1 V4”.24';41% 1.4 cri,4 . J2 f • � 9 r K .1. We presume that since the incineration and storage of biomedical wastes and ash will not take place at our I-3 zoned site in Golden that the appeal board can address other pressing business for the County and our hearing will be cancelled. We will of course continue to use our facilities for research and development as we have in the past. We appreciate your efforts over the past few months and wish you well in the new year. If you have any questions or if we can be of any further assistance please do not hesitate to call. Respectfully: —JT77 C/IL- -"tv°, G.F. Chlumsky President cc: Rich Fatuzzo: Jefferson County Planning Steve Ozynski: State Health Department C4O958 v_. Breese Engineering ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS MAILING ADDRESS: BOX 913 JASPER "JAY" FREESE .)E SIC E: 2506 6TH AVENUE REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER GREELEY, COLO. 80631 REGISTERED LAND SURVEYOR PHONE 352-0100 March 24, 1978 Director, Weld County Health Department 1516 16th Avenue Court Greeley, Colorado 80631 Subject: Construction of a Shop Building - Jamison SUP —S1/2N15SEZ Section 32, Township 3 North, Range 65 West. Dear Sir: Mr. Jarrold Jamison has requested that I evaluate the septic tank and leach field requirements for the subject construction. The building to be constructed has a bare minimum requirement since there are only two bathrooms. Mr. Jamison also intends to install a shower in the building. There would be,at most, a maximum daily usage of 200 gallons per clay and a 750 gallon septic tank would be adequate. Mr. Jamison has indicated to me that he may install a 1250 gallon tank rather thana 750 gallon one. A leach field of 200 to 300 square feet would he adequate to handle the maximum 200 gallons per day usage. Mr. Jamison's previous permit indicates that there is no problem from • a high water table(copy enclosed) . If you have any questions please contact me, i , Respectfully submit •, - - S 4 J ? ., ' JASP• ' 'EE e✓ Ns Colo .do . E. & L.S . No. 4392 • 4• Appendix K 89095g • STATE OF COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF STATE CERTIFICATE I, NATALIE MEYER, Secretary of State of the State of Colorado hereby certify that ACCORDING TO THE RECORDS OF THIS OFFICE, TIRE MOUNTAIN, INCORPORATED (COLORADO CORPORATION) WAS SUSPENDED ON SEPTEMBER 30, 1987 FOR FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH APPLICABLE PROVISIONS OF THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF COLORADO AND IS NOT AUTHORIZED AND COMPETENT TO TRANSACT BUSINESS OR TO CONDUCT ITS AFFAIRS WITHIN THIS STATE. Dated: APRIL 17, 1989 SECRETARY OF STAT • • Appendix L 890958 AFFIDAVIT OF REBECCA GREBEN STATE OF COLORADO ) ) ss. COUNTY OF DENVER ) I, Rebecca Greben, being duly sworn, depose and say: 1. I am employed as a paralegal with the law firm of Cornwell & Blakey, counsel to The Concerned Citizens of Weld County. 2. On the morning of August 25, 1989, I telephoned the corporations section of the Colorado Secretary of State's office to inquire as to the corporate status of Tire Mountain, Inc. 3. I was informed that Tire Mountain, Inc. remains under suspension as of September 30, 1987, and has not been reinstated. 4. Further affiant sayeth naught. %/A gal a P1: On this 25th day of August, 1989, before me, the undersigned a Notary Public in and for said State, personally appeared Rebecca Greben, known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed to the within instrument and acknowledged that she executed the same as her free act and deed. / My commission expires: C 'l/ 9d ,�":) a<&- - its./ Notary Public 890959 • XvId %"rrl A/o . / • 1N- 5 ?704td irnendmtrti B. Incinerators 2 1. No owner or operator of an incinerator shall operate any incinerator without a permit from the Division. 2. Standard of Performance FOR ALL INCI W .TORS OTHER THAN BIOMEDICAL WASTE INCINERATORS. a. In areas designated as nonattainment for particulate matter, no owner or operator of an incinerator shall cause or permit emissions of more than 0.10 grain of particulate matter per standard cubic foot. (Dry flue gas corrected to 12% carbon dioxide) . b. In areas designated as attainment for particulate matter, no owner or operator of an incineraa shall cause or permit emissions of more than 0.15 g of particulate matter per standard cubic foot. (Dry f1ue:3gas Nidrrected to 12% carbon dioxide) . . ^>,r 3. c. Performance Tests c ..k alti Prior to grantipj f1na1 approval permit or amending a permit, when arr 'emi9sion source or control equipment is altered, or Sivny \%me when there is reason to believe that emission i6' an rds are being violated, the Division may require the or operator of an incinerator to conduct performance est(s) as measured by EPA Methods 1-4 and the front half of EPA Method 5 (40 CFR 60.275, Appendix A, Part 60) to determine compliance with this subsection of this regulation. 3. STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE INCINERATORS. THE OWNER OR OPERATOR OF AN EXISTING INCINERATOR INTENDED FOR DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL, WASTE SHALL COMPLY WITH REGULATION NO. 6, PART B, V. (STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW BIOMEDICAL WASTE INCINERATORS) AS FOLLOWS: a. ALL INCINERATORS, EXISTING AS OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGULATION 6, PART B, V. , WI'Iii A CAPACITY OF 200 FOUNDS PER HOUR AND GREATER MUST COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS REGULATION AS APPLICABLE BY JANUARY 1, 1990. b. ALL INCINERATORS, EXISTING AS OF THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGULATION 6, PART B, V. , WITH A CAPACITY OF LESS THAN 200 FOUNDS PER HOUR MUST COMPLY WITH TILE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS REGULATION AS APPLICABLE BY DECEMBER 31 , 1990. AV/REGICLLNG 890958 Appendix M ' A, , 2- i7- 6 .':,; r PART B REGULATION NO.6 Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources (Specific Facilities and Sources) --2\ (Non- Federal NSPS) V. BIOMEDICAL WASTE INCINERATORS A. APPLICABILITY AND DESIGNATION OF AE'FEUFED FACILITY The affected facilities to which the provision of this Section apply are all new or modified incinerators intended for disposal of biomedical waste. Exemption: The affected facilities do not include crematory incinerators or incinerators located in t!„.- hospital or in any medical -- care facility if the units will be us-..: :1_, incinerate only general refuse, provided that the applic dem '1; trate that the proposed incinerators will burn only gener refu and the infectious, hazardous, and chemotherapeuti 4 wash will be segregated and disposed of satisfactorily. The per ittit >a for such incinerators will be determined on a .:_a":;..y-c e sis incorporating the requirement of this Section or S- 'on 4Fr• sd::rt A of this regulation. The facilities th l j.• capable of burning biomedical wastes at rates greater than or' -qual to 50 tons per day shall also meet the requirements established for municipal solid waste incinerators. B. DEFINITIONS: As used in this Section, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Common Provision Regulation and in Section I. of this regulation, unless otherwise required by the context. 1 . Biomedical waste - waste that includes anatomical/pathological wastes (except human and animal remains that burned in a crematory incinerators) , infectious wastes, chemotherapeutic wastes and other wastes generated in health care facilities and medical laboratories that require special handling. 2. Anatomical/pathological waste - human and animal remains consisting of carcasses, tissues, organs or body parts that may or may not be infectious. 3. Infectious wastes - waste that contains or may contain any disease producing microorganism or material. Infectious wastes include, but are not limited to, the following: a. Those wastes that are generated by hospitalized patients who are isolated in separate rooms in order to protect others from their severe and communicable disease. b. All cultures and stock of etiologic agents. 890958 i c. All wastes blood and blood products. d. Tissues, organs, body parts, blood and body fluids that are removed during surgery and autopsy, and other wastes generated :\ by surgery or autopsy of septic cases or patients with infectious diseases. 2 e. Wastes that were in contact with pathogens in any type of laboratory work, including collection containers, culture dishes, slides, plates and assemblies for diagnostic tests; and devices used to transfer, inoculate and mix cultures. f. Sharps, including hypodermic needles, suture needles, disposables razors, syringes, pasteur pipettes, broken glass and scapel blades. g. Wastes that were in contact with the blood of patients undergoing hemodialysis at hos ' ls or independent treatment centers. h. Carcasses and body parts o ani ls which were exposed to zoonotic pathogens. i. Animal bedding and ).Dfhoir wastes that were in contact with diseased or iaVhe oryttesearch animals or their excretions, secretion, caralt4Seit4 or body parts NiP Waste 'off gical materials (e.g. , vaccines) produced by pharmacef, Jal companies for human or veterinary use. k. Food and other products that are discarded because of contamination with etiologic agents. 1. Discarded equipment and equipment parts that are contaminated with etiologic agents and are to be discarded. 4. Chemotherapeutic waste - All wastes resulting from the production or use of antineoplastic agents used for the purpose of stopping or reversing the growth of malignant cells. Chemotherapeutic waste shall not include any waste containing antineoplastic agents that are listed as hazardous wastes 5. Biomedical waste incineration facility - a facility that utilizes incineration as method of treatment and/or disposal of biomedical • wastes. 6. Crematory incinerator - any incinerator designed and used solely for the burning of human and animal remains. 890958 C. EMISSION LIMITATIONS: 1. On and after the date which the required performance test has been completed, every affected facility subject to the provision of this Section must comply with the following emission standards: a. Standard for Particulate Matter: i. All incinerators with a capacity of 1000 pounds per hour or greater shall be equipped with control equipment to comply with a particulate matter emission limitation of 0.015 grains per dry standard cubic foot corrected to 7% O2, including condensible particulate. ii. All incinerators with a capacity of 200 pounds per hour or greater shall be equipped with control equipment to - comply with a particulate matter emission limitation of 0.03 grains per dry standard cubic foot corrected to 7% O2, including condensible particulate. iii. All incinerators with a ca jj of less than 200 pounds per hour and 2,400 pounds • f:‘-t. daj shall comply with a particulate matter gmiss%o112*imita. ion of 0.08 grains per dry standard cubic foot, cected to 7% O2, including condensible particulate,,; b. Standard '' "'j io 'ftdro n"' loride (HCl) : '>: 4 tDD a. All incin ` ' -s with a capacity of 200 pounds per hour or greater shall be equipped with control equipment to comply with an 14C1 emission limitation of 50 parts per million, dry volume corrected to 7% O2 over any continuous one hour period, or 90% (by weight) reduction on an hourly basis. All incinerators with a capacity of less than 200 pounds per hour shall comply with HCL emission limitation of four (4) pounds per hour or 90% (by weight) reduction on an hourly basis. • c. Standard for Carbon Monoxide (CO) : All incinerators shall not exceed a CO emission limitation of 100 parts per million dry volume corrected to 7% O2 over any continuous one hour period as measured at a location upstream of control devices d. Standard for Visible Emission: Al] incinerators shall not exceed a visible emission limitation of 10 percent opacity for any six (6) minute averaging period. 2. An incinerator rated at 400 pounds per hour or less may instead comply with the air pollution control requirements for incinerators rated at less than 200 pounds per hour provided the applicant agrees in writing on an emission permit condition limiting operation of the incinerator to six (6) hours per day or less. 890958 D. DESIGN AND OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: 1. All biomedical waste incinerators shall be equipped with a secondary combustion chamber or zone which provides for a minimum of one second residence time at 1800°F or greater after turbulent mixing with secondary combustion air to minimize trace organic and visible emissions. For a multichamber incinerator, these parameters must be met after the primary combustion chamber and the primary combustion chamber temperature must be maintained at no less than 1400°F. 2. Auxiliary burners must be designed to provide the combustion chamber temperatures as described in paragraph 1 of this subsection without the assistance of the heat content of the waste. The auxiliary burner fuel and the combustion air shall be modulated automatically to maintain a secondary chamber exit temperature of at least 1800°F. 3. The waste charging system of any biomedical waste incinerator shall be designed so as to prevent disruption of .e combustion process as waste is charged. This will requi, .. lock-out mechanism for batch fed units to prevent charging rer :rt-up, or a sealed feeding device capable of preveko co i stion upsets during charging for automatic ram feed., stew 4. For batch fed incineratto intl"io s must be provided to prevent charging until: 1) ec&1dary chamber exit temperature is established anq '"Y''};tdi 800°F; and, (2) the combustion cycle is complete. 4 5 For continually fed incinerators, the charging of waste to the incinerator shall automatically cease through the use of an interlock system if: a. The incinerator's secondary temperature drops below 1800°F for a 15 minute period, or b. The carbon monoxide emissions are equal to or greater than 150 parts per million by volume, corrected to 7% O2 on a dry basis for a 15 minute period. 6. Each incinerator shall be designed so that during shutdown the incinerator continues to meet applicable emission limitations and the secondary combustion chamber or combustion zone temperature is maintained at 1800°F or above for three (3) hours after the final waste load is burned. 890958 7. The incinerator must be designed such that the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the final control device does not exceed 300°F unless a demonstration is made that an equivalent collection of '\ condensible heavy metals and toxic organics can be achieved at a ! higher temperature or through the use of alternate technologies. 8. Radioactive waste and hazardous waste may not be burned in an incinerator subject to this Section unless the incinerator has been approved and permit has been granted by the Division to dispose of such waste. E. PERFORMANCE TEST AND COMPLIANCE PROVISION 1. The performance tests and procedures shall be in accordance with Section I.F of this regulation. The reference method contained in Appendix A of this regulation, except as provided under Section I.F.2. shall be used to determine compliance with the standards prescribed in subsection C as applicable. Other test methods and procedures shall be approved by the Division. All test shall be conducted at the maximum design rate ailing waste that is representative of normal operation »a 2. The owner or operator of any biom digl was e incinerator that has a capacity of less than 200/pounds", per hour shall conduct a performance test under:_he pi;pvisior� of Section I.F. of this regulation to demonstrPttef compliance with the standards for Total Suspended Partic to `? :I'5'F1,, 'Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen r° � Chloride (HCl) .�?Y� i Div'iaion reserves the right to require the owner or operatIv._o conduct further source tests at any time if it is determined to' necessary by the Division after the initial compliance tests. 3. The owner or operator of any biomedical waste incinerator that has a capacity of 200 pounds per hour and greater shall conduct a performance test under the provision of Section I.F. of this regulation to demonstrate compliance with the standards for Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) , Carbon Monoxide (CO) , and Hydrogen Chloride (HC1) . Additional source tests shall be conducted for: a) arsenic and compounds (expressed as arsenic) ; b) beryllium and compounds (expressed as beryllium; c) cadmium and compounds (expressed as cadmium; d) hexaval.ent chromium and compounds (expressed as chromium) ; e) lead and compounds (expressed as lead) ; f) mercury and compounds (expressed as mercury) ; g) nickel and compounds (expressed as nickel ) ; and h) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDF) expressed as 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (1LDD) . The owner or operator shall conduct source tests at any time or interval of time as may be prescribed by the Division. At a minimum, source test shall be conducted for the above specified pollutants every year, except that the Division may waive some tests if consistent emission rates are found. 630958 F. EMISSION MONITORING • w IREMENTS • 1. The owner or operator of any incinerator subject to the provisions ' of this Section must install, operate and maintain in accordance "'� with manufacturer's instructions, instruments meeting .A specifications acceptable to the Division for continuously monitoring and recording the following emission and operating parameters: a. Primary combustion chamber exit temperature. b. Secondary (or last) combustion chamber exit temperature. c. Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Oxygen (02) for units with a capacity of 200 pounds per hour and greater. d. Opacity. The Division reserves the right to require the owner or operator of units with a • .g ity of 200 pounds per hour and greater to install opacit mon* .rs at any time it is determined to be necessary. k' e. Others. The Divisionse s the right to require the owner or operator of un' s wi tY apseity of 1000 pounds per hour or greater t i', tal . additional monitoring equipment for Hydrogen Chlori C1) , Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) , and Carbon Dioxide ::'1:' , at y time it is determined to be necessary. Note: T°4 Division reserves the right to require at a later date, the owner or operator to provide telemetering of continuous monitoring data to the Division. G. RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 1. The owner or operator of an incinerator subject to the provision of this Section shall maintain a monthly summary file of daily burning rates and hours of operation. The record(s) and summary shall be retained for at least two (2) years following the date of such records and summaries. 2. The owner or operator of an incinerator subject to the provision of this Section shall submit continuous emission/operating data gathered from the monitors to the Division on a quarterly basis. The data shall be retained for at least two (2) years following the date of record and shall be made available to the Division during facility inspections. 3. The owner or operator of an incinerator subject to the provision of this Section shall notify the Division by telephone immediately following any failure of process equipment, failure of any air pollution control equipment, failure of any monitoring equipment, or a process operational error which results in an increase in emissions above any allowable rate. Notification shall be made no later than two (2) hours after the start of next working day, followed by written notice to the Division to include the measures undertaken to correct the problem(s) . 890958 ( P H. OPERATOR TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Prior to the start-up, all incinerator operators shall be trained by the equipment manufacturers' representatives and/or another qualified organization as to proper operating practices and procedures. The 2 content of the training program shall be submitted to the Division for approval. The applicant shall submit a copy of a certificate verifying the satisfactory completion of a training program prior to issuance of the final approval permit. The applicant shall not operate the incinerator without an operator who has satisfactorily completed the training program. AV/BIOMED 4O 4 890958 DRAFT (7/89) J r f + � j� � U �r action 13 `nJ U�Ce�ulaons Pertaining to Infectious Waste Disposal 13.1 Regulated Facilities. These regulations apply to facilities that store, collect, treat, process or dispose of solid, liquid or semisolid wastes defined herein as infectious. 13.1.1 No person shall operate a disposal facility under this section of the Regulations without first having obtained a valid Certificate of Designation or approval by the governing authority. 13.1.2 Those facilities already possessing a valid Certificate of Designation shall apply to amend said Certificate of Designation to treat, process, or store infectious wastes, if they desire to treat, process or store untreated infectious waste. 13.1.3 a. Facilities that have been in business for the treatment of infectious waste and do not currently possess a Certificate of Designation shall apply for a Certificate of Designation within three months of promulgation of these regulations. In no instance shall a facility operator accept, store, treat or dispose of infectious waste within one year of these regulations taking effect, unless the facility has an approved Certificate of Designation. If the application is denied the facility shall immediately cease accepting infectious waste. Under no circumstance shall an existing facility become a health or environmental hazard or allow nuisance conditions as defined in section 1.2.45 of the Regulations to develop. b. Existing Health Care Facilities that have been treating wastes generated as part of their business are excluded from the necessity of a Certificate of Designation upon the approval of the Colorado Department of Health. c. An existing facility shall, at a minimum, comply with sections 13.3, 13.4, and 13.6 herein and as applicable. Under no circumstance shall an existing facility become a health or environmental hazard or allow nuisance conditions as defined in section 1.2.45 of the Regulations to develop. 13.1.4 Inspections of infectious waste disposal facilities shall be allowed as defined in section 2.3 of the Regulations and as may be modified or amended herein and in the Certificate of Designation. 13.2 Exemptions. Notwithstanding the provisions in any section of these regulations, the following facilities shall be approved sites and/or facilities for which obtaining a certificate of designation under provisions of section 30-20-105 of the Solid Wastes Disposal Sites and Facilities Act shall be unnecessary providing that all applicable water quality, and air quaILty regulations are met: 89095s 1 Appendix N [1-1) V u sel-faciliWscdt operate their own treatment facility for infectious wastes generated through the normal operation of their business and that maintain documentation of treatment by a method - acceptable to the Department. 13.2.2 Those facilities that have been exempted under Section 1.4.5 of these regulations. 13.2.3 Disposal of household infectious waste shall be exempt from these regulations. 13.3 Appropriate Treatment Methods. Acceptable method of treatment shall be those methods that will render infectious wastes noninfectious. Such methods may include but not be limited to incineration, autoclaving, decontamination, sterilization or another method that may be approved of by the Department or by reference in Title 25 Article 15 Sections 401 through 407, Colorado Revised Statutes, that will not present an endangerment to facility personnel or the public. 13.3.1 a. The siting and operation of an infectious waste incinerator shall comply with 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, and 13.7 of these regulations. However, the Division may require a proposed facility to comply with portions of Section 10 (Regulations for Solid Waste Incineration Facilities) as the Division deems necessary. If conflicts or overlap exists between the Division's regulations and those of the Air Quality Control Division and the Water Quality Control Division, the more stringent shall apply. b. Ash from an infectious waste incinerator shall be tested in order to assure that it is nonhazardous. The frequency and methodology of treatment shall be established in the Design and Operation Plan. 13.3.2 a. Treatment by heating in an autoclave, or by other decontamination technique approved in writing by the Department, so as to render the waste noninfectious. b. Operating procedures for autoclaves shall include, but not be limited to the following: 1. Adoption of standard written operating procedures for each autoclave including time, temperature, pressure, type of waste, type of container, closure on container, pattern of loading, water content, and maximum load quantity. 2. Check of recording and/or indicating thermometers during each complete cycle to ensure the attainment of a temperature of 121° Celsius (250° F) for one—half hour or longer, depending on quantity and compaction of the load, in order to achieve sterilization of the entire load. Thermometers shall be checked for calibration at least quarterly. 890958 2 3. Use of beat sensitive tape or other device for each container that is processed to indicate the attainment of uLIIR adequate sterilization conditions. A Al4/ con ions at least once a month to confirm the attainme of dequate conditions. 5. Maintenance of records of procedures specified in (1) , (2), (3), and (4) above for period of not less than one year. 13.3.3 Discharge to a sewage treatment system that provides secondary treatment of waste is permitted only if the waste is liquid or semi-solid and only after notifications of and written permission from the wastewater treatment operator. 13.3.4 Infectious waste consisting of recognizable human anatomical remains shall not be disposed of by burial at a landfill disposal facility, but shall be disposed of by incineration or interment. 13.4 Recordkeeping. The following records must be maintained by the facility and made available to the Department upon request. 13.4.1 An infectious waste facility shall maintain adequate records pertaining to the volume, type of waste, generator name and address, type of transport, container types, treatment and disposal methods, dates of pick-up, treatment and disposal. These records shall be kept by the infectious waste facility regardless of the origin of the waste. 13.4.2 Operating records. a. A daily log or an equivalent tracking system shall be maintained by the facility operator to record operational information such as: (1) Hours of operation. (2) Records to identify sources of incoming waste and to support to the mechanism in force to preclude hazardous or unacceptable wastes from entering the facility. (3) Equipment maintenance or replacement. (4) Variations from approved operational procedures. (5) Inspections performed at the facility and any necessary action taken in response to them. 13.4.3 Monitoring records. a. The operator must maintain records of all stack tests and continuous monitoring results for the facility operations, as applicable to the type of treatment system in use. 3 890958 b. Any testing of ash residues, and information regarding water discharges pursuant to local ordinances, pretreatment standards or CPDES permits. 13.5 Engineering Design and Operation Requirements For Infectious Waste Facilities The engineering design and operations report shall include at a minimum, the following: 13.5.1 General Information a. Name, address and telephone number of the owner and operator of the infectious waste facility. b. Location of the site and facility giving the county and legal description of the facility, mailing address, and township, section and range to the nearest quarter quarter section. c. Area of the site. d. General description the infectious waste facility. e. scus:' • .• o� . ities service area, including nsp•r : le, . .. ri s and surrounding access. D V3 h ting . all permits or construction approvals received or pplied for including: (1) Water Quality Permits (2) Air Quality Permits (3) Local Wastewater Treatment or other local Permits 13.5.2 Maps and related information: - a. The application shall contain a topographic map which shows the following: (1) Names of present land owners, property boundaries, including easements, rights of way, and other property interests for the proposed infectious waste facility site and adjacent area; and a description of title, deed, liens or usage restrictions affecting the proposed infectious waste treatment facility. (2) The location of any floodplain boundaries, springs, streams, lakes, wetlands, constructed or natural drains and irrigation ditches located on the proposed site and adjacent area as applicable. (3) The location of access roads to and within the proposed site and area, including slopes, grades and lengths of the roads. 890159 4 (4) Any water diversion, collection, conveyance, treatment, storage and discharge facilities to be used. (5) All solid waste storage and loading areas. (6) The location, size and use of buildings and related facilities which will be used in the operation, including their horizontal and vertical dimensions. (7) The Department may request additional information if necessary to complete its review of the facility. 13.5.3 Engineering Design Information The application shall contain a detailed description of: (a) The waste stream including sources, estimated volumes processed, landfilled or otherwise disposed of. (b) A flow chart showing the mechanical components of the system and a materials balance depicting all process variables including waste volumes, energy, ash, air and water inputs and outputs as applicable. (c) Expected materials to be stored prior to disposal, the minimum and maximum volumes and weight, maximum timeframes expected for storage and specific plans for storage of these materials. (d) The floor plan of the facility and treatment area. (e) Floors must have adequate drainage and be free of standing water and constructed and maintained as a smooth, easily cleanable surface. (f) A detailed engineering description of the facility including: (1) Type of_treatment method and manufacturer's name and model nu1mber. ' '\ U II e ) Ca � eed charging system. (3) Description of the control system: air control, warning systems, auxiliary fuel/waste feed cutoff, waste moving/mixing system, fuel system as applicable. (4) Computed residence time for waste in the treatment zone. (5) A closure plan for decommissioning of the facility addressing removalof all unprocessed solid waste, ash, washwater or any other process residuals. (6) Other information the Department may require including, but not limited to, calculations and drawings. • 890958 5 13.5.4 Facility Operating Plan The application shall contain a facility operating plan which • includes: (a) A narrative description of the general operating plan for the proposed facility, including hours of operation, daily operational methodology, procedures for facility start—up, scheduled and unscheduled shutdown operations, including utilization of process and instrumentation controls for start—up and shutdown, anticipated throughout design capacity. (b) Provisions for alternative waste handling or disposal during periods when the facility is not in operation, including procedures to be followed in case of equipment breakdown, such as the use of standby equipment, extension of operating hours or arrangements for diversion of waste to other facilities and anticipated disinfection procedures/treatments for any partly treated waste. (c) An operational safety, fire prevention and contingency plan to minimize hazards to human health and the environment resulting from fires, explosions, or release of pollutants into the air, onto the the soil or into ground or surface water. (d) Operations must be conducted in such a way as to prevent litter and nuisance conditions from occurring. Measures to prevent hazards or nuisance from vectors, litter, odors, dust, noise or other potential sources must be adopted. Wche mation and job descriptions of personnel projMosoyed at the facility when operating at full apa uu for LLJJ u (f) A plan f training equipment operators and other personnel in the design and operation of the facility. 13.6 Operating Requirements 13.6.1 The Division shall be notified in writing of the anticipated date of initial start—up of the facility not more than 60 days nor less than 30 days prior to such date and shall be notified in writing of the actual date of commencement of start—up within 15 days after such date. 13.8.2 A facility must be operated in accordance with the operating procedures specified in the approved engineering design and operations report and in other applicable permits. 13.6.3 No hazardous waste as defined in Section 25-15-101(9) of the Colorado Hazardous Waste Act may be received or treated at an infectious waste disposal or treatment facility. 890958 6 13.6.4 Infectious waste to be stored longer than 48 hours must be stored inside an enclosed structure maintained at 45° F or less which provides a minimum of three days storage, considering both volume (cubic yards) and weight (tons). Untreated waste may not be stored longer than two weeks without written permission of the Department. 13.6.5 All infectious waste shall be handled in such a way as to maximize complete treatment of the waste. 13.6.6 The facility must be inspected daily by the operator or more frequently as necessary to detect problems with vectors, litter, fugitive dust, odors or equipment malfunctions, with inspection records maintained and corrective action implemented when problems are detected. 13.6.7 Access to the facility must be controlled at all times to preclude unauthorized disposal. 13.6.8 No person shall close an approved infectious waste treatment facility without notifying the Department in writing at least 60 days prior to the closure date. 13.6.9 The facility shall be closed in accordance with regulations in effect at the time of closure and with the closure plan, which if amended, must be submitted for review and approval by the Department 60 days prior to closure. 13.6.10 The owner/operator of a proposed infectious waste treatment facility must notify state and local elected officials having jurisdiction at least 60 days in advance of the proposed opening of the facility. 13.7 Transportation Requirements. Transportation, handling and storage of untreated infectious wastes shall comply with the following minimum requirements: 13.7.1 Receptacles containing infectious waste must be clearly labeled with the biohazard symbol or with the words "infectious waste" printed in letters_ no—less- thA .� inch in height. ( 7; — I ctio ^J\ S �t stored, packaged, contained and transported u � man� `"e s release of waste material and in a manner sdeh that nuisance conditions shall not occur. L1 13.7.3 Infectious waste that has been treated so that is it noninfectious may be mixed with other waste materials. The treatment facility shall be able to provide proof that the infectious waste has been treated according to these regulations and is no longer infectious. Proof may be by written notice, heat sensitive tape or other equivalent means. A transporter or disposal facility may require this and additional information in order to comply with 13.4.1. 13.7.4 Contaminated sharps shall be placed in puncture resistant containers and these shall be made noninfectious by an acceptable treatment method as defined herein. Untreated containers of sharps shall not be compacted. 7 ,20959 (NOTE: NEEDS TO BE RENUMBERED) / i o- Sc: / .,c 0 .G✓,r'V,w ?we- (r iv4-x. /,, 1 1A/3 Definitions l -zocFi,v.nc ,, scCr/C" /.Z; Xenieoier / Ona- Y 13f3/I Autoclave. A strong, pressurized, steam heated vessel used for sterilization. 7-1/$/7- Biohazardous wastes shall be all wastes that would otherwise be an infectious waste but are contaminated with a radioactive or listed hazardous waste. 134313 Infectious waste shall include any potentially infectious waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production, or testing of biologicals. To be infectious a material must contain pathogens of sufficient virulence and quantity so that exposure to the material by a susceptible host could result in an infectious disease. Examples include but are not limited to the following: a. laboratory wastes which have bad contact with infectious agents and associated biologicals, discarded live and attenuated vaccines, and culture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate and mix culture. b. pathological wastes including tissues, organs and body parts. c. disposable supplies and devices that have become contaminated - - with human blood and blood products, body fluids, human blood �d bloo p' ) f---, from a patient with a diagnosed or suspected mmu a d' s 60 t can be spread via blood or body fluids. ID Q 1 nI D ntam�g#ei�-dnima' 1 rcassea, body parts, and bedding of z no i a me durin nimals that were exposed to infectious oo t c ge g p research, production of biologicals, or testing pharmaceuticals or have succumbed to any zoonotic death. e- sharps such as needles, scalpel blades and broken glass which have been in contact with contaminated material. 7A,O/4 Governing authority shall be the state and county or municipality having jurisdiction at the site. 7 /?/, Health Care Facility for the purposes of this regulation shall be any hospital, clinic, physician's office, dentist, mortuary, veterinary clinic, nursing home, home health care service, diagnostic screening or treatment center or laboratory that may produce infectious wastes as defined herein. 890958 amI "e200. '^ d3w.^a . �� O c aC'° g Gd, N m 0.T V=y � \�j 'ae� T a¢ w d o•^ w g `yac ,-' a o N\ `_ � a,3 t J E to �a�� y.7, .0 m � B' CQryywB � V' CN'O �- T y w Q. 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L .. _ — _ ^ L O Z "Z -- N r, V Vl ¢ — N M 't V1 .'J -- -._ u � L c > LC 3 - G 3 .71 H 2M re; MMtn '.4 .477 R a cn C1 > G � , _ • a •J - $ - L _ GL a G u M1, .a. — N M V vt .O r * 3 = a, , .-.3 '5 o G.7.. _ n ._ cs)T 3 "° 3 v L pn w G E �' a d o �' o L o .� a R F 'o y . .5 d s .E L ° c z 3 '°Is = a a C :, 'O c L c3 v co J,... 'v: a' v 9 u — u `' N v , E c v O 'v ` v o C L in Q —y °' � W A L U a04� c y W) O W C .a. tt ,L V R L y `c .o 'O > C T v ' r Y u Lt O VI` a - u n v 3 = u — W O v czar- .. L v V H v v U C O an C O. O " F- L O O E O y N C C 'O L v U L 2 CO C L h G _ ._ g Y Ns •v , so ... P. owm a _• cG) 4_ 33 cF ac .5 y `o u 'Y u 5 'c ._ 0 .E t E C o s' .a. L a a E a.. aci v c c .' v .. > > E 'c .C b,o a' •p � E a L 3 >': Crn v — L F v n o c .. > ;o a . .o a s m u c " v o E a v c u �� W s u `' " Y J L > a v va c A E �'. v ` y v E r o a v E y c .. O ❑ U 4 = -1 U V.I L o ` C L "' " v a v la v Et u L dl E c 1.. V. O ^ j g E ca c K E E _= u. 7 =' v r ° o C o b g , :OL c a 'v^el •c >-. = a _ ° a' o '� yy = n. $ " — F y S C Q N .a N n` 3 p? C L L O N ♦. j N ° a 3° O L v v a SJ g U U L C C .7 v _ F CZ' �' .E am va U , O UUU �L O .'E.' GU `^ v L LLCC. Ov ^ L "J au R] .- w S W •u .c £ a ro c u=. E E a o v r ;° ❑ u h A i m ❑ 4 2 c`Ur U. L ;a t Q G L oA O > .E c al a O .C. G '• uu 2 = o O •C d U v = N O OC E T v s ". c-sall = a. = Z ` L O D = N `. b e co O .O v L N v 'J C 0 '> % '., U .~E '4-�' O 3 O C W.' a C w .E ro N U O ,O y v = .. v C L U p s: a u c v: = S E c v s r " E > v .cn -' o _ v .� (teVa E a u y t) v d .= w = C - � � .E cr v _ � 'MEq OVOLEU � L .C O > dLv � � ` C .� - p . _ O 3: r v ^ v, Q ? = 'E_ c a - .c :o - w o c �_ ° 3 0 ° > °•r ' a °L. ° .c E F T _ " E " o 'O -o o .c v I- ro u ,6 a E = o c r E 'o .E ._ m ` c s n c - L t J vaj ' _ - O z a u - .. .0-f. c c A ." Ej W O a .c a v ` L � T d V ` 1 j 'r E cr, v C `o o 'E — c E A E v L c L v E C L 'OC a a .c 0 n L ✓. : V n C C n n u '!. = .o u O •L" c N. co L 9 ❑ -ad.= a y .0 r ac, 3 u - '/ C �� .> o G E P >u v G = >, . 'm o "' 3 ro .O 3 .' o F. = `� v c c o s L , v E = - W E v, 'p c . E p - 8 .ri �'- ,E ° E E r o ` E ti .o ...7.-, a cv a 2 `o t o a - = c V] - F = p ri E O s O n' A 'O 'O n v 40 >, 3 .c c ` - t `� a a o u a ` v F c - 2 = ^= ¢ .24 ° p o nu n '� 3 E '.. c 'c v ` o u o a. 2 u cc y _ o = ° r O Q UE CLUC v > L v ' C C � 'O ar a. v ` v _ F .. Gv x 5 r. 5 y ^ ' • `a " el) ` o 8-. E .q ..0 y '.. c h E c . ast •o c y v n o o Ct s >, 3 v o - :r,: U `u - r - o , O aE+ W 3 a1 LL-) a a t u ''�° '- 'uo ° 'o A v `� ` `s y `-' o " o 7-2 c = F Q v s ; ` r S L s p? L ;E o ' _ n o v a= c c c. E °° c i'- q c c _ — _ _ > -E c r N r A v e v `o v L 3 F' , E c v E v c '0 o c S ` • x "'� c co u "u c �i Q U c 9 o f F' m z E 'o ?? u - 'm L et' on r _ a c o ' r F v < cu C f', = s .E 'E � C.i .51E °� Og393 `osc � E ru sFrur rcui `bb, � ≥ � o .L E „ 3 — N U d 'J 3 W, �^t) C )-• J y co v a C ` u p a' £ v -J v = c a` c . ` p v a C v T u ,O C 3 / _ c 'c o 4R E d c v u a n 4 N -c° -0 0' n 0.v J i� • - --- = U) m E ° 1 � � Ee H a w CO CO y w z .. N ^l, ,D w 1— w --I J - v "u v `v c = Z H \ J Q CC W al CD E � 71- 'oF H Q Q ( LL O W W ct. _ 3 =' ` ` O H > U D / \ Z d 2 M CD ID - v . � ts o ZU ¢ w 5 a w w 3n n o.L U OHS U H 0 ¢= uEg c � a I- OHO (nr. Lij OOW F L C L L 3 C C7 W w w c m >W U- O W LL. C7 C r � •-) r- COW LL O 0 0 0 v v c. >. >.0 v > N ` N •4N V _ y c p = v u O .L. C E L Z C O L = p .L.. c -- O is ai O a, O O v - - v: v, 0 a v .O. 0 O o y 'v T= .C 0 T 0 v — s .E CO a avi .c E ` GO etc 0 co o u a, u u v c o o r T y = ea " 3 = E G ≥, C a r L L p '2 a O 4., C " c W = 'Y 3 m T'L.' �a -- Df' v' N_ �. G u .. v co d T e0•- Z a - C Lu :: . .— G a9oa a `a . v 9vsc03 C 'ov 'o 'S , ,. ^ v v 0 v o u L _ v r ` O a`� c C a C _ >.s ` _u y t u L W W O 4, A �, E .. .. v C c F., O, C, O O .. c 3 - aci >' /0 uvS ^, ., �� t _ � � v � .O aL E.O E E L OL _Lv .E a g "' at >` � ... e - ^ VM. 7 a `u E3 a - 5 ao 'c7 Hi? o s ocQca r.1 g = .c _c — " W C > .y. —^- U . L Y - G N o ... .v ^ = _ O - = a c o E W 0 3 vs v E °_' o v z � .c 0 a4 v > 3 r = 0 - v C - c -' v u ` = v O U L = r G Z O _ v '- T T r. E v :J U = Lro = 1 h — W L C E `G ' > wl,D a O ,�' Z E a :a E _ C _ O - G. L ccr � = = .' ya � � " o c = va o `o2 ° LA .= s '� Q � u - ov E „ � _ v Z C _ _ .^^ h E C E O ?1 _m o Q.Wl '� 0C0.C o w .o ..= LC0 ? •C = y ≥ E s o Q J — - o a, O 5 C .O E .. c. v _. c :6 = O .N , v '- )-. 0 - = " .O y o. i, v .. o ° u .Q °' v O w .c 3 'C r= E' c 7- La QJ3 a .C 5 O.4O - °U v 7 '-'l ^-. J - E C Y C O L a m T z co U .C t• � O %.•= T v >, O W E a = c 3 —_ ^ ._. '' U E O 'w L C, a, .,- a, c cc�� r, 'O F .C •S B .E h C _ �. L v _c - ^O ` •.G ., c G L v = v •.0 a O >. C O ` ca au —w s n C.7 T O a G ,a .n L ... C v = u ^ _ 'c .= u E CU Li n o >, — o_ c v o r El =• a Q E E c ._ o — C ,L ._ c, z .. `` c �� _ C d TEL ❑ — s -c _ fi r - j O U i C 'y v s d .v' T s � 3 L 0 ° `Z 1- co — O . 3 c - L U _• - G1 WW.= / L �- � im v = o ooE Z K (V - L0 E r = k = •(_, 4,2; .448., = = 3 :;-4.. c c ,, v o c c L' = z -8 ,2o o ^ �, E Lo—n _ w a O = ' : _ .�. E L !1,.r a. 0 G. a C.) C E U >, 0 c V -C T.v T 73 'j L E 1 C = 7 U Y N N N L `ct ;.i C a = o o E L .2 ,o ,o v. o .E .0 .a u 'o Eye e a`, = u' L = m ° u Q � o —> s y c w Q = & .t U - c r - ^o — c c 'C .c , on v otil a c v a y o �a = v` .n v y s _c 9 to = — _ 2 v E L 0- cc - 45., -o -408—^ 0 -2. . J.,-C. ol O v L 2 = oO G E O - t = - 0 •._ m — - v E u '_ ^q Q c r o y � CC ci s L _ v o c ,i5 n" c - c L c L N S C r __ 'J •> L = u a .- _ U '- j T O L O v y .. ctl v � v —te,,- `` ' ' O n 0 0 3 � 1. d j � Z L' .7-; J O " C W .. 4 L' L -.' 3 U -O a, 9 a C L t c L - O ? U E '+ C' 0 .. "J c - c _ v c v c o e.i ea c E a - L c 3 :; L -n E v, O. ea O., 2 ~ 3 s u r - - a - o o y v i _ _ u a_ a :. -5 .E r. ^NV H 4O.—F", G * 1 / z: E 1 I C 1 L_-+I J -► 'ill G -CI ---\ B r L x L--. NV.— 11 ki eY • A — ! IO I O ^II1 ! M Figure 2.The schematic diagram of a modern trash incinerator, incorporating energy recovery and air pollution control. Key:A) tipping pit D) grates G) turbine J) baghouse M) bottom ash B) overhead crane E) furnace H) electricity K) induced draft fan N) fly ash and scrubber solid C) hopper F) steam I) acid scrubber L) stack 0) combined ash P) magnetic separator c o 'O = �' `v v z a = z a ca T c .o ❑ = " `° >''' v E a v an a u ` r J V: L c a *•''' Q V T 00 A F N O t" L o u 0C E p v L v = y > v L ^� E .J ✓. -.4' ^, 3 a o - 3 c ? L d E `v E v v u6. N c F 3 E " E u > ° c m E '^ `v " J, = $' GO N N . J 0 - 5aai c _ -'. ca vta cNa ='Dv taL O ^ wv p � U .V mE � .Cad � O ° u = c ^, � N LL] of ,v d v •.• .- v L L v - T v C O O L L cam ro a n' A+ s m v _ � V v _,� •:= o v a°i o >. v � E-.!_ Gil.6. 3 = = .S 5 = ; 3 bb <•- c a `v - o • . = � .c - 0 3 4' ai .,ai ≥.LL7 C a=... L v >. Y tea = c Q N .` U � v • vv x: s 'O a °v a) p 2 -0 L.c v O - O c /0/�� - d - C W - q u+ � L. — to o 3 E .N et; :a •L ° c `� E c 3 E _. a � E d ^ E r o o c. c m v Y a A v -t t .a o f E c c 'v v ai o Go = .z = cy W U u a _ v 0 . — t, Cry = a C o L .E odd = "J p d - O " 0 c ` o j L -al Lv' j C a p .° R F G O 9 C•C r OA O T u O E C O v O co .C u L C C vU Y a � C0 g O L •S or D y N .✓; a ? v � E T � C � :d t - F 4L >' v a J .0 r T 6. C 6 ` ,- c • C L C00 C r=i u F m v = 0 .E •u- c 0-Z L v E L ;vi, _C v O L L •y a O •c, .c. D O T v ` .0 o c 'ci° ;c „°'J� ° E = = cu o •. c a ai c'° Q., 3a "4cu = av `" moc.• - • _ o c aT_ t-. Eu cw ca d , _ _ co- - -- oozcv .- = -6 .0-1. ny `auzcto .on, c ° � Qo - c ^ o Ll u -a v v = ,`t' E ,o . E c '0 —. 0 = 0 -' =y E . " r iv ` cn .E u o 3 °u t E o m o o. c `c c - u = - -• - L -• > C u V d 5 E c `ur u ' L 'E -o = '>' a o- Z u c E c ul , o C ..75 7 3 y ^ a, :, 3 E a ,,.c o : tr.: u d-. .. u °' T= v .c E o c o o " 5 u - _ � v - _ .°o _, ._. cL, a- °a '' .= y - .9 . 3 -o a o `o 7 v cu 3 a_ SV C = 0 —▪ r. > c - >L` O >:,.2 O t u z .C .- > O c .D C N aA CIO L d a L u a .. 0 3 i; c v ° f o ^ c d. `o `� z y'o v 9 $ o .° a E u € 'o a `0 3 3 = P- = '.2 p _ us > V J v 4 _ r C y J d m u ❑ C `- v _ O m F - = a c = c0 .K O Ls L LOA N C '� O o a v C 0 c ,_ _� v ,i ,u, •_ -5 ` u L O U _, r o T E O > .- = -_ w u 2 .� •'_ L E 0" c .0 c r. 0 L .- .O a c .- v v▪ -.. ` J OCL -' Ea `AV J � _y � i0OT CT J ... > C a) Et i- .. O •-V205_ 01Ecp '�0 � L � o � = y - � ° a' s - 3 o ''o..o o c L a o `" •`° m o '- v y _ v '� 3 = A i = 23 � x c, 5 0 c = C v o .. w o 3 E - d 'u - E c u .w.. > ro F. ` ` - F .C c z? c ' .NN-.' cot c v _ u,- - _▪ � - .t'1 ' - ', s = y ? C Ov .2 `1 4 '=y L y. ti N A v u - T Q cry C 4 v J L vA U C _ : C=✓, v 2 _ ;_� L V J Y v L` L 7 C _ S V CI) C' .' v E a = a O . ° C a L .E , co E L_ 'J _ u ' o ° .E3 a° '° o 6v .cot ooS3 Ea < ua ova -6 3 •oo r ..c a3c c a', E EL - 3vv ., vr ` ,y oo E 1- ❑ a`LD aop) `v .= o aa`tJov `uv ° '- a >' E _ > c v 0 _ _ T E . = o >, c o c 'E d O > E u O '... d d a y aui = N u ° _ c u .. m 0: J - a o t6 .°a3 CQ VI bp _ R - L c - v o c v a u N 7,i r .. ^ = ` g C j C i�A - dL7 v u p T E L u _ Y .° ti J al a T c t .E y C y0 d c i z .� L t E - _ .Q ._ N .E `° 'C D -' W E 3 _ q u J ❑ a p _ t `!• .. a C .o E0 a o ro E _ .- c - h v 3 :" q '= •V L 'c .= u = •E_ 3 u c >,Y c° a v ro x Olt) y a c eA. .c °A A el) •- T c ° � ,71 uu -d = L n v e2 o C vas .E caTE2 > a-ad oo .aLE c o _ , EE c•R a.c E 6. ;? v � E :a �a v - m � a � C � � f � � s o •cc o � .� u, 3 ,3 uLo v �-. 'ELsE °Q,�°ay '� q ,aoEa vcc p �= .- L - N V d " N a) o a: Et- v v ,E ... u c • v v v N .- d E O = _ v :o = ` v = ci F vuw y '" � ._ 3 E h Os aa >, = 3 c _, t OO > ca dt3 vaa)aiv L N ci L .o .6- o al K ;.. _ ;n J tic 0 v �., E .C v v J L u .v u 3 v r. T v a - = > L �0 .C l-0 .C T .y. N d ,-. ° ;.J. e 0 yyC E ti a) ° F _ T J O c O L J t 3 v.--' .115. .m O- A v v e0cij Ue 0 T �=i, C a a L N al ° E le.'' = t C d OA eg,= of y O 0 O E r J O C C L .� ,va U _ •C L. et E Y .L.. a N > A 4 u .E v ...mg % v c v C4 al '.T. eeee E G. C E c v a a.- .? Y o .� 0. '� vss o .c v T � `° ro �_ L• oC7 •o Cc_ ro a� .E E 'u 3 � .� SaalL a u v c"J `v O pl O O = V .E a ro .C N v, 0A 0 v 0A s ca d �.. C ,u , (4-• >•, 000. 0 3 ta _ _ t .: 2 r . ..• me= v •.oA 3 o v .c F .E v .� ° � ,.v.. c a 01) :: v ai v c - L - v c,l y w L - L L L S o c -0 p 0 c u v v E - ^l, v -ss .p Q uF al °SAE• E .= s v E >, .0 0 = o `o v u 6 r 5 v t° 'u ` � oE > " � t o .E •E d,� •= ° - m s 0 5 _ `"' cJi °' '.°- ro ro v 3 Tal �, ai c L ,o u ro .E v -J _- — C �'o O 0 a •O - O �• C = M. >. 3 ° o yE �, T a 0 rn d �a `' ...0. OJ -a .›,c . ,E � L.. =. V :O T...0 — - 4 :- 1� -6 aJ 0 L. 0AE, o 'O E O J u& Z ` tO J Y J R '.. y y aj u _ - ,l Z .JI `ati vy C � � Lq D u pDa .E > o > dT- Wv 00 6) 0 C ._ h � v _J C '- L 3 C E 0 0 ° 01 • v '^ a ,C �. . w $ a Ctl t0 .- p a) c a1 v 4 0 =0 •' co u 'v0 > y Cr �. _ c r - � L. J A u L > v v T •T l: `0 A > 'v >,._ C •04 O 001 0 .. '7 d v C i S =A ti u r = r u aA H v L c=d O p>'p ° `C E L d ° C •• L a 0 O O `u O 0 . = O 0 r o ._ ≥ L u c O O y F ... W J > 9 >, a.. > J ° _o = aJ E C _ ° ` N O O al n. ° U a •L n U u 0 W L L r V • F"' '� �SD Ca 3JE3C us c=a ~ 'U ESL t� JL OD p,L Ftra 'p CD '� OQvL •._ .. i � - ,u uL .t � = cL' L,'v _ m _ FO ,n _ .u >. an _ °° 00 - 5' in00 � N a ° 'a•p L.. G 'C . _ c ='- v ; o E u c u "c- J - '- 'o _ L 0 ,= a'� z 3 c o =. o — ., u �- a = _ .c. v u C-O j u 0 0 9 m = :O u v L 0.. 0 = .0, p _� o c to Z c"-5 O u u 40 y -, C - -- O O .C _C > u D r _= C 2 d'J, v '+- u d .. 7 — ca 3 w ... o u. my L c L ._ o d _ • r. a 12 -�' �.. 3 = O = a ., s O iE .t' W Y 0 0 € Gi L C 'Yo .D.� N K y L_ Z =-4° C c ` 9 _C � 2 d E.-.0=� .=J a `— V 9 S U L L y� c E .� w S a v O C O W a a 0 T-0 3 V L S _• .E E O c a ? J r � s u � a s 3 3 •z °' o Y v E L .. � E a Y .E � c o o 0. Cr c"i o = .- !-— 1�A c .o - v a c uc .v c a. t - 'E w E 3 c "o- v o v .. q `Y r. .E in o `0 3 ;c c J V, O a c. 1 X3 „_, 0 = Ya ,ocr, w� vvuYc°O - Emma .E > _ c A " A �moE � c � 0 v - � o > ` cc a _c c c o - = -0 - 0.)'c 3 o v .E c= o at v 'o g'• °-' ` E �' Esc ._E L_ � . >, ^ Dc= 'o .- E 'r � � = - _ 7 .E '- c HA C� G 'o 7 .- „ 0 .0 Eo ru+ 3 c = C, J▪ G.j ' E A L E o f C v▪ O o- o` c c v -• `o - '- U T. r L C v 0 5 t > N m PO = 'C 0, o 0 CO - s v ->"'3 3 `� m o a c Y cry"- m O �° .c E ai a o E _ - a,'J Cr 0 o - - > - = E o E E a a u E v ovi, a . E y c v � o y = 3 ,e _ >, `� u u v v o .C E o w a g G L w o ro °J c .- '' c C c c_Yi,vu u> s3v � � `w�a .o o avu � � � E cO .yvcoc � � L _ p .E > .p '� � Eao � c !, 3 C a L _ c ` 0 c L 3 o .> O c 0 = o y .; p O v U 0 .3 .G .L` > 'C O E v 07 O d o ` O _ E o E . ._ o c E c v s - 5 ? . c m c v o a Y . E c o �' o vLa .o 'o = o ca c aYa(CY� o .E .ca _ c • = . 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Ov _ j G • J v '`-E "cu .= ^ 2 a = - 3 J w 0 a z c C v y c '- p L W , -p z c a E .`l C Y L .E - y 1 a -04o f .r € - c aJ _ E 'er .c.: Y E c o c :c .0 o c ` a c c o ' o c w t _ _la EJ - = aa' _ = v '� o0v uo 30 -csoo ' "i. `ox " ofoEo .= v — - - ,Y _ — - L O 0 v tU - - "C- . „.40 >+ `o J „ U 0 0.'0 >,o v Z` 'n .� c = " T O 3 = - - - c .- E. c .- E s,w r 3 o a s °..' c a E a a v v .u g Y 'c _a E - 4 a a ono Y t ,`, _ ... ` ,.. . ,• 7 "" E v 'c ❑ _vas > v = rac y z S — oY 'o .c Est 0 T. _ _a o u = r c - 3:" - h = .v. c o co .c y U o u cn.,0 o z -0 o c. co c - - n ` _ ,,a, , ,.), .„ 00 ,5 v � , ,c , � > > L = � , -C� O''C L U T'E J U .C a O U C U S C L � C J _ d � v p = 0 , a = 7 0 = H v v v Lv, c0a t v ` c O v 0 c ia c' O. _ r a x 00— 0 C _ .� 0 .C ?:•••• r. 0.5 C d CI. E flu m u CO C ODD .E -0 '7 Or .-. 3 0 'O = = � y L p CO >- 0 F or. U Z I— „, c 1 U 'G V y O X :3 Y:; v L o u u Jv O 0 U _,= , v u — a 'U0 � 1L ccL. _ d F-- or, 3 g y on a .=5 = a .n o O w 5 0 Z a a b ° . 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Y "' v E 72 a d s ' E .c N .0 c�6. a 4 a '> u Q `. a 3 0 0 3 3 n. 5 '- r v E v ° 3 • 2 T - a T o - .O ` c a U .5 O = Oc rn v v R W O co L O Y.� C y a v 1 F 018 .,[ .1j T E o` . o` � u > _ z t r c o u .5 m..c o o t L ei,a `O v `'' u ?_' > o` ._ •- .5 c c :' z >y' 2 a:.,8 , o` x 3 ° 3 .? v `o � ' 1 z s v a .o .o 'v ^-O.'^ _ v O o c a ''>- = > c c 0 3 E t° u T c`, :. .> t• = - vc c —> F o 4. s r o a = " c c - •_ a c c z aci ' 0. o o •= 3 Ci - ` v _c v'' o E R L `o s .c ^ - ._ i, v v O 20 PE — v > Q6" > - c'c' Au .E C° E a_ Z -cz .i vL cu c 'm r C. 2 �. .c v r. 3 v F , s O o> o' y t tO .,0 a o .C LL. - a) L c e c a .- O ' o - - e , :C .- .O d d N E U • •• • • • • „ o x • •••• SJ . S • • • Figure 5. A map of the existing (.)and proposed (o)trash incinerators in the USA, drawn from lists compiled by the US EPA2and Kidder& Peabody.52 cr th.\ \ _ 1j . }}{ OD ® / � a, 76 111 \ �\ � � �-2 ' / \\\ O E\ : .. 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O u c 0 '- O y - N ?r •p ti ti r "- F- T O s • v v o s t c m = ` E a a ° u a ° x ei v O ro = .—vc v -° C 7 - p y ; - o T j b dE >,._ - uJv " Oro 'E = O` '0 7Wb0•a = 1gC '=1 ° -twnwzurvs ` U u = .. _ '5 a r E 3 E ° E a la. .E a o .v. v > 7 — o o a, ` `^ c = v _ .'.' ` 3 — or c `v . u u r u = v 1 a ' t O v 0 • -0 O r p .0 v O 2 0 s •a Z 8 .' v v cO C 0 l_ G W�n ti U V _O - 'r 5.-c 00 T �% a.a. Q. = 5F. 3 = r„ o = Q - U C » 5 = 3 a5 - aazi aE.' a .n •v °a LE cat c =.5 v vWia c.WO O.o �q d, v v ° � > 5 _ E _ ° o ° •- g r E ^`' 3 a .. _ = E r aci 'v 2' O c .a .v. c vv.• 0 .r E o — v r u O a 3 'f .^ v = u ❑ O 'O 9 0 O U v = v = u ` _' a O = U oo L c•! O U v V L i� .E- co ..= O = L Y m ... j L .—O v > O :C h o v, ,• a ` u,5. � v , as -o E a, £ = y v n. art c c o c ea m _ ..0° 'a'' . a A.S = r o .Y u a r m _ O v g m m .- O D on, �V tC v = G9 O '< c -' ro u 07 3 `m , n' ' 5r - - ,o c o E v u o ° v ,0 t; o v 3 " E E .c coL. o a u c on = _ v > „ . .: F 3 0 4- ❑ ro >,.'? 3 c— z ro o v E • 3 ;n -o v o a` c' � ° °' vu = " � ..Y v � a .uv. .'a u 'o czroyoor° 3oc .>E. 2o Ec V 'j Y v y _ u m ac, o 5c,_ , o c a.° .= E "- 'o :c o '1'1 .-60 E s 'o c U° c N :v o J EC) Y � - -a v L ,uc. u c c E a o c a h ° ro v u430 >,s = .- 2 - = 0 ° al '5' a = ,, ` ro a v v a_ .' a — u a= m ro u •= v ai_ 0 ¢ 4, .c 0 • Q, ? 0 aa c = L L Q. o v 0 � :_ _= = �`Du ^iv � a, .� ;o •'v .o .�T', L-° a 3 > CZZz .0 o0 q Aoo ,, Czc v3 r _ S T ' ro = u s " .z m .5 -0 c ,v as o _ a m —. 0 ,45 , 0.0 ' v ro u31 47: cTs 0 cz, m 3 c . 9 E °av 3 ° a`i E u aci .a> m Ema Cl. " ':aaa - �eU :20 3 E E o r _ as 3 .E = ot _ � ct r . 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T. g '- cr, a w �a ,= 'po c V IC E °' - — L = �] 9L E EZ = ` :� ° ≥ 'C _at.C •y L ,vT J.OA otd Ccoto ctig O '= S � GL > -- Ha E - - aI ^ x _ =' LL c y E o `o L >, a3 cs y aED.� We • ` c r3 r � - - ? tC � G. ' '3 V = w34aCEEuau vn °VOo9T = v.. v 1? ._ y .� _ ° = (1U T o o - E c ., O A �, .. 'Out. v v A >, o f n. L ° c v a) — _ cA N - a ^ v - c w at o c v L= c A o a v a o L ' ' il `. ,., v c A t= .E cu, :a v .`c E c = 0 A v v 3 v A .y o o Ln E O'a s '3 m''+7 `-- E ° >' E u L' c E. g u m s °T' = c4= O Ti.- ` Ca'o _'. putc " c c s .K v E W cat o- E 6) " aO- “ Mo oo 3 u o o T' .t — • > v ` - T.F .a evn v 'oo .Ac .E .E >, v c `oE z o - 422v m 5.. 5,•-' 05 ° L .° 0 'c s a } u v '„- Q = ty. " o " u '= L a ._ a, o a c V 3 ,`vo `° u 0 cute . c o a.al o E d = a_ 2O - ti," 31 M. .0 - v = 1 N v C = 7 L A . p . y a v O '` _c Q u c 'a C 'a v v 3 p . E ,> j oa, W u .0 v E A .?2cs WE 'o — tYax LM 'oy rr ._ ? Z � ,_ 7_,- .- v s t o a € v s y 3 �' 'E o A att .c 'v' `v o" Oo a _ .- v - m �: `o a ca'E 2 >, 3 t 3 , Ln• W L .,. T a p r c ^ A ti 3 cl W 4� 2 E•C > Y CYC O E p E .y. ` cJ U .� [-' E. d a y L L " G. 0 IA L ^ ce ^ -0 v N' ` .C M C o v cc, o c O 3 td H E 4 a E W R 3 CD y L i tO a.) , , - E .^^ L, - E .�? 3 A u - , x ' y .$ E 'yw, v O.L u >` co v a ern m 3 v ° ;, u to - �, n n. : .E >, a - c c .d. C V p c L 'C U .T L .33_O , C. - - 1 .- .O N e L LA E ., tta 4' of F '" U .v 3 EO V - K L L = - D= U - cE = ? - Wa > a = OY v = - = v 'C Nu .C tv (D a° v '` ° 0 ._ >,_. c0 E , .y '02 o .o w L ' s `u c COCCI >, v c v a o V 0 .On o. iTy. C m > v E n.c m L� Y v _ s - A E o u F o f - u L w: F .E -aa v z 0. E ° as E .,-A" = u .N d 40° o V .Ac p o ° E.E u „ %°o ,L, — v _ on -'4:1 z O E. E _ v O .�' o d v E z c co 1- .-o. >- ° C.) v g' c > = 2 ;...,,...2 —c = ? u r a : z a`, `n '= o = 9 0 — c s° a y c o a u Lo n E o .a v u � o Y o . C 0 3 •'.= — ` s =' E--- _ '_ .� a ti O L v u ,� h _m p >O. O Y ° O Lv. a, 3 d W g C O = v O6°- • v Y i E 3 c n = = m H V U F Q N Q U L L. C 0. U C. : .G O •E a eaS .C J - 'O ° Ti L C °' $ .0 E a = :. O c L s C U U o'OO .A. W o a C L. m p.y ? v .= _ a E `� c - r_ u u u a 3 .G Cl, c, Le. A a a S 1 _ _ T - a e, 3 = E.v �= V U O co - - U _• o p^ - d:O co v - ` = v �'L 8 OcOn OLL�. uNi E CO A v t L v = = 8 Z O m a J J = p = w Qti wc_Q_,H __ p a N U v = .oL v = as o _c3w Y OOO O O O - O u, a ., O = Q a y0 O C .z ^n V _U Q co N E p U p .- 3 L .= O - `L O E ^n i .^ _ Q E Id O W i« dti t N J 3 c w v w o a wmCar- u .,c ,z- v ` 'P T rrZ c ¢ ta U �O OQ - _J = G F = A 5 al E d o c j lV C > M, a p O T r - c v F U Z 3" O = N -O -I >CZ X E � O � -a r_- D W O U >.< = u - - - "' z Q O Ocm Lv _ CQ >, 07 2 w a T ,o U . ' u c , A - et— c T a Z co o EU 3 P. = ` a - O 2 m ¢� o Y 2 c — . O 3 0 c u E L _ _ -= wocua.-_oz ry CO el EQ O =L N U L oaf- mEE it •Y '_ ' °c >: ^ r = c E .o F .vu. E ` g '0 p .. o v v E c v .v. _ _ _ O .Y J E O S c• it c O T - _ Jj 0Ca Y > >. cc ON ,u "' '� CE -O n .� OCO Wa '$ T - - U _ cE ''' - L = v 5 ti x a r ._ c W 0 3 c Y W v v f•v we - _ v = /�� x ,,J. _ i K v � v Y = = v N L 'C j u .v O O U O i.: C O N E U T T p j C ^. y '- _0 /Y�J� '^ ? Y a v at,-o .c z .O L .° O Y ` Y co d J Pa a ` .� EO 7 ` J U .� Cn v' } c•_ r mE v, m .NJ A - vT 2 ` .- E ys 3 ` '0 T3 vu c > a >,.C Y ---,_ = s c �• — Y T.E O E r' .`-' ca E — . �, '` J ``"L 'o E v t E J c a "o = j"- (y�(y�� F., - :Z: 3 v = s 3 . = ZJ . x 0.. . .c = U N _..>‘ 4l 'J 3 c .V �' U, _.., .v, 'O = O 0 . V 'J L - W ^^ ^J - Y Y 'T C .> _ N = E v > .„ v = v - r Y E W 3 u ≤ Y U J L. = a V; _ - C G•e Y Z p 0 ,-0-' 7. G E 'v C C C - C L v X `' = 8- r > .0 c4 v R E '° •- - U o .°' o •c r22 ',J' = Q 7) ` O g c o p v v v 3 0 ` 0 v > v v o o •° a - .5 E u � 3 z n E Z ° °- 7-3 J s ! aE EL u 3 W Ya .3 ,° ›, yy uz '`° E .v 3 ° g. v 3 > >,'p Ev .E u, E vL 0. m 5. _C s a o o f o c v •p 3 c c `v v v E p `� o ., v = T 3 E °? In =� E c a• s a "•' `v °Iccuzc u z m 3 E aEi u E m �,L. L - E o a •v E a o z, a L - _ `z 4 0 - - ° o s 3 a t. c -oa E L > Z' o o N °c .E E z A c i q 0 3 ;c ii- a - o v o 3 o $_ - : .- a c J x v o > o o °� Po W o • o c '- .v TT` pp ''�. p r. E ,. .. o f u c .N o Oi c A vv i a E :; n c - v = ^ - 4 SQ E •L• ri'. '°• ar0o = Ysr •a -0vocvav„, .a € occo :o E ry _.. t J ° v '> P v 3 S - E .E a v w Y w = a - a> v E ❑ _ L °? c E S J - .l. v .t - 00 ^l`J � ._ d_ 7 ._75 Yi c .C ) J 80 ca `ELI ^4Q 71 JY - F- ? c - ' a ≥, c'= ° .3 v -7 as v o F u v r -vo v c W 3 =_ r = 4 3 _ z . . ' .C :- O - ^L o r O` -O Y y c O L. V L Y E - Y p 0 - i E Q u p v 3 c ` - _ oo v 'E o .p p, -o > E o - F CG J . -5 . = 8 -0 .0 .,, ,, ,, a..- Y - oc a p a . ...,404i,, 7_, - =3 .0 . a) .= O C.) O — Y v F c , m _ U Y -5 � •_, .r- L Q [, • F- P O • .,---. ,= = > E i. • OL 4: cc: W J > = u w y E _ = b - . v - c t--= A L T 3 a.; x c e; E - _-, u = N W 3 x ,`v, r c c n.= .c c gv t = V 3 c ,v = m E g. 3 v o= E v a u p �v• s Z - 0 o u u r4 3 V tit .0 a s _ c `-° v 3 .` o v = u, ,_n o a !. '_ c u Y a 3 � v a_ .5 y o 9 c .E F v a o v o .� °�' --j a, J ,o J E � ..... c �.�: �v, L � � � 5 - u _ vuua 7 x ' J .= EOv3Eo > L .- 0. 05 t '- . o rn . .. Cl. ti u '.- E . ❑ v F 'v U E - E. F s = E - 0 _ C 2 y 8_• b. :a cG a - a) m W 'c.5 v G T= _ o ° :, V `n ;_ o s " 'T` v .Q`- o a- $ a o L Q c 'E c`o E .>. _ LE ,e c .: 3 _ � LE W ` _ .x u ..- c E :a 'oy 3E E :EE "^ :° co �' � cn. v L - 0 c 3 _w F _E 3 v = ^, r ,c' v o° v, a 0 E 'nT y ° E $ :° ❑ _ = o a E v v E v c? ... ., 'O z ,Y •—L - - Y 'p ^ 3 'O .— y = -ta a v - m ._ as L '- E L v a T ° O 3 - _ v •z 'Y_-- a E u 3 3 3 0 - m c �• o .° �i c .= 'o o. a`, '� r - y •c v a o.'- _ _ • o W:` = r >,a' E = 0 v r ' c o c v = s c = °,n °� E = E ._ u L .= •c E _ x , c v _ _- r - ._ _ _ ' - v a .` >: Q " = u — W o v Y L °: E W 2' .E `o - E 'r o c -y _ .Y. Y C4!'5.! - L L W y U J W >' S W•-• Y U a J pa. a 'L .O • _ ^ '7 - a^ <a L L ti .O :a T . 0 -7 ba J W JO C - 2 x > a W .c =O L T O ° Y v W ,r Y > >, .= 7 % r,C.= 'C O „ .., a ` 3 E ". 0 - u 2 p .. m a .. L L: ° v cT• -U -o r' _0.- 0" L c3 2 L v 0. _ 'r: 5 N 'y3Y U YN � dOj -. U � y >,w •� AJ �, GYY 'O J G! :7 c > c E .= v .- o C4 v .c . - " p O p a o "3 = L- E-= c0 C ...._, 0 O p . > ^ - Y c $ r L O W .Y- J E = •V U cl N .L.. = E v to v L o L Y m `p 0 c _ w J L a, p > o_r, v - W E 3 ' o '- v w o L ti Et._ a u .. c c co•.E a v F A o a J .: - p ^L ` O00 'T � c .N uf .. 6. 3Ln L OLCF I.•J Ca OY C. YWL >, O YCN Om � 3 �L O . i y 7 .. - dTi 3 L 0071 Y 4:', -o L U a 4> -Y J > -2 P p m L Y _ J .= = 0 .•',y s .� UTa � L�. .� LL - gL � t OLc U - N , p,� v0 VYQ = - v r. F.. _ ca s T a O 0 ,- C O ❑ LC, L �p .G c - _ • r E Y F' c .C - 3 o v` o FF . +a.0 `a w � 'o _ 'o .O 40 o Wv - c = E ` Y v. >''F. ° E , .. O c. - >, E -' ? cJ5° a ' EJc 83.; CE a> t> It O 03 L.) 39 t 'O NT E .6.4 v > 7 E Y E .I) = 2 ` "2 v 3 °J > .E a`, `a cc= 3 3 vC.tt E 0 'E % >.•�' � o _c 2 c• Eo m�r. s _ J E . _E _c L u ` - u 3 = v E E c _v`, L - v E LILT) n. ° - _ ` - Y < c J_ - c - UE ^ ° ^ < , uT5 = ^ .. C,Y L .� o '.Oa ` 'D UO O Y = > 0.LCOE03 � � '� c .^ _ - ` El;J Y V ,o s = w ❑ o = v E = > v 0 0 0 >,-= �'- a o . -c a v` ' c = J p1,.E = .' - ,, o J c - - E Q - o' y •C •- o y - v E ' v .C o v v W ti c a v r u v E v a v _ v o u E m - bn c E t 2 = ft o 'o o _d °: v u ., +a > c ._ - 9 J o 0 ._ 3 - s Le - - y Q¢' e E E.- E .. c J E ' ° •v ODE °E' v" u o o .= ro u L •°o o v L 0 0 a °' a .^ n ',F S 3 c J U ?' y K L E v is O T > O ` w ... J w .� vry ea 0 n• c 'v ,E y Y E Ue = JEyE 'vr •pE EoNcJ JToa. .= > s ? no YE = F3 ` >, 3 ._ .^_ W.O. L Ew . nrn 'o0cY occ 'o - L _u - E Y t _E v V 5 'e - r. F J H W E w cu . x = E a o a c c m >, v E E ' - e ^„ L v = E C• O > J 0 :E of v p - - = c c C i - >,a z a •Z' c. r _ ' i > - " : 53 Et- ru ❑ 00 Lb"`' `2 b0 a0 ....= .5 ,an - v °O G v aq � "v_. _ '- - - _ _ y r ,, i ! L " - = G C L L ..c 'O O O - v Y p J ^1 J r 0 E ._1 ° = C Y L Y x v 3 E '- r Y L Lp J 0 _ = E .- �-, - 0 L .r J - .� .- J = - E c U := t .1, O •p 04 J O F U Y - y o- .� - • 3 ... Ci = r = T - . - c aF = Ea .� .ow: .E u � V) = Lwo 9'T .E = ,0' s .= z c t c = u u Y ` 2 = G O ' � . . = y v o, V L C 7 O p ' U C > O d E = x r v _= c E = v i z cv ii-0. E _ .E 3 �^' °° " > .v. o ° u m 8 G 6 ° N br)U �. gel _k - _ _ E s - 0 3 .. v ,c ° k°. $ t T o o c c o v v v _ v .. v x L y C c r O T TL t O 'c c " N u p O C c -0 v t ea , , — - L � r � E � c � � .>_' a; �3s o, o `c '= E .0C, Ac u o u y o = .Cti o v .01 .5 au c 3 F T� Cn N L � � ' •1.1: c o ?,' a o 4S v co o r c Go CO as > •c E o c 3 L £ c T /®�`, ', .r ` T R U L T = T 3 c O co d v cJ 9 = OU 0 o.yyN d :, c ,V,�/�� ;, - v C'E v .yU= co 0.'i C T v `� O 'D .. >L` O U c° �' — OU C t v > U .L > W - u = v ..= yt .n ,— o cm t° � uy .= atcao u .u. 7: g' .' .` Cr3 E - s v E o a a v E. z d E 0 .- v ,, v ,E o ..c c c 4 _ 'o - d n t v T U V E > .V. " ro C .. _ C.y Ed v l a 3 L _ N u _ c a 4 c ° z v C��' L AyLvv >. .. .= y .� Yy � �V : .c vv6O OCy 'O . e, yvTc c hu � L 'o-W uo. on.c �- nth vat: Eco A ; sv � o .= ° Ec 'oo3o av u u F- >; as °' ° �' c �, o ._ s. c T Z' 2 u "' E cj c onv •o ! = c � o J .c ` T n a _ a u o ...._u z A v v ° n c g c cp E c v U ? v v = - 0 __ c v c ^ b0 °` U c ` o C u L.„, — , =. 0 = 00 — z. y d y ? c Ic- v 3 o c a., b c O Q >, , = •c C• Ft' •O L y N y O,L .O O U aai .-1 a i E _ >� v.. =• r j J i E Ord T E '= c r = u .° 5 ,., E � t 77 "V, s =, E o u ,c � " ai E ° v ._' c c z' v `os c " a Ju ua Y - o - ' oc •vo u Q' o 6. `- c ° > - cv , E cv o � a, v •_' 'v � s ua � E r u .5 E=., a"i ..` c a°, ` fi v -4 - 0a O. L, u`' vc ti Y. 'O " _ ^ v L E _ a a ,..i; N .,Nj'• ` .V, t. ,6. w y o C A "- c 9 `. E 3 0 .° _ _ C v _ .� et Go c - c - cn ,° oE z .= .- c �= E = E -v -o TE va 0 =o c 'w o u c c _ U E '- O c v v 0 U •O - S s v U s ° G, C ._ U U = 9 ca v - L L c v = o _ c � a v or" 4 w cL os,Wu E .- = au E � v v3 -, 0 u u v c a J a�, ,�. u -- - 0E -= E `v > v v u 2 y o v v E '� y 3 v, 'E 3 - v r .- c y J c a vJ'' U .= 5 c' h B 3 E o u _ °' 0 3 y c o =.s "c. f—a c c • © Y L .v- >, (5 r .. _ v u E r = o .E = 4 - 3 ` -- E u 4 'c.. a E .E ..7 wn .. .U. 'oo c .“ .= = c c v ` v __ v u .�. = _ to t° o v o E . E c Cr; .. d o .°A n c. - c c = .. C ? daysoai °0 u .c �' -5S tio . mo . v c spucooc` o. c tdr nc = cv a`, E c = o E :.' -E s r 3 ` ` i `o s ° g o cu E Q v . E o o c E = r-' 3 y m E E _ .c _ .t •o v� L 3zvu= o __'„ss c c' uu. � ^-> 3 c 'a' >- = CF °a c a o o` ou93 v ej > 3 .S F s E o `t n. E A cv ea t, _� - - U - , C N ^ vO C C 'c Lam' y E L ° 9 w L A E. .C .C O C C W C Y . = - v v ❑ c v � ° m o a o n.. co o v,o E �. u� E �.o c� o .c _c 10 60 c.� al v ,_ = 7Z 77 V L J 3 0 v N L bA =O c _fa E v > > v boo r° t' C CEO ._ .C v c0. .L n N ]C O •j � 0 c r .' '0 , 'L C" O. O ry v o N a, ' o N O = G 0 'D .C- = v 3 A ".- v a T-c QQ T . V = 0 c c ° 5 c ,� c .. Cl.u ro 3 u v a U • a`, .> n.u d o v c .c m wu $ • _ �, .= °i, v c = a o .E c _ .° a 't, m 'pa u 0 1 s' " tea z ,,, $ '-. CA 4 v u, a s c 3 U 2 E -o v c d .0 ,° O N C N C c- a O —n C = b..b. � C O X L ° L 4scq d a a, 4 6y, T 2.-o _• ? v ° = �' '° 'E L 'c 3 .>< z '3 c ' v ° E d c id. p e "0 0.c' A 6. •3 g h t o 9 :E ., u c 4 a_=, _ E 'a _ -c > v _> E c c c 3 oho ≥ rTu.5 A v v a u `U° a E .c- G— u 3 a Lt.' v ° v -o 'O a ,cam c 0 v Q s 'o ❑ •- c, v .0 u E = v = ❑] _ O V) 3 4 9 .p " = T >, U y Q, A CW O E C :al L 0 A y u 'C U .'_.. h a N �, C N 3 3 t 3 E N j cL° ,- s .0 u a t o._ OE E= a 006 y c > tit:" op E °a, d d y .� ° v c E c E o s o o v .o ,�, v v r v > y v >,- >,° V •v E v v v m 3 .n � n. 3 E .�� u _ � o o :° A c � E E C4c. •P.6) a E o , cy r- u 3 z v.v O 3 T.O C VI OJ C E d L t, i° w u b° a r0 o0 C T - " O -,t 0 •.E 4 m N L W O v v r. :, rn F C v .° .c a > C > E y O� c c,-- -o r ..c r_a C O O Lv Ov >` v L 'C C. 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E _ - L c °u �' = L vu, Lit E >, •0 .4 ° > • 7 = .c ° va v ..cs .. .. _ > ^ _ " c c`. ._ o y v 0 ^ :w' a u F d °° a' L U z_ _ "' ` c a ._ m .0 3 v 9, `o C c � m s 4 c.. i'= c C., c _ - ,c s 'ru •°- n. `�E" o° E u 3 t1(.O >t)v> .� c "C..; c c _ g E ¢ u,C F e UCJ a v 0; U .= G ., c6 ,2c ' AU i v ' o i' � y � CL 2 v v ^Jl_ > C U O L ,3 .C W ti t2.1 N 'E O F v v Q' ' C1, " 0 w v a _ - %. - _ = a _ N v .. v > v re?. o4 5 > c u v c 01 caL c N D CO .F u E ° c u a .. N a ? O N v O u u o c. c E o � F ° v v ` L z r o =° .E 0- 0 3 c= . 0.= c •= w ` v c L v 3 v a >.N u Q� u _ - ❑ v o E u v c m .0 v 0 . = t a' ' $' `o o GO • °, i L 'J .'S ° t .c.L -I r F. 'S .G '� N :j N _- = W -,3 C _" . 0 _1j ra - v `u ._ ` :' C p T F u v a 3 ` O L -,,y c c. -4 3 t v — o a. .: °J' •= u v -. v v c t° E s c u"cl- u, c - _s o o "' a ' v = u E a - .E' v 8a „>, v E E 0 t u ` — a o L C '.- ~ .,y O ✓: u :a U to •-cn > z E a N C O vl LA a Lo E - >" u s ro v •` > s o v t —°' c o a u = 'o a c.: 1«. '' u ti o ,- a c •3 a > ` u c y _ v y O c c L .ee. v c v a 3 blip O C cl a € L n C - 0 3 � .D co' •t 4-'3z a V L V V T 0 I O � c v v :: C v — j L .c •._ 0 L = o c,; v = m y ..c v 3 = ° a' C4 v c c'a °j aG! = 0 c v O o .. C C L L o L C = O O = a ^ v • a c a L ~ o, 3 = s L a. I c •3 L 0 o E v v c v a c ci c ., a.O `v O o m v C P. - C ° a u c u = >.'.. u 7 ... Cl. >. — a Y ° V V N T O a s c c t vi C" p C CZ= y C`3 ,c _, U C C L c ° •m 3 O u' ° `u u s- :o ` E v :, C >, cC > v v u v ' C c .C O 0 > C L �' > ._ .F F .c wa o ... .N - v .O- s v V 4 c u > L .` c Q. 3 u v .c! v `° ` EccL . z • xc ... = o avOE ._ vca 5 - & 5a co u ° 'E FVF = aO° ysN c a, � v - -_ - reCb 5, Cs vi , r r .v C4 ar 'ro - Oc u .= L > .G = O luy > - ti ^ c. � 'c ° 0 == hu _, � 4 .DR ' uu u .. c v z A r s ^ O .- i- ._ c a. C. w v y .. , , , d y o4 ❑ v O v a E .n a c a`i v � p 2 ° � _ > = u' `° g o r c o yr, - v U o �, -- L E 3 = .� .= > — y = E ? u a • c E 0, • ro co 'c z, v u u v •u c d A P .v. E 2 .K .ti o a y c O v _ u _ a, = o j 'O ._ o a c O A C4 5 N v N > ° _v b4 C T u c o c' c pc e4 ad a v = °u v' c c4- ° v a y o 2 > c`a c C4 u .E v z v '° v E a .c ' a v ^^- 'y o = .. ?' _ ° @E2rm00 ?` ro " -'"c .E � u .E >.= >. 440 cEO a = � L u E = = o ` c c •- n .1 ,y= t u x w � � v .3 3 .c c k.c = .N C 0 .FP 0 = V .= o E .. a,v U v = c ? - v .X v _ va ` a E E c > z y u c E v .v. .0 u - E u a v L Si m „> = .0. _c _ O o E _ " >, a o u v v _o c ca o .�. °� c c a v — = u > r o ' a°i 0 = c", `� E = r v y ,ca " c o2 u R c c .5 .. c a o v " o `o - .L c - ° - ' E o u ... r v v 3 v y y .y auui S.0 2' 3 0 0 o v E o' 'c = 3 :. = E 1 _ c c u. v u 5 S a, �, 3 L m T. ro °- c`°, `v -y °' v '- - ° E ` u ccaa -c on o -o ^� t = `o c.r ≥, o .' o` : z ccs -o `Q y ma av 2 oz .` .„ th' 2a ° n u c 3 c a ` ay ` ?} v v v v= a ° c L E O.F v co o E .C tea ° v c v o Y `a .v. V a o c. h e u v = = •--U ccc, . L v0,o '.ucco Ec ° w .Ea , ,_ `e c ,.`. E '_`-. .c "" '0 „ 1° co .-- 3. Act- o _ = - >-, "o o v 3 o u v .- L v =a v .0 3 co C4 v a °i c g a c cv4'- 3 c Cu.c E Oa = y uej Uc>a _ u ') - .nA A0O4�> u-14 C •,_ V .D .E2. T. L4C .°O L ..•Ea4c >,y.. COCC — a O "- C - N 'u U v 'C O .V c 0 ° U ❑ F ,Q 'N c to c N O N y C U C �. F to E c o = ° L >, - v o v c E m c -0 a ti 3 v ° ' o O et m p c �c - c `.c'= co � � u taro- ruc,. o ra t° oY ❑ € oz v °3' E 'E " a ° 4 "�cc• > = 3 _ •�, ;� v c c u 8... -8 = �, ac E �.o •ai E o` � o a ° .. L � ,n ❑ E n o v o E N Y v J, 6 v -c — u '•E c v •.O E a a C 2 T E W C •L 3 C c u ` v O V C =• C c �. - c„ :, .. . = V F L_ v O w ^ V .T Q. .D c U° '.C. .`Cy. O D.L. w h ^F° O W •... O L ca 5 t ,O .`_V' C h > C - J L ,- v o u a 9 C .c co o - v ,a u v u C .C a W E v V pc. C 3 L .- — +1 r c E .4- O c 7 + = u r' a O C W 4c O L u u c a 4- 3 " ° a ?' t 7 • _c C g o L L N •c• - E ' z E c v ,o a3 Fj V y c , = =I n. o t y o co .-, o m E .a) ea O O o 0 3 3 . 9 c .=o v v n. � .c '_ a �, C _ a u p. c • C r — '� H " M. c c ca .11 a S �`+ a �' o N v v u L= c O c : L. ` " O c, u . u 03 c •` a e4�:, ,,ca E ^' c v � c 4-.„2 v a u .a COr u _ v a, 3 r ' . c E E c ai s v F x c = avvJyrvao as '> � v `c v, _?gip � u O , cv d ° .c 39 icy °ucc - L - ., _ - - > - .E > E O L O a E v > E c v O p ° L 5, v ,- N ` y .C > c a.c E U .= o O c ,, G O p o E ca m E- a .° a - = �o o z o �' `u �' n. . z > c ° 3 vF - 3 — 5 7 •a L z ^ ^ = >•-• C J .- Y N O CI L N 4. VO V .D N v m v .. — D CL v v �- ° L_ E 'a ca p 'v0 v y O 9 O L O co '4 a'4 _ct z c0 `? h ILI, c w.C' 'o 6.or,.E •r„ , o'o 3 v s m c c u Lv. 4... o c � `c° u o `• v 'E .m rd .c' v c E c Ve 00 no outs 0 nL30 z � c w a.'= _ o o 'c d aL u s u tom m a o c /�7 a > _ o 2 -,-.3u u E �'' a oo.E ° o E € a E• c ° .o g' .c ? mCD C v = E c - U W I?. E > 'O .c = = 4. td co a �L ` C .y L •_ ? c .. =o :32- .a v v o ¢oui .` E aEi c 'o ate' a, ° c n. E c aq (�/.//�� U ` p p = o 04 U U N 3 .p OT _ L d O N .E v pp v o 0 o L a _6'3 m W 0 0 �, a.' _ o ^ E ` LE - HEEcE5a. c0YsiLoung me s - ` > .° n0 _ E E e - EcL ._ a A.' o v ° �e .o u vw v v .o A ° = o o v E O N r. .. O v 0 p o U 3 >,�, v ,at U 'O `n c E L S oA '" N 4 cd yO L cm y v z g Di, ,_0 Ll , >, E ., vs d u 'o acws c> 0 A 'ob c Cu u § r o u u3 c , 2 ,cy 3 ct 3 E c 2 u [""' a w ^E •oh, v, y u v 'c L 4 $ . 3 � u v -c _ .a r 1 a ` o v ° ;e. 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W Y •?', RE C ° O 9 C N v: v C V V; N Li \ •ir" -. c va E 0.' AG 'c v `° $ •C -f , 0 4' O n 4.dPC -- v n 6 G � 2 co a Q RI n v n ¢ ye M ` ; o' e._ c ,c ' • r a c y E = '� r W m E E .c W _o > c Z ! y° �° 3 c oo ~ ° o r Z'v u a 3 n' a .a.K v (; L Q N 3 Z U c h 'c .4 v 2 _ _v E L `° c `+l p _' O ? 00.`. DJ = . .T. c 4, f% y . 'y ZY .O 1.4 v'' y o � .� a . l" — cc. or, G v F -i CD w, ? 3 `0 o c o ❑ aa E Ea Ee, aEyou • S •¢ .icyWQF ,' vOC7 •.we . A Wiz" - - y U .E m 2 v 3 = ., cE, '� E m ° e a' al Gc y _e i ,, a c c v , 6 U < ., " E c — C C -C O N C E C.T. ._ 8 a F' N c ;Li ' �� ri =1 c .dN o cam = a " 0 ❑ E. v 3 wUC3 v § .6-' o „Iv. ,� o f y o f°`o° ° ?.� A ;. � "o C p U '� >- ii.-;7, o f v gyp, wU O I a o EU a S� ¢, ° 2 u E c U " ° . 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'' :Q E E ,- r' L0 c co .I ' .4 "-• 2 E- .2aa''x `v' 3Q ° .o'. ^` 7 fi oEoo Z l g tz'ts 'csz . ,c r r 8. ` ^ o c 7, ` U : o 0 U x •vi o c.¢v°> a., v 3 � , my U on g c c a.z v ' ti ti F € cg v' ^— c c - � _ = x _ L � Em € > >_ cp :. a QQm _ - a= 0u 'S. I '• 0 . r . F,tE 42 ..cA14 � v., 9c >" — - V' - c =. o x °i,° Y a c = U L,' .. _ v 'o vi .'o_ c o . > ., = I - E p o !r ,y o E .E �' .5 ._. v, Q o _ c, Y a v = . — - _ _ . O -. O - 2 '- r A o Z aE, m d W e` r.. t, E 13 o i V ° vp ° • .>� _ X i ? c = X E 2 6 6" 7 E cE " o = n i x' v ,vv o `, `^I�U = i °'• n • c C'u a o o °r`o U . i r '.'. S_ uU — _. ,= U < 7 (y7 � W Ii J � .E E - va u o v v Crn o y .— 3 .tiC Z ?' -ery `oj E '' - , i O �^. 1nrn � v� Uin - YCQ c c - 2U ,oti Et° � '�t X X X P X X X X X X -O7.3 'S C.-. = .1. .. i ., ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND 1616 P Street,NW • Wa.hington.DC 20036 1202)387-3500 RISKS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION: AN ENVIRONMHNTAL PERSPECTIVE Richard A. Denison, Ph.D.. Ellen K. Sil Scientist Ph.D. Staff Scientist Senior Toxic Chemicals Program Environmental Defense Fund 1616 P Street, NW Suite 150 Washington, D.C. 20036 Running Title: MSW Incineration Risks: An Expanded View • Person to whom correspondence should be sent k �-vl y4�a.r,l G• +7A.1 Ii 4C a d Ali-Prix /r- 7� DAL Appendix P (continued) 890958 Abstract The central focus of the debate over incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) has shifted from its apparent management advantages to unresolved risk issues. This shift is a result of the lack of comprehensive consideration of risks associated with incineration. We discuss the need to expand incinerator risk assessment beyond the limited view of incinerators as stationary air pollution sources to encompass: other products of incineration, ash in particular, and pollutants other than dioxins, metals in particular; routes of exposure additional to direct inhalation; health effects in addition to cancer; and the cumulative nature of exposure and health effects induced by many incinerator-associated pollutants. It is critical to rational MSW management planning to recognize the limitations as well as advantages of incineration. Incineration is a waste processing -- not a waste disposal -- technology; its products pose substantial management and disposal problems of their own. Moreover, while incineration is appropriate for certain components of the municipal wastestream, it is uniquely unsuited to manage the wastestream in its entirety. In particular, incineration greatly enhances the mobility and bioavailability of toxic metals contributed to MSW by many consumer goods. These factors suggest that incineration must be viewed as only one component in an integrated MSW management system. Opportunities for source reduction, separation, and recycling must first be maximized, not only to reclaim reusable materials, but also to maximize the safety and efficiency of any subsequent incineration. Finally, risk considerations dictate that we examine alternatives to the use of toxic metals at the production stage as a critical element in designing an effective, long-term MSW management strategy. Key Words: risk assessment, metals, incinerator ash, lead, exposure routes - 2 - 890958 Introduction The management of municipal solid waste -- including both household and commercially generated wastes -- has until recently been a neglected subject in environmental management. As a result, current policies and practices often succeed only in shifting risks from one release point to another in the process, and in some instances may actually increase the toxic hazards associated with waste disposal. For understandable reasons, national policy and debate has focused almost exclusively upon redressing and preventing the mismanagement of the subset of wastes legally defined as hazardous. In the last decade, however, decisions about hazardous waste management, including its definition, have implicitly shaped the dimensions of the present debate over legally nonhazardous, municipal waste. Hazardous waste management policy centers on the recognition that both the inherent properties of an individual wastestream and its method of management determine its degree of hazard, and that addressing both aspects is critical to reducing such hazard. While these principles logically extend to the universe of municipal solid waste (MSW) , the major methods in use for managing MSW do not account for the heterogeneous nature of this waste nor do they effectively reduce the hazards arising from its management. Indeed, we are belatedly coming to realize that we have done little systematically to cope with managing municipal solid waste (MSW) . City after city claims -- sometimes legitimately, sometimes not -- to be confronted with a management problem of crisis proportions, and decision- making within these constraints is often considerably less than reasoned or deliberate. The perceived pressure to make immediate decisions, often in the face of - 3 - 590958 diminishing landfill capacity, makes it increasingly difficult to persuade decisionmakers to consider long-term, efficient strategies of comprehensive management over admittedly attractive offers of short-term and incomplete (albeit often highly expensive) solutions to the immediate crisis. The most frequent casualty in this atmosphere of charged debate is the recognition of the nature and seriousness of the environmental and public health issues involved. Too often, one criticism is played off against another, and one proposed technological solution is arrayed against another without considering the alternative -- indeed, the necessity -- of selecting and combining options from a menu of feasible methods for waste management and disposal. The major challenge is how to resolve issues of risk -- risk to environmental protection and public health -- while dealing effectively and expeditiously with MSW. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that a major impediment to this resolution has been a failure to comprehensively assess risks associated with various options, particularly with incineration as a method of waste processing. Given the present lack of resolution of such major risk-related issues, the extent to which incineration can be deployed to serve waste management is still questionable. It will be unfortunate if we are unable to optimize use of incineration as a waste management tool, since it may provide useful advantages if implemented as part of a comprehensive waste management program. Incineration, while increasingly adopted or proposed as the method of choice for dealing with MSW (and usually incorrectly characterized as a disposal method -- see below) , is widely perceived as risky and remains highly controversial. For example, recent evidence indicates that present approaches - 4 - 890955 to utilizing incineration result in the transformation of HSH into hazardous waste. Health and environmental risks, as well as the extraordinary expense, . of properly managing this transformed by-product should give rise to caution in evaluating the utility of indiscriminate (or "mass-burn") incineration as a means of waste management. Despite the clearly perceived risks of incineration, the major focus of the risk debate has failed to encompass all, or even the major, types of risks which this technology can pose. Incinerators have primarily been characterized as stationary sources of toxic air pollutants, that is, with reference to their impacts upon ambient air quality. Even within this limited context, risk analyses have usually been further restricted: of the wide array of toxic air pollutants which are emitted by incinerators (in amounts highly dependent upon control technology and operations) , major concern has focused almost exclusively on the complex organic molecules resulting from incomplete combustion of waste: the halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. This scope of debate is misleading and dangerous. An inaccurate definition of risk encourages inadequate and misdirected strategies for control. The concept of incinerator-associated risks as limited to a few toxic air pollutants fails to comprehend the full range of risks -- with respect to the panoply of toxic substances involved and the variety of relevant exposure routes -- or our ability to moderate those risks through control over the role that incineration plays in overall waste management. The perspective of this paper is to lay out the serious -- and largely neglected -- public and environmental health considerations associated with MSW incineration, with an emphasis on the need to consider such risks in a - 5 - 8909561 comprehensive manner. Indeed, it is our contention that risk issues -- not the apparent advantages of incineration as a tool for waste management -- have emerged as the central focus of the debate over this technology. Moreover, the appropriate consideration of risk issues includes a comprehensive assessment not only of the individual impacts of a specific new source such as an incinerator, but more importantly, consideration of this source in the context of ongoing exposures to and other environmental releases of pollutants. This perspective is particularly critical in evaluating incineration, because two of the major toxins released by incinerators -- lead and dioxins -- are toxins with universal exposure. All persons on the planet are already exposed to some level of these persistent pollutants in the environment, and carry measurable levels in their bodies. In some populations, ongoing levels of exposure and body burdens may already be in a range associated with detectable adverse impacts. Because of this, the evaluation of incremental inputs -- even if apparently small when considered in isolation -- must be of concern. Such an evaluation may be critical to decisions related to the siting of such facilities. Incin n 8s 8 1.B a in waste r trisagment In a systems sense, it is altogether incorrect to consider incineration a method of waste disposal. Incineration is a processing technology, which provides the important benefit of reducing the amount (particularly the volume) of waste. Incineration does nothing, however, to alter the process of waste collection and transfer, and it leaves behind its own substantial burden of residues that must be managed and disposed of properly. Moreover, while the process of incineration is well-suited to certain types of substrates, it - 6 - 830958 is far less well-suited to handling without discrimination the mass of consumer and commercial products that comprise MSW. Consider in the broadest sense an overall MSW management approach that includes an incineration component. Preceding the stage of incineration, waste is generated by both producers and consumers of products distributed through the market system. The composition and physical forms of these goods are derived from chemical engineering and market decisions made at the level of primary production (e.g. , mining or harvesting) and at intermediate stages of processing and packaging. Subsequent to consumer (and commercial) use, these goods are discarded; most directly enter the municipal waste stream, since only a small fraction of such goods are presently retrieved and reused. Materials not retrieved at this early stage require collection and delivery to central locations for further handling. These transfer stations may store waste or may deliver it directly to interim processing or final disposal sites. Interim processing stages can include further opportunities for recovery and reuse, or can simply process the waste using other reduction technologies without achieving any significant reclamation or further sorting. Following these opportunities for recycling, compaction and incineration are the only major remaining options for further volume reduction. Compaction can be achieved during collection (through the operation of collection vehicles) , during processing (through shredding, crushing, or baling methods) and during final disposal (through landfill compaction) . Incineration is a longstanding method of waste processing for volume reduction; incinerators may receive all or a fraction of the collected waste, or a processed form of the waste (e.g. , refuse-derived fuel, or RDF) . What is critical to the further discussion of this paper is to recognize that -- - 7 - 890958 within a systems analytic approach to waste management -- incineration can serve only an interim processing function and is not the endstage. The interaction of incineration with other strategies for waste management is of particular concern, since choices made at this stage may have a major impact on the options available at other points in the system. Inceed, use of incineration may limit other options for waste management that are either more desirable or could serve to optimize the efficient and safe use of incineration. Decisions to recycle or recover components of MSW, which are rapidly gaining in both political and economic acceptance, may directly conflict with the contractual arrangements and operating requirements of incinerators. Many incinerator contracts require that a municipality or region guarantee a minimum tonnage of waste for delivery to the incinerator, often for the lifetime of its operation; clearly, incentives to reduce the amount of waste generated by the jurisdiction -- through changes in consumption patterns or decisions to recycle -- may be compromised or entirely eliminated I by such long-term contractual obligations. In addition, alteration of the waste input to an incinerator through recycling or other means can directly affect the efficiency, safety, and even the economy of incineration. Most mass-burn incinerators have a relatively narrow window of operation, which delineates the minimum mass and calorific value under which the incinerator will operate optimally. Failure to meet these waste feed requirements can result in less efficient combustion (and greater likelihood of generating products of incomplete combustion -- see below) ; alternatively, supplemental fuel such as oil or gas may be required to maintain proper combustion, which would turn these so-called resource - 8 - 890958 recovery facilities into resource requiring operations, and significantly alter their economy of operations. These and other considerations demonstrate that decisions to employ incineration -- including both the scale of its use and the particular form of incineration technology -- must be preceded by a thorough evaluation of all options for volume reduction (e.g. , packaging controls, recycling) , including methods presently available as well as those likely to become available during the lifetime of the incinerator. In this context, other volume reduction options should be viewed as serious waste management tools that can serve two useful functions: they can reduce the amount of waste needing to be incinerated or otherwise managed, and they can increase the overall safety and efficiency of HSW management. Products of incineration Incineration yields products which take three forms: energy, gases, and solid residues. Energy (heat) can be recovered partially and used to produce steam for heating or electricity generation; this process is not related to the other products of incineration. In modern incinerators, gases exit almost exclusively via the stack, with or without prior conditioning before discharge into the atmosphere. The solid residue emerges from two points within most facilities: at the bottom on the grates, where it is called bottom ash, and at points beyond the combustion chamber, where it is called fly ash (this fraction may fall out in the boiler or economizer or at points of gas conditioning, or may be deliberately collected by particle trapping devices, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), fabric filters, or scrubbers) . - g - 890958 Incineration differs from other forms of waste management currently used in the particular transformations which waste undergoes during the process, and -- most fundamentally -- in the nature of the solid and gas-phase products which are generated. At the facility site itself, opportunities for release of the solid products arise from the moment of generation, and continue during onsite management and handling, storage, and transport of ash (Hutton et al. , 1987) . Further points of release may arise both during disposal (e.g. , dust generation during landfilling; runoff or wind dispersal from uncovered ash) and after disposal (e.g. , accidental or deliberate discharge of leachate or disposal of leachate treatment residues) . Many or most of these pathways of exposure to waste products are unique to, or far more significant for, incineration than for other forms of waste management. Consideration of potential release points demonstrate another fundamental point to this paper: impacts of incineration on air quality and the nature and amounts of solid residue are inextricably linked. In order to condition stack emissions to meet specific health and regulatory goals, modern incinerators are increasingly required to be equipped with such control technologies as fabric filters, high-efficiency ESPs, and scrubbers. Each of these control devices increases the amount and changes the nature of the solids retained. The association between air quality controls and ash quality is shown in Table I, taken from studies in the National Incinerator Testing and Evaluation Program (NITEP) in Canada. These data show that as increasing controls are imposed upon stack emissions, the quality of fly ash changes markedly; in particular, both the concentration and leachability of several toxic metals in the fly ash increase. - 10 - 890958 Similarly, combustion controls designed to increase burnout and reduce emissions of unburned substances alter ash quality. Recent data indicate that the bioavailability of fly ash-bound dioxins to fish is inversely related to the organic carbon content of the ash (Kuehl et al. , 1985) , so that reduction in dioxin air emissions through better combustion and stack controls may nevertheless yield an ash that poses a greater risk of dioxin exposure. Failure to understand the essential linkage between air quality control and ash toxicity results in the practice of risk transfer which typically characterizes incinerator operations at present. It is not acceptable to purchase improvements in air emissions at incinerators at the cost of increasing risks associated with uncontrolled or insufficiently regulated disposal of ash. Behavior of metals in incineration Quantitatively, the compounds of greatest concern for environmental and health impacts are the toxic heavy metals, specifically lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, selenium, and beryllium. Other metals which have been identified in incinerator emissions and ash are gallium, thallium, zinc, copper, aluminum, and manganese (EPA, 1987a; Knudson, 1986; Brunner and Monch, 1986; Vogg et al. , 1986; NUS, 1987) . This discussion will primarily focus upon lead, cadmium, and mercury for two reasons: there is considerable information available on the health and ecotoxicological effects of these three metals; and their presence and behavior in incinerator air emissions and ash residues are exemplary of the problems posed by this technology. In evaluating incineration as a technology for waste management, metals are important because they are particularly resistant to easy fixes by changes - 11 - 890958 in the incineration process itself, e.g. , increasing temperature or changing incinerator design and operation. Metals are neither created nor destroyed by incineration; they are elements whose amounts in the waste stream before incineration are identical to those present in the sum of air emissions and ash after incineration. What is critical for purposes of risk assessment is to understand that the process of incineration is uniquely unsuited for managing metals. Incineration essentially destroys the bulky matrix -- paper, plastics, or other materials -- which contains metals in MSW and which acts to retard their entrance and dispersion into the environment (see, for example, Wilson et al. , 1982) . In this respect, incinerators can be compared to secondary metal smelters; by burning combustible materials they release metals, which are subsequently mobilized in air emissions or concentrated in the residues in highly bioavailable form.The increased bioavailability of metals in incinerator waste products arises from several phenomena associated with combustion. First, in contrast are to the imbedding of metals within the bulk of MSW, several toxic metalsd their volatilized and then condense onto the surface of fly ash p c concentrations increase with decreasing particle size (Sewell et al. , 1986; Norton et al. , 1986; Carlsson, 1986; Greenberg et al. , 1978; Wadge et al. , 1986) . (Any dioxins or other products of incomplete combustion formed during combustion will behave similarly.) A large fraction of these particles -- whether they exit the stack or are captured by particle control devices -- are of respirable size (less than 10 microns in diameter) and can also be easily ingested; moreover, their small size promotes both short- and long-range dispersion, as has been demonstrated for MSW incinerators (Hutton et al. , 1987; Berlincioni and di Domenico, 1987) , and is well known for - 12 - 890958 metal-containing particles released by other stationary and mobile sources (EPA, 1986c; Harper et al, 1987; Nriagu, 1984; Roberts et al. , 1974). Second, metals may also be released as fumes, depending upon exit gas temperature. As noted in Swedish and Canadian mass balance studies of metals from municipal incinerators (Environment Canada. 1986; Vogg et al. , 1986; Brunner and Monch, 1986) , in the absence of extensive controls, several metals, in particular mercury, are largely in a vapor form and escape out the stack. This change in physical state increases the problems of management. Third, the leachability of metals on particles of fly ash is greatly enhanced, for several reasons. The small particle size increases the available surface area exposed to the leaching medium (Sowell et al. , 1986), and the presence of metals at or near the surface of such particles also enhances leachability (Norton et al. , 1986; Wedge and Hutton, 1987). In addition, the high chlorine content of MSW results in significant complexation of metals as metal chlorides (Bridle et al. , 1987; Brunner and Monch, 1986; Brunner and Baccini, 1987) , which are generally much more soluble in water than are most other speciated forms of metals. A large and growing body of data employing several leaching tests, including the federally-mandated Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test, demonstrate that toxic metals -- lead and cadmium, in particular -- leach from ash at levels that frequently exceed federal standards defining a hazardous waste (see Tables I and IV and discussion below) . Another chemical property of certain metals becomes critical when evaluating the quality of ash generated by facilities equipped with acid gas scrubbers. Through the operation of these devices, a slurry or powder of lime is introduced to neutralize acid gases, and is intimately mixed into fly ash - 13 - 890958 to form a scrubber residue removed by downstream particulate control devices. For the several U.S. facilities now in operation that possess such scrubbers,-test data indicate that the introduction of lime produces ash - v the combined ash resulting from mixing bottom and fly ash -- which is highly alkaline; pH values of 11-12 or higher are typical (State of Oregon, 1987; Resource Analysts, 1987) . Certain toxic metals -- most notably, lead -- are readily soluble in water under such highly alkaline conditions, due to their amphoteric nature: significant solubility at both low and high pH values (see Figure 1) . In tests of the ash from each of these U.S. facilities (State of Oregon, 1987; Resource Analysts, 1987; Roy F. Weston, 1987; ]ACSD, 1987) and from a Canadian incinerator (Sewell et al. , 1986) , lead has leached at high levels, often in excess of federal or state standards defining a hazardous waste, and often even when leached using distilled water. A recent Swedish report (Hartlen and Elander, 1986) lends further weight to these findings. In leaching studies using simulated rain water, lime-based e scrubber residues containing fly ash were found to readily re as largmetals f eseamounts of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, and zinc; leaching-- particularly lead and zinc -- was significantly enhanced relative to fly ash lacking lime, and greatly enhanced relative to bottom ash. The report concludes that the enhanced leaching of toxic metals from such residues "is a major problem that will cause difficulty when it comes to dispo The increased alkalinity of ash from facilities possessing acid gas scrubbers may also increase the leachability of organic chemicals present in the ash. Recent Canadian studies have found a marked increase fly ash pH r the solubility of a wide range of organic chemicals present increases (Karasek et al. , 1987) . These findings raise new concerns about the 14 - 890958 potential for acid gas scrubbers to enhance leaching of dioxins or other toxic substances from ash that are normally relatively insoluble in water -- a possibility that has yet to be tested at any U.S. facility possessing such scrubbers. HeBilli SifratS 2i petals10.2111.1122-d incineration Many of the heavy metals of concern with respect to incineration have well-defined health effects, demonstrable in numerous studies of exposed populations. Their effects are not solely as carcinogens, although many of the heavy metals are carcinogenic; they can also exert a broad spectrum of devastating neurological, hepatic, renal, hematopoietic, and other adverse effects, both in humans and in other biota. Arsenic, cadmium, beryllium, and lead are carcinogenic metals; arsenic, lead, vanadium, cadmium, and mercury are neurotoxic; zinc, copper, and mercury are acutely toxic to aquatic life. The toxicity of heavy metals has been exhaustively reviewed, most recently by Friberg, Nordberg, and Vouk (1986a) . Our knowledge of metal toxicology comes directly from a large body of clinical and epidemiological literature; hence objections often raised to extrapolation of risks (usually cancer risks only) from animal models to humans do not obtain in these cases. Risk assessments can be and have been done using human data exclusively (e.g. , EPA, 1986a) . Because of their permanent nature, heavy metals are accumulated both in environmental compartments and within the human body. Thus, longterm releases even at low levels have the potential to increase substantially metal levels in critical environmental compartments (e.g. , surface dusts) and humans. The strong correlation in the U.S. between automobile lead emissions and body lead - 15 - 89®958 burdens (Annest et al. , 1983) demonstrates how individually small but widely dispersed releases can significantly impact upon general population exposure. Lead is a neurotoxin at very low doses; its effects on prenatal neurological development are probably without a threshold (Rutter and Jones, 1983; Bellinger et al. , 1987; Dietrich et al. , 1986, 1987). Moreover, given the continuing status of general population exposure to lead in the U.S. associated with past uses and failure to remediate particular instances of contamination, even marginal increments in exposure are of major public health concern (ATSDR, 1987) . Table II, taken from national epidemiological data compiled between 1976 and 1980 (Annest et al. , 1983: Mahaffey et al. , 1982) , shows the distribution of lead levels in the U.S. population. It can be seen that a small increment in exposure, sufficient to raise median blood lead levels by 1-2 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dl) , would drastically Increase the prevalence of overt lead toxicity (Silbergeld, 1985), especially in light of recent findings of effects in infants and young children with blood lead levels as low as 10 mcg/dl (Bellinger et al. , 1987) . Failure to understand the incremental nature of lead poisoning and current exposure levels will blind us to the real risks of a major new source of lead in the environment. Cadmium is also neurotoxic, and can cause lung damage (e.g. , emphysema) and kidney damage as well; it is a carcinogen arid mutagen, and may also be toxic to the fetus. Exposures to cadmium are also widespread in the U.S. , although documentation of instances of clinical disease have as yet been confined to occupational populations. Lead and cadmium together may be synergistic, particularly as toxins to the bone (Silbergeld and Schwartz, 1987) . Mercury in its organic forms is neurotoxic, particularly to the fetus. Since microorganisms in the environment can alkylate inorganic mercury species - 16 - 890958 (Carson, 1987) , the release of mercury salts and oxides from incinerators must be evaluated in light of their potential conversion to methyl mercury. Arsenic is a human and animal carcinogen, as well as a neurotoxin; thallium is a systemic poison; gallium has been identified as a potent reproductive toxin. Additionally, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, and copper are toxic to aquatic organisms (Callahan et al. , 1979; Friberg, Nordberg, and Vouk, 1986b) . Hence, in addition to human health concerns, the release of metals from incinerators and their accumulation in aquatic compartments pose substantial risk to the environment. Relevant oathways pf axoosure As noted above, it is critical to sound risk assessment to expand consideration of incinerators beyond their definition as stationary air pollution sources. While air emissions of a wide range of pollutants are measurable at most facilities at levels which require further control using readily available technology, comprehensive exposure assessment-must go beyond calculations of direct inhalation exposure. Given the respirable size of fly ash captured by or escaping the particulate controls systems, direct inhalation and uptake of incinerator emissions by both pulmonary and nasal portals of entry are obviously significant exposure routes. However, particularly for metals, it is clear that the majority of opportunities for human contact occur AL= metal-bearing particulates are deposited on soils, surface water, food, and dust, or accumulate in living or working spaces; major studies of lead exposure have shown that post-deposition exposure is many (5 to 50) times more intense than exposure to metals in ambient air (Angle et al. , 1984; EPA, 1986c; Steenhout, 1987; Davies et al. , 1987; Roels - 17 - 890958 et al. , 1980) . Such studies demonstrate the importance of post-deposition contamination of dust and surface soils as vectors of exposure resulting in toxicity (Clark et al. , 1987; Davies et al. , 1987; Mielke et al. , 1983; Roels et al. , 1980) . Contamination of surface soils by deposition of incinerator emissions has in fact been directly demonstrated: high levels of dioxins in soils were detected in the vicinity of an Italian MSW incinerator, resulting in its shutdown (Berlincioni and di Domenico, 1987) . The predominance of post-depositional exposure reflects two factors: the continuing presence and accumulation of metals in environmental sinks following deposition, as compared to their relatively short lifetime suspended in air; and the opportunities for intensive contact with deposited particles, particularly by children. Post-deposition exposure involves contact with dusts, surface soils, re-entrained particles, contaminated food, and drinking water. Risk assessments must model human exposure to all these routes. Indeed, the common consideration of impacts of incineration only on ambient air is an extremely limited and misleading method of assessing both exposure and risk. Little attention has been paid to the fact that highly relevant pathways exist not only for exposure to air emissions, but also for ash residues and other incinerator waste products (e.g. , quench Water) . In these latter cases, exposure must be considered not only from ultimate disposal, but from all earlier steps: onsite handling from the time of generation, storage, transport, and handling and depositing at the landfill until time of final cover (see, for example, Hutton et al. , 1987) . Moreover, post-disposal exposure can occur as a result of direct ground or surface water contamination by leachate -- whether as a result of the deliberate discharge of leachate, - 18 - 890958 failure of the leachate collection system, a breach in containment systems. or the lack of maintenance of such systems that will inevitably follow the end of any required post-closure period. In addition, the potential for indirect exposure to metals in landfill f leachate -- including exposure resulting from the handling and disposal oany residues generated through its treatment -- is. s another relevant pathway that is rarely considered in assessing risks from metals releases. Studies have documented that under a range of circumstances, ash-borne metals can have significant mobility in soils (Giordano et al. , 1983; Mika and Feder, 1985) , emphasizing the need for thorough long-term containment of both ash and leachate. Few data are available to adequately characterize actual leachate a quality e reportedfrom ash disposal sites. Very limited ash leachate data wir recent EPA study of three ash-only landfills (NUS, 1987); the nine reported values varied over a wide range, but all but one exceeded the drinking water standard for lead, and the average value exceeded the lead standard by more than 12-fold. Recent monitoring of leachate from a New York ash-only landfill during its first year of operation (Westchester County, 1987) found that most pollutants measured increased significantly over the monitoring period, and that average levels frequently exceeded drinking water standards; moreover, during this first year, pollutant levels in the leachate almost always exceeded (often dramatically) the highest levels predicted to occur during the first 25 years of operation, based on laboratory simulations (Cundari and Lauria, 1986) . The potential for leachate contamination is not limited solely to the soluble fraction of metals or organic chemicals. Typically, leachate contains - 19 - 890958 appreciable amounts of suspended solid material, which in the case of an ash-only disposal site consists of fine ash particles. Given that metals and dioxins preferentially concentrate on smaller particles, leachate may provide a significant vector even for very insoluble toxins. While few data addressing this issue are available, a Canadian study (Ozvacic et al. , 1985) found significant dioxin contamination of an ash leachate sample, and attributed the contamination to the suspended solid material in the sample. Exposure assessment must also account for exposures to ash-borne toxins that may occur long after initial disposal. The potential for erosion of the final cap over time or for transport of metals out of the landfill by plant uptake or other means must be considered as well. Several studies have demonstrated that metals in incinerator ash can be taken up from ash-amended soil by plants (Giordano et al. , 1983; Wedge and Hutton, 1986) . Anticipated end uses following closure of landfill sites (e.g. , as recreational areas) may provide additional plausible exposure routes. Given the permanent nature of metals and the impermanence of all containment systems, exposure modeling must clearly be long-term in perspective. • EPA has begun to develop a reasonable methodology for estimating health risks from multiple-pathway exposure to incinerator air emissions (EPA, 1986b) , but has yet to consider the even larger set of pathways relevant in considering exposure to other incinerator waste products. Indeed, perhaps the most graphic illustration of the lack of serious consideration of incinerator-associated risks from sources other than direct air emissions is the fact that, to our knowledge, not a single quantitative risk assessment of incinerator ash has ever been conducted for a proposed incinerator project. - 20 - 8909519 Additional deficiencies in tag pcin�neration 'ilk assessment While existing data are by no means complete, several sources of risk associated with NSW incineration can be clearly discerned, _and innumerable risk assessments of individual incinerator projects have been conducted over the last several years. Despite this experience, such documents rarely if ever consider risks of MSW incineration in a truly comprehensive manner. By way of illustrating this point, the following sections discuss important aspects of risk associated with ash management and air emissions that have been virtually completely ignored by existing assessments. azards oDaeed hy ash mismanazemen: Foremost among the underexplored risks of MSW incineration are the hazards posed by the routine presence of high levels of several toxic metals in ash residues. Ironically, as previously discussed, the growing use of more efficient air pollution control devices on modern incinerators results in ash containing even higher levels of these metals in even more bioavailable forms. In addition to metals, highly toxic dioxins have been detected in all samples of incinerator fly ash tested, in some cases at levels that greatly exceed government standards (NUS, 1987; Denison, manuscript in preparation) . While dioxins appear to be lower in fly ash from newer facilities, their ability to consistently achieve acceptably low levels remains to be demonstrated. As is the case for metals, more efficient pollution control devices will act to increase the concentration of dioxins detected in ash residues. Several measures of the risk posed by incinerator ash are germane to this discussion. The most fundamental and important measure of risk is the total toxic metal (and dioxin) content of ash, given the potential for direct inhalation and adsorption into the lung or direct ingestion of metal-laden ash - 21 890958 particles. Indeed, a full accounting of the hazards of ash posed during all phases of its management requires knowledge of its total chemical composition. Table III compares typical concentration ranges of several toxic metals in MSW incinerator fly ash to those found in natural soils, illustrating their extreme enrichment in this waste. Less extreme but still significant metal enrichment characterizes bottom ash. The total metal content of incinerator ash is comparable to other materials clearly regarded or classified as hazardous. Emission control dusts and sludges from secondary lead smelters -- wastes listed as hazardous under federal regulations -- exhibit a range of lead and cadmium content quite similar to incinerator fly ash (EPA, 1980) . A recent Washington state study (Knudson, 1986) documented levels of several carcinogenic metals in both fly and bottom ash that were sufficiently high to classify the ashes as dangerous or extremely hazardous wastes under state regulations. The leachability of metals present in incinerator ash is another measure of hazard. Table IV presents a summary of data on ash from more than 30 U.S. incinerators tested for leaching using the federally mandated Extraction Procedure (or EP; 40 C.F.R. 261.24) . These test data -- on ash from new and old facilities employing a wide range of technologies -- demonstrate that: * virtually every sample of fly ash tested exceeds federal standards defining a hazardous waste, usually for both lead and cadmium. * half of the combined fly and bottom ash samples tested also exceed the standards, typically for lead. These results indicate that incinerator ash routinely exhibits the EP toxicity characteristic of hazardous waste. In addition, several studies document that such ash -- particularly that from state-of-the-art incinerators equipped with acid gas scrubbers -- can release hazardous levels of lead even when leached 22 89093 using distilled water or rain water, rather than the slightly acidic medium employed in the EP (Sewell et al. , 1986; Hartlen and Elander, 1986; Resource Analysts, Inc. , 1987) . Despite these findings, virtually no incinerator ash is currently managed as a hazardous waste; in fact, the vast majority of this ash is disposed of in sanitary landfills along with unburned waste (NUS, 1987) -- exactly the disposal scenario which the EP test is designed to simulate. Large amounts of incinerator ash are managed by even less controlled means, such as open disposal, use as fill material in marshy areas, reuse as construction aggregate, or use as deicing grit on winter roads. These uses clearly provide even greater opportunities for dispersal of ash-borne toxic metals or dioxins into the environment. The risks of ash must also be evaluated by direct bioavailability and toxicity testing, particularly with respect to the potential for ecosystem effects. Several studies demonstrate that toxic metals and dioxins present in ash are bioavailable to plants and animals (Wadge and Hutton, 1986; Giordano et al. , 1983; van den Berg et al. , 1983, 1986a, 1986b; Opperhuizen et al. , 1986) , and direct ash toxicity -- attributable to toxic metals or dioxins -- has also been shown (Kuehl et al. , 1985, 1987; Knudson, 1986; Bronzetti et al. , 1983) . In addition to the potential for direct environmental damage, these data document the plausibility of human exposure through contamination of the food chain. These routes are particularly relevant in light of the permanent (metals) or persistent (dioxins) nature of the ash's toxic constituents, which will outlast virtually any fixation or other interim treatment technique. The potential for improperly disposed ash to actually result in human exposure to toxic metals can be further illustrated by numerous studies on - 23 - d 890958 similar materials such as dusts from metal smelters (Harper et al. , 1987; Landrigan et al. , 1975; Roels et al. , 1980) . These studies demonstrate the significance of re-entrainment of ash particles into the air -- even long after initial disposal -- as a route of human exposure. Sources 21 uncertainty reelected in estimating air emissions: Host incinerator risk assessments base their estimation of the magnitude of incinerator air emissions on sparse data derived from a handful of operating facilities. More often than not, these assessments purport to predict a planned facility's emissions to a remarkable degree of precision; rarely, however, do they even attempt to account for many obvious factors that impede our ability to extrapolate from the very limited emissions testing data to predict the routine emissions over the lifetime of a facility. Several such factors are briefly discussed below. Emissions can vary tremendously over time as a result of factors such as waste heterogeneity, a source of uncertainty recently identified by EPA's Science Advisory Board: "Because of the inherent variability of MSW, it is extremely difficult to predict the composition of stack emissions. . . . High concentrations of certain plastics, solvents, or other high-volatile materials will result in surges in the emissions of combustible gases." (SAB, 1987) Many of the existing data are skewed, since tests have usually been conducted on new facilities operating at peak performance, typically under the close scrutiny of highly trained personnel. Emissions are rarely measured under the full range of operating conditions that will be routinely encountered, including temperature fluctuations or start-up and shut-down. For example, results of one of six dioxin emission tests recently conducted on a Massachusetts incinerator were excluded in reporting average emissions on - 24 - 890958 the basis that the boiler had not stabilized in the 12 hours since it was shut down to repair a broken grate; dioxin emissions during this test were a factor of ten higher than the average of the other tests (Radian Corporation, 1986). Emissions can reasonably be expected to increase significantly during upsets in combustion conditions or the operation of air pollution controls, during periods of less-than-optimal performance resulting from lack of maintenance of a system component, or simply as a result of facility aging. Yet data on the frequency of upsets are non-existent, and such factors are rarely if ever modelled to "adjust" the source term. As a result, according to the SAB: "The reliability of continued performance at such low emission levels under a variety of operating conditions remains to be demonstrated for municipal solid waste incinerators" (SAB, 1987) . Indeed, an SAB review of the available data on emissions during poor or upset combustion conditions found that "total hydrocarbon levels have risen from a typical 1-5 parts per million (ppm) to 100 ppm or above" (SAE, 1987) . Another source of uncertainty in estimating routine emissions results from reliance on the measurement of surrogates (e.g. , carbon monoxide, or CO) for emission components for which continuous monitoring is not possible. While low CO levels are a general indicator of good combustion efficiency, our ability to quantitatively correlate CO levels and actual emissions is rather poor, especially for chemicals such as dioxins created by incineration: "In most [emissions testing] programs, adequate operating data were not collected to correlate emissions with operations. . . .In fact, very few studies that t determine s dioxin emission data for several operating g conditions on the same incinerator develop correlation" (SAB, 1987) . - 25 - 830959 almmiay and Conclusions The risks associated with incineration require comprehensive analysis in order to develop appropriate guidelines for the use of this technology and to restrict its application to those portions of the waste stream where its benefits (e.g. , volume reduction) are not overwhelmed by its risks. Sufficient information is available on the concentration and bioavailabilitY of organic and inorganic compounds in both air emissions and ash residues to indicate the reality of these risks. Techniques for comprehensive exposure assessment are still relatively new. This may explain why few risk assessments provided by incinerator vendors include obvious non-inhalation routes of exposure or estimations of accumulation of long-lived contaminants in environmental compartments such as surface soils and dusts. The need to manage MSW more effectively without simply transferring risks, thereby continuing to incur long-term environmental and public health problems, requires that these risks be recognized and addressed. Both short- and long-term solutions need consideration. In the short term, ,appropriate technological and operating controls should be imposed on incinerators, including BACT air pollution controls, maximally feasible on-line monitoring and periodic stack testing to ensure compliance With specific health-based emissions limits, and ash management under the rubric of RCRA, that is, based upon the characteristics of the ash. The present mass-burn approach to incineration is propelled forward by the same myth that led to our disastrous reliance on mass landfilling: namely, that the municipal waste stream can be managed as a monolithic material, using a single management technique. This approach does a disservice to the - 26 - 890938 significant merits of incineration. Targetted removal of critical items -- which either compromise the efficiency of incineration or are identifiable as major sources of ash contamination -- can increase the safety and utility of incineration for the remainder of the waste stream. Of course, the most efficient method of reducing the risks of incineration requires that we return to the broad systems view of MSW management with which we began this paper, in which the use of incineration is one fully integrated component. This view requires planners and managers to step back from the crisis mentality that now dictates management decisions, to consider all steps in the product cycle: production, use, discard, collection, recycling and recovery, processing, and ultimate disposal. Comprehensive planning of this type conducted on a regional or national basis can in turn affect available markets sufficiently to support a greatly enhanced recycling component of the MSW management system. Strategies of upstream intervention intended to condition the wastestream by restricting certain production practices must be comprehensive to be effective. In several Scandinavian countries, joint government-industry initiatives have been directed towards reducing the use of certain metals (e.g. , cadmium) in consumer products, particularly those (such as disposable plastic items) that are used and discarded in large amounts after limited use. Despite such attempts, the continued high levels of toxic metals in the ash generated by Scandinavian incinerators (Hartlen and Elander, 1986; Hjelmar, 1987; Silbergeld, unpublished data) remains a significant problem. It is increasingly apparent that such metals are contributed by many diffuse sources (e.g. , printing inks, plastic stabilizing agents) as well as by more easily identified materials such as lead-acid batteries (M. Sills, unpublished data) . - 27 - 890958 Thus, only comprehensive source-based strategies are likely to prove successful in acheiving significant reductions in the metal content and toxicity of MSW and incineration by-products. Our present approach to MSW management has avoided solving difficult problems only by transferring them to later stages in the materials flow system. Many of the risks that characterize the final stage of the product cycle -- disposal -- result from decisions made at the earliest stages of production, packaging, and marketing. It is unreasonable to expect economics and technologies of waste disposal to efficiently manage such risks: indeed, the most difficult and expensive method of reducing the risk of exposure to toxic metals in products is to delay action until after incineration has refined metals into a highly bioavailable and concentrated form. Both efficiency and the generally accepted goal of promoting prevention over remediation dictate that we examine alternatives to the use of such metals at the production stage. Such risk reduction strategies require expansion of the decision-making rubric beyond RCRA to include the tools for controlling product composition available under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) . Only in this way can we move beyond the widely perceived MSW management crisis -- increasingly characterized by attempts to craft convenient changes in definition in order to avoid managing wastes based on their true hazards -- towards collectively devised rational solutions. 28 890958 REFERENCES Angle, C.R. , Marcus, A. , Cheng, I. -H. , and McIntire, M.S. (1984) "Omaha Childhood Blood Lead and Environmental Lead: A Linear Total Exposure Model," Environ. Res. f,l.: 160-170. al. (1983) ical Trend AnnJM et Lead Levels Between 1976-1980," N. Engl. J. Med.}0A8 in 1373-1377. Blood ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (1987) The Nature and Extent ofLeas" Poisoning In Children ft the United ,States: @ Report to Congress, U.S. Public Health Service, draft dated July 31, 1987. Bellinger, D. , Leviton, A. , Waterneaux, C. , Needleman, H. , and Rabinowitz, M. , (1987) "Longitudinal Analyses of Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure and Early Cognitive Development," N. Eng. J. Med. 21i: a0al-ead Berlincioni, M. and di Domenico, A. (1987) "Polychlorodibenzo-g-dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans in the Soil Near the Municipal Incinerator of Florence, Italy," Environ. Sci. Technol. 21: 1063-1069. . Bridle, T.R. , Cote, P.L. , Constable, T.W. , and Fraser, J.L. (1987) "Evaluation of Heavy Metal Leachability from Solid Wastes," Water Sci. Technol. 12: 1029-1036. Bronzetti, G. , Bauer, C. , Corsi, C. , Del Carratore, R. , Nieri, R. , and Paolini, M. (1983) "Mutagenicity Study of TCDD and Ashes from Urban Incinerator 'In Vitro' and 'In Vivo' using Yeast D7 Strain," Chemosphere 12 (4-5) : 549-553. Brunner, P.H. and Monch, H. (1986) "The Flux of Metals Through Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators," Waste Management and Research 4: 105-119. Brunner, P.H. and Baccini, P. (1987) "The Generation of Hazardous Waste by MSW-Incineration Calls for New Concepts in Thermal Waste Treatment," manuscript prepared for the Second International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management, Pittsburgh, PA, Sept. 27-30, 1987. Callahan, M. , Slimak, M. , Gabel, N. , May, I. , Fowler, C. , Freed, J. , Jennings, P. , Durfie, R. , Whitmore, F. , Maestri, B. , Maybey, W. , Holt, B. , and Gould, C. (1979) Water Related Environmental E.Lig 2f 122 priority pollutants, prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards, Washington, D.C. , EPA 440/4-79-029. Carlsson, K. (1986) "Heavy Metals from 'Energy from Waste' Plants -- Comparison of Gas Cleaning Systems," Waste Management & Research 4: 15-20. Carson, B.L. , Stockton, R.A. , and Wilkinsdon, R.R. (1987) "Organomercury, -Lead, and -Tin Compounds in the Environment and the Potential for Human Exposure," in Tilson, H.A. and Sparber, S.B. (eds.) Neurotoxicants and 22 _ 890958 Neurobiological Function: Effects 21 Organoheavy Metals (New York: John Wiley & Sons) , pp. 1-79. Clark, C.S. , Bornschein, R.L. , Succop, P. , Hammmond, P.B. , Peace, B. , Krafft,. K. , and Dietrich K. (1987) "Pathways to Elevated Blood Lead and Their Importance in Control Strategy Development," in Lindberg, S.E. and Hutchinson, T.C. (eds.) Proc. Internat. Conf. Heavy Metals in the Environment, CEP Consultants, United Kingdom, Volume 1, pp. 159-161. Cundari, K.L. and Laurie, J.M. (1986) "The Laboratory Evaluation of Ex 1986 pe cted Leachate Quality from a Resource Recovery Ashfill," presented at the Triangle Conference on Environmental Technology, Chapel Hill, NC. Davies, D.J.A. , Thornton, I. , Watt, J.M. , Culbard, E.B. , Harvey, Y.G. , Delves, H.T. , Sherlock, J.C. , Smart, G.A. , Thomas, J.F.A. , and Quinn, H.J. (1987) "Relationship Between Blood Lead and Lead Intake in Two Year Old Urban Children in the UK," in Lindberg, S.E. and Hutchinson, T.C. (eds.) Proc. Internat. Conf. Heavy Metals in the Environment, CEP Consultants, United Kingdom, Volume 2, pp. 203-205. Dietrich, K. , Krafft, K. , Bier. , et al. (1986) "Early Effects of Fetal Lead Exposure: Findings at 6 Months," Int. J. Biosoc. Res. 1: 151-68. Dietrich, K.N. , Krafft, K.H. , Shukla, R. , Bornschein, R.L. , and Succop, P.A. (1987)"Neurobehavioral Effects of Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lead Exposure," in Schroeder, S.R. (ed) Toxic Substances and Mental Retardation: Neurobehavioral Toxicoloev and Teratolo¢v (Washington: AAMD Monograph Series, in press) . aluatiOn Environment Canada Program: Air Co ntrol ntrli olTechnologonal y Incinerator s Summary Report EPSting And v3/UP/2. Environmental Protection Agency (1980) $ackground pocument. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Subtitle M azardous Waste Management. Section 3001 - - Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste, Book 11, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C. Environmental Protection Agency (1986a) Reducing Lead in prinking Wate A Benefit Analysis, EPA-230-09-86-019. Environmental Protection Agency (1986b) Methodology for the Assessment 21 }lealth Risks Associated yilh Multiple Pathway Exposure IQ Municipal Waste Combustor Emissions, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, RTP, North Carolina. Environmental Protection Agency (1986c) Air Quality Criteria fgx Lead, 4 vols. , EPA-600/8-83028aF-dF. Environmental Protection Agency (1987) Municipal Waste Combustion Study: Emission Data Base for Municipal Waste Combustors, EPA/530-SW-87-021b. - 30 - 890958 • Friberg, L. , Nordberg, G.F. , and Vouk, V.B. (1986a) Handbook sal tbt Toxicology 9f Metals, vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Friberg, L. , Nordberg, G.F. , and Vouk, V.B. (1986b) Handbook Qf Ski Toxicology o€ Metals, vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Giordano, P.M. , Bethel, A.D. , Lawrence, J.E. , Solleau, J.M. , and Bradford, B.N. (1983) "Mobility in Soil and Plant Availability of Metals Derived from Incinerated Municipal Refuse,' Environ. Sci. Technol. 11: 193-198. Greenberg, R.R. , Zoller, W.H. , and Cordon, G.E. (1978) "Composition and Particle Size in Refuse Incineration," Environ. Sci. Technol. 12: 566-573. Harper, M. , Sullivan, K.R. , and Quinn, M.J. (1987) "Wind Dispersal of Metals from Smelter Waste Tips and Their Contribution to Environmental Contamination," Environ. Sci. Technology 21: 481-484. Hartlen, J. and Elander, P. , Swedish GeotechnialInsiti esi Insititute, Residues Report uem Waste Incineration: Chemical and Physical Properties, No. 172, Linkoping, Sweden. Hjelmar, 0. , "Leachate from Incinerator Ash Disposal Sites,' presented at the International Workshop on Municipal Waste Incineration, Montreal, • Canada, October 1-2, 1987. Hutton, M. , Wadge, A. , and Milligan, P.J. (1987) "Environmental Levels of Cadmium and Lead in the Vicinity of a Major Refuse Incinerator," Atmospheric Environment 21(10) . Karasek, F.W. , Charbonneau, G.M. , Reuel, C.J. , and Tong, H.Y. (1987) "Determination of Organic Compounds Leached from Municipal Incinerator Fly Ash by Water at Different pH Levels," Analytical Chemistry 12(7): 1027-1031. Knudson, J.C. (1986) St=dy of Municipal ,Incineration Residue and Igg Desietion as a Dangerous Waste, Solid Waste. Section, Department of Ecology, State of Washington, Olympia, Kuehl, D.W. , Cook, P.M. , Batterman, A.R. , Lothenbach, D.B. , Butterworth, B.C. , Johnson, D.L. (1985) "Bioavailability of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin from Municipal Incinerator Ash to Freshwater Fish,' Chemosphere 14 (5) : 427-438. Kuehl, D.W. , Cook, P.M. , Batterman, A.R. , and Butterworth, B.C. (1987) 'Isomer Dependent Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-DioXi� andChemosphere Dibenzofurans from Municipal Incineration Fly Ash to Carp,' arp, L (4) : 657-666. - 31 - 890958 Landrigan, P.J. , Gehlbach, S.H. , Rosenblum, B.F. , Shoults, J.M. , Candelaria, R.H. , Barthel, W.F. , Liddle, J.A. , Smrek, A.L. , Staehling, N.W. , and Sanders, J.F. (1975) "Epidemic Lead Absorption Near an Ore Smelter," New England Journal of Medicine 222, (3) : 123-129. Los Angeles County Sanitation District, as reported in the San Gabriel Valley Daily Tribune on Tuesday, December 22, 1987. Mahaffey, K.R. , Annest, J.L. , Roberts, J. , and Murphy, R.S. (1982) "National Estimates of Blood Lead Levels: U.S. 1976-1980; Association with Selected Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors," N. Eng. J. Med. : 575-579. Mielke, H.W. , Anderson, J.C. , Berry, K.J. , Mielke, P.W. , Chaney, R.L. , and Leech, M. (1983) "Lead Concentrations in Inner-City Soils As a Factor in the Child Lead Problem," American Journal of Public Health 1 (12) : 1366-1369. 5) e Reserch Mika, Results and $valuations and(Rec e e u commndations, preparedforRefuse- gram. E ergy Systems Company, University of Massachusetts, Waltham. Norton, G.A. , DeKalb, E.L. , and Malaby, K.L. (1986) "Elemental Composition of Suspended Particulate Matter from the Combustion of Coal and Coal/Refuse Mixtures," Environ. Sci. Technol. ZQ: 604-609. Nriagu, J.0. , (ed.) (1984) Changing Metal Cycles and Human Heal h. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. NUS Corporation, Characterization of Municipal Waste Combustor Ashes ,an4 Leachates from Municipal 1211.d Waste Landfills. Monofills. and Codisposal Sites, 7 Volumes, EPA Contract No. 68-01-7310, prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, October 1987. Opperhuisen, A. , Wagenaar, W.J. , van der Wielen, F.W.M. , van den Berg, M. , Olie, K. , and Cobas, F.A.P.C. (1986) "Uptake and Elimination of PCDD/PCDF Congeners by Fish After Aqueous Exposure to a Fly-Ash Extract from a Municipal Incinerator," Chemosphere 11 (9-12) : 2049-2053. Radian Corporation (1986) final $missions hat Report: pioxin/Furans And Total Organic Chlorides Emissions Testing, prepared for Rust Corporation, Birmingham, AL, report dated November 18, 1986, Research Triangle Park, NC. Resource Analysts, Inc. (1987) Extraction Procedure Toxicity Test results for combined fly and bottom ash from the New Hampshire-Vermont Solid Waste Project Incinerator, tests conducted for Signal Environmental Systems, Inc. Reports dated 6 April, 1987, 30 May, 1987, 29 June, 1987, Hampton, Roberts, T.M. , Hutchinson, T.C. , Paciga, J. topadhyay, A. ,ion Jervis, R.E. , VanLoon, J. , and Parkinson, D.K. (1974) "Lead Contaminand Secondary Smelters: Estimation of Dispersal and Accumulation by Humana," Science 186: 1120-1123. - 32 - . . 89®958 Roels, H.A. , Buchet, J. , Lauwerys, R.R. , Bruaux, P. , Claeys-Thoreau, F. , Lafontaine, A. , and Verduyn, G. (1980) "Exposure to Lead by the Oral and Pulmonary Routes of Children Living in theVicinity of a Primary Lead Smelter," Environmental Research 22: 81-94. Roy F. Weston (1987) "Framingham Incinerator Ash Sampling and Analysis Report," prepared for ESI, Inc. , Southborough, MA, reported dated June 5, Burlington, HA. Rutter, M. and Jones, R.R. (eds.) (1983) JAILI Versus litI/S11. a221.2tIand Effects pf owkgatl Lead Fxoosure, John Wiley & Sons, London. Sawell, S.E. , Bridle, T.R. , and Constable, T.W. (1986) Assessment of Ash Contant L"''hahil tv, NITEP Phase II - Testing of the FLAKT Air Pollution Control Technology at the Quebec City Municipal Energy from Waste Facility, Industrial Programs Branch, Wastewater Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario. Sawell, S.E. , Bridle, T.R. , and Constable, T.W. (1987) "Leachability of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Ashes from Lime-Based at the Annual Control Devices on a Municipal Waste Incinerator," presented June 21-26, n Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York, NY, 1987. Science Advisory Board, U.S. Environmental Protection io ge y Mun icipal Agency (1987) Evaluation of Scient sues elated $,Q Ihe h Waste Combustion, Report of the Municipal Waste CombusttiontSubcommittee, Environmental Effects, Transport, and Fate Committee, y 1987, PP• 13,20,52,75,77. Silbergeld, E.K. (1985) "Neurotoxicology of Lead," in Blum, K. and Manzi", L. (eds. ) toxtcolo¢Y, pp. 299-322 (Dekker, New York) . Silbergeld, E.K. and Schwartz, J. (1987) "Lead and Osteoporosis: Mobilization of Bone Lead in Postmenopausal Women and Possible Etiologic Role in Bone Demineralization," in Lindberg,Proc. Internat. Conf. Heavy S.E. Metals in the (eds.) En ironment, CEP Consultants, United Kingdom, Volume 2, p. 360. State of Oregon, Department of Environmental Quality (1987) "Extraction from Ogden Procedure Toxicity Characterization Claude H. Shinn Municipal thecLaboratoryinerator sDivision, Martin, Brooks," prepared by Portland, OR. Steenhout, A. (1987) "Kinetic and Epidemiologic Approaches of the Human Organism Response to Lead Exposure. A Solution for the Pb-Blood/Pb-Air, or Pb-Water, or Pb-Dust. . . Relationships," in Lindberg, S.E. and Hutchinson, T.C. (eds.) Proc. Internat. Conf. Heavy Metals s i85. nthe Environment, CEP Consultants, United Kingdom, Volume 2, pp. Van den Berg, M. , Olie. K. , and Hutzinger, 0. (1983) "Uptake and Selective Retention in Rats of Orally Administered Chlorinated Dioxins and - 33 - 890958 Dibenzofurans from Fly-Ash and Fly-Ash Extract," Chemosphere 12. (4-5): 537-544. Van den Berg, M. , Van Greevenbroek, M. , Olie, K. , and Hutzinger, 0. (1986a) Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-dioxins and Polychlorinated "Bioavailabilioy of Poly Ingestion by Dibenzofurans on Fly Ash After Semi-Chronic Oral Ing Chemosphere 11 (4) : 509-518. Van den Berg, M. , de Vroom, E. , Olie, K. , and Hutzinger, 0, (1986b) . of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Pbolychlorinated Pig Dib"Bioavailability Y (4) : 51g-5t3. and Syrian Go on e Fly H Ash , Chemosphere nu l Ingestion and Syrian Golden Hamster, � (1966) "The Specific Role H„ Metzger, M. , and Schneider, Incineration,' Waste Vogg, Ca in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration,Braun, of Cadmium and Mercury 4 65-74. Management and Research _: Lead and Selenium by WadB , and Hutton, M. (1986) "The Uptake of Cadmium, Ash," Barley and Cadmium Grown on Soils Amended with Refuse Incinerator Fly Plant and Soil 96: 407-412• eciaition of Wedge, A. and Hutton, M. (1987) "The Leachability and Chemical Sp Selected Trace Elements in Fly Ash from C oalCombustion and Refuse Incineration," Environ. Pollution LI: o rout Brook Westchester County, Monitoring Report for the Westchester County S P Disposal Facility: Leachate Physical and Chemical e Parameters, samples taken1986 and May 29, samples between October 1, .Leaching of D.C. , Young, P.J. , Hudson, B.C. , and Baldwin, G.E(1982) . tea. inghfl. Wilson, ented Plastics in a Landfill Site, Cadmium from Pi gm 15: 560-566. 34 - 89w958 LE ETALS IN CINTOR TABLE I: TOTAL AND FROM VVAARCIOUSA R POLLUTIONWCONNTRODEVIC DEVICES ASHES DRY FABRIC SCRUBBER CRUBBY SCRUBBER FILTER ASH ASH ASH TOTAL METALS:** (mcg/g ash) 299 Cadmium 37 652 663 538 63 Copper 1919 3792 7055 Lead 5154 9391 13695 Zinc PERCENT OF TOTAL METALS LEACHABLE IN THE SHORT TERM: 68% 94% Cadmium 62% 16 41 Copper 25 5 56 75 Lead 32 62 • 17 Zinc PERCENT OF TOTAL METALS LEACHABLE IN THE LONG TERM: 62% 83% 100% Cadmium 42 69 eaer 30 63 80 95 Lead 73 54 Zinc 49 * Ash from Quebec City municipal waste incinerator using a pilot-scale air pollution control plant .` Average males. Source Environment Canada,i 1986 and fabrc filter) or 4 (dry scrubber) "' Sum of fractions A and B in the Sequential Chemical Extraction (SCE) Procedure. Source: Sawell et al. , 1987 "" Sum of fractions A, B and C in the SCE Procedure. Source: Sewell et al. , 1987 890958 Table II Blood Lead Levels of Persons 6 Months to 74 Years Old, with Mean. Standard Error of the Mean, and Percent Distribution, by Race and Age• United States, 1976-1980° Blood lead level (ug/100 ml) Percent distribution Estimated population in Standard Less thousands error of than (1978) Mean the mean 10 10-19 20-29 20-39 '39 All races All ages 203,554 13.9 0.24 22.1 62.9 13.0 1.6 0.3 - 6 months to 5 years 16,852 16.0 0.42 12.2 63.3 20.5 3.6 0.4 6-17 years 44,964 12.5 0.30 27.8 64.6 7.1 0.5 — 18-74 years 141,728 14.2 0.25 21.2 62.3 14.3 1.6 0.4 White All ages 174.528 13.7 0.24 23.3 62.9 12.2 1.5 0.3 6 months to 5 years 13.641 14.9 0.43 14.5 67.5 16.1 A 1.8 0.2 6-17 years 37,530 12.1 0.30 30.4 63.4 5.9 0.4 — 18-74 years 123,357 14.1 0.25 21.9 62.3 13.7 1.8 0.4 Black All ages 23,853 15.7 0.48 13.3 63.7 20.0 2.3 0.6 6 months to 5 years 2.584 20.9 0.61 2.5 . 45.4 39.9 10.2 2.0 6-17 years 6,529 14.8 0.53 12.8 70.9 15.6 0.7 — 18-74 years 14,740 15.5 0.54 14.7 62.9 19.6 2.0 0.9 .'umbers may not add to totals because of rounding. Source: Mahaffey et al. , 1982 890958 TABLE III: METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN FLY ASH AND NATURAL SOILS RANGE OF CONCENTRATIONS METAL FLY ASH NATURAL SOILS (parts per million) Lead 2,300-50,000 10-13 Cadmium 100-2,000 0.1-0.2 Arsenic 10-750 2 Mercury 8-300 0.05-0.08 * Source: Vogg et al. , 1986 • • 890958 ION DURE TOXICITY TABLE IV: SUMMARY ARyFOR AVAILABLE AND CAADDMUMTFROMPMSWEIN I TEST DATA INCINERATOR ASH LEAD CADMIUM EITHER ELI 6,0 (19 Facilities) No. of Samples Analyzed 87 85 67 No. of Samples Over EP Limit 83 83 87 % of Samples Over EP Limit 95% 98% 100% Samples (mg/L) 23.0' 28.4 -- Average of All 8/ ) BOTTOM all (10 Facilities) No. of samples Analyzed 245 210 245 No. of Samples Over EP Limit 93 4 94 % of Samples Over EP Limit 38% 2% 38% Average of All Samples (mg/L) 0.19 -- COMBINED ASH (26 Facilities) No. of Samples Analyzed 366 272 366 No. of Samples Over EP Limit 171 54 176 % of Samples Over EP Limit 47% ' 20% 48% Average of All Samples (mg/L) Li 0.68 -- a Underlined values exceed EP limits defining liter (mg/L) waste: lead: 5.0 milligrams p cadmium: 1.0 mg/L NOTE: Due to the large number data tend to b f individual e skewed and analyzed overly dependent on facilities, the aggregate the ution should thereforetbeofh s exercized in from those facilities. drawing conclusionsaboutoverallaexceedance rates. 890958 • ss6069 Cd PPM O p 0 0 p qtr M N W Ft Q C U in r 4 m W C a .+ vn a a o >. W a W N W Q ► ^• N Q III. r A; -a EH CO CC III ' C I 2 0 Z ❑ 1' a Z Qs / a 03 ilow 0 4 W Q V ' a 414 ► a ° 0 • N .p J H a F F / Z Cu / W U 4 e V /,' U tn le Q I //I .�\I W ,�/ / H cc 40, eV ire se et at 00 0 0 0 0 • in sO 0set a wdd qd 3.. ;fir THIN C;: ti 1 r•: x..`.:'[` . A:' 2C)`: County 3g .,t th,a1 ,..,. x . ..._; i at _ ; , v1 L:u:a;eOical. . art'.e-' nd"_;RE3!.S . thy: ,.oun?_, ,. ! Ii pt-cniup Y ;t.0 l dun} n[j t-he' :u,: l r =i; ..a.F W siREAS• , t i !;_ 3.< <"':a1 d;3^> .; Is ;:n, , 'r,-, - -_ ♦ . l'w.LEREA✓/ any tch iu e-i'. 1 ..'Y , ,s 'lt '. ..:1d toe ilit *J s h+. t e. ,; _ at , l i '.: , _, cant _ . i Coamissr.cttets ; and, • 1.1:�I ri.8;'✓.: C mp.eh_ 'i ` t—A r.1 < 1 . crui.zr . _ '_5 for. !_ ±, eab ai " .', '_ ittirtit • .--,RERS , the t"nvirt)..pr :.';tii • }i-..• ., f.Y,♦} WStihi i..L. ]f _ fj,.,7 - p?' F z.. st ; -f ..• SR.':nc scch moratorium tea. ' i kLcfr t rS rj z:"ev si . nr ; ;and , ▪ .EaS t.hs` tiiiuS ,LC L'+ : [_c _ at_- y .. - t5 by the [L,i,<> :i t i.aa: of ylf-..i° rc tt2 s . .., , o1.3tor iun on bi _ ....., ... . _ ia,. , 5, arc: -. , - _ . ' Avrt:LIn ? h an incorporatc'ii A .i.. _. • FnR^[1r1R RESPAL7fli, I hat., u.d i[;0 a , -. ,-_ _ L i `-iWW Sit : C"alt.oant frig a _ _rl,., of ti3 • ' -'c. r ,. .i ..�for b1 1edi ax w _ �.._ �.3P�. hho Watt .. ,. continued f r' thEt per to 3 o' this 'A-nr =t . . i . IT . TiR star. RESOLVED that at t hs.. .l t , .)P•`: .-3t.termlnes th_.t. a.ttr•1' 41010t4 ,. d !im1 health, -,aff.,.ty and [j,.fle ai ..E FU TBFR i'.ES{it':;:.:.} that th.ts (Jr.. • ;1":G3 ; 9 , 19R❑ . arttl Phy1.1 . ;' . . tttttii tr i989 - Appendix Q 9O955S BY AUTHORITY ORDINANCE 1NO. COUNCIL BILL NO. //44 SERIES OF 1989 COMMITTEE OF REFERENCE: Z A BILL FOR AN ORDINANCE RELATING TO ZONING, AMENDING ARTICLE II OF CHAPTER 59 OF THE REVISED MUNICIPAL CODE, ESTABLISHING A MORATORIUM WITH RESPECT TO THE ISSUANCE OF PERMITS FOR WASTE FACILITIES. WHEREAS, the City is in the process of studying the impacts resulting from disposal, treatment, processing, or storage of all forms of waste and waste materials at waste facilities, including, but not limited to, such uses as dumps, incinerators, processing and sewage disposal plants, to determine whether to change the regulation of such facilities concerning traffic, spacing from other uses, external effects, setbacks and other impacts; and WHEREAS, the study of the regulations and recommendations for changes, if appropriate, will require a period of time; and WHEREAS, it would be destructive of the study and recommending of any changes in the regulations if, during the time required, parties seeking to evade the operation of any potential change in regulations are permitted to enter upon a course of activity which might progress so far as to defeat in whole or in part the adoption of changed regulations; and WHEREAS, pending a decision upon the adoption of changed regulations, the Council wishes to establish an appropriate period of time during which no use permits for waste facilities would be issued by the Department of Zoning Administration, in order to protect the public interest and public welfare until any changed regulations can be adopted; and WHEREAS, that appropriate period of time is six (6) months from the effective date of this amendment to the Revised Municipal Code; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ENACTED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER: 8sOass Appendix R 131 555 Section 1. Article II of Chapter 59 of the Revised Municipal Code, shall be and hereby is amended by the addition of a new Section 59-26(o) to read as follows: 59-26(o). Zoning permit for certain uses. For a period of six (6) months from the effective date of this section 59-26(o), the Department of Zoning Administration shall issue no zoning permit for any waste facility, including, but not limited to any use classified as processing, dump, incinerator or sewage disposal plant. For purposes of this section 59-26(o), waste facility shall include any facility for processing, storage, treatment or disposal of any form of waste, including, but not limited to hazardous, solid, radioactive, biomedical or infectious waste. PASSE BY THE COUNCIL- 077 1989 - PRESIDENT APPROVED .Zi• £ - MAYOR ijxe.-44.3° 1989 ATTEST: 6 � - CLERK AND RECORDER, EX-OFFICIO CLERK OF THE CITY AND COUNTY F DENVER PUBLISHED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN *^'�,c 3 Na 5 1989 PREPARED BY: ROBERT M. KELLY,/ ASSISTANT CITY ATTORNEY 2/22/89 REVIEWED BY: ILO.Q. (()c111S - CITY ATTORNEY a 3 1989 SPONSORED BY COUNCIL MEMBER(S) / 8390958 -2- 131. 556 ... ........ . ADDENDUM TO THE ADAMS COUNTY WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN a) Siting and Permitting of Infectious Waste Treatment Facilities — Adams County, Colorado - 1989 890958 Appendix S TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: AMENDMENT TO THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 1 INTRODUCTION 1 INFECTIOUS WASTE GOALS 1 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION CHECKLIST 3 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 8 Proposed Adams County Zoning Requirements 8 Adams County Building Permit 10 Certificate of Designation 10 Colorado Department of Health Infectious Waste Regulations 1 1 Air Pollution Emissions Notification 12 CHAPTER II: SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION 1 3 DEFINITION OF THE WASTE STREAM 1 4 Colorado House Bill No. 1328 1 4 ORIGIN AND QUANTITY OF THE WASTE STREAM 1 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WASTE STREAM 1 8 TREATMENT METHODS 1 9 Existing Technologies 21 Steam sterilization 21 Incineration 2 2 Emerging Technologies 2 3 Radiation 2 3 Microwaves 2 3 Hydropulpers 2 4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS FROM A TREATMENT FACILITY 2 4 Benefits 24 Drawbacks 25 FUTURE TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS WASTE REGULATION 2 7 Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 2 8 Comparison Between the Medical Waste Tracking Act and Colorado Department of Health Requirements 2 9 SUMMARY 3 0 890958 i DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 CHAPTER I: AMENDMENT TO THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan, which was originally adopted as an element of the Adams County Comprehensive Plan by the Board of County Commissioners on September 27, 1982, is to provide a comprehensive, multi- jurisdictional guide for Adams County decision-makers, staff, and others regarding waste management practices, policies, and decisions. This addendum to the Waste Management Plan, "Siting and Permitting an Infectious Waste Treatment Facility," is presented to highlight some of the issues surrounding infectious waste management and present goals and policies for the siting of facilities in Adams County. Any site which proposes to store, treat and/or dispose of infectious waste within the County is encouraged to follow these guidelines in order that the health, safety, and public peace of the residents may be maintained. INFECTIOUS WASTE GOALS As stated in the Comprehensive Plan, "goals" are statements regarding the general direction the County intends to take in the future. "Policies" are guidelines for making day-to-day decisions. Policies provide the link between goals and the cumulative minor decisions that can make goals a reality. All decisions by the Planning Commission should reflect one or more County goals, objectives or policies. When no criteria for a decision exists, the Comprehensive Plan should be amended to provide the future guidance for such situations. The goals and policies presented in this Addendum have been established to provide direction to the Adams County decision- makers on the siting and permitting of infectious waste treatment facilities. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 The following goals and policies shall be made an amendment to the Adams County Comprehensive Plan for the siting and permitting of infectious waste treatment facilities. Infectious Waste - Regional Solution Goal Encourage a regional solution to the handling and treatment of infectious waste such that County citizens are not at risk from the presence of untreated waste, or the transportation or treatment processes associated with the waste stream. Policy •Adams County strongly encourages a regional solution to the proper management of infectious waste and the County is committed to participation in regional problem solving efforts. •Air quality should be considered when siting a large-scale regional incineration facility. Facilities that import waste from outside the metropolitan area should be encouraged to located outside the carbon monoxide nonattainment area in Denver (Figure 1). •The residents and businesses of Adams County are not large generators of infectious waste. Therefore, the need for treatment facilities in the County is minimal, and Adams County does not encourage applications for such uses. Infectious Waste Treatment Facility Siting and Permitting Goal Ensure that applications for infectious waste treatment facilities are appropriately sized, state-of-the-art, highest quality operations which have minimal or no impact to Adams County residents and businesses. Policy •The total capacity of an infectious waste treatment facility should not exceed the volume generated in the County. •Adams County industries and businesses should be informed and educated on methods of minimizing creation of infectious waste. County staff and infectious waste disposal companies should aid in the education and training of generators on how to minimize their 890958 DENVER- M TARO AREA rte. �> ,:. z • r _�. viol, Adila � )• �� a MI- mayIMP flplipmali._i Imi.,,,rilno, shiri..-f,iti:i......i,,. . sindtweffriwyg ., !_ . ____,..,._, .1_ iii -----i-'-'.,: ...,...4....,:;:t....,..,65 .miff....valic -,____ :„..,,,, A , Ir_ ;1�_ i 1 /` �l�n� /1L �� r.sl � a nti. iir- reaOill t,.‘ , , - . .p.•!par. gm - ........4010 ..--i" Egill . It, o_ •ate ,71 ` I _ �- , • ') ki•glillillirA V4- ::.N..,'•t., • -sPLI.:1!;,f,.-::_-, —i —2,.• _,/ Vii. ill ' 1 -/ AgjOir I *' -%, ,•••..', - • Z;.. 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M- _� •' —_.tom . .. �— DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 3 waste stream, how to handle hazardous wastes, and encourage the procurement of non-chlorinated (less toxic) supplies. •The treatment of noninfectious wastes with infectious waste should be limited wherever possible. Paper and other noninfectious components should be disposed using the most environmentally acceptable method, rather than added to the infectious waste stream. •The siting of infectious waste treatment facilities shall be in heavy industrial (I-3) land use district and visually separated from residential areas by one-quarter mile, due to potential transportation, odor and image concerns of the County. •Enclosed trucks and specific transportation haul routes away from residential and school zones will be required to minimize the impact to residents. .Applications for steam sterilizers will have fewer locational restrictions due to their smaller size and lessened environmental impacts. •The Adams County Zoning Regulations shall be amended to specifically address this type of application, which will be addressed as a Certificate of Designation. •Fees in addition to the Solid Waste Management Fund shall be collected from any infectious waste incineration facility sited in the County to pay for on-going, independent, off-site monitoring to ensure that County citizens are not at risk. RECOMMENDED MITIGATION CHECKLIST, SHOULD AN INFECTIOUS WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY BE SITED IN ADAMS COUNTY Chlorinated plastics (from disposable syringes, intravenous tubing, unbreakable containers, etc.) comprise up to 40% of the infectious waste stream. Chlorine tends to form the backbone of dioxins and furans when incinerated, which are highly mutagenic compounds resulting from incomplete combustion. Table 1 lists the four types of plastic commonly used by the medical industry, and the chlorine content of each. It is generally recognized that there is no 890958 4 TABLE 1 ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF FOUR PLASTICS (Weight Percent) Polyvinyl Polyethylene Polystyrene Polyurethane Chloride Moisture 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Carbon 84.38 86.91 63. 14 45.04 Hydrogen 14. 14 8.42 6 .25 5.60 Oxygen 0.00 3.96 17.61 1 .56 Nitrogen 0.06 0.21 5.98 0.08 Sulfur 0.03 0.02 0.02 0. 14 Chlorine tr tr 2.42 45.32 Ash 1 . 19 0.45 4.38 2.06 Higher heating 19. 687 16. 419 11 .203 9. 754 value, Btu/lb FROM: Hospital Waste Combustion Study Radian Corporation October 1987 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 5 reason why hospitals and other generators cannot purchase disposable equipment made of polyethylene and polystyrene in lieu of polyvinyl chloride. The cost and structural integrity of the products are similar. Therefore, it is recommended that as a condition of approval, any infectious waste incineration facility sited in Adams County shall be required to undertake an educational program for the procurement departments of the infectious waste generators and/or provide incentives for generators that minimize the usage of polyvinyl chloride products wherever possible. This condition would not be applicable to steam sterilization facilities which are incapable of treating hazardous materials. If a regional incineration facility is proposed in the County, the operation could potentially accept hazardous waste from many different small quantity generators. Most hospitals (up to 125 beds) are considered small quantity generators of hazardous waste, hence certain federally mandated exemptions under the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act apply relative to record keeping, treatment and disposal of the waste. Incineration of cumulative quantities of numerous small quantities of hazardous waste would have a detrimental effect on the public health, safety and welfare of County residents. Therefore, it shall be required that the applicant provide a small quantity hazardous waste generator plan which discusses how the facility will handle small quantities of hazardous waste to prevent this material from entering the waste stream. In addition, any infectious waste incineration facility sited in Adams County shall be required to provide educational training to its small quantity generator clients as to the proper handling, treatment and disposal of their hazardous waste. A copy of the training plan and educational material shall be supplied to the County. This condition would not be applicable to steam sterilization facilities which are incapable of treating hazardous materials. Temperature operating charts from an infectious waste treatment facility shall be retained for review by County representatives. Anomalies shall be noted and discussed in detail by the operator. The County may require additional monitoring if a facility has problems maintaining a temperature standard. For 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 6 example, autoclave operations would be required to enhanced the biological testing program; incinerators would be required to perform continuous testing for hydrogen chloride. The frequency and testing to be employed would be determined by Tri-County Health Department and the County, based upon the best available monitoring technique that is economically reasonable. All trucks shall be washed at least once a week with a detergent and disinfectant to minimize nuisance conditions. The output from the treatment facility (each load of ash or sterilized bags) destined for a landfill, should be monitored for low level radioactivity. Incinerator ash shall be monitored for feed rate and combustion efficiency by measuring the amount of the residual solids ( ). EPA Method 1310, the Extraction Procedure Toxicity Test ("EP toxicity") shall also be conducted. Composite samples shall be collected and analyzed from the initial load of ash, and again quarterly for the first year. Autoclave operations will be subjected to initial and quarterly sampling for biological indicator organisms. Additional sampling may be required, pending the outcome of the first year's results, for each treatment method. Residue collected from the air pollution control devices should be tested for EP toxicity at least initially, since the volatilization of metals may produce potentially hazardous residue. Pending the results from the sample, a management plan for the handling of this material shall be developed and submitted to the County and Tri- County Health Department for review and approval. All testing of ash, air emission residue, and autoclaved bags during the first year of operation shall be performed by the Tri- County Health Department, but the expense will be charged to the operator. All ash will be transported in covered containers. In harmony with the health and safety and industrial development goals of the Adams County Comprehensive Plan, a Conditional Use permit for the treatment of infectious waste will be reviewed at no more than ten year increments. During such reviews, the applicant must demonstrate to the County, the Tri-County Health 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 7 Department, the State Air Quality Control Division and the State Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division that the operating equipment and air pollution control devices meet or exceed current standards in effect, to protect the metropolitan area residents from potential health effects from antiquated equipment and systems. Any operator will be required to provide monthly summaries of the number of vehicles, volume of material treated, and gross revenues for calculation of the County's Solid Waste Management Fee. All infectious waste incineration operations sited in Adams County will be required to pay for ongoing, off-site air quality monitoring. The importation and incineration of infectious waste within the County will exacerbate, at a minimum, the carbon monoxide nonattainment air quality standards in the Denver metro area. In addition, the large volume of chlorine in the incinerated waste stream may pose a real or perceived health risk to Adams County residents downwind, due to the potential for dioxin and furan emissions. Off-site monitoring may help alleviate the psychological stress for County residents, provide a preventative warning system, and contribute to the scientific data base surrounding the air quality impacts from regional waste treatment facilities. Specific details of the ongoing air quality program shall be proposed by the applicant, but reviewed and approved by the Adams County Planning Department and the Tri-County Health Department. Key indicator parameters will be utilized. Monitoring will be performed by the Tri-County Health Department. Air quality monitoring will not be required for treatment facilities utilizing a steam sterilization process only. Infectious waste incineration facilities shall be permitted to burn infectious waste only. Proposals to burn confidential documents or other noninfectious waste streams shall not be permitted. The purpose of an infectious waste incinerator is to remove from the waste stream infectious material that can present a health risk to the general public. To expand the definition of wastes that can be treated at an infectious waste facility to include 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 8 confidential documents or general hospital trash, for example, will cause unnecessary burning and air emissions, and establish a waste treatment method that is not in accordance with EPA's Agenda for Action ( ) and the Adams County Recycling Goal. This agenda emphasizes source reduction (including reuse of products), recycling of materials (including composting) followed by waste combustion (with energy recovery) or landfilling. According to the Agenda, generators of confidential documents should be encouraged to shred, then recycle for capital profits, rather than burn such reusable material. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS Existing and forthcoming (final draft) regulatory requirements promulgated at the state and local government level for the operation of infectious waste treatment facilities are summarized below. Proposed Adams County Zoning Requirements Any operation which proposes to store, treat and/or dispose of infectious waste which is not generated on-site shall perform such use in a heavy industrial (I-3) zone district. This zoning designation is required because: 1) the nature of the waste stream is commonly perceived as obnoxious, 2) a large amount of outside storage typically accompanies such use for refrigeration units and trailers, and 3) results from the survey (Appendix D) indicated odor to be a common nuisance complaint. The I-3 designation is: "A heavy industrial district designed to accommodate most industrial enterprises. In cases where the intended use may be hazardous or obnoxious to the surrounding area, uses and/or environment, use of land and structures shall be restricted to protect the surrounding area and the public health, safety, and general welfare. All outside storage shall be concealed by a six to eight foot solid screen fence." Minimum set-backs from residential neighborhoods will be required. In no case may the facility be sited within one-quarter 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 9 mile (1320 feet) from any residence unless by written agreement of the owners and occupants of such residence. In addition, for infectious waste incineration applications which propose to treat waste from generators located outside the Denver carbon monoxide nonattainment airshed, such facilities shall be sited outside the boundaries of the nonattainment airshed. In Adams County, the boundary is Picadilly Road. Such a restriction will serve to prevent further deterioration of air quality in the Denver area caused by the importation of waste volumes which are not already being handled in the metro area. All proposed facilities must be approved by the appropriate local fire protection district for meeting applicable fire codes, and emergency procedures. The facility must be located within an acceptable response time of the fire protection district. A blueprint of the facility showing the location of the various offices, operational areas, as well as notification of the hazards associated with the materials being stored or treated and associated cleaning agents shall be provided to the fire protection district. Keys to the facility gate will be kept with the fire district to allow entry during hours employees are not on site. A site tour to familiarize firefighters with the facility shall be conducted, and each facility shall make every effort to keep the local fire district informed about changes that occur at the site that would affect fire protection. All proposed facilities shall be sited and designed to be compatible with the Adams County Comprehensive Plan. A n y proposed facility located within the Airport Planning Area should be in harmony with the goals, objectives, and polices set forth in the Airport Environs Concept Plan. Operations that propose to transport infectious material through residential neighborhoods or by public schools must first obtain approval from the County's Transportation Engineer. Transportation route restrictions may be imposed on infectious waste haulers to minimize the potential risk of spills or accidents that could endanger the public. An overall transportation plan showing major haul routes that will be accessed should be included in the application for a Certificate of Designation (CD). A description of the 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 0 haul route that will be utilized from the infectious waste treatment center to the landfill must also be included. Adams County Building Permit The Planning and Development Department requires that all structures on the premises of the waste treatment facility meet the requirements of the current building code as adopted by Adams County. A Certificate of Occupancy will be issued by the Building Section upon demonstration and inspection that all building permit requirements have been met. Certificate of Designation Any operation which proposes to store, treat and/or dispose of infectious waste which is not generated on site shall first obtain a Certificate of Designation from the Board of County Commissioners. All information required by the Adams County Zoning Regulations, Section 4.500, with the exceptions listed below, shall be submitted to the Planning and Development Department when making application for a Certificate of Designation for an infectious waste treatment facility. In accordance with the authority granted under Section 4.533(4), the following CD submittal requirements are hereby waived by the Planning and Development Director. 4.533(4)(B)2 -horizontal and vertical permeabilities of soils 4.533(4)(B)3 - type of bedrock 4.533(4)(C)3 - uppermost aquifer depth and water quality 4.533(4)(C)4 - hydrologic properties of upper aquifer 4.533(4)(C)5 - adjacent domestic well monitoring 4.533(4)(D)1.a - location and size of disposal cells 4.533(4)(D)l.f - phasing of fill operations. 4.533(4)(D)2 - opaque and aerial photograph 4.533(4)(D)3 - cross sections of disposal cells 4.533(4)(E)8 - cover requirements In lieu of groundwater monitoring, the applicant shall collect background soil samples from the site which shall be analyzed for cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, beryllium, mercury, and 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 1 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (expressed as 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins (TCDD) equivalents). Soil samples will be collected from the same location during closure of the facility and compared to background conditions. In addition to the above requirements, the applicant should also demonstrate the following: A community need for the proposed use at the proposed location. A landscape, screenage, and buffer plan in accordance with County requirements for the underlying zone district must be submitted to insure harmony and compatibility of the proposed use to adjacent existing uses. The applicant shall show evidence that adequate services are available for the proposed use and that the operation will not require County improvements. Any other information the Planning and Development Director may require. The application must also meet the minimum standards of the Colorado Department of Health, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division as required by the Solid Wastes Disposal Sites and Facilities Act, Title 30, Article 20, Section 100 et seq, C.R.S. 1973 as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, 6 CCR 1007-2, known as the Regulations Pertaining to Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities. Colorado Department of Health Infectious Waste Regulations In addition to the CD requirements, upon adoption by the Colorado Board of Health, Section 12 of the Regulations Pertaining to Solid Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities will contain the final version of the Infectious Waste Treatment and Disposal Regulations. As of this writing, Section 12 was in final draft form (Appendix B). It is anticipated that approval and adoption of the infectious waste regulations by the Board will occur in the fall of 1989. The final version of the State's Section 12 Regulations Pertaining to Infectious Waste Treatment will be incorporated into 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 2 the Adams County Waste Management Plan, and adopted as an amendment to the Adams County Zoning Regulations, Section 4.500, Certificate of Designation for Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites and Facilities. Specific elements of the draft regulations are outlined below. It is anticipated that little substantive changes will be made prior to final adoption by the Board of Health. Section 12 requires that a Certificate of Designation be obtained from the appropriate local governing authority for the off-site treatment, storage or disposal of infectious waste. Operators that treat their own waste on their own property are exempt from the regulations. For example, hospitals that incinerate or autoclave their own infectious wastes would not be required to obtain a CD. Household infectious wastes are also exempt from the regulations. There is no other minimum quantity exemption or "small quantity generator" category. Existing commercial operations will have one year to obtain a CD and come into compliance with the new regulations. There are certain record keeping requirements, however no manifesting of wastes or registration of haulers is required. Transportation within refrigerated vehicles is not mandated, but leak-proof container standards are specified. Operating standards are covered for incinerators and steam sterilizers. Other treatment methods are not discussed but will be looked at on a case by case basis. An infectious waste management plan must be developed and implemented by each generator. The plan must designate the infectious waste generated by the facility; provide a description of the handling, segregation, identification, packaging, storage, transportation, and treatment techniques for each waste type; outline contingency planning for spills; and describe staff training. Air Pollution Emissions Notification The infectious waste treatment applicant must also obtain an air pollution emissions permit from the Colorado Department of Health, Air Pollution Control Division. Minimum performance standards are presented in the State Air Pollution Control Division's 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 3 (draft) Municipal Waste Combustor Regulations (Regulation No. 6) as promulgated under the Colorado Air Quality Control Act, Title 25, Article 7, Section 114 (see Appendix C). It is anticipated that Regulation No. 6 will be adopted by the Colorado Board of Health by late summer 1989. Other state and local permits may be required, which include but are not limited to NPDES discharge permits, or local pretreatment permits issued by local sewer districts. CHAPTER II: SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION One of the problems planning staff is faced with in the review of biomedical treatment and disposal facility applications is that there has been limited technical expertise or guidance at the State level. This was primarily due to the paucity of such facilities in Colorado. Upon receipt of five infectious waste treatment applications in the course of two months, both the Air Quality Control Division and the Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division of the Colorado Health Department quickly responded by drafting regulations pertinent to this specific waste stream. These Divisions are currently in the process of finalizing their regulations. There has been even less guidance available from the County's Zoning Regulations or Comprehensive Plan for the proper siting and land use issues associated with such applications. A Certificate of Designation is required by the State Health Department and the Adams County Zoning Regulations for the treatment, storage, or disposal of wastes. To date, the County has issued a CD to any operation that performs as its primary business the disposal of waste. Treatment and storage operations (including transfer stations and recycling centers) have generally been sited through a Use by Right or Conditional Use zoning permits, depending upon the proposed use and the underlying zone district. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 4 Following receipt of two of the State's five applications for infectious waste treatment facilities plus numerous telephone inquires, the Adams County Board of Commissioners imposed a six- month moratorium on the hearing of all applications requesting a Certificate of Designation for biomedical waste disposal sites and facilities. The moratorium was passed to allow time for the promulgation of the Colorado Department of Health's rules and regulations, and Adams County's siting criteria. The moratorium was issued on February 8, 1989 and shall terminate on August 7, 1989. DEFINITION OF THE WASTE STREAM What is infectious waste? Unlike hazardous waste, the infectious waste distinction is not based upon analytical tests. There is no consensus or federally mandated definition as to what constitutes infectious medical waste. Regulatory definitions range from stringent to nonexistent from state to state. Colorado House Bill No. 1328 In Colorado, House Bill No. 1328, "Concerning the designation of infectious waste by the generator thereof, and providing for the disposal of such waste," was signed into law by Governor Roy Romer on April 23, 1989 (see Appendix A). This Act defines infectious waste as waste presenting a substantial risk of infection to humans and containing certain factors necessary for induction of the disease. Specifically, there must simultaneously exist: 1) the presence of a pathogen of sufficient virulence; 2) sufficient dose; 3) portal of entry; and 4) resistance of the host before a waste is classified as infectious to humans. The Act goes on to identify six categories, as published in the "EPA Guide for Infectious Waste Management" ( ) be designated as infectious. These categories are defined in more detail by the Colorado Department of Health, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division, in their draft regulations on infectious waste (see Appendix B). The categories encompass any potentially infectious waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 5 immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production, or testing of biologicals. Examples include but are not limited to the following: (a) laboratory wastes which have had contact with infectious agents and associated biologicals, discarded live and attenuated vaccines, and culture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate and mix culture. (b) pathological wastes including tissues, organs and body parts. (c) human blood and blood products, body fluids and excretions (15 milliliters or greater). (d) disposable supplies and devices that have become contaminated with human blood and blood products, body fluids and excretions from a patient with a diagnosed or suspected communicable disease that can be spread via blood or body fluids. (e) contaminated animal carcasses, body parts, and bedding of animals that were exposed to infectious agents during research, production of biologicals, or testing pharmaceuticals or have succumbed to any zoonotic death. (f) sharps (needles, scalpel blades and broken glass) which have been in contact with contaminated material. The Act provides for civil penalties for the mismanagement of infectious waste. Examples of non-infectious solid waste typically disposed by hospitals or other generators would include cardboard, packaging material, paper documents, discarded linens, disposable food containers, and food scraps. These items are not required to be handled or treated in any special way. Also, by Colorado law, infectious waste which has been appropriately treated at the site of generation, or off-site, so as to render it noninfectious is not thereafter deemed infectious. The waste stream from hospitals and other infectious waste generators may also contain material that is defined as hazardous waste under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which must be manifested and disposed as a RCRA-regulated hazardous waste. For instance, solvents such as xylene and toluene; unused formaldehyde; or antineoplastic drugs, such as those used in 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 6 chemotherapy, are classified as "hazardous" materials. Examples of antineoplastics include Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxin), Daunomycin, Mitomycin C, Streptozotocin (Zanosar), Melphalan, and Uracil Mustard. Radioactive materials are for the most part restricted from treatment or disposal as infectious waste. Their use, management and disposal is controlled by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as mandated by Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 19-20. Section 20.301 through 20.311 and 20.401 specify the requirements for the disposal of "licensed material." Some low level radioactive wastes may be discharged into the sanitary sewerage system or incinerated under certain conditions. There are limitations in concentration and in the total quantity discharged per day and per year. Incineration of radioactive wastes is permitted only for hydrogen-3 and carbon-14 in liquid scintillation media and in animal tissues, subject to specified concentration limitations. ORIGIN AND QUANTITY OF THE WASTE STREAM The source and amount of infectious waste requiring treatment is directly dependent upon definitions utilized by governing authorities. Although infectious waste is generated in our individual homes, and needles are disposed from the home treatment of common ailments such as allergies and diabetes, the latest version of the State infectious waste regulations exempts household generators. In Colorado, "generators" have been defined as health care facilities such as any hospital, clinic, physician's office, dentist office, mortuary, veterinary clinic, nursing home, or waste generated via the use of a home health care service, diagnostic or treatment center, or laboratory that may produce infectious wastes. Aside from a household exemption, there are no other provisions for small quantity exemption. Nationwide, EPA estimates that about 6,000 medical waste incinerators exist, and they range in capacity from 2 to 20 tons per 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 7 day. Ninety percent of U. S. hospitals currently operate some type of incinerator. These numbers do not include medical waste treated through steam sterilization or other treatment processes. Unfortunately, there are no accurate, uniform or specific numbers available as to how much waste is produced by each facility. However, in one study conducted by the National Institute of Health in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, area, the following generator categories and percentage of their contribution to the total infectious waste stream were described: Type of Facility Percent of Infectious Waste hospitals 7 0 dialysis units 10 blood and plasma centers 8 nursing homes 5 medical offices 1 dental offices 1 *misc. (confidential records, etc.) 5 Total 100% (*noninfectious waste, but often disposed with infectious waste) The largest portion of this waste stream, hospital infectious waste, is generally discussed in terms of pounds generated per bed per day. This number can vary greatly depending on how infectious waste is defined from state to state, or from agency to agency. Typically, hospital beds generate 10-15 pounds of waste per day. Of this total, various authorities will recognize anywhere from 3-10 pounds per day as infectious. Estimates of infectious waste generated from dentists, veterinarians and morticians are even more variable. At a minimum, sharps and tubing used by these non- hospital generators would be classified as infectious waste, unless a small generator exemption is recognized. Quantities of infectious waste generated in Colorado call be crudely calculated based upon the number of hospital beds. In 1987, the number was 14,732 ( ). If a conservative number of 3-6 pounds 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 8 of infectious waste per hospital bed per day is used to account for empty beds, this translates into roughly 44,000 to 88,000 pounds of waste generated in Colorado each day from hospitals (22 to 44 tons per day). It is difficult to determine how much additional infectious waste is produced by the other categories of generators. The Minnesota study indicates an additional 30% should be considered. Three hospitals are located within Adams County: Humana Hospital, St. Anthony's North, and Platte Valley Medical Center, which together have approximately 730 beds. This translates into roughly one to two tons of infectious waste per day, or less than 5% of the infectious waste generated in Colorado hospitals. By contrast, the primary generator of infectious waste, by municipality, is the City and County of Denver. Over sixty percent of all of the State's hospitals are located therein. One medical waste incineration facility has been proposed for that jurisdiction, which is capable of treating up to 20 tons of waste per day. Such capacity could potentially handle Denver's hospital needs. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WASTE STREAM Hospital waste is heterogeneous, consisting of objects of many different sizes and composed of many different materials, ranging from moist tissue to sharp glass. The composition of the waste stream can vary from day-to-day and from hour to hour depending upon daily activities. For example, refuse collected after a major surgical procedure, such as a heart transplant, may contain significantly more infectious wastes and disposable plastics than is usually generated in a routine operation. A rough estimate of the approximate percentage of hospital waste, on a weight basis, would be: paper 55% plastic 30% moisture 10% other 5% 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 1 9 When this material is incinerated, potential combustion products from the burning of plastics include hydrochloric acid and toxic air contaminants such as dioxins and furans. Trace metal emission sources include surgical blades, foil wrappers, plastics, and printing inks. Plastic objects made of PVC contain cadmium heat stabilizing compounds. Cadmium, chromium and lead may also be found in inks and paints. Mercury from dental clinics and other heavy metals used in hospitals are also a part of the waste stream. TREATMENT METHODS Historically, the bulk of infectious wastes have been both generated and treated in hospitals. Pathologic destruction was accomplished through the use of steam sterilization or incineration. Certain liquids were discharged into the public sewer system. Remaining wastes or ash and residues were sent to a sanitary landfill for burial. Although these methods continue to be employed by hospitals, there are severals factors responsible for the recent trend of hospitals looking toward outside, regional facilities to handle their wastes. Many hospitals have adopted a strict interpretation of "potentially infectious" as specified by the universal precaution guideline issued by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Since medical history and examination cannot reliably identify all patients infected with HIV or other bloodborne pathogens, blood and body fluid precautions should be consistently used for all patients ( ). This in turn has caused the amount of hospital waste deemed infectious to rise from 5-10% of the waste stream to roughly 60-80%. For hospitals already at capacity, there is a lower per-unit cost to transport excess waste to a regional facility rather than install a modern incinerator with the latest emission control technology. At the same time, liability under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act for environmental and health damages associated with the disposal of wastes has increased. For incinerators, more stringent pollution control devices are being required as a part of the 890958 20 0' C --i . 21 C -4 4 01 C w � C X X U) g7 N O C 4 v ) N U 1. i. 8 T SUI al iti ti.CI X X N a L 7 ro 6 .� Al 'O N ,C)C E, a . s4C > a 44 to W N °' c '�C O b .� o o - w a ro 'C v - u 44 43 ,,Cv • aJ 1J C Cr ro F F X 4 4--) y u i O C H O.4 O n C 0 >. •.i L G tn in _cup .. ro8 c --4 CC 0 F O 3 F WW a�q O� - 1.1 X X X X X X X 7 C a O C ECn • +C-1 (Ti 43 L 01 X "1 9 e p • 4) ro •.a •.• S. J 2 C O �, u aC) cr O r7 ro v .�0 3 ~ 777 51 8 3 U'' ^Ci N a-3 O ® IBS CU) ••-1 ,� W 7 1-1 4-I L (DUI>.n Ja Q E� al ro ' W t. +1 N La L �EaN � X X X >C X VG ami >, ..-4001 '.-1 fl)a� •-4 O �.� m N O N i CO g 4, a „ v .• U3 N w N s 01 y .0 .118 '8 I ° .0 01 U) C `0 ...-4 U) NCro � }QEj ? N N N iC 4 • Taal O > C N U 3 4.+ a) v a7 43 •-+ 'rill O 7 ---J+ W �l N �y �p 'l. N .-i C 44 iJ N r+ 4 7 p C N 8 U rot" u)N t O a) C a) w p m ro U (J N a rI Q' N u) rrpp W C m 4 C U N O �GG an A �N N tj ro C S-i N O N-.+ W lv) u) al O C 3 N N N > ail 'J 'Ij Al ate) 81 0 C �N0 Q1'� N ...��111 a) •.1 v .0 a) ro N Ht w 3 m in ,g ..c�§ y 01 ,C1e[ppd vi U) -.py aJi 4-1gel ro u b -I v u0i C O -41 C P 8 aj .' al U r, 1 ro N UI •G�` N CON 3 ::J it L ro U C� J ri 9It NNNC NNNC �p>4 08 s N U .rl ro RZL a C. U c..),-1 N C O 'O v w 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 1 Clean Air Act to control emissions, the cost of which has become prohibitively expensive for many smaller hospitals. Lastly, the identification of the HIV virus in 1981 and the public's perception of the associated risk from hospital waste has resulted in special handling techniques which have added to administrative costs. Nonradioactive, nonhazardous infectious wastes can be rendered noninfectious using several different techniques. The State Health Department has stated that acceptable treatment methods shall be those methods that will render biomedical wastes noninfectious or noninjurious. Such methods may include but not be limited to incineration, autoclaving, sterilization or another method that may be approved of by the Department that will not present an endangerment to facility personnel or the public. A brief description of current and emerging technologies for disinfection are listed below. Table 2 shows the different types of biomedical waste that can be treated by each techniques. Existing Technologies Steam sterilization and incineration are the two most common techniques used to treat infectious wastes. Refer to Table 3 for a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. Steam sterilization and autoclaving utilize saturated steam at temperatures sufficient to kill infectious agents present in the waste. Start-up and operating costs are much less than any other treatment technique. Low costs, maintenance and space requirements make this a popular treatment method. The waste stream is not altered by the steam process so the method can be combined with a shredding operation to render confidential documents or displeasing material unrecognizable. Limitations include the difficulty for steam to penetrate certain high density wastes such as body parts, fluids and large quantities of animal bedding. The use of biological indicators, such as spore strips containing Bacillus stearothermophilus, to ensure system performance is recommended. Antineoplastic drugs, toxic or 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 2 Table 3 Steam Sterilization and Incineration of Infectious Wastes: Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Technique STEAM STERILIZATION INCINERATION Disadvantages: Disadvantages: •Any laxity in testing program •Potential release of acid can result in release of infectious gases, particulates to air waste •Ash may contain heavy •Syringes remain usable; waste metals or radioactivity and stream is recognizable after require special burial treatment •Cannot efficiently handle •Potential odor problems large amounts of liquids; needs uniform BTU feed rate •Not effective on wastes that are hydrophobic, such as oils, powders •Requires more storage space due to size and down-time associated with the equipment Benefits: Benefits: •Low initial, operating and •80-90% volume reduction maintenance costs radioactive chemicals, or any other chemicals that could be volatilized by steam should not be treated through steam sterilization. Autoclaving fails to address the problem of landfill space, however the Front Range of Colorado is not currently limited in capacity. Incineration serves to both sterilize and reduce the volume of the infectious waste stream through combustion into residue or ash and exhaust gases. This method is generally effective for all types of infectious wastes, except highly liquid components. There are several different types of incinerators on the market. Currently, 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 3 controlled ("starved") air chambers and rotary kiln chambers are most widely used. Of the two, rotary kiln chambers, which use 200- 300% excess air to obtain better turbulence resulting in a cleaner burn, are considered the best available technique. Excess air tends to decrease the formation of hydrogen chloride and other acid gases. Rotary kilns are more expensive than starved air chambers. Incineration reduces the waste volume by 80-90%, and is particularly useful when landfill space is limited. Approximately one ton of ash (1.7 cubic yards) would be generated per day from a 16 ton per day incineration facility. The cost of hauling the ash material to a landfill may be quite expensive since the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet decided whether ash will be classified as a hazardous or special waste, depending on the concentration of heavy metals. Incinerator capital costs are roughly four times that of steam sterilizers. Utilization of the best available technology to control air emissions can be prohibitively costly. Emerging Technologies Treatment using radiation includes the use of radionuclide sources such as Cobalt 60 or gamma radiation. Although the irradiated waste has been reported to be nontoxic, there is not yet any agreement on what level of radioactivity or what necessary controls for the process should be considered standard or sufficient. To date, this technique is used primarily for small product sterilization prior to marketing (e.g. bandaid and gauze sterilization) rather than for waste treatment. Initial construction costs are generally quite high. The use of microwave coils with water mist injected into the chamber to attain temperatures of 134° F to steam sterilize waste products is currently under study. The presence of metals is believed to be a small enough component of the waste stream to have little effect on the performance of the microwave. Because of the relatively low energy requirements, mobile units are available to service small volume laboratories. This can be helpful to avoid the risks of transportation of highly infectious material via public highways. 890969 • DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 4 Hydropulpers have been developed for the destruction of confidential documents, but have been expanded to handle most hospital wastes. This system first shreds, then sterilizes, if a hypochlorite solution is introduced. Unless the pulping system is capable of handling unsorted waste, broken glass and metal grindings will tend to cause severe equipment and plumbing wear. Improved separators are being developed to reduce the manpower and health hazards associated with physical separation. The above three emerging treatment technologies would not solve the problem of limited landfill space, as there is little reduction in volume of the waste. POTENTIAL IMPACTS FROM A TREATMENT FACILITY The Denver metropolitan area currently contains no large-scale (regional) infectious waste treatment facilities. Therefore it is difficult to analyze the potentially positive and negative impacts from such a use. The following aspects were identified from the historic siting of other heavy industrial uses within the County. Benefits 1. Jobs: Regional facilities, such as the ones proposed in Adams County, will provide approximately 13 jobs per shift. Generally, two shifts would be run per day, depending on the volume of material received. Typical personnel requirements would include a General Manager, Sales/Marketing Specialist, Controller, Maintenance Engineer, Plant Manager, six Drivers/Operators, and two Clerical positions. 2. Tax Base: Gains in the tax base will be realized from the siting of a large infectious waste treatment facility. Assuming the facilities will be located in a heavy industrial zone district (1-3), the placement of a 14,000 square foot building on 3-6 acres of land could generate roughly $5,000-$10,000 in taxes for all districts per year. The actual tax figure is difficult to determine due to the variability in mill levies and assessments. The same land, if left vacant, would generate less than $1,000 annually. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 5 3. Contributions to the Adams County Solid Waste Management Fund: C.R.S. 30-20-115 authorizes the County to collect a service charge from users of solid waste disposal sites and facilities for the purpose of financing solid waste management. A solid waste disposal site and facility is defined by C.R.S. 30-20-101(8) as "the location and facility at which the deposit and final treatment of solid wastes occur." In the opinion of the Adams County Attorney's Office, this fee may be levied upon an incineration facility for all of the incoming waste. If the ash is disposed in another County, then the ash portion of the waste stream (approximately 10-20% of the total) would be exempt from the County's Solid Waste Management Fund. A 16 ton per day incineration facility, operating six days a week, charging $0.50 per pound, and disposing its ash in Adams County would make an annual contribution to the Solid Waste Management Fund of $248,000. This fee would not be levied upon steam sterilization facilities since, for this type of process, final treatment and disposal consists of burial at a landfill. Other potential positive impacts, applicable to incineration facilities only, would include a possible reduction in air emissions in the metropolitan area from the siting of a newer, state-of-the-art facility provided the new incinerator displaced older, less efficient incinerator(s). If the siting of the new facility would cause a net import of additional waste material that previously would not have been burned in the Denver metropolitan area, then a reduction in total atmospheric inputs would not be realized. Drawbacks 1 . Transportation: Transportation of untreated infectious waste may pose a public health and safety hazard to the public. There is generally a more immediate risk to the public from transportation spills or accidents than from incidences or emissions from a properly operating, modern, treatment facility. The importation of intra- and interstate infectious materials into the County on a continual basis, will tend to increase not the rate, but the absolute numbers, of accidents occurring within the County. Colorado statute does not 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 6 require the licensing of infectious waste haulers, so no standards or safety checks will be required. 2. Nuisance or Environmental Concerns: Potential nuisance conditions that could develop include spills or litter during transport, and odor problems at the treatment facility, particularly if there is improper storage. The draft infectious waste regulations proposed by the State Health Department require the waste be stored, packaged, contained and transported in a manner that prevents release of waste material and specifically prohibits the waste from being transported in a manner that would create nuisance conditions. Hence, nuisance conditions should only occur if the operation is operated in violation of its State and local permit requirements. 3. Air Quality: There are no documented cases of individuals contracting infectious diseases from the release of virulent material into the air. However, large scale, regional incinerators may produce potentially harmful air emissions such as dioxins and furans from the incomplete combustion of chlorinated plastics in the waste stream. Increased inputs of carbon monoxide to the atmosphere within the existing nonattainment airshed surrounding Denver would occur. Acid gases, particularly hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, would also be generated. Particulate matter and trace metals emissions have also been identified as a combustion product. Most of these emissions can be greatly reduced, but not entirely eliminated, by the utilization and proper maintenance of air pollution control devices. A more detailed discussion of emission data obtained from monitoring hospital waste incinerators can be found in EPA' Hospital Waste Combustion Study: Data Gathering Phase ( ). Incineration facilities may also be a source of fugitive dust emissions if the residual ash is improperly handled or transported. 4. Enterprise Zone: At least one of the proposed applications in Adams County is located in an enterprise zone. Preferential tax treatments would be extended to any businesses located therein. This means the tax benefits cited above would be somewhat reduced. In other municipalities, the idea of granting a tax break to such types of businesses has infuriated the public. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 7 5. Future Amendments: Incineration operations may desire, at some time in the future, to amend their permits to allow co- incineration of other types of waste, such as tires or municipal solid waste. From the operator's perspective, the operating equipment and air pollution control devices are nearly identical. By relying on a wider spectrum of waste for fuel, the disposal fees for all of the waste burned could be lowered. The drawbacks to such an amendment from the public's perspective is that siting issues would not specifically be addressed, as would be the case for a new proposal under the County's two-step CD process, and air emissions would increase. 6. County Image: Adams County has historically provided refuse disposal facilities for the Denver metropolitan area. More landfills have been located in Adams County than in any other Colorado county. A regional approach to waste management is important in order to appropriately site an optimum facility, to minimize overall impacts, and to provide for integrated land use plans between localities. As the metropolitan area grows eastward, Adams County's abundance of agricultural land, industrial zoning, and low population has attracted waste management entrepreneurs to the County. A backlash of citizen opposition to solid waste facilities in the County has grown dramatically following the siting of the Last Chance hazardous waste disposal site and may serve to balance the regional equation by discouraging future applicants from Adams County. However, due to the large proportion of industrial zoning and associated compatible uses in the County, this trend is difficult to reverse. Other drawbacks include real or perceived property value declines, and the potential impact on attracting future business to the area. These aspects are generally based upon opinions, not substantiated facts, that property values would be detrimentally affected by the location of an infectious waste treatment facility. FUTURE TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS WASTE REGULATION 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 8 Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 The United States Congress passed the Medical Waste Tracking Act on November 1, 1988 ( ). This Act requires the EPA to establish a two-year demonstration program (June 22, 1989 to June 22, 1991) for tracking medical wastes to determine if such procedures can reduce or eliminate incidences of improper disposal of infectious waste. States enlisted in the demonstration project are Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Louisiana, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. A brief summary of the requirements of the Act is presented below, since the program is considered a harbinger of federally mandated medical waste regulations for the rest of the nation. Pending the outcome of the two year demonstration program, regulatory requirements will be introduced as a part of the the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act reauthorization. The Medical Waste Tracking Act exempts household medical waste entirely from the requirements of the Act. Generators of less than 50 pounds of infectious waste per month are exempt from the requirement to use a licensed transporter, and a manifest tracking system. Treatment facilities located in non-covered states that receive regulated medical waste generated in a covered state are subject to the regulation as well. The Act requires all generators to segregate their regulated medical waste into sharps, fluids or "other" waste categories prior to transport. Packaging requirements call for rigid, leak-resistant containers. Sharps must be placed in puncture-resistant packaging. Regulated medical waste may only be stored if kept in a nonputrescent state; maintained so as to protect the integrity of the packaging; sheltered from water, rain, wind, or animals; and locked if stored outside. Untreated medical waste must have a water- resistant label affixed to the outside container identifying the container as such. All wastes must be accompanied by a signed tracking form, unless disposed on site. Manifesting of regulated infectious waste must be maintained by the generator, the transporter, and the treatment facility. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:10 PM 2 9 All treatment facilities must both sterilize and destroy the waste. Incineration units accomplish both tasks simultaneously. However steam sterilization operations must ruin, tear apart or mutilate through processes such as thermal treatment, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing or breaking, so that the medical waste is no longer generally recognizable. Compaction is not an approved destruction technique. All treatment facilities must maintain records which describe the dates, length of time and quantity of waste treated. This information must be summarized and submitted to EPA. Transporters of infectious waste must be licensed. Vehicles requirements include the use of fully enclosed, leak-resistant cargo bodies which can be secured when left unattended. Identification or signage must be present on two sides and the back of the vehicle. Comparison Between the Medical Waste Tracking Act and Colorado Department of Health Requirements A comparison of the Act's requirements to the Colorado Health Department's regulations is presented below to highlight areas which may become subjected to additional regulation in Colorado in the near future. In the State of Colorado, there is no small quantity generator exemption from the manifest tracking system or the utilization of licensed transporters. With the exception of households, all generators must follow identical requirements regardless of the quantity of their waste. Segregation of medical waste into sharps, fluids or "other" wastes is not specifically required, although it logically will occur. Packaging requirements in Colorado are left to individual discretion. Any type of bag or container may be used provided that it prevents the release of waste material. Labeling of receptacles consists of using the words "infectious waste" printed in letters no less than one inch in height or the biohazard symbol. (The use of red bags alone provides no protection to color blind individuals.) There are no licensing requirements for transporters of medical waste in Colorado. This is a significant difference, as there are 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:16 PM 3 0 substantial costs and additional regulatory requirements associated with the licensing process. However, nuisance conditions during transport are prohibited in Colorado. Colorado regulations require that a minimum of three days storage, considering both volume and weight, must be available at the treatment facility. All waste must be kept inside an enclosed structure under negative air pressure or at 45 °F or less. The Tracking Act does not speak to storage requirements, and leaves such authority to the individual governing bodies. Treatment of infectious wastes by steam sterilization does not have to be accompanied by destruction, as required by the Medical Waste Tracking Act, prior to being deemed noninfectious and eligible for disposal at a landfill. Only recognizable human anatomical parts are prohibited from disposal without prior incineration or interment. Medical wastes are not manifested per se, however treatment facilities are required to maintain records pertaining to the volume and type of waste; generator name and address; type of transport; container types; dates of pick-up, treatment and disposal; and proof of treatment and disposal methods. In addition, the State regulations specify minimum operating requirements for both steam sterilization and incineration facilities to render waste noninfectious. Operational standards are clearly outside the scope of the Medical Waste Tracking Act. SUMMARY Current trends point towards an increase in regional-scale infectious waste treatment facilities. Greater volumes of infectious waste, tougher emissions standards, ash disposal difficulties and stricter operating requirements find many generators opting to send their wastes off-site for economic and liability reasons. Instances of hospital associations contracting for regional treatment facilities appear to be on the rise. Regulations requiring treatment create a need for disposal among small-quantity generators who cannot economically justify an on-site treatment facility. 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:16 PM 3 1 No one treatment method is "the answer" to managing infectious waste. Although incinerators are capable of treating the widest range of infectious material, their capital costs are four times as high as steam sterilizers. This cost is passed on to the waste generators and their clients. Solid waste disposal costs in the Denver metropolitan area currently range from $12-$15/ton. Infectious waste disposal via incineration is projected to cost upwards of $600/ton, and possibly as much as $1000/ton. The impact on air quality from infectious waste incinerator emissions is not yet well documented and requires further study. Incinerator technology and air pollution equipment is rapidly evolving to produce cleaner-burning units. The siting of infectious waste treatment facilities in Adams County will be conservatively placed in a heavy industrial zone district, located no closer than a quarter mile from residences. Large-scale incineration facilities that import wastes to the County shall be sited outside the Denver carbon monoxide nonattainment area. Extensive monitoring will be required to provide information on air emissions and ash characteristics or spore counts to prevent potential public health and nuisance problems. Efforts will be undertaken to minimize the waste stream. Educational programs for small quantity generators of hazardous/infectious waste and hospital procurement departments will be provided by the facility to keep hazardous and chlorine-laden material out of the waste stream. Finally, it should be kept in mind that the concept of siting "one regional" infectious waste treatment facility is a contradiction of terms. Ideally, one facility could be sited in the Denver metro region with sufficient capacity to handle the metro area's needs. Additional facilities could be sited in other metropolitan areas to handle their needs. This would reduce transportation costs and associated traffic hazards to the public, as well as minimize impacts to Denver's air quality because waste would not be imported. The disadvantage to one "regional" facility is that competition between companies, which tends to produce better value and/or lower product cost to consumers, would not exist. When added to the fact that large, international waste hauling companies go to great 890958 DRAFT 7/7/89 2:16 PM 3 2 efforts to avoid using a competitor's disposal facility, for liability and economic reasons, this results in the need for several treatment facilities within a given market. Hence, the Denver metropolitan area, possessing 60% of the State's market share, is the likely location for not one, but as many as the market can bear, "regional" facilities. No local or state government in Colorado has authority to determine the total number of "regional" facilities that should be sited in the Denver region based upon the carrying capacity of the areas' infrastructure and environment. However, local governments in metropolitan areas such as Denver, need to be cognizant that, in reality, they are siting only one of a number of facilities which will serve the region with any given application, due to competition in the waste industry. If an abundance of facilities are sited, it can realistically be expected that infectious waste will be imported into this area from adjacent states. It will be important for local planners to look beyond their jurisdictional borders at the cumulative effect, and carefully consider whether the Denver metropolitan area has a greater capacity to assimilate the influx of infectious waste through steam sterilization and disposal (e.g. does the Front Range have adequate landfill capacity) or will it be environmentally more acceptable to dispose of the waste by incineration in an area already noted for poor air quality. The passage of House Bill 1328, and numerous new regulations for the siting and operation of infectious waste treatment facilities, will help to remove the majority of infectious waste from the general public's access. Yet, there will always remain a need for caution. Infectious waste, whether legally disposed from households or illegally discarded by larger generators will always comprise some portion of the waste stream. Infectious material may be present in dumpsters; illicit drug users may discard AIDS-contaminated needles along streets. As it is virtually impossible to manifest and control every needle, the final means of protection from infection ultimately lies with each individual. 890958 REFERENCES CDC, Recommendations for Prevention of HIV Transmission in Healthcare Settings, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 36, August 21, 1987. "Standards for the Tracking and Management of Medical Waste; Interim Final Rule and Request for Comments", 40 CFR Parts 22 and 259, published in the Federal Register on March 24, 1989 Guide for Infectious Waste Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, May 1986, EPA/530-SW-86-014 (PB86-199130). American Medical Association, "Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the United States", 1987 ed. Hospital Waste Combustion Study: Data Gathering Phase, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA-45O/3-88-O17, Dec. 1988. Hospital Waste Combustion Study, Radian Corporation, October 1987. U.S. EPA Contract Laboratory Program Manual, Method SOW-787, p. D-84, 1987. The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, EPA/530- SW-89-019, February 1989, 70 pp. 890958 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Colorado House Bill 1328, "Concerning the Designation of Infectious Waste by the Generator Thereof, and Providing for the Disposal of Such Waste." Appendix B Colorado Department of Health, Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division's Regulations Pertaining to Infectious Waste Treatment. Appendix C Colorado Department of Health, Air Quality Control Division's Part B, Regulation No. 6, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, Infectious Waste Incinerators. Appendix D Survey Results 890958 APPENDIX D: RESULTS OF THE SURVEY A survey was conducted of 12 regional-scale infectious waste treatment facilities located throughout the nation to obtain an appreciation for overall industry compliance records, impacts to the local community, and identify any significant, recurring issues. Information was gathered from the facility operators, as well as from local and State government agencies responsible for oversight of the facilities, to provide a balanced viewpoint. Questions ranged from siting/zoning restrictions to technical operating requirements. The facilities contacted are listed in Table 4. A summary of the results is presented below. Equipment at the surveyed facilities ranged in age from less than a year old to 15 years, with a mean age of 4.5 years old. Eight of the 12 operations utilized incinerators only; one site used only autoclaves; and 3 facilities employed both treatment techniques. Three facilities served their immediate metropolitan/county areas only. The remaining units had regional markets that accepted waste from adjacent states. Regulatory constraints prohibit the treatment of wastes classified as radioactive or hazardous at all of the sites. In addition, one incinerator could not accept highly liquid, pathological wastes because it could not maintain its minimum temperature requirements. One site had a restriction on the amount of plastics it could accept. Chemotherapy and anatomical parts were prohibited from the autoclave units. Roughly half of the incinerators operated without pollution control devices. These were generally older units, many of which had been "grandfathered" from current emission control requirements. However, all units utilized a starved air, two-chamber system to pyrolyze the organic volatile organic compounds produced in the primary chamber into carbon dioxide and water. The average temperature and retention time for the secondary chamber was 1800 °F for two seconds, with slightly lesser temperatures utilized in the older equipment. Recently permitted incinerators tended to use a temperature-controlled automatic shut down mechanism for the 890958 Table 4 SURVEYED INFECTIOUS WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES Company Location Type* Phoenix Medical Waste Phoenix, AZ I Fresno Medical Waste Fresno, CA A San Diego Medical Waste San Diego. CA I, A Huntington Beach Medical Waste Vernon, CA I, A Bio-Medical Service Corporation Lake City, GA I New Orleans HMI Medical Waste Reserve, LA I BioTech Medical Waste St. Louis, MO I Minneapolis Medical Waste Eden Prairie, MN I Bio-Ecological Services, Inc. Charlotte, NC I Warren Medical Waste Warren, OH I, A Smithfield Medical Waste Smithfield, RI I HMI Infectious Waste Memphis, TN I *I=Incinerator; A=Autoclave or Steam Sterilizer 890958 ram feeder system to provide for optimum combustion conditions, along with a wet scrubber system to remove acid gases from the stack. The most advanced site utilized a dry scrubber and baghouse filter. Quite a range in air quality testing, both with respect to parameters monitored and frequency, was noted from the survey. Generally, the more advanced stack testings were conducted in California and included monitoring for furans, dioxins, hydrocarbons, metals, particulates, carbon monoxide and opacity. About half of the sites required some type of waste treatment or air emission permit from their local government, in addition to building/zoning permits. More than half of the facilities had, or continue to create, public furor over the siting in their community. All facilities were sited in an industrial zone district, with the exception of one "grandfathered" operation. Only two local governments implemented transportation route restrictions, since most sites were located near major roadways. Impact fees were generally not imposed, however annual payments based on the poundage received at the treatment facility was utilized for at least one operation. Several of the facilities had committed to "in-kind" community services: one operation committed to cleaning up polychlorinated biphenol (PCB) organic contamination that was present on the site prior to construction of the incinerator; another paid for a $90,000 sewer line extension. Most of the incineration facilities did not have an ongoing ash testing program. A few sites tested for radioactivity and complete combustion (recognizable materials). Toxicity testing for six different metals and pesticides (EP toxicity test) was conducted at most operations, but ranged from performing an initial test only, to ongoing monthly testing of the ash. Most ash is conveyed in a sludge form to landfills. Free liquids (moisture content) requirements were generally specified by the landfill receiving the ash, rather than by the incineration unit. Results from the survey showed the major problem cited regarding the operation of biomedical waste treatment facilities to be odor complaints. This occurred at five of the 12 sites, including one 890958 autoclave operation. Equipment failures, including scrubbers catching on fire, were mentioned at three of the facilities. Inability to pass stack test requirements, and (closely associated), opacity/smoke violations were each reported at three operations. Two sites had no problems or complaints. No transportation or spill incidences were noted. 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S S5 c°v 0 S F o o _g."i>'Fwa ',E'9 ; 3cd .' >, U a. ga < ww:La_•g dd3Ec" Yoa ° 6 Ncnv O « ci ei •d Lei ti t o o a. a. tii _ Omaavcv yaw 2EgI �I:Eo5r ' 1 =0000 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 EOOO� M c� `a m5'go 3u3"-> a« °w« 0 rn0000Q 0 N N N NN N N 8 - • ' ° . 89O95S EDIT EI`r':Fa IF. 1..:, =TE PIHGIa3EY'1B`I E-- :44Ff1 Is-I_ r Ec1=, • r ql EXECUTIVE DE PARTI1 ENT DOVER EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBER TO: Heads of All State Departments and Agencies RE: Infectious Waste Disposal WHEREAS, infectious waste disposal is a concern for the protection of public health and the environment in Delaware; and WHEREAS, the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control is responsible for promulgating and 4 enforcing a program of waste management regulations including } developing infectious waste regulations to assure the safe and ;; adequate management of wastes within this state; and WHEREAS, the Delaware Solid Waste Authority is responsible for the operations of facilities in accordance with the solid waste regulations enacted by DNREC; and WHEREAS, Delaware currently does not sufficiently regulate infectious waste management and disposal; and WHEREAS, the Delaware Solid Waste Authority' s regulations state that infectious wastes 'shall not be delivered to a Solid Waste Facility; " and WHEREAS, the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control in conjunction with the Division of Public Health has initiated a process to develop regulations for the proper management and disposal of infectious wastes; and WHEREAS, such regulations are subject to public review and will require time to develop before promulgation; and Appendix U 890959 ENT E`r:NIP IIiU TE NHNiaGE4EN ; _—E -. #4PN1 ; i_n27. 6S0E — IT ₹ 3E_CE `1. _E1.-;# WHEREAS, it seems prudent that in the interim responsible action should be taken by state government to assure the safe management and disposal of infectious waste in facilities under its control. alt NOW, THEREFORE, I, MICHAEL N. CASTLE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as Governor of the State of Delaware, do hereby declare and order that; i. An Infectious Waste Advisory Committee be established. The Advisory Committee shall consist of , but not be limited to, representation from the following agencies/organizations: a . Division of Air and Waste Management. b. Division of Public Health. c. Delaware veterinary Medical Society. • d. Delaware State Dental Society. e. Medical Society of Delaware. f . County Medical Societies. g . Delaware Health Cara Facilities Association. h. Association of Delaware Hospitals . i . • Delaware Nurses Association. j . Delaware State Bar Association. k. Board of Funeral Services Practitioners. 1. Governor ' s Environmental Advisory Council. m. Office of State Planning and Coordination. n. Delaware Solid Waste Authority. o . The Academic community. p. Industry. q. Medical laboratories. r . Biomedical Waste Treatment Council. The Chairman of the Advisory Committee shall be appointed by the Governor . 890958 '_ENT E?r:GIF: tdG_ETE MHNHi3EM1EN c 'J9 :4EFn 1 n_---=lPny !T s at_C s 2 . The Department o£ Natural Resources and Environmental Control shall enter a moratorium on the issuance of permits for infectious waste facilities . This moratorium shall take effect upon the date of this order in an effort to allow the Infectious Waste Advisory Committee the opportunity to plan for safe management and ultimate disposal of infectious waste. The moratorium shall be lifted at such time when infectious waste regulations have been put into effect. 3 . The committee is hereby charged with the following duties : a . To develop and submit a draft set of infectious 1 , 1989 . waste regulations for public review by b. To complete final regulations and a final report to ✓ be submitted to the Governor by June 1, 1989 . c. To develop a method and plan of action for gathering infectious waste generation data from the ✓ potentially regulated community. 4 . All State operated facilities and those facilities that receive state or federal funding which produce infectious waste must comply with the infectious waste disposal guidelines excerpted from the recommendations developed by the National Center for Disease Control until such time as the State develops and implements regulations.40 4 S . The Delaware Solid Waste Authority shall develop a plan for the ultimate disposal of Delaware' s infectious wastes by January 1, 1989 . 6. All department heads of all state agencies shall ensure distribution of this order to all subcontractors and other appropriate entities to assure compliance with paragraph 4 . 7. The state urges all private generators of infectious wastes Diseaseto Controly with the guidelinesethatpts arefhe'rebyeadoptedal asCanter for interim policy. ��``4,,, APPROVED this _ _ ___ day of , 1988. Governor ATTEST: Se retary of State 890958 SENT RY'.NIR WASTE GiGI•INGEMEN . 5-27-S9 r .-{e5M 1 1 n2?:FRnE - it 8 3E50- `S 8711;# 5 Excerpts From The Centers for Di Control's Recommendations on Infective Waste The following was prepared by the Office of piosafety and the Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Di Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. The most practical approach to infective waste management is to identify those wastes that are judged to represent a sufficient potential risk of causing infection during handling and disposal and for which some special precautions appear prudent. Health-care related wastes for which special precautions appear prudent include microbiology laboratory waste, pathology waste, and blood specimens or blood products. Moreover, the risk of either injury or infection associated with the disposal of certain sharp items (e.g. , needles and scalpel blades) contaminated with blood also needs to be considered. While any item that has had contact with blood, exudates, or secretions may be potentially .,S., infective, it is not normally considered practical or necessary to treat all a 'such waste as infective. • Control Measures J ! : f 7, Hospitals, other health-oars facilities, or clinical/research laboratories • must have an infective vaste management plan to assure health and environmental safety. Thin would include the identification, collection, appropriate handling, transport, and pre-treatment of infective wastes, and, finally, the disposal of treated infectious wastes. Solid Waste from the microbiology laboratory can be placed in steam- . steriliaabla bags or pans and steam sterilized in the laboratory. Alternatively, it can be transported in sealed, impervious plastic bags to be burned in an incinerator. After steam sterilization, the residua can be safely handled and discarded wrtH' othir nonhazardous solid waste from the health-cars facility. All containers with more than a few milliliters of blood remaining after laboratory procedures and/or bulk blood may be steam sterilized, or the contents may be carefully poured down a utility sink, drain or toilet. 890958 =EMT E (:H I R Ia5TE MNMHGEME'I . a s 46FM ; 1 Fl. o65.JEill> it 4 aE=;13 :VS.5 Waste from the pathology laboratory is usually incinerated at the healt care facility. Any such incinerator should be capable of burning, within applicable air pollution regulations, the actual waste materials to be destroyed. Disposables that can cause injury, such as scalpel blades and syringes with • needles, should be placed in puncture-resistant containers. Ideally, such containers are located where these items are used. Syringes and needles can be placed intact directly into the rigid containers for safe storage until terminal treatment. It is often necessary to transport or store infective waste within the hospital prior to terminal treatment. This can be dons safely if proper and common-sense containment procedures are used. The volume of liquid material and the relative strength or imp bility of containers are important considerations in development of safe transport, .storage and disposal practices.* gecommendationg 1. Establishing an Infective Waste Disposal Plan a. An infective waste management plan at a hospital, other health- care facility, or clinical/research laboratory should include strategies for identification (i.e. defining which wastes are considered infective) , collection, handling, pre-disposal treatment, and terminal disposal of infective waste. b. An integral part of an effective infective waste disposal plan is the designation of the person or persons responsible for establishing, monitoring, and periodic review, and administration of the plan. 2, Identification of Potentially Infective Waste a. Microbiology laboratory wastes , blood and blood products , pathology waste, and sharp items (especially needles) should be 890958 SENT B'i :RIR li l-1_TE MHIIHGEMEf•! . 3—='—A9 =:4TF'M ; 1 Cli7:FEb]-- at ₹ 3Ev0= rithr, 6=1-;ki Prir considered as potentially infective and handled and disposed of • with special precautions as discussed below. b. Other items say be considered infective depending upon local and state regulations. S. Handling. Transport, and Storage of Potentially Infective Waste a. Personnel involved in the handling and disposal of infective waste should be informed of the potential health and safety hazards and trained in the appropriate handling and disposal methods. b. If processing and/or disposal facilities are not available at the site of infective waste generation (i.e. , laboratory, etc.) the waste may be safely transported in sealed impervious containers to another hospital area or other facility for appropriate treatment. 5 • w, 1,;r c. To minimise the potential risk for accidental transmission of r •. . disease or injury, infective waste awaiting terminal processing should be stored in an area accessible only to personnel involved in the disposal process. 4. Processing and Disposal of Potentially Infective Waste a. Waste that has bean designated as infective should either be incinerated or should be decontaminated prior to disposal in a sanitary landfill. Bulk blood, suctioned fluids, excretions, and secretions may be carefully poured down a drain connected to a sanitary sewer. Sanitary may also be used for the disposal of other infectious wastes capable of being ground and flushed into the sewer. 89058 SENT B(:AIR bdHSTE MRNGGEMEN ; 'J-23-69 4E FM ; 1_01 -„6.=060— it s 3E3:C3 PE i aa13:p r� b. Disposable syringes with needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp items capable of causing injury should be placed intact into puncture.resistant containers located es close as is practical to the area Ln which they were used. If predisposal autoclaving is performed, the container should maintain its impermeability after autoclaving in order to avoid subsequent physical injuries. 5. Special Precautions Special waste handling methods may be necessary for certain rare diseases or conditions such as Lassa fever. Current concerns about bloodborne viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and subsequent implementation of 'universal precautions' for infection control within the health care environment necessitate no alteration in current methods of waste management. References 1. Garner J.S. , Favors. N.S. Guidelines for handwashing and hospital ' environmental control. Atlanta: U.S, Department of Health and Human "�'� Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Di Control 1985. 2. CDC. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. Morbid, Mortal. Weekly Rep;1987;36 (suppl. no. 25) . 3. CDC, Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis 8 virus and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep; 37,1988;377-388. 4. CDC/NIH. Diosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 1984. I 890958 HUG_, ,_ 'R_9 10:Ic _TEFF CI F.DOTHILL' r•- �, _ BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS RICH FERDINANDSEN District No. 1 MARJORIE E. CLEMENT County District No. 2 Vvt;a JOHN P. STONE Colorado _ District No. 3 October 31, 1988 \ 6 Gregory F. Chlumsky NOV 0319$8 International Process Research Company P JEFFERSON - --- 5906 McIntyre Street LANNING ANDUNOTY Golden, CO 80403 Dear Mr. Chlumsky: The purpose of this letter is to confirm that this Department has received an application to appeal my decision concerning biomedical waste incineration. As you know, it is my opinion that the Industrial-Three (I-3) zone district would permit use of the existing kiln for incineration in concert with the research conducted by IPRC. Further, it is my opinion that the long term commercial incineration is not a permitted use. The appeal which has been filed requests that the Board of Adjustment review the "transportation, receiving, and incineration of infectious waste in the I-3 zone district. " The Board of Adjustment is empowered to hear and decide upon appeals where it is alleged that there is an error in any order, requirement, or decision made by an administrative official in the enforcement of the Zoning Resolution.. This appeal will be scheduled before the Board on December 7 , 1988 at 9:00 a.m. , 18301 West 10th Avenue, Golden. Please call me if you have any questions regarding this procedure. I have enclosed a copy of the Board of Adjustment procedures for your review. I will be preparing comments for the hearing, which will be available approximately December 1, 1988. You should note that your presence and testimony at the hearing is important to provide the Board with information necessary for their decision. Sinc rely, ae Laurie Best, Zoning Administrator LB:tmf Attachment RECE VcD cc: cia Hargrave, Director of Community Resources Len Mogno, Planning Director 0CT 31 1938 Rich Fatuzzo, Solid Waste Coordinator File COURTHOUSE 1700 ARAPAHOE GOLDEN, COLORADO 90419-0001 890958 Q pcp Appendix V 890958 Hello