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WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 7
brief description of the soil profile. In each description, The acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit
^, principal hazards and limitations are indicated, and are given in table 4, and additional information on proper-
management concerns and practices needed are ties, limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many soil
discussed. uses is given for each kind of soil in other tables in this
The map units on the detailed soil maps represent an survey. (See "Summary of tables.") Many of the terms
area on the landscape made up mostly of the soil or soils used in describing soils are defined in the Glossary.
for which the unit is named. Most of the delineations
shown on the detailed soil map are phases of soil series. Soil descriptions
Soils that have a profile that is almost alike make up a
soil series. Except for allowable differences in texture of 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a deep,
the surface layer or of the underlying substratum, all the well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900
soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major
composition, thickness, and arrangement in the profile. A rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that
soil series commonly is named for a town or geographic show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small,
feature near the place where a soil of that series was long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits.
first observed and mapped. Olney and Nunn, for example, Typically the surface layer of the Altvan soil is grayish
are names of two soil series. brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam
layer or in the underlying substratum and in slope, ero- about 15 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy
sion, stoniness, salinity, wetness, or other characteristics sand about 6 inches thick over gravelly sand.
that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a Permeability and available water capacity are
soil series is divided into phases. The name of a soil phase moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches.
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or manage- Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low.
ment. For example, Olney fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
slopes, is one of several phases within the Olney series. is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ-
Some map units are made up of two or more dominant ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
kinds of soil. Such map units are called soil complexes and and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
undifferentiated groups. to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
A soil complex consists of areas of two or more soils sugar beets, small grain, or beans. The high clay content
'at are so intricately mixed or so small in size that they and the rapidly permeable substratum slightly restrict
nnot be shown separately on the soil map. Each area in- some crops.
eludes some of each of the two or more dominant soils, All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
and the pattern and proportion are somewhat similar in rigation is the most common (fig. 4). Proper irrigation
all areas. Midway-Shingle compiex, 5 to 20 percent slopes, water management is essential. Barnyard manure and
is an example. commercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
soils that could be mapped individually but are mapped as shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
one unit because there is little value in separating them. suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
The pattern and proportion of the soils are not uniform. vegetation should be continued for as many years as
An area shown on the map has at least one of the dome possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
nant (named) soils or may have all of them. Loup-Bo-Boer r
loamy sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes, is an undifferentiated have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
group in this survey area. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and
Most map units include small, scattered areas of soils hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
other than those that appear in the name of the map unit. lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
Some of these soils have properties that differ substan- This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly
tially from those of the dominant soil or soils and thus suitable for openland wildlife, including pheasant, cotton-
could significantly affect use and management of the map tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and
unit. These soils are described in the description of each alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife,
map unit. Some of the more unusual or strongly contrast- especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and
ing soils that are included are identified by a special sym- undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil-
bol on the soil map. dlife populations.
Most mapped areas include places that have little or no This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban
soil material and support little or no vegetation. Such and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea-
places are called miscellaneous areas; they are delineated tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten-
on the soil map and given descriptive names. Rock out- tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid
crop is an example. Some of these areas are too small to permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic
delineated and are identified by a special symbol on tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the
.e soil map. substratum does not contain enough fines to properly
18 SOIL SURVEY
This soil has only fair potential for urban and recrea- prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven
cional development. Above the sand and ravel sub- most successful.
stratum the soil has moderate to high shrink swell, low Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
strength, and moderately slow permeability. These fea- shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
tures create problems in dwelling and road construction. suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
Excessive permeability in the substratum can cause con- vegetation should be continued for as many years as
tamination of the ground water supply from septic tank possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
leach fields. Sewage lagoons need to be lined. Capability have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
subclass Its irrigated. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and
22—Dacono clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,550 lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
to 4,970 feet. It formed in mixed alluvium. Included in Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove,
mapping are small, long and narrow areas of sand and and cottontail, are best suited to this soil. Wildlife habitat
gravel deposits and some small leveled areas. development, including tree and shrub plantings and
Typically the surface layer of this Dacono soil is gray- grass plantings to serve as nesting areas, should be suc-
ish brown clay loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is cessful without irrigation during most years. Under ir-
grayish brown clay loam about 15 inches thick. The sub- rigation, good wildlife habitat can established, benefiting
stratum is very gravelly sand. many kinds of openland wildlife. Rangeland wildlife, for
Permeability is moderately slow. Available water example, the pronghorn antelope, can be attracted by
capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to developing livestock watering facilities, managing
40 inches. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
hazard is low. This soil has only fair potential for urban and recrea-
In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- tional development. Above the sand and gravel sub-
monly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, stratum the soil has a moderate to high shrink-swell
beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- potential, low strength, and moderately slow permeability.
pie of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa These features create problems in dwelling and road con-
followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, struction. Excessive permeability in the substratum can
or beans. Generally, such characteristics as a high clay cause contamination of the ground water supply from
content or a rapidly permeable substratum slightly septic tank leach fields. Sewage lagoons need to be lined.
restrict some crops. Capability subclass Ile irrigated, 'lie nonirrigated;
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- Clayey Plains range site.
rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water 23—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a
management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- deep, well drained soil on terraces and smooth plains at
cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. elevations of 4,500 to 5,050 feet. It formed in alluvium
In nonirrigated areas most of the acreage is in small modified by thin eolian deposits. Included in mapping are
grain and is summer fallowed in alternate years. Winter some small leveled areas and few small areas of a soil
wheat is the principal crop. The predicted average yield is that is calcareous at the surface.
33 bushels per acre. If the crop is winterkilled, spring Typically the surface layer of this Fort Collins soil is
wheat can be seeded. Generally precipitation is too low grayish brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
for beneficial use of fertilizer. brown and very pale brown clay loam and loam about 20
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. fine sandy loam.
The potential native vegetation is dominated by Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is
western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more.
present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low.
per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buf- is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ-
falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in- ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
vade the site as range condition becomes poorer. and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Few conservation prac-
tion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is tices are needed to maintain top yields.
desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
wheatgrass, blue grams, sideoats grama, buffalograss, pu- rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com-
bescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
firm sorghum stubble or it can be drilled into a firm suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 17
typically the surface layer of this Colombo soil is dark Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
f sh brown day loam about 14 inches thick. The upper cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
7 .aches of the underlying material is pale brown pheasant
and m
urning dove.
Many nongame
species can
stratified clay loam and loam. The lower part to a depth be attracted by establishing for nesting and escape
of 60 inches is very pale brown loam stratified with thin cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
lenses of fine sand, medium sand, and clay loam. tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. attracted by developing livestock watering facilities,
In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops corn- managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
Where this soil is on flood plains and is susceptible to
manly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets,
beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam-
ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa development. On the higher terraces, potential is fair.
followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, Dwelling and road designs may need to be modified to
compensate for the limited capacity of this soil to support
or beans. Land leveling, ditch lining, and installing
a load and to protect it against frost action. Capability
pipelines may be needed for proper water application.
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
range IIe irrigated, IIIe nonirrigated; Clayey Plains
range site.
rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- 21—Dacono clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a
mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,550
In nonirrigated areas this soil is well suited to winter to 4,970 feet. It formed in mixed alluvium. Included in
wheat, barley, and sorghum if it is summer fallowed in al- mapping are small, long and narrow areas of sand and
ternate years. Winter wheat is the principal crop. The gravel deposits and some small leveled areas.
predicted average yield is 33 bushels per acre. If the crop Typically the surface layer of this Dacono soil is gray-
is winterkilled, spring wheat can be seeded. Generally ish brown clay loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is
precipitation is too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. grayish brown clay loam about 15 inches thick. The sub-
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- stratum is very gravelly sand.
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. Permeability is moderately slow. Available water
Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to
'he potential native vegetation is dominated by 40 inches. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard
tern wheatgrass. Blue grama, switchgrass, sand is low.
reedgrass, big bluestem, slender wheatgrass, indiangrass, This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
and green needlegrass are also present. Potential produc- is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ-
tion ranges from 1,000 pounds per acre in favorable years ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
to 600 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
deteriorates, the tall grasses decrease, blue grama and to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
buffalograss increase, and forage production drops. Un- sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Generally, such charac-
desirable weeds and annuals invade the site and erosion teristics as a high clay content or a rapidly permeable
can occur as range condition becomes poorer. substratum slightly restrict some crops.
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water
management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer-
Lion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
Western wheatgrass, switchgrass, sand reedgrass, cial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
sideoats grama, pubescent wheatgrass, intermediate
wheatgrass, and blue grama are suitable for seeding. The shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of
vegetation should be continued for as many years as
livestock. It can be seeded into a firm prepared seedbed. possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
A grass drill should be used. Seeding early in spring has have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
proven most successful. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russianolive, and
Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove,
vegetation should be continued for as many years as and cottontail are best suited to this soil. Wildlife habitat
possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and development, including tree and shrub plantings and
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern grass plantings to serve as nesting areas, should be suc-
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and cessful without irrigation during most years. Under ir-
-ikberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, rigation, good wildlife habitat can be established, benefit-
.ac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. ing, many kinds of openland wildlife.
18 SOIL SURVEY
This soil has only fair potential for urban and recrea- prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven
tional development. Above the sand and gravel sub- most successful.
stratum the soil has moderate to high shrink swell, low Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
strength, and moderately slow permeability. These fea- shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
tures create problems in dwelling and road construction. suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
Excessive permeability in the substratum can cause con- vegetation should be continued for as many years as
tamination of the ground water supply from septic tank possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
leach fields. Sewage lagoons need to be lined. Capability have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
subclass Its irrigated. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and
22—Dacono clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,550 lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
to 4,970 feet. It formed in mixed alluvium. Included in Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove,
mapping are small, long and narrow areas of sand and and cottontail, are best suited to this soil. Wildlife habitat
gravel deposits and some small leveled areas. development, including tree and shrub plantings and
Typically the surface layer of this Dacono soil is gray- grass plantings to serve as nesting areas, should be suc-
ish brown clay loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is cessful without irrigation during most years. Under ir-
grayish brown clay loam about 15 inches thick. The sub- rigation, good wildlife habitat can established, benefiting
stratum is very gravelly sand. many kinds of openland wildlife. Rangeland wildlife, for
Permeability is moderately slow. Available water example, the pronghorn antelope, can be attracted by
capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to developing livestock watering facilities, managing
40 inches. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
hazard is low. This soil has only fair potential for urban and recrea-
In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- tional development. Above the sand and gravel sub-
monly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, stratum the soil has a moderate to high shrink-swell
beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- potential, low strength, and moderately slow permeability.
ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa These features create problems in dwelling and road con-
followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, struction. Excessive permeability in the substratum can
or beans. Generally, such characteristics as a high clay cause contamination of the ground water supply from
content or a rapidly permeable substratum slightly septic tank leach fields. Sewage lagoons need to be lined.
restrict some crops. Capability subclass lie irrigated, IIIc nonirrigated;
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- Clayey Plains range site.
rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water 23—Fort Collins loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a
management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- deep, well drained soil on terraces and smooth plains at
cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. elevations of 4,500 to 5,050 feet. It formed in alluvium
In nonirrigated areas most of the acreage is in small modified by thin eolian deposits. Included in mapping are
grain and is summer fallowed in alternate years. Winter some small leveled areas and few small areas of a soil
wheat is the principal crop. The predicted average yield is that is calcareous at the surface.
33 bushels per acre. If the crop is winterkilled, spring Typically the surface layer of this Fort Collins soil is
wheat can be seeded. Generally precipitation is too low grayish brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is
for beneficial use of fertilizer. brown and very pale brown clay loam and loam about 20
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. fine sandy loam.
The potential native vegetation is dominated by Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is
western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more.
present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low.
per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buf- is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ-
falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in- ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
vade the site as range condition becomes poorer. and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Few conservation prac-
tion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is tices are needed to maintain top yields.
desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
wheatgrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, buffalograss, pu- rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com-
bescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally wel
firm sorghum stubble or it can be drilled into a firm suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
32 SOIL SURVEY
are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range
pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed,
an peashrub. and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The the site as range condition becomes poorer.
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats
tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- grama, blue grama, and pubescent wheatgrass are suita-
ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. ble for seeding. The grass selected should meet the
Rapid expansion of Greeley and the surrounding area seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into
has resulted in urbanization of much of this Olney soil. a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a
This soil has good potential for urban and recreational firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has
development. The only limiting feature is the moderately proven most successful.
rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
hazard of ground water contamination from sewage suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in
lagoons. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul-
class I irrigated. tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
47—Olney fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
This is a deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations of may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
4,600 to 5,200 feet. It formed in mixed outwash deposits. periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
Included in mapping are small areas of soils that have a are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
dark surface layer. Some small leveled areas are also in- pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
eluded. shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
Typically the surface layer of this Olney soil is grayish an peashrub.
brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
is yellowish brown and very pale brown sandy clay loam cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
about 14 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
inches is very pale brown, calcareous fine sandy loam. be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
Permeability and available water capacity are cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
low• land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be
In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- attracted by developing livestock watering facilities,
monly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- Rapid expansion of Greeley and the surrounding area
ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa has resulted in urbanization of much of the Olney soil.
followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, This soil has good potential for urban and recreational
or beans. Land leveling, ditch lining, and installing development. The only limiting feature is the moderately
pipelines may be needed for proper water application. All rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a
methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow irrigation is hazard of ground water contamination from sewage
the most common. Barnyard manure and commercial fer- lagoons. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability
tilizer are needed for top yields. subclass Ile irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains
In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, range site.
barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to 48—Olney fine sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes.
winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 28 bushels This is a deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations of
per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It formed in mixed outwash deposits.
to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is Included in mapping are small areas of soils that have a
too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. dark surface layer and small areas of soils that have
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- sandstone and shale within a depth of 60 inches.
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. Typically the surface layer of this Olney soil is grayish
Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. brown fine sandy clay loam about 8 inches thick. The sub-
The potential native vegetation on this range site is soil is yellowish brown and very pale brown fine sandy
dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue loam about 12 inches thick. The substratum to a depth of
grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama, 60 inches is very pale brown, calcareous fine sandy loam.
and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential Permeability and available water capacity are
production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
34 SOIL SURVEY
or drilled into a firm, clean sorghum stubble. Seeding tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
early in spring has proven most successful. Brush vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
----management can also help to improve deteriorated range. may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
capacity are the principal hazards in establishing trees pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
and shrubs. This soil is so loose that trees should be shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
planted in shallow furrows, and vegetation is needed an peashrub.
between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be needed Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil.
to insure survival. Trees that are best suited and have Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non-
good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern game species can be attracted by establishing areas for
redcedar, ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm. The shrubs nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed
best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberian nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans
peashrub. for habitat development, especially in areas of intensive
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The agriculture.
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked Rapid expansion of Greeley and the surrounding area
pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can has resulted in urbanization of much of this Otero soil.
be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape This soil has excellent potential for urban and recrea-
cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- tional development. The only limiting feature is the
tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- moderately rapid permeability in the substratum, which
ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- causes a hazard of ground water contamination from
land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be sewage lagoons. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well.
attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, Capability subclass Its irrigated.
managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. 51—Otero sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a
Few areas of this soil are in major growth and ur- deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations of 4,700 to
banized centers. The chief limiting feature is the rapid 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed outwash and eolian
permeability in the substratum, which causes a hazard of deposits. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that
ground water contamination from seepage. Potential for have loam and clay loam underlying material.
recreation is poor because of the sandy surface layer. Typically the surface layer is brown sandy loam about
Capability subclass IVe irrigated, VIe nonirrigated; Deep 12 inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60
Sand range site. inches is pale brown calcareous fine sandy loam.
50—Otero sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is
deep, well drained soil on smooth plains at elevations of moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
4,700 to 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed outwash and eolian more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is
deposits. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that low.
have loam and clay loam underlying material. This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
Typically the surface layer is brown sandy loam about is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area. Land
12 inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60 leveling, ditch lining, and installing pipelines may be
inches is pale brown calcareous fine sandy loam. needed for proper water application.
Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and corn-
more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
low. In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat,
This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to
is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 28 bushels
ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitaiton is
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, too low for beneficial use of fertilizer.
sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Generally, such charac- Stubble mulch fanning, striperopping, and minimum til-
teristics as a high clay content or a rapidly permeable lage are needed to control water erosion. Terracing also
substratum slightly restrict some crops. may be needed to control water erosion.
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- The potential native vegetation on this range site is
rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue
management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama,
cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential
Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora-
suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range
.--establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
r L
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 35
and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed, should be grown at least 50 percent of the time. Contour
and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade ditches and corrugations can be used in irrigating close
site as range condition becomes poorer. grown crops and pasture. Furrows, contour furrows, and
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based cross slope furrows are suitable for row crops. Sprinkler
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- irrigation is also desirable. Keeping tillage to a minimum
tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. and utilizing crop residue help to control erosion. Main-
Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats taining fertility is important. Crops respond to applica-
grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested tions of phosphorus and nitrogen.
wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected The potential native vegetation on this site is
should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue
be seeded into a clean, firm stubble, or it can be drilled grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama,
into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential
proven most successful. production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora-
Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range
suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- and switchgrass decrease, and blue grama, sand dropseed,
tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade
vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation the site as range condition becomes poorer.
may be needed at the time of planting and during dry Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats
shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested
an peashrub. wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can
Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non- be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be
game species can be attracted by establishing areas for drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in
nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed spring has proven most successful.
nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
.-fir habitat development, especially in areas of intensive suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in
,riculture. establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul-
Rapid expansion of Greeley and the surrounding area tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
has resulted in urbanization of much of this Otero soil. vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
This soil has excellent potential for urban and recrea- may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
tional development. The only limiting feature is the periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
moderately rapid permeability in the substratum, which are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
causes a hazard of ground water contamination from pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
sewage lagoons. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
Capability subclass 'Ile irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; an peashrub.
Sandy Plains range site. Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil.
52—Otero sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non-
deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations of 4,700 to game species can be attracted by establishing areas for
5,250 feet. It formed in mixed outwash and eolian nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed
deposits. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans
have loam and clay loam underlying material. Also in- for habitat development, especially in areas of intensive
eluded are small areas of soils that have sandstone and agriculture.
shale within a depth of 60 inches. Rapid expansion of Greeley and the surrounding area
Typically the surface layer of this Otero soil is brown has resulted in urbanization of much of this Otero soil.
sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The underlying material The soil has excellent potential for urban and recreational
to a depth of 60 inches is pale brown calcareous fine development. The only limiting feature is the moderately
sandy loam. rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a
Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is hazard of ground water contamination from sewage
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or lagoons. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability
more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is subclass IIIe irrigated, VIe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains
low. range site.
This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It 53—Otero sandy loam, 5 to 9 percent slopes. This is a
is suited to the crops commonly grown in the area. deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations of 4,700 to
'erennial grasses and alfalfa or close growing crops 5,250 feet. It, formed in mixed outwash and eolian
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 41
The potential native vegetation on this range site is This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensive
— dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue cropping is hazardous because of erosion. The cropping
grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama, system should be limited to such close grown crops as al-
and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential falfa, wheat, and barley. The soil is also suited to ir-
production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- rigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4
ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small
condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop.
and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed, Closely spaced contour ditches or sprinklers can be
and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade used in irrigating close grown crops. Contour furrows or
the site as range condition becomes poorer. sprinklers should be used for new crops. Applications of
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based nitrogen and phosphorus help in maintaining good produc-
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- tion.
tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. The potential native vegetation on this range site is
Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue
grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama,
wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential
should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora-
be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble or it can be ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range
drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
spring has proven most successful. and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed,
Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade
not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to the site as range condition becomes poorer.
determine if plantings are feasible. Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats
be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested
cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected
tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can
ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be
land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in
attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, spring has proven most successful.
managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
The underlying sandstone is the most limiting feature not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to
of this soil. Neither septic tank absorption fields nor determine if plantings are feasible.
sewage lagoons function properly. Site preparation for Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
dwellings is costly. Enviornmental and beautification cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
plantings of trees and shrubs can be difficult to establish. pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
Potential is good, however, for such recreational develop- be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
ment as camp and picnic areas and playgrounds. Capabili- cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
ty subclass IVe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
range site. ment, especially, in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
63—Terry fine sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be
is a moderately deep, well drained soil on plains at eleva- attracted by developing livestock watering facilities,
tions of 4,500 to 5,000 feet. It formed in residuum from managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
sandstone. Included in mapping are small areas of soils The underlying sandstone is the most limiting feature
that have sandstone deeper than 40 inches. Also included of this soil. Neither septic tank absorption fields nor
are small areas of soils that have a sandy clay loam and sewage lagoons function properly. Site preparation for
clay loam subsoil. dwellings is costly. Environmental and beautification
Typically the surface layer of this Terry soil is pale plantings of trees and shrubs can be difficult to establish.
brown fine sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is Potential is good, however, for such recreational develop-
pale brown fine sandy loam about 18 inches thick. The ment as camp and picnic areas. Capability subclass IVe ir-
substratum is fine sandy loam. Sandstone is at a depth of rigated, VIe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains range site.
about 32 inches. 64—Thedalund loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a
Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water moderately deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations
capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in residuum from shale.
40 inches. Surface runoff is medium to rapid, and the ero- Included in mapping are small areas of soils that have
sion hazard is moderate. shale and sandstone deeper than 40 inches.
42 SOIL SURVEY
Typically the surface layer is brown loam about 8 The underlying shale is the most limiting feature of
inches thick. The underlying material is pale brown and this soil. Neither septic tank absorption fields nor sewage
very pale brown loam. Shale is at a depth of about 28 lagoons function properly. In places the underlying shale
inches. has high shrink-swell potential. Environmental and beau-
Permeability and available water capacity are tification plantings of trees and shrubs can be difficult to
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. establish. Capability subclass IVs irrigated; IVe nonir-
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. rigated; Loamy Plains range site.
This soil is suited to limited cropping. A suitable 65—Thedalund loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes. This is a
cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa followed by 2 moderately deep, well drained soil on plains at elevations
years of corn and small grain and alfalfa seeded with a of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in residuum from shale.
nurse crop. Incorporating plant residue and manure im- Included in mapping are small areas of soils that have
proves tilth and provides organic matter and plant shale and sandstone deeper than 40 inches. Some small
nutrients. outcrops of shale and sandstone are also included.
Most irrigation methods are suitable, but the length of Typically the surface layer of this Thedalund soil is
runs should be short to prevent overirrigation. Light, brown loam about 8 inches thick. The underlying material
frequent irrigations are best. Sprinkler irrigation is is pale brown and very pale brown loam. Shale is at a
desirable. Commercial fertilizers increase yields and add depth of about 25 inches.
to the value of the forage produced. Permeability and available water capacity are
In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches.
Surface runoff is medium to rapid, and the erosion hazard barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to
winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 25 bushels is moderate.
per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensive
to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is cropping is hazardous because of erosion. The cropping
too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. system should be limited to such close grown crops as al-
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- falfa, wheat, and barley. The soil is also suited to ir-
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. rigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4
Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. Years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small
The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop.
grama. Several mid grasses, such as western wheatgrass Closely spaced contour ditches or sprinklers can be
and needleandthread, are also present. Potential produc- used in irrigating close grown crops. Contour furrows or
tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years sprinklers should be used for new crops. Application of
to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition commercial fertilizer helps in maintaining good produc-
deteriorates, the mid grasses decrease; blue grama, buf- Lion.
falo The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue
grass, snakeweed, yucca, and fringed sage increase; grama. Several mid grasses, such as western
and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and an- rass
and needleandthread, are also present. Potential
produc-
nuals invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. Potential tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition
buf-
tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. deteriorates, the mid u , and n blue sage ins ;
Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue falograss,n snakeweed, drops. sii able increase-
and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and an-
grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are nuals invade the site as range condition becomes poorer.
suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue
proven most successful. grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are
Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the
not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into
determine if plantings are feasible, a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a
Rangeland wildlife, such as antelope, cottontail, and firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has
coyote, are best suited to this soil. Because forage produc- proven most successful.
tion is typically low, grazing management is needed if Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
livestock and wildlife share the range. Livestock watering not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to
facilities also are utilized by various wildlife species. The determine if plantings are feasible.
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for pheasant and Rangeland wildlife, such as antelope, cottontail, and
�-. mourning dove. Many nongame species can be attracted coyote, are best suited to this soil. Because forage produc-
by establishing areas for nesting and escape cover. tion is typically low, grazing management is needed if
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