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USDA United States A pro uct of the National Custom Soil Resource
Department of Cooperative Soil Survey, .
Agriculture a joint effort of the United Report for
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Agriculture and other Adams County Area , Parts
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Resources Agricultural Experiment Counties , Colorado ; and
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Custom Soil Resource Report for • •
Parts of Weld County, Colorado,
Southern Part
�eface
il surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. They highlight soil limitations that affect
various land uses and provide information about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed
for many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners, community officials,
engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in
recreation, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhance the
environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land
treatment. Soil surveys identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The
information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The
landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning, onsite investigation is
needed to supplement this information in some cases. Examples include soil quality assessments
(http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact
your local USDA Service Center (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app? agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://soils.usda.gov/contact/state_offices/).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding.
Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal
agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available through the NRCS Soil Data Mart Web
site or the NRCS Web Soil Survey. The Soil Data Mart is the data storage site for the official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race,
color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is
ived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who
quire alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact
USDA's TARGET Center at(202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA,
Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272
(voice) or(202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
Contents
Preface
How Soil Surveys Are Made
Soil Map •
Legend
Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Descriptions
Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part
40—Nunn loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes
69—Valent sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
73—Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes
References
How Soil Surveys Are Made
Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areas in a specific area. They include a
description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties
and limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general
pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many
I profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface
n into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated
material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.
Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are
geographically associated land resource units that share common characteristics related to physiography, geology,
, climate, water resources, soils, biolo. resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006)•il survey areas typically consist of
parts bf one or more MLRA.
The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms,
relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular
kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area
d relating their position to specific segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they
ere formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of
accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the landscape.
Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To
construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can
observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of
the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to
determine the boundaries.
Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, size and
shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that
enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their
properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each
taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for
comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United
States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile.
After the soil scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the individual soils with similar
soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on
experience and.research.
The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the objective is to separate the landscape
into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a
unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable proportions. Some components may be
highly contrasting to the other components of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such landforms and landform segments on the map
provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite
investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.
Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map. The frequency of observation is
ependent upon several factors, including scale of mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the
iiidscape, and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the soil- landscape model and
redictions and to verify the classification of the soils at specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a
significantly smaller number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded. These measurements
may include field measurements, such as those for color, depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements,
such as those for content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil typically vary from one
point to another across the landscape.
Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of characteristics for the components. The
aggregated values are presented. Direct measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit
component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other properties.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally are collected for laboratory analyses
and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed
characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations
for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of
management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to
meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field
experience of specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm
records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.
Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological
activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For
example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table within
certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on
a specific date.
After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the boundaries
of these bodies on aerial photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees,
buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.
d Map
lip e soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soil map units on the map and extent of
each map unit, and cartographic symbols displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
• •
Map Unit Legend -Area of Interest
Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part (CO618)
"kap Unit
Nunn loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes
69 Valent sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
73 Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the
survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of
a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous
areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a
taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural
phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed
properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if
ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the
soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other
than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not affect
use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics
divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar,
components. They generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some
small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included
in the database for a given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along with
�ome characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are
t mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough
observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The
objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map
provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts
about the unit and gives important soil properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer, all
the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other
characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the
areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature
that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes,
associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that
they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are
somewhat similar in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas that are shown as one
unit on the maps. Because of present or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the soils
or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Alpha- Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped individually but
e mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and
proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of
the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is
an example.
• Weld County, Colorado, Southern PAD •
40—Nunn loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
Elevation: 4,550 to 5,000 feet
iie
can annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches
an annual air temperature: 46 to 54 degrees F Frost-free period: 115 to 180 days
ap Unit Composition
Nunn and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent
Description of Nunn
Setting
Landform: Terraces
Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Mixed alluvium
Properties and qualities
Slope: 1 to 3 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water(Ksat): Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None
Frequency of ponding: None
Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent Maximum salinity: Nonsaline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water
capacity: Moderate (about 9.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 2e Land capability (nonirrigated): 4c
Ecological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO)
Typical profile
0 to 9 inches: Loam
9 to 29 inches: Clay loam
29 to 40 inches: Sandy loam 40 to 60 inches: Sandy loam
Minor Components
Dacono, Percent of map unit: 5 percent
eldt, Percent of map unit: 4 percent
van, Percent of map unit: 3 percent
latner, Percent of map unit: 3 percent
69—Valent sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
Elevation: 4,650 to 5,100 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 13 to 19 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period: 130 to 180 days
Map Unit Composition
Valent and similar soils: 90 percent Minor components: 10 percent
Description of Valent
Setting
Landform: Plains
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Eolian deposits
Properties and qualities
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Drainage class: Excessively drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water(Ksat): High to very high (5.95 to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table: More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Available water capacity: Very low (about 2.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e Land capability (nonirrigated): 6e
Ecological site: Deep Sand (R067BY015CO)
Typical profile
o 8 inches: Fine sand 8 to 60 inches: Sand
inor Components
Osgood, Percent of map unit: 10 percent
73—Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
Elevation: 4,600 to 5,200 feet
iircan annual precipitation: 13 to 15 inches
an annual air temperature: 48 to 55 degrees F Frost-free period: 130 to 160 days
ap Unit Composition
Vona and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent
Description of Vona
Setting, Landform: Terraces, plains
Down-slope shape: Linear
Across-slope shape: Linear
Parent material: Alluvium and/or eolian deposits
Properties and qualities
Slope: 3 to 5 percent
Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches
Drainage class: Well drained
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (1.98 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80
inches
Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent
Maximum salinity: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm)Available water capacity: Moderate (about 6.5
inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 3e Land capability (nonirrigated): 4e
Ecological site: Sandy Plains (R067BY024CO)
Typical profile, 0 to 6 inches: Loamy sand, 6 to 28 inches: Fine sandy loam 28 to 60 inches: Sandy loam
Minor Components, Remmit, Percent of map unit: 8 percent
Valent, Percent of map unit: 7 percent
References
ilierican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for
nsportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes.
ASTM Standard D2487-00.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the
United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31.
Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002.
Hydric soils of the United States.
Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States.
National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
18. http://soils.usda.gov/
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd
edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://soils.usda.gov/
Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service. http://soils.usda.gov/
Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation
manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National forestry manual.
http://soils.usda.gov/
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National range and pasture handbook.
http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title
430-VI. http://soils.usda.gov/
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land resource regions and
for land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture
andbook 296. http://soils.usda.gov/
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department
of Agriculture Handbook 210.
• CustomResource Report •
•
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest(AO') (o Very Stony Spot Map Scale: 1:10,500 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11")sheet.
Area of Interest(AO') Wet Spot
Soils The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at scales
s Other ranging from 1:20,000 to 1:24,000.
Soil Map Units
Special Line Features
Special Point Features Gully Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for accurate map
Ca,V Blowout measurements. •
Short Steep Slope
Na Borrow Pit
Other Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
X Clay Spot Web Soil Survey URL: http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda.gov
Political Features Coordinate System: UTM Zone 13N NAD83
• Closed Depression
• Cities
X Gravel Pit 0 PLSS Township and This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of
.. Gravelly Spot Range the version date(s) listed below.
PLSS Section
® Landfill Soil Survey Area: Adams County Area, Parts of Adams and
Water Features Denver Counties, Colorado
A. Lava Flow
tg1 Oceans Survey Area Data: Version 9, Apr 30, 2009
S Marsh or swamp
Streams and Canals
2. Mine or Quarry Soil Survey Area: Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part
Transportation Survey Area Data: Version 10, Apr 17, 2009
ci Miscellaneous Water i-1-+ Rails
p. Perennial Water eV Interstate Highways Your area of interest(AOl)includes more than one soil survey
These survey areas may have been mapped at different scales
v Rock Outcrop ,,. US Routes a different land use in mind, at different times, or at different levels
+ Saline Spot Major Roads of detail. This may result in map unit symbols, soil properties, and
interpretations that do not completely agree across soil survey area
Sandy Spot may„ Local Roads boundaries.
e Severely Eroded Spot
Date(s)aerial images were photographed: 8/6/2005
O Sinkhole
* Slide or Slip The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
Sodic Spot imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting
Spoil Area of map unit boundaries may be evident.
CI Stony Spot
Hello