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Home My WebLink About20013025 Banks and Gesso, LLC EXHIBIT I - SOILS INFORMATION Please refer to Exhibit C-2 for mapped USDA soil polygons. Soils within the proposed project area consist of four (4) soil types. Aquolls and Aquents (USDA SCS Soil Unit 3) are found in the central and southern portions of the site. Heldt silty clay (Soil Unit 27) is located in the northeast corner of the site and throughout the south-central portion of the site, continuing to the northwest corner. Vona loamy sands of 0 to 3 percent slopes (Soil Unit 72) and 3 to 5 percent slopes (Soil Unit 73) are located in a narrow band along the northwest boundary line of the property. The attached descriptions of soil types have been obtained from Soil Survey of Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part, prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Overall soil evaluation The potential native vegetation for the project area soil types is primarily comprised of various types of grasses. Grasses are suitable for seeding these types of soil and establishment is most successful in early spring. Trees and shrubs may be planted in heldt silty clay soil, but may require further onsite evaluation to determine feasibility. Once established, grasses, trees and shrubs grow well in Vona loamy sand areas. Typical land uses for these soils include rangeland, wildlife habitat, and agricultural crops in irrigated and non-irrigated areas. Overall, the proposed post mining uses of water storage, agricultural and potential residential development are consistent with the natural vegetation and typical uses associated with the soils types located within the project site. EXHIBIT Lohmann Sand and Gravel Mine.DMG.112 20055 L.G.Evenst, Inc March 2001 20 2001-3025 is , w r r.-. i •` 65 `dj 4 - 44.♦t_as•�.. - 38 61 • #'• 5 �W 1 fi e v, -sue. 27 ` 3 3 Fi •'J rj '` a 1F( 3 73 —I}— I I :4 72 �_ a 'f' ,7 e. 73 ipi 72 r $ fir.. 1,27 v rt \ ✓ ...1,. �� vo? 48 j ` 77 r-. v . .71> 6 5 72 48 70 72 S hie 47 F 72 Rro - T ' - 73 1$1 lit Aft may. ,��".' I— t. 69 ie 77 73 °° trr 8. 73 I 13 \73 EL 73 ^ 76 72 69 . 52 wf.. 72 7 8 72 48 72 51 48 n '- _. 4 xµ . 8'�, Harney 47 46 X t JO cr. 73 / ,ff 73 , 76 j� ', 44 70 a e73 73 48 47 47 "° A 1 12 72 * b 73, r f 2 1 44 73 C---.---- ----e_ -TRL. 79 ■■ Banks & Gesso, LLC Exhibit Ma 720 Kipling, Suite 117 Soils Mao Lakewood, CO 80215 L.G. Diarist,Inc. I banksandgesso.com Lohman Sand a Gravel Mine 2/28/01 20055 8 SOIL SURVEY filter the lesehate. Sewage lagoons require 'waling. 60 percent of the unit. Aquents, which have a lighter Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass colored surface layer, make up about 35 percent. About 5 ^ITs irrigated. percent is Aquepta and Bankard sandy loam. 2—Altvan loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, These are deep, poorly drained soils that formed in well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900 recent alluvium. No one pedon is typicaL Commonly the feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major soils have a mottled, mildly alkaline to moderately st- rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that kaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small, material and are underlain by sand or sand and gravel long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits. within 48 inches. In places they have a gleyed layer in the Typically the surface layer of this Altvan soil is grayish underlying material. brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown Most of the acreage is subject to flooding. The water and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam table is at or near the surface early in s pg about 14 inches thick The substratum is calcareous loamy to as deep as 48 inches late in fall in some yeears.d recedes sand about 5 inches thick over gravelly sand. These soils are used for Permeability and available water capacity are rareclaimed ngeland d and major rs habitat ie moderate. The effective.rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. Some elin areas are hays used been gt bycrops. drainage Surface runoff is medium,and the erosion hazard is low. and leveling v for irrigated d m This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It The potential native and vwegetation is dominated bySal alkali is suited to all crops commonly grown in e area, includ- sedge, , u and dasal bluegraternss ware also soa prominent ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, pota age' rush, alkali s from 3, are p per acre in and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is d g Potential production ranges from $000 pounds acre in to .4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, favorable years to ere pounds in unfavorable years As sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch range condition deteriorates the switchgrass, alkali lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper s and western wheatgrass decrease and saltgrass water application. sedge,and rush increase. All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- Management of vegetation should be based on taking rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and corn- half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed- ing is difficult and costly because numerous tillage prac- mereial fertilizer are needed for top yields Windbreaks and environmental plantins of trees and tices are required to eliminate the saltgrass sod. shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well Switchgrass, western wheatgrass, alkali neaten, tall ;cited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing wheatgrass, and tall fescue are suitable for seeding. They vegetation should be continued for as many years as can be seeded into a clean, firm seedbed. Seedbed possible following planting.Trees that are best suited and preparation usually requires more than 1 year to eliminate the saltgrass sod. A grass drill should be used. have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian olive and Seeding early in spring has proven most successfuL hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit. lilac, Siberian peashrub,and American plum. The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover, This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland, suitable for openland wildlife including pheasant, cotton- where wildlife obtain much of their food and fmd protec- tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and tive cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife, openland wildlife. especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil- cover and nesting. Deer find excellent cover in some dlife populations, areas, This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban These valuable wildlife areas should be protected from and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea- fire and fenced to prevent encroachment and overuse by tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten- livestock.They should not be drained. tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid These soils have good potential as a source of sand and permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic gravel. Capability subclass VIw; Salt Meadow range site. tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the 4—Aquolls and Aquepts, flooded. This nearly level substratum does not contain enough fines to properly map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along the filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass area. Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer, IIe irrigated. make up about 55 percent of the unit. A q3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum. This have a lighter colored surface layer, make t which up about 25 nearly level map unit is on bottom lands and flood plains percent. About 20 percent is soils that are well drained of all the major streams in the survey area. Aquolls, and soils that have sandstone or shale within 48 inches of "which have a dark colored surface layer, make up about the surface. ^ 20 SOIL SURVEY from grass and weeds are the principal hazards in tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years establishing tree and shrub plantings. Summer fallowing a to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition year in advance in nonirrigated areas and continued cul- deteriorates, the tall grasses decrease, blue grams and tivation for weed control are needed to insure establish- buffalograss increase, and forage production drops. Un- ment and survival of plantings. Supplemental irrigation desirable weeds and annuals invade the site and erosion may be needed. Trees that are best suited and have good can occur as range condition becomes poorer. survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, Management of vegetation on this soil should be based ponderosa pine, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The shrubs on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, Siberian peashrub, tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. and American plum. Western wheatgrass, switchgrass, sand reedgrass, Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The sideoats grams, pubescent wheatgrass, intermediate cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked wheatgrass, and blue grams are suitable for seeding. The pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape livestock. It can be seeded into a firm prepared seedbed. cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- A grass drill should be used. Seeding early in spring has tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- proven most successful- ment,especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Windbreaks and environmental plantings are well This soil is poorly suited to urban and recreational suited to this soil. Flooding and moisture competition development because of the susceptibility to flooding, from grass and weeds are the principal hazards in Capability subclass IIw irrigated. establishing tree and shrub plantings.Summer fallowing a year in advance in nonirrigated areas and continued cul- 26—Haverson loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, well drained soil on low terraces and flood plains at tivation for weed control are needed to insure establish- elevations of 4,500 to 4,800 feet. It formed in stratified ment and survival of plantings Supplemental irrigation calcareous alluvium. Included in mapping are small areas may be needed. Trees that are best suited and have good of soils that have fine sandy loam and sandy loam under- ponderosa are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, lying material and small areas of soils that have sand and ponderosa pine, Russian olive and hackberry. The shrubs gravel within a depth of 40 inches. best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, Siberian peashrub, Typically the surface layer of this Haverson soil is and American plum. ^ grayish brown loam about 4 inches thick. The underlying upland fe is an important secondary use of this soil The material to a depth of 60 inches is pale brown loam cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked stratified with thin lenses of loamy sand and clay loam. pheasant and mourning dove Many r nests a species can Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- high.Surface runoff is slow to medium, and the erosion hazard tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop is low. ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- monly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, beans, alfalfa, small managing livestock grazing,and reseeding where needed. a grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- This soil is poorly suited to urban and recreational ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa development because of the susceptibility to flooding. followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, Capability subclass IIe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; or beans. Land leveling, ditch lining, and installing Loamy Plains range site. pipelines may be needed for proper water applications. 27—Heldt silty clay, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- deep, moderately well drained soil on plains at elevations rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- of 4,950 to 5,050 feet. It formed in alluvial sediment mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. derived from shale. as In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, of soils at have a clay loam or silt l small subsoil and suh sub- barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to stratum. winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 28 bushels Typically the surface layer is light brownish gray and per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years light yellowish brown silty clay about 7 inches thick. The to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is subsoil is light brownish gray silty clay about 27 inches too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. thick.The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is silty clay. Stubble mulch fanning, striperopping, and minimum til- Permeability is slow. Available water capacity is high. lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is moderate. The potential native vegetation is dominated by In irrigated areas this soil is suited to crops commonly western wheatgrass. Blue grama, switchgrass, sand grown in the area, such as corn, sugar beets, beans, alfal- reedgrass, big bluestem, slender wheatgrass, indiangrass, fa, and small grain The high clay content generally and green needlegrass are also present. Potential produc- restricts some crops. WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 21 .--. Most methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- grown crops should be grown at least 50 percent of the rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water time. Contour ditches and corrugations can be used in ir- management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- rigating close grown crops and pasture. Furrows, contour cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. furrows, and cross slope furrows are suitable for row In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, crops. Keeping tillage to a minimum and utilizing crop barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to residue help to control erosion. Maintaining fertility is im- winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 25 bushels portant. Crops respond to applications of phosphorus and per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years nitrogen. to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, is planted to and minimum til- winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 20 bushels lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years The potential native vegetation is dominated by to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. a present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds in Stubble mulch fanning, striperopping, and mimimum R g favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable years. As tillage are needed to control soil blowing and water ero- range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buffalograss sion. Terracing also may be needed to control water ero- fsod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site sion. as range condition becomes poorer. The potential native vegetation is dominated by Management of vegetation on this soil should be based western wheatgrass and blue grams. Buffalograss is also on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds lion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable desirable s btue range is m poor condition Western years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grams-buf wheat grams, sideoats grams, buffalo bescent wheat !≥mss, Pu- falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in- grass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable wade the site as range condition becomes poorer.for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal Management of vegetation on this soil should be based requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm lion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western most successful wheatgrass, blue Windbreaks and environmental lantin are grams, cre teed grams, assalre sui, ble P gs generally bescent wheatgrasa, and crested wheatgrass are suitable not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal determine if plantings are feasible. Successful windbreaks requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, require supplemental water. firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove, prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven and cottontail, are best suited to this soil. Supplemental most successful water is needed in wildlife habitat development, including Windbreaks and environmental plantings generally are the tree and shrub plantings that serve as nesting areas. not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to This soil has poor potential for urban and recreational determine if plantings are feasible. Successful windbreaks development. Slow permeability and high shrink swell require supplemental water. create problems in dwelling and road construction. Caps- Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove, bility subclass Its irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Clayey and cottontail, are best suited to this soil Supplemental Plams range site' water is needed for wildlife habitat development, includ- 28—Ileldt silty clay, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a ing tree and shrub plantings that serve as nesting areas. deep, moderately well drained soil on plains at elevations This soil has poor potential for urban and recreational of 4,950 to 5,050 feet. It formed in alluvial sediment development. Slow permeabiity and high shrink swell derived from shale. Included in mapping are small areas create problems in dwelling and road construction. Capa- bilitysubclass IIIe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Clayey stratum. Plains range site. Typically the surface layer is light brownish gray and 29—Julesburg sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This light yellowish brown silty clay about 7 inches thick The is a deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of subsoil is light brownish gray silty clay about 21 inches 4,700 to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is silty clay. South Platte River. Included in mapping are some leveled Permeability is slow. Available water capacity is high. areas and small areas of soils that have a loamy sub- The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface stratum. runoff is medium,and the erosion hazard is moderate. Typically the surface layer of this Julesburg soil is In irrigated areas this soil is suited to crops commonly brown sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is 1t grown in the area. Perennial grasses and alfalfa or close brown and pale brown sandy loam about 18 inches thick 46 SOIL SURVEY Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 16 inches • moderate. A water table is at or near the surface in The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is sandy loam. "' spring and about 36 inches below the surface in fall. Sur- Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water face runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low. capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 This unit is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat.The inches or more. Surface runoff is slow, and the e • potential native vegetation on the Valent soil is hazard is low. dominated by sand reedgrass, sand bluestem, blue and In irrigated areas this soil is suited to the crops corn_ hairy grama, little bluestem, needleandthread, and monly grown in the area. Perennial grasses and alfalfa or sideoats grams. Potential production ranges from 1,800 close grown crops should be grown at least 50 percent of pounds per acre in favorable years to 1,400 pounds in un- the time. Contour ditches and corrugations can be used in favorable years. As range condition deteriorates,the sand irrigating close grown crops and pasture. Furrows, con. bluestem, sand reedgrass, sideoats grams, and little tour furrows, and cross slope furrows are suitable for row bluestem decrease; sandhill muhly and blowout grass in- crops. Sprinkler irrigation is also desirable. Keeping til crease, and forage production drops. "Blowouts" occur as lage to a minimum and utilizing crop residue help to con- range condition becomes poorer. trol erosion. Maintaining fertility is important. Crops The native vegetation on the Loup soil is dominated by respond to applications of phosphorus and nitrogen. switchgrass, little bluestem, sand reedgrass, and western In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, wheatgrass. Indiangrass, sand bluestem,prairie cordgrass, barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to slender wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, saltgrass, sedge, and winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 20 bushels rush are also present. Potential production ranges from per acre. The soil is summer (allowed in alternate years 4,000 pounds per acre in favorable years to 3,000 pounds to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is in unfavorable years. As range condition deteriorates, the too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. switchgrass, sand bluestem, indiangrass, little bluestem, Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum bl- and prairie cordgrass decrease, and saltgrass, blue grams, lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. sand dropseed, sedge, and rush increase. Undesirable Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. weeds and annuals invade the site as range condition The potential native vegetation on this range site is becomes poorer. dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue Seeding with an interseeder is advisable if the range is grams. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grams, in poor condition. Sand reedgrass, sand bluestem, sideoats and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential grants, switchgrass, little bluestem, indiangrass, and blue production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- grama are suitable for seeding. Seeding early in spring ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range has proven most successfuL Grazing should be light to condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, prevent range deterioration. and switchgrass decrease and blue grams, sand dropseed, Wildlife is an important secondary use of this unit. On and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade the Valent soil, rangeland wildlife, for example, the the site as range condition becomes poorer. pronghorn antelope, can be attracted by developing Management of vegetation on this soil should be based livestock watering facilities, managing livestock grazing, on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- and reseeding where needed. tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. The Loup soil, which is typically wet and produces an Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats abundance of wetland vegetation, attracts wetland wil- grams, blue grams, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested dlife species, such as mallard, teal, geese, and miscellane- wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected ous shorebirds. Primary management of this soil for wet- should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It land wildlife includes managing livestock grazing, fencing should be drilled into a clean, firm sorghum stubble or a to control livestock, protecting from fire, and preventing prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven drainage. Natural wetland vegetation should be allowed most successful. to develop. Capability subclass VIe irrigated, VIe nonir- Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well rigated; Valent soil in Choppy Sand Meadow range site, suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water Loup soil in Sandy Meadow range site, capacity are the principal hazards in establishing trees 72—Vona loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This is a and shrubs. The soil is so loose that trees should be deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on plains and planted in shallow furrows and vegetation maintained high terraces at elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It between the rows. Supplemental irrigation is needed to formed in eolian or alluvial deposits. Included in mapping insure survivaL Trees that are best suited and have good are some leveled areas. Also included are small areas of survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, soils that have a loamy substratum and some areas of ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm.The shrubs best suited soils that are noncalcareous to a depth of 60 inches. are skunkbush sumac,lilac,and Siberian peashrub. Typically the surface layer of this Vona soil is.grayish Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The brown. The upper 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower 6 cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked inches is fine sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and light pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can Nev sLD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 47 be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can ---tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in land wildlife,for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be spring has proven most successful attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water This soil has good potential for urban and recreational capacity are the principal hazards in establishing trees development. Once established, the lawns, shrubs, and and shrubs. The soil is so loose that trees should be trees grow well The chief limiting soil feature is the Planted in shallow furrows and vegetation maintained rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a between the rows.Supplemental irrigation may be needed hazard of ground water contamination from sewage to insure survivaL Trees that are best suited and have lagoons. In places recreational development is limited by good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, western the susceptibility to soil blowing. Capability subclass IIIe redcedar, ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm. The shrubs irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains range site. best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberian 73—Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a Peashrub• deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on plains and Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The high terraces at elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked formed in eolian or alluvial deposits. Included in mapping pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape are some leveled areas. Also included are small areas of cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- soils that have a loamy substratum and some areas of tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- soils that are noncalcareous to a depth of 60 inches grayish ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- Typically the surface layer of this Vona soil is land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be brown. The upper 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower b inches is fine sandy loam: The subsoil is brown and light attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 14 inches thick managing livestock grazing,and reseeding where needed. This soil has good potential for urban and recreational The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is sandy loam. development Once established, the lawns, shrubs, and Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 try grow well The primary limiting soil feature is the inches or more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion rapid permeability in the substratum which causes a hazard is low. hazard of ground water contamination from sewage This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensivelagoons. In places recreational development is limited by the susceptibility to soil blowing. Capability subclass IVe cropping is hazardous because of soil blowing. The cropping system should be limited to such dose grown rmgated VIe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains range site 74 crops as alfalfa, wheat, and barley. The soil is also suited ep, Vona loamy sand, 5 to 9 percent slopes. This is a to irrigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 de somewhat excessively drained soil on plains at years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small elevations of 4 d in mappingto fees. It formed as in eolian grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop. deposits. Included are small areas of soils that non- Closely spaced contour ditches or sprinklers can be have a loamy substratum and areas of soils that are used in irrigating close grown crops. Contour furrows or calcareous T theo a depth a e 60 y inches.igrayish spinklers should be used for new crops. Application of it y surface la and it aL brown. The e barnyard manure and commercial fertilizer helps to main- 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower 4 inches is fine taro good production sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and light yellowish sub- The potential native vegetation on this range site is brown fine sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The sub- hpoby sand bluestem, sand retd stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand. do dominated can bluesread, switch grass, and blue Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water grass, sideoats grams, capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential inches or more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- hazard is low. ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range The potential native vegetation on this range site is condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue and switchgrass decrease and blue grams, sand dropseed, grams. Needleandthread, switchgrass, and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invadew inent.ts tential the site as range condition becomes and western ranges from are pounds alsr per acre favora- poorer. production from 2,200 per acre in favora- Management of vegetation on this soil should be based ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, lion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. and switchgrass decrease and blue grams, sand dropseed, Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade ^grama, blue grams, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested the site as range condition becomes poorer. Hello