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r SOIL SURVEY OF WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART
By James A. Crabb, Soil Conservation Service
Fieldwork by James A. Crabb, Thomas J. Wiggins, David Goeglein,
Donald C. Moreland and John J. Sampson, Soil Conservation Service
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
in cooperation with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
WELD COUNTY, SOUTHERN PART, is in northeast- Fort Lupton, the first permanent settlement in Weld
ern Colorado (see facing page). It has a total area of County, was built in 1836 as a fort and trading post for
1,152,000 acres, or 1,800 square miles. Greeley, the county trappers and hunters. Fort Saint Vrain, one of the many
seat, has a population of 54,100. forts built by the American Fur Company during this
Southern Weld County lies entirely within the Colorado period, was built in 1837. With the creation of the
Piedmont section of the Great Plains physiographic Colorado Territory in 1861, the County of St. Vrain,
province. The major feature is the South Platte River which was later to become Weld County, was established.
Valley, which extends across the southwestern and cen- Fort Latham, about 3 miles northeast of Greeley on the
tral parts. Topography is mainly broadly rolling. The old Cherokee Trail, was the county seat from 1864 to
major streams generally occupy wide valleys that are 1870. With the coming of the Denver-Pacific Railway
separated by broad, gently rolling to flat interstream di- between Cheyenne and Denver, the county seat was
vides. A large area of sandhills is in the eastern part of moved to Evans and later to Greeley.
the survey area along both sides of the South Platte Cattlemen were the earliest permanent settlers. The
River Valley. Elevation ranges from about 5,250 feet in cattle herds slowly pushed the buffalo out, and with them
the northwest corner to about 4,400 feet at the eastern the trappers and hide hunters.
edge along the South Platte River. In 1870, the Greeley Union Colony was founded with
agriculture as its basis. The colonists dug the first irriga-
tion ditches from the Cache La Poudre River. The
General nature of the county Homestead Act and barbed wire fencing transformed the
a cattle industry from open range to ranches and farms.
On the pages that follow is information on the climate, Slowly but surely the irrigated district expanded as new
settlement of the county,natural resources, and farming. ditches were constructed. Today Weld County is the
Settlement of the county center of one of the largest irrigated areas in the world,
and it ranks third in the United States in value of agricul-
It all started in 1492 when Columbus claimed the con- tural products produced.
tinent for Spain. In 1682 the French explorer Sieur de La Natural resources
Salle claimed the territory for France. In 1762 it was
claimed again by Spain and in 1799, once again by France. The soils and topography of the survey area can be
In 1803 what is now the State of Colorado was part of considered its most important natural resource. They
the Louisiana Purchase. sustain an extensive, well developed agricultural economy.
Weld County was first a part of Louisiana, then Indi- Irrigation water is abundant. The land is irrigated by a
ana, Missouri, Nebraska, Jefferson Territory, Colorado system of reservoirs and ditches supplied from the Cache
Territory, and finally the State of Colorado. la Poudre River, the Big Thompson River, the Little
The area was first explored in 1806 by Zebulon Pike. In Thompson River, St. Vrain Creek, and the South Platte
1820 Major Stephen H. Long, on an expedition through River. The supply from these sources is augmented by
the area, wrote, "In regard to this extensive section of water brought from the western slope of the Rockies by
country, I do not hesitate in giving the opinion that it is the Colorado Big Thompson project. In addition to the
almost wholly unfit for cultivation, and of course, not in- surface water, the deep broad aquifers, which follow and
i . habitable by a people depending upon agriculture for are recharged by the rivers, have made the development
their subsistence." of highly productive shallow wells possible.There are also
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2 SOIL SURVEY
several areas in the higher plains where deep wells Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for
produce enough for irrigation. the survey area, as recorded at Greeley and Ft. Lupton
Die chief mineral resources are sand and gravel, coal, for the period 1951 to 1974. Table 2 shows probable dates
petroleum, and gas. These resources form a minor part of of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring.
the economy at present, but they could have a strong Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season.
economic impact in the future. In winter the average temperature is 29 degrees F, and
the average daily minimum temperature is 14 degrees.
Fanning The lowest temperature on record, which occurred at
Greeley on February 1, 1951, is -39 degrees. In summer
The total number of farms in the survey area has the average temperature is 70 degrees, and the average
steadily decreased since 1930. The number of acres daily maximum temperature is 87 degrees. The highest
farmed reached its peak in 1950 and has since been recorded temperature, which occurred at Ft. Lupton on
decreasing each year as more urban and industrial growth June 23, 1954, is 108 degrees.
competes for land. In 1973 about 43 percent of the land Growing degree days, shown in table 1 , are equivalent
was irrigated cropland, 18 percent nonirrigated cropland, to "heat units." During the month, growing degree days
37 percent rangeland, and 2 percent urban and industrial accumulate by the amount that the average temperature
development and recreation areas (3). The total acreage in each day exceeds a base temperature (40 degrees F). The
farm crops is steadily decreasing, but the total production normal monthly accumulation is used to schedule single or
and the market value of the crops continues to increase. successive plantings of a crop between the last freeze in
Farmers are using more efficient management and spring and the first freeze in fall
general production practices, and research continues in Of the total annual precipitation, 9 inches, or 75 per-
farm machinery, plant breeding, soil and fertilizer science, cent, usually falls in April through September, which in-
and weed,insect and disease control. eludes the growing season for most crops. In 2 years out
The irrigated farmland of the area is capable of sup- of 10, the rainfall in April through September is less than
porting a wide variety of crops. The main crops are corn, 6.50 inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period
alfalfa, sugar beets, pinto beans, potatoes, and onions. of record was 3.20 inches at Greeley on June 8, 1974.
Malting barley and vegetables are grown on limited acre- Thunderstorms number about 41 each year, 29 of which
ages. occur in summer. Some years summer hailstorms cause
te,...,,lvlost of the corn grown in the area, both silage and severe local damage to crops.
an, is used for feed at commercial feedlots, (fig. 1), Average seasonal snowfall is 40 inches. The greatest
farm feedlots, and dairies. Sugar beets are processed at snow depth at any one time during the period of record
factories in Brighton, Greeley, Longmont, and Loveland. was 30 inches. On the average, 18 days have at least 1
Several truck farms are in the southern part of the sur- inch of snow on the ground, but the number of such days
vey area, and there is a ready market for fresh vegeta- varies greatly from year to year. Some years a heavy
bles in the Denver metropolitan area. Several varieties of blizzard with high winds and drifting snow strikes the
vegetables are processed at canning factories nearby and county,and snow remains on the ground for many weeks.
there are facilities for procesing meat and dairy products The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about
locally in Greeley and in Denver. Significant numbers of 40 percent Humidity is higher at night and the average
sheep and turkeys use the feed crops of the area. at dawn is about 69 percent. The percentage of possible
sunshine is 71 in summer and 70 in winter. The prevailing
A small grain-summer fallow rotation is the main type
of farming on the nonirrigated soils. Summer fallowing is wind is from the south Average windspeed is highest
necessary to store enough moisture for sustained high 10.4 miles per hour,in April.
Climate data in this section were specially prepared for
yields. Wheat is the principal crop, but barley and the Soil Conservation Service
by the National Climatic
sorghum are also grown.
Center, Asheville, North Carolina
Climate
Weld County is usually warm in summer, and hot days
How this survey was made
are frequent. In winter, periods of very cold weather are Soil scientists made this survey to learn what kinds of
caused by Arctic air moving in from the north or soil are in the survey area, where they are, and how they
northwest. These cold periods alternate with frequent can be used. The soil scientists went into the area know-
milder periods that occur when westerly winds are ing they likely would locate many soils they already knew
warmed as they move downslope. Most precipitation falls something about and perhaps identify some they had
as rain during the warmer part of the.,year. Rain is nor- never seen before. They observed the steepness, length,
mally heaviest late in spring and early in summer. Winter and shape of slopes; the size of streams and the general
enowfall is frequent, but snow cover usually disappears pattern of drainage; the kinds of native plants or crops;
ring mild periods. the kinds of rock; and many facts about the soils. They
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8 SOIL SURVEY
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. 60 percent of the unit. Aquents, which have a lighter
eloawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass colored surface layer, make up about 35 percent. About 5
s irrigated. percent is Aquepts and Bankard sandy loam.
2—Altvan loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, These are deep, poorly drained soils that formed in
well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900 recent alluvium. No one pedon is typical. Commonly the
feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major soils have a mottled, mildly alkaline to moderately al-
rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that kaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying
show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small, material and are underlain by sand or sand and gravel
long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits. within 48 inches. In places they have a gleyed layer in the
Typically the surface layer of this Altvan soil is grayish underlying material.
brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown Most of the acreage is subject to flooding. The water
and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam table is at or near the surface early in spring and recedes
about 14 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy to as deep as 48 inches late in fall in some years.
sand about 5 inches thick over gravelly sand. These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat.
Permeability and available water capacity are Some small areas have been reclaimed by major drainage
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. and leveling and are used for irrigated crops.
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. The potential native vegetation is dominated by alkali
This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It sacaton, switchgrass, and western wheatgrass. Saltgrass,
is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- sedge, rush, and alkali blue
t.
ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, g bluegrass are also peprr acre in
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping Potential production ranges 0 from 3,000 pounds per acre is
� 4 P system is 3 favorable years to 2,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As
years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, range condition deteriorates, the switchgrass, alkali
sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch sacaton, and western wheatgrass decrease and saltgrass,
lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper sedge, and rush increase.
water application. Management of vegetation should be based on taking
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed-
rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- ing is difficult and costly because numerous tillage prac-
mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
Windbreaks and environmental plantins of trees and tires are required to eliminate the saltgrass sod.
rhrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well Switchgrass, western wheatgrass alkali sacaton tall
aited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing wheatgrass, and tall fescue are suitable for seeding. They
vegetation should be continued for as many years as can be seeded into a clean firm seedbed. Seedbed
possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and preparation usually requires more than 1 year to
eliminate the saltgrass sod. A grass drill should be used.
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and Seeding early in spring has proven most successful
Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit.hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover,
lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland,
suitable for openland wildlife including pheasant, cotton- where wildlife obtain much of their food and find protec-
tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and tive cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and
alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife, openland wildlife.
especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for
undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil- cover and nesting. Deer find excellent cover in some
dlife populations. areas.
This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban These valuable wildlife areas should be protected from
and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea- fire and fenced to prevent encroachment and overuse by
tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten- livestock. They should not be drained.
tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid These soils have good potential as a source of sand and
permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic gravel Capability suhrlass VIw; Salt Meadow range site.
tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the 4—Aquolls and Aquepts, flooded. This nearly level
substratum does not contain enough fines to properly map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along the
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass area. Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer,
Ile irrigated. make up about 55 percent of the unit. Aquepts, which
3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum. This have a lighter colored surface layer, make up about 25
nearly level map unit is on bottom lands and flood plains percent. About 20 percent is soils that are well drained
real all the major streams in the survey area. Aquolls, and soils that have sandstone or shale within 48 inches of
hich have a dark colored surface layer, make up about the surface.
P.M/VELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN E T 9
These are deep, poorly drained soils that formed in If summer fallowed in alternate years, this soil is well
recent alluvium. No one pedon is typical. Commonly the suited to winter wheat, barley, and sorghum. Winter
soils have a mottled, mildly to moderately alkaline loamy wheat is the principal crop. The predicted average yield is
or clayey surface layer and underlying material that ex- 33 bushels per acre. If the crop is winterkilled, spring
tends to a depth of 60 inches or more. In places they have wheat can be seeded. Generally precipitation is too low
a gleyed layer in the underlying material. for beneficial use of fertilizer.
Most of the acreage is subject to excessive runoff. The Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til-
water table is at or near the surface in spring and during lage are-needed to control soil blowing and water erosion.
the peak of the irrigation season. Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion.
These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The potential native vegetation on this range site is
Some small areas are irrigated pasture. dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue
The potential native vegetation is dominated by grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grams,
switchgrass, prairie cordgrass, saltgrass, alkali sacaton, and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential
big bluestem, indiangrass, western wheatgrass, slender production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora-
wheatgrass, sedge, and rush. Cattails and bullrush grow ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range
condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
in the swampy spots associated with these range sites.
Potential production ranges from 4,000 pounds per acre in and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed,
favorable years to 3,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade
range condition deteriorates, the tall and mid grasses the site as range condition becomes poorer.
decrease, production drops, and saltgrass, sedge, and rush Management of vegetation should be based on taking
increase. The fanning and irrigation in adjacent areas has half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed-
increased the amount of salts on much of the acreage. ing is desirable if the range is in poor condition. Sand
Management of vegetation on this soil should be based bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats grams,
on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheat-
tion. Switchgrass, big bluestem, indiangrass, western grass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected should
wheatgrass, pubescent wheatgrass, intermediate wheat- meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be
grass, tall wheatgrass, and tall fescue are suitable for seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be
seeding. The plants selected should met the seasonal drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in
requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a firm spring has proven most successful.
prepared seedbed is needed. A grass drill should be used. Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in
Seeding early in spring has proven most successful Til- establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by col-
lage is needed to eliminate the undesirable vegetation. tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit. vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland, periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
where wildlife obtain much of their food and fmd protec- are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
five cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
openland wildlife. shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for an peashrub.
cover and nesting; Deer fmd excellent cover in some Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
areas. These valuable wildlife areas should be protected cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
from fire and fenced to prevent encroachment and pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
overuse by livestock. They should not be drained. Capa- be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
bility subclass VIw; Aquolls in Salt Meadow range site, cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
Aquepts in Wet Meadow range site. tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
5—Ascalon sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is ment. Rangeland wildlife, for example, the pronghorn an-
a deep, well drained soil on uplands at elevations of 4,600 telope, can be attracted by developing livestock watering
to 5,200 feet. It formed in alluvium. Included in mapping facilities, managing livestock grazing, and reseeding
are small areas of rock outcrop. where needed.
Typically the surface layer is brown sandy loam about Few areas of this Ascalon soil are in major growth and
10 inches thick. The subsoil is pale brown and yellowish urbanized centers. The shrink-swell potential of the sub-
brown sandy day loam about 15 inches thick. The sub- soil as it wets and dries is the most limiting soil feature
stratum to a depth of 60 inches is calcareous fine sandy that must be considered in planning homesites and con-
loam. strutting roads. Capability subclass IIIe nonirrigated;
Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is Sandy Plains range site.
high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. 6—Ascalon sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is
Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low. a deep, well drained soil on uplands at elevations of 4,600
eTh
12 ^ SOIL SURVEY
This soil has good potential for urban and recreational Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
development. Increased population growth in the survey cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
rarea has resulted in increased homesite construction. The pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
met limiting soil features for urban development are the be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
shrink-swell potential of the subsoil as it wets and dries cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
and the limited ability of this soil to support a load. Septic tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
tank absorption fields function properly, but community ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
sewage systems should be provided if the population den- land wildlife, for example, deer and antelope, can be at-
sity increases. Because of the moderately rapid permea- tracted by managing livestock grazing and reseeding
bility of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. where needed.
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass This soil is not suited to urban or recreational develop-
Ile irrigated. ment because of the flood hazard. Capability subclass
10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This IVw irrigated, VIw nonirrigated; Sandy Bottom land
is a deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on flood range site.
plains at elevations of 4,450 to 5,000 feet. It formed in
stratified recent alluvium along streams and rivers. In- deep,11— well e r drained dy soillo on 0 to I percent ation s.of 4,s is
eluded in mapping are numerous sand and gravel bars a ,80 e on alluvium v at depositedby the
and small areas of noncalcareous soils. to 4,800 feet It formed in deposited the
South Platte River. Included in mapping are small areas
Typically the surface layer of this Bankard soil is
brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The underlying of soils eat ave sand and gravelly sand in the lower
material to a depth of 60 inches is pale brown calcareous part of thhe subbstratum.
sand stratified with thin lenses of sandy loam, loam, and Typically the s thick
layer is grayish wnwn daydy loam
about 11 inches thick fine gravel The subsoil is brown and yellowish
brown sandy clay loam about 19 inches thick The sub-
Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water
capacity is low. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand.
more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is Permeability and available water capacity are
low. moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
This soil is suited to limited cropping. It is sandy and more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is
subject to flooding. Pasture is the best use. Tall wheat- low.
grass, tall fescue, and annual sweetclover are some of the This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
roost suitable crops. Light, frequent irrigation by furrows is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area includ-
d flooding is best. Commercial fertiliser improves the mg corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
amount and value of forage produced.
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
The potential native vegetation is dominated by
switchgrass, indiangrass, sand bluestem sand reed s, sugar beets, small grain or beans. Few conservation prac-
sideoats grama, needleandthread, and blue grama. Much tires are needed to maintain top yields.
of this range site includes other soils and vegetation in All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
such a complex pattern that it is difficult to map them rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com-
separately. Potential production ranges from 2,500 pounds mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
per acre in favorable years to 1,500 pounds in unfavorable Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
years. As range condition deteriorates, the tall and mid suited Soil blowing, the principal hazard in
to this soil
grasses decrease; blue grama, sand dropseed, and forbs establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul-
increase; and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
and annuals invade the site as range condition becomes vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
poorer. may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
Management of vegetation should be based on taking periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed- are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
ing is desirable only in areas large enough to interseed or Pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
to prepare a seedbed. Switchgrass, sand bluestem, sand shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
reedgrass, sideoats grain,little bluestem,blue grams, pu- an peashrub-
bescent wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass are Wildlife is an important secondary use'of this soil
suitable for seeding. This soil can be seeded by using an Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non-
interseeder or a firm,clean sorghum stubble. A grass drill game species can be attracted by establishing areas for
is required. Seeding early in spring has proven most suc- nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed
cessful. nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans
This soil is generally not suited to the establishment for habitat development, especially in areas of intensive
and growth of trees and shrubs. Onsite investigation is agriculture.
needed to determine feasibility and possible tree and This soil has good potential for urban and recreational
rhrub species. development. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. The
mac.igit
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