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vj SPECIAL REVIEW 4
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_......-__.-_ _- . VICINITY MAP v EXHIBIT
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---------____ _ MIKE & JANET REAM o
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-_ ( v. I 2000-3135
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 7
brief description of the soil profile. In each description, The acreage and proportionate extent of each map unit
"the principal hazards and limitations are indicated, and are given in table 4, and additional information on proper-
he management concerns and practices needed are ties, limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many soil
discussed. uses is given for each kind of soil in other tables in this
The map units on the detailed soil maps represent an survey. (See "Summary of tables.") Many of the terms
area on the landscape made up mostly of the soil or soils used in describing soils are defined in the Glossary.
for which the unit is named. Most of the delineations
shown on the detailed soil map are phases of soil series. Soil descriptions
Soils that have a profile that is almost alike make up a
soil series. Except for allowable differences in texture of 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a deep,
the surface layer or of the underlying substratum, all the well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900
soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major
composition, thickness, and arrangement in the profile. A rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that
soil series commonly is named for a town or geographic show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small,
feature near the place where a soil of that series was long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits.
first observed and mapped. Olney and Nunn, for example, Typically the surface layer of the Altvan soil is grayish
are names of two soil series. brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam
layer or in the underlying substratum and in slope, ero- about 15 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy
sion, stoniness, salinity, wetness, or other characteristics sand about 6 inches thick over gravelly sand.
that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a Permeability and available water capacity are
soil series is divided into phases. The name of a soil phase moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches.
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or manage- Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low.
ment. For example, Olney fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
slopes, is one of several phases within the Olney series. is suited to all crops common]
Some map units are made up of two or more dominante commonly al grown, small in the grain,ar potatoes,includ-
Some
kinds of soil. Such map units are called soil complexes and ing n corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, op insystemis 3
undifferentiated groups. and onions. An example of a suitable cropping 3
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
A soil complex consists of areas of two or more soils
--that are so intricately mixed or so small in size that they sugar beets, small grain, or beans. The high clay content
in- and the rapidly permeable substratum slightly restrict
annot be shown separately on the soil map. Each area i
eludes some of each of the two or more dominant soils, some crops.
and the pattern and proportion are somewhat similar in All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
all areas. Midway-Shingle complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes,
wale on is the most common (fig. 4). Proper irrigation
is an example. water management is essential. Barnyard manure and
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more commercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
soils that could be mapped individually but are mapped as Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and
one unit because there is little value in separating them. shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well
The pattern and proportion of the soils are not uniform. suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
An area shown on the map has at least one of the domi- vegetation should be continued for as many years as
Want (named) soils or may have all of them. Loup-Boel possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
loamy sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes, is an undifferentiated have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and group in this survey area.
Most map units include small, scattered areas of soils hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
other than those that appear in the name of the map unit. lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
Some of these soils have properties that differ substan- This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly
tially from those of the dominant soil or soils and thus suitable for openland wildlife, including pheasant, cotton-
could significantly affect use and management of the map tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and
unit. These soils are described in the description of each alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife,
map unit. Some of the more unusual or strongly contrast- especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and
ing soils that are included are identified by a special sym- undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil-
bol on the soil map. dlife populations.
Most mapped areas include places that have little or no This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban
soil material and support little or no vegetation. Such and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea-
places are called miscellaneous areas; they are delineated tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten-
on the soil map and given descriptive names. Rock out- tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid
crop is an example. Some of these areas are too small to permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic
be delineated and are identified by a special symbol on tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the
he soil map. substratum does not contain enough fines to properly
8 SOIL SURVEY
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. 60 percent of the unit. Aquents, which have a lighter
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass colored surface layer, make up about 35 percent. About 5
Its irrigated. percent is Aquepts and Bankard sandy loam.
2—Altvan loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, These are deep, poorly drained soils that formed in
well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900 recent alluvium. No one pedon is typical. Commonly the
feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major soils have a mottled, mildly alkaline to moderately al-
rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that kaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying
show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small, material and are underlain by sand or sand and gravel
long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits. within 48 inches. In places they have a gleyed layer in the
Typically the surface layer of this Altvan soil is grayish underlying material.
brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown Most of the acreage is subject to flooding. The water
and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam table is at or near the surface early in spring and recedes
about 14 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy to as deep as 48 inches late in fall in some years.
sand about 5 inches thick over gravelly sand. These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat.
Permeability and available water capacity are Some small areas have been reclaimed by major drainage
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. and leveling and are used for irrigated crops.
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. The potential native vegetation is dominated by alkali
This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It sacaton, switchgrass, and western wheatgrass. Saltgrass,
is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- sedge, rush, and alkali bluegrass are also prominent.
ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, Potential production ranges from 3,000 pounds per acre in
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 favorable years to 2,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, range condition deteriorates, the switchgrass, alkali
sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch sacaton, and western wheatgrass decrease and saltgrass,
lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper sedge, and rush increase.
water application. Management of vegetation should be based on taking
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed-
rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- ing is difficult and costly because numerous tillage prac-
mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. tices are required to eliminate the saltgrass sod.
Windbreaks and environmental plantins of trees and Switchgrass, western wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, tall
shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well wheatgrass, and tall fescue are suitable for seeding. They
suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing can be seeded into a clean, firm seedbed. Seedbed
vegetation should be continued for as many years as preparation usually requires more than 1 year to
possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and eliminate the saltgrass sod. A grass drill should be used.
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern Seeding early in spring has proven most successful.
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit.
hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover,
lilac, Siberian rian peashrub, and American plum. as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland,
This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly where wildlife obtain much of their food and find protec-
suitable for openland wildlife including pheasant, cotton-
tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and tive cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and
alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife, openland wildlife.
especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for
undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil- cover and nesting. Deer find excellent cover in some
dlife populations. areas.
This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban These valuable wildlife areas should be protected from
and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea- fire and fenced to prevent encroachment and overuse by
tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten- livestock. They should not be drained.
tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid These soils have good potential as a source of sand and
permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic gravel. Capability subclass VIw; Salt Meadow range site.
tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the 4—Aquolls and Aquepts, flooded. This nearly level
substratum does not contain enough fines to properly map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along the
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass area. Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer,
IIe irrigated. make up about 55 percent of the unit. Aquepts, which
3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum. This have a lighter colored surface layer, make up about 25
nearly level map unit is on bottom lands and flood plains percent. About 20 percent is soils that are well drained
of all the major streams in the survey area. Aquolls, and soils that have sandstone or shale within 48 inches of
which have a dark colored surface layer, make up about the surface.
44 SOIL SURVEY
to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is Permea
bility
rooting depth. Ais 60 inceaterocapacity is Surface.
too low to make beneficial use of fertilizer. The
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is moderate.
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. The potential native vegetation is dominated by little
Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. bluestem, sideoats switchgrass, asand deedl reedgrass,
blue Potential
The potential native vegetation is dominated by airy grama,rangesit from 700 pounds per acre in favorable
western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also p
present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds years to 200 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condi-
per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable tion
eteriorates, the ared hairy gramaliand mid grasses decrease,
ease,blue
lue
years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buf- grama
drops.
falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in- anagement of vegetation should be based on taking
vade Management site range condition atin becomes poorer. half or less of the total annual production. Deferred graz-
on taking of leaving
half n this soil should lb based ing is practical in improving range condition. Seeding and
Range half and leaving e u o the total annual produc-l mechanical treatment are impractical.
t is sing can poor condition.o runoff. Seeding is desirable Windbreaks and environmental plantings generally are
if the range in Western wheatgrass, not suited to these soils. Onsite investigation is needed to
blue grama, d ts grama, buffalograss,are suitable
pubescent determine if plantings are feasible.
wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable for seed-
Wildlife populations are limited because the necessary
ing. The grass selected should meet the seasonal require- habitat elements are lacking. Because most of the acreage
ments of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, firm is rangeland, only rangeland wildlife, for example scaled
sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm prepared quail and antelope, are typical. Extreme care is needed in
seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven most success-
managing livestock grazing in order to provide suitable
ful. habitat on these soils.
Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and Potential is poor for urban and recreational develop-
shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well ment. The chief limiting soil features are the loose, coarse
suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing textured soil, steep slopes, and rapid permeability. Cape-
vegetation should be continued for as many years as bility subclass VIIs irrigated, VIIs nonirrigated; Gravel
possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and Breaks range site.
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern 69—Valent sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep,
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and excessively drained soil on plains at elevations of 4,650 to
hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, 5,100 feet. It formed in eolian deposits. Included in
lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. mapping are small areas of soils that have lime within a
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The depth of 40 inches.
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked Typically the surface layer is brown sand about 8
pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60
be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape inches is brown sand.
cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is
tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is
land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be low.
attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensive
managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. cropping is hazardous because of erosion. The cropping
This soil has poor potential for urban and recreational system should be limited to such close grown crops as al-
development. Slow permeability and high shrink swell falfa, wheat, and barley. The soil also is suited to ir-
cause problems in dwelling and road construction. Capa- rigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4
bility subclass IIIe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Clayey years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small
Plains range site. grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop.
68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep. These are Closely spaced contour ditches or sprinkers can be used
deep, excessively drained soils on terrace breaks and in irrigating close grown crops. Contour furrows or sprin-
escarpments at elevations of 4,450 to 5,100 feet. They klers should be used for new crops. Applications of bar-
formed in gravelly alluvium and have slopes of 9 to 25 nyard manure and commercial fertilizer help to maintain
percent. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that good production. sand
have pockets of sandy loam and loam in the underlying The bluestem,osandalreedgrass,,on is dominated by
switchgrass, sideoats sgrama,
material.
Typically the surface layer is pale brown gravelly sand needleandthread, little bluestem, and blue grama. Poten-
about 10 inches thick. The underlying material to a depth tial production c ro ranges from
r pounds 25 unfavorable years.
00 pounds p
in
of 60 inches is pale brown gravelly sand.
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