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EXHIBIT
990945 _
8 SOIL SURVEY
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. 60 percent of the unit. Aquents, which have a lighter
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass colored surface layer, make up about 35 percent. About 5
IIs irrigated. percent is Aquepts and Bankard sandy loam.
2—Altvan loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, These are deep, poorly drained soils that formed in
well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,500 to 4,900 recent alluvium. No one pedon is typical. Commonly the
feet. It formed in old alluvium deposited by the major soils have a mottled, mildly alkaline to moderately al-
rivers. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that kaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying
show evidence of poor drainage. Also included are small, material and are underlain by sand or sand and gravel
long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits. within 48 inches. In places they have a gleyed layer in the
Typically the surface layer of this Altvan soil is grayish underlying material.
brown loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is brown Most of the acreage is subject to flooding. The water
and light yellowish brown clay loam and sandy clay loam table is at or near the surface early in spring and recedes
about 14 inches thick. The substratum is calcareous loamy to as deep as 48 inches late in fall in some years.
sand about 5 inches thick over gravelly sand. These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat.
Permeability and available water capacity are Some small areas have been reclaimed by major drainage
moderate. The effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. and leveling and are used for irrigated crops.
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. The potential native vegetation is dominated by alkali
This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It sacaton, switchgrass, and western wheatgrass. Saltgrass,
is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- sedge, rush, and alkali bluegrass are also prominent.
ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, Potential production ranges from 3„000 pounds per acre in
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 favorable years to 2,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, range condition deteriorates, the switchgrass, alkali
sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch sacaton, and western wheatgrass decrease and saltgrass,
lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper sedge, and rush increase.
water application. Management of vegetation should be based on taking
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed-
rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and corn-
ing is difficult and costly because numerous tillage prac-
mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
Windbreaks and environmental plantins of trees and tices are required to eliminate the saltgrass sod.
shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well Switchgrass, western wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, tall
wheatgrass, and tall fescue are suitable for seeding. They
suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
vegetation should be continued for as many years as can be seeded into a clean, firm seedbed. Seedbed
possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and Preparation usually requires more than 1 year to
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern eliminate the saltgrass sod. A grass drill should be used.
redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and Seeding early in spring has proven most successful.
hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, Wetland wildlife, especially waterfowl, utilize this unit.
lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. The wetland plants provide nesting and protective cover,
This soil can produce habitat elements that are highly as well as some food. The nearby irrigated cropland,
suitable for openland wildlife including pheasant, cotton- where wildlife obtain much of their food and find protec-
tail, and mourning dove. Such crops as wheat, corn, and tive cover, makes this unit valuable to both wetland and
alfalfa provide suitable habitat for openland wildlife, openland wildlife.
especially pheasant. Tree and shrub plantings and Openland wildlife, especially pheasant, use this unit for
undisturbed nesting cover would enhance openland wil- cover and nesting. Deer find excellent cover in some
dlife populations. areas.
This Altvan soil has fair to good potential for urban These valuable wildlife areas should be protected from
and recreational development. The chief limiting soil fea- fire and fenced to prevent encroachment and overuse by
tures for urban development are the shrink-swell poten- livestock. They should not be drained.
tial of the subsoil as it wets and dries and the rapid These soils have good potential as a source of sand and
permeability of the sand and gravel substratum. Septic gravel. Capability subclass VIw; Salt Meadow range site.
tank absorption fields function properly, but in places the 4---Aquolls and Aquepts, flooded. This nearly level
substratum does not contain enough fines to properly map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along the
filter the leachate. Sewage lagoons require sealing. bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass area. Aquolls, which have a dark colored surface layer,
Ile irrigated. make up about 55 percent of the unit. Aquepts, which
ll—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum. This have a lighter colored surface layer, make up about 25
nearly level map unit is on bottom lands and flood plains percent. About 20 percent is soils that are well drained
of all the major streams in the survey area. Aquolls, and soils that have sandstone or shale within 48 inches of
which have a dark colored surface layer, make up about the surface.
12 SOIL SURVEY
This soil has good potential for urban and recreational Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
development. Increased population growth in the survey cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
chief limiting soil features for urban development are the be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
shrink-swell potential of the subsoil as it wets and dries cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
and the limited ability of this soil to support a load. Septic tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
tank absorption fields function properly, but community ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
sewage systems should be provided if the population den- land wildlife, for example, deer and antelope, can be at-
sity increases. Because of the moderately rapid permea- tracted by managing livestock grazing and reseeding
bility of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. where needed.
Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass This soil is not suited to urban or recreational develop-
Ile irrigated. ment because of the flood hazard. Capability subclass
10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This IVw irrigated, VIw nonirrigated; Sandy Bottom land
is a deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on flood range site.
plains at elevations of 4,450 to 5,000 feet. It formed in 11—Bresser sandy loam, fl to 1 percent slopes. This is
stratified recent alluvium along streams and rivers. In- a deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,700
eluded in mapping are numerous sand and gravel bars to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the
and small areas of noncalcareous soils. South Platte River. Included in ma in
Typically the surface layer of this Bankard soil is pp g are small areas
brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The underlying pa soils the teat bhave sand and gravelly sand in the lower
material to a depth of 60 inches is part of substratum.
Ppale brown calcareous Typically the surface layer is grayish brown sandy loam
sand stratified with thin lenses of sandy loam, loam, and
fine gravel about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is brown and yellowish
brown sandy clay loam about 19 inches thick. The sub-
Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water
capacity is low. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand.
more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is Permeability and available water capacity are
low. moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or
This soil is suited to limited cropping. It is sandy and more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is
subject to flooding. Pasture is the best use. Tall wheat- low.
grass, tall fescue, and annual sweetclover are some of the This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It
most suitable crops. Light, frequent irrigation by furrows is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area includ-
ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes,
and flooding is best. Commercial fertilizer improves the
and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3
amount and value of forage produced.
to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage,
The potential native vegetation is dominated by
sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Few conservation prac-
switchgrass, indiangrass, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass,
sideoats grama, needleandthread, and blue grama. Much bees are needed to maintain top yields.
of this range site includes other soils and vegetation in All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir-
such a complex pattern that it is difficult to map them rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com-
separately. Potential production ranges from 2,500 pounds mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields.
per acre in favorable years to 1,500 pounds in unfavorable Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in
years. As range condition deteriorates, the tall and mid
grasses decrease; blue grama, sand dropseecl, and forbs establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul-
increase; and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of
and annuals invade the site as range condition becomes vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation
poorer. may be needed at the time of planting and during dry
Management of vegetation should be based on taking periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival
half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed- are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa
ing is desirable only in areas large enough to interseed or pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The
to prepare a seedbed, Switchgrass, sand bluestem, sand shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi-
reedgrass, sideoats grama, little bluestem, blue grama, pu- an peashrub.
bescent wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass are Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil.
suitable for seeding. This soil can be seeded by using an Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non-
interseeder or a firm, clean sorghum stubble. A grass drill game species can be attracted by establishing areas for
is required. Seeding early in spring has proven most sue- nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed
cessful. nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans
This soil is generally not suited to the establishment for habitat development, especially in areas of intensive
and growth of trees and shrubs. Onsite investigation is agriculture.
needed to determine feasibility and possible tree and This soil has good potential for urban and recreational
shrub species. development. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. The
100 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 6.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT
[Some of the terms used in this table to describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See
text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry means soil was not
rated]
Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads
map symbol excavations without with 1 commercial and streets
basements basements buildings
1 , 2 Severe: Moderate: Moderate: :Moderate: Moderate:
Altvan cutbanks cave. shrink-swell. shrink-swell. ; shrink-swell. shrink-swell ,
frost action.
ar 3*:
- Aquolls- Severe: Severe: . Severe: Severe: Severe:
floods, floods, floods, floods, floods,
wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness,
frost action.
. Aquepts Severe: Severe: severe: Severe: Severe:
floods, floods, floods, floods, floods,
wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness,
frost action.
4*:
Aquolls Severe: Severe: Severe: :Severe: Severe:
floods, floods, floods, I floods, floods,
wetness. wetness. wetness. I wetness. , wetness,
frost action.
Aquepts Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: :Severe:
floods, floods, floods, floods, ; floods,
wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. I wetness,
frost action.
5 Slight Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: IModerate:
Ascalon low strength. low strength. low strength. ; frost action,
I low strength.
6, 7 Slight Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Moderate:
Ascalon low strength. low strength. slope, frost action,
low strength. low strength.
8, 9 Slight Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: :Moderate:
Ascalon low strength. low strength. low strength. frost action,
low strength.
. ....... 10 Severe: Severer Severe: Severe: Severe:
?tankard cutbanks cave, floods. floods. floods. floods.
floods.
11 , 12 Slight Slight--- Slight Slight ---- Moderate:
Bresser frost action.
13 Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: :Moderate:
Cascajo cutbanks cave, slope. slope. slope. slope.
small stones.
14, 15 Slight Slight Slight Slight ----- Mocerate:
Colby low strength.
16, 17 Slight Slight Slight Moderate: Moderate:
Colby slope. low strength.
18*:
Colby Slight Slight Slight ,Moderate: :Moderate:
I slope. I low strength.
Adena Slight Moderate: Moderate: ;Moderate: ;Moderate:
low strength. low strength. low strength, 1 low strength.
slope.
See footnote at end of table.
104 SOIL SURVEY
TABLE 7.--SANITARY FACILITIES
[Some of the terms used in this table to describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See
text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," "good," "fair," and other terms used to rate soils.
Absence of an entry means soil was not rated]
Soil name and 1 Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover
map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill
• fields landfill landfill
i
_T____
1 , 2 ;Slight Severe: Severe: Slight - Fair:
Altvan seepage. seepage. thin layer.
311:
Aquolls :Severe: Severe: _ Severe: Severe: Poor:
floods, floods, floods, wetness. wetness.
I wetness. wetness. wetness.
Squints :Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor:
floods, floods, floods, wetness. wetness.
wetness. wetness. wetness.
411:
Aquolls Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor:
floods, floods, floods, wetness. wetness.
wetness. wetness. wetness.
Aquepts Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poo:
floods, floods, floods, wetness. wetness.
wetness. wetness. wetness.
5, 6 Slight Severe: Severe: Severe: Good.
Ascalon seepage. seepage. seepage.
7 Slight Severe: Severe: Severe: Good.
Ascalon slope, seepage. seepage.
seepage.
8, 9 Slight ;Severe: Severe: Severe: Good.
Ascalon 1 seepage. seepage. seepage.
10 Severe: :Severe: • . Severe: Severe: Fair:
t:aAienkard floods. : floods, floods, floods. too sandy.
I seepage. seepage.
11, 12 Slight ;Severe: Severe: Severe: Good.
Bresser ; seepage. seepage. seepage.
13 Moderate: ;Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor:
Cascajo slope. slope, seepage. seepage. small stones.
seepage,
small stones.
14, 15, 16 Slight Moderate: Slight Slight --- Good.
Colby seepage.
17 Slight Severe: Slight Slight --- Gooc .
Colby slope.
1811:
Colby Slight Severe: Slight Slight ---- Good.
slope.
Adena Moderate: Moderate: Slight Slight --- Good.
peres slowly. seepage,
slope.
19 Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Moderate: Good.
Colombo floods. floods. floods. floods.
20 Slight Moderate: Slight Slight •- Good.
Colombo slope,
seepage.
See footnote at end of table.
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