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Home My WebLink About981858.tiff SHEET NO. 14 WELD COUNTY,COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART • (MILLIKEN QUADRANGLE) 104 45' 30 I-Oe:liana > INWry 4-4;t47.--(4-....-.: j y e-xs F--rte F-' -'p--. 30 x�wt r t 1' 46 v �^, 41 s F 4,ri-29l' -:P4'7.). ,Pg "r ?1`2.� ti _.1"t:7 ...i 4 "Z- �` Y/�R v / k$ —-' Ire sit- i~ .it= t yz. �"X"� �h x4"£�/'' �.yyycs x r. t-tY -i 'ii ..4 14�'. ^ �X'-r",aclt"x. yh t.. 30 29 tier, 1 ��•tsba, 11 _ V 29.3 S1LC 77 {�- 2 ' y.. ke l,(-:^I , ;'Y in s i .I.......ii. ,� �=: w 'cfx. a# x « .Nti.. ' x �. 'tM.. ,z y, � ' � -ra7.'m• �r cy fi'F9 cCa � � ;p +'t . 5 .j9 � x � ...: J l eA q. i no( (� � g �° t � f :4 as:� r :p ` 69 �93t1 a,K� 't . .1'� Y i 'mss ,',. x l • ct ,�k. .:. ]„-�'` xr. • �. ! ma � ;.` p F ✓" a '" = i -44.,/-4:,..;;,; :.t'd.jv • �' x 29 3 �.x _ _ x . ' 30� ` ' v16..C:71...;'' i �+:�e d e : I. �ccc x #t+x/�� y :::::::1.::::_rt4- `y3c r.j .a s - f r, .r* „' € _I.E._ r't �., t ,x "`,�'r y." 3' 'q° .:, ak,1 z wit, . ' s. s t s 29 ..P-1:: //} .. '# 75 %i- 1 r f—;�r* ; sfl ! -• 9 'N�'"�,1 ' jai& 35,M1�: .'',1.:7; 1' .'� ' ..�eabtQ�y ..- a. �. r r� g ' t T ] �f r ��1Y'+n" + t I arwa `r23 sz� ..Houston 111 may, _ T 72 _ ' 44 1 _ LL73 EXHIBIT 1 • � 9I r,..:".....±,,". 4 3: Y: y, p 1 2 Md 000 4000 3000 2 000 1 000 0 Scale 1:24 000 10 000 Feet 981858 10,000-foot grip ticks based on state This map is compiled on 1974 aerial coordinate system.Land division photography by the U.S. Department corners,if shown,are approximately WELD COUNTY,COLORADO. SOUTHERN PART NO. 14 of Agriculture.Soil Conservation Service positioned. _. _._. and cooperating agencies. 12 SOIL SURVEY This soil has good potential for urban and recreational Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The development. Increased population growth in the survey cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can chief limiting soil features for urban development are the be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape shrink-swell potential of the subsoil as it wets and dries cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- and the limited ability of this soil to support a load. Septic tial and should be a included in plans for habitat develop- tank absorption fields function properly, but community ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- sewage systems should be provided if the population den- land wildlife, for example, deer and antelope, can be at- sity increases. Because of the moderately rapid perinea- tracted by managing livestock grazing and reseeding bility of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. where needed. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass This soil is not suited to urban or recreational develop- Ile irrigated. ment because of the flood hazard. Capability subclass 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This IVw irrigated, VIw nonirrigated; Sandy Bottom land is a deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on flood ran e site. plains at elevations of 4,450 to 5,000 feet. It formed in 1 Bresser sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is stratified recent alluvium along streams and rivers. In- a eep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,700 eluded in mapping are numerous sand and gravel bars to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the and small areas of noncalcareous soils. South Platte River. Included in mapping are small areas Typically the surface layer of this Bankard soil is PP g brown sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The underlying of soils the teat have sand and gravelly sand in the lower material to a depth of 60 inches is pale brown calcareous part T of i substratum. hesurface sand stratified with thin lenses of sandy loam, loam, and Typically the k layer is grayish brown sandy yellowish ain fine about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is brown and gravel. brown sandy clay loam about 19 inches thick. The sub- Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand. capacity is low. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or permeability and available water capacity are more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or low. This soil is suited to limited cropping. It is sandy and more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is subject to flooding. Pasture is the best use. Tall wheat- low. grass, tall fescue, and annual sweetclover are some of the This soil is used almost entirely for n the ad crops. It most suitable crops. Light, frequent irrigation by furrows is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area includ- e corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and flooding is best. Commercial fertilizer improves the amount and value of forage produced. and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, The potential native vegetation is dominated by sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Few conservation prac- switchgrass, indiangrass, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, sideoats grama, needleandthread, and blue grama. Much tices are needed to maintain top yields. of this range site includes other soils and vegetation in All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- such a complex pattern that it is difficult to map them rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- separately. Potential production ranges from 2,500 pounds mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. per acre in favorable years to 1,500 pounds in unfavorable Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally years. As range condition deteriorates, the tall and mid suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in grasses decrease; blue grama, sand dropseed, and forbs establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of increase; and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site as range condition becomes vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation poorer. may be needed at the time of planting and during dry Management of vegetation should be based on taking periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed- are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa ing is desirable only in areas large enough to interseed or Pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The to prepare a seedbed. Switchgrass, sand bluestem, sand shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- reedgrass, sideoats grama, little bluestem, blue grama, pu- an peashrub. bescent wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass are Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. suitable for seeding. This soil can be seeded by using an Ring-necked pheasant, mourning dove, and many non- interseeder or a firm, clean sorghum stubble. A grass drill game species can be attracted by establishing areas for is required. Seeding early in spring has proven most suc- nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed cessful. nesting cover is essential and should be included in plans This soil is generally not suited to the establishment for habitat development, especially in areas of intensive and growth of trees and shrubs. Onsite investigation is agriculture. needed to determine feasibility and possible tree and This soil has good potential for urban and recreational shrub species. development. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. The 981858 WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 13 'y limiting features are the rapid permeability in the Typically the surface layer is brown gravelly sandy istratum and the resulting hazard of ground water con- loam about 9 inches thick. The upper part of the underly- aination from sewage lagoons. Capability class I ir- ing material is pale gravelly sandy loam abut 22ana light yellowish brown very ngated. inches thick. The lower part 12—Bresser sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is to a depth of 60 inches is light yellowish rown very a deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,700 gravelly sand. A layer of strong lime accumulation 22 to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the inches thick is below the surface layer. South Platte River. Included in mapping are small areas Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water of soils that have sand and gravelly sand in the lower capacity is moderate. runoff is The effctive slo rootingme depthnis d the 60 part of the substratum. inches or more.Typically the surface layer is grayish brown sandy loam erosion hazard is low. about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is brown and yellowish blue stem,po si The deoats potential a t�ive ve,vegetation land resd dominated by little brown sandy clay loam about 18 inches thick. The sub- and s needleandthread.rasa, blu Potential ama, stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand. hairy grama, switch grass, Permeability and available water capacity are production ranges from 1,200 pounds per acre in favora- moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or ble years to 700 pounds in unfavorable years. As range more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is condition deteriorates, the increase,mid and forage low. blue grama and hairy grama produc- This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It tion drops. ogement of vegetation should be based on taking is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- Management of vegetation should be based on taking ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, half or less of the total annual production. Seeding and and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 mechanical treatment are impractical. Deferred grazing is to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, a practical measure in improving range condition. sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch Windbreaks and environmental plantings are suited to lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper this soil. Low available water capacity and high calcium water application. content are the principal hazards in establishing trees and All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- shrubs. Weed control is needed to insure establishment rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- and survival of plantings. Supplemental irrigation also rcial fertilizer are needed for top yields. may be needed to insure survival. Trees that are best Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally suited and have good survival are Rocky Mountain ju- ited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in nicer, eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm. establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- The shrubs best adapted are skunkbush sumac and lilac. tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of Wildlife uses are very limited because this soil lacks vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation potential for producing necessary habitat elements. may be needed at the time of planting and during dry Because most of the acreage is rangeland, only rangeland periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival wildlife, for example, scaled quail and antelope, are typi- are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa cal. Extreme care is needed in managing livestock grazing pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The in order to provide suitable habitat on this soil. shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- Steepness is the most limiting soil feature that must be an peashrub. considered in planning homesites and the construction of Wildlife ec is h important mourning n dove,use a of many tn soil. roads. Other limiting features are the rapid permeability Ring-necked pheasant, and non- in the substratum and the resulting hazard of ground game species can be attracted by establishing areas for water contamination from sewage lagoons. Site prepara- nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, undisturbed tion for environmental plantings such as lawns, shrubs, prepara- nesting habitat cover development,is essential and sp ially be included sofin plans si and trees is difficult because of the high content of gravel g especially in areas of intensive and cobbles. Capability subclass VIIs nonirrigated; Gravel agh soil. breaks range site. This e m has good hrubs, an urban and recreational The 14—Colby loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a deep, on limiting features shrubs, and trees grow well. The well drained soil on uplands at elevations of 4,850 to 5,050 only b r tum fe the rs are resulting hazard ar of r ground ndiway in the feet. It formed in calcareous eolian deposits. substratum and the geag . Capability subclass cter con- Typically the surface layer is pale brown loam about 12 tamination from sewage lagoons. Ile inches thick. The underlying material to a depth of 60 irrigated. inches is very pale brown silt loam. 13—Cascajo is gravelly ep, sandy loam, 5 to 20 percent Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is slopes. dis is l a deep, excessively lv dions soil, on ter,20e edges and upland ridges at elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Let. It formed in very gravelly calcareous alluvium. In- Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low. uded in mapping are small areas of soils that are shal- This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It Jw or moderately deep over sandstone and shale. is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area includ- 981858 WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 21 .Most methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- grown crops should be grown at least 50 percent of the ation is the most common. Proper irrigation water time. Contour ditches and corrugations can be used in ir- management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- rigating close grown crops and pasture. Furrows, contour cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. furrows, and cross slope furrows are suitable for row In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, crops. Keeping tillage to a minimum and utilizing crop barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to residue help to control erosion. Maintaining fertility is im- winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 25 bushels portant. Crops respond to applications of phosphorus and per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years nitrogen. to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 20 bushels lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years The potential native vegetation is dominated by to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds in Stubble mulch fanning, striperopping, and mimimum favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable years. As tillage are needed to control soil blowing and water ero- range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buffalograss sion. Terracing also may be needed to control water ero- sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site sion. as range condition becomes poorer. The potential native vegetation is dominated by Management of vegetation on this soil should be based western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds tion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buf- wheatgrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, buffalograss, pu- falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in- bescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable vade the site as range condition becomes poorer. for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal Management of vegetation on this soil should be based requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- n sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm tion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is :pared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western .ost successful. wheatgrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, buffalograss, pu- Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally bescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal determine if plantings are feasible. Successful windbreaks requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, require supplemental water. firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove, prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven and cottontail, are best suited to this soil. Supplemental most successful. water is needed in wildlife habitat development, including Windbreaks and environmental plantings generally are the tree and shrub plantings that serve as nesting areas. not suited to this soil. Onsite investigation is needed to This soil has poor potential for urban and recreational determine if plantings are feasible. Successful windbreaks development. Slow permeability and high shrink swell require supplemental water. create problems in dwelling and road construction. Capa- Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove, bility subclass IIs irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Clayey and cottontail, are best suited to this soil. Supplemental Plains range site. water is needed for wildlife habitat development, includ- 28—Heldt silty clay, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a ing tree and shrub plantings that serve as nesting areas. deep, moderately well drained soil on plains at elevations This soil has poor potential for urban and recreational of 4,950 to 5,050 feet. It formed in alluvial sediment development. Slow permeabiity and high shrink swell derived from shale. Included in mapping are small areas create problems in dwelling and road construction. Capa- of soils that have a clay loam or silt loam subsoil and sub- bility subclass Hie irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Clayey stratum. Pla' s range site. Typically the surface layer is light brownish gray and �—Julesburg sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This light yellowish brown silty clay about 7 inches thick. The is a deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of subsoil is light brownish gray silty clay about 21 inches 4,700 to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the thick.The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is silty clay. South Platte River. Included in mapping are some leveled Permeability is slow. Available water capacity is high. areas and small areas of soils that have a loamy sub- e effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface stratum. Ai is medium, and the erosion hazard is moderate. Typically the surface layer of this Julesburg soil is .n irrigated areas this soil is suited to crops commonly brown sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is rown in the area. Perennial grasses and alfalfa or close brown and pale brown sandy loam about 18 inches thick. 081858 22 SOIL SURVEY The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand and This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It sand. is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, low sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Land leveling, ditch This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It lining, and installing pipelines may be needed for proper is suited to all crops commmonly grown in the area, in- water application. eluding corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- potatoes, and onions. An example of a suitable cropping rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. silage, sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Generally, such Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally characteristics as the rapidly permeable substratum suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in slightly restrict some crops. establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation rigation anae is the most common. Proper irrigation water may be needed at the time of planting and during dry management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and hackberry. The suited to this soil. Soil blowing, the principal hazard in shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- establishing trees and shrubs, can be controlled by cul- an eashrub. tivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked may by needed at the time of planting and during dry pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can periods. Trees that are best suited and have good survival be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and haekberry. The tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberi- ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. an peashrub. This soil has good potential for urban and recreational Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The development. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. The cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked only limiting feature of this soil is the rapid permeability pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can in the substratum, which causes a hazard of ground water be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape contamination from sewage lagoons. Capability subclass cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- Ile irrigated. tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- 31—Kim loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a deep, ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. well drained soil on smooth plains and alluvial fans at This soil has good potential for urban and recreational elevations of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed eolian development. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. The deposits and parent sediment from a wide variety of only limiting feature of this soil is the rapid permeability bedrock. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that in the substratum, which causes a hazard of ground water have loamy sand underlying material. contamination from sewage lagoons. Capability subclass Typically the surface layer is brown and pale brown Its irrigated. about 12 inches thick. The upper 30 inches of the underly- 30—Julesburg sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This ing material is pale brown loam. The lower part to a is a deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of depth of 60 inches is pale brown fine sandy loam. 4,700 to 4,800 feet. It formed in alluvium deposited by the Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is South Platte River. Included in mapping are some leveled high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. areas and small areas of soils that have a loamy sub- Surface runoff is slow,and the erosion hazard is low. stratum. This soil is used almost entirely for irrigated crops. It Typically the surface layer of this Julesburg soil is is suited to all crops commonly grown in the area, includ- brown sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The subsoil is ing corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, brown and pale brown sandy loam about 15 inches thick. and onions. An example of a suitable cropping system is 3 The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand and to 4 years of alfalfa followed by corn, corn for silage, sand. sugar beets, small grain, or beans. Very few conservation Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is practices are needed to maintain top yields. moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- low mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. 091858 WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 23 Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue nibs commonly grown in the area are generally well grama. Several mid grasses, such as western wheatgrass suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing and needleandthread, are also present. Potential produc- vegetation should be continued for as many years as tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern deteriorates, the mid grasses decrease; blue grama, buf- redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and falograss, snakeweed, yucca, and fringed sage increase; hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and an- Siberian peashrub, lilac, and American plum. nuals invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The Management of vegetation on this soil should be based cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the ment,especially in areas of intensive agriculture. seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a This soil has good potential for urban and recreational development. Increased population growth in the survey firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The proven most successful. chief Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and limiting feature for urban development and road construction is the limited capacity of the soil to support shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well a load. Septic tank absorption fields function properly, but suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing vegetation should be continued for as many years as community sewage systems should be provided if the possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and population density increases. Because of the permeability have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability class I ir- ated. hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, ri g lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. 12—Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a deep, Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The ll drained soil on smooth plains and alluvial fans at cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked Nations of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed eolian pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can deposit and parent sediment from a wide variety of be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape bedrock. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- have loamy sand underlying material. tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- Typically the surface layer is brown and pale brown ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- loam about 12 inches thick. The upper 28 inches of the un- land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be derlying material is pale brown loam. The lower part to a attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, depth of 60 inches is pale brown fine sandy loam. managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is This soil has good potential for urban and recreational high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. development. Increased population growth in the survey Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is low. area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- chief limiting soil feature for urban development and road monly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, construction is the limited capacity of this soil to support beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- a load. Septic tank absorption fields function properly, but ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa community sewage systems should be provided if the followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, population density increases. Because of the permeability or beans. Land leveling, ditch lining (fig. 6), and installing of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. pipelines may be needed for proper water applications. Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- Ile ' 'gated, IVe nonirrigated; Loamy Plains range site. rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- 3 Kim loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a deep, mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. we drained soil on plains and alluvial fans at elevations In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed eolian deposits barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to and parent sediment from a wide variety of bedrock. In- winter wheat and is summer fallowed in alternate years cluded in mapping are small areas of soils that have to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is loamy sand underlying material. ♦^o low for beneficial use of fertilizer. Typically the surface layer is brown and pale brown ''ubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- loam about 10 inches thick. The upper 28 inches of the un- . are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. derlying material is pale brown loam. The lower part to a -erracing also may be needed to control water erosion. depth of 60 inches is pale brown fine sandy loam. 4'S1858 24 SOIL SURVEY Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. moderate. This soil has good potential for urban and recreational In irrigated areas this soil is suited to crops commonly development. Increased population growth in the survey grown in the area. Perennial grasses and alfalfa or close area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The grown crops should be grown at least 50 percent of the chief limiting soil feature for urban development and road time. Contour ditches and corrugations can be used in ir- construction is the limited capacity of this soil to support rigating close grown crops and pasture. Furrows, contour a load. Septic tank absorption fields function properly, but furrows, and cross slope furrows are suitable for row community sewage systems should be provided if the crops. Sprinkler irrigation is also suggested. Keeping til- population density increases. Because of the permeability lage to a minimum and utilizing crop residue help to con- of the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. trol erosion. Maintaining fertility is important. Crops Lawns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass respond to applications of phosphorus and nitrogen. IIIe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Loamy Plains range site. In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to 34—Kim loam, 5 to 9 percent slopes. This is a deep, winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 28 bushels well drained soil on plains and alluvial fans at elevations per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years of 4,900 to 5,250 feet. It formed in mixed eolian deposits to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is and parent sediment from a wide variety of bedrock. In- too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. eluded in mapping are small areas of soils that have Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- loamy sand underlying material. lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. Typically the surface layer is brown and pale brown Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. loam about 10 inches thick. The upper 25 inches of the un- The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue derlying material is pale brown loam. The lower part to a grama. Several mid grasses, such as western wheatgrass depth of 60 inches is pale brown fine sandy loam. and needleandthread, are also present. Potential produc- Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition Surface runoff is rapid, and the erosion hazard is deteriorates, the mid grasses decrease; blue grama, buf- moderate. falograss, snakeweed, yucca, and fringed sage increase; This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensive and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and an- cropping is hazardous because of erosion. The cropping nuals invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. system should be limited to such close grown crops as al- Management of vegetation on this soil should be based falfa, wheat, and barley. This soil also is suited to ir- on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- rigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop. grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are Close grown crops can be irrigated from closely spaced suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the contour ditches or sprinklers. Contour furrows or sprin- seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into klers should be used for new crops. Applications of a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a nitrogen and phosphorus help in maintaining good produc- firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has tion. proven most successful. The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue Windbreaks and environmental plantings of trees and grama. Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheat- shrubs commonly grown in the area are generally well grass, and sedge are also prominent. Potential production suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing ranges from 1,800 pounds per acre in favorable years to vegetation should be continued for as many years as 1,500 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and deteriorates, the sideoats grama and little bluestem have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern decrease; forage production drops; and blue grama, buf- redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and falograss, and several perennial forbs and shrubs in- hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, crease. Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site ae lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. range condition becomes poorer. Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The Management of vegetation should be based on taking cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seed pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can ing is desirable if the range is in poor condition. Sideoat: be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, and pu cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- bescent wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- selected should meet the seasonal needs of livestock. I ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- can be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or i °S1 R59 WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 25 can be drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Plowing and Permeabilty is rapid. Available water capacity is filling on the contour minimize runoff and soil losses. moderate. The water table is usually about 24 to 36 inches eding early in spring has proven most successful. below the surface. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally hazard is low. well suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing This unit is used as rangeland and irrigated cropland. vegetation should be continued for as many years as Cropping in irrigated areas is limited to the crops possible following planting.Trees that are best suited and tolerant of water and salts. Light, frequent irrigations by have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern furrows and flooding reduce the salts accumulation. redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and Pasture is the best use. Tall wheatgrass, tall fescue, and hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, annual sweetclover are some of the best suited crops. lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. Commercial fertilizers improve the amount and value of Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The forage produced. cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked The potential native vegetation on this unit is pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can dominated by switchgrass, little bluestem, sand reedgrass, be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape and western wheatgrass. Indiangrass, sand bluestem, cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- prairie cordgrass, slender wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, salt- tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- grass, sedge, and rush are also present. Potential produc- ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- tion ranges from 4,000 pounds per acre in favorable years land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be to 3,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, deteriorates, the switchgrass, sand bluestem, indiangrass, managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. little bluestem, and prairie cordgrass decrease and salt- This soil has good potential for urban and recreational grass, blue grama, sand dropseed, sedge, and rush in- development. Increased population growth in the survey crease. Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site as area has resulted in increased homesite construction. The range condition becomes poorer. chief limiting soil feature for urban development and road Management of vegetation on this unit should be based construction is the limited capacity of this soil to support on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- a load. Septic tank absorption fields function properly, but tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. community sewage systems should be provided if the Switchgrass, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, western population density increases. Because of the permeability wheatgrass, indiangrass, pubescent wheatgrass, and inter- the substratum, sewage lagoons must be sealed. mediate wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The plants vns, shrubs, and trees grow well. Capability subclass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of .oe irrigated, VIe nonirrigated; Loamy Plains range site. livestock. They can be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum Loup-Boel loamy sands, 0 to 3 percent slopes. stubble, or they can be drilled into a firm prepared This level to nearly level map unit is on stream bottoms seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven most success- and in drainageways of the sandhills at elevations of 4,550 ful. Capability subclass IVw irrigated, VIw nonirriated; to 4,750 feet. The Loup soil occupies the lower or depres- Sandy Meadow range site. sional areas, which receive additional runoff. It makes up 36—Midway-Shingle complex, 5 to 20 percent slopes. about 55 percent of the unit. The Boel soil occupies the This moderately sloping to strongly sloping map unit is on slightly higher elevations. It makes up about 35 percent upland hills and ridges at elevations of 5,050 to 5,250 feet. of the unit. About 10 percent of the unit is Osgood sand The Midway soil makes pp about 50 percent of the unit, and Valent sand. and the Shingle soil about 35 percent. About 15 percent is The Loup soil is deep and poorly drained. It formed in Renohill clay loam and Tassel fine sandy loam. The Mid- sandy alluvium. Typically the surface layer is very dark way soil differs from the Shingle soil in having more than grayish brown, mottled loamy sand about 16 inches thick. 35 percent clay in the underlying material. The upper 24 inches of the underlying material is light The Midway soil is shallow and well drained. It formed brownish gray, mottled loamy sand. The lower part to a in residuum from calcareous shale. Typically the surface depth of 60 inches is light brownish gray, mottled sandy layer is light olive brown clay about 7 inches thick. The loam. underlying material is light brownish gray clay about 6 Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is inches thick. Depth to calcareous clayey shale is about 13 moderate. The water table is at or near the surface in inches. spring and about 36 inches below the surface in the fall. Permeability is slow. Available water cal.;'ity is low. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low. The effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 inches. Surface ru- The Boel soil is deep and somewhat poorly drained. It noff is rapid, and the erosion hazard is moderate to high. formed in stratified sandy alluvium. Typically the surface The Shingle soil also is shallow and well drained and layer is grayish brown loamy sand about 14 inches thick. formed in residuum from calcareous shale. Typically the The underlying material to a depth of 60 inches is pale surface layer is grayish brown loam about 6 inches thick. wn and very pale brown, stratified, mottled loamy The underlying material is light yellowish brown clay loam about 12 inches thick. Depth to calcareous clayey 991858 46 SOIL SURVEY Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 16 inches thick. moderate. A water table is at or near the surface in The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is sandy loam. spring and about 36 inches below the surface in fall. Sur- Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water face runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard is low. capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 This unit is used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The inches or more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion potential native vegetation on the Valent soil is hazard is low. dominated by sand reedgrass, sand bluestem, blue and In irrigated areas this soil is suited to the crops corn- hairy grama, little bluestem, needleandthread, and monly grown in the area. Perennial grasses and alfalfa or sideoats grama. Potential production ranges from 1,800 close grown crops should be grown at least 50 percent of pounds per acre in favorable years to 1,400 pounds in un- the time. Contour ditches and corrugations can be used in favorable years. As range condition deteriorates, the sand irrigating close grown crops and pasture. Furrows, con- bluestem, sand reedgrass, sideoats grama, and little tour furrows, and cross slope furrows are suitable for row bluestem decrease; sandhill muhly and blowout grass in- crops. Sprinkler irrigation is also desirable. Keeping til- crease, and forage production drops. "Blowouts" occur as lage to a minimum and utilizing crop residue help to con- range condition becomes poorer. trol erosion. Maintaining fertility is important. Crops The native vegetation on the Loup soil is dominated by respond to applications of phosphorus and nitrogen. switchgrass, little bluestem, sand reedgrass, and western In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, wheatgrass. Indiangrass, sand bluestem, prairie cordgrass, barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is planted to slender wheatgrass, alkali sacaton, saltgrass, sedge, and winter wheat. The predicted average yield is 20 bushels rush are also present. Potential production ranges from per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in alternate years 4,000 pounds per acre in favorable years to 3,000 pounds to allow moisture accumulation. Generally precipitation is in unfavorable years. As range condition deteriorates, the too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. and minimum til- switchgrass, sand bluestem, indiangrass, little bluestem, Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and prairie cordgrass decrease, and saltgrass, blue grama, lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. sand dropseed, sedge, and rush increase. Undesirable Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. weeds and annuals invade the site as range condition The potential native vegetation on this range site is becomes poorer. dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue Seeding with an interseeder is advisable if the range is grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama, in poor condition. Sand reedgrass, sand bluestem, sideoats and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential grama, switchgrass, little bluestem, indiangrass, and blue production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- grama are suitable for seeding. Seeding early in spring ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range has proven most successful. Grazing should be light to condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, prevent range deterioration. and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed, Wildlife is an important secondary use of this unit. On and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade the Valent soil, rangeland wildlife, for example, the the site as range condition becomes poorer. pronghorn antelope, can be attracted by developing Management of vegetation on this soil should be based livestock watering facilities, managing livestock grazing, on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- and reseeding where needed. tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. The Loup soil, which is typically wet and produces an Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats abundance of wetland vegetation, attracts wetland wil- grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested dlife species, such as mallard, teal, geese, and miscellane- wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected ous shorebirds. Primary management of this soil for wet- should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It land wildlife includes managing livestock grazing, fencing should be drilled into a clean, firm sorghum stubble or a to control livestock, protecting from fire, and preventing prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven drainage. Natural wetland vegetation should be allowed most successful. to develop. Capability subclass VIe irrigated, VIe nonir- Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well rigated; Valent soil in Choppy Sand Meadow range site, suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water Lou soil in Sandy Meadow range site. capacity are the principal hazards in establishing trees �7 Vona loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This is a and shrubs. The soil is so loose that trees should be deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on plains and planted in shallow furrows and vegetation maintained high terraces at elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It between the rows. Supplemental irrigation is needed to formed in eolian or alluvial deposits. Included in mapping insure survival. Trees that are best suited and have good are some leveled areas. Also included are small areas of survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, soils that have a loamy substratum and some areas of ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm. The shrubs best suited soils that are noncalcareous to a depth of 60 inches. are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberian peashrub. Typically the surface layer of this Vona soil is grayish Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The brown. The upper 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower 6 cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked inches is fine sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and light pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can 981958 WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 47 attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected ver. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. It can cial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- be seeded into a clean, firm sorghum stubble, or it can be ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- drilled into a firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be spring has proven most successful. attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water This soil has good potential for urban and recreational capacity are the principal hazards in establishing trees development. Once established, the lawns, shrubs, and and shrubs. The soil is so loose that trees should be trees grow well. The chief limiting soil feature is the planted in shallow furrows and vegetation maintained rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be needed hazard of ground water contamination from sewage to insure survival. Trees that are best suited and have lagoons. In places recreational development is limited by good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, western the susceptibility to soil blowing. Capability subclass IIIe redcedar, ponderosa pine, and Siberian elm. The shrubs irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains range site. best suited are skunkbush sumac, lilac, and Siberian 73—Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This is a peashrub. Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on plains and high terraces at elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can formed in eolian or alluvial deposits. Included in mapping be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape are some leveled areas. Also included are small areas of cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- soils that have a loamy substratum and some areas of tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- soils that are non calcareous to a depth of 60 inches. ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range- Typically the surface layer of this Vona soil is grayish land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be brown. The upper 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower 5 attracted by developing livestock watering facilities, inches is fine sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and light managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed. yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 14 inches thick. This soil has good potential for urban and recreational The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is sandy loam. development. Once established, the lawns, shrubs, and ermeabilmo is moderately rapid. Available water trees grow well. The primary limiting soil feature is the iacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 rapid permeability in the substratum, which causes a has or more. Surface runoff is slow, and the erosion hazard of ground water contamination from sewage hazard is low. lagoons. In places recreational development is limited by This soil is suited to limited cropping. Intensive the susceptibility to soil blowing. Capability subclass IVe cropping is hazardous because of soil blowing. The irrigated, VIe nonirrigated; Sandy Plains range site. cropping system should be limited to such close grown 74—Vona loamy sand, 5 to 9 percent slopes. This is a crops as alfalfa, wheat, and barley. The soil is also suited deep, somewhat excessively drained soil on plains at to irrigated pasture. A suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 elevations of 4,600 to 5,200 feet. It formed in eolian years of alfalfa followed by 2 years of corn and small deposits. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that grain and alfalfa seeded with a nurse crop. have a loamy substratum and areas of soils that are non- Closely spaced contour ditches or sprinklers can be calcareous to a depth of 60 inches. used in irrigating close grown crops. Contour furrows or Typically the surface layer is grayish brown. The upper spinklers should be used for new crops. Application of 6 inches is loamy sand and the lower 4 inches is fine barnyard manure and commercial fertilizer helps to main- sandy loam. The subsoil is brown and light yellowish tain good production. brown fine sandy loam about 12 inches thick. The sub- The potential native vegetation on this range site is stratum to a depth of 60 inches is loamy sand. dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama, capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential inches or more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- hazard is low. ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range The potential native vegetation on this range site is condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, and blue and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed, grama. Needleandthread, switchgrass, sideoats grama, and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Potential the site as range condition becomes poorer. production ranges from 2,200 pounds per acre in favora- Management of vegetation on this soil should be based ble years to 1,800 pounds in unfavorable years. As range taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc- condition deteriorates, the sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition. and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed, a bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested the site as range condition becomes poorer. 091958 Hello