HomeMy WebLinkAbout991317.tiff w 51.x. ,,,�
r
,
% 70
70 1i
48 RNs ,� � • H
Y �
72 i
ea a 72
4,73 73 70 70 .'ta ,' 7q
S 70 47 70
69
'a'31 44 - 'i a a:: ' ! a wv
74 48 727 v
'13
69 P'Y 70 a 48 /7
70
a 48
�P
48 73 ,
70
?SI (P^ f
Q tM..:. 70 73
q 74 44
72
K
t.
�.3 + S 72
it
13
s-
7 3 �y4 ,
`�e' ' Alwr+n+W ' rr a* `a
70 72 t *-:* 70
70
t$
48M ' 72 70r , " ki 72
�} _ ak "%."''''' , , 'gi' , m �'��'>:
i`4 r _A m .re , ,,,t? d£ t"`. m ' C,F I'l°i .2 1 'kF i - :+ �..S 1,, A" ' d F 4 Sfi' 5
Mi .e m...'�C Th ` ?�*' 1'sk it 'n..7 c �.-d,.. . ,
EXHIBIT
L u7
3\41k---—----
•
s 5 7
73
. le
It.
70
70fAi
I
ms I
Sh1/448 • .:, ' ' •
f a.
73 70 I '4 ' k * . , ,
74
•
' •,' 70
31 44
libil ,„
48
yam lk'.- 73 :4 l
'fir
69 �- •/� 70 70 48
ot
if ya4
5' '. .F 'K_
48 ,
i
4 �NIIIIIIIk � P��� 44 70tit
70 73
0 72
histw
73 ' ' 72
. � , �
. a 72
W k
�E5� Hd ;•ti
73
70 72 70 70
•
' ` "48 . 72 72
70
70
(Joins sheet 23)
NONTECHNICAL SOILS ➢ESCRIPTION REPORT
J. Johnson
Map I Soil name and description
Symbol I
48 I Olney fine sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes
I The Olney soil is a deep, well drained soil. It is
I formed on smooth plains in mixed outwash deposits. The
surface is a fine sandy loam. The subsoil is sandy clay
loam. The underlying material is a calcareous fine
I sandy loam. The soils have moderate permeability.
Their available water holding capacity is moderate.
Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow
and the erosion hazard due to wind is severe.
70 Valent sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes
I The Valent soil is a deep, excessively drained soil.
I It is formed on plains from eolian material. The
surface is a sand, as is the underlying material. The
soils have rapid permeability. Their available water
holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60
inches or more. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard
I due to wind is high.
I Vona loamy sand, 3 to 5 percent slopes
The Vona soil is a deep, somewhat excessively drained
I soil. It is formed on plains and high terraces in
eolian or alluvial deposits. The surface is a fine
I sandy loam, as is the subsoil. The underlying material
I is a sandy loam. The soils have moderately rapid
I Permeability. Their available water holding capacity
is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more.
Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is
high.
74 I Vona loamy sand, 5 to 9 percent slopes
I The Vona soil is a deep, somewhat excessively drained
soil. It is formed on plains and high terraces in
eolian or alluvial deposits. The surface is a fine
I sandy loam, as is the subsoil. The underlying material
I is a sandy loam. The soils have moderately rapid
I Permeability. Their available water holding capacity
I is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more.
I Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is
I high.
•
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
WATER FEATURES
J. Johnson
{ Flooding High water table and ponding
Map symbol IHydro-I I Water I I I Maximum
and soil name 'logic I Frequency Duration I Months table I Kind of I Months I Ponding I ponding
IgrouP I I depth (water table' I duration I depth
I I I I ! I I I I
I I I I Ft I I I Ft
I I I I I I I I
48: I I I I I I I I
Olney I B {None --- I
-- >6.O
I I I I I I
70: I I I I I I I I
-- - -
Valent I A (None � --- { � >6.0I --- I
I I I I I I I I I
73: I I I I I I I I
I I -- I I I Vona I B (None ---
>6.0
I I I I I I I I I
74: I I I I I I I I I
Vona I B INone I I ___ I >6.o
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
WATER FEATURES
Endnote -- WATER FEATURES
This report gives estimates of various soil water features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves
engineering considerations.
Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are
assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration of water when the soils are thoroughly
wet and receive precipitation from long-duration storms. The four hydrologic soil groups are:
Group " A". Soils having a high infiltration rate (low
runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly
of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or
gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water
transmission.
Group "B". Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or
deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that
have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture.
These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission.
Group ^C^. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when
thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a
layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils
of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils
have a slow rate of water transmission.
Group "D". Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high
runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist
chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential,
soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that
have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and
soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.
These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission.
If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in this report, the first letter is for drained areas and the second
is for undrained areas. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from
adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered
flooding, nor is water in swamps and marshes. This report gives the frequency and duration of flooding and
the time of year when flooding is most likely. Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated.
Frequency is expressed as "None", "Rare", "Occasional", and "Frequent". "None" means that flooding is not probable;
"Rare" that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions; "Occasional" that it occurs, on the
average, once or less in 2 years; and "Frequent" that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years.
Duration is expressed as "Very brief" if less than 2 days, "Brief" if 2 to 7 days, "Long" if 7 to 30 days, and "Very
7'g" if more than 30 days. The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel,
.d, silt, or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth;
and absence of distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not subject to flooding. Also considered are local
information about the extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
WATER FEATURES
Endnote -- WATER FEATURES--Continued
Information on the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than that provided by detailed engineering
surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency levels.
High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a
seasonal high water table applies to undrained soils. The estimates are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated
zone, namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in this report are the depth to the seasonal high
water table; the kind of water table, that is, "Apparent", "Artesian", or "Perched"; and the months of the year that
the water table commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated in
this report.
An "Apparent" water table is a thick zone of free water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water
stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil.
An "Artesian" water table exists under a hydrostatic beneath an impermeable layer. When the impermeable layer has been
penetrated by a cased borehole, the water rises. The final level of the water in the cased borehole is characterized as
an artesian water table.
A "Perched" water table is water standing above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or "Perched", water
table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet are
/-\icated.
Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration,
evaporation, or a combination of these processes.
This report gives the depth and duration of ponding and the time of year when ponding is most likely. Depth, duration,
and probable dates of occurrence are estimated.
Depth is expressed as the depth of ponded water in feet above the soil surface. Duration is expressed as "Very
brief" if less than 2 days, "Brief" if 2 to 7 days, "Long" if 7 to 30 days, and "Very long" if more than 30 days. The
information is based on the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic ponding and on local information about
the extent and levels of ponding.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
SOIL FEATURES
J. Johnson
{ Bedrock Cemented pan Subsidence I I Risk of corrosion
{ { I Potential I
Map symbol I I I I I I {frost action' Uncoated I
and soil name { Depth 'Hardness Depth I Kind {Initial Total I I steel I Concrete
{ I { I { I I I
{ In I I In { I In I In I I I
{ { { { { I I I
48: I I I I I I I I
Olney I >60 I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- {Low (High 'Low
{ { { { I I I I
70: I I I I I I I I
valent I >60 I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- {Low {Moderate {Low
I { I { I I I
73: I I I I 1 I I I I
Vona I >60 I --- I ___ I --- I --- I --- {Low (High {Low
I I I I I I I I
74: I I I I I I I I I
Vona I >60 I --- I --- I --- I --- I --- {Low {High {Low
I I I
/"N
/^'N
U.S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
SOIL FEATURES
Endnote -- SOIL FEATURES
This report gives estimates of various soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves
engineering considerations.
Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and on
observations during soil mapping. The rock is either "Soft" or "Hard". If the rock is "Soft" or fractured, excavations
can be made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is "Hard" or massive, blasting or
special equipment generally is needed for excavation.
Cemented pans are cemented or indurated subsurface layers within a depth of 5 feet. Such pans cause difficulty in
excavation. Pans are classified as "Thin" or "Thick". A "Thin" pan is less than 3 inches thick if continuously
indurated or less than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made by trenching machines,
backhoes, or small rippers. A "Thick" pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or more than 18
inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that blasting or special equipment is
needed in excavation.
Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence
results from either desiccation and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, following drainage.
Subsidence takes place gradually, usually over a period of several years. This report shows the expected initial
subsidence, which usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which usually is a result of oxidation. Not
mown in the report is subsidence caused by an imposed surface load or by the withdrawal of ground water throughout
an extensive area as a result of lowering the water table.
Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of
segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost
action occurs when moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, permeability,
content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most important factors considered in evaluating the
potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially
drained. Silty and highly structured clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most susceptible to
frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil
strength during thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other rigid structures.
Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or weakens
uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture,
particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete
is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. Special
site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors creates a severe corrosion environment. The steel
installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than steel in
installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. For uncoated steel, the risk of
corrosion, expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High", is based on soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical
resistivity near field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract.
For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High". It is based on soil texture,
acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 4
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
J. Johnson
(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and
"Wind erodability index" apply only to the surface layer)
I I I 'Erosion factorslWind Wind
Map symbol I Depth I Clay Moist Permea- 'Available' Shrink- 'Organic' lerodi- erodi-
and soil name bulk bility 1 water swell matter) 1 Ibility bility
density 'capacity Ipotential l K Kf 1 T 'group index
I I—I
In I Pct g/cc In/hr 1 In/in Pct I
I I I I I I
4B: I I I I I I I I
Olney 0-10 110-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 10.13-0.15ILow 10.5-1.01 0.28 0.281 5 I 3 86
1 10-20 118-35 1.25-1.40 0.60-2.00 10.13-0.17ILow 10.5-1.01 0.24 0.241 I
1 20-25 1 15-30 1.25-1.40 0.60-2.00 10.11-0.151Low 10.0-0.51 0.24 0.241 I
1 25-60 1 5-15 1.40-1.60 2.00-6.0010.06-0.131Low 10.0-0.51 0.32 0.321 I
I I I I I
70: I I I I I I I
Valent 0-8 2-6 1.45-1.60 >20.00 10.05-0.08ILow 10.5-1.01 0.24 0.241 5 I 1 250
r1 8-60 1 2-6 1.55-1.65 6.00-20.0010.03-0.051Low 10.0-0.51 0.10 0.101 I
I I I I I
73: I I I I I I I
Vona 0-6 3-8 1.45-1.60 6.00-20.0010.06-0.081Low 10.5-1.01 0.20 0.201 5 I 2 134
1 6-28 18-18 1.40-1.50 2.00-6.00 10.12-0.14ILow 10.5-1.01 0.28 0.281 I
1 28-60 1 3-15 1.45-1.55 2.00-20.0010.06-0.13ILow 10.0-0.51 0.32 0.321 I
I I I I I
74: I I I I I I I
Vona 0-6 3-8 1.45-1.60 6.00-20.0010.06-0.081Low 10.5-1.01 0.20 0.201 5 I 2 134
1 6-28 1 8-18 1.40-1.50 2.00-6.00 10.12-0.14ILow 10.5-1.01 0.28 0.281 I
1 28-60 1 3-15 1.45-1.55 2.00-20.0010.06-0.13ILow 10.0-0.51 0.32 0.321 I
I I I I I_I
/r\
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 4
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates
are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations
and on test data for these and similar soils.
CLAY as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter.
In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the
soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the
fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and
to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil
dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and
earthmoving operations.
MOIST BULK DENSITY is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is
at field moisture capacity, the moisture content at 1/3 bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after
drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this report, the estimated moist bulk density of each major soil
horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in
diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total
pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for
water and roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist
/...‘k density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure.
PERMEABILITY refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The estimates indicate the
rate of downward movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil characteristics
observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is considered in
the design of soil drainage systems, septic tank absorption fields, and construction where the rate of
water movement under saturated conditions affects behavior.
AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by
plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer.
The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect the retention of water and the depth of the root
zone. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil
structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in
the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of
water actually available to plants at any given time.
SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL is the potential for volume change in a soil with a loss or gain of moisture. Volume
change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with the amount and type
of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture
content influence the amount of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of undisturbed
clods were made for many soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of
clay minerals in the soil and on measurements of similar soils. If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate
to very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design
is often needed. Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the change in length of an unconfined clod as
moisture content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The change is based on the soil fraction less
2 millimeters in diameter. The classes are "Low," a change of less than 3 percent; "Moderate," 3 to 6
:ent; and "High," more than 6 percent. "Very high," greater than 9 percent, is sometimes used.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 4
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
eTh
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued
ORGANIC MATTER is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. In report J,
the estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is
less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained or increased by
returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, infiltration rate, and
tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.
EROSION FACTOR K indicates the susceptibility of the whole soil (including rocks and rock fragments) to
sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The
estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil
structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more susceptible
the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water.
EROSION FACTOR Kf is like EROSION FACTOR K but it is for the fine-earth fraction of the soil. Rocks and
rock fragments are not considered.
EROSION FACTOR T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can
occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year.
't ERODIBILITY GROUPS are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their resistance to wind
t._usion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. Soils are grouped
according to the following distinctions:
1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine sands.
These soils are generally not suitable for crops. They are
extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult to
establish.
2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine sands, loamy
very fine sands, and sapric soil material. These soils are
very highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive
measures to control wind erosion are used.
3. Coarse sandy loans, sandy loans, fine sandy loans, and
very fine sandy loams. These soils are highly erodible.
Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind
erosion are used.
4L. Calcareous loans, silt loans, clay loans, and silty clay
loans. These soils are erodible. Crops can be grown if
intensive measures to control wind erosion are used.
4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, and silty
clay loans that are more than 35 percent clay. These soils
are moderately erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to
control wind erosion are used.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 4 OF 4
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued
5. Noncalcareous loans and silt loans that are less than 20
percent clay and sandy clay loans, sandy clays, and hemic
soil material. These soils are slightly erodible. Crops
can be grown if measures to control wind erosion are used.
6. Noncalcareous loans and silt loans that are more than 20
percent clay and noncalcareous clay loans that are less than
35 percent clay. These soils are very slightly erodible.
Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control wind
erosion are used.
7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loans that are less than
35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. These soils are
very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if ordinary
measures to control wind erosion are used.
8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion because of
coarse fragments on the surface or because of surface
wetness.
...d WIND ERODIBILITY INDEX is used in the wind erosion equation (WEQ) . The index number indicates the
amount of soil lost in tons per acre per year. The range of wind erodibility index numbers is 0 to 300.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
PT
SANITARY FACILITIES
J. Johnson
(The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite
investigation)
I I I I
Map symbol Septic tank ( Sewage lagoon ( Trench I Area ( Daily cover
and soil name absorption I areas ( sanitary I sanitary for landfill
fields I ( landfill I landfill (
( ( ( (
( (
48: I I I
Olney Moderate: (Severe: (Moderate: (Slight (Fair:
percs slowly I Seepage ( too sandy I I too sandy
I ( I I
70: ( I I I
Valent Severe: (Severe: (Severe: (Slight (Poor:
poor filter ( seepage I too sandy ( ( seepage,
( I I too sandy
( ( I
!^s I I I
.one Severe: (Severe: (Moderate: (Slight (Fair:
poor filter I Seepage I too sandy I I too sandy
I ( I I
74: I I I I
Vona Severe: (Severe: (Moderate: (Slight (Fair:
poor filter ( seepage, I too sandy I I too sandy
I slope I (
( ( I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
SANITARY FACILITIES
•
Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES
This report shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons,
and sanitary landfills. The limitations are considered "Slight" if soil properties and site features generally are
favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site
features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or
minimize the limitations; and "Severe" if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome
that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required.
This report also shows the suitability of the soils for use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of "Good" indicates
that Boil properties and site features are favorable for the use and good performance and low maintenance can be
expected; "Fair" indicates that soil properties and site features are moderately favorable for the use and one or
more soil properties or site features make the soil less desirable than the soils rated "Good"; and "Poor" indicates
that one or more soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the use and overcoming the unfavorable
properties requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.
SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION FIELDS are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through
subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 to 72 inches is evaluated. The
ratings are base on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a high
water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones
and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption fields,
including excessively slow absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect public health.
rTundwater can be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the
ee of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the surface. There must be
unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances
require that this material be of a certain thickness.
SEWAGE LAGOONS are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid
wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Lagoons
generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon
floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. This report gives ratings for
the natural soil that makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material
below the surface layer are excavated to provide material for the embankments. The ratings are based on soil
properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, a
high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter.
Excessive seepage due to rapid permeability of the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the level of sewage
in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater
overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it
inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can
hinder compaction of the lagoon floor.
SANITARY LANDFILLS are areas where solid waste is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of landfill,
trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered daily
with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on the
surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil form a source away
from the site. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of
groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation need to be considered. The ratings in this report are based
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
SANITARY FACILITIES
Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued
on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a
cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders,
highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise
stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a
limitation rate "Slight" or "Moderate" may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.
DAILY COVER FOR LANDFILL is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary
landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.
Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and elope affect the ease of removing and spreading the material during wet
and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a
landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky or cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil
blowing. After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough
over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a
landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the best workability, more organic matter than
the rest of the profile, and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for use
as the final cover.
/ \
•
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/
�4
WATER MANAGEMENT
J. Johnson
(The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)
Limitations for-- Features affecting--
Map symbol Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces
and soil name reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage F Irrigation and F Grassed
areas levees ponds diversions waterways
I
I
48:
Olney Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Slope, Soil blowing IToo arid
seepage piping no water soil blowing I
F
70: I I I I
Valent (Severe: Severe: (Severe: (Deep to water (Slope, lToo sandy, (Too arid,
seepage seepage, no water I droughty, soil blowing droughty
piping F fast intake F
I I I I
,rti I I I I I I
ona Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water (Slope, (Too sandy, Too arid,
seepage seepage, no water F droughty, F soil blowing droughty
piping F fast intake
74: I I I
Vona Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Slope, Too sandy, Too arid,
seepage seepage, F no water droughty, I soil blowing I droughty
piping fast intake
F
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/
WATER MANAGEMENT
Endnote -- WATER MANAGEMENT
This report gives information on the soil properties and site features that affect water management. The degree and kind
of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir areas; embankments, dikes and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated
ponds. The limitations are considered "Slight" if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the
indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site features are
not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the
limitations; and "Severe" of soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that
special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required.
This report also gives for each soil the restrictive features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and diversions,
and grassed waterways
POND RESERVOIR AREAS hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage potential in
the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to fractured
bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area.
EMBANKMENTS, DIKES, AND LEVEES are raised structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to
impound water or to protect land against overflow. In this report, the soils are rated as a source of material for
embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is
assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. The ratings do not indicate the
ability of the natural soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the
nyankment can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to
..ermine these properties. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have
favorable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high
content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable
material. It also affects trafficability.
AQUIFER-FED excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent
water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet
or more above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table,
permeability of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock
and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation.
DRAINAGE is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and effectively the soil is
drained depends on the depth to bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water movement;
permeability; depth to a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; elope;
susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and potential frost action. Excavating and grading and the
stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of
cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by
toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium , or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered
in the ratings.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/
WATER MANAGEMENT
Endnote -- WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued
IRRIGATION is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The design
and management of an irrigation system are affected by depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding,
available water capacity, intake rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The construction of a system is affected
by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The performance of a system is affected by the depth of the
root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil reaction.
TERRACES AND DIVERSIONS are embankments or a combination of channels and ridges constructed across a slope to control
erosion and conserve moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock or to a
cemented pan affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of
wind or water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance.
GRASSED WATERWAYS are natural or constructed channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct surface water to
outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the
construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting
depth, toxic substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and
maintenance of the grass after construction.
!"1
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
/ \
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS
J. Johnson
I I I I I
Map symbol Depth I Clay I Cation- Soil I Calcium I Gypsum 'Salinity' Sodium
and soil name I !exchange reaction Icarbonatel 1 'adsorption
'capacity I I ratio
I I
In I Pct Imeq/1009 pH Pct Pct Immhos/cm1
I . I I I I
48: I I I I I I
Olney 0-10 10-201 5.0-15.0 6.6-7.8 I --- --- --- ---
10-20 118-35110.0-25.0 6.6-7.8 0-10 --- -- ---
20-25 1 15-30110.0-20.0 7.9-8.4 0-10 --- 0-2 ---
25-60 I 5-151 3.0-10.0 7.9-9.0 5-15 --- 0-2 ---
I I I
70: I I I I I
Valent 0-8 2-6 12.0-5.0 6.6-7.8 I --- --- --- ---
8-60 2-6 1.0-5.0 6.6-7.8 I --- --- --- ---
I I I
73: I I I I I I I
Vona 0-6 3-8 12.0-5.0 6.6-7.8 I --- --- 0-2 ---
6-28 18-181 5.0-10.0 6.6-8.4 I 0-10 --- 0-4 ---
/-I\ 128-60 I 3-151 5.0-10.0 7.9-9.0 2-15 --- 0-4 ---
I I I I I I I
74: I I I I I I
Vona 1 0-6 13-8 12.0-5.0 6.6-7.8 I --- I --- I 0-2 I ---
6-28 1 8-181 5.0-10.0 6.6-8.4 0-10 --- 0-4 ---
28-60 13-151 5.0-10.0 7.9-9.0 I 2-15 --- 0-4 ---
I I I 1 I I I
MTh
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
irN
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS
Endnote -- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS
This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior.
These estimates are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates
are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils.
CLAY as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002
millimeter in diameter. In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer
is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in
diameter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and physical condition of
the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture.
They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, and plasticity, the ease of soil
dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect
tillage and earthmoving operations.
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) is the total amount of cations held in a soil in such
a way that they can be removed only by exchanging with another cation in the natural soil
solution. CEC is a measure of the ability of a soil to retain cations, some of which are
plant nutrients. Soils with low CEC hold few cations and may require more frequent
applications of fertilizers than soils with high CEC. Soils with high CEC have the potential
to retain cations, thus reducing the possibility of pollution of ground water.
....IL REACTION is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is expressed as a range in pH
values. The range in pH of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For many soils,
values have been verified by laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting
crops and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and
in determining the risk of corrosion.
CALCIUM CARBONATE is the percentage by weight of calcium carbonate in the fine-earth
material, less than 2 millimeters in size.
GYPSUM is the percentage by weight of hydrated calcium sulfates 20 millimeters or
smaller in size, in the soil.
SALINITY is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at saturation. It is expressed
as the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter
at 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and laboratory measurements at representative
sites of nonirrigated soils.
The salinity of irrigated soils is affected by the quality of the irrigation water
and by the frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of soils in individual fields
can differ greatly from the value given in the report. Salinity affects the suitability of
a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as construction material, and
the potential of the soil to corrode metal and concrete.
SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO (SAR) expresses the relative activity of sodium ions in
change reactions in the soil. SAR is a measure of the amount of sodium relative to
zium and magnesium in the water extract from saturated Boil paste.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES
J. Johnson
Classification I Fragments Percentage passing I I
Map symbol I Depth USDA texture I sieve number-- 'Liquid' Plas-
and soil name I >10 13-10 I I limit'ticity
Unified AASHTO lincheslinchesl 4 I 10 40 I 200 I 'index
I I I I
In l Pat I Pat I I Pat I
I I I I I
I I I I I
48: I 100 I70-85 40-50 25-30I 5-10
Olney 0-10 'Fine sandy loam SC-SM, SC A-4 0 0 100
10-20 'Sandy clay SC, CL, IA-6, A-4 0 0 195-100190-100180-100140-55 125-351 5-15
I loam, sandy SC-SM, CL-MLI I I I I
I loam I I I I I I I I
20-25 'Sandy loam, SC, SC-SM, IA-4, A-2 0 0 I95-100195-100160-90 130-55 25-30I 5-10
I sandy clay CL, CL-ML I I I I
I loam, fine I I I I I I I
I sandy loam I I I I I I I
25-60 'Fine sandy SM, SC-SM IA-2 0 0 195-100195-100160-85 130-50 120-251 NP-5
I loam, loamy I I I I I I I I
I fine sand, I I I I I I I I
I sandy loam I I I I I I I I
T I I I I I I I I ' I
I I I I I I I I I
Valent 1 0-8 'Fine sand SM IA-2 0 0 1100 1100 165-80 120-35 I --- NP
8-60 'Sand SP, SP-SM IA-3 0 0 1100 195-100160-70 10-10 I --- NP
I I I I I I I I
73: I I I I I I I I I I
Vona 0-6 'Loamy sand SM IA-2 0 0 100 1100 150-75 115-30 I --- NP
6-28 (Fine sandy SM, SC-SM, SCIA-2, A-4 0 0 1100 190-100'60-90 130-45 120-301 NP-10
I loam, sandy I I I I I I I
I loam I I I I I I I I
28-60 'Sandy loam, SM, SC-SM IA-2, A-4 0 0 1100 190-100150-85 115-40 120-251 NP-5
loamy sand, I I I I I I I I I
loamy fine I I I I I I I I I
1 sand I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
74: I I I I I I I I I I
Vona 0-6 'Loamy sand SM IA-2 0 0 1100 1100 150-75 115-30 I --- I NP
1 6-28 'Fine sandy SM, SC-SM, SCIA-2, A-4 10 10 1100 190-100160-90 '30-45 120-301 NP-10
I loam, sandy I I I I I I I I I
I loam I I I I I I I I I
28-60 'Sandy loam, SM, SC-SM IA-2, A-4 0 0 1100 '90-100'50-85 115-40 120-25' NP-5
I loamy sand, I I I I I I I I I
I loamy fine I I I I I I I I I
I sand I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES
Endnote -- ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES
This report gives estimates of the engineering classification and of the range of index properties for the
major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most soils have layers of contrasting properties within the upper
5 or 6 feet.
DEPTH to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. The range in depth and information on other
properties of each layer are given in the published Soil Survey for each soil series under "Soil Series and Their
Morphology."
TEXTURE is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined
according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in
diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52
percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an appropriate modifier is
added, for example, "gravelly." Textural terms are defined in the Soil Survey Glossary.
Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification system and the system
adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
The UNIFIED system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use as construction material. Soils are
classified according to grain-size distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according to
/Thsticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC,
, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils
exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can have a dual classification, for example, CL-ML.
The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect roadway construction and maintenance.
In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven
groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in
group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay) . At the other extreme, soils in group A-7
are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual inspection. If laboratory
data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-
5, or A-7-6. As an additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group
index number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the beet subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest.
Rock FRAGMENTS larger than 3 inches in diameter are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight
basis. The percentages are estimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weight
percentage.
Percentage of soil particles passing designated sieves (PERCENTAGE PASSING SIEVE NUMBER--)is the percentage of the
soil fraction lees than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA
Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on
laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field.
LIQUID LIMIT and PLASTICITY INDEX (Atterberg.limits) indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The
estimates are based on test data from the survey area or from nearby areas and on field examination. The estimates
of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the nearest 5 percent. Thus,
f_the ranges of gradation and Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 percentage points) across
;sification boundaries, the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in this report.
98 SOIL SURVEY `
TABLE 5.--YIELDS PER ACRE OF IRRIGATED CROPS--Continued
f
it
i Soil name and I I
Beans,
map symbol Alfalfa hayLSugar beets Corn Corn silage dry pinto �
Onions ! Potatoes -
Ton I Ton Bu Ton Lb I Sack I Cut
47
Olney 5.5 23 160 33 2400 I 525 ; 325
Olne 4.0 i --- , 100 25 i 1800
Y --- 1 _9 4 Osgood i 3.0 --- 80 20 --- I --- -- rA.
50 xi:
5.5 { 23 I 170 33 2400 1 525 325
Otero
I ,
5.0 I 22 1 150 30 1800 I 500 Otero ___ `
51
f.
1 1 y'
5Otero 2 4.0 18 i 100 25 i --- i --- _--
I I
53
Otero 3.0 --- 80 20 i -'- 1 --- --- ,:.
5Paoli 4 5.0 23 180 35 i 2700 --- i 350
, 1
55aoli 5.0 23 160 33 2400 --- I 325
i 1
q
56
Renohill 3'0 18 100 25 _-- ___
57
2.0
Renohill --- 80 20 '
/l.
r ,
� r r
2.0
ningle --- 17
59 I ---
S , 1 --- ---
Shingle I i
I ,
60 ---
Shingle --- --- --- I --- --- i ---
61
--- ---
Tassel --- ---
2 6Terry 4.0 20 120 30 I 2400 I ___ 1 ___
63 I 1
3.0
--- 1 70 1 25 1 ___ ___
___Terry 4 64hedal and ' 4.0 20 130 i 30 1 2400 ___ --_
65
3.0 --- 80 I 25 1
Thedalund , --- --- ---
66 5.5 --- 1 1
Ulm 160 33 ,
67
4.0 , --- 100 25 __'
Ulm --- ---
68"" j --- ___ --- ,
Ustic Torriorthents I i --- --- --- I --- k
,
69, 70 1 3.5 --- 80 22 <.'..
Vat ___ ___
I �
See footnote at end of table. •
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 99
TABLE 5.--YIELDS PER ACRE OF IRRIGATED CROPS--Continued
ET i I
Soil name and I . Beans, i
map symbol Alfalfa hay:Sugar beets: Corn Corn silage dry pinto ; Onions ; Potatoes
Ton ; Ton Bu Ton Lb Sack Cwt
72 4.5 20 140 , 30 --- --- 275
ona
7 3.5 --- 80 22 --- --- ---
ona , I
I I
ona
75 5.0 23 160 30 2400 525 i 325
Vona I ,
76 I 4.5 20 140 i 30 1800 I 525 1 325
Vona 1 I
77 i 4.0 18 100 25 , --- i --- i ---
Vona
78 I 5.5 24 180 I 35 I 2700 ; --- 1 ---
Weld
79 5.5 23 160 33 1 2400 1 --- ---
Weld
80 4.0 20 100 ,i 25 1800 --- ---
Weld i I
81 5.5 24 180 35 2700 --- ---
Wiley
82 i 5.5 i 23 1 160 33 2400 --- i ---
ET Wiley
83 i 4.0 1 20 100 i 25 1800 , --- i ---
Wiley
" Yields are for areas protected from flooding.
" See map unit description for the composition and behavior of the map unit.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHARACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES
J. Johnson
(Only the soils that support rangeland vegetation suitable for grazing are listed. Ppt means precipitation)
I Total production I
Map symbol Range site Characteristic vegetation ICompo-
and soil name 'Kind of year I Dry [ Isition
'weight I
I I I
'Lb/acre) Pat
48:
Olney SANDY PLAINS 'Favorable 11,500 (Blue grama [ 45
'Normal 1' 1,100 ISideoate grama [ 20
)Unfavorable 600 IThickspike wheatgrass 10
'Sand dropseed 10
'Prairie eandreed 5
70: I I I
Valent DEEP SANDS [Favorable ) 2,000 )Sand bluestem 15
/'N )Normal ) 1,200 'Sand sagebrush 15
)Unfavorable 800 'Prairie eandreed 15
'Blue grama 10
'Sand dropseed 10
ISandhill muhly 5
ISideoats grama 5
'Indian ricegrass 5
INeedlegrass 5
ISwitchgrase 5
(Little bluestem 5
IThickspike wheatgrass 5
73: I I I I
Vona SANDY PLAINS )Favorable ) 2,000 [Blue grams 20
'Normal 1,700 [Prairie eandreed 20
[Unfavorable 11,200 [Sand bluestem 10
[Switchgrass [ 10
[ [ 'Sand sagebrush 5
[ [ 'Western wheatgrass 5
[ INeedleandthread 5
ISideoats grams 5
'Little bluestem 5
I I I I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHARACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES--Continued
J. Johnson
( I Total production I I
Map symbol I Range site I I Characteristic vegetation ICompo-
and soil name ( (Kind of year I Dry I Isition
I (weight I I
I I ILb/acre) I Pct
I I I ! !
74: I I I l I
Vona (SANDY PLAINS (Favorable 2,000 (Blue grama I 20
( (Normal 11,700 (Prairie sandreed 20
( 'Unfavorable 11,200 (Sand bluestem ) 10
( ( ISwitchgrass 10
( I ( 'Sand sagebrush 5
( I ( 'Western wheatgrass I 5
( ( INeedleandthread I 5
( ' ( ISideoate grama I 5
I I I (Little bluestem I 5
I I I I I
/\
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - PAGE 3 OF 3
NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 06/30/98
Endnote -- RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHRACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES
In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on
rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between
the soils and vegetation and water. This report shows, for each soil, the range site; the total annual
production of vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable years; the characteristic vegetation; and the
average percentage of each species. Only those soils that are used as rangeland or are suited to use as
rangeland are listed. An explanation of the column headings in this report follows.
RANGE SITE is a distinctive kind of rangeland that produces a characteristic natural plant community that
differs from natural plant communities on other range sites in kind, amount and proportion of range plants.
The relationship betweeen soils and vegetation was ascertained during this survey; thus, range sites generally
can be determined directly from the soil map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply and plant nutrients
have the greatest influence on the productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content, and a seasonal
high water table are also important.
TOTAL PRODUCTION is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually on well managed rangeland
that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is
palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody
plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs.
It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, normal, and unfavorable years. In a
favorable year, the amount and distribution of precipitation and the temperatures make growing conditions
substantially better than average. In a normal year, growing conditions are about average. In an unfavorable
,sr, growing conditions are well below average, generally because of low available soil moisture. Dry weight
the total annual yield per acre of air-dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry
moisture content. The relationship of green weight to air-dry weight varies according to such factors as
exposure, amount of shade, recent rains, and unseasonable dry periods.
CHARACTERISTIC VEGETATION The grasses, forbs, and shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant
community on each soil is listed by common name.
Under COMPOSITION the expected percentage of the total annual production is given for each species making up
the characteristic vegetation. The amount that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of grazing animals
and on the grazing season.
Range management requires a knowledge of the kinds of soil and of the potential natural plant community. It
also requires an evaluation of the present range condition. Range condition is determined by comparing the
present plant community with the potential natural plant community on a particular range site. The more
closely the existing community resembles the potential community, the better the range condition. Range
condition is an ecological rating only. The objective in range management is to control grazing so that the
plants growing on a site are about the same in kind and amount as the potential natural plant community for
that site. Such management generally results in the optimum production of vegetation, control of undesirable
brush species, conservation of water, and control of erosion. Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat
below the potential meets grazing needs, provides wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources.
Hello