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Home My WebLink About981637.tiff U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHARACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES Warehime (Only the soils that support rangeland vegetation suitable for grazing are listed. Ppt means precipitation) Total production Map symbol Range site Characteristic vegetation Combo- and soil name Kind of year Dry sition weight Lb/acre Pct 4: Aquolls SALT MEADOW Favorable 3,500 Inland saltgrass 45 Normal 3,000 Alkali sacaton 25 Unfavorable 2,500 Sedge 10 Blue grama 5 Switchgrass 5 Western wheatgrass 5 Aquepts, Flooded WET MEADOW Favorable 3,500 Inland saltgrass 45 Normal 3,000 Alkali sacaton 25 Unfavorable 2,500 Sedge 10 Blue grams 5 Switchgrass 5 Western wheatgrass 5 32: Kim LOAMY PLAINS Favorable 1,800 Blue grama 30 Normal 1,400 Western wheatgrass 25 Unfavorable 1,000 Needleandthread 15 Buffalograss 10 Sideoats grama 5 37: Nelson SANDY PLAINS Favorable 1,700 Blue grama 45 Normal 1,500 Prairie junegrass 10 Unfavorable 1,000 Other perennial grasses 8 Sideoats grama 8 Needleandthread 5 Little bluestem 5 Other perennial forbs 5 Prairie sandreed 3 Other shrubs 3 Sand dropseed 3 Sedge 2 Buckwheat 2 Yucca 1 981637 IIEXHIBIT / 'i U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHARACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES--Continued Warehime Total production Map symbol Range site Characteristic vegetation Compo- and soil name Kind of year Dry sition weight Lb/acre Pct 38: Nelson SANDY PLAINS Favorable 1,700 Blue grama 45 Normal 1,500 Prairie junegrass 10 Unfavorable 1,000 Other perennial grasses 8 Sideoats grama 8 Needleandthread 5 Little bluestem 5 Other perennial forbs 5 Prairie sandreed 3 Other shrubs 3 Sand dropseed 3 Sedge 2 Buckwheat 2 Yucca 1 ulney SANDY PLAINS Favorable 1,500 Blue grama 45 Normal 1,100 Sideoats grama 20 Unfavorable 600 Thickspike wheatgrass 10 Sand dropseed 10 Prairie sandreed 5 50: Otero SANDY PLAINS Favorable 2,200 Sand bluestem 15 Normal 2,000 Blue grama 15 Unfavorable 1,800 Reedgrass 15 Sideoats grama 10 Western wheatgrass 10 Needleandthread 10 Switchgrass 10 51: Otero SANDY PLAINS Favorable 2,200 Sand bluestem 15 Normal 2,000 Blue grama 15 Unfavorable 1,800 Reedgrass 15 Sideoats grama 10 Western wheatgrass 10 Needleandthread 10 Switchgrass 10 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHARACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES--Continued Warehime Total production Map symbol Range site Characteristic vegetation Campo- and soil name Kind of year Dry sition weight Lb/acre Pct 52: Otero SANDY PLAINS Favorable 2,200 Sand bluestem 15 Normal 2,000 Blue grams 15 Unfavorable 1,800 Reedgrass 15 Sideoats grama 10 Western wheatgrass 10 Needleandthread 10 Switchgrass 10 98'x.637 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. _ _ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 4 OF 4 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 Endnote -- RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY AND CHRACTERISTIC PLANT COMMUNITIES In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water. This report shows, for each soil, the range site; the total annual production of vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable years; the characteristic vegetation; and the average percentage of each species. Only those soils that are used as rangeland or are suited to use as rangeland are listed. An explanation of the column headings in this report follows. RANGE SITE is a distinctive kind of rangeland that produces a characteristic natural plant community that differs from natural plant communities on other range sites in kind, amount and proportion of range plants. The relationship betweeen soils and vegetation was ascertained during this survey; thus, range sites generally can be determined directly from the soil map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply and plant nutrients have the greatest influence on the productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content, and a seasonal high water table are also important. TOTAL PRODUCTION is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually on well managed rangeland that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, the amount and distribution of precipitation and the temperatures make growing conditions substantially better than average. In a normal year, growing conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year, growing conditions are well below average, generally because of low available soil moisture. Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of air-dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry •sture content. The relationship of green weight to air-dry weight varies according to such factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent rains, and unseasonable dry periods. CHARACTERISTIC VEGETATION The grasses, forbs, and shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant community on each soil is listed by common name. Under COMPOSITION the expected percentage of the total annual production is given for each species making up the characteristic vegetation. The amount that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of grazing animals and on the grazing season. Range management requires a knowledge of the kinds of soil and of the potential natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation of the present range condition. Range condition is determined by comparing the present plant community with the potential natural plant community on a particular range site. The more closely the existing community resembles the potential community, the better the range condition. Range condition is an ecological rating only. The objective in range management is to control grazing so that the plants growing on a site are about the same in kind and amount as the potential natural plant community for that site. Such management generally results in the optimum production of vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, conservation of water, and control of erosion. Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat below the potential meets grazing needs, provides wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources. 981627 ti £ �.W_� 1 7 L `1 °114' ;`§' r tin.< r.,,st Sisi i- tii e', ce, waKir `- t t, 1 sr III "r 'a"W ` i l am. a ^2Ij Y ..dk J ,r, .gY...�s� F 1 + ,ini 1 a hYfi,.,. is Y -1:11 {1 ' R i��N A. v� \ 1 ;'):::';'''in.; �', �Y It f, �. } k M S tN •- , 't ,Agi A~ G,!� 51 11 ct 9 , '',.t ,t .,. e '<ara-S Rio 11 ' .. ..�, 1S �4 teiv '4 Y y a, 1� 1" � 3q�{ .- 7„;.,;,,,...1.!:,,,,c. y ^mot " Y 'k > >\t ' Y '41; 5 'Jr,' t \Arlt s1 41rit 'ice. E; F,_ 4i .5 � 15 I 9. v e y 'a tb • J x � ti , • t': 1 t .E >J 1 ! y1 t,,� �` it + h ¢3 3-#—xz k x ,_• f r. : " ' i, kA � Y $' f ) e' i '�' } 1't j fi ":',':;':;.1.P -;14#..." S sitIIIIII _ . jT;1-.:4.: i _ . • 5. !3 aV ...41 ~„s + jf; 1 + 7 t e� � l ��„� ; �„p. "Y - 'd + . ,... f4L t I 4 j 1 . 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AD'IOC UOUtIDAG1'(Libel) ! i a_I_I gin..,.'..� r•n n r Cloy snot l:'ell:.oil or r.. Small art UorL.ur held.hark,oa'ncW, - __ - R. ccmcicry,nr Prod pool .. Cuvcay:dal Windmill STATE COORDINATE TICK --J-- Kachcn nllliden Crmho,sbG or ;calm, Snot(Iodic) 1. Ulm P;AnJ OILrr ;n'nil.lr LAND DIVISION C.l r(:1 r,:• l- J- -i- r non:u.I ar,at (:CCIiOn:anti loud Ghvda Pr Oinnmut Intl or peal( - (ADS !loco n,rxrno Divided tI pet mil;ha`vo onc:in:co:dml:br a;vvl;bale) rl;talenr,rrnl:) WATER FEATURES $.rlmc :,rnl .l. ollicrroads DI:AItIAcr. • nay Trail �' Vet Uual,Inviable lair e Ser el./er oiled tool ROA()(MULE:is G DESIGNATIONS lulu,laic O rct Cnnul.sick Zinc Sbae or ;bp Itgr:001111upa /orCl > O '•.',i,.. 0 It) Int<nndlenl S:oni:Pon.vela;Imo{;Val Federal O Uraora Cc end state Highly Erodible Land UiEl County.Linn or ranch U Canal or drlclics RAILROAD •'--I Davbtrlmc (burl) --__ Not Highly Erodible Dnvnacc and/or nr,I;a:Ion _- -- Land N E 1'EC, ro::'m TRANSMISSION LINE (nor orally not;boon•) —u•u LAKE S.I'OI:DS AND II[SCI;V011t5 r Ire urn: —'- rt;/ normally nil:6r.:n), .� C"') ___ Per curual ',��- . FENCE '—"—" . . (nonvally not:hovrn) _ ,. title,un::uq ' LGVf:flS • MISCELLANEOUS VIM FEATURES Without rood :dor:b or :vamp '. WO mall ri:,rr irrrrrr irrr twit r_n r 0. n SIv mil Willi.android '-'— DAMS.. Well. ell.orIc Sian l h % \':ell.v r,Catnon Larl;C Ito:calcl .- I Yin :Vol a. LlcJmm or mull 7 al (taken from published soil survey text for use as a soil min legend shr't for FSA plan NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT Warehime Map Soil name and description Symbol 4 AquoLls and Aquepts, Flooded These soils are well to excessively drained, loamy sand textured soil developed on bottom lands derived from mixed alluvium sediments. Surface layer is sandy loam. Underlying material is gravelly sandy. Permeability is rapid and available water capacity is medium. Effective rooting zone is 40 to 60 inches. Hazard of soil blowing is severe and hazard to water erosion is moderate. This map unit is in depressions in smooth plains and along bottoms of natural drainageways throughout the survey area. This unit consists of 55 percent Aquolls and 25 percent Aquepts soils. These soils are deep, poorly drained. They formed in recent alluvium. The soils have a mildly to moderately alkaline loamy or clayey surface layer and underlying material that extends to a depth of 60 inches or more. The water table is at or near the surface, creating a hydric soil condition. The erosion hazard due to wind is low. 32 Kim loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes This is a deep well drained soil on smooth plains and alluvial fans. It formed in mixed wind deposits and parent sediment. Typically the surface layer is brown and pale brown loam about 12 in. thick. Permeability is moderate. Available water holding capacity is high. The effective rooting depth is 60 in. The hazard of water erosion is low, while that due to wind is high. 37 Nelson fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes The Nelson soil is a moderately deep, well drained soil. It is formed on plains in residuum from sandstone. The surface is a fine sandy loam. The underlying material is a fine sandy loam. The soils have moderately rapid permeability. Their available water holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to the depth of soft sandstone which is at about 30 inches. Runoff is slow to medium and the erosion hazard due to wind is severe. 38 Nelson fine sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slopes 981637 NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT Warehime Map Soil name and description Symbol The Nelson soil is a moderately deep, well drained soil. It is formed on plains in residuum from sandstone. The surface is a fine sandy loam. The underlying material is a fine sandy loam. The soils have moderately rapid permeability. Their available water holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to the depth of soft sandstone which is at about 30 inches. Runoff is slow to medium and the erosion hazard due to wind is severe. 47 Olney fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes The Olney soil is a deep, well drained soil. It is formed on smooth plains in mixed outwash deposits. The surface is a fine sandy loam. The subsoil is sandy clay loam. The underlying material is a calcareous fine sandy loam. The soils have moderate permeability. Their available water holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is severe. 50 Otero sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes The Otero soil is a deep, well drained soil. It is formed on smooth plains in mixed outwash deposits. The surface is a sandy loam. The underlying material is a calcareous fine sandy loam. The soils have rapid permeability. Their available water holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is severe. 51 Otero sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes The Otero soil is a deep, well drained soil. It is formed on smooth plains in mixed outwash deposits. The surface is a sandy loam. The underlying material is a calcareous fine sandy loam. The soils have rapid permeability. Their available water holding capacity is moderate. Roots penetrate to 60 inches or more. Runoff is slow and the erosion hazard due to wind is Severe. 52 Otero sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes 981637 NONTECHNICAL SOILS DESCRIPTION REPORT Warehime Map Soil name and description Symbol This is a deep well drained soil on high plains. It formed in mixed outwash and wind deposits. Typically the surface layer is brown sandy loam about 10 in. thick. Permeability is rapid. Available water holding capacity is moderate. The effective rooting depth is 60 in. The hazard of water erosion is low, while that due to wind is high. 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WINDBREAKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS Warehime Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- Map symbol and soil name <8 8-15 16-25 26-35 >35 4: Aquolls Redosier dogwood, Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, blue spruce, plains cottonwood, American plus, common chokecherry, golden willow, purpleosier willow Aquepts, Flooded Redosier dogwood, --- --- --- __- Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, blue spruce, plains cottonwood, American plum, common chokecherry, golden willow, purpleosier willow 32: Kim Lilac Hackberry, Siberian elm Russian-olive, honey locust, Rocky Mountain juniper, ponderosa pine 37: Nelson --- Rocky Mountain Hackberry, --- --- juniper, eastern Russian-olive, redcedar ponderosa pine, Siberian elm 981.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WINDBREAKS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANTINGS--Continued Warehime Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- Map symbol and soil name <8 8-15 16-25 26-35 >35 38: Nelson --- Rocky Mountain Hackberry, --- __- juniper, eastern Russian-olive, redcedar ponderosa pine, Siberian elm 47: Olney --- Russian-olive, Siberian elm --- --- eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine 50: Otero American plum Russian-olive, Honeylocust, --- --- green ash, Rocky Siberian elm Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine 51: Otero American plum Russian-olive, Honeylocust, --- --- green ash, Rocky Siberian elm Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine 52: Otero American plum Russian-olive, Honeylocust, green ash, Rocky Siberian elm Mountain juniper, eastern redcedar, ponderosa pine 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS Warehime Map symbol Depth Clay Cation- Soil Calcium Gypsum Salinity Sodium and soil name exchange reaction carbonate adsorption capacity ratio In Pct meq/100g pH Pct Pct mmhos/cm 4: Aquolls 0-8 --- --- 7.4-9.0 0-10 --- 8-16 0-5 8-60 15-35 10.0-25.0 7.9-9.0 0-10 --- 8-16 0-5 Aquepts, Flooded 0-8 --- --- 7.4-9.0 0-10 --- 8-16 0-5 8-60 15-35 10.0-25.0 7.9-9.0 0-10 --- 8-16 0-5 32: Kim 0-12 15-27 5.0-20.0 7.4-8.4 5-15 --- --- --- 12-40 15-27 5.0-20.0 7.4-8.4 5-15 --- --- --- 40-60 12-18 4.0-10.0 7.4-8.4 5-15 --- --- --- 37: Nelson 0-9 5-10 5.0-10.0 7.9-8.4 5-10 --- 0-2 --- 9-30 5-15 5.0.10.0 7.9-8.4 5-10 --- 0-2 --- 30-34 --- --- --- --- --- 38: Nelson 0-9 5-10 5.0-10.0 7.9-8.4 5-10 --- 0-2 --- 9-30 5-15 5.0-10.0 7.9-8.4 5-10 --- 0-2 --- 30-34 --- --- --- --- --- 47: Olney 0-10 10-20 5.0-15.0 6.6-7.8 --- --- --- --- 10-20 18-35 10.0-25.0 6.6-7.8 0-10 --- --- --- 20-25 15-30 10.0-20.0 7.9-8.4 0-10 --- 0-2 --- 25-60 5-15 3.0-10.0 7.9-9.0 5-15 --- 0-2 --- 50: Otero 0-12 10-20 5.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 0-5 --- 0-2 --- 12-60 10-20 4.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 1-10 --- 0-4 --- 51: Otero 0-12 10-20 5.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 0-5 --- 0-2 .-- 12-60 10-20 4.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 1-10 --- 0-4 --- 52: Otero 0-12 10-20 5.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 0-5 --- 0-2 --- 12-60 10-20 4.0-15.0 7.4-8.4 1-10 --- 0-4 --- 481637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS Endnote -- CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. CLAY as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, and plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) is the total amount of cations held in a soil in such a way that they can be removed only by exchanging with another cation in the natural soil solution. CEC is a measure of the ability of a soil to retain cations, some of which are plant nutrients. Soils with low CEC hold few cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizers than soils with high CEC. Soils with high CEC have the potential to retain cations, thus reducing the possibility of pollution of ground water. SOIL REACTION is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and is expressed as a range in pH ues. The range in pH of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For many soils, values have been verified by laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of corrosion. CALCIUM CARBONATE is the percentage by weight of calcium carbonate in the fine-earth material, less than 2 millimeters in size. GYPSUM is the percentage by weight of hydrated calcium sulfates 20 millimeters or smaller in size, in the soil. SALINITY is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and laboratory measurements at representative sites of nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the value given in the report. Salinity affects the suitability of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as construction material, and the potential of the soil to corrode metal and concrete. SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO (SAR) expresses the relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions in the soil. SAR is a measure of the amount of sodium relative to calcium and magnesium in the water extract from saturated soil paste. 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER MANAGEMENT Warehime (The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) Limitations for-- Features affecting-- Map symbol Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces and soil name reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation and Grassed areas levees ponds diversions waterways 4: Aquolls Severe: Severe: Severe: Peres slowly, Wetness, Wetness, Wetness, seepage piping, slow refill flooding, droughty, percs slowly excess salt, wetness frost action percs slowly droughty Aquepts, Flooded Severe: Severe: Severe: Peres slowly, Wetness, Wetness, Wetness, seepage piping, slow refill flooding, droughty, percs slowly excess salt, wetness frost action percs slowly droughty 32: Kim Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Erodes easily Erodes easily Too arid, seepage piping no water erodes easily 37: Nelson Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Soil blowing, Depth to rock, Too arid, seepage piping no water depth to rock soil blowing depth to rock 38: Nelson Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Slope, Depth to rock, Too arid, seepage piping no water soil blowing, soil blowing depth to rock depth to rock 47: Olney Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Soil blowing Soil blowing Too arid seepage piping no water 50: Otero Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Soil blowing Soil blowing Too arid seepage piping no water 51: Otero Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Soil blowing Soil blowing Too arid seepage piping no water 52: Otero Severe: Severe: Severe: Deep to water Slope, Soil blowing Too arid seepage piping no water soil blowing 961637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER MANAGEMENT Endnote -- WATER MANAGEMENT This report gives information on the soil properties and site features that affect water management. The degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir areas; embankments, dikes and levees; and aquifer-fed excavated ponds. The limitations are considered "Slight" if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and "Severe" of soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. This report also gives for each soil the restrictive features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and diversions, and grassed waterways POND RESERVOIR AREAS hold water behind a dam or embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage potential is determined by the permeability of the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the storage capacity of the reservoir area. EMBANKMENTS, DIKES, AND LEVEES are raised structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, constructed to impound water or to protect land against overflow. In this report, the soils are rated as a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a depth even greater than the height of the embankment can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to determine these properties. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to seepage, piping, and erosion and have 'orable compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high -intent of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects trafficability. AQUIFER-FED excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that impound water 3 feet or more above the original surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones affect the ease of excavation. DRAINAGE is the removal of excess surface and subsurface water from the soil. How easily and effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and potential frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium , or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the ratings. S81637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER MANAGEMENT Endnote -- WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued IRRIGATION is the controlled application of water to supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The design and management of an irrigation system are affected by depth to the water table, the need for drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The construction of a system is affected by large stones and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The performance of a system is affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil reaction. TERRACES AND DIVERSIONS are embankments or a combination of channels and ridges constructed across a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind or water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect maintenance. GRASSED WATERWAYS are natural or constructed channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after construction. 581.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 5 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Warehime (Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Wind erodability index" apply only to the surface layer) Erosion factors Wind Wind Map symbol Depth Clay Moist Permea- Available Shrink- Organic erodi- erodi- and soil name bulk bility water swell matter bility bility density capacity potential K Kf T group index In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in Pct 4: Aquolls 0-8 --- 1.20-1.40 0.20-6.00 --- --- 8-60 15-35 1.20-1.50 0.06-6.00 0.07-0.10 Moderate 1.0-2.0 0.28 0.28 Aquepts, Flooded 0-8 --- 1.20-1.40 0.20-6.00 --- 8-60 15-35 1.20-1.50 0.06-6.00 0.07-0.10 Moderate 0.0-0.5 0.28 0.28 32: Kim 0-12 15-27 1.25-1.40 0.60-6.00 0.14-0.18 Low 0.5-1.0 0.37 0.37 5 4L 86 12-40 15-27 1.25-1.40 0.60-6.00 0.14-0.18 Low 0.5-1.0 0.37 0.37 40-60 12-18 1.35-1.50 2.00-6.00 0.10-0.15 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 37: Nelson 0-9 5-10 1.35-1.50 2.00-6.00 0.12-0.14 Low 1.0-2.0 0.24 0.24 3 3 86 9-30 5-15 1.45-1.60 2.00-6.00 0.11-0.13 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 30-34 --- --- 0.00-2.00 --- --- --- --- 38: Nelson 0-9 5-10 1.35-1.50 2.00-6.00 0.12-0.14 Low 1.0-2.0 0.24 0.24 3 3 86 9-30 5-15 1.45-1.60 2.00-6.00 0.11-0.13 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 30-34 --- --- 0.00-2.00 --- --- --- --- 47: Olney 0-10 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.13-0.15 Low 0.5.1.0 0.28 0.28 5 3 86 10-20 18-35 1.25-1.40 0.60-2.00 0.13-0.17 Low 0.5-1.0 0.24 0.24 20-25 15-30 1.25-1.40 0.60-2.00 0.11-0.15 Low 0.0-0.5 0.24 0.24 25-60 5-15 1.40-1.60 2.00-6.00 0.06-0.13 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 50: Otero 0-12 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.13 Low 0.5-2.0 0.28 0.28 5 3 86 12-60 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.15 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 51: Otero 0-12 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.13 Low 0.5-2.0 0.28 0.28 5 3 86 12-60 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.15 Low 0.0.0.5 0.32 0.32 981.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 5 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued Warehime Erosion factors Wind Wind Map symbol Depth Clay Moist Permea- Available Shrink- Organic erodi- erodi- and soil name bulk bility water swell matter bility bility density capacity potential K Kf I group index In Pct g/cc In/hr In/in Pct 52: Otero 0-12 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.13 Low 0.5-2.0 0.28 0.28 5 3 86 12-60 10-20 1.35-1.50 0.60-6.00 0.10-0.15 Low 0.0-0.5 0.32 0.32 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 5 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS This report shows estimates of some characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. CLAY as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this report, the estimated clay content of each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil. They determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. MOIST BULK DENSITY is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field moisture capacity, the moisture content at 1/3 bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this report, the estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. 'MEABILITY refers to the ability of a soil to transmit water or air. The estimates indicate the . .e of downward movement of water when the soil is saturated. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil drainage systems, septic tank absorption fields, and construction where the rate of water movement under saturated conditions affects behavior. AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect the retention of water and the depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL is the potential for volume change in a soil with a loss or gain of moisture. Volume change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay minerals with water and varies with the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on measurements of similar soils. If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is often needed. Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The change is based on the soil fraction less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The classes are "Low," a change of less than 3 percent; "Moderate," 3 to 6 percent; and "High," more than 6 percent. "Very high," greater than 9 percent, is sometimes used. 981637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 4 OF 5 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued ORGANIC MATTER is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. In report J, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. EROSION FACTOR K indicates the susceptibility of the whole soil (including rocks and rock fragments) to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. EROSION FACTOR Kf is Like EROSION FACTOR K but it is for the fine-earth fraction of the soil. Rocks and rock fragments are not considered. EROSION FACTOR T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. WIND ERODIBILITY GROUPS are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their resistance to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. Soils are grouped ording to the following distinctions: 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine sands. These soils are generally not suitable for crops. They are extremely erodible, and vegetation is difficult to establish. 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine sands, loamy very fine sands, and sapric soil material. These soils are very highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 3. Coarse sandy foams, sandy loans, fine sandy foams, and very fine sandy loams. These soils are highly erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 4L. Calcareous loans, silt foams, clay loams, and silty clay loams. These soils are erodible. Crops can be grown if intensive measures to control wind erosion are used. 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent clay. These soils are moderately erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control wind erosion are used. 8l 63'7 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 5 OF 5 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS Endnote -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS--Continued 5. Noncalcareous teams and silt teams that are less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay Loams, sandy clays, and hemic soil material. These soils are slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if measures to control wind erosion are used. 6. Noncalcareous Loams and silt Imams that are more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay loans that are Less than 35 percent clay. These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control wind erosion are used. 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay Imams that are Less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. These soils are very slightly erodible. Crops can be grown if ordinary measures to control wind erosion are used. 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion because of coarse fragments on the surface or because of surface wetness. The WIND ERODIBILITY INDEX is used in the wind erosion equation (WED). The index number indicates the umt of soil lost in tons per acre per year. The range of wind erodibiLity index numbers is 0 to 300. $81637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SOIL FEATURES Warehime Bedrock Cemented pan Subsidence Risk of corrosion Potential Map symbol frost action Uncoated and soil name Depth Hardness Depth Kind Initial Total steel Concrete In In In In 4: Aquolls >60 --- --- --- --- --- High High High Aquepts, Flooded >60 --- --- --- --- --- High High High 32: Kim >60 --- --- --- --- --- Low High Low 37: Nelson 20-40 Soft --- --- --- --- Low High Low 38: Nelson 20-40 Soft --- --- --- --- Low High Low 47: 'ney >60 --- --- --- --- --- Low High Low 50: Otero >60 --- --- --- --- --- Low High Low 51: Otero >60 --- --- --- --- --- Low High Low 52: Otero >60 --- --- --- --- --- Low High Low 481637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SOIL FEATURES Endnote -- SOIL FEATURES This report gives estimates of various soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and on observations during soil mapping. The rock is either "Soft" or "Hard". If the rock is "Soft" or fractured, excavations can be made with trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is "Hard" or massive, blasting or special equipment generally is needed for excavation. Cemented pans are cemented or indurated subsurface layers within a depth of 5 feet. Such pans cause difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified as "Thin" or "Thick". A "Thin" pan is less than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or Less than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made by trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. A "Thick" pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that blasting or special equipment is needed in excavation. Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence results from either desiccation and shrinkage or oxidation of organic material, or both, following drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually over a period of several years. This report shows the expected initial subsidence, which usually is a result of drainage, and total subsidence, which usually is a result of oxidation. Not shown in the report is subsidence caused by an imposed surface load or by the withdrawal of ground water throughout an extensive area as a result of lowering the water table. Jtential frost action is the likelihood of upward or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the water table are the most important factors considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other rigid structures. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the soil. Special site examination and design may be needed if the combination of factors creates a severe corrosion environment. The steel installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil layer. For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High", is based on soil drainage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation extract. For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed as "Low", "Moderate", or "High". It is based on soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. ?81637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER FEATURES Warehime Flooding High water table and ponding Map symbol Hydro- Water Maximum and soil name logic Frequency Duration Months table Kind of Months Ponding pending group depth water table duration depth Ft Ft 4: Aquolls D Frequent Very brief APR-AUG 0.5-3.0 Apparent Jan-Dec --- --- Aquepts, Flooded D Frequent Very brief APR-AUG 0.5-3.0 Apparent Jan-Dec --- --- 32: Kim B None --- --- >6.0 --- --- --- --- 37: Nelson C None --- --- >6.0 --- --- --- --- 38: Nelson C None --- --- >6.0 --- --- ___ ___ .ney B None --- --- >6.0 ___ _-- ___ --- 50: Otero B None --- --- >6.0 --- --- _-_ --- 51: Otero B None --- --- >6.0 --- --- --_ --- 52: Otero B None --- --- >6.0 --- --- --- __- 881637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER FEATURES Endnote -- WATER FEATURES This report gives estimates of various soil water features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped according to the infiltration of water when the soils are thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long-duration storms. The four hydrologic soil groups are: Group " A". Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group "B". Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group "C". Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group "D". Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in this report, the first letter is for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, nor is water in swamps and marshes. This report gives the frequency and duration of flooding and the time of year when flooding is most likely. Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as "None", "Rare", "Occasional", and "Frequent". "None" means that flooding is not probable; "Rare" that it is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions; "Occasional" that it occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years; and "Frequent" that it occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years. Duration is expressed as "Very brief" if less than 2 days, "Brief" if 2 to 7 days, "Long" if 7 to 30 days, and "Very long" if more than 30 days. The information is based on evidence in the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic matter content with increasing depth; and absence of distinctive horizons that form in soils that are not subject to flooding. Also considered are local information about the extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic floods. 981.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 3 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 WATER FEATURES Endnote -- WATER FEATURES--Continued Information on the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific than that provided by detailed engineering surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency levels. High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The depth to a seasonal high water table applies to undrained soils. The estimates are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in this report are the depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water table, that is, "Apparent", "Artesian", or "Perched"; and the months of the year that the water table commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated in this report. An "Apparent" water table is a thick zone of free water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. An "Artesian" water table exists under a hydrostatic beneath an impermeable layer. When the impermeable layer has been penetrated by a cased borehole, the water rises. The final level of the water in the cased borehole is characterized as an artesian water table. A "Perched" water table is water standing above an unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or "Perched", water table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet are indicated. ding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration, . ,poration, or a combination of these processes. This report gives the depth and duration of ponding and the time of year when ponding is most likely. Depth, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated. Depth is expressed as the depth of ponded water in feet above the soil surface. Duration is expressed as "Very brief" if less than 2 days, "Brief" if 2 to 7 days, "Long" if 7 to 30 days, and "Very long" if more than 30 days. The information is based on the relation of each soil on the landscape to historic ponding and on local information about the extent and levels of ponding. 881.637 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT Warehime (The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) Map symbol Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and and soil name excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings 4: Aquolls Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: wetness flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness, excess salt, wetness wetness wetness flooding, wetness, frost action flooding Aquepts, Flooded Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: wetness flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness, excess salt, wetness wetness wetness flooding, wetness, frost action flooding 32: a Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight 37: Nelson Moderate: Slight Moderate: Slight Slight Moderate: depth to rock depth to rock depth to rock 38: Nelson Moderate: Slight Moderate: Moderate: Slight Moderate: depth to rock depth to rock slope depth to rock 47: Olney Severe: Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight cutbanks cave 50: Otero Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight 51: Otero Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight 52: Otero Slight Slight Slight Moderate: Slight Slight slope 961 637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 2 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT Endnote -- BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT This report shows the degree and kind of soil Limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and without basements, small commercial buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The limitations are "Slight", "Moderate", or "Severe". The limitations are considered "Slight" if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and limitaions are minor and easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and "Severe" if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility studies may be required where the soil limitations are severe. SHALLOW EXCAVATIONS are trenches or holes dug to a maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. The ease of digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls or bands to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and the depth to the water table. DWELLINGS AND SMALL COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS are structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are made for small commercial buildings without basements, for dwellings with basements, and for dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. A high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not considered. LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS have an all-weather surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material, a base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material, and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity. LAWNS AND LANDSCAPING require soils on which turf and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established and maintained. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficabiLity after vegetation is established. 481.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 1 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SANITARY FACILITIES Warehime (The information in this report indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation) Map symbol Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover and soil name absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill 4: Aquolls Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: flooding, seepage, flooding, flooding, too clayey, wetness, flooding, seepage, seepage, wetness percs slowly wetness wetness wetness Aquepts, Flooded Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Poor: flooding, seepage, flooding, flooding, too clayey, wetness, flooding, seepage, seepage, wetness percs slowly wetness wetness wetness 32: n Moderate: Severe: Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage 37: Nelson Severe: Severe: Severe: Slight Poor: depth to rock seepage, depth to rock depth to rock depth to rock 38: Nelson Severe: Severe: Severe: Slight Poor: depth to rock seepage, depth to rock depth to rock depth to rock 47: Olney Moderate: Severe: Moderate: Slight Fair: percs slowly seepage too sandy too sandy 50: Otero Moderate: Severe: Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage 51: Otero Moderate: Severe: Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage S81.637 l U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 2 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued Warehime Map symbol Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover and soil name absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill 52: Otero Moderate: Severe: Slight Slight Good percs slowly seepage gel 637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 3 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SANITARY FACILITIES Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES This report shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are considered "Slight" if soil properties and site features generally are favorable for the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; "Moderate" if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and "Severe" if soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special design, significant increases in construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance are required. This report also shows the suitability of the soils for use as daily cover for landfills. A rating of "Good" indicates that soil properties and site features are favorable for the use and good performance and low maintenance can be expected; "Fair" indicates that soil properties and site features are moderately favorable for the use and one or more soil properties or site features make the soil less desirable than the soils rated "Good"; and "Poor" indicates that one or more soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the use and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION FIELDS are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 to 72 inches is evaluated. The ratings are base on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect public health. Groundwater can be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the surface. There must be "saturated soil material beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances .lire that this material be of a certain thickness. SEWAGE LAGOONS are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. This report gives ratings for the natural soil that makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are excavated to provide material for the embankments. The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. Excessive seepage due to rapid permeability of the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. SANITARY LANDFILLS are areas where solid waste is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of landfill, trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin layer of soil form a source away from the site. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation need to be considered. The ratings in this report are based 981.637 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PAGE 4 OF 4 NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE 04/21/98 SANITARY FACILITIES Endnote -- SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued on soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench type landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rate "Slight" or "Moderate" may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. DAILY COVER FOR LANDFILL is the soil material that is used to cover compacted solid waste in an area type sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope affect the ease of removing and spreading the material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils may be sticky or cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to soil blowing. After soil material has been removed, the soil material remaining in the borrow area must be thick enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer generally has the best workability, more organic matter than the rest of the profile, and the best potential for plants. Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the final cover. 48163'7 Hello