HomeMy WebLinkAbout20000780.tiff Docheff Dairy
Envirostock, Inc.
Management Plan
for
Nuisance Control
A Supplement to the
Manure & Process Wastewater Management Plan
for
Docheff Dairy
1441 WCR 28
Longmont, Colorado 80504
Developed in accordance with
Generally Accepted Agricultural Best Management Practices
Prepared By
ETNyVII-.RdO
TOCK,tse.
1597 Cole Blvd., Suite 310
Golden, Colorado 80401
January 13, 2000
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" 2000-0780
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock. Inc.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Legal Owner, Contacts and Authorized Persons 3
Legal Description 3
Air Quality
4
Dust 4
Odor
5
Pest Control 6
Insects and Rodents 6
References 7
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 2
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock, Inc.
Introduction
This supplemental Management Plan for Nuisance Control has been developed and implemented
to identify methods Docheff Dairy, will use to minimize the inherent conditions that exist in
confinement feeding operations. This supplement outlines management practices generally
acceptable and proven effective at minimizing nuisance conditions. Neither nuisance management
nor this supplemental plan is required by Colorado State statute or specifically outlined in the
Colorado Confined Animal Feeding Operations Control Regulations. This is a proactive measure
to assist integration into local communities as required by Weld County Zoning Ordinance,
Section 47 - Livestock Feeding Performance Standards. These management and control practices,
to their best and practical extent, will be used by Docheff Dairy.
Legal Owner, Contacts and Authorized Persons
Correspondence and Contacts should be made to:
Jim Docheff
Docheff Dairy
1441 WCR 28
Longmont, CO 80504
The individual(s) at this facility who is (are) responsible for developing the implementation,
maintenance and revision of this supplemental plan are listed below:
Jim Docheff Owner
(Name) (Title)
Legal Description
The confined animal feeding facility described in this NMP is located at:
Part of the SW ''A of Section 29, T3N, R68W of the 6th principal meridian, Weld County,
Colorado.
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 3
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock. Inc.
Air Quality
Air quality at and around confined animal feeding operations are affected primarily from the
relationship of soiUmanure and available moisture. The two primary air quality concerns at dairies
are dust and odor. However, the management practices for dust or odor control are not
inherently compatible. Wet pens and manure produce odor. Dry pens are dusty. The two
paragraphs below outline the best management practices for the control of dust and odors that
Docheff Dairy will use. The manager shall closely observe pen conditions and attempt to achieve
a balance between proper dust and odor control. Additional reference information on odor and
dust control as guidance to the dairy manager is attached in section "References".
Dust
Dust from pen surfaces is usually controlled by intensive management of the pen surface by
routine cleaning and harrowing of the pen surface. The purpose of intensive surface management
is twofold; to keep cattle clean and to reduce pest habitat. The best management systems for dust
control involve moisture management. Management methods Docheff Dairy shall use to control
dust are:
1. Pen density
Moisture will be managed by varying stocking rates and pen densities. The animals wet
manure and urine keep the surface moist and control dust emissions. Stocking rates in new
portions of the facility will be managed to minimize dust.
2. Regular manure removal
Docheff Dairy will continue to conduct regular manure removal. Typically manure removal
and pen maintenance will be conducted several times per month.
3. Sprinkler systems
Sprinkler systems, timed appropriately, are an effective method for keeping dairy surfaces
moist. Dairy cattle produce significant moisture through urine and feces. Pens surfaces are
extensively maintained for cattle health and milk quality purposes. Docheff Dairy is not
planning a sprinkler dust control system for this facility.
4. Water Trucks
Should nuisance dust conditions arise, water tanker trucks or portable sprinkling systems may
be used for moisture control on pens and roadways to minimize nuisance dust conditions.
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 4
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock, Inc.
Odor
Odors result from the natural decomposition processes that start as soon as the manure us
excreted and continue as long as any usable material remains as food for microorganisms living
everywhere in soil, water and the manure. Odor strength depends on the kind of manure, and the
conditions under which it decomposes. Although occasionally unpleasant, the odors are not
dangerous to health in the quantities customarily noticed around animal feeding operations and
fields where manure is spread for fertilizer.
Docheff Dairy will use the methods and management practices listed below for odor control:
1. Establish good pen drainage
Dry manure is less odorous than moist manure. The dairy will conduct routine pen cleaning
and surface harrowing to reduce standing water and dry or remove wet manure.
2. Regular manure removal
Reduce the overall quantity of odor producing sources. The dairy will conduct routine pen
cleaning and harrowing several times per month.
3. Reduce standing water
Standing water can increase microbial digestion and odor producing by-products. Proper pen
maintenance and surface grading will be conducted by the dairy to reduce standing water.
The stormwater ponds will be dewatered regularly in accordance with the Manure and
Wastewater Management Plan for Docheff Dairy. No chemical additives or treatments of the
stormwater ponds for odor control are planned. Research to date indicates poor efficacy, if
any, of these products.
4. Land application timing
Typically air rises in the morning and sinks in the evening. Docheff Dairy will consider
weather conditions and prevailing wind direction to minimize odors from land application.
If Weld County Health Department determines nuisance dust and odor conditions persist,
Docheff Dairy may increase the frequency of the respective management practices previously
outlined such as pen cleaning, surface grading and pen maintenance. Additionally, if nuisance
conditions continue to persist beyond increased maintenance interval controls, Docheff Dairy
will install physical or mechanical means such as living windbreaks and/or solid fences to
further minimize nuisance conditions from dust and odors.
Insects and rodents inhabit areas that 1) have an adequate to good food supply and 2) foster
habitat prime for breeding and living. Keys practices Docheff Dairy will use to manage insects
and rodents are to first eliminate possible habitat and then reduce the available food supply.
Docheff Dairy will control flies by:
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 5
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock, Inc.
Pest Control
Insects and Rodents
1. Regular manure removal
Manure management removes both food sources and habitat
2. Reduce standing water
Standing water is a primary breeding ground for insects
3. Minimize fly habitat
Standing water, weeds and grass, manure stockpiles, etc. are all prime habitat for
reproduction and protection. Reduce or eliminate these areas where practical.
4. Weeds and grass management
Keep weeds and grassy areas to a minimum. These provide both protection and breeding
areas.
S. Minimize stockpiles or storage of manure
Stockpiles of manure provide both breeding and protective habitat. Keep stockpile use to a
minimum.
6. Biological treatments
Parasitic wasps are excellent biological fly control and are widely used. The wasps lay their
eggs in fly larvae hindering fly reproduction.
7. Baits and chemical treatments
Due to environmental and worker's safety concerns, chemical treatments are a last line of
defense for insect control. Baits and treatments must be applied routinely. However, they are
very effective.
Rodent control at Docheff Dairy is best achieved by minimizing spillage of feedstuffs around the
operation. Good housekeeping practices and regular feedbunk cleaning, site grading and
maintenance are used to reduce feed sources. Rodent traps and chemical treatments are effective
control methods and will be used as necessary.
In the event Weld County Health Department determines nuisance conditions from pest such as
flies and rodents persist, Docheff Dairy will initially increase the frequency of the housekeeping
and management practices outlined previously. If further action is necessary, Docheff Dairy
will increase use of chemical controls and treatments, such as fly sprays and baits and
Rodendicide for pest control.
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 6
Docheff Dairy
Envirostock, Inc.
References
These references are provided as a resource to Weld County Health Department and Docheff
Dairy for making nuisance control decisions for the facility. These references represent the latest
and most modern management and scientific information to date for control of nuisance
conditions for the livestock feeding industry.
"Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" Page 7
EnviroStock, Inc. 1/10/2000
Appendix A
USDA,Weld County Soils Descriptions
Docheff Dairy Manure Management Plan 16
WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 29
have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern The potential native vegetation is dominated by
,dcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and western wheatgrass and blue grama. Buffalograss is also
.ackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac, present. Potential production ranges from 1,000 pounds
lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum. per acre in favorable years to 600 pounds in unfavorable
Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The years. As range condition deteriorates, a blue grama-buf-
cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked falograss sod forms. Undesirable weeds and annuals in-
pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can vade the site as range condition becomes poorer.
be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape Management of vegetation of this soil should be based
cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen- on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop- tion. Range pitting can help in reducing runoff. Seeding is
ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. desirable if the range is in poor condition. Western
This soil has fair to poor potential for urban develop- wheatgrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, buffalograss, pu-
ment. It has moderate to high shrink swell, low strength, bescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are suitable
and moderately slow permeability. These features create for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal
problems in dwelling and road construction. Those areas requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into a clean,
that have loam or sandy loam in the lower part of the firm sorghum stubble, or it can be drilled into a firm
substratum are suitable for septic tank absorption fields prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has proven
and foundations. Some areas of this soil are adjacent to most successful.
streams and are subject to occasional flooding. The poten- Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
tial is fair for such recreational development as camp and well suited to this soil. Cultivation to control competing
picnic areas and playgrounds. Capability class I irrigated. vegetation should be continued for as many years as
42—Nunn clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This is a possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
deep, well drained soil on terraces and smooth plains at have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
elevations of 4,550 to 5,150 feet. It formed in mixed allu- redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and
vium and eolian deposits. Included in mapping are small, hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
long and narrow areas of sand and gravel deposits and lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
small areas of soils that are subject to occasional flooding. Wildlife is an important secondary use of this soil. The
Some leveled areas are also included. cropland areas provide favorable habitat for ring-necked
Typically the surface layer of this Nunn soil is grayish pheasant and mourning dove. Many nongame species can
own clay loam aobut 9 inches thick. The subsoil is light be attracted by establishing areas for nesting and escape
orownish gray clay loam about 14 inches thick. The upper cover. For pheasants, undisturbed nesting cover is essen-
part of the substratum is light brownish gray clay loam. tial and should be included in plans for habitat develop-
The lower part to a depth of 60 inches is brown sandy ment, especially in areas of intensive agriculture. Range-
loam. land wildlife, for example, the pronghorn antelope, can be
Permeability is moderately slow. Available water attracted by developing livestock watering facilities,
capacity is high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches managing livestock grazing, and reseeding where needed.
or more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion This soil has fair to poor potential for urban develop-
hazard is low. ment. It has moderate to high shrink swell, low strength,
In irrigated areas this soil is suited to all crops com- and moderately slow permeability. These features create
manly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, problems in dwelling and road construction. Those areas
beans, alfalfa, small grain, potatoes, and onions. An exam- that have loam or sandy loam in the lower part of the
ple of a suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa substratum are suitable for septic tank absorption fields
followed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, and foundations. Some areas of this soil are adjacent to
or beans. Generally such characteristics as the high clay streams and are subject to occasional flooding. The poten-
content or the rapidly permeable substratum slightly tial is fair for such recreational development as camp and
restrict some crops. picnic areas and playgrounds. Capability subclass Iie ir-
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- rigated, IIic nonirrigated; Clayey Plains range site.
rigation is the most common. Proper irrigation water 43—Nunn loamy sand, 0 to 1 percent slopes. This is a
management is essential. Barnyard manure and commer- deep, well drained soil on terraces at elevations of 4,700
cial fertilizer are needed for top yields. to 4,900 feet. It formed in alluvium along Box Elder
In nonirrigated areas most of the acreage is in small Creek. Included in mapping are small areas of soils that
grain and it is summer fallowed in alternate years. have a loamy subsoil and small areas of soils that are sub-
Winter wheat is the principal crop. The predicted average ject to rare flooding.
Yield is 33 bushels per acre. If the crop is winterkilled, Typically the surface layer of this Nunn soil is brown
spring wheat can be seeded. Generally precipitation is too loamy sand overburden about 9 inches thick. The subsoil
low for beneficial use of fertilizer. is dark to very dark grayish brown clay loam about 21
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches is
;e are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. loamy very fine sand, loamy sand, or sand.
52 SOIL SURVEY
the limited capacity of this soil to support a load. Capa- Management of vegetation on this soil should be based
bility class I irrigated. on taking half and leaving half of the total annual produc-
82—Wiley-Colby complex, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This tion. Seeding is desirable if the range is in poor condition.
nearly level map unit is on smooth plains in the western Sideoats grama, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, blue
part of the survey area at elevations of 4,850 to 5,000 grama, pubescent wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass are
feet. The Wiley soil makes up about 60 percent of the suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the
unit, and the Colby soil about 30 percent. About 10 per- seasonal requirements of livestock. It can be seeded into
cent is Heldt silty clay and Weld loam. a clean, firm sorghum stubble or it can be drilled into a
The Wiley soil is deep and well drained. It formed in firm prepared seedbed. Seeding early in spring has
calcareous eolian deposits. Typically the surface layer is proven most successful.
pale brown silt loam about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally
pale brown silty clay loam about 23 inches thick. The sub- well suited to these soils. Cultivation to control competing
stratum to a depth of 60 inches is very pale brown silty vegetation should be continued for as many years as
clay loam. possible following planting. Trees that are best suited and
Permeability is moderately slow. Available water have good survival are Rocky Mountain juniper, eastern
capacity is high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches redcedar, ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian-olive, and
or more. Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hackberry. The shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac,
hazard is moderate. lilac, Siberian peashrub, and American plum.
The Colby soil also is deep and well drained and formed Openland wildlife, such as pheasant, mourning dove,
in calcareous eolian deposits. Typically the surface layer and cottontail are best suited to these soils. Wildlife
is pale brown loam about 7 inches thick. The underlying habitat development, including tree and shrub plantings
material is very pale brown silt loam to a depth of 60 and grass plantings to serve as nesting areas, should be
inches. successful without irrigation during most years. Under
Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is rigation, good wildlife habitat can be established, benefit-
high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. ing many kinds of openland wildlife.
Surface runoff is medium, and the erosion hazard is The Wiley soil has only fair potential for urban and
moderate. recreational development. Slow permeability, moderate
This map unit is used for irrigated and nonirrigated shrink-swell potential, and limited bearing capacity cause
cropland and for rangeland, wildlife habitat, and urban problems in dwelling and road construction. The Colby
development. soil has good potential for urban and recreational develop-
In irrigated areas these soils are suited to all crops ment. Road design can be modified to compensate for the
commonly grown in the area, including corn, sugar beets, limited capacity of this soil to support a load. Capability
beans, alfalfa, small grain, and onions. An example of a subclass IIe irrigated, IVe nonirrigated; Loamy Plains
suitable cropping system is 3 to 4 years of alfalfa fol- range site.
lowed by corn, corn for silage, sugar beets, small grain, or 83—Wiley-Colby complex, 3 to 5 percent slopes. This
beans. Land leveling, ditch lining, and installing pipelines gently sloping map unit is on plains at elevations of 4,850
may be needed for proper water applications. to 5,000 feet. The Wiley soil makes up about 60 percent of
All methods of irrigation are suitable, but furrow ir- the unit, and the Colby soil about 30 percent. About 10
rigation is the most common. Barnyard manure and com- percent is Heldt silty clay and Weld loam.
mercial fertilizer are needed for top yields. The Wiley soil is deep and well drained. It formed in
In nonirrigated areas these soils are suited to winter calcareous eolian deposits. Typically the surface layer is
wheat, barley, and sorghum. Most of the acreage is pale brown silt loam about 11 inches thick. The subsoil is
planted to winter wheat. The predicted average yield is pale brown silty clay loam about 23 inches thick. The sub-
28 bushels per acre. The soil is summer fallowed in al- stratum to a depth of 60 inches is very pale brown silty
ternate years to allow moisture accumulation. Generally clay loam.
precipitation is too low for beneficial use of fertilizer. Permeability is moderately slow. Available water
Stubble mulch farming, striperopping, and minimum til- capacity is high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches
lage are needed to control soil blowing and water erosion. or more. Surface runoff is medium to rapid, and the ero-
Terracing also may be needed to control water erosion. sion hazard is moderate.
The potential native vegetation is dominated by blue The Colby soil also is deep and well drained and formed
grama. Several mid grasses such as western wheatgrass in calcareous eolian deposits. Typically the surface layer
and needleandthread are also present. Potential produc- is pale brown loam about 7 inches thick. The underlying
tion ranges from 1,600 pounds per acre in favorable years material is very pale brown silt loam to a depth of 60
to 1,000 pounds in unfavorable years. As range condition inches.
deteriorates, the mid grasses decrease; blue grama, buf- Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is
falograss, snakeweed, yucca and fringed sage increase; high. The effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more.
and forage production drops. Undesirable weeds and an- Surface runoff is medium to rapid, and the erosion hazard
nuals invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. is moderate.
EnviroStock, Inc. 1/10/2000
Appendix B
25-year, 24-hour and retention basins capacity calculations
Bermed area calculations
Average Years' Stormwater/process Wastewater Generation (proposed conditions)
Nitrogen Mineralization Chart for Stormwater/Process Wastewater
Docheff Dairy Manure Management Plan 17
Docheff Dairy
25-year, 24-hour & 10-year, 10-day Storm Events
and Pond Capacity Calculations
25-year, 24-hour event 10-year, 10-day event
Current Proposed Current Proposed
Applicable Storm Event for the Location, inches 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.50
SCS Runoff curve#factor 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11
90 for unsutfaced lots factor 1.11
97 for surfaced lots factor 0.309
Surface area of drainage basins, acres 15 15 15 15
Separate different drainage areas
Include pens, alleys, working areas etc.
Inches of runoff given SCS Runoff Curve Factor 2.92 2.92 3.40 3.40
Minimum Retention Capacity Required, Acre-Ft 3.7 3.7 4.2 4.2
Cubic-Ft 158,998 158,998 184,949 184,949
Surface Area of Retention Structure, Acres 0.52 1.3 0.52 1.3
Amount of additional volume required, Acre-Ft. 0.17 0.42 0.19 0.47
Amount of additional volume required, ft3 7,540 18,340 8,482 20,632
Total Retention Structure Volume Required, Acre-Ft. 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7
Total Retention Structure Volume Required, ft3 166,537 177,337 193,431 205,581
Total Retention Structure Volume Available, Acre-Ft. 2.6 6.5 2.6 6.5
Storage Surplus or Deficit (Acre-Feet) -1.3 2.4 -1.9 1.7
Lagoon Proposed Grand
Capacities Sludge Pit East Pond Middle Pond West Pond New Pond Total
Length (Top of Berm) (feet) 115 144 56 96 270
Width (Top of Berm) (feet) 33 51 73 77 120
Liquid Depth (Feet) 8 8 8 13 10
Slope(ft. horizontal/1 ft. vertical) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3
Freeboard(feet) 2 2 2 2 2
Liner Thickness(feet) 1 1 1 1 1
Totals (Cu.-Ft) 12,024 33,648 17,104 48,848 169,738 281,362
(Acre-Ft) 0.3 0.8 0.4 1.1 3.9 6.5
Note: With proposed new pond,excess storage capacity above 25-year,24-hour storm event is approximately 2.4 Acre-feet,
providing approximately 5.8 months of process wastewater storage
Docheff Dairy
Bermed Areas Calculations
25-year,24-hour storm event
Berm Area
Applicable Storm Event for the Location, inches 4.00
SCS Runoff curve#factor 1.11
90 for unsurfaced lots factor 1.11
97 for surfaced lots factor 0.309
Surface area of drainage basins, acres 0.80
Separate different drainage areas
Include pens, alleys, working areas etc.
Inches of runoff given SCS Runoff Curve Factor 2.92
Minimum Retention Capacity Required,Acre-FL 0.19
Cubic-FL 8,480
Surface Area of Retention Structure,Acres 0.33
Amount of additional volume required,Acre-Ft. 0.11
Amount of additional volume required,ft3 4,719
Total Retention Structure Volume Required,Acre-Ft. 0.30
Total Retention Structure Volume Required, ft3 13,199
Bermed Areas Capacities
Berm Area
Vol.For
Area @ Increment,
Depth,ft depth,f 2 ft'
0 1,793
0.5 3,295 1,272
1 5,221 _ 2,129
1.5 7,305 3,132
2 9,482 4,197
2.5 11,750 5,308
3 14,157 6,477
Total Volume,ft3 22,514
Total Volume,Acre-Ft. 0.52
Docheff Dairy
Stormwater and Process Water Accumulation Calculation(Average Values)
Process Generated VJastevater,GPD 4500 Surface area of Ponds.fl'= 59.01g Evaporation Area,ft= 29,118
Precp' Percent Ruoff Area Total Runoff Pan Evap. Evap.Area Total Evap. Process-H,0 Net Change NM Naryed VS.In Lagoon
Mona) (inches)Ruler (Acres) (Aae-Ft.) (IntMsr (Maas) (Acre-Ft) (Acre-Ft) (Acre-Ft) (Acre-Ft( (Acre-Ft)
Jan 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.49 1.49
Feb 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.39 0.45 1.95
Mar 1.15 5.0% 14.8 0.19 1.32 0.67 0.06 0.43 0.56 0.10 2.40
Apr 1.70 6.0% 14.8 0.30 4.52 0.67 0.21 0.41 0.51 0.50 2.41
May 2.34 16.0% 14.8 0.71 5.45 0.67 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.90 2.39
Jun 1.87 13.0% 14.8 0.50 6.43 0.67 0.30 0.41 0.61 0.60 2.39
Jul 1.10 13.0% 14.8 0.29 7.23 0.67 0.34 0.43 0.38 0.40 2.37
Aug 1.19 12.0% 14.8 0.30 6.34 0.67 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.40 2.40
_
Sep 1.34 13.0% 14.8 0.36 4.93 0.67 0.23 0.41 0.54 0.60 2.34
Oct 0.85 10.0% 14.8 0.19 3.23 0.67 0.15 0.43 0.47 1.40 1.41
Nov 0.70 5.0% 14.8 0.12 2.23 0.67 0.11 0.41 0.43 1.83
Dec 0.58 5.0% 14.8 0.10 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.52 2.36
Jan 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.49 2.85
Feb 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 _ 0 0.67 - 0.39 0.45 3.30
Mar 1.15 5.0% 14.8 0.19 _ 1.32 0.67 0.06 0.43 0.56' 3.86
Apr 1.70 6.0% 14.8 0.30 _ 4.52 0.67 0.21 0.41 0.51 2.00 2.36
May 2.34 16.0% 14.8 0.71 5.45 0.67 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.90 2.34
Jun 1.87 13.0% 14.8 0.50 _ 6.43 0.67 0.30 0.41 0.61 0.60 2.35
Jul 1.10 13.0% 14.8 0.29 7.23 0.67 0.34 0.43 0.38 0.30 2.43
Aug 1.19 12.0% 14.8 0.30 6.34 0.67 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.50 2.36
Sep 1.34 13.0% 14.8 0.36 4.93 0.67 0.23 0.41 0.54 0.50 2.39
Oct 0.85 10.0%, 14.8 0.19 3.23 0.67 0.15 0.43 0.47 1.50 1.36
Nov 0.70 5.0% 14.8 0.12 2.23 0.67 0.11 0.41 0.43 1.79
Dec 0.58 5.0% 14.8 0.10 0, 0.67 - 0.43 0.52 2.31
Jan 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.49 2.81
Feb 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.39 0.45 3.26
Mar 1.15 5.0% 14.8 0.19 1.32 0.67 0.06 0.43 0.56 3.82
Apr 1.70 6.0% 14.8 0.30 4.52 0.67 0.21 0.41 0.51 1.90 2.42
May 2.34 16.0% 14.8 0.71 5.45 0.67 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.90 2.40
Jun 1.87 13.0% 14.8 0.50 6.43 0.67 0.30 0.41 0.61 0.60 2.41
Jul 1.10 13.0% 14.8 0.29 7.23 0.67 0.34 0.43 0.38 0.40 2.38
Aug 1.19 12.0% 14.8 0.30 6.34_ 0.67 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.40 2.41
Sep 1.34 13.0% 14.8 0.36 4.93 0.67 0.23 0.41 0.54 0.60 2.35
Oct 0.85 10.0% 14.8 0.19 3.23 0.67 0.15 0.43 0.47 1.40 1.42
Nov 0.70 5.0% 14.8 0.12 2.23 0.67 0.11 0.41 0.43 1.84
Dec 0.58 5.0% 14.8 0.10 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.52 2.37
Jan 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.49 2.86
Feb 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.39 0.45 3.31
Mar 1.15 5.0% 14.8 0.19 1.32 0.67 0.06 0.43 0.56 3.87
Apr 1.70 6.0% 14.8 0.30 4.52 0.67 0.21 0.41 0.51 2.00 2.38
May 2.34 16.0% 14.8 0.71 5.45 0.67 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.90 2.36
Jun 1.87 13.0% 14.8 0.50 6.43 0.67 0.30 0.41 0.61 0.60 2.36
Jul 1.10 13.0% 14.8 0.29 7.23 0.67 0.34 0.43 0.38 0.40 2.34
Aug 1.19 12.0% 14.8 0.30 6.34 0.67 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.40 2.37
Sep 1.34 13.0% 14.8 0.36 4.93 0.67 0.23 0.41 0.54 0.50 2.41
Oct 0.85 10.0% 14.8 0.19 3.23 0.67 0.15 0.43 0.47 1.50 1.38
Nov 0.70 5.0% 14.8 0.12 2.23 0.67 0.11 0.41 0.43 1.80
Dec 0.58 5.0% 14.8 0.10 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.52 2.33
Jan 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.49 2.82
Feb 0.39 5.0% 14.8 0.07 0 0.67 - 0.39 0.45 3.27
Mar 1.15 5.0% 14.8 0.19 1.32 0.67 0.06 0.43 0.56 3.83
Apr 1.70 6.0% 14.8 0.30 4.52 0.67 0.21 0.41 0.51 1.90 2.43
May 2.34 16.0% 14.8 0.71 5.45 0.67 0.26 0.43 0.88 0.90 2.41
Jun 1.87 13.0% 14.8 0.50 6.43 0.67 0.30 0.41 0.61 0.60 2.42
Jul 1.10 13.0% 14.8 0.29 7.23 0.67 0.34 0.43 0.38 0.40 2.40
Aug 1.19 12.0% 14.8 0.30 6.34 0.67 0.30 0.43 0.43 0.40 2.43
Sep 1.34 13.0% 14.8 0.36 4.93 0.67 0.23 0.41 0.54 0.60 2.36
Oct 0.85 10.0% 14.8 0.19 3.23 0.67 0.15 0.43 0.47 1.40 1.43
Nov 0.70 5.0% 14.8 0.12 2.23 0.67 0.11 0.41 0.43 1.86
Dec 0.58 5.0% 14.8 0.10 0 0.67 - 0.43 0.52 2.38
Maximum Annual Pumping= t3
'Precipitation for Longmont CO,NOM -5C8,Nabona)Englneenng Handbook '--Evaporation for Fort Coons.CO.NOAH
Docheff Dairy
Nitrogen Application Chart(Process Wastewater)
(showing the available nitrogen with annual applications on the same site)
Process Wastewater: 50% NN4-N 50% Organic-N 30% 1st-Year Mineralization Rate
Years after initial application 1 2 3 4 5
Total-N applied, lbs. 8,211 8,211 8,211 8,211 8,211
NH4-N applied, lbs. 4,106 4,106 4,106 4,106 4,106
NH4-N available, lbs. 17.5% loss during application)** 3,387 3,387 3,387 3,387 3,387
Organic-N applied, lbs. 4,106 4,106 4,106 4,106 4,106
% Organic-N available (accumulative)"" 30% 45% 53% 56% 56%
Organic-N available, lbs. 1,232 1,847 2,155 2,309 2,309
Plant Available Nitrogen Applied, lbs. 4,619 5,235 5,542 5,696 5,696
N available/acre based on 24 acres 192 218 231 237 237
(The chart below is the same as above, but more detailed.)
Amount of N applied, lbs. 8,211 8,211 8,211 8,211 8,211
NH4-N available, current year 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5%
NH4-N available, previous year 0% 0% 0% 0%
NH4-N available, 2nd previous year 0% 0% 0%
NH4-N available, 3rd previous year 0% 0%
NH4-N available, 4th previous year 0%
Total NH4-N available (accumulative) 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5%
NH4 available, lbs. 3,387 3,387 3,387 3,387 3,387
Organic-N available, current year" 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%
Organic-N available, previous year 15% 15% 15% 15%
Organic-N available, 2nd previous year 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%
Organic-N available, 3rd previous year" 3.75% 3.75%
Organic-N available, 4th previous year"" 0%
Total Organic-N available (accumulative) 30% 45% 53% 56% 56%
Organic-N available, lbs. 1,232 1,847 2,155 2,309 2,309
Plant Available Nitrogen Applied, lbs. 4,619 5,235 5,542 5,696 5,696
N available/acre based on 24 acres 192 218 231 237 237
"nitrogen percentages taken from Miwest Plan Service, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook
EnviroStock, Inc. 1/10/2000
Appendix C
Colorado State University References
Docheff Dairy Manure Management Plan 18
Best V_ anagem ent
Practices
V. anure Utilization
Colo�Q •
IJniwrsity®
Cooperative
Extension
August 1994
Bulletin #XCM-174
•
Principal author: Reagan M. Waskom
Extension Water Quality Specialist
Colorado State University Cooperative Extension
In association with: Colorado Department of Agriculture and the
Agricultural Chemicals and Groundwater Protection
Advisory Committee
The author and the Colorado Department of Agriculture gratefully acknowledge the extensive
input and leadership of the Agricultural Chemical and Groundwater Protection Advisory Com-
mittee, representing production agriculture, agricultural chemical dealers and applicators, the
green industry and the general public.
With cooperation from: Colorado Department of Health and Environment
USDA Soil Conservation Service — Colorado State Office
Colorado State University Department of Soil
and Crop Sciences
Colorado State University Department of Ag
and Chemical Engineering
Special Acknowledgments to
BMP Technical Review Team: G.E. Cardon, Assistant Professor of Agronomy
R.L. Croissant, Professor of Agronomy
J.J. Mortvedt, Extension Agronomist
G.A. Peterson, Professor of Agronomy
L.R. Walker, Extension Agricultural Engineer
D.G. Westfall, Professor of Agronomy
Layout and Design by: Colorado State University Publications and Creative Services
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work,Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914,in cooperation
with the U.S.Department of Agriculture,Milan A.Rewerts,interim director of Cooperative Extension,
Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado.Cooperative Extension programs are available to all
without discrimination.To simplify technical terminology,trade names of products and equipment occa-
sionally will be used.No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products
not mentioned.
Published by Colorado State University Cooperative Extension in cooperation with Colorado Department
of A griculture.
•
Best Management Practices
for Manure Utilization
Livestock manure is rich in plant available nutrients under this regulation. Animal feeding operations are
which can be valuable assets to crop producers. However, it directed to employ prescribed BMPs as appropriate to
also can be a source of both ground and surface water protect state waters.
contamination if improperly handled. Livestock manure
contains significant quantities of N, P, and K, and smaller Possible Sources of Water Contamination
amounts of nutrients such as Ca,Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and S. Improper handling, storage, and land application of
Manure properly applied to cropland increases soil fertility, manure presents multiple opportunities for both ground and
improves soil physical properties, and saves producers' surface water contamination. Water moving across the land
fertilizer costs. surface or through the soil profile can transport salts,
The primary constituents of manure or products pathogenic organisms, nitrate, and organic solids, which can
released during manure decomposition that may cause water degrade drinking water sources from both underground and
quality problems include pathogenic organisms, nitrate, surface water supplies.
ammonia, phosphorous, salts, and organic solids. Nitrate Livestock feedlots, manure stockpiles, and storage
(NO3) is the most common groundwater pollutant from lagoons represent potential point sources of groundwater
fields that receive manure. Recent groundwater monitoring contamination. Research has shown that active feedlots
data and computer modeling efforts indicate that NO,
contamination of groundwater can be a problem in the
vicinity of confined livestock feeding operations. Runoff
from feedlots or manured fields may also degrade the
quality of surface water.
Regulatory Controls
The Agricultural Chemicals and Groundwater
Protection Act (SB 90-126) does not directly address the use
of manure because it is not classified as a commercial
fertilizer. However, the proper management of N fertilizer
requires accounting for all N sources, including manure.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) prescribed under SB
90-126 will address manure management as a component of
proper N fertilizer management to.reduce NO, leaching.
Sewage sludge application is regulated separately under
Colorado law (5 CCR 1003-7), and is not directly addressed
by these BMPs.
In Colorado, state law (5 CCR 1002-19) prohibits any
direct discharge of manures or animal wastewater to either
ground or surface water. The Confined Animal Feeding
Operations Control Regulation mandates that producers
who confine and feed an average of 1,000 or more "animal
units" for 45 days per year ensure that no water quality
impacts occur by collecting and properly disposing of all
animal manures, as well as stormwater runoff Smaller
feeding operations that directly discharge into state waters
or are located in hydrologically sensitive areas may also fall
1
develop a compacted manure/soil layer, which acts as a seal
to prevent leaching. Compacted layers of manure and soil Manure or wastewater applied to fields also
usually limit water infiltration to less than 0.05 inches per represents a potential nonpoint source of water
day. It is very important to avoid disturbing this seal when contamination if improperly managed. Nonpoint
cleaning pens. Workers need to be trained to correctly use source contamination of surface water may occur if
manure loading machinery to leave an undisturbed manure there is excessive runoff or erosion from sloping
pack on the surface. Abandoned feedlots have a large fields. Groundwater contamination occurs when
potential to cause NO3 leaching as the surface seal cracks nitrate from the manure leaches through the soil
and deteriorates. For this reason, pens need to be thoroughly profile to the water table. To determine the
cleaned and scraped down to bare earth prior to abandon- pollution potential at your site, the following
ment. Revegetation of the old pens is also important to help questions need to be considered:
absorb excess soil nutrients and prevent erosion. 1. Is the soil texture coarse (sandy with low
Stormwater and wastewater runoff from feedlots can amounts of clay) and the depth to groundwa-
contain high concentrations of nutrients, salts, pathogens, ter less than 50 feet?
and oxygen-demanding organic matter. Preventing 2. Does the field have greater than a 1% slope
stormwater from passing across the feedlot surface by and little surface residue?
installing upgradient ditches or berms is a BMP that can 3. Is excess water from irrigation or precipitation
significantly reduce the volume of wastewater. Decreasing available for runoff or leaching?
your total lot area when animal numbers are low can also 4. Is manure applied at rates greater than crop
help decrease the total stormwater runoff Storage lagoons nutrient requirement?
and holding ponds are necessary in many cases to contain 5. Is there surface water or wells immediately
excess wastewater until it can be land applied or evaporated. downhill from the field?
These should be constructed on fine-textured soils (such as 6. Have recent well water analyses indicated that
silty clays, clay loams, or clay)or be sealed with liners or local groundwater has elevated NO3-N levels
compacted bentonite. New lagoons must be designed to (> 10 ppm)?
contain the runoff from a 25-year, 24-hour storm event and 7. Does the field have a long history of manure
should be located above the 100-year floodplain. application?
Manure stockpiles should be located a safe distance If the answer to any one of these questions is
away from any supply water and above the 100-year yes,manure application at your site may degrade
floodplain unless flood proofing measures are provided. water quality. Manure rates may need to be
Grass filter strips, filter fencing, or straw bales can be used adjusted downward and all appropriate BMPs
effectively to filter solids and nutrients in runoff. For land employed. Additionally, it may be helpful to
with a slope of greater than 1'%n, plant a strip of a dense, sod- periodically test wells near livestock operations
forming grass such as smooth brome (Bromus inermis) or and manured fields for NO3 and bacterial contami-
orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerate) at least 20 feet wide nation to determine if management practices are
around the downgradient side of any feedlot or manure sufficiently protecting water quality.
stockpile to filter potential contaminants in runoff water.
•
Managing Land Application of Manure Soil and Manure Testing
Manure should be applied to land at rates that match Proper soil and manure testing are the foundation of a
annual expected crop nutrient uptake to ensure that excess sound nutrient management program. A number of qualified
loading does not lead to contamination. Manure applied in labs in Colorado provide these services. Without a manure
excess of crop needs will not increase crop yields, but will analysis, you may be buying unnecessary commercial
increase soil N and P to levels that can lead to nutrient fertilizer or applying too much manure to your fields.
leaching or runoff. Furthermore, excessive manure rates can Neither practice is economically or environmentally sound.
lead to potentially high levels of plant damaging soluble Manure can also be a source of salts and weed seeds, and
salts. Manure application should be based upon actual these components should also be assessed prior to applica-
❑utrient content, soil fertility, crop, yield goal, field slope tion.
and drainage, irrigation method, and groundwater vulner- Obtaining a representative sample is the key to good
ability. The application rate should be based upon a nutrient soil or manure analysis. Techniques for proper soil sampling
management plan which accounts for crop N needs and are available from your local Cooperative Extension office.
plant-available N in the manure. If commercial N fertilizer For proper manure sampling, you need a clean bucket and
is used in addition to manure, the total available N should sample jar. If you are spreading manure daily, take many
not exceed the N requirements of the crop. small samples over a representative period. For periodic
The nutrient management approach is the most sound spreading from a manure pack or pile, collect samples from
method for the beneficial use of manure. This approach a variety of locations in the pack or pile using a clean shovel
requires farmers to account for all nutrient sources available or fork. Be sure that you collect both manure and bedding if
from soil, water, fertilizer, and manure and balance them they will be applied together. Agitate liquid manure han-
with the best estimate of crop needs. This method helps idling systems before sampling and collect several separate
minimize residual nutrient leaching during the off-season samples. Combine the individual spot samples from a
and prevents excessive soil NO3 buildup. Producers are particular lot or lagoon in the bucket and mix thoroughly
encouraged to have manure, soil, and water tested annually, before filling the sample jar. Keep the sample refrigerated
and to keep accurate records of application rates. (See and deliver it to the laboratory within 24 hours. Collect the
Manure Management Record Sheet for suggested format.) samples well in advance of your spreading date so that you
will have time to obtain test results and calculate the correct
application rate. An accurate manure test is an excellent
investment of time and money, as it may help you realize
significant savings on fertilizer bills while simultaneously
avoiding water contamination problems.
3
Table 1. Approximate nutrient composition of various types of animal manure at time applied to the land
Type of Dry Total'
manure matter N NHS P,O, K,O
Solid handling systems % lb/ton
Swine Without bedding 18 10 6 9 8
With bedding 18 8 5 7 7
Beef Without bedding 52 21 7 14 23
With bedding 50 21 8 18 26
Dairy cattle Without bedding 18 9 4 4 10
With bedding 21 9 5 4 10
Sheep Without bedding 28 18 5 11 26
With bedding 28 14 5 9 25
Poultry Without litter 45 33 26 48 34
With litter 75 56 36 45 34
Deep pit (compost) 76 68 44 64 45
Turkeys Without litter 22 27 17 20 17
With litter 29 20 13 16 13
Horses With bedding 46 14 4 4 14
Liquid handling systems' 16/1,000 gal
Swine Liquid pit 4 36 26 27 22
Lagoon' 1 4 3 2 7
Beef Liquid pit 11 40 24 27 23
Lagoon' 1 4 2 9 5
Dairy cattle Liquid pit 8 24 12 18 29
Lagoon` I 4 2.5 4 10
Poultry Liquid pit 13 80 64 36 96
'Ammonium N plus organic N,which is slow releasing.
'Application conversion factors:1,000 gal=about 4 tons;27,154 gal= I acre inch.
'Includes feedlot runoff water
Source:Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin 552A,Utilization ofAnimal Manure as Fertilizer,1992.
4
Organic N Mineralization During composting, some N is lost from the manure
The total amount of N in manure is not plant available as NH3 is volatilized. Most of the remaining N is tied up
in the first year after application due to the slow release of within stable organic compounds which will become slowly
N tied up in organic forms. Organic N becomes available to available in the soil. Composted manure has less odor and is
plants when soil microorganisms decompose organic easier to haul and store than raw manure because the
compounds such as proteins, and the N released is con- volume and weight can be reduced by 50% or more. The
verted to NH4. This process, known as mineralization, composting process produces heat, driving off excess
occurs over a period of several years after manure applica- moisture while killing pathogeps and weed seeds. For
tion. The amount mineralized in the first year depends upon maximum efficiency, pile temperature during composting
manure source, soil temperature, moisture, and handling. In should be maintained between 80°F and 130°F. Most seeds
general, about 30% to 50% of the organic N becomes and disease causing organisms cannot survive 130°F for
available in the first year (Table 2). Thereafter, the amount more than three days.
of N mineralized from the manure gradually decreases. In
the absence of better estimates, producers should assume
that 50% of the total N in applied manure is available the Table 2. Approximate fraction of organic N
first year, 25% in the second year, and 12.5% in the third mineralized in the first year after application
year. Producers should give three years of N credit from any
application of manure. Manure source Fraction of organic
All of the NO3 and NH4 contained in the manure is N mineralized in
considered available to plants. However, some available N first year
may be lost to volatilization, denitrification, leaching, or Beef and dairy cattle
immobilization by soil microorganisms. Deep soil NO3 solid (without bedding) .35
testing should be used in subsequent years to keep applica- liquid (anaerobic) .30
tion rates in line with crop needs. Fresh manure will usually
mineralize at a faster rate than old or dry manure because it Swine
has not lost as much NH, to volatilization, and is therefore a solid .50
better media for soil microbes. liquid (anaerobic) .35
Sheep
Composting Manure solid .25
A growing number of producers have become Horse
interested in composting manure as a way to reduce volume solid (with bedding) .20
and perhaps enhance the value and acceptance of manure as
a source of plant nutrients. Composting is a biological Poultry
solid (without litter)
process in which microorganisms convert organic materials, .35
such as manure, into a soil-like material. It is the same Adapted from Nebraska Cooperative Extension Bulletin
process which causes decomposition of any organic EC 89-117,Fertilizing Crops with Animal Manures,1989.
material, only it is managed to control the balance of air and
moisture, as well as the proportion of carbon to nitrogen so
that materials decompose faster.
5
•
Possible Benefits and Disadvantages of On-Farm Composting
Benefits of Composting Disadvantages of Com posting
Dry end-product that is easily handled Time, money, energy required
Excellent soil conditioner Ammonia lost to volatilization
Reduced risk of pollution Slow release of nutrients
Reduced pathogens and weed seeds Land and machinery requirements
Reduced odor Possible odor during composting
Marketable product
returns to labor and capital that they will receive. If no
Fresh manure is an excellent composting material but suitable alternative exists for complying with environmental
is generally too wet and N rich to be composted rapidly regulations, or if a significant market for compost is
without adding a dry, high carbon (C) amendment. How- unsatisfied,then it may be an excellent way to use manure.
ever, bedded pack manure is usually dry enough and has a Be sure to determine if any local zoning or environmental
good C:N ratio. Proper moisture content and C:N ratio are regulations are in effect prior to establishing a composting
the most important aspects of composting. Microorganisms facility. The composting site should be engineered to avoid
require C as a substrate for growth and N for protein runoff or any of the environmental hazards associated with
synthesis. A C:N ratio of 30:1 is desirable, with an accept- confined animal feeding. It is probably best to start
able range of 26-35:1, depending on the material used. composting on a small scale, using existing machinery such
Moisture control is probably the most difficult aspect of as a loader or manure spreader to windrow and turn the
large-scale composting in Colorado. If moisture falls below manure, before buying more specialized machinery.
40%, decomposition will be aerobic, but very slow. If
moisture is above 60%, anaerobic decay occurs and foul Determining Manure Application Rates
odors can be a problem. At the proper moisture, the Once you have an accurate analysis of soil fertility
composting material should yield water when squeezed, but and manure nutrient content, you can determine application
should not compact or feel soggy. Adding more high-carbon rates based upon crop needs (Table 3). Plant nutrient uptake
materials, shaping the windrow to either shed or absorb depends upon crop, growing conditions, and actual yield. It
water, covering the pile, turning more or less frequently, and can be estimated by multiplying average nutrient uptake of
wetting the pile are all techniques that can be used to adjust the plant by the expected yield. Yield estimations should be
moisture levels. based upon actual field averages over a five-year period.
While composting allows the application of more
manure on less land, producers should carefully analyze the
•
Table 3.Nitrogen removed in the harvested part of selected Colorado crops
Crop Dry weight Typical % N in dry
lb/bu yield/A harvested material
Grain crops
Barley 48 80 bu 1.82
2 tons straw 0.75
Corn 56 150 bu 1.61
3.5 tons stover 1.11
Oats 32 60 bu 1.95
1.5 tons straw 0.63
Rye 56 30 bu 2.08
1.5 tons straw 0.50
Sorghum 56 60 bu 1.67
3 tons stover 1.08
Wheat 60 40 bu 2.08
1.5 tons straw 0.67
Oil crops •
Canola 50 35 bu 3.60
3 tons straw 4.48
Soybeans 60 35 bu 6.25
2 tons stover 2.25
Sunflower 25 1,100 lb 3.57
2 tons stover 1.50
Forage crops
Alfalfa 4 tons 2.25
Big bluestem 3 tons 0.99
Birdsfoot trefoil 3 tons 2.49
Bromegrass 3 tons 1.87
Alfalfa-grass 4 tons 1.52
Little bluestem 3 tons 1.10
Orchardgrass 4 tons 1.47
Red clover 3 tons 2.00
Reed canarygrass 4 tons 1.35
Ryegrass 4 tons 1.67
Switchgrass 3 tons 1.15
Tall fescue 4 tons 1.97
Timothy 3 tons 1.20
Wheatgrass 1 ton 1.42
Continued on next page
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