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Home My WebLink About20000970.tiff Manure & Wastewater Management Plan Diamond D Dairy 4513 Weld County Rd 32 Longmont, Colorado 80504 Developed in accordance with the Colorado "Confined Animal Feeding Operations Control Regulation" Generally Accepted Agricultural Best Management Practices Prepared By NVIRO TOCK/the. 1597 Cole Blvd., Suite 310 Golden, CO 80401 January 17, 2000 2000-0970 "Serving Environmental Needs of the Livestock Industry" EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Contacts and Authorized Persons 3 Legal Description 3 Site Description 4 Facility 4 Maps 4 Topographic Map 4 Site Layout (Current Conditions) 4 Site Layout(Proposed Conditions) 4 Land Application Areas Map 4 Stormwater and Process Wastewater Management 9 Surface Runoff 9 Process Wastewater 9 Flood plains 9 Land Application of Stormwater/Process Wastewater 9 Solid Manure Management 11 Nutrient Utilization 12 Soil Testing _13 Irrigation Water Testing 13 Stormwater Testing 13 Agronomic Calculations 13 Record Keeping 14 Inspections 14 Limitations 14 Appendix A 15 Appendix B 16 Appendix C 17 Appendix D 18 Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Introduction This Manure and Process Wastewater Management Plan (MMP) has been developed and implemented to comply with requirements, conditions and limitations of the Colorado "Confined Animal Feeding Operations Control Regulation" 4.8.0 (5 CCR 1002-19). This MMP outlines current site conditions, structures and areas requiring management of solid manure, storm water run-off and process wastewater. This MMP will be kept on-site and amended prior to any change in design, construction, operation or maintenance which significantly increases the potential for discharge of solid manure, stormwater run-off and process wastewater to waters of the State. Diamond D Dairy will amend this MMP if it is ineffective in controlling discharges from the facility. Below is the date of the last MMP amendment: Amendment I: _ Amendment 2: Amendment 3: _ Amendment 4: Diamond D Dairy will keep records relating to the MMP onsite for a minimum of three years Contacts and Authorized Persons Make correspondence and contacts to: Jim Docheff, Jr. 4513 Weld County Rd 32 Longmont, Colorado 80504 (970) 535-4290 The individual(s) at this facility who is (are) responsible for developing the implementation, maintenance and revision of this MMP are listed below: Jim Docheff, Jr. Owner (Name) (Title) (Name) (Title) Legal Description The legal description of Diamond D Dairy is: The E''/Z of the SW% of Section 14, Township 3 North, Range 68 West, Weld County, Colorado. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 3 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Site Description Facility Diamond D Dairy currently has approximately 580 cows on site and most of them lactating. They plan an expansion to a maximum milking capacity of 650 cows. Dry cows, heifers and calves will comprise an additional 150 head, bringing the total cattle number on site to 800 head. Irrigated farm ground and pasture surrounds the facility. The dairy is located on Weld County Road 32 and just east of Interstate Highway 25. Dairy construction is industry-typical steel and wood posts, pipe and cable fence, concrete feed aprons and feed bunks, feed alleys and cow-movement alleys, feed storage areas and associated storage structures and maintenance facilities, waste management and control structures. Maps On the following pages are maps as described below. Topographic Map The Topographical Location Map shows the location of Diamond D Dairy, surrounding sites, topography and major drainages. Site Layout(Current Conditions) The Site Map (Current Conditions) details the configuration of the dairy corrals and alleys, waste management system and site drainage patterns. Site Layout(Proposed Conditions) The Site Map (Proposed Conditions) details the configuration of the proposed dairy corrals. milk parlor, alleys, waste management system and site drainage patterns. Land Application Areas Map The Land Application Areas Map shows the location of the dairy facility and the associated land application areas. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 4 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Figure 1—Topographic Map _ SICAL SURVEY ' ;OVELAO I4 MI 1010"11 E , N MI 79 co10 sa 1303 57'30" 504 R 68 W. sae. Iv sw 5�-� (JONNSTOWN) Is:.. 1 7 S 12� �A� \�� .._.. _ �5• 41908 L\diiitu I�`To �l �R M2�0 I p ° A? i > 10 1� �� /'mss° -� � /r-',\II �l a Ice �, I!' II . II i 1/ • _� X494 ----- P '9 _ � V� ��-..A"J' J vac *:b1 � �a° t J_ll 4/ Iake r3 :"/„...„...r....," Ill s°" Thomas {1T;HrNi, / , 9.3 / \ - _ �-gam Flo AEan'd 4881 �— .s� i 948 I• s •` —7--__ °S o o "' I \--1 \-____S' e i i 'ulligan i W7-11O7,7 2 7 7 Tcoo y 'N• ___ " it T J a-7..-.I t - of 7, £ J// o:1171 -Th / -L y I :Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 5 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Stormwater and Process Wastewater Management Surface Runoff Diamond D Dairy currently controls stormwater with one retention basin located south of the dairy area (see Figure 2). The 25-year, 24-hour storm event for Diamond D Dairy is 4.0 inches. Using the SCS runoff curve number for unsurfaced lots (90), the amount of runoff generated during a 25-year event is 2.92 inches. This results in approximately 4.6 acre-feet or runoff generated at Diamond D Dairy during a 25-year event. The existing retention pond ha, capacity for approximately two acre-feet. Diamond D Dairy proposes to construct a new retention basin directly west of the existing pond (see Figure 3). The proposed retention pond will be designed and constructed to meet the 1/32 inch-per-day maximum seepage requirement in Section 4.8.4 of the Colorado Confined Animal Feeding Operation Control regulation. Upon completion of the nevi structure, the liner will be inspected and certified by a licensed professional engineer. Documentation of adequate lining will be submitted to the Weld County Health Department and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Calculations for the 25-year storm and pond capacities are in Appendix A. Process Wastewater Diamond D Dairy generates process wastewater within the milking parlor. Process wastewater flows via pipeline into the existing retention pond. A table in Appendix A shows the process wastewater amount generated at Diamond D Dairy presently and with the proposed expansion. Floodplains EnviroStock, Inc. performed a floodplain determination and determined that Diamond D Dairy is not within the mapped 100-year floodplain. Land Application of Stormwater/Process Wastewater Diamond D Dairy periodically pumps stormwater/process wastewater from the existing retention pond onto farm ground in accordance with 'tier two' as defined in the state C'AFO regulations. The application area for stormwater/process wastewater is an irrigated pasture immediately adjacent to the dairy consisting of approximately 43 acres. The pasture contains mainly orchard and brome grass, and dry cows utilize it for grazing. Table 1 below shows thL land necessary to utilize nutrients from a 25-year, 24-hour storm. The nitrogen content and losses are based on Midwest Plan Service publication No. 18, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook. The calculation in Table 1 indicates that Diamond D Dairy requires approximately 25 acres of orchard or brome grass to utilize the nitrogen that is contained in runoff generated from a 25-year, 24-hour storm. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 9 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Table I - Land required for 25-year, 24-hour storm 25-yr, 24-hr storm event, gallons 1,571,290 Total N contained in liquid, lbs. 6,285 Total-N=4#noo0gal-e0%organic-N NH3-N lost during flood irrigation, lbs. 550 via flood irrigation(175%loss) N in Manure after application, lbs. 5,735 N available to plants 1st yr. (PAN), lb 3,535 (30%mineralization rate for organic-N) Corn Corn Silage Bromegrass Orchardgrass Wheat Based on CSU Extension Bulletin#XCM-174 150 Bu/acre 20 wet tons/acre 3 tons/acre 4 tons/acre 40 Bu/acre N req. (20 lb. res. N in soil)(66%N efficiency), lb./acre 185 213 150 158 55 Acres req. if effluent applied via flood irrigation 19 17 24 22 64 In addition, a stormwater/process wastewater, generation table in Appendix A estimates the average annual amount of stormwater necessary for land application to maintain the retention structure's volume at a manageable level. It is a five-year stormwater accumulation table, accounting for the following: ❑ Average monthly precipitation values from local weather data ❑ Average monthly pan-evaporation data from local weather data ❑ Evaporation area equal to the surface area of the containment structure when 1/2 full ❑ A 0.85 conversion factor for converting pan evaporation to lake evaporation ❑ Dairy drainage area of 19 acres ❑ Runoff percentage from NRCS National Engineering Handbook ❑ Process wastewater generation rate of 3,370 GPD after expansion ❑ Trial-and-error monthly pumping amounts to keep the retention basin total volume at a manageable level The calculation table shows that annual land application of approximately 5.7 acre-feet of stormwater will maintain a manageable level in the retention structure. Table 2 below shows the land necessary to utilize the nutrients from 5.7 acre-feet of stormwater in accordance with tier two of the state CAFO regulations. The nitrogen content and losses are based on Midwest Plan Service publication No. 18, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook. The calculation in Table 2 indicates that Diamond D Dairy requires approximate].) 28 acres of orchard or brome grass to utilize the nitrogen contained in six acre-feet of stormwater. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 10 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Table 2 - Land Required for Average Years' Stormwater Avg. year pumping requirement( 5.7 A.F.), gallons 1,857,224 Total N contained in liquid, lbs. 7,429 Total-N=a#/1000gal-50%organic-N Ammonium-N lost during flood irrigation, lbs. 650.03 via flood irrigation(17.5%loss) N in Manure after irrigation, lbs. 6,779 N available to plants 1st yr. (PAN), lbs. 4,179 (30%mineralization rate for organic-N) Corn Corn Silage Bromegrass Orchardgrass Wheat Based on CSU Extension Bulletin#XCM-174 150 Bu/acre 20 wet tons/acre 3 tons/acre 4 tons/acre 40 Bu/acre N req.(20 lb. res. N in soil)(66%N efficiency),lb./acre 185 213 150 158 5'S Acres req. if effluent applied via flood irrigation 23 20 28 26 76 Additional calculations in Appendix A show how nitrogen is mineralized and carried forward when stormwater/process wastewater is applied to the same fields every year. The calculations show that in most situations, 43 acres of orchard or brome grass will assimilate the nutrients from stormwater/process wastewater if applied annually to the same fields. Solid Manure Management Diamond D Dairy manages solid manure through routine pen cleaning and maintenance. Animal density per pen is controlled to optimize the surface area and keep cows clean while maintaining solid, dry footing for livestock. Diamond D Dairy cleans pens annually and composts the solid manure on site. Local greenhouses or landscapers buy the compost and take it off site. If Diamond D Dairy chooses to land apply solid manure on their own propert}. they will do so in a manner following 'tier two' criteria in the state CAFO regulations. Manure and soil testing is covered later in this MMP. Diamond D Dairy has approximately 43 irrigated-acres of their own land available for land application of manure or compost. Table 3 below calculates the amount of manure produced and the associated nutrients on an "as excreted basis". In addition, manure weight"as compost" is calculated, accounting for loss of moisture in the dairy and during composting. The calculations are based on Midwest Plan Service publication No. 18, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook for various size dairy cattle and an average lactating capacity of 650 cows. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 1 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Table 3 - Manure Production Manure Manure TS VS Nitrogen PZU5 K2U -- MWPS(as excreted)(67.3%moisture) (lbs.) (Cu. ft.) (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) (lbs.) 650 Production(XX/day-HD) 120 1.94 16.8 14.0 0.595 0.24 0.48 Milk Cows @ Total Daily Production 78,000 1,261 10,920 9,100 387 156 312 1.400#each Total Annual Production 28,470,000 460,265 3,985,800 3,321,500 141,164 56,940 113,880 so Production(XX/day-HD) 86.0 1.39 12.0 10.0 0.425 0.17 0.24 Dry Cows @ Total Daily Production 4,300 70 600 500 21 9 1 1,000#each Total Annual Production 1,569,500 25,368 219,000 182,500 7,756 3,103 6,205 so Production(XX/day-HD) 43 0.69 6.0 5.0 0.213 0.09 0.1' Heifers @ Total Daily Production 2,150 35 300 250 11 5 5 500#each Total Annual Production 784,750 12,593 109,500 91,250 3,887 1,643 3,103 50 Production(XX/day-HD) 13 0.21 1.80 1.50 0.064 0.03 0.05 Calves @ Total Daily Production 650 11 90 75 3 2 -- 150#each Total Annual Production 237,250 3.833 32,850 27,375 1,168 548 910 800 Production(XX/day-HD) Total Daily Production 85,100 1,376 11,910 9,925 422 171 340 Total Head Total Annual Production 31,061,500 502,058 4,347,150 3,622,625 153,975 62,233 124,100 Manure as Hauled(79%moisture)(tons) 9,392 Manure as Compost(50%moisture)(tons) 3,945 Nutrient Utilization Nitrogen is the element that most often limits plant growth. Nitrogen is naturally abundant. However, it is the nutrient most frequently limiting crop production because the plant available forms of nitrogen in the soil are constantly undergoing transformation. Crops remove more nitrogen than any other nutrient from the soil. The limitation is not related to the total amount of nitrogen available but the form the crop can use. Most nitrogen in plants is in the organic form and is incorporated into amino acids. By weight, nitrogen makes up from I to 4 percent of harvested plant material. Essentially all of the nitrogen absorbed from the soil by plant roots is in the inorganic form of either nitrate or ammonium. Generally, young plants absorb more ammonium than nitrate, as the plant ages the reverse is true. Under favorable conditions for plant growth, soil microorganisms generally convert ammonium to nitrate, so nitrates generally are more abundant when growing conditions are most favorable. Manure and process wastewater is most typically applied for fertilizers and soil amendments to produce crops. Generally, manure and process wastewater is applied to crops that are most responsive to nitrogen inputs. The primary objective of applying agricultural by-products to land is to recycle part of the plant nutrients contained in the by-product material into harvestable plant forage or dry matte- Another major objective in returning wastes to the land is enhancing the receiving soil's organic matter content. As soils are cultivated, the organic matter in the soil decreases. Throughout several years of continuous cultivation in which crop residue returns are low, Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 12 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 organic matter content in most soil decreases dramatically. This greatly decreases the soil's ability to hold essential plant nutrients. Land application of Diamond I) Dairy stormwater/process wastewater to recycle valuable nutrients is a practical, commonly accepted best management practice given that fertilization rates are applicable and that deep soil leaching does not occur. Reference material from Colorado State University is included in Appendix B of this MMP for use by the operator in making sound decisions pertaining to the land application of stormwater and solid manure. Soil Testing The purpose of soil sampling is to ensure that the quantity of nutrients later applied to the soil will not lead to undesirable nutrient levels in the soil. With knowledge of how much nitrogen and other nutrients are present in the soil, combined with a specific crop and a realistic yield goal, appropriate manure and/or stormwater application quantity can be determined. Diamond D Dairy will test soil on their land application areas annually using the protocol in Appendix C. Irrigation Water Testing Diamond D Dairy will test irrigation water once per year using the protocol in Appendix C. Stormwater Testing Stormwater/process wastewater testing is an essential component of a complete nutrient balance. The amount of nutrients in manure determines the amount that can be land applied agronomically. Diamond D Dairy will test stormwater/process wastewater at least once per year following the protocol in Appendix C. Agronomic Calculations Agronomic rate is the rate at which plants will utilize nutrients while limiting the amount of nutrients that are lost via percolation through the soil or runoff. Diamond D Dairy will perform agronomic calculations for every field before stormwater/process wastewater is applied. Agronomic calculations take into account: ❑ The crop to be grown ❑ A realistic yield goal ❑ Total nitrogen required to meet the yield goal ❑ Residual soil nitrate ❑ Soil organic matter ❑ Nitrogen content in irrigation water ❑ Nitrogen credit from previous legume crop; and ❑ Plant available nitrogen (PAN) in the manure Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 13 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Forms for performing agronomic calculations are in Appendix D. One agronomic calculation sheet is used for each field on which stormwater/process wastewater is applied. In addition, reference material from Colorado State Cooperative Extension is located in Appendix B. which includes nitrogen requirement information for corn, wheat and other crops commonly grown in Colorado. Record Keeping Diamond D Dairy will keep records of stormwater/process wastewater application on the Stormwater Application Log. This form is included in Appendix D. Every day that stormwater/process wastewater is land applied; Diamond D Dairy will record data on the Stormwater Application Log. The dairy will also retain soil and wastewater testing results. Diamond D Dairy will be keep these records associated with manure and nutrient management with this Manure Management Plan. In addition, authorized person(s) will track precipitation at Diamond D Dairy. After each rainfall event, Diamond D Dairy will record the amount of rain on the Rainfall Log(this form is provided in Appendix D). The dairy will keep the Rainfall Log in this MMP. Inspections Authorized persons will inspect the site, retention pond and manure handling equipment quarterly for potential problems that may result in manure or wastewater entering waters of the State. Personnel will record these inspections on the Storage Basin Inspection Report and Preventive Maintenance Log(these forms are provided in Appendix D). Diamond D Dairy will take appropriate corrective actions and properly document the actions on these forms. Dairy personnel will keep these quarterly reports in this MMP. Limitations EnviroStock, Inc. has no control over the services or information furnished by others. This Manure Management Plan was prepared, based on and developed in accordance with, generally accepted environmental consulting practices. This plan was prepared for the exclusive use of Diamond D Dairy and specific application to the subject property. The opinions provided herein are made based on EnviroStock's experience and qualifications, and represent EnviroStock's best judgement as experienced and qualified professionals familiar with the agriculture industry. EnviroStock, Inc. makes no warranty, expressed or implied. Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 14 EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Appendix A ❑ 25-year, 24-hour and retention basin capacity calculations ❑ Process Wastewater Generation ❑ Average Years' Stormwater/Process Wastewater Generation (current) ❑ Average Years' Stormwater/Process Wastewater Generation (future) ❑ Nitrogen Mineralization Chart for Stormwater/Process Wastewater Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 1!. Diamond D Dairy 25-year, 24-hour Storm Event and Pond Capacity Calculations Dairy Area- Dairy Area- Dairy Area- Future Future Current Conditions Conditions Conditions (Option#1) (Option#2) 25-year,24-hour Storm Event for the Location,inches 4.00 4.00 4.00 SCS Runoff curve#factor 1.11 1.11 1.11 90 for unsurfaced lots factor 1.11 97 for surfaced lots factor 0.309 Total number of acres in facility drainage area 19 '19 19 Separate different drainage areas Include pens,alleys, mill areas, working areas etc. Inches of runoff given SCS Runoff Curve Factor 2.92 2.92 2.92 Minimum Retention Capacity Required,Acre-Ft. 4.62 4.62 4.62 Minimum Retention Capacity Required,Cu.-Ft. 201,397 201,397 201,397 Surface Area of Retention Structure,Acres 0.44 1.85 1.33 Amount of additional volume required,Acre-Ft. 0.15 0.62 0,44 Amount of additional volume required,Cu.-Ft. 6,435 26,857 19,268 Total Retention Structure Volume Required,Acre-Ft. 4.8 5.2 5.1 Total Retention Structure Volume Required,Cu.-Ft. 207,832 228,254 220,665 Retention Basin Retention Basin Current Future Capacity Scenario#4 Capacity (Option#1) Lagoon Capacities Scenario#1 Scenario#2 Scenario#3 (Option#2) Vol.For Vol.For Area @ Increment, Area @ Increment, Depth,ft depth,ft' ft' depth,ft' ft' Length(Top of Berm)(feet) 260 250 350 35C 0 1,262 1,262 Width(Top of Berm)(feet) 110 125 110 11C 1 1,657 1,460 1,657 1,460 Liquid Depth(Feet) 12 12 8 12 2 2,068 1,863 2,068 1,863 Slope(ft. horizontal/I ft. vertical) 3 3 3 1 3 2,494 2,281 2,494 2,281 Freeboard(feet) 2 2 2 2 4 2,932 2,713 2,932 2,713 Liner Thickness(feet) 1 1 1 1 5 3,388 3,160 3,388 3,160 Totals (Cu-Ft.) 162,912 191,832 187,424 229,872 6 3,860 3,624 3,860 3,624 (Acre-Ft.) 3.71 4.4 4.3 5.3 7 6,368 5,114 6,368 5,114 Liner Volume (Cu.Ft.) 29,900 32,572 39,798 40,208 8 7,913 7,141 7,913 7,141 9 9,492 8,703 9,492 8,703 Surface Area(sq.ft.) 28,600 31,250 38,500 38,500 10 11,086 10,289 11,086 10,289 Middle Area(sq.ft.) 13,144 15,554 23,236 18,724 11 12,700 11,893 12,700 11,893 12 14,330 13,515 14,330 13,515 13 15,975 15,153 15,975 15,153 14 17,635 16,805 17,635 16,805 15 19,305 18,470 36,982 27,309 16 45,020 41,001 17 55,614 50,317 18 67,208 61,411 19 80,570 73,889 Total Volume,ft' 122,182 357,638 otal Volume,Acre-Ft. 2.8 8.2 fume wl 2'Freeboard,ft' 86,907 222,338 a wl 2'Freeboard,Acre-Ft. 2.0 5.1 Diamond D Dairy Process Wastewater Process Wastewater Production (before expansion) Type of Use Water Volume (GPD) Parlor Wash (333 gallons/shift) 1,000 (3 shifts/day) System Wash Rinse (80 gallons/shift) 240 Hot Wash (80 gallons/shift) 240 Acid Rinse (80 gallons/shift) 240 Sanitizer(80 gallons/shift) 240 (3 shifts/day) Back Flush (3/4 gallon/cow/shift) 1,148 510 cows Daily process wastewater production (gal/day) = 3,107 Annual process wastewater production (gallons) = 1,134,237 Annual process wastewater production (Acre-Feet) = 3.5 Process Wastewater Production (after expansion) Type of Use Water Volume (GPD) Parlor Wash (333 gallons/shift) 1,000 (3 shifts/day) System Wash Rinse (80 gallons/shift) 240 Hot Wash (80 gallons/shift) 240 Acid Rinse (80 gallons/shift) 240 Sanitizer (80 gallons/shift) 240 (3 shifts/day) Back Flush (3/4 gallon/cow/shift) 1,463 650 cows Daily process wastewater production (gal/day) = 3,422 Annual process wastewater production (gallons) = 1,249,212 Annual process wastewater production (Acre-Feet) = 3.8 Diamond D Dairy Stormwater&Process Wastewater Generation(Current) Process Water Generation Calculation(Average Values) Process Generated Wastewater,GPO 3,107 Surface area of Pond.fe= 19,305 Evaporation Area.11'= 7,913 Primp.' Percent Runoff Area Total Runoff Pan Eve's Evap.Area Taal Evap. Process-H2O Net Change Amt Pumped Vol.In Lagoon Month (inches) Runoff" (Acres) (Acre-Ft.) (tnchesr" (Acres) (Acre-Ft) (Acre-FL) (Acre-Ft) (Acre-Ft.) (Acre-Ft.) Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0 30 0 34 0 34 Feb 039 5.0% 19 0.05 0 018 - 027 031 065 Mar 1 15 5.0% 19 0 13 1 32 0 18 0 02 0.30 0 41 1 07 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.22 ` 4.52 0 18 0 06 0 29 0 45 0 50 1.02 May 2.34 16.0% 19 0.68 5 45 0 18, 0.07 0.30 0.90 0 90 1.02 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.42 6.43 0 18 0.08 0.29 0.63 D 60 1.05 Jul _ 1.10 12 0% 19 0.25 7.23 0 18 0 09 0.30 0.45 0 50 1.00 Aug 1 19 11.0% 19 0.25 6.34 0.18 0.08 0.30 0 47 0 45 1.02 Sep 1 34 13.0% 19 0.33 4.93 0.18 0.06 0 29 0.55 0.50 1.07 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0.17 3 23 0 18 0.04 0 30 0 42 0 50 0.99 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0.08 2.23 0.18 0.03 0 29 0 34 0 30 1.02 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.18 _ 0 30 0.36 0.30 1.09 Jan 0.39_5.0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0 30 0.34 0.40 1.03 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0 27 0 31 0.30 1.04 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0.13 1.32 0 18! 0.02 0.30 0 41 0.40 1.05 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.22 4.52 0 18 0.06 0.29 0 45 0 50 1.00 May 2.34 16 0% 19 0.68 5.45 0.18 0.07 0.30 0.90 0.90 1.01 Jun 1.87 120% 19 042 6.43 018 008 0.29 063 060 1.04 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0.25 7 23 0.18 0.09' 0 30 0 45 0 40 1.09 Aug 1.19 11 0% 19 0.25 6.34 0 18 0 08 0.30 0.47 0 50 1 05 Sep 1.34 13.0% 19 0 33 4.93 0 18 0 06 0.29 0 55 0.60 1.00 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0 17 3.23 0 18 0 04 0 30 0 42 0.40 1.02 Nov 0 70 5.0% 19 0 08 2.23 0 18 0.03 0.29 0 34 0 30 1.06 Dec 0 58 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0 18 0 30 0 36 0 40 1.02 Jan 0.39 5 0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0.30 0 34 0 30 1 06 Feb 0.39 5 0% 19 0.05 0 0.18 0.27 0 31 0 30 1 08 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0.13 1 32 0.18 0 02 0.30 0 41 0 40 1 09 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.22 4 52 0.18 0 06 0.29 0 45 0 50 1.04 May 234 16.0% 19 068 5.45 0.18 007 030 090 090 1.05 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.42 6.43 0 18 0 08 0 29 0 63 0 60 1.07 Jul 1.10 120% 19 0.25 7.23 018 009 030 045 050 103 Aug 1 19 11.0% 19 0.25 6 34 0 18 0 08 0.30 0 47 0 40 1 09 Sep 1 34 13.0% 19 0.33 4.93 0 18 0 06 0.29 0 55 0 60 1.04 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0.17 3.23 0.18 0 04 0.30 0 42 0 40 1 06 Nov 0.70 5 0% 19 0.08 2 23 0.18 0 03 0 29 0.34 0 40 1 00 Dec 0 58 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0 18 0.30 0 36 0.30 1.06 \Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0 30 0.34 0 40 1.00 Feb 0 39 5.0% 19 0.05 0 0.18 - 0 27 0 31 0 30 1.01 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0.13 1 32 0 18 0 02 0 30 0 41 0.40 1 03 Apr 1 70 6.0% 19 0.22 4 52 0 18 0 06 0 29 0.45 0.40 1 08 May 234 160% 19 0.68 545 0.18 007 030 0.90 090 108 Jun 1.87 120% 19 0.42 643 018 008 029 063 070 1.01 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 025 7.23 018 009 030 045 040 106 Aug 119 11 0% 19 025 634 018 008 030 047 050 1.03 Sep 134 13.0% 19 033 4.93 018 006 029 055 050 1.08 Oct 0 85 10.0% 19 0.17 3 23 0 18 0 04 0 30 0.42 0 50 1.00 Nov 0 70 5.0%_ 19 0.06 2.23 0 18 0 03 0 29 0.34 0 30 1 03 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.18 0 30 0.36 0 40 1.00 Jan 0 39 5.0% 19 0.05 0 0 18 0 30y 0.34 0.30 1.04 Feb 039 5.0% 19 005 0 0.18 027 031 0.30 1.05 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0 13 1.32 0.18 0 02 0.30 0 41 0.40 1.06 Apr 170 6.0% 19 0.22 452 018 006 029 045 050 1.01 May 2 34 16 0% 19 0 68 5 45 0 18 0 07 0 30 0.90 0 90 1.02 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.42 6.43 0 18 0 08 0 29 0 63 0.60 1.05 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0.25 7 23 0 18 0 09 0 30 0.45 0 50 1.00 Aug 1 19 11.0% 19 0 25 6.34 0.18 0 08 0 30 0 47 0.40 1.06 1 Sep 1.34 13.0% 19 033 493 0.18 006 029 055 0.60 1.01 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0 17 3 23 0.18 0 04 0 30 0 42 0 40 1 03 Nov 0 70 5.0% 19 0.08 2 23 0.18 0 03 0.29 0 34 0.30 1 07 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 0 07 0 0 18, - 0 30 0.36 0 40 1.03 :Precipitation for Longmont.CO.NOAA **SC S,National Engineenng Handbook "'Evaporation for Fort Collins,CO,NOM Maximum needed to pump for Average Years 5 7 Diamond D Dairy 5-year Stormwater/Process Wastewater Generation Table(Future2) Process Water Generation Calculation(Average Values) Process Generated Weslewaler,GPD 3,425 Surface aim of Pond.fe= 57.605 Evaporation Aree,ft2= 26,637 Preop Percent Runoff Area Total Runoff Pan Evep. Evep Area Total Evap. Process-Hp Net Change AM.Punned Vol.N Lagoon Month(itches) Runoff" (Acres) (Acre-Ft.) (inched"' (Acres) (Acre-Ft.) (Acre-Ft.) (Acre-Ft.) (Acre-Fl.) (Acre•Fl.) Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.61 - 0.33 0.40 0.40 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 D 0.61 0.29 0.37 0.77 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19_ 0.22 1.32 0.61 0.06 0.33 0.49 1.26 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.35 4 52 0.61 0.20 0.32 0.47 1.72 May 2.34 16.0% 19 0.85 5.45 0.61 0.24 0.33 0.94 0.20 2.47 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.56 6.43 0.61 0 28 0.32 0.60 0.60 2.46 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0.33 7.23 0.61 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.30 2.51 Aug 1 19 11.0% 19_ 0.34 6.34 0.61 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.40 2.50 Sep 1 34 13.0% 19 0.42 4.93 0.61 0 21 0.32_ 0.53 0.50 2.52 Oct 0.85 10.0% 191 0.23 3.23 0.61 014 0.33 0.41 2.00 0.94 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0.13 2.23 0.61 010 0.32 0.35 1.29 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 011 0 0.61 0.33 0.44 1.73 Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0 07 0 0 61 - 0.33 0 40 2.13 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19, 0.07 0 0.61, - 0.29 0.37 2.49 Mar 1.15 5 0% 19 0 22 1 32 0.61 0 06 0.33 0.49 0.40 2.58 Apr 1.70 6 0% 19 0.35_ 4 52 0.61 0.20, 0 32 0.47 0 50 2 55 May 234 16 0% 19 0 85 5.45 0.61 0.24 0 33 0.94 0.90 2.59 Jun 187 12.0%_ 19 0.56 6.43 0.61 0.28 0.32 0.60 0.60 2.59 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0.33 7.23 0.61 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.40 2.53 Aug 1.19 11.0% 19 0.34 6.34 0.61 0.27 0 33 0.39 0.40 2.52 Sep 1.34 13.0% 19, 0 42 4.93 0.61 0 21 0.32 0.53 0.50 2.55 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0 23` 3 23 0.61 0.14 0.33 0.41 2.00 0.96 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0.13 2 23 0.61 C.10 0.32 0.35 1.32 Dec 0.58 5 0% 19 0.11 0 0.61 - 0 33 0.44 1.75 Jan_ 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.61 0 33 0.40 2.15 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.61 0 29 0.37 2.52 Mar 115 5.0% 19 0.22 1.32 0.61, 0.06 0.33 0.49 0.40 2.61 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.35 4.52 0.61 0.20_ 0.32 0.47 0.50 2.58 May 2.3416.0% 19 0.85 5.45 0.61 0.24 0.33 0.94 0.90 2.62 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.56 6 43 0.61 0.28 0.32 0.60 0.60 2.62 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19, 0.33 7 23 0.61 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.30 2.66 Aug_ 1.19 11.0% 19 0.34 6 34^ 0 61 0.27 0.33 0 39 0 40 2 65 Sep 1.34 13 0% 19 0.42_ 4.93 0.61 0.21 0 32 D.53 0.60 2 58 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0.23 3.23 0.61 0.14•• 0 33 0.41 2.00 0 99 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0.13 2.23 0.61 0.10 0 32 0.35 1 34 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 0.11 0 0.61 0.33 0.44 178 Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 0 0.61 0.33 0.40 2.18 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19 0.07 D 0.61 0 29 0.37 2.55 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0.22 1.32 0.61 0.06 0.33 0.49 0.40 2.63 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.35 4.52 0.61 0.20 0.32 0.47 0.40 2.70 May 2.34 16.0% 19 0.85 5.45 0.61 0.24 0.33 0.94 1.00 2.64 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.56 6.43 0.61 0.28_ 0.32 0.60 0.60 2.64 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0 33 7 23 0 61 0.31 0.33 0 34 0.30 2.69 Aug 1.19 11.0% 19 0.34 6 34 0.61 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.40 2.68 Sep 1.34 13.0% 19 0.42 4 93 0.61 0.21 0.32 0.53 0 50 2 70 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 0.23 3.23_ 0.61 0.14 0 33 0.41 2.00 1.12 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0.13' 2.23 0.61 0.10 0 32 0.35 1.47 Dec 0.58 5.0% 19 011 0 0.61 - 0.33 0.44 1.90 Jan 0.39 5.0% 19 0 07 0 0.61 0.33 0.40 2.30 Feb 0.39 5.0% 19 0 07 0 0.61 - 0.29 0.37 2.67 Mar 1.15 5.0% 19 0.22 1 32 0 61 0.06 0.33 0.49 0.40 2.76 Apr 1.70 6.0% 19 0.35 4 52 0.61 0.20 0.32 0.47 0 50 2.73 May 2.34 16.0% 19 0.85 5 45 0.61 0.24 0 33 0.94 0.90 2.77 Jun 1.87 12.0% 19 0.56 6.43 0.61 0 28 0 32 0.60 0.60^ 2.77 Jul 1.10 12.0% 19 0.33 7 23 0.61 0.31 0 33 0.34 0.40 2.71 Aug 1.19 11.0% 19 0.34 6.34 0.61 0.27 0 33 0.39 0.40 2.70 Sep 1.34 13.0% 19 0.42 4 93 0.61 0 21 0.32 0.53 0.50 2.73 Oct 0.85 10.0% 19 023. _ 3 23 0.61 0 14 0 33 0 41 2.00 1.14 Nov 0.70 5.0% 19 0 13 2.23 0.61,, 0 10 0.32 0 35 1.49 Dec 0.58 5 0% 19 0.11 0 0.61 0.33 0.44 1 93 'Precipitation for Longmont.CO.NOAH "SM.National Engineering Handbook "'Evaporation for Fort Coins.CO,NOAA Maximum needed to pump for Average Years 5.7 Diamond D Dairy Nitrogen Application Chart (Stormwater/Process Wastewater) Nitrogen Application Chart (Process Wastewater) (showing the available nitrogen with annual applications on the same site) Process Wastewater: 50% NH4-N 50% Organic-N 30% 1st-Year Mineralization Rate Years after initial application 1 2 3 4 5 Total-N applied, lbs. 7,429 7,429 7,429 7,429 7,429 NH4-N applied, lbs. 3,715 3,715 3,715 3,715 3,715 NH,4-N available, lbs. 17.5% loss during application)** 3,064 3,064 3,064 3,064 3,064 Organic-N applied, lbs. 3,714.50 3,715 3,714.50 3,715 3,7'5 % Organic-N available (accumulative)** 30% 45% 53% 56% 56i% Organic-N available, lbs. 1,114 1,672 1,950 2,089 2,C89 Plant Available Nitrogen Applied, lbs. 4,179 4,736 5,015 5,154 5,154 N available/acre based on 43 acres 97 110 117 120 120 (The chart below is the same as above, but more detailed.) Amount of N applied, lbs. 7,429 7,429 7,429 7,429 7,429 NH4-N available, current year** 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82 5% NH4-N available, previous year 0% 0% 0% 0% NH4-N available, 2nd previous year 0% 0% 0% NH4-N available, 3rd previous year 0% 0% NH4-N available, 4th previous year 0% Total NH4-N available (accumulative) 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82.5% 82 5% NH4 available, lbs. 3,064 3,064 3,064 3,064 3.064 Organic-N available, current year** 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Organic-N available, previous year** 15% 15% 15% 5% Organic-N available, 2nd previous year** 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% Organic-N available, 3rd previous year** 3.75% 3.'5% Organic-N available, 4th previous year** 00/0 Total Organic-N available (accumulative) 30% 45% 53% 56% 56% Organic-N available, lbs. 1,114 1,672 1,950 2,089 2 089 Plant Available Nitrogen Applied, lbs. 4,179 4,736 5,015 5,154 5,154 N available/acre based on 43 acres 97 110 117 120 120 **nitrogen percentages taken from Miwest Plan Service, Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook EnviroStock, Inc. 1/1 7/0C Appendix B ❑ Colorado State Cooperative Extension References Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 16 Best Yanagerient • Practices For Utilization Vanure 0.0 , so University Cooperative Extension August 1994 Bulletin #XCM-174 Principal author: Reagan M. Waskom Extension Water Quality Specialist Colorado State University Cooperative Extension In association with: Colorado Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Chemicals and Groundwater Protection Advisory Committee The author and the Colorado Department of Agriculture gratefully acknowledge the extensive input and leadership of the Agricultural Chemical and Groundwater Protection Advisory Com- mittee, representing production agriculture, agricultural chemical dealers and applicators, the green industry and the general public. With cooperation from: Colorado Department of Health and Environment USDA Soil Conservation Service — Colorado State Office Colorado State University Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Department of Ag and Chemical Engineering Special Acknowledgments to BMP Technical Review Team: G.E. Cardon, Assistant Professor of Agronomy R.L. Croissant, Professor of Agronomy J.J. Mortvedt, Extension Agronomist G.A. Peterson, Professor of Agronomy L.R. Walker, Extension Agricultural Engineer D.G. Westfall, Professor of Agronomy Layout and Design by: Colorado State University Publications and Creative Services Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work,Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914,in cooperation with the U.S.Department of Agriculture,Milan A.Rewerts,interim director of Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University,Fort Collins,Colorado.Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.To simplify technical terminology,trade names of products and equipment occa- sionally will be used.No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Published by Colorado State University Cooperative Extension in cooperation with Colorado Department of Agriculture. Best Management Practices for Manure Utilization Livestock manure is rich in plant available nutrients under this regulation. Animal feeding operations are which can be valuable assets to crop producers. However, it directed to employ prescribed BMPs as appropriate to also can be a source of both ground and surface water protect state waters. contamination if improperly handled. Livestock manure contains significant quantities of N, P,and K, and smaller Possible Sources of Water Contamination amounts of nutrients such as Ca,Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and S. Improper handling, storage, and land applicaticn of Manure properly applied to cropland increases soil fertility, manure presents multiple opportunities for both ground and improves soil physical properties, and saves producers' surface water contamination. Water moving across the land fertilizer costs. surface or through the soil profile can transport salts, The primary constituents of manure or products pathogenic organisms, nitrate, and organic solids, which can released during manure decomposition that may cause water degrade drinking water sources from both underground and quality problems include pathogenic organisms, nitrate, surface water supplies. ammonia, phosphorous, salts, and organic solids. Nitrate Livestock feedlots, manure stockpiles, and storage (NO3) is the most common groundwater pollutant from lagoons represent potential point sources of groundw atcr fields that receive manure. Recent groundwater monitoring contamination. Research has shown that active feedlots data and computer modeling efforts indicate that NO3 contamination of groundwater can be a problem in the vicinity of confined livestock feeding operations. Runoff from feedlots or manured fields may also degrade the quality of surface water. Regulatory Controls The Agricultural Chemicals and Groundwater Protection Act (SB 90-126) does not directly address the use of manure because it is not classified as a commercial fertilizer. However, the proper management of N fertilizer requires accounting for all N sources, including manure. Best Management Practices (BMPs) prescribed under SB 90-126 will address manure management as a component of proper N fertilizer management to.reduce NO3 leaching. Sewage sludge application is regulated separately under Colorado law (5 CCR 1003-7), and is not directly addressed by these BMPs. In Colorado, state law (5 CCR 1002-19) prohibits any direct discharge of manures or animal wastewater to either ground or surface water. The Confined Animal Feeding Operations Control Regulation mandates that producers who confine and feed an average of 1,000 or more "animal units" for 45 days per year ensure that no water quality impacts occur by collecting and properly disposing of all animal manures, as well as stormwater runoff. Smaller feeding operations that directly discharge into state waters or are located in hydrologically sensitive areas may also fall 1 develop a compacted manure/soil layer, which acts as a seal to prevent leaching. Compacted layers of manure and soil Manure or wastewater applied to fields also usually limit water infiltration to less than 0.05 inches per represents a potential nonpoint source of water day. It is very important to avoid disturbing this seal when contamination if improperly managed. Nonpoint cleaning pens. Workers need to be trained to correctly use source contamination of surface water may occur if manure loading machinery to leave an undisturbed manure there is excessive runoff or erosion from sloping pack on the surface. Abandoned feedlots have a large fields. Groundwater contamination occurs when potential to cause NO3 leaching as the surface seal cracks nitrate from the manure leaches through the soil and deteriorates. For this reason, pens need to be thoroughly profile to the water table. To determine the cleaned and scraped down to bare earth prior to abandon- pollution potential at your site, the following ment. Revegetation of the old pens is also important to help questions need to be considered: absorb excess soil nutrients and prevent erosion. I. Is the soil texture coarse (sandy with low Stormwater and wastewater runoff from feedlots can amounts of clay) and the depth to groundwa-• contain high concentrations of nutrients, salts, pathogens, ter less than 50 feet? and oxygen-demanding organic matter. Preventing 2. Does the field have greater than a I% slope stormwater from passing across the feedlot surface by and little surface residue? installing upgradient ditches or berms is a BMP that can 3. Is excess water from irrigation or precipitation significantly reduce the volume of wastewater. Decreasing available for runoff or leaching? your total lot area when animal numbers are low can also 4. Is manure applied at rates greater than crop help decrease the total stormwater runoff. Storage lagoons nutrient requirement? and holding ponds are necessary in many cases to contain 5. Is there surface water or wells immediately excess wastewater until it can be land applied or evaporated. downhill from the field? These should be constructed on fine-textured soils (such as 6. Have recent well water analyses indicated that silty clays, clay loams, or clay) or be sealed with liners or local groundwater has elevated NO3-N levels compacted bentonite. New lagoons must be designed to (> 10 ppm)? contain the runoff from a 25-year, 24-hour storm event and 7. Does the field have a long history of manure should be located above the 100-year floodplain. application? Manure stockpiles should be located a safe distance If the answer to any one of these questions is away from any supply water and above the 100-year yes,manure application at your site may degradc floodplain unless flood proofing measures are provided. water quality. Manure rates may need to be Grass filter strips, filter fencing, or straw bales can be used adjusted downward and all appropriate BMPs effectively to filter solids and nutrients in runoff. For land employed. Additionally, it may be helpful to with a slope of greater than 1%, plant a strip of a dense, sod- periodically test wells near livestock operations forming grass such as smooth brome (Bromus inermis) or and manured fields for NO3 and bacterial contami- orchardgrass (Dactyl's glomerate) at least 20 feet wide nation to determine if management practices are around the downgradient side of any feedlot or manure sufficiently protecting water quality. stockpile to filter potential contaminants in runoff water. 2 Managing Land Application of Manure Soil and Manure Testing Manure should be applied to land at rates that match Proper soil and manure testing are the foundation of a annual expected crop nutrient uptake to ensure that excess sound nutrient management program. A number of qualified loading does not lead to contamination. Manure applied in labs in Colorado provide these services. Without a manure excess of crop needs will not increase crop yields, but will analysis, you may be buying unnecessary commercial increase soil N and P to levels that can lead to nutrient fertilizer or applying too much manure to your fields. leaching or runoff. Furthermore, excessive manure rates can Neither practice is economically or environmentally sound lead to potentially high levels of plant damaging soluble Manure can also be a source of salts and weed seeds, ane salts. Manure application should be based upon actual these components should also be assessed prior to applica- nutrient content, soil fertility, crop, yield goal, field slope tion. and drainage, irrigation method, and groundwater vulner- Obtaining a representative sample is the key to good ability. The application rate should be based upon a nutrient soil or manure analysis. Techniques for proper soil sampling management plan which accounts for crop N needs and are available from your local Cooperative Extension office. plant-available N in the manure. If commercial N fertilizer For proper manure sampling, you need a clean bucket and is used in addition to manure, the total available N should sample jar. If you are spreading manure daily, take many not exceed the N requirements of the crop. small samples over a representative period. For periodic The nutrient management approach is the most sound spreading from a manure pack or pile, collect samples from method for the beneficial use of manure. This approach a variety of locations in the pack or pile using a clean shave) requires farmers to account for all nutrient sources available or fork. Be sure that you collect both manure and bedding if from soil, water, fertilizer, and manure and balance them they will be applied together. Agitate liquid manure han- with the best estimate of crop needs. This method helps dling systems before sampling and collect several separate minimize residual nutrient leaching during the off-season samples. Combine the individual spot samples from a and prevents excessive soil NO3 buildup. Producers are particular lot or lagoon in the bucket and mix thoroughly encouraged to have manure, soil, and water tested annually, before filling the sample jar. Keep the sample refrigerated and to keep accurate records of application rates. (See and deliver it to the laboratory within 24 hours Collect the Manure Management Record Sheet for suggested format.) samples well in advance of your spreading date so that you will have time to obtain test results and calculate the correct application rate. An accurate manure test is an excellent investment of time and money, as it may help you realize significant savings on fertilizer bills while simultaneously avoiding water contamination problems. 3 Table 1. Approximate nutrient composition of various types of animal manure at time applied to the land Type of Dry Total' manure matter N NH, P10, K,O Solid handling systems % lb/ton Swine Without bedding 18 10 6 9 8 With bedding . 18 8 5 7 7 Beef Without bedding 52 21 7 14 23 With bedding 50 21 8 18 26 Dairy cattle Without bedding 18 9 4 4 10 With bedding 21 9 5 4 10 Sheep Without bedding 28 18 5 11 26 With bedding 28 14 5 9 25 Poultry Without litter 45 33 26 48 34 With litter 75 56 36 45 34 Deep pit (compost) 76 68 44 64 45 Turkeys Without litter 22 27 17 20 17 With litter 29 20 13 16 13 Horses With bedding 46 14 4 4 14 Liquid handling systems° lb/1,000 gal Swine Liquid pit 4 36 26 27 22 Lagoon' 1 4 3 2 7 Beef Liquid pit II 40 24 27 23 Lagoon` I 4 2 9 5 Dairy cattle Liquid pit 8 24 12 18 29 Lagoon` 1 4 2.5 4 10 Poultry Liquid pit 13 80 64 36 96 'Ammonium N plus organic N,which is slow releasing. 'Application conversion factors: 1,000 gal=about 4 tons;27,154 gal=I acre inch. 'Includes feedlot runoff water Source:Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin 552A,Utilization ofAnimal Manure as Fertilizer,1992. 4 Organic N Mineralization During composting, some N is lost from the manure The total amount of N in manure is not plant available as NH3 is volatilized. Most of the remaining N is tied up in the first year after application due to the slow release of within stable organic compounds which will become slowly N tied up in organic forms. Organic N becomes available to available in the soil. Composted manure has less odor and is plants when soil microorganisms decompose organic easier to haul and store than raw manure because the compounds such as proteins, and the N released is con- volume and weight can be reduced by 50% or more. The verted to NH,. This process, known as mineralization, composting process produces heat, driving off excess occurs over a period of several years after manure applica- moisture while killing pathogeps and weed seeds. Foi tion. The amount mineralized in the first year depends upon maximum efficiency, pile temperature during composting manure source, soil temperature, moisture, and handling. In should be maintained between 80°F and 130°F. Most seeds general, about 30% to 50% of the organic N becomes and disease causing organisms cannot survive 130°F for available in the first year (Table 2). Thereafter,the amount more than three days. of N mineralized from the manure gradually decreases. In the absence of better estimates, producers should assume that 50% of the total N in applied manure is available the Table 2. Approximate fraction of organic first year, 25% in the second year, and 12.5% in the third mineralized in the first year after application year. Producers should give three years of N credit from any — - applicationofmanure. Manure source Fraction of organic All of the NO3 and NH4 contained in the manure is N mineralized in considered available to plants. However, some available N first year may be lost to volatilization, denitrification, leaching, or Beef and dairy cattle immobilization by soil microorganisms. Deep soil NO, solid (without bedding) .35 testing should be used in subsequent years to keep applica- liquid (anaerobic) .30 tion rates in line with crop needs. Fresh manure will usually mineralize at a faster rate than old or dry manure because it Swine has not lost as much NH3 to volatilization, and is therefore a solid .50 better media for soil microbes. liquid (anaerobic) .35 Sheep Composting Manure solid .25 A. growing number of producers have become Horse interested in composting manure as a way to reduce volume solid (with bedding) .20 and perhaps enhance the value and acceptance of manure as poultry a source of plant nutrients. Composting is a biological solid (without litter) .35 process in which microorganisms convert organic materials, _ such as manure, into a soil-like material. It is the same Adapted from Nebraska Cooperative Extension Bulletin process which causes decomposition of any organic EC 89-117,Fertilizing Crops with Anim al Manures,1989. material, only it is managed to control the balance of air and moisture, as well as the proportion of carbon to nitrogen so that materials decompose faster. 5 Possible Benefits and Disadvantages of On-Farm Com posting Benefits of Com posting Disadvantages of Com posting Dry end-product that is easily handled Time, money, energy required Excellent soil conditioner Ammonia lost to volatilization Reduced risk of pollution Slow release of nutrients Reduced pathogens and weed seeds Land and machinery requirements Reduced odor Possible odor during composting Marketable product returns to labor and capital that they will receive. If 10 Fresh manure is an excellent composting material but suitable alternative exists for complying with environmental is generally too wet and N rich to be composted rapidly regulations, or if a significant market for compost is without adding a dry, high carbon (C) amendment. How- unsatisfied, then it may be an excellent way to use manure. ever,bedded pack manure is usually dry enough and has a Be sure to determine if any local zoning or environmental good C:N ratio. Proper moisture content and C:N ratio are regulations are in effect prior to establishing a composting the most important aspects of composting. Microorganisms facility. The composting site should be engineered to avoid require C as a substrate for growth and N for protein runoff or any of the environmental hazards associated with synthesis. A C:N ratio of 30:1 is desirable, with an accept- confined animal feeding. It is probably best to start able range of 26-35:1, depending on the material used. composting on a small scale, using existing machiner) such Moisture control is probably the most difficult aspect of as a loader or manure spreader to windrow and turn the large-scale composting in Colorado. If moisture falls below manure, before buying more specialized machinery. 40%, decomposition will be aerobic, but very slow. If moisture is above 60%, anaerobic decay occurs and foul Determining Manure Application Rates odors can be a problem. At the proper moisture,the Once you have an accurate analysis of soil fertility composting material should yield water when squeezed, but and manure nutrient content, you can determine application should not compact or feel soggy. Adding more high-carbon rates based upon crop needs (Table 3). Plant nutrient uptake materials, shaping the windrow to either shed or absorb depends upon crop, growing conditions. and actual yield It water, covering the pile, turning more or less frequently, and can be estimated by multiplying average nutrient uptake of wetting the pile are all techniques that can be used to adjust the plant by the expected yield. Yield estimations should be moisture levels. based upon actual field averages over a five-year pr nod. While composting allows the application of more manure on less land, producers should carefully analyze the 6 Table 3.Nitrogen removed in the harvested part of selected Colorado crops Crop Dry weight Typical % N in dry lb/bu yield/A harvested material Grain crops Barley 48 80 bu 1.82 2 tons straw 0.75 Corn 56 150 bu 1.61 3.5 tons stover 1.11 Oats 32 60 bu 1.95 1.5 tons straw 0.63 Rye 56 30 bu 2.08 1.5 tons straw 0.50 Sorghum 56 60 bu 1.67 3 tons stover 1.08 Wheat 60 40 bu 2.08 1.5 tons straw 0.67 Oil crops Canola 50 35 bu 3.60 3 tons straw 4.48 Soybeans 60 35 bu 6.25 2 tons stover 2.25 Sunflower 25 1,100 lb 3.57 2 tons stover 1.50 Forage crops Alfalfa 4 tons 2.25 Big bluestem 3 tons 0.99 Birdsfoot trefoil 3 tons 2.49 Bromegrass 3 tons 1.87 Alfalfa-grass 4 tons 1.52 Little bluestem 3 tons 1.10 Orchardgrass 4 tons 1.47 Red clover 3 tons 2.00 Reed canarygrass 4 tons 1.35 Ryegrass 4 tons 1.67 Switchgrass 3 tons 1.15 Tall fescue 4 tons 1.97 Timothy 3 tons 1.20 Wheatgrass I ton 1.42 Continued on next page 7 Table 3.Nitrogen removed in the harvested part of selected Colorado crops(continued) Crop % dry matter Typical yield/A (tons) % N in dry harvested material Silage crops Alfalfa haylage 50 10 wet/5 dry 2.79 Corn silage 35 20 wet/7 dry 1.10 Forage sorghum 30 20 wet/6 dry 1.44 • Oat haylage 40 10 wet/4 dry 1.60 Sorghum-suda❑ 50 10 wet/5 dry 1.36 Sugar crops Sugar beets 20 0.20 Turf grass Bluegrass 2 2.91 Bentgrass 2 3.10 Vegetable crops Bell peppers 9 0.40 Beans, dry 1 3.13 Cabbage 20 0.33 Carrots 13 0.19 Celery 27 0.17 Cucumbers 10 0.20 Lettuce (heads) 14 0.23 Onions • 18 0.30 Peas 2 3.68 Potatoes 14 0.33 Snap beans 3 0.88 Sweet corn 6 0.89 Sweet potatoes 7 0.30 Adapted from USDA A gricultural Waste Management Field Handbook,1992. Calculation 1.Nitrogen uptake Calculation 2.Maximum loading rates of manure Example: 150 bu/A corn x 56 lb/bu = 8,400 lb grain/A 1. Example manure analysis (beef feedlot manure, wet 8,400 lb/A x 1.61 % N = 135 lb N/A in grain weight basis; data from sample analysis) (from Table 3) Dry matter 20.0% Total N 1.0% Assuming fertilizer N is 66% efficient: NH4-N 3,000.0 mg/kg 135 lb N x 100/66 = 205 lb N required/A NO -N 10.0 mg/kg Be sure to subtract N available from soil, irrigation water, P2O, 0.2% and organic matter before determining final N requirement. K2O 0.5% 2. Available N in manure Total N = 1.0% If manure is applied at the maximum rate, additional NO3-N = 10 mg/kg/10,000 = .001% N fertilizer N should not be applied. Maximum rate is based .001% N x 20 (Ib/ton)/% = .02 lb NO3-N/ton upon a one-time application. If yearly application of manure NH -N = 3,000 mg/kg/I0,000 = 0.3% N is made, credit should be given to the N mineralized from 0.3% N x 20 (Ib/ton)/% = 6.0 lb N/ton manure manure applied during the two previous years. Manures with high moisture•and low N content Organic N = Total N - (NO3-N + NH4-N) require high tonnages to meet crop N requirements. This = 1.0% • (.001% + .3%) = 0.70% (lb/ton)/% 20 x N may result in application of excessive salts and P. Therefore, 0.70% ( for land receiving frequent manure applications, it is = 14.0 lb Organic N/ton manure recommended that approximately half of the crop N 14.0 lb N/ton x .35 N mineralized/yr(from Table 2) requirement should be met from manure and the other half = 4.9 lb Organic N/ton available in first from commercial N fertilizer. This will minimize the year potential for salt problems or excessive P buildup. Available N= 4.9 lb Organic N + .02 lb NO3-N + 6.0 lb NH,-N Evaluating Sufficiency of Land Base = 10.92 lb N/ton manure for Application 3. Available Pin manure Pro, = 0.2% x 20 (Ib/ton)/% Livestock producers should determine if they have = 4 lb P2O5/ton manure adequate land for application of manure produced. If the land base is determined to be inadequate, arrangements 4. Crop N requirement- Refer to Guide to Fertilizer must be made to apply manure to other crop lands. To Recommendations in Colorado (Bulletin XCM 37), or a calculate a conservative estimate of the minimum land base current soil test report. required, you need to know the total manure production of Example: N required for 150 bu corn crop = 205 lb Nia your facility and have a manure sample analyzed for N, P, (from Calculation 1) Subtract N credits from other s turces and K (Table 4). Then determine the best estimate of annual such as soil NO3, legume crop, irrigation water NO3. crop nutrient removal and divide by total pounds of N per If 205 lb additional N required for expected yield, ton of manure. This will give you an estimate of the Maximum manure loading rate= (205 lb N/A)/ acceptable application rate in tons of manure per acre. Total (10.9 lb available N/ton manure) = 18.8 tons manure/A manure production divided by acceptable tons per acre will 5. Phosphorous supplied by manure give the minimum land base for annual manure application 18.8 tons manure/A x 4 lb P2O,/ton manure = 75 lb P,0,/A rates (Calculation 3). Conversion factors: ppm=mg/kg P x 2.3=P,0, ppm+ 10,000=% Kx1.2=K,0 %nutrient x 20=lb nutrientlton 9 Total N can be used to calculate a conservative surface runoff. Delayed incorporation may be acceptable on estimate of safe continuous manure application, as all N will level fields if sunlight decomposition of pathogens or NH, eventually become available. However, the most precise volatilization is desired. If fresh manure is not incorporated method of calculating long-term application rates requires a within 72 hours after application, more than 30% of the calculation of decay rate over a period of three to four NH 4-N may be lost to volatilization. The rate of volatil,za- years. Computer software is available to help make this tion increases in warm, dry, windy conditions. calculation. Phosphorus loading should also be considered in determining an acceptable long-term loading rate. In general, P loading is not a primary concern in Colorado Calculation 3.Land base for long-term manure disposal because of the large capacity for P fixation of most Colo- Example: Beef feedlot with 150 steers at 1,000 lb each rado soils. It is recommended that manure be applied on a Total manure produced = 11.5 tons/yr/'.,000 lb rotational basis to fields going into a high N use crop such animal(from Table as irrigated corn or forage. In situations where a field is 4) loaded with very high amounts of residual NO3, alfalfa is a 11.5 ton x 150 animals = 1,725 tons/yr good scavenger crop to remove deep NO3. 150 bu corn/A Manure Application crop x 1.35 lb N/bu = 200 lb N/A Surface applied manure should be incorporated as Total N in manure = 10 lb/ton soon as possible to reduce odor and nutrient loss by 200 lb N/A = 20 tons manure/A volatilization or runoff. The risk of surface loss is reduced 10 lb N/ton by injection application under the soil surface, but still may 1,725 tons/yr = 86 A minimum cause problems on sloping or erosive fields. In general, 20 tons/A land base manure application should be avoided on frozen or satu- rated fields, unless very level (less than I% slope), to avoid Table 4. Typical manure and nutrient production by livestock calculated on an"as excreted"basis per 1,000 pounds of animal Animal Raw manure/1,000 lb animal N P205 K10 (lb/day) (tons/yr) (gal/yr) (lb/day/1,000 lb animal) Beef cow 60 11.5 2,880 0.34 0.27 0.31 Dairy cow 82 15.0 3,610 0.36 0.10 0.27 Broilers 80 14.5 3,500 1.10 0.78 0.55 Horse 50 9.0 2,160 0.28 0.12 0.23 Lamb 40 7.0 1,680 0.45 0.16 0.36 Swine (grower) 63 11.5 2,800 0.42 0.37 0.26 Turkey 43 8.0 1,880 0.74 0.64 0.64 Source:USDA,Agricultural Waste M anagement Field Handbook,1992.Aclue'amount and content may vary significantly with age,feed ration, breed,and handling. 10 Manure is most valuable as a nutrient source for crops if it is applied as close to planting as possible. However, Calculation 4.Manure spreader calibration manure with a high salt content may affect germination and Example: Manure collected 3 times on a 10 x 10 ft plastic seedling growth of sensitive crops such as beans. If fall sheet application is necessary in order to clean out manure storage (40 lb + 45 lb + 35 lb)/3 = 40 lb manure average areas,try to wait until after soil temperature is less than 40 lb x 0.22 = 8.8 tons manure applied per acre 50°F to reduce organic and NH4 conversion to NO3. If irrigation equipment is available to apply liquid manure, the best practice is to apply manure in frequent, light applica- Recordkeeping tions to match crop uptake patterns and nutrient needs. Accurate recordkeeping is a critical component of any Spreader Calibration manure management program. Keeping accurate records allows managers to make good decisions regarding manure The value of carefully calculating manure application and nutrient applications. Additionally, these records rates is seriously diminished if manure spreaders are poorly provide documentation that you are complying with state calibrated. Proper calibration is essential in order to apply and local regulations to protect Colorado's water resources. manure correctly. Manure spreaders discharge at widely All operators should maintain records of manure applica- varying rates, depending on travel speed, PTO speed, gear tions, laboratory analyses, and crop yields for at least three box settings, discharge openings, and manure moisture and years. (See Manure Management Record Sheet for sag- consistency. gested format.) Calibration requires measurement of manure applied on a given area. The simplest technique for solid manure is The Bottom Line to lay out a 10-x-10-foot plastic sheet or tarp in the field and New regulations and public concern about our water drive over it at the speed and settings you assume are resources have changed the way that we view animal correct for the chosen application rate. Transfer the manure manure management in Colorado. This so-called "wane" is on the tarp to a bucket or washtub and weigh it. Subtract the actually a useful by-product and should be recycled for weight of the bucket, and multiply manure weight (in pounds) by 0.22 to determine tons applied per acre. Best beneficial purposes. Proper use of manure can be economi- r tally advantageous for farmers, saving fertilizer costs and results are obtained by repeating the procedure three times improving soil properties. Voluntary adoption of BM Ps for and using the average value. Adjust the spreader or ground speed as necessary to achieve the desired rate. Remember to ment. manure utilization can benefit producers and our en iron- recheck. the calibration whenever a different manure source with a new moisture content or density is applied. Using good equipment and the proper overlap distance will ensure better nutrient distribution and help avoid "hot spots" or areas with nutrient deficiency. 11 • Best Management Practices For Manure Utilization Guidance Principle: Collect, store, and apply animal Manure Application BMPs manures to land at agronomic rates to ensure maximum 3.6 Base manure application rates upon a site-specific crop growth and economic return while protecting water nutrient management plan. quality. a. Credit of all plant available nutrients from To select manure BMPs that achieve water quality goals and manure, irrigation water, crop residues, resicual the greatest net returns for your operation, consider: soil nutrients, and soil organic matter should be • most suitable practice to your site and management based upon laboratory analysis of soil, water, and constraints manure. (See Manure Management Record Sheet • potential leaching hazard of the application site. for suggested format.) b. Use calculated plant available nutrients and die General BMPs crop yield goal to calculate appropriate manor: 3.1 Analyze manure for nutrient content prior to determin- loading rates. Base the yield goal upon an established five-year field average plus a modest ing application rate. increase (5% suggested; see N fertilizer BM Ps). 3.2 Credit nitrate (NO3) in soil and manure to crop N c. Use management factors such as handling, fertilizer requirement. Account for all available N from application method, tillage, irrigation regim,: crop residues, irrigation, subsoil, and carry-over from cropping pattern, and grazing pattern, and site previous manure application in establishing any factors such as soil texture, slope, and aspec in additional fertilizer requirement. Apply commercial the site-specific nutrient management plan to fertilizer to manured fields only when soil available N modify the prescribed manure application rates. and P, plus nutrients from manure application, do not satisfy crop demands. 3.1 Incorporate manure as soon as possible after app lea- tion to prevent surface runoff. Avoid application of 3.3 Use a land area of sufficient size to safely accommo- manure to lands subject to excessive water erosicn. date the amount of manure generated by the animal 3.8 Determine soil type and aquifer contamination feeding operation (Calculation 3). potential of the application site. If manure is applied on 3.4 Calculate long-term manure loading rates by using data coarse-textured soils, apply near planting time to on organic N mineralization (Table 2) or other appro- minimize NO3 leaching. Multiple light applications are priate sources. Use soil test data and manure decay better than a single heavy application. constants to determine available nutrients after 3.9 Apply manure uniformly with properly calibrated repeated manure application. equipment. 3.5 Maintain records of manure and soil analyses used for 3.10 Delay fall application until soil temperatures are below determining acceptable land application rates for three 50 degrees symbol F. Application of manure to Pozen years. Also, keep records of all manure applications, or saturated ground should be limited to lands tic fertilizer applied, and crop yields. t subject to excessive surface runoff 12 3.11 Create an adequate buffer area around surface water and wells where no manure is applied to prevent the For more information about manure manage- possibility of water contamination. meet or specific inquiries about BMPs,contact 3.12 Plant grass strips around the perimeter of surface water Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. and erosive fields to catch and filter nutrients and They have publications,programs,and specialists sediments in surface runoff. ' available to help you answer questions about water 3.13 Apply manure on a rotational basis to fields that will quality. be planted with high N use crops such as corn or Related source material from Colorado State forage. Annual applications to the same field are not University Cooperative Extension: recommended, except at low rates. SIA .549 Use of manure in crop production .550 Nitrogen sources and transformations Storage BMPs 3.762 Economics of composting feedlct 3.14 Locate manure stockpiles a safe distance from all water manure supply wells. Manure stockpiles should be located on Bulletin 552A Utilization ofAnimalManure as areas not subject to leaching and above the 100-year Fertilizer flood plain, unless adequate flood proofing structures are provided. XCM-37 Guide to Fertilizer Recommendations in Colorado 3.15 Divert runoff from manure storage sites away from surface waters by construction of ditches or terraces. Additional resources: USDA Agricultural Waste Management Field Iland- 3.16 Avoid mechanical disturbance of the manure-soil seal book,1992. when cleaning feedlots. 3.17 Scrape feedlots or manure storage areas down to bare earth and revegetate after they are permanently abandoned. 13 Fertilizer suggestions for corn Page 6 Table 6: Suggested zinc rates for band and broadcast applications to irrigated and dryland corn. ppm Zn in soil Relative Fertilizer rate(lb Zn/A)• AB-DTPA level Banded Broadcast 0.1 -0.9 low 2 10 1.0- 1.5 marginal 1 5 > 1.5 adequate 0 0 *Rates are based on zinc sulfate applications. Other Nutrients Most Colorado soils contain adequate levels of available S, and soil tests for available S are not routinely performed. However, some sandy soils may require S applications. Gypsiferous soils contain adequate S. Elemental S is not water soluble nor immediately available to plants; it must be oxidized to the plant-available sulfate (SO4) form by soil microorganisms first. Irrigation water from most surface waters and some wells often contains appreciable SO,-S, so irrigated soils usually are adequately supplied with S. However, some deep well waters are low in S, so water samples should be analyzed for SO,-S if soils are low in organic matter and S deficiency is suspected. Availability of Fe decreases with increasing soil pH, but most soils are adequately supplied with available Fe for corn production. Iron deficiencies are most likely to occur on highly calcareous soils (pH higher than 7.8) or on soils leveled for irrigation where the subsoil has been exposed. Visual symptoms of Fe chlorosis are yellow striping of younger leaves. Foliar spray applications of a 1 percent FeSO, solution at 20 to 30 gallons per acre are not always completely effective in correcting chlorosis, and several applications may be necessary. FeSO, solutions are difficult to prepare in the field and other Fe sources may be used. Soil applications of most Fe fertilizers generally are not effective; however, soil application of manure or treated sewage biosolids often is the best method to help correct Fe deficiencies of crops. Sewage biosolids also may contain some heavy metals; heavy metal loading limits to soil are controlled by Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment regulations. There have been no confirmed deficiencies of boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) in corn in Colorado. • .s( rw7j( e in Fertilizer suggestions for dry beans J.J. Mortvedt, M.A. Brick and RL. Croissant' ACTION no. 0.539 Since dry beans fix a portion of their total nitrogen Quick Facts (N) from the atmosphere by Rhizobium species in nodules on the roots, N fertilizers may not be needed except on Legumes, such as dry beans, fix a portion of their soils with low levels of NO3-N. Phosphorus (P) often is total nitrogen from the atmosphere, thus the most limiting nutrient. Dry beans planted in soils nitrogen fertilizers usually are not needed, with a pH higher than 7.8 may be subject to zinc (Zn) except on soils low in nitrate-nitrogen. and iron (Fe) deficiencies. For more information on Apply nitrogen fertilizers at rates based on residual fertility requirements and cultural practices for dry beans, soil nitrates and nitrogen mineralized from soil refer to Colorado Dry Bean Production and IPM, organic matter. Bulletin 548A. To obtain a copy, contact the Cooperative Phosphorus often is the most limiting nutrient for Extension Resource Center, 115 General Services dry beans in Colorado. Building, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Apply phosphorus fertilizers at rates based on soil 80523 (970-491-6198). test results. Band applications at planting are more effective than broadcast applications. Soil Sampling Most Colorado soils contain sufficient available potassium and sulfur for bean production. The value of a soil test to predict nutrient availability Most irrigation waters contain sulfate-sulfur during the growing season is directly related to how well that helps supply the plant's sulfur needs. the sample collected represents the area sampled. Take surface samples to the depth of the tillage layer (usually 6 to 8 inches). A good sample is a composite of 15 to 20 Adequate soil fertility is a requirement for profitable dry bean production. Prevention of nutrient stress during This information provided by: the growing season ensures optimum crop production and decreases the impacts of adverse environmental condi- tions. Prior to planting, test soils to determine the soil fertility status so appropriate fertilizers can be applied. Beans are sensitive to soil salinity and yield losses can occur on soils with a salinity greater than 2 decisiemens per meter (dS/m) (i.e., 2 millimhos/cm). Yield losses may be severe on soils with salinity values greater than 3.5 dS/m. Soil compaction also can reduce yields by reducing water infiltration and root growth, and increasing the incidence of root rot. 1. J.J.Mortvedt,Colorado State University Cooperative Extension soils specialist,M.A.Brick,agronomy specialist and associate professor,and R.L.Croissant,imps specialist and professor;soil and crop sciences.©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension 7'95.For more information contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work,Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914,in cooperation with the U.S.Department of Agriculture, Milan Rewerta, interim director of Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. University Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.No endorsement of products named is intended nor Cooperative is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Extension Fertilizer suggestions for dry beans Page 2 soil cores taken from an area uniform in soil type. Nitrogen fertilizers may be surface broadcast and Sample separately areas with major differences in soil incorporated or band applied in combination with properties or management practices. phosphate fertilizers at planting (starter fertilizers). Use of Air dry all soil samples thoroughly within 12 hours planter attachments with the standard 2-inch by 2-inch after sampling by spreading the soil on any clean surface placement (2 inches below and beside the seed row) is where the soil will not be contaminated. Do not oven- preferred for starter fertilizers, but the N rate should be dry the soil because soil test results can be changed. less than 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Place the air-dried soil in a clean sample container for shipment to the soil test laboratory. Table 1: Suggested nitrogen rates for irrigated dry beans Submit a carefully completed information form with (expected yield: 2,000 lb/A). the soil sample. This form provides information so ppm NO,-N in soil Fertilizer rate, lb N/A fertilizer application suggestions can be tailored to your o- 10 50 specific situation. Take soil samples for NO,-N analyses 1 I 20 30 every year for optimum fertilization of crops. Analyze soil for availability of the other nutrients, pH, and organic 21 - 30 10 > 30 0 matter content every three to four years. More detailed explanations of the importance of NOTE: Credits for N in manure, irrigation water, or previous taking proper soil samples are found in Service In Action legumes should be subtracted from the above N rates. 0.500, Soil sampling--the key to a quality fertilizer recommendation, 0.501, Soil test for fertilizer Phosphorus Suggestions recommendations and 0.502, Soil test explanation, available at your Colorado State University Cooperative Dry bean responses to applied P are most likely on Extension county office or from the Cooperative soils with low or medium levels of extractable P. Extension Resource Center. Suggested fertilizer P rates (Table 2) are for band The Colorado State University Soil, Water, and Plant applications related to soil test levels. The main soil tests Testing Laboratory is located in Room A3I9, Natural and for extractable P in Colorado soils are the AB-DTPA and Environmental Sciences Building, Colorado State sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) tests. Values for both tests University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970491-5061). are in Table 2. Placement of P fertilizers in the root zone is Nitrogen Suggestions important because P is not mobile in soil. Band application at planting is the most efficient placement Nitrogen fertilizer generally is not needed if dry method for P, and suggested rates for band application beans follow crops that have been properly fertilized. (Table 2) are about half those for broadcast application. However, some fertilizer N may be required to aid in Phosphate fertilizers also may be surface broadcast and straw decomposition when large quantities of previous plowed down or tilled into the soil. Popup fertilizer crop residues were incorporated into the soil. placement (directly with the seed) is not suggested Dry beans are legumes that biologically fix N because seedling emergence may be decreased in dry soil, through a symbiotic N fixation process. Inoculate bean especially at higher fertilizer rates. Monoammonium seed with the specific host bacteria if dry beans have not phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0), diammoniunt phosphate been grown recently in a field. Seed inoculation also is (DAP, 18-46-0), and ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) suggested for fields where the presence of the N-fixing are equally effective per unit of P if properly applied. bacteria in the soil is questioned. Base your choice of fertilizer on availability, equipment Because legumes fix N if nodules are functioning available and cost per unit of P. properly, some of the N requirements of the plants are met. However, N fixation is limited in heavy clay soils. Table 2: Suggested phosphorus rates as banded applications Some preplant N may be needed if residual NO,-N levels for irrigated and dryland dry beans. in the soil are low. Nitrogen also will become available ppm P in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, from mineralization of soil organic matter during the level lb P,O/A season. Dry beans can respond economically to N AB-DTPA NaHCO, fertilizers at rates up to 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre, 0 - 3 0 - 6 low 40 depending on NO,-N levels in the soil (Table 1). 4 - 7 - 14 medium 20 Excessive N levels in the soil often inhibit nodule > 7 > 14 high 0 formation on roots, stimulate heavy vine growth, delay maturity, and provide conditions favorable to insect activity, white mold, and bacterial diseases. Fertilizer suggestions for dry beans Page 3 Potassium Suggestions so litigated soils usually are adequately supplied with S. However, some deep well water may be low in 5, so Most Colorado soils are relatively.high in extractable analyze water samples for SO;S if soils are low in K, and few crop responses to K fertilizers have been organic matter and you suspect S deficiency. reported. However, some highly eroded soils with Iron deficiencies (chlorosis) are most likely to occur exposed subsoils may be low in extractable K. Suggested on highly calcareous soils (pH higher than 7.8) or on K rates related to soil test values (AB-DTPA or NH,OAc) soils leveled for irrigation where the subsoil is exposed. are given in Table 3. The main K (potash) fertilizer is Iron deficiencies (yellowing of leaves) of dry beans KCI, and broadcast application incorporated into the soil usually appear in cool, wet spring weather in irregular prior to planting is the usual method. areas on these high-pH soils. Iron chlorosis ofter disappears without any Fe treatment, but yield losses can Table 3: Suggested potassium rates for irrigated and dryland occur if chlorosis persists. dry beans. Foliar spray applications of a 2 percent FeSO, ppm K in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, solution at a rate of 20 to 30 gallons per acre are not AB DTPA or NH,OAc level lb 112O/Aalways completely effective in correcting chlorosis and several applications may be necessary. However. FeSO, o- 60 low 40 solutions are difficult to prepare in the field and other Fe 61 - 120 medium 20 sources may be used. Soil applications of most Fe > 120 high 0 fertilizers generally are not effective, but applications of manure will provide available Fe for dry beans. There have been no confirmed deficiencies of boron Zinc Suggestions (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) in dry beans in Colorado. The availability of soil Zn decreases with increasing soil pH, and most Zn deficiencies are reported on soils Table 4: Suggested zinc rates for irrigated and dryland dry with pH levels higher than 7.0. Zinc deficiencies also are beans. found on soils leveled for irrigation where the subsoil is ppm Zn in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, lb Zn/A• exposed, on soils with high levels of free lime, sandy AB-DTPA level Banded Broadcast soils, or soils low in organic matter. Maturity may be 0 - 0.9 low 5 10 delayed in dry beans grown on marginally Zn-deficient t.o - 1.5 marginal 2 soils, so Zn applications may hasten maturity without > 1.5 high 0 u increasing yields. Suggested fertilizer rates in Table 4 for band *Rates are based on zinc sulfate applications. applications of Zn are based on use of ZnSO,. Effective Zn chelates, such as ZnEDTA, may be applied at about one-third of the Zn rates shown in Table 4. Band application of all Zn fertilizers with starter fertilizers is more effective than broadcast application. Soil test values for extractable Zn using the DTPA soil test are similar to those by the AB-DTPA soil test shown in Table 4. Zinc deficiencies also may be corrected by foliar sprays of a 0.5 percent ZnSO, solution applied at a rate of 20 to 30 gallons per acre. However, it is difficult to prepare this solution in the field so ZnEDTA or other soluble Zn sources can be used. A surfactant (wetting agent) increases plant absorption of the applied Zn. Other Nutrients Most Colorado soils contain adequate levels of available sulfur (S), thus soil tests for available S are not routinely performed. However, some sandy soils may require S applications. Irrigation water from most surface waters and some wells often contains appreciable SO,-S, sersdceinFertilizer suggestions foralfalfa, perennial grasses, ACTION and grass-legume mixtures J. J. Mortvedt, IL H. Smith and R L. Croissant' no. 0.537 Quick Facts so appropriate fertilizers can be applied and properly incorporated. For more information on fertility requirements and Phosphorus is the most limiting nutrient for alfalfa cultural practices for alfalfa, refer to 0.703 Alfalfa forage production. Apply phosphate fertilizers for establishing new stands production in Colorado and 0.704 Recommendations for alfalfa hay quality evaluation. of alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures at rates based on soil test results. Incorporate broadcast Soil sampling applications of phosphate fertilizers into the soil prior to seeding. Apply nitrogen fertilizers for establishing new stands The value of a soil test in predicting nutrient of irrigated forage crops and annual applications availability during the growing season is directly related for perennial grasses at rates based on NO,-N to how well the soil sample collected represents the area levels in the soil. sampled. Take soil samples prior to seedling establish- Most Colorado soils contain sufficient available went so P fertilizers may be incorporated into the soil potassium and sulfur for forage production; most For established stands, sample in the early fall so P fertilizers can be topdressed prior to winter. Take surface irrigation waters from wells contain sufficient sulfate-sulfur to supply plant needs. samples to the depth of the tillage layer (usually 6 to 8 inches). A good sample is a composite of 15 to 20 soil cores taken from randomly selected sites across a uniform soil type. Sample areas with major differences in soil Adequate soil fertility is one of the requirements for properties or management practices separately. profitable forage production. Alfalfa is the most productive of the forages. It is moderately tolerant of soil — salinity, but should not be planted on soils with a salinity This information provided by: greater than 5 decisiemens per meter (dS/m), which is equivalent to the same value in millimhos/cm. Alfalfa biologically fixes nitrogen (N) from the air, so N fertilizers generally are required only for new seedlings during early establishment. If a companion crop is used for establishing a new stand, some fertilizer N may be required if soil levels of NO,-N are low. Phosphorus (P) generally is the most limiting nutrient for alfalfa production, while potassium (K) usually is not limiting in Colorado soils. Before establishing a stand, soils should be tested to determine the soil fertility status I. 1.1.Mortvedt,Colorado State University Cooperative Extension soils specialist,D.H. Smith,professor,and R.L.Croissant,retired crops specialist and professor;soil and crop sciences.©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension 7/95. For more information contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Colo§a Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work,Acts of May S and lune 30, 1914,in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,Milan Rewerts,interim director of Cooperative Extension,Colorado State University,Fort Collins, University Colorado. Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.No endorsement of products named is Cooperative intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Extension Fertilizer suggestions for alfalfa, perennial grasses, and grass-legume mixtures Page 2 Thoroughly dry all soil samples within 12 hours after Application of N fertilizers in the establishment of alfalfa sampling by spreading the soil on clean paper or any is not suggested under dryland conditions. other clean surface where the soil will not be Grasses require annual N applications. The suggested contaminated. Do not oven dry the soil because this will N rate is related to the NO,-N status of the soil. Nitrogen change the soil test results. Ship the air-dried soil in a application can increase yields of grass-legume mixtures, clean sample container to the soil test Laboratory. but also results in a decline of the legume component. Submit a carefully completed information sheet with Therefore, application of N to mixtures comprised of the soil sample. This form provides information so more than 50 percent of the legume component is not fertilizer application suggestions can be tailored to each recommended. Generally, the proportion of legume will specific situation. For existing stands, test soils for decline with time. Once this proportion reaches 25 nutrient analysis periodically for optimum P nutrition. percent or less, stands should be fertilized with N More detailed explanations of the importance of according to the same recommendations given for grasses taking proper soil samples are found in 0.500 Soil alone (Table 2). Suggested N rates in Table 2 are For an sampling- key to quality fertilizer recommendations, expected yield of 4 tons per acre; these rates should be 0.501 Soil testing for fertilizer recommendations, and adjusted by 40 lb N/A for each ton/A difference in 0.502 Soil test explanation. These fact sheets are expected yield. available at your Colorado State University County Extension office or from the Cooperative Extension Table 2: Suggested nitrogen rates for irrigated grasses. Resource Center, 115 General Services Building, ppm NO,-N in soil Fertilizer rate, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970- lb N/A 491-6198). 0 -6 185 The Colorado State University Soil, Water, and Plant 7- 12 160 Testing Laboratory is located in Room A319, Natural and 13 - 18 135 Environmental Sciences Building, Colorado State 19 -24 110 University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (970-491-5061). 25 - 30 85 Nitrogen Suggestions > 30 0 NOTE: Use the same N rates for grass-legume mixtures Because legumes usually fix N from the atmosphere, containing less than 25 percent legumes. some of their N requirements are met through this process. Inoculate alfalfa with specific host bacteria if alfalfa has not been grown recently in a field. However, Phosphorus Suggestions some preplant N may be needed for the companion crop in the establishment of alfalfa under irrigated conditions Irrigated Alfalfa if residual N0,-N levels in the soil are low (Table 1). Alfalfa responses to applied P are most likely on Decrease the seeding rate of the companion crop and do soils with low or medium levels of extractable P. not overapply N to avoid shading of the new alfalfa and Suggested P rates (Table 3) are based on broadcast grass seedlings. applications related to soil test levels. The main soil tests for extractable P in Colorado soils are the AB-DTPA Table 1: Suggested nitrogen rates for new seedings of alfalfa. and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) tests. Values for both ppm NO,-N in New seeding with New seeding without tests are in Table 3. soil companion crop companion crop Fertilizer rate, lb N/A ------ Irrigated Grass and Grass-legume Mixtures 0 - 3 60 20 Table 4 gives suggested P rates for establishment of irrigated grass and grass-legume mixtures for forage 4-6 30 10 > 6 0 0 production. Broadcast and incorporate phosphate fertilizers into the soil prior to seeding. New seedings of dryland alfalfa generally do not benefit from preplant N. Drvland Alfalfa NOTE: Nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied to established Alfalfa responses to applied P under dryland stands of alfalfa; N fixation activity will be decreased. conditions are most likely on soils with low or medium levels of extractable P. Suggested P rates (Table 5) are Preplant N fertilizers generally are applied broadcast based on broadcast applications related to soil test levels. and incorporated in combination with P fertilizers. Fertilizer suggestions for alfalfa, perennial grasses, and grass-legume mixtures Page 3 Table 3: Suggested phosphorus rates for irrigated alfalfa during the winter months. Branch roots near the soil ppm P in soil Fertilizer rate, lb 13,O/A surface also may take up applied fertilizer P. Relative The last cutting in the fall should be early enough so level New Established AB-DTPA NaHCO, seedings stands' there is sufficient regrowth to reduce the potential for erosion of P-fertilized soils during the fall and winter 0- 3 0- 6 very low 200 100 months. Base application rates of P fertilizers on new soil 4-7 7- 14 low 150 75 test levels, but apply about half of the rates suggested for s - 11 15 -22 medium 50 0 establishing stands. Two important factors should be > 11 > 22 high 0 0 considered in managing P fertility in established stands of *Suggested P rates for established stands should be based on new soil alfalfa. First, the probability of forage response to test results. topdressed P is greater on soils testing very low to low in extractable P. Second, the probability of obtaining a yield response to topdressed P declines as the stands age Table 4: Suggested phosphorus rates for irrigated grasses, Most P fertilizers contain N that may not be needed grass-legume mixtures, and pastures. by the alfalfa, except during stand establishment. ppm P in soil Fertilizer rate, lb P,O//A However, few alternate P sources are available. Choose a Relative lee fertilizer based on availability and cost per unit of P. level New Established AB-DTPA NaHCO, seedings stands" 0- 3 0- 6 low 80 80 Potassium Suggestions 4 - 7 7 - 14 medium 40 40 > 7 > 14 high 0 0 Irrigated alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures Most Colorado soils are relatively high in extractable 'Suggested P rates for established stands should be based on new soil K, and few crop responses to K fertilizers have been test results. reported. Suggested K rates related to soil test values for three years of production of alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures under irrigated conditions are in Table h Table 5: Suggested phosphorus rates for dryland alfalfa. ppm P in soil Fertilizer rate, lb P,O,/A Table 6: Suggested potassium rates for irrigated alfalfa, grass- Relative legume mixtures, and perennial grasses. level New Established AB-DTPA NaHCO, seedings stands' ppm K in soil, Fertilizer rate, lb IC,O/A 0- 3 0 -6 low 60 45 Relative Grass- 4- 7 7 - 14 medium 45 30 AB-DTPA or NH,OAc level Alfalfa legume > 7 > 14 high 0 0 0-60 low 200 60 'Suggested P rates for established stands should be based on new soil 61 - 120 medium 100 40 test results. > 120 high 0 0 NOTE. Phosphorus applications are not recommended for grass-legume Suggested rates are for 3 years of production. mixtures and grass forages produced under dryland conditions. The main K (potash) fertilizer is KCl, and broadcast Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement application incorporated into the soil prior to planting is Placement of P fertilizers in the root zone is the usual method of application. Potassium fertilizers can important because P is not mobile in soil. Broadcast be topdressed on established stands to help maintain application followed by incorporation prior to planting is stands. the most efficient placement method for P, and the suggested rates for new seedings in Tables 3 to 5 are for Drvland alfalfa three years of forage production. Under dryland conditions, the suggested K rates in Established stands that are to be maintained longer Table 7 for new seedings are for three years of than three years may need topdressing of phosphate production, but those for established stands are for the fertilizer. Test soils in the early fall, so P fertilizers can current year. Potassium fertilizer applications are not be applied prior to winter if needed. While P does not suggested for grass and grass-legume mixture forage move in soil under most conditions, phosphate fertilizers production under dryland conditions. may be washed into cracks in the dry soil during the fall and spring, or be incorporated by freezing and thawing Fertilizer suggestions for alfalfa, perennial grasses, and grass-legume mixtures Page 4 Table 7: Suggested potassium rates for dryland alfalfa ppm K in soil, Fertilizer rate, lb K,O/A Relative New Established AB-DTPA or NH,OAc level Seedings• stands'• 0 -60 low 45 30 > 60 high 0 0 'Suggested rates are for 3 years of production. **Suggested rates are for 1 year of production. NOTE: Potassium applications are not suggested for grasses and grass-legume mixtures under dryland conditions. Other Nutrients Most Colorado soils contain adequate levels of available S, and soil tests for available S are not routinely performed. Alfalfa has a high S requirement; a 4-ton/A crop removes 20 lb of S/A. Therefore, levels of available S may decrease, especially on soils low in organic matter. Irrigation water from most surface waters and some wells often contains appreciable 50,-S, so irrigated soils usually are adequately supplied with S. However, some well waters as well as snow-melt water are low in SO4-S, so water samples should be analyzed if soils are low in organic matter and S deficiency is suspected. There have been no confirmed deficiencies of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in alfalfa, perennial grasses, and grass-legume mixtures for forage production in Colorado. ( fryj( in Fertilizer suggestions for winter wheat ACTIONACTIONJ.J. Morivedt, D.G. Westfall, and J.F. Shanahan` n o. 0.544 to 8 inches) or the 1-foot.soil depth. Take subsoil Quick Facts samples to a depth of 2 feet for determination of available NO,-N. If the field has been in no-till, reduce Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for winter the sampling depth of the tillage layer. A good sample is wheat production. a composite of 15 to 20 soil cores taken from an area Apply nitrogen fertilizers at rates based on uniform in soil type. This number of soil cores is expected crop yields minus credits for residual especially important in sampling fields where P fertilizers soil nitrates and nitrogen mineralized from were band applied in previous years. Sample separately organic matter, manure, and previous legume areas with major differences in soil properties or crops. management practices. Apply phosphorus fertilizers at rates based on soil Thoroughly air dry all soil samples within 12 hours test results. Band applications are more after sampling by spreading the soil on any clean surface effective than broadcast applications. where the soil will not be contaminated. Do not oven Most Colorado soils contain sufficient available dry the soil because this can change the soil test results. potassium for dryland winter wheat Place the air-dried soil in a clean sample container for production. shipment to the soil test laboratory. Submit a carefully completed information form with the soil sample. This form provides information so fertilizer suggestions can be tailored to your specific Adequate soil fertility is one of the requirements for situation. Take soil samples for NO3-N analysis every profitable winter wheat production. Nitrogen (N) is the year for optimum N fertilization of crops Soil analyses most yield-limiting nutrient, unless there are high residual for availability of the other nutrients, pH, and organic NO3-N levels in the soil. Phosphorus (P) is the next most limiting nutrient and sulfur (S) may be limiting in rare This information provided by: situations on some soils. Levels of potassium (K) and micronutrients generally are sufficient for wheat production in Colorado soils. Soil Sampling The value of a soil test in predicting nutrient availability during the growing season directly relates to how well the sample collected represents the area sampled. Take surface samples from the tillage layer (4 I. J.J.Mortvedt,Colorado State University Cooperative Extension soils specialist,D.G. Westfall,professor,and I.F. Shanahan,Cooperative Extension agronomist and professor,soil and crop sciences.©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension 7/95, Some recommendations change regularly.Please contact your Colorado State University Cooperative Extension county office for current recommendations. O§aigIssued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. CO1 Department of Agriculture,Milan Rewerts,interim director of Cooperative Extension,Colorado State University,Fort Collins, University Colorado.Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.No endorsement of products named is Cooperative intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. Extension Fertilizer suggestions for winter wheat Page 2 matter content may be sufficient every three to four are 10 and 4 ppm, use the N rates in the 13 to 15 ppm years. row in the second column of Table 1. When soil is More detailed explanations of the importance of sampled to a 1-foot depth, use the first column in Table taking proper soil samples are found in Service in Action 1. 0.500, Soil sampling—key to quality fertilizer Table 1: Suggested N rates for dryland winter wheat, as related recommendations, 0.501, Soil testing for fertilizer to NO,-N in the soil and soil organic matter content (expected recommendations, and 0.502, Soil test explanation. Each Yield, 50 bu/A). is available at your Colorado State University ppm NO,-N in soil* Soil organic matter, % Cooperative Extension county office or from the 0- 1 ft 0 - 2 ft 0- 1.0 1.1 -2.0 >2.0 Cooperative Extension Resource Center, 115 General --Fertilizer rate, lb NA-- Services Building, Colorado State University, Fort 0- 3 0- 5 75 75 75 Collins, CO 80523, (970) 491-6198. The Colorado State University Soil, Water, and Plant 4 - 6 6 - 9 75 70 50 Testing Laboratory is located at Room A319, Natural and 7 9 10 - 12 75 45 25 Environmental Sciences Building, Colorado State 10- 12 13 - 15 50 20 0 University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, (970) 491-5061. 13 - 15 15 - 18 25 0 0 > 15 > 18 0 0 0 Nitrogen Suggestions • Concentration of NO3-N in the top foot of soil or the sum of NO,-N concentrations in 1-foot sample depths to 2 feet. Base nitrogen rates for winter wheat on the expected -To adjust N rate for L.Acpt..ted yields different from 50 bu/A,add yields for each field. Nearly all wheat requires some N or subtract 25 lb N/A for each 10 bu/A difference(maximum N fertilizer, unless there is a substantial release of available rate is 75 lb/A for dryland winter wheat). N in the soil prior to planting. Give credit for the amount of residual NO,-N in the soil. The suggested N rate is reduced 8 pounds per acre Soil organic matter credit for each ppm of NO,-N (average concentration in the soil Nitrogen in soil organic matter becomes available to sample depth) in the soil for a 2-foot sampling depth. The plants through a mineralization process. About 30 pounds method to calculate a depth-weighted NO,-N of nitrogen per acre will be available to the crop during concentration in soil in the root zone where surface and each growing season for each 1.0 percent organic matter subsoil samples are taken is as follows: in the surface soil layer. When a soil test result for Soil layer Measured organic matter is not available, assume a level of 1.5 sampled, Thickness, NO,-N, percent organic matter for eastern Colorado soils. thickness inches ppm Calculations 0 - 8 8 20 8 x 20= 160 Drvland wheat 8 -2a 16 8 16 x 8 = 128 Suggested N rates for dryland wheat are given in Table 1 at an expected yield of 50 bushels per acre 288 . Fertilizer N rates decrease with increasing levels of NO3- 288/24 = 12 ppm N in the top foot or 2 feet of soil and increasing soil organic matter content. Suggested N rates in this table do not account for other N credits; subtract these credits Other credits for N include the amounts expected to from the N rates in Table 1 to determine the N rate for become available during the season from mineralization the field. of soil organic matter, manure and previous legume To increase grain protein content to above average crops. Subtract these credits from the total crop needs to levels (i.e., >12 percent protein), increase the N rate. It determine the suggested N fertilizer rate for the expected takes 20 to 30 pounds of nitrogen per acre to increase yield. grain protein by one percentage point above 12 percent protein. Soil nitrate-N credit Residual NO,-N in soil is immediately available to Irrigated wheat plants, so decrease the fertilizer rate to give credit for the Table 2 gives suggested N rates for irrigated wheat at amount of NO3 in the root zone. Sample soil to a depth an expected yield of 100 bushels per acre. Fertilizer N of 2 feet in 1-foot or less increments and test for NO3-N. rates decrease with increasing levels of NO,-N in the top The sum of the ppm values for the two samples is used 2 feet of soil and increasing soil organic matter content. to estimate the NO3-N content in the soil. For example, if Suggested N rates in this table do not account for other N the NO3-N contents of the 0-1 and 1-2 foot soil samples credits. Subtract these credits from the N rates in Table 2 Fertilizer suggestions for winter wheat Page 3 to determine the N rate for the field. Late season N There is a strong relationship between protein content applications are not suggested for soft wheat because a of wheat and the N fertility status of a given field. Fields lower protein content is desired. that produce grain with protein content with less than 11 Table 2: Suggested nitrogen rates for irrigated winter wheat, as percent are likely to have N deficiencies. Those fields related to NO,-N in the soil and soil organic matter content that produce grain with protein between 11 and 12 (expected yield, 100 bu/A). percent may respond to additional N fertilizer, while ppm NO,-N in soil* Soil organic matter,% those that produce grain with more than 12 percent 0- 1.0 1.1 - 2.0 >2.0 protein probably have adequate N for the present grain 0- 6 125 95 75 yield levels. Therefore, protein analysis of wheat will 7- 12 105 75 55 give the producer a good indication if the N fertilizer program was adequate for that season. 13 - 18 85 55 35 This information can be used to help plan N 19-24 65 35 15 fertilization management in future years. The above 25 - 30 45 15 0 relationships do not hold well under extreme drought 31 - 36 25 0 0 conditions; field conditions also should be considered. > 36 0 0 0 For more information, see 0.555, Grain protein content Sum of ppm NO,-N in 1-foot sample depths to 2 feet(for as an indicator of nitrogen fertilizer needs in winter sample depths of 1 foot only, multiply the ppm value by 1.67 wheat. before using the table). -To adjust N rate for expected yields different from 100 bu/A, add Phosphorus Suggestions or subtract 20 lb N/A for each 10 bu/A difference. NOTE: Increase the above rates by 40 lb N/A for irrigated wheat in the following counties: Alamosa,Conejos, Costilla,Rio Grande, Crop responses to applied P are most likely on soils and Saguache. with low or medium levels of extractable P. Suggested P fertilizer rates (Table 3) are for band (or row) application and are similar for dryland and irrigated wheat. The main soil tests for extractable P in Colorado soils are the AB- Methods and timing of N applications DTPA and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) tests. Values Nitrogen may be applied to soil by various methods. for both tests are given in Table 3. Most efficient use of fertilizer N can be obtained by Placement of P fertilizers in the root zone is impor- applying some of the N prior to or at planting and the tart because P is not mobile in soil. Band application of remainder in the early spring. Some growers prefer to starter fertilizers with or near the seed is the most apply anhydrous ammonia in combination with P efficient placement method for P, and suggested rates for fertilizers in a tillage operation during the fallow period broadcast application are about double those for band for dryland wheat. Some N may be applied with or near application. Incorporate broadcast applications of P the seed in combination with P in starter fertilizers, but fertilizers into the soil prior to planting. the rate should be less than 20 pounds of nitrogen per Dual application of N and P together in a band acre because seedling emergence may be decreased in dry improves efficiency of P uptake by crops. Subsurface soil. All sources of N fertilizers are equally effective for placement of P may be especially important for reduced wheat per unit of N if properly applied. Base your choice tillage cropping systems. Monoammonium phosphate of N on availability, equipment available and cost per (MAP, 11-52-0), diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18-46-0), unit of N. and ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) are equally Topdressing N fertilizers in the spring is an efficient effective per unit of P if properly applied. Base choice of way to supply a portion of the total N needs of wheat. fertilizer product on availability, equipment available and Producers can evaluate spring-stored moisture and plant cost per unit of P. populations to better predict yield potential in the spring An effective method of band application of P with than at planting, so N needs by the crop can be better hoe drills was developed that allows the P fertilizer to be determined. Granular fertilizer can be broadcast on the banded on the soil surface directly above the seed row wheat just after greenup. Fluid N solutions also may be after row closure. This method is explained in 0 557, A dribble-applied to the wheat crop, although there is some new technique for phosphorus fertilization of winter potential for leaf bum. wheat. Apply nitrogen fertilizers through sprinkler irrigation systems for irrigated wheat. All closed-irrigation systems must be equipped with backflow prevention valves if N fertilizers are applied through the system. Fertilizer suggestions for winter wheat Page 4 Table 3: Suggested phosphorus rates for band application to dryland and irrigated winter wheat ppm P in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, AB-DTPA NaHCO3 level lb P,Or/A 0 - 3 0-6 low 40 4 - 7 7- 14 medium 20 > 7 > 14 high 0 Potassium Suggestions • Most Colorado soils are relatively high in extractable K, and few crop responses to K fertilizers have been reported. Suggested K rates related to soil test values (AB-DTPA or NH,OAc) are similar for dryland and irrigated wheat (Table 4). The main K (potash) fertilizer is KCI, and broadcast application incorporated into the soil prior to planting is the usual method. Table 4: Suggested potassium rates for dryland and irrigated winter wheat ppm K in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, AB-DTPA or NH,OAc level lb K,O/A 0-60 low 30 > 60 high 0 Other Nutrients Most Colorado soils contain adequate levels of available S, and soil tests for available S are not routinely performed. Under rare situations some sandy soils may require S applications; however, research shows that even when yield responses to applied S occur, they are not economical. Irrigation water from most surface waters and some wells often contains appreciable 50,-S, so irrigated soils usually are adequately supplied with S. There have been no confirmed deficiencies of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) in wheat in Colorado. MANURE MANAGEMENT RECORD SHEET Field description: — --Previous crop:crop:— __----- —__—_ Yield: _______ Manure Manure tested by: _--_Soil tested by:---Water tested by: --- Crop season:_—_— _--__—___—__ Crop and variety: N Requirement 1. Expected yield: — • --_---_--_ -- bu A (Past 5-year average + 5%) 2. Total N needed to achieve expected yield: _--_---- —__— lb/A (expected yield x crop factor/efficiency factor) N Credits 3. Residual soil NO3 credit: —_—___—__—___—__-- lb N/A 4. Irrigation water NO3 credit: _ lb N/A (ppm NO3-N x 2.7 = lb/AF water) 5. Soil organic matter credit: lb I\/A (credit 30 lb N per% OM) 6. Nitrogen available from previous legume crop: lb DiA 7. N available to crops: lb t'iA I (sum of lines 3,4, 5,and 6) 8. Plant available N/ton manure: — lb,ton 9. Maximum manure application rate: _.__—_ tore;/A Total manure applied: —_—_ __ tons/A Actual yield: N fertilizer applied: __—_--_—_____--___Ib/A Total irrigation water applied: —_—_AF • Notes: 14 Approximate nutrient credits'from various manure sources(calculated on a wet weight basis) % Available nutrients in lb/ton Manure Moisture First year Second year Third year N P205 N N Beef • feedlot 48 10 8 3 2 with bedding 50 10 10 3 2 lagoon sludge (lb/I,000 gal) 89 36 15 10 5 Dairy without bedding 82 6 2 1 1 with bedding 79 6 2 I 1 lagoon sludge (111/1,000 gal) 92 16 10 3 2 Swine without bedding 82 8 5 1 I with bedding 82 6 4 1 1 lagoon sludge (lb/l,000 gal) 96 38 15 9 4 Sheep without bedding 72 8 6 3 2 with bedding 72 7 5 2 2 Horses with bedding 54 6 2 2 1 Poultry without litter 55 28 26 2 1 with litter 25 43 25 5 2 deep pit (compost) 24 52 35 6 3 Turkeys without litter 78 20 11 2 1 with litter 71 15 9 2 1 'Values given are approximations only.Analysis of manure and soil is the only accurate way to determine nutrient loading rates due to the wide range of variability in nutrient content caused by source,moisture,age,and handling. MV credit assumes all NH,-N and NO,-N is available during the first crop season.Organic N becomes available slowly over a longer period of time.First year N credit assumes manure is incorporated and little volitization occurs.P credit assumes 60%of the P is available in the first year.P credit thereafter should be determined by soil testing. Values derived from Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin 552A,Utilization ofAnim al Manure as Fertilizer,1992. 15 • S( IST1(L(r �• Fertilizer suggestions for corn J.J. Mortvedt, D.G. Westfall and RL. Croissant' ACTION no. 0.538 Quick Facts assume proper management practices, including weed and insect control. Expected corn yields for individual fields are best Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for corn determined by adding 5 percent to the most recent production. five-year average yield of corn, excluding the years when Apply nitrogen fertilizers at rates based on yields are reduced by hail, early frost, etc. Expected expected crop yields minus credits for residual yields can be increased by using higher yielding varieties, soil nitrates, estimated nitrogen mineralized higher plant populations, or improved irrigation-water, from soil organic matter, previous legume crop weed-control, or tillage management. However, expected residues and manure or other organic wastes, yields should rarely change more than 20 bushels per acre and nitrogen present in irrigation water. in any year. Apply phosphorus and zinc fertilizers at rates Manure is a common source of nutrients and is based on soil test results. Band applications especially beneficial when applied to recently leveled are more effective than broadcast applications. land where top soil is removed. Manure helps improve Most Colorado soils contain sufficient available the soil physical condition and supply N, P, K, and potassium and sulfur for corn production. Most micronutrients to the crop. Hazards from excessive irrigation waters also contain sulfate-sulfur that manure applications include potential weed problems. helps supply the plant's sulfur needs. soluble salt buildup, excessive nutrient levels, potential nitrate leaching to ground water, and erosion of soils high in P. Application rates should be governed by nutrient Adequate soil fertility is one of the requirements for needs of the crop. profitable corn production. Nitrogen (N) is the most yield-limiting nutrient, unless previous manure applications or excessive N fertilizer rates leave high This information provided by: residual NO3-N levels in the soil. Phosphorus (P) is the next most limiting nutrient, while zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and potassium (K) also may be limiting in some Colorado soils. Basis of Fertilizer Suggestions Base fertilizer rates on realistic expected yields and crop needs adjusted for residual available nutrients in the soil as well as NO3-N in irrigation water. These rates also 1. J.J.Mortvedt,Colorado State University Cooperative Extension soils specialist,D.G.Westfall,professor,and R.L.Croissant,crops specialist and professor soil and crop sciences.®Colorado State University Cooperative Extension 7/95.For more information contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Colo Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work,Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914,in cooperation with the U.S.Department of Agriculture, Milan Rewerts, interim director of Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Ufpi tY Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.No endorsement of products named is intended nor Cooperative is criticism implied of products not mentioned. - Extension Fertilizer suggestions for corn Page 2 Soil Sampling N rates in excess of crop needs can result in potential groundwater contamination by NO3-N under irrigated The value of a soil test in predicting nutrient conditions. availability during the growing season is directly related Credit should be given for the level of NO3-N in the to how well the sample collected represents the area soil. Other credits for N include the amounts expected to sampled. Take surface samples to the depth of the tillage be available during the season from mineralization of soil layer (usually 6 to 8 inches). Subsoil samples should also organic matter, manure, and previous legume crop be taken to 2 feet deep to determine available NO3-N. residues, as well as NO,-N in irrigation water. These Sample 4 to 6 feet if a more accurate N rate is credits are subtracted from the total crop needs to desired, especially with corn. If the field has been in determine the suggested N fertilizer rate for the expected no-till, reduce the sample depth of the tillage layer. A yield. good sample is a composite of 15 to 20 soil cores taken Soil nitrate-N credit Residual NO,-N in the soil is from an area uniform in soil type. Areas with major immediately available to plants; therefore, decrease the differences in soil properties or management practices fertilizer rate to give credit for the amount of NO,-N in should be sampled separately. the rooting zone. The suggested N rate is reduced 8 lb/A Thoroughly air dry all soil samples within 12 hours for each ppm of NO3-N (average concentration in the soil after sampling by spreading the soil on any clean surface sample depth) in the soil for a 2-foot sampling depth. The where the soil will not be contaminated. Do not oven- method to calculate a depth-weighted NO,-N dry the soil because this can change the soil test results. concentration in the root zone where surface and subsoil Place the air-dried soil in a clean sample container for samples have been taken is as follows: shipment to the soil test laboratory. Soil layer Measured Submit a carefully completed information form with sampled, Thickness, NO,-N, the soil sample. This form provides information so inches inches ppm Calculations fertilizer application suggestions can be tailored to your 0- 8 8 20 8 x 20 = 160 specific situation. Take soil samples for NO3-N analysis 8 - 24 16 8 16 x 8 = 128 every year for optimum N fertilization of crops. Soil 288 /24 = 12 ppm analyses for availability of the other nutrients, pH and organic matter content every three to four years may be sufficient. Soil organic matter credit Nitrogen in soil organic Soil tests should include the determination of NO,-N, matter becomes available to plants through extractable P, K, Zn, and Fe, as well as soil pH, soil mineralization. Conditions that favor high yields also organic matter, and soluble salts. The results of these soil favor the activity of soil microorganisms that are tests should be correlated and calibrated for Colorado responsible for mineralization. Therefore, estimated soils; fertilizer programs for corn are based on such credits for N released from organic matter are related to studies. expected yields. The suggested N rate is reduced by 14 For more detailed explanations of the importance of lb/A for each percent organic matter for each 100 bu/A of taking proper soil samples see Service in Action 0.500, corn. When a soil test for organic matter is not available, Soil sampling -- the key to quality fertilizer a level of 1.5 percent organic matter can be assumed for recommendations, 0.501 Soil testing for fertilizer eastern Colorado soils. recommendations and 0.502 Soil test explanation. Other N credits. Previous legume crop residues will These fact sheets are available at your Colorado State release N to the succeeding corn crop after incorporation University Cooperative Extension county office or from into the soil. Therefore, reduce fertilizer rates by a the Cooperative Extension Resource Center, 115 General legume credit (see Table 1.) Services Building, Colorado State University, Fort The N content of manure varies considerably, Collins, CO 80523 (970-491-6198). The Colorado State depending on source of manure, handling techniques and University Soil, Water, and Plant Testing Laboratory is in moisture content. Obtain a laboratory analysis of the Room A319, Natural and Environmental Sciences manure for nutrient and moisture content to determine the Building, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO N credit. In the absence of an analysis, the minimum N 80523 (970-491-5061). credit is 10 pounds per ton for beef feedlot manure and 15 pounds per ton for dairy manure (dry basis) for the Nitrogen Suggestions first year after application and less for the next two years (see Table 1). For more information on the nutrient value Base nitrogen rates for corn on the expected yield for of manure, refer to Utilization of Animal Manure as Fertilizer, Bulletin 552A, from the Cooperative Intension each field. Nearly all corn crops will require some N fertilizer, unless there is a substantial N carryover. High Resource Center. Fertilizer suggestions for corn Page 3 Suggested nitrogen rates in this table do not account for Table 1: Nitrogen credits for previous legume crops and other nitrogen credits. Subtract nitrogen credits from manure application. manure, legumes, and irrigation water from the nitrogen Legume crop lb N/A credit* rates in Table 2 to determine the nitrogen rate for the Alfalfa>80%stand 100- 140 field. Rates are rounded to the nearest 5 pounds of N/A. 60-80%stand 60- 100 For more precise rates, calculate the nitrogen rate for 0-60% stand 0- 60 your field by using the algorithm above, using the Dry beans 30 appropriate expected yield. Manure lb N/ton credit** Table 2: Suggested nitrogen rates(16/A) for irrigated corn dry basis as is calculated from the algorithm. Beef 10 5 (at 50%DM*") Dairy 15 3(at 20%DM) ppm NO-N in Soil organic matter,% NO, -N 25 20(at 75%DM) soils 0- 1.0 1.1 -2.0 > 2.0 •For the second year, use 1/2 of the first year N credit. 0 -6 210 185 165 "For the second and third years,use 1/2 and 1/4 of the first year N 7- 12 160 135 115 credits, respectively. •"Dry matter. 13 - 18 110 85 65 19-24 60 35 15 > 24 10 0 0 Irrigation water may contain NO,-N, which is available to plants. The amount of N contained in 1 'Average weighted concentration(ppm)in the tillage laver and acre-foot of irrigation water is 2.7 pounds of N for each the subsoil layer to 2 feet. of NO N. Note: Credits for N in manure, irrigation water, or previous ppm 3 legumes should be subtracted from the above N rates. Irrigated Corn for Grain Production The basis for suggested N rates is an algorithm Irrigated Corn for Silage Production (equation), developed by the University of Nebraska. Nitrogen rate is determined as follows: Suggested nitrogen rates for corn grown for silage production under irrigation differ somewhat because N rate (lb/A) = 35 + [1.2 x EY (bu/A)] nitrogen needs are based on corn forage (tons/A) instead - [8 x average ppm NO3-N in the soil] of grain production (bu/A). The algorithm for corn silage - [0.14 x EY (bu/A) x % OM] production is: - other N credits (lb/A) where EY = expected yield and % OM = percent N rate (lb/A) = 35 + [7.5 x EY (tons/A)] organic matter. - [8 x average ppm NO3-N in the soil] For example, if your expected grain yield was 175 - [0.85 x EY (tons/A) x % OM] bushels per acre with the top 2 feet of soil containing an - other N credits (lb N/A) average 5 ppm NO,-N, 1.0 percent organic matter in the where EY = expected yield and %OM = percent tillage layer, a previous grass-legume crop (30 pounds organic matter. N/A credit), and 2 acre feet of irrigation water containing For example, if your expected yield of corn silage is 5 ppm N03-N to be applied during the growing season, 28 tons/A, with the top 2 feet of soil containing an the suggested N rate is: average 5 ppm NO,-N, 1 percent organic matter III the tillage layer, a previous grass-legume crop (30 lb N/A N rate (lb/A) = 35 + [1.2 x 175] = 245 credit), and 2 acre feet of irrigation water containing 5 - 8 x 5 ppm N03-N = -40 ppm N0,-N to be applied during the growing season, the - 0.14 x 175 x 1.0 = -25 suggested N rate is: - legume credit = -30 - 2 acre-feet x 5 ppm x 2.7= -27 N rate (lb/A) = 35 + [7.5 x 28] = 245 123 lb N/A - 8x5ppm = -4C - 0.85x28x1.0 = -24 Table 2 suggests N rates for irrigated corn at an - legume credit = -3C expected yield of 175 bushels per acre. Fertilizer N rates - 2 acre-feet x 5 ppm x 2.7 = -27 decrease with increasing levels of NO3-N in the top 2 feet 124 lb N/A of soil and increasing soil organic matter content. Fertilizer suggestions for corn Page 4 Dryland Corn Corn roots quickly grow into the soil between the rows. Sidedress N fertilizers early in the growing season Suggested N rates for dryland corn are calculated by to avoid root pruning. Apply nitrogen fertilizer during the same algorithm as irrigated corn. However, expected early cultivation. yields are lower for dryland corn. Table 3 suggests N Application of N fertilizers with irrigation water is a rates for dryland corn at an expected yield of 80 bushels convenient method and allows split applications to per acre. Fertilizer N rates decrease with increasing levels improve N use efficiency. Use in-season soil or plant of NO,-N in the top 2 feet of soil and increasing soil analysis to determine the nutrient status of the growing organic matter content. crop. If the N status of the crop is low or growing Suggested N rates in this table do not account for conditions appear to be above average, apply additional N other N credits; subtract these credits from the N rates in with the next irrigation. Table 3 to determine the N rate for the field. Rates have Nitrogen fertilizers may be applied through sprinkler been rounded to the nearest 5 pounds of nitrogen per irrigation systems. Equip all closed-irrigation systems acre. For more precise rates, calculate the N rate for your with backflow prevention valves if N fertilizers or other field by the algorithm given for irrigated corn, using the agrichemicals are applied through the system. appropriate expected yield. Urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution is the most • efficient N fertilizer to apply through sprinkler systems. Anhydrous ammonia is not recommended for application Table 3: Suggested nitrogen rates (1b/A) for dryland corn in sprinkler systems because of N losses as ammonia and calculated from the algorithm. problems due to formation of solids in the water. Refer to Soil organ c matter,% 0.512 Fertigation: applying fertilizer through irrigation ppm NO,-N in water, for more information. soil' 0- 1.0 1.1 -2.0 >2.0 Apply nitrogen fertilizers in furrow irrigation systems 0-6 100 90 80 only in fields where a tailwater recovery and reuse 7- 12 50 40 30 system is in place. For high-efficiency surge-flow > 12 0 0 0 irrigation systems, addition of the N fertilizer during the next to last cutback cycle improves the uniformity of 'Average weighted concentration(ppm)in the tillage layer and the subsoil later to 2 feet. application. Bubbling anhydrous ammonia into head Note: Credits for N in manure or previous legumes should be ditches may result in N losses as ammonia. substracted from the above N rates. Foliar spray applications of N are not practical since only relatively small amounts of N can be absorbed through the leaves. Also, substantial leaf burn may result if the N concentration in the foliar spray is too high or if Methods and Timing of N Applications sprays are applied during hot, dry weather. Nitrogen may be applied to soil by various methods. Phosphorus Suggestions The most efficient use is by applying N just prior to the rapid growth period 30 to 40 days after planting, when Crop responses to applied P are most likely on soils plants have about six leaves. However, apply all of the with low or medium levels of extractable P. Suggested P fertilizer before tasseling stage to maximize N use fertilizer rates (Table 4) are determined from an algorithm efficiency. Fall application of N is not recommended for related to the soil test extraction used (AB-DTPA or most soils. Some N may be band applied in combination NaHCO,) and the method of fertilizer application The with starter fertilizers, but the rate should be less than 20 algorithm for determining the suggested P rate for banded pounds of nitrogen per acre. Use of planter attachments fertilizer applications based on each soil test method is: with the standard 2-inch by 2-inch placement (2 inches P rate (banded, lb P2O5/A) = 48 - 5x (AB-DTPA-P) below and beside the seed row) is preferred for starter P rate (banded, lb P2O,/A) = 48 - 2.5x (NaHCO,-P) fertilizers. Use caution with popup placement (directly where x = ppm available P in soil. with the seed) of fertilizers, including those with K and The main soil tests for extractable P in Colorado soils S, because seedling emergence may be decreased in dry are the AB-DTPA and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,) soil, especially at rates supplying more than 10 pounds of tests. Values for both tests are given in Table 4. When nitrogen per acre. All sources of N fertilizers are equally using the above algorithms to calculate the suggested P effective per unit of N if properly applied. Base your rate, a negative P rate means the probability of response choice of N fertilizer on availability, equipment available, is lower at higher soil test levels and application of and cost per unit of N. fertilizer P is not suggested. Fertilizer suggestions for corn Page 5 Placement of P fertilizers in the root zone is to monitor extractable K levels in fields mainly cropped important because P is not mobile in the soil. Incorporate for corn silage. The main K fertilizer is KCI (potash), and broadcast applications of P fertilizers into the soil prior to broadcast application incorporated into the soil prior to planting. Band application at planting (starter fertilizer) is planting is the usual method. the most efficient placement method for P, and suggested rates for band application are about half those for Table 5: Suggested potassium rates for irrigated and dryland broadcast application. Subsurface placement of P may be corn. especially important for reduced tillage cropping systems. ppm K in soil Relative Fertilizer rate, Use caution with popup fertilizer placement (directly with AB-DTPA or NII,OAC level lb K,O/A the seed) because seedling emergence may be decreased 0- 60 low 60 mdry soil, especially at rates supplying more than 10 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Monoammonium phosphate 61 - 120 medium 30 (MAP, 11-52-0), diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18-46-0), > 120 high 0 and ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) are equally effective per unit of P if properly applied. Base your choice of fertilizer on availability, equipment available Zinc Suggestions and cost per unit of P. Soils that have had manure applications will require Zinc availability decreases with increasing soil pH, less P fertilizer because much of the P in animal manure and most Zn deficiencies are reported on soils with pH is available to the crop in the first year after application. levels higher than 7.0. Zinc deficiencies of corn have Poultry litter contains more P than beef or swine manure. been widely reported in eastern Colorado soils; they also Do not apply manure to high-P soils because of lower are found on soils leveled for irrigation where subsoil is probability of crop response to P and also potential exposed, or on soils with high levels of free lime. surface water contamination with P due to runoff and soil Incorporation of manure or treated sewage sludge erosion. (biosolids) in these exposed subsoils may correct Zn deficiencies, as well as improve soil structure. Table 4: Suggested phosphorus rates for band and broadcast Suggested Zn rates in Table 6 for banded and applications to irrigated and dryland corn calculated from the broadcast applications are based on use of ZnSD4. Apply algorithm. effective Zn chelates at about one-third of the rate of Zn Fertilizer rate, as ZnSO4. Band application is more effective than ppm P in soil Relative lb P,O/A broadcast application; thus, suggested rates are lower for level band application. Soil test values within the response AB-DTPA NaHCO, Banded Broadcast range for extractable Zn by the DTPA soil test are similar 0- 3 0 - 6 low 40 80 to those by the AB-DTPA soil test shown in Table 6. Several Zn sources (both solid and liquid) are sold and 4 - 7 7- 14 medium 20 40 their relative effectiveness and cost per unit of Zn vary 8 - 11 15 -22 high 0 0 considerably. Zinc deficiencies also may be corrected by foliar > 11 > 22 very high 0 0 sprays of a 0.5 percent ZnSO4 solution applied at a rate For more precise rates,use the algorithm in'the text relating to the of about 20 to 30 gallons per acre, but several soil test method. applications may be necessary. However, it is difficult to prepare this solution in the field so ZnEDTA or other soluble Zn sources can be used. A surfactant (wetting Potassium Suggestions agent) increases plant absorption of the applied Zn. Zinc fertilizers have measurable residual effects, and Most Colorado soils are relatively high in extractable repeated annual applications will result in a buildup of K and few crop responses to K fertilizers have been extractable Zn in the soil. Because of these residual reported. Suggested K rates related to soil test values effects, periodic soil tests are suggested to assess (AB-DTPA or NI-LOAc) are given in Table 5. Low levels extractable Zn levels in soil. As soil test Zn increases to of extractable K can cause lodging of corn, but this higher levels in soil, decrease Zn rates according to soil problem more often is caused by stalk rot than by test results. shortages of extractable K in the soil. Potassium removal from soil is much greater with production of corn silage than grain, but soil minerals generally will release K to replace that which was removed by crops. Use soil tests EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/00 Appendix C ❑ Soil Testing Protocol ❑ Process Wastewater/Stormwater Testing Protocol u Irrigation Water Testing Protocol ❑ Land Application Map Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 17 EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Soil Testing Protocol o Use a qualified laboratory. o Use the same laboratory year-after-year. o The laboratory typically supplies field information sheets, soil sample containers as well as the proper instructions. In the absence of laboratory-supplied sample bags, use sterile plastic bags. o A typical soil sample consists of one pound of soil. o Soil sample each spring, fields that will have manure applied that spring and/or the coming fall, and fields that had manure applied the previous year. o Sample before manure or fertilizer application, and before planting. o Sample each field separately. o Mark sampling points on a field map, which is to scale. Use the same maps to mark where and how much manure is applied each year. o A sampling point should encompass no more than ten acres and should be evenly distributed across a field. If a field is ten acres or less, then two sampling points should be marked. o Use a coring tool to collect the samples. Collect samples from the 0-24" horizon. Collect one composite sample from each 80 acres of field size. Each composite sample should include 8-12 different sampling points across the 80-acre parcel. Take the 8-12 sub-samples in an "X" or"Z"pattern. Mark the sampling pattern on the field map along with the sampling date and the name of the sampler. o Place the composite soil samples in the containers provided by the laboratory. Mark each sample with the date, sample identification and samplers name. Complete a chain-of-custody form and send it with the samples. o Keep the soil samples cool by packing in ice, and send to the laboratory as soon as possible and by the fastest method available. o Have the laboratory evaluate the soil samples for the following parameters at a minimum: Nitrate-N Organic Matter pH Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Process Wastewater / Stormwater Testing Protocol o Use a qualified laboratory. o Use the same laboratory year-after-year. o The laboratory typically supplies plastic sample containers. o A typical process wastewater/ stormwater sample will be from 250 ml to one liter. o Test process wastewater/ stormwater at least once per year or every time wastewater is land applied. o Take at least three sub-samples. Mix them together and submit one composite sample to the laboratory. o Sample wastewater from each pond or basin that will be utilized for land application. Take the sub-samples from different sides of the retention basin. Take each sub- sample from at least 12 inches, and preferably 18 inches, below the surface. o Place the composited wastewater samples in sterile bottles provided by the laboratory. o Fill the bottles completely, with no air space (if air space is allowed, then some of the ammonium will volatilize and the test will not be accurate). o Mark samples with the date, sample identification and samplers name. Complete a chain-of-custody form and send with the samples. o Keep samples cool by packing in ice, and send to the laboratory as soon as possible and by the fastest method available. Make sure the samples will arrive at the laboratory in a cool state within 48 hours of sampling. o If the samples will not arrive at the laboratory within 48 hours, then freeze them and ship them so they arrive at the laboratory in the frozen condition. o Have the laboratory evaluate the process wastewater samples for the following parameters at a minimum: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Ammonia-N pH Total Solids Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Solid Manure Testing Protocol o Use a qualified laboratory. o Use the same laboratory year-after-year. o The laboratory typically supplies plastic bags as sample containers. o A typical solid manure sample will be from one to five pounds. o Test solid manure at least once per year. o Sample solid manure in a manner, which will give the most representative sample possible. Accomplish this by randomly sampling several stockpiles of manure throughout the feedlot/dairy. Take at least four sub-samples and mix them together in a large plastic bucket to make one composite sample. o Do not collect excessive amounts of dirt, manure that is wet, or other foreign material. o Place composite manure samples in sterile plastic bags provided by the laboratory. Fill the bags full and seal well, with as little air space as possible(if air space is allowed, then some of the ammonium will volatilize and the test will not be accurate). o Mark samples with the date, sample identification and samplers name. Complete a chain-of-custody form and send it with the samples. o Keep manure samples cool by packing in ice, and send to the laboratory as soon as possible and by the fastest method available. Make sure the samples will arrive at the laboratory in a cool state within 48 hours of sampling. o If the samples will not arrive at the laboratory within 48 hours, then freeze them and ship them so they arrive at the laboratory in the frozen condition. o Have the laboratory evaluate the process wastewater samples for the following parameters at a minimum: Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) Ammonia-N pH Total Solids Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) During solid manure application, weigh several truckloads per day to determine an average weight per load. EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Irrigation Water Testing o Use a qualified laboratory. o Use the same laboratory year-after-year. o The laboratory typically supplies plastic bottles as sample containers. o A typical water sample will be from 100 ml to one liter. o Test irrigation water at least once per year. o Test irrigation water at the peak of the irrigation season. o If using ditch water, take a sample after the ditch has been running for several days. Take the sample at a relatively clear spot in the ditch about mid-depth. o If utilizing well water, take the sample after the well has been running for several days. Take the sample from a spigot near the well. Allow the water to run from the spigot at least five minutes before sampling. o Fill the sample bottle to the indicated line and cap it. o Mark samples with the date, sample identification and samplers name. Complete a chain-of-custody form and send it with the samples. o Keep water samples cool by packing in ice, and send to the laboratory as soon as possible and by the fastest method available. Make sure the samples will arrive at the laboratory in a cool state within 48 hours of sampling. o Have the laboratory evaluate the irrigation water samples for the following parameters at a minimum: pH Nitrate-Nitrogen EnviroStock, Inc. 1/17/OC Appendix D ❑ Rainfall Log ❑ Agronomic Determination Sheet(Process Wastewater) ❑ Process Wastewater Application Log ❑ Compost Removal Log ❑ Retention Basin Inspection Report Li Preventative Maintenance Log ❑ Chain-of-Custody Forms Diamond D Dairy Manure Management Plan 18 EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 RAINFALL LOG (Record rainfall after each rainfall event.) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy RAIN GAUGE LOCATION: YEAR: BEGINNING ENDING RAINFALL DATE ! TIME • DATE TIME (inches) Total) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Total_ (in.) -- _L _ EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 PROCESS WASTEWATER APPLICATION LOG (Record manure application data every day that process water is applied.) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy YEAR: Date Person Applying Manure GPM Amount Total Field Acres Crop Gallons being of time Gallons Name in to be per Acre pumped pumped Pumped Field Grown Applied • • - EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 STORAGE BASIN INSPECTION REPORT (Complete this form on a monthly basis.) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy DATE: YEAR: BASIN NUMBER OR LOCATION (if applicable): Process Wastewater Storage Basin YES NO N/A Embankment free of visible seepage. Embankment showing no signs of cracking or sloughing. Runoff diversion berms in place and functioning. Vegetation mowed as applicable. Erosion controls in place if required. Trees excluded within root zone distance. No signs of rodent damage. Water level device in place and functioning. Minimum freeboard of 2' present. Manure pumping equipment is functional. Rain gauge in place and functional. Fence in place and well mended. Other: Other: Other: Other: Other: Other: Comments: (signature) (print name) (date) EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Agronomic Determination Sheet (Process Wastewater) rt � i§ dt i*.et("� 03' i•ti.,,tif s{ 'Y' ° I;:: ii xl t a4' cad. a e tl {. & �C aikr s r 9v`h & `rzah�{ r e� �1 �` - u� r+� �k a,� • a rk n• a, ?spi � �?` n rXy e a s a;the _. Fri _ *Tra "r# # y 1',E''?4 .,.. N C•SH' !'4.t " r z'rt'.'* " n Crop to be Planted: Year: N Requirement 1. Expected yield (Past 5 year average + 5%): Bu/A 2. Total N needed to achieve expected yield: lbs./A (Expected yield(Bu/A)x crop factor(lbs. N/Bu)) Crop factors: Corn = 1.2, Wheat =2.5, Malt Barley = 1.5, Feed Barley = 1.7, Oats = 1.3, Rye = 2.5 and Sugar Beets = 6 lbs. N/ton N Credits 3. Residual soil nitrate (from soil test): lbs. N/A 4. Nitrogen Credit from Irrigation water: lbs. N/A (PPM NO3-Nx 2.7=lbs./AF of water) 5. Soil organic matter credit (from soil test): lbs. N/A (Credit 30 lbs. Nper% OM) 6. Nitrogen credit from previous legume crop: lbs. N/A (Refer to CSU Extension Service Bulletins in Appendix) 7. Total Nitrogen Credits (sum lines 3, 4, 5 and 6) lbs. N/A Calculation 8. Plant Available Nitrogen (PAN) in manure: lbs. N/1000 gal [Total N(from manure test) —5% of ammonium-N—65% of organic-N) 9. Maximum manure application rate: 1000 gal/A ((Line 2 —Line 7)/Line 8) � rr v w gfcli,;i4x, t1/44414L { t , art 71' t. N, i � ri�, * if � _} aSjYT• i a ��p'+'" t? ' ' l rrr }r ! s r ::9!1� 95.' ,, i. .,gymd ₹ ,4r- s�0,14 ,4 ` h`PA Ar �, � ,{W ''a{ , :. ' a !mi as v as _ +3 3 . "'Y'Y rc i i tetF � 1°y��^;N x r 7; 44 hF .�"(. '''''‘'`.3,131741 }ri 4,44 'VI t r i!i s 4 Gaye ,KJ ;11A.V.•i eit t g4ir y y $r-£!��„ 1 1 t�, .3.1.:'4.? A.. . i ��WeC :Ps� �. < ,T ..a. . N,. EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Preventive Maintenance Log (Complete this form on a quarterly basis.) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy DATE: YEAR: YES NO N/A COMMENTS Motors of Dewatering Equipment Electrical panel enclosed and free of trash. All components are free of rodent nests. Motors operational. Other YES NO N/A COMMENTS Valves Valves operational. Other YES NO N/A COMMENTS Flow Line Drained before freezing temperatures. Breaks or cracks? Flow line operational. Other YES NO N/A COMMENTS Diversions & Culverts Diversions free of visible seepage. Diversions free of burrowing animals. Culverts not plugged. Other YES NO N/A COMMENTS Other Preventative Maintenance General Comments: (signature) (print name) (date) EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 SOLID MANURE REMOVAL LOG (Record manure removal data every day that manure is hauled.) (For manure taken off dairy property by others) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy YEAR: Date Person Taking Manure Pounds per #of Loads Total Amount Taken Load (tons) —r EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 SOLID MANURE APPLICATION LOG (Record manure application data every day that manure is hauled.) (For manure applied to dairy property) SITE NAME: Diamond D Dairy YEAR: Date Person Applying Manure Pounds # of r Field Acres Crop Pounds per Load Loads Name in to be per Acre Field Grown Applied• • EnviroStock, Inc. Jan-00 Agronomic Determination Sheet (Solid Manure) Ili t Ait# �,4 IIEti YA�'�4p, .Tlrliiirkriii .'«' 4 1'' - im Jr' �Mr49 Aa�trG'+'�t 4 S"°c �„".rr.�$-�c'...P° "' Y � w stel .iltiqYegbf$v ks Fp�,.� '7Itl m 'e Y '�� Ii "7et°tAl ")i.:30 ° stet, . "` 'E5 fib tiffs: iil g "d i'i `'r{; flirt, Crop to be Planted: Year: N Requirement 1. Expected yield (Past 5 year average + 5%): Bu/A 2. Total N needed to achieve expected yield: lbs./A [Expected yield(Bu/A)x crop factor (lbs. N/Bu)) Crop factors: Corn = 1.2, Wheat =2.5, Malt Barley = 1.5, Feed Barley = 1.7, Oats = 1.3, Rye = 2.5 and Sugar Beets = 6 lbs. N/ton N Credits 3. Residual soil nitrate (from soil test): lbs. N/A 4. Nitrogen Credit from Irrigation water: lbs. N/A (PPMNO3-Nx 2.7 = lbs./AF of water) 5. Soil organic matter credit (from soil test): lbs. N/A (Credit 30 lbs. N per% OM) 6. Nitrogen credit from previous legume crop: lbs. N/A (Refer to CSU Extension Service Bulletins in Appendix) 7. Total Nitrogen Credits (sum lines 3, 4, 5 and 6) lbs. N/A Calculation 8. Plant Available Nitrogen (PAN) in manure: lbs. N/ton (Total N(from manure test)—5% of ammonium-N—65% of organic-N) 9. Maximum manure application rate: ton/A ((Line 2—Line 7)/Line 8) y p, t -� .ri It ,.,gn, is .0k:, n M '"`', � ary @�%HF?li �0 1E da r"r. eta srrciikxa4 +,� ° ' � .t �l8= ( ea 4a L `tY�lk i flit:I Kx "f m 4,- '` w ut°� � ry�, S,iO ° tK a et °• Er t ' Illril3• g i x t : �' i y E � ' 4 nt ' ! r; .i3 3. + ° `te '— " ',;:g rvr ti' ttt °R tFr + F r,i 3 PE -I) '.r t: 1.p �i P(,*al 1 +(�tN 1{, 5 •k4 dp„yL}i ski t➢ Isl W"• x ?4t it d :t , i°S {f t •.: 4t t{ '+1 �s '. k t ;° a R� rtr Ykk '.}:€;:s''' i. 2 �., tf 'Srt�`- NF fix.%.> ` t 9t+ ry . rn Chain of Custody (Soil Samples) Analysis Requested up Z up Diamond D Dairy Phone: 970 5354290 b w• C 4513 Weld Cnty Rd 32 Fax: 970 535-4711 H r-1 O w > 5 Longmont, CO 80504 o o N a 0 0° ' o n w x cn S - `d ,d w ao s c �' ie In 0, z' ZZB Kg- a. rn 7 ° ,..7., CD -t < 8 c x Sampler: (Signature) b "'t DDi o Z m n f° CD w ^ O o v 00 Of' Location Sampled Date Time ^ c Sample Sample wCD 0 ~ y en O a a o Identification Type bq Comments Relinquished by(Signature) Dare Time Received by (Signature) Relinquished by(Signature) Date_ Time. Received by(Signature) Relinquished by (Signature) Date Time Received by(Signature) Relinquished by(Signature) Date- Time Received by (Signature) p ta► 0 rri Chain of Custody (Manure Samples) Analysis Requested z I III I III 0 Diamond D Dairy Phone: 970 535-4290 Cb 0 4513 Weld Cnty Rd 32 Fax: 970535-4711 r C n o z ro Longmont, CO 80504 0 w p °�� ° o o c� w n W .fie Z Z �' tNii �.r-I 0. ego .-�b Sampler: (Signature) .S 0 0o, o Z C 0 rp �o fry .-t n B Location Sampled Date Time n Q Sample Sample N ni ❑ Gco Identification Type ❑ Comments Relinquished by ISienatuic) Date I Time I Received by(Signature) Relinquished by (Signature) Date Timey`Received by:(Signature) I _ V PP Relinquished by(Signature) Date Time Received by.(Signature) Relinquished by (Signature) Date Time Received by(Signature) IM O O I 3 I Chain of Custody (Water Samples) Analysis Requestedo rip Diamond D Dairy Phone: 970 535-4290 p I I I I I o 4513 Weld Cnty Rd 32 Fax: 970 535-4711 °B Z F Longmont, CO 80504 0 o `2 a o (� m LID G. ?; Cia 'b 'D G ti b `d N 2.. G '— fa 'G • x 4 '�' Pt c0i z y p' Sampler: (Signature) 9 a m m o z C .f°, G' ^ bia Cla sic, CIQ Location Sampled Date Time 2 n Sample Sample eD a E . Identification Typeo Comments Relinquished hi 6la uuei Date Time. Received by(Signature) I Relinquished by(Signs re) Dale Time Received by (Signmare) - I Relinquished by.(Signature) Dale Tame. Received bv.(Signature) Relinquished by.(Signature) Date Time Received by (Signature) p O O I_ I Hello