HomeMy WebLinkAbout20013386.tiff Colao
University
Agricultural Experiment Station
_ - Office of the Director
16 Administration
' - Fort Collins. Colorado 80523-3001
(970) 491-5371
FAX: (970) 491-7396
http://www.colostate.cdu/Depts/AES
December 3, 2001
Dear Friend of Agriculture:
As you know, agriculture is an important aspect of Colorado's past, present, and future. From
the viewpoint of Colorado's economy, recent statistics show that total agricultural sector output
was $5.26 billion in 1999. A recent survey of Coloradoans revealed that 80% of them feel that
agriculture is very important to the quality of life in Colorado; 85% feel it is very important to
maintain land and water in agriculture. The maintenance of open space and other quality of life
considerations are important contributions of agriculture to Colorado's future.
The Agricultural Experiment Station, as an integral component of Colorado State University, has
a mission to conduct research that supports an agricultural system which is profitable and
environmentally sustainable. Our research program strives to be relevant to the needs of
agricultural producers, processors, and marketers as well as reflect the concerns of consumers. In
an effort to share the results of our research activities, we are pleased to send you a publication
highlighting results from ten research projects conducted by Agricultural Experiment Station
scientists. These projects were selected from our 130 ongoing projects to illustrate the breadth of
Agricultural Experiment Station programs, which range from crop production to human
nutrition.
I hope that you enjoy the report. If you have questions or comments concerning the report or our
program in general, please contact me.
Sincerely,
o ers
Director
eilaS?d12`- &g E2JJ L)
Agriculture, the essential investment 2001-3386
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J'e e
140
f annual report summarizes the results resources;3) and these units are funded based on
obt by a few of the more than 130 ongoing consumer price index and increased demand for
res . projects supported by the Agricultural programs is not a factor in the current funding
Ex ent Station at Colorado State University. formula. The identification of programs targeted for
Th � icultural Experiment Station is an integral enhancement was based on stakeholders identifying
component of Colorado State University,your land- research and outreach program needs in agriculture
grant university,and it is committed to conducting and natural resources.We are extremely pleased that
research on the agricultural and natural resource the Colorado legislature funded the first year of this
needs of the people of Colorado, the region, three-year initiative,which will provide base fund-
and the nation. Our mission ing support to address issues
is to support research lead- facing Colorado agriculture.
ing to an agriculture that The areas receiving
is economically viable,envi- enhanced funding this fiscal
ronmentally sustainable,and year are forest health and
socially acceptable. The Agri- ' • interface,invasive plant
cultural Experiment Station ''`' species on public and
vj
research efforts extend across private land,and increased
the entire campus involving + Colorado Extension staffing
faculty and staff from more A in selected counties.A
than 25 academic depart- request is pending for
ments in 7 colleges. We also legislative support of three
have a network of off-cam- 4# additional program areas:
pus research centers con- mitigating wildfires,policy
ducting research to meet
r �,%' analysis for agriculture and
agricultural production natural resource issues, and
needs in different regions safe food for Coloradans.
of the state. To address The base funding increase
the complex problems facing received by the Agricultural
agriculture,it is essential that Experiment Station for
academic departments work invasive plant research will
in concert with each other significantly enhance our
The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station 2001 Annual Report was produced by the Colorado to solve problems through efforts to address the eco-
Agricultural Experiment Station,Colorado State University Outreach Communications and Technology, interdisciplinary efforts. nomic and productivity
and Colorado State University Publications and Printing. • An initiative was funded by the Colorado legis- impacts of weeds.Appreciation is extended to all
E-mail: aes@coop.ext.colostate.edu lature for the current fiscal year to enhance funding who supported our efforts to obtain additional
Web:http://www.colostate.edu/depts/AES for programs in the Agricultural Experiment Station, funds for program enhancement.
Editors: Barbara Dennis,Jeannine Kline Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, I hope you enjoy this report. Please contact me
Writers: Amy Cavender,Bill Cotton,Kathy Hayes,Susannah Wright and the Colorado State Forest Service.The rationale if you have any questions concerning our research
Photography: Bill Cotton for seeking additional funding was based on the programs at Colorado State University
Design: Dale Rosenbach,Cathay Zipp following: 1) the dramatic growth in population Lee E. Sommers
Production: Cathay Zipp and the diversification of Colorado's economy have Director
increased demand for research and outreach infor- Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station at
I mation;2) structural changes in agriculture and Colorado State University
shifting demographics pose new challenges to food
Colorado State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution and complies with all Federal and Colorado State laws,
regulations,and executive orders regarding affirmative action requirements in all programs.The Office of Equal Opportunity is located in and fiber production and management of natural
101 Student Services.In order to assist Colorado State University in meeting its affirmative action responsibilities,ethnic minorities,women,
and other protected class members are encouraged to apply and to so identify themselves.
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 1
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BEANS . . .
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�' • ur Bean soots are picky people.Ask the farmers year,Brick chooses the best plants from each new gen-
t `c I 1 ,,mil n e Colorado's 150,000 acres of dry beans.To eration to produce more of the desired traits. It may
z ? L' be succes the market,a bean must be the right be five to seven years before he gets what he's looking
r:,,color,the ri , ze,the right shape.Not too big.Not too for.Then he tests the plants at locations throughout
.„/...._small.Not t fuound.Not too flat.Each bean must be, Colorado and the United States.
, i ' 0 • ` ' as Goldilot 9'would say, "Just right." Brick's network of colleagues include plant breed-
So for plant breeder Mark Brick,whose number one ers like himself in North Dakota,Idaho,Michigan,
. . goal is to provide farmers with high-yielding,disease- Nebraska,Washington,and other parts of Colorado.
resistant,excellent bean varieties with good seed qual- "My colleagues test these plants in environments other
1 ity and profit-making potential,he also must ensure than Colorado,so I can see whether they're going to
•
1 that any new variety will pass muster with bean proces- make it in the real world," says Brick. "The plants
sors and educated consumers. Take pinto beans,which have to perform well in a broad range of environments.
make up about 95 percent of Colorado's dry bean crops. North Dakota offers a different spectrum of diseases
x. They have to have a bright cream background color than Colorado,and Idaho is a different environment
with distinctive cocoa-colored markings. Informed con- altogether-no bacterial diseases but serious viral dis-
_ ‘ ' 41/4 sumers won't accept beans that appear dirty brown. eases.In eastern Colorado,I see heat stress,common
,t, Since becoming Colorado State's dry bean breeder blight,white mold,and rust. Only by testing the new
1 , in 1986,Brick has been working to develop pinto bean lines in all these environments do I get to see what these
1 varieties that will resist rust,root rot,blights,and other plants are made of."
tip, ,+ t , -, prevalent diseases.Pinto plants grow as a mass of vines When he finds a plant that grows well at most or all
ha r ;, I, ' ' • '' + that retain humidity and create an inviting environment of the sites,he tests the variety again through cooperat-
,
J J ✓ ) t ' ,t" \ for disease,so Brick also is breeding for upright archi- ing nurseries located throughout the U.S.and Canada.
't _ t I 1 'i ' II'. tecture,which is easier to cultivate,irrigate,and har- "Now I'm looking at seed quality,disease resistance,all
1' • s` ' •) _ J}J vest. "If you have upright plants in rows,and the space sorts of things."When the variety meets the criteria,
+ 1 ' "; 1 between the rows is open," Brick explains,"the plants he releases it.The plants go to Fruita,Colo.,where the
ilt : ' • j ','' , ,"- stay dry and aren't conducive to disease." line is increased for certified seed production.Fruita,
J + In 1994,Brick released Arapahoe,a pinto bean vari- like most regions on the Western Slope,does not have
'7, I ety that resists white mold and grows semi-upright. common bacterial diseases,says Brick,which is the
' , Now he's breeding for resistance to rust,which occurs reason that the certified bean seed industry is there.
>> ' ` " in Colorado every year. "Some years rust is all over, Brick attributes the success of Colorado State's
damaging 30 to 40 percent of the crops," Brick says. plant breeding program to its numerous partners—
"In an average year,it might cause a loss of 5 to 8 research associate Barry Ogg,plant pathologist Howard
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C, A percent,and it can be devastating to producers who do Schwartz,extension crop testing specialist Jerry John-
1.'1,1 i "• p not apply fungicides to control the disease." son,foundation seed manager Fred Judson,and exten-
t :- »',1 Developing a new variety and making it widely sion agents,research associates,and nurseries across
t, f available takes a decade or longer.In the first year,Brick the state and country."If you didn't have all these
ile IImay cross one parent,which resists rust,with another resources,you couldn't be successful,"says Brick. "It's
parent that hasgoodqualities except for its susceptibil- a real team approach to developing a new bean variety
r� P P PP P g
i • - - ity to rust.The offspring will contain traits from both that farmers can profit from."
parents.He then selects progeny for both rust resistance
` v and the good traits needed for a new variety.Year after
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 3
I
v ° ; engineering and by other students and colleagues at
., �H +c " Colorado State University.
.. r". ' Over the past three years,Gates has overseen the
most intensive field data collection effort ever under-
Colorado State is standing chi 'Mg' y •,r taken in the Arkansas River Valley or anywhere else.
sor Timothy Gates, standing in the middle . o n71%�xn His research team has installed more than 100 moni-
gated field in Colorado's lower Arkansas River verdant
r f"- " toring wells,made thousands of groundwater and sur-
Off in the distance,he sees the classic lush and verdant - face water measurements,conducted numerous tests of
landscape that for more than a century has defined aquifer flow properties,and taken thousands of soil
this valley's rich agricultural heritage.But Gates knows / samples from about 100 agricultural fields in the lower
this picturesque scene is deceiving.The salt-encrusted, valley.
waterlogged field in which he is standing,surrounded This data is driving the development of computer
by stunted and wilted yellowish corn,could be the models that will allow farmers and water and land
future of agriculture in this once productive river valley. managers to better understand the cascading network
Irrigated since the 1870s,agricultural fields in por- of interactions that lie at the heart of the salinity prob-
tions of the Arkansas River Valley began showing signs lem.
of increased salinity and waterlogging as early as the "The computer modeling allows us to use the local
1920s.Irrigation-induced salinization is very common data to take a broad perspective and look at the mul-
ip to intensively irrigated areas throughout the world. tiple scales at work,"says Gates. "We can see the inter-
About 20 to 25 percent of the world's irrigated land, action between processes that occur when a farmer irri-
ie ng up to 27 percent in the United States,is / gates his individual field,how that affects other fields
affected by saline high water tables.The threat to global ,+ in the subregion,and how that in turn affects what goes
crops is serious,with some scientists estimating world- on in the entire river valley."
wide productivity loss valued at$10 billion per year. As Gates and his colleagues enter the next phase
Salinity and waterlogging are coupled problems of the research,that of finding viable solutions,econo-
that typically show up within a few decades to a cen- mists,agronomists,soil scientists,sociologists,and per-
tury after intensive irrigation begins in a river valley. haps even lawyers will play more of a key role on their
When irrigation occurs at a rate that exceeds the natural team.Among the engineering interventions being con--capacity of the soil and the aquifer to drain the excess f sidered are improvements to irrigation systems to boost
water back out toward the river,the water table starts efficiency and reduce recharge to the water table,lining
rising. If it rises too close to the surface, the crops do of canals to reduce seepage,installation of horizontal
not have adequate aeration to grow properly.Addition- subsurface drains and systems for managing drainage
•
ally,this water contains dissolved chemicals,some of —' effluent,and alteration of river operations to lower
which are salts.When evaporation drives the water
the water level in the river. Because of the legal coin-
,out of the water table into the atmosphere,high
plexities involved with changing how water is moved,
concentrations of the salts are left behind in the soil. kcn,' �" veft drained,and supplied in a river valley,Gates expects
Another complicating factor is that some salts also t they will need someone very familiar with water law
are naturally inherent to layers in the subsurface pro- 4 ' and appropriation issues.
file.These salts are dissolved by excess irrigation flows, Since the conditions in the Arkansas River Valley
make their way to the river,and increase salinity con- i are broadly similar to those in irrigated alluvial valleys
centrations in waters diverted for irrigation and other elsewhere,the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.Geo-
purposes further downstream. logical Survey,USDA Natural Resources Conservation
Today,farmers in the Arkansas River Valley are Service,USDA Farm Service Agency,Colorado Water
seeing crop yield reductions that average about 10 per- Resources ch Institute,Bent County Soil Conser-
cent,and in some areas are as high as 70 percent.Even . vation District;' local irrigation canal companies are
those areas that on the surface seem unaffected are all working wi d his colleagues to learn more
showing signs of increased salinity in the underlying about sal' d its corn web of technical,legal,
soils and aquifer and sod/ w 1-,'
Gates believes the solution to the Arkansas River
is le work,but its also stimulating,"
Valley's salinity problem can be found by documenting } ,J says "" . "We want to see a rural lifestyle continue to
and studying the complex interaction of groundwater Monitoring the e land for 4", . , upon productive agriculture.We also want the
flow with salt transport,irrigation and drainage sys- . .} "'overall environmental health: - Arkansas River to
tems,and the flow of the river.He is joined in this waterlogging and salinity be enhanced. HopefuIly, give insight and guid-
current research effort by co-principal investigator Dr. . .. ance that will help sod similar problems throughout
John Labadie and Ph.D. student Phil Burkhalter in civil factors ', ., ' estern Ure ates and the world."
•
4 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 5
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Gy his is the story of how Colorado State helped sumers'preferences,rather than producing various beef
beef producers reverse a 23-year trend of declining products and hoping someone would buy them.The
et share.Certainly,a paradigm shift toward satis- grading technology Colordo State University was work-
, consumer demand helped.And so did a new stra- ing on was instrumental to everything the industry was
focus on increased spending in instrument grad- trying to do to improve its market share.
echnology research. But the catalyst,says animal Duane Wulf,a graduate student in the Meat Science
ces Associate Professor Keith Belk,was the rather Program,who had been measuring carcasses using a
serendipitous partnerships and chain of events that led hand-held color meter,had found correlations between
to a better way to evaluate beef carcasses. color measurements and the eating quality of beef.
One of the biggest challenges for beef producers Armed with this knowledge,Belk contacted Hunter
and processors is accurately predicting the yield of indi- Labs,a video-imaging company in Virginia,to see if
vidual carcasses. Knowing the cutability-how many they could build a prototype instrument that could
high-value and low-value cuts a carcass contains-is identify individual carcasses and capture quality mea-
t. essential to determining value and pricing.In 1995, sures,such as lean meat,fat,and marbling.Again the
{ when Belk joined Colorado State's Meat Science Pro- beef industry funded the research.Again the instrument
r gram,he became aware of VIAscanTM,a beef-carcass produced the desired results.
scanning system under development in Australia.A Now it was time to make a product that
noninvasive instrument that could precisely measure would work commercially.Colorado State University's
cutability could be a tremendous asset to beef packers. Research Foundation initiated the patent process and
Belk approached the beef industry,which also gave exclusive rights to a Hunter Labs subsidiary called
became excited about the possibilities of VIAscanTM and SmartMV.A new branded-beef start-up company in
How instrument provided funding for Colorado State to evaluate the Texas-Nolan Ryan's Tender Aged Beef-helped fund
Australian technology for use in U.S.carcass evaluation. and served as the testing site for developing a commer-
grading technology Around the same time,a Canadian group had cial model. "There's a big difference between a proto-
developed a similar technology called CVS. Belk and type and a machine that's operating accurately at high
has turned the beef his colleagues,animal sciences Professors Gary Smith speed in a beef-packing plant day in and day out,"says
and Daryl Tatum,researched and tested both systems Belk.
i A industry around with successful results. In early 2001,after a year of testing and tweaking,
"Now we had two technologies that worked,"says the BeefCam Tenderness Evaluation System was born.
Belk.Both could quickly and accurately evaluate the It was the first commercially available machine any-
cutability of a carcass. where in the world that could evaluate the eating qual-
. d In February 2001,the USDA Agricultural Market- ity of beef.Belk attributes BeefCam's development to a
. ' ing Service approved the instruments for USDA graders whole host of people,including graduate students Rob
to use in applying official U.S.Yield Grades to beef Cannell,Aaron Wyle,and Derek Vote.
carcasses. Beef graders,who on average grade 450 car- Now instruments that measure cutability can be
D casses an hour,now have,for the first time, technology interfaced with BeefCam and other tools to produce
to assist them in determining yield. customized equipment for specific needs.The technol-
But there's another feature that determines the ogy provides cattle producers with detailed information
— :ft: ` ` • value of a carcass,Belk continues,and that is how well on carcasses.Producers then can look at their feedlot
.; the consumer will like the beef. How tender will it operations and adjust management practices to opti-
be?How flavorful?How juicy?Beef producers refer to mize yield and quality.
these qualities as palatability.By the end of 1999,no "For the last 21/z years,as the result of things
system existed that could predict how good the beef we've been doing in the beef industry for 10 years,
t
-b would taste. beef demand is back up,"says Belk. "There are a lot of
Around that time,says Belk,the concept of quality reasons for that,but a big part is that these technologies
'./....' management became prevalent,and beef producers have helped to improve the eating quality of beef."
realized they could improve sales if they catered to con-
4.114 ..
- . Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 7
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DETECTING / _:.,_
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SOIL CONTAMINANTS .. _...0%.,
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Imagine you are sitting in a room by a window on transducer takes the chemical signal from the biological_Jr ,f ‘,4,1!,- / ii —0 /;F
a sunny afternoon in September.You start to feel warm component and turns it into an electronic signal that can .� /FM It n
andyou want to know the temperature in the room, be continuously monitored. �a j r, j, .,,,,so,you bottle a sample of the air and mail it to a labo- 'Continuous groundwater monitoring at the site ofjoisor
d► j '
Sory in another part of the country.Several weeks pesticide production and use is important for detecting �t ,''-. �i - -^`
Later,on a snowy October morning,you receive a report spills and tracking the effectiveness of clean up efforts," ! it 1 ', //
t }ng you what the temperature in the room was on Reardon explains. "It's also important from the applica- ,�th k
that warm September afternoon. Sound absurd?Sure it tion end in helping farmers to apply just the amount of i ',,,g
does. But this is actually the way most environmental pesticide they need and to know where it is going after �f /
chemical analysis is conducted,bringing the researcher they put it on their fields." b, 1� ' dt: ,3/4::"H'''',1 \ "^^ ••.
e.
a single,time-delayed measurement that may not accu- So far, Reardon and his colleagues have developed rt.W0 , . ,
rately reflect the current situation. fiber optic biosensors capable of detecting certain chlo- ' „
Colorado State University chemical rinated organic compounds,such as
engineering Professor Ken Reardon atrazine,at levels as low as one part Sr
thinks there is a better way.He puts per billion.No other similar device for '
it like this:If you want to know the i ' inexpensive,continuous,compound-
temperature in the room,you look at specific sensing has ever been devel- ���,yi •
��%'� ,
a thermometer on the wall—so why ; + oped,and Reardon has been issued 0 yid t
not something similar for analysis of a provisional patent for his sensor -° e‘svinegrBiosensors for
groundwater? design.
Reardon is applying this concept While the developments on this
of in situ (in place)continuous mea- project are very promising,Reardon groundwater
surement to his work in monitoring It says the next challenge is to discover .}
groundwater for agricultural pesti- appropriate detection systems for addi- monitoring
cides.Currently, the primary method tional chemical contaminants.
for measuring pesticide contamination ' , "What we've got is a start,"he
is to remove a groundwater sample says."What we've found out about
from a well,package it in several pesticides and atrazine we hope to •
sample vials,ship it to a lab to be ana- ♦ apply to any form
of groundwater con- s ^ ,e'
P PPy !/ ro
lyzed by gas or liquid chromatography, / tamination. The goal of our current r % `
and receive the analysis weeks later. research is to make our instruments t• �
Reardon would like to replace Tabora- more effective in analyzing different
tory analysis of groundwater with reliable,easy-to-use classes of chemicals.Right now we are working on ,10," --Nt ' ''''“:t/'11
1,";4
field sampling methods that produce real-time results. developing sensors for two other chemicals-alachlor t A .
& .%,"-r
Reardon and his research team-graduate students and metalochlor-but obviously there are hundreds tit a.
Neema Das and Brinson Willis and collaborators Linda more." f ''' �1
Henk,research assistant professor of chemical engineer- The ultimate goal of Reardon's research is to enable . — �''
t
ing,and Reagan Waskom,Colorado Extension specialist greater agricultural productivity with less environmen- 'Cl
in soil and crop sciences—are developing unique bio- tal impact.While his biosensors may not help us replace `. fib,
sensors to detect the presence of agricultural pesticides the use of pesticides in agriculture,they will ensure "°'
in groundwater.In a biosensor,a biological component, that pesticides are used more safely and responsibly. NIA ^m
such as enzymes or whole cells,is fused to the end And as companies develop new pesticides that are more
of a transducer,such as an electrode or optical fiber. environmentally friendly,Reardon and his team will
When a contaminant is detected by the biosensor,the continue to develop more sensors to detect them.
8 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Ronan - '
.
public horticulturists,seed company representatives,
and Master Gardeners,spends a day evaluating the
I _ varieties.They evaluate three different things,says
— / — / Klett: "the plant,the flower,and an overall evaluation,
' Gardening in Colorado can be a real challenge. The plus additional comments."Students then input that
s region s high altitude,intense light,clay soils,and arid- information into a database,so that"best-of'varieties
ity cause problems that multiply when bizarre weather can be identified.Those and other results are published
'E I events,such as summer hailstorms,occur.A typical in the Annual Trial Garden Performance Report.
' June may bring temperatures ranging from 34 to 97 "This is what the growers really like,because they
� . `� y degrees and less than an inch of moisture.It's enough to can go through the report before the next growing
,' -- try the patience of even the most dedicated grower. season and sec what looks good,then decide what
' Enter landscape horticulture Professor Jim Klett seeds and cuttings to order,"says Klett. The report
and his ongoing research into landscape plants for the tells when each variety was planted and provides other
,,,,» ' Rocky Mountain/High Plains region.Klett evaluates cultural information so growers can replicate an ideal
annuals,herbaceous perennials,and woody plants and growth environment. All green-industry personnel also
the best ways to grow them.Then he lets growers and receive the information after the growing season is over,
;H, • •
retailers know which plants have proven successful. and consumers learn about the "best-of varieties at
A large part of his work planting time through articles published in Colorado
is managing Colorado State's newspapers and magazines.
-• Annual Trial Garden,an out- The Annual Trial Garden began
`at,: door laboratory that tests more at Colorado State in the late 1970s,
than 1,100 annual varieties each when 250 varieties were tested.
year. Today it's recognized as one of the
"Several of the major seed country's leading annual trial gar-
companies have breeders who .'' dens.This is Klett's 11th year run-
want to see how the new plants ping the garden,and each year
they're breeding will do in our brings something new. Now most
I climate,"explains Klett."We varieties arrive as cuttings rather
have high light intensity and than as seeds. "Some plants are dif-
low humidity,but we don't get ficult to grow from seed,and it's 1
a lot of the disease and insect ' easier and quicker to grow them
problems you often see in Penn- from cuttings," says Klett.
Experimental garden proves sylvania,Michigan,orGeorgia, Sometimes the results can be
where some of the other big surprising,as in the case of New
which flowering plants trials are set." , Guinea impatiens. "People didn't
Klett cooperates with about ' 1J think they would do well in Col-
Iw i I I thrive 25 different companies that pro- 1 orado,because of our high light
vide seeds and cuttings for test- intensity,"Klett explains. "But we
ing,some coming from as far as Costa Rica and Israel. grew them under about 60 to 70
Each March,Klett begins receiving vegetative varieties, percent shade cloth,and they've been just beautiful
which then are grown in the University's greenhouse all year round.Now,as a result of these trials, we're
until late May.The seed varieties come as an in-kind seeing more and more New Guinea impatiens being
donation. Partners at Denver's Welby Gardens germi- sold throughout this whole region."
nate the seed varieties and then supply the seedlings to Testing new varieties allows companies to diversify
Orr the University for planting in the outdoor beds. and provide an increasingly sophisticated gardening
The trial garden is an official All-American Selec- public with more of the unusual things they're demand-
tion test garden,which tests new seed plants next to one ing,Klett adds. Perhaps gardeners will be intrigued
or two comparison varieties.If the new plant proves with the 2001 Best of Show, "Magical Michael",a
exceptional,plant breeders will spend several years fragrant,purple basil plant boasting lavender-white
producing seed so the plant can be introduced to the flowers.
public. "The test gardens are a way for plant breeders Klett views the flowering outdoor laboratory as a
to get useful information about how a new variety will statewide garden—a resource and a showplace not only
grow in lots of different settings,"says Klett. for the University,but for the community and the green
In early August,a 30 to 35 member team, -industry as well.
comprised of greenhouse growers,faculty,students,
_i. • .... ____ _ ___________ ___________.
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Are immigrants a
MI Since the Census Bureau released its most recent of poverty "She attributes that tendency to an ingrained . _ -• - • - - - --- _ . - '
I rags,the immigration debate has been reignited. work ethic "Mexican communities actually send their boon or a threat to
0 data revealed pockets of Hispanics most ambitious young people to the United States- ,J j - - -
throug"` ,�;«;_ country,with some areas seeing as those with the highest earning potential and strongest Colorado's rural •
much as a , .ercent increase in their ethnic popu- work ethic. So when they come here,they're usually ,
lations In irado,immigration—particularly from here with true purpose." communities?
.; 1 r,„,,,;;y ..redicted to continue at a high rate,says It's difficult for immigrants to use our welfare pro- ,
paWh ilmany,associate professor of agriculture busi- grams.She adds "That would suggest that when they're
ness management. Whether that Hispanic influx is posi- here,they're making money.It may not be much above
tive or negative depends on how you look at it.One the poverty level,but they're far more willing to work . , '
perspective,says Thilmany, is to view immigration as a at that borderline of the poverty level than most Amen- .
labor-market resource. cans are.That sounds controversial,but it also suggests <
•
For more than a decade,Thilmany's research has there are some nice gains to be made from integrating - " • • -
•
focused on labor-market dynamics and the impacts of Hispanics into rural communities where,typically,costs ` �_ �_ - . _
-
immigration and immigration policy on agriculture. of hying are Tow and unskilled lobs go untitled
She studies Hispanic populations in states that histor- The services that Hispanics aro most likely to ", — ".
ically have depended most heavily on seasonal work- Temporary Aid for Needy Families, Women Infant- .
Utah,and Children,and schools—are those designed to help - ,� — _ers:Washington,California,Colorado,Texas,Uta �� ;•,
other intermountain states. If we prolgib;i people loan iarniiics assimilate and support tile !Milian capital t,
crossing the border, she asks,will we have an adequate bring to the community,says Thilmanv. "My research _
labor supply to sustain our communities and the eco- suggests that Hispanics have been a net benefit to the i
nomic prosperity to which we've become accustomed? economy rather' than a net Bost." ; • � ,' r,
h, (Hit- wi make Thom ins i < -. t
HI, ihilik ` lot ofl Ii,��i!.I L V:; t, wtrilporrk*� Wejh„-
s Zif c!\ anal het ItCLk Ult.' - �— � .virral „I, � Q
sne points out. ino into resort-infliistn,inhc rinrino. rho i nnla. ,nnnFt - v .. ,p . ", "`!4
�ylam I hsp inks.l-hilmany '.ays,meet the demand ..Ti .,...t,., ...a.:., .i_ . i _ „- `�- _ _ .-- _ _ - - libt
L�.r ,c.I L 'I N] o,t i t.. lIckentl�, they'',e begun to work in ieieut senors, such as note' ana restaurant work, says "
g
food-processing plants too, which often are located in Thilmany. Since many can't afford to live in resort
and near agneul ill rai areas L;01-1101 j - n,.rt in r„dpi „n„ ,,,,a -,,,,.,, .. ",- - t -� ' r_.., ". -fl'
mos the ohs con-Tie- towns they"iv�[�ttlino - - Mrt I� "
ment one another. "(incc yi ' e t to Han esting, the ing to their jobs. -a _
next step is processing," i hiImam'explains Staving "Depending on where yon fall in the debate, it may ----- 4
employed in one area benefits workers who previously be more attractive to have Hispanics buying houses and ` %%'"
pieced together jobs by moving from state to state. This settling out, because it would suggest their potential to
trend also helps stabilize communities and ensure that become long tei m,community citizens who may invest
farmers will have the laborers they need during the more in the capital of their community,rather than
most critical times in the growing season. being transitory. there's also evidence that this is one l _-
The trend toward less migration solves some prob- way that rural communities that were disappearing can „, '
t � '�- „
lems and raises others."Some ple aren't w sustain themselves7 ilmanv VA
a ut immigrants eing here, cause ey el ese "If s ot pping •new employees accbept jobs that Dolled peopleCwouldn'tt men gration and labor-market
e neverlw ill.So the mostfeffectis e v
find attractive,"says Thilmany. But others argue that integration of Hispanics into our economies and com- -- -• .----
the immigrants'use of government programs may cost munities is probably in our long-term best interest." -
more than the immigrants'contribution to the economy. - ,. °"`'`
Are Hispanics likely to use welfare programs? `,.. - '
According to Thilmany,the evidence suggests they're
not. "Some research shows that communities that have
higher Hispanic ratios actually tend to have lower rates '
12 Colorado -1:ddintJtw.'I t yac,i'nrn' S anon Annual l,''idn t - — - - - - - ,..
.cam' �„` ,> '�/� ; s
i _ _ •
• monia,kidney failure,and miscarriage, result in 3,000
deaths in the United States annually,notes Kendall. r'f
► "People with the highest risk are those whose immune
I
el U a systems aren't able to fight the disease."That includes
pregnant women,young children,the elderly, and
r Iy people with chronic disease and HIV.
IN
% Research and public Kendall focuses her education efforts on reaching
1� and �1 those who prepare or serve food to others and people
z education go hand-in-hand who are at increased risk of foodborne illness due to y�• -f°
compromised immune systems.Teaching food service•
r
workers is one of her top priorities,since they prepare *t '"
'` food for any number of different people.The fact that
Americans now eat more than half of their meals away .
from home makes it even more critical that restaurant _ _
s and cafeteria workers follow food safety procedures.
tiaii •
Recently,Kendall also began working with growers and ; t
A 1 sciences Professor John Sofas was address- vendors at farmers markets to teach them safe and r t
ft%g foo ty issues in his laboratory long before Esdr- sanitary preparation of food samples L
ericlua. - t - 7:H7 outbreaks raised public concern. Kendall finds that the food industry is especially z •
-
, �,u
a After the 1 ck-in -Box incident,in which under- receptive to Cooperative Extension's food safety train-
0'111 cooked ham I's were found to carry the pathogen, ing programs. "The industry people}le have a lot on the r
line. I find that they're always for �ays to ate :, > '
E. tali O157: fos's research received more atten- looking e Nw t f
hon. Producers,p ocessors,government agencies, and pare food more safely especially it it's something that 4.471
the food service industry all needed to know how they also improves the quality."
could ensure the safety of Colorado's main agricultural Procedures tested in the laboratory, and iv frith ken-
product—beef. dill tries out on taste panels,often result in a better
product. Take dried apples,ales,for instance.Treating the
'(/ y ,.
Among other things,steam-vacuum the carcass, } }}
Sofos suggested. His research had revealed that thor-
ough washing and decontamination procedures can drying enhances destruction of E. coli O157:II7 during
C.
•
reduce incidence of pathogens like E. roli O157:H7, drying, adds Vitamin C, and prevents discoloration. -.
which may be introduced on the surface of carcasses Sofos and Kendall strive to stay on hip of food .t
from the environment and then contaminate other safety issues.New pathogens continually emerge.Fur- c I \ ,, I
foods as well "For meat,chemical de-hairing of the thennurc. ,ome deuin6uninatiu,i r rucodi n, ,i:;Li
1 i-
il
t . animal before hide removal and steam vacuuming of ally cause other,more resistant hai ter is to sin0,10' '` € oeP hai
the tiieass after hide removal will reduce contami- They're studying competing pathogen to g h,'I' f 1
- nation, says Sofos. With colleagues Keith Belk,John the behave,if they're a potential risk, and him thin
' Seanga,Glenn Schmidt,and Gary Smith -as well s important g t ,„,,,,„..,34,-.......“
pan be controlled. "'It'. un ortani to rcawnia xitentiai
as several graduate students and research associates risks that may surface in the future and be prepared to
' —Sofos has found that spraying carcasses with high- deal with them," Soto,sat s.
pressure hot water or organic,lactic or acetic acid also Another factor that will escalate the need or Bette
- ' _ works. food safety in the future will be changing demograph-
ii d
Sofos studies some of the most common foodborne ics. Within the next 50 years,the number of elderly in
pathogenic bacteria,including E. tali O157:H7,Listeria i the United States is expected to double,to 80 million, - .� '
lety Beg.
r nonocytogeices,and Salmonella.He seeks to control • with the bulk of that increase occurring as baby boom-
1�5* a�
pathogens in beef,in ready-to-eat products,such as hot ers age between now and 2030 "Food safety will be r< �° ,
N dogs,bologna,jerky,and dried fruits. even more critical",says Sofos 'We have to be prepared „,,,e afep „«d
"We work with producers and processors,as well to face known,as well as newly emerging pathogens." C ; ils
as the government,so that the work we do can be > "
applied,"says Sofos. "We also have a consumer educa- -. g 0
tion component." he �/
Professor and Colorado Extension food science and +++��1 f . ;%��/mJy
human nutrition specialist Pat Kendall serves as a crit- '
ical link for getting Sofos's research results in front • 7 %5
of the people that kill benefit must Complications at r '111,11 011 „.__.:......___,
ung from foodborne illness, such as dehydration,pncu- J J J iJ } 4— ..4-
Fresh n ri.�' —m
i, /)
Ali ,/
i :r;
,23 fit 7i .n — ' LI
'!�
":"7,0142,1
1 ) r , \ , \
/ ,,,I
_ri
It .J uitu� L
1i � � I_l1i�J
In Colorado,onions are a $50 million per year herbicide again four to six weeks later may realize the
industry.Onion crops cover nearly 14,000 acres,making greatest benefit,says Nissen. "Then there isn't the ''
Colorado one of the country's top three onion produc- need for hand labor late in the season."
ers. The product costs about$18 per acre to
i
Yet onions are considered small potatoes when apply. "If farmers can get by with one late- ,
compared to the nation's biggest crops-wheat,soy- season application,they'll realize a consider- i
beans,corn,and rice.Companies that develop pest able savings compared to the cost of labor,"
management products prefer to cater to the big guys.By says Nissen.
controlling such pests as insects,weeds,and diseases, While Nissen's work is focused primarily _
they save farmers thousands of dollars annually. on onions-the Colorado Onion Association _ ' -- ,.`
Scott Nissen,an associate professor of weed sci- funds most of his research-he also develops alter- r,C
ence,believes onion growers should have the same native uses for products that often are effective with '000.400:
competitive edge.Since coming to Colorado State in other crops,such as spinach,potatoes,and beans.He '!
1995,he's been working for the smaller growers to do is one of several Colorado State University members
just that. of a federal program called IR-4 whose mission is to
Onions have the potential to be one of the highest provide pest management solutions to growers of fruits, . ;r
return-per-acre crops says Nissen,but,profits am cool veg tables, and other minor crops in all R0 states_()' ,A , vs
� tee
promised by how much farmers spend on hand labor to benefit of narticip,Mne in IR-4 _. a s y
manage onions most tenauous enemy: weeds. that tic 1 cobras i,a,s to '� �� P1 e
That's w s here Nissen helps out. Ile and his col- test and register product
laborators develop alternative uses for FP apple ,' ' t'' # -
e si
products that cffcch\el) control csccdn, HA n rrb� Li, �1� „tic f'' ice.
mg the need for expensive hand labor. control efficacy. —
"Onions can't stand much competition \issen Res'isierin a new
explains.The plants have very little leaf surface area, product"costs anywhere
N'I leaving fertile fields open to weeds throughout the from$80 to$250 million, 4
growing season. "You see weeds in onion fields that so companies focus on the
l don't look like that weed in any other situation,because greatest return — crops like
I they're Si)much bigger and more competitive than the cornliP , soybeans, wheat, and rice," _ •
Sfi-
onions."To get maximum yields and profit margins, explains Nissen. "So IR-4 was developed to give u1inur - lMf�►� ► S
onion farmers must keep their fields weed-free for as crop growers access to the same products that are being7,
long as possible. developed for major crops. It's been extremely success-
sib. a
'I Until recently,late-season weed control was done tul."
by hand. "Crews of hand laborers would walk the Under the direction of environmen-
fields with small hoes and knock the weeds out by tal and pesticide education spe-
1 hand,"Nissen explains."Those costs have skyrocketed cialist Sandra McDonald,Colo-
to where,even in a modest infestation,a grower could redo State has become amini-
spend between$100 and$200 an acre." field site for IR-4.Research
But in 1998, farmers began using Dual Magnum Asso iatr and 1 dd d ,. , 1 �, aw.
an herbicide for which Nissen developed the data to Clark Oman glue, tic d �'
1 b 1 r1 New pst_ n
support a Special Local Need label and which now is the products,and sends the Aro-
used on 80 to 90 percent of Colorado's onion crops.The duce to labs for residue testing.Once p r0 Uy minor crop
product has proven to be safe and effective,controlling products have met EPA guidelines for safety and effi- /
Colorado's most common annual weed species.When cacy,they are labeled for use. '/ A seducers a deg up
applied to a clean field after the onions have two to "We're working on lots of other products for onions
three true leaves,Dual Magnum inhibits the growth of and other minor crops that have a track record and
weed seedlings.Growers who apply the
a minimal environmental impact."
H:
i
r
Sleeping Ute Mountain dominates the landscape approaches.He's comparing the traditional methods
of the Four Corners region.However,Abdel Berrada, with options such as minimum tillage,alternative crops,
j-J _T i Fri -----,-, 4, il I IDEAs
researcttsctieratist at the Southwest Colorado Research and two,and three-year fallow cycles in numerous corn-
•' "'?-- Center is dotes anything but resting. He is tirelessly binations.Application of fertilizer and weed control
r � r working to keep ahead of the needs of the agricultural methods are also being tested. "We are here to experi-
r € r� I I I community of the Colorado Plateau with his research ment,"explains Berrada. "We can make mistakes and
• J J J JJ J
on sustainable dryland cropping systems. it's okay." Farmers can't take the risk.
N �.,_ Y PP g Y
z.-
Farmers in the semi-arid environment of the Four Crops Berrada is testing in the systems include
Corners region face some unique challenges. The eleva- winter wheat, pinto bean,oat,corn,safflower,alfalfa,
,�- lion is relatively high,around 6,000 feet,making fora and chickpea. He's combining these crops in various
•.,,,t(4,4,5*--, -: short growing season.Killing frosts occur late in the rotations with different tilling practices and cycles of
.4.O.. -' •' spring and early in the fall.The modest amount of fallow. Berrada is looking for combinations that create
rainfall comes later in the growing season than in most optimum yields, minimize weed problems,make effec
( d
,0--0. n 'r rtf
-t tc areas,creating another stress. The soil's relatively low five use of water,add nutrients to the soil,and reduce
� r >" }. organic matter,and steep slopes contribute to erosion the risk of erosion.Since the real world is Berrada's
gCons ' vafion tillage with summer storms.Yet the region's pinto bean and laboratory,every year's weather pattern introduces
'" alfalfa crops are known for their high quality a benefit a new variable. In addition,the economics of the sys-
and crop diversification of the cool,arid environment. tems need to be considered. The price of a crop, the
for better ,= Together with Gary Peterson,professor of soil and price of getting it to market,additional equipment,
soil " crop sciences at Colorado and regional infrastructure
R• State,Berrada is taking are all concerns. Sorting out
ii *- a systems approach to the benefits and detriments
�' develop sustainable dry- of the combinations is corn-
.
* 1, 1 land farming practices for plex and time-consuming.
It
o. southwestern Colorado Chickpeas,commonly
_� 4 'r'�- and southeastern Utah.He known as garbanzo beans,
_ a ' R: t -! r A' is evaluating the use of hold some promise as an
#r �'Z+ ` •_ 1 conservation tillage and alternative to pinto beans
z 7.
•r
e* crop diversification to for the southwestern farm-
n: }i A improve soil quality and - ers.Chickpeas are attractive
6 increase yields. because they utilize the same
. , Traditionally,the dry- farming equipment and
land farmers of the South- infrastructure as the pinto
' :r C c • s; west utilize systems of beans the area farmers
winter wheat followed by dry beans,or winter wheat already are producing.In addition the chickpea is more
followed by a year of fallow.To store moisture and con- frost-tolerant,allowing for earlier planting and conse-
, t }ri '' trol weeds,the fields commonly are disked and plowed quently earlier harvesting than pinto beans.This allows
r .. l
•. a a ea after the fall wheat harvest.The fields often are worked the winter wheat to be planted early in September,
' .. two to five more times in the spring and summer with a when it's most appropriate. Bob Hammon a research
field cultivator before planting dry beans.The resultant associate at the Western Colorado Research Center at
, . q removal of the crop residue leaves the soil at risk of Fruita figures,for each day winter wheat planting is
/ + ' . ' < `! , erosion. delayed beyond September 1 there is likely to be a one
t' ` } i ._ %, \ There also is an economic trade-off with both tradi- percent reduction in wheat yield.
�, ! L tional systems.With the wheat-fallow system,the land As he completes his second season of research
l _ \t4--_
‘ —? is only able to produce one crop every two years.The under his Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educa-
' - . _ I wheat-bean system tends to sacrifice some wheat pro- tion Program grant, Berrada feels he's just beginning
" �. �- ductivity because the beans force a later-than-optimal on the research. "When you're working with crop rota-
w '+ - ' - l '„��` planting of the winter wheat. tions,you really need several years because it takes a
F' • ( 144,4,'''...:A.'•-•-m?:.", ,ip 4 x r � J' 4 Berrada believes there may be better options. long time to see changes in soil quality and pest dynam-
y r ' e * �` may , With a three-year grant from the USDA's Western ics," Berrada says. "That's probably why there are not a
,,-,%,-.:^ . 1 Orr u`2 - i41., )4I ity; �� f' ' A Region Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education lot of cropping systems experiments out there."
iiic - -Ai- r C,/f . ' 4 ', :..1 0 s g g PP g Y P
y _ !' t ' . Program,Berrada is looking at several different
411a.
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 19
•\ � � , . err f, it
a �;
tip _ �7 4e' / 4
�� IFc. �y �► %a marAkftroly �6j,
A - r
t... Vietiti (" lig" 1 i
II s Out with the old,in the new.The 60-year-old though states can have more stringent limits. In Colo-
pMN ystem of social support f poverished Americans rado the program devolved to the county level.
=underwent a major uphea 1997.Aid to Family The ability to function in the changed environment
ith Dependent Childre C) and public assistance of policies and programs and the effect on the quality
ograms were basically antled. of life for rural families with children is being studied.
The new progra porary Aid to Needy Fami- Makela is tracking 30 to 40 families in selected Colorado
lie om the Personal Responsibility counties.A baseline at the beginning of this project
and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1997 will identify the families' situation and will track chang-
(PRWORA)became the"welfare to work"program. ing policy within the counties and the state.The cor-
Employment was the key issue.The intent of the pro- munity environments and factors at the beginning of
gram revisions was to help recipi- the project and at the end of the
ents get off of the welfare rolls and project will be identified.
to a level of self-sufficiency.There -- '''<4., Makela has found that it takes
is a new insistence that people be -- an average of$16.27 per hour
employed or in employment prep- in Larimer County to maintain a '1
aration activities,to receive assis- household for a single mother with
tance.Carole Makela,professor for two children. There are not many
the School of Education, wants to jobs in rural Colorado for persons
know if rural low income families with limited work experience and 7�
are making ends meet. skills that pay that rate,working
The history of social support ' at a lower hourly rate calls upon
has long been controversial. the coping skills of individuals and
Mother's Aid began in the 1900s families as well as support systems
by President Roosevelt to maintain a household Lack of The well-being of `
introducing the highly debated support services such as affordable 4
AFDC in 1935.The following daycare,housing,and dependable families �S challenged
decades created what was referred transportation coupled with the
to as the"culture of poverty"or time needed during the day for
the"cycle of dependency".In 1988, travel to and from work,daycare,
the Family Support Act(FSA)cre- doctors,and schools challenge the4
ated the Job Opportunity and Basic well-being of these families.
Security(JOBS)program.These programs required As a result of the reform,we have far fewer people
recipients to go to work,enroll in school or enter a on welfare.For Makela, the concern is if low-income
work-training program.The states then were required families are maintaining or improving their situations
to provide support services for the recipients and to whether they use TANF,the Earned Income Credit
actively pursue child support payments.When the (EIC) or other programs.Or,have we just lowered the
recipients failed to hold up their end of the deal,they number of welfare cases and altered their lifestyles.The
were penalized by a reduction or loss of benefits,but compilation of the data will determine the success and
the states faced no adverse consequences for failing to long-term viability of the newer program. Rural Amer-
provide the support services. ica will be tested.
This led to the welfare reform legislation in 1997 "The moral test of government is how the govern-
when President Clinton intended to reform or change ment treats those who are in the dawn of life,the chil-
the system. Instead,legislation abolished it. Thus, dren;those who are in the twilight of life, the elderly;
TANF and PRWORA were created.There is no longer and those who are in the shadows of life,the sick,the
an entitlement to public welfare support,and there is a needy and the handicapped" Hubert H. I bnnphrey
two-year limit on aid and a lifetime limit of five years,
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Contributors Colorado Agricultural Research System
Colorado State University Colleges Arkansas Valley Research Center -
MOFFAT ROUTr JACKSON LARIMER WELD LOGAN SEDGWICK
and Departments Frank Schweissing,Superintendent ARDEC
719 254-6312 Fort Collins * Agricultural Research, PHILIPS
College of Agricultural Sciences ( ) Main Station , Development,and
g g 27901 Road 21 Education Center
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Rocky Ford,CO 81067
Department of Animal Sciences MORGAN
i WASHINGTON EYUMA
Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Eastern Colorado Research Center RAND
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture David Schutz,Manager RIO BLANCO *
Akron
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences (970)345-6402flZ
Easrn Research Ceado26204 County Road 57College of Applied Human Sciences Akron,CO 80720Department of Design and Merchandising — K- o DENNZ,
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Mountain Meadow Research Center GARFIELD t. ARAPAHO
Department of Health and Exercise Science Joe Brummer,Superintendent PARK Lj LBERT LINCOLN KIT CARSON
Department of Human Development and Family Studies (970)641-2515 MESA
PITKIN LA
Box 598 and Junction oouGLAs
College of Engineering Gunnison,CO 81230 ,or--/-
WCRC at
Department of Atmospheric Science Fruits*Orchard DELTA EL PASO
Department of Chemical and Bioresource Engineering Plainsman Research Center at Fruita Mesa sUNNISON CHEYENNE
p g g Hotchkiss / w
WCRC at
Department of Civil Engineering Kevin Larson,Superintendent Rogers Mesa* CRAFEE
(719)324-5643
College of Liberal Arts P.O.Box 477/42790 HWY 160 MONTROSE Gunnison RREMONr KIOWA
Department of Sociology Walsh,CO 81090 Mountain / ' PUEBLO CROWLEY
Meadow
College of Natural Resources RCentrc sAGUAGHE
g San Juan Basin Research Center RAY Cent STER I r BENT PRDWERS
Department of Forest Sciences Douglas Zalesky,Superintendent SAN MIGUEL HINSO LE — MERE)
Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science (970)385-4574 �� *
Rocky Ford
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory(NREL) 18683 State Highway 140 DOLORES SAN MINERAL / Arkansas ValleyHU ERFANO
JUAN
Hesperus,CO 81326 Research Center
College of Natural Sciences Center* ALAMOSA
MONTEZ2MA LA PLAT San Luis Valley LAS ANIMAS BACA
Department of Biology San Luis Valley Research Center * Research Canter
Department of Chemistry Tom Sanderson,Manager Yellow Jacket Southwestern
_ I RIO GRANDE COSTILLA *
I
Department of Statistics (719)754-3594 Colorado * ARCHULETA CONEJOS Plainsman
0249 E.Road 9 North Research Center San Hesperus
ReCenter
search
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Center,CO 81125 Research Center I
Deparintent of Anatomy and Neurobiology
Department of Clinical Sciences Southwestern Colorado Research Center
•
Department of Environmental Health Mark Stack,Manager
Department of Microbiology (970)562-4255
Department of Pathology 16910 County Road Z
Department of Physiology P.O.Box 233
Department of Radiological Health Sciences Yellow Jacket,CO 81335
Research Centers Western Colorado Research Center(WCRC)
Shane Max,Manager
ARDEC(Agricultural Research,Development,and Educa- (970)434-3264
tion Center) 3168 B.5 Road
Grand Junction,CO 81503-9621
ARDEC Plant Science Programs
• Reg Koll,Manager WCRC at Fruita:
(970)491-2405 (970)858-3629
4616 NE Frontage Road 1910"L"Road •
Fort Collins,CO 80524 Fruita,CO 81521
ARDEC Animal Science Programs WCRC at Orchard Mesa:
Mike Hays,Manager 3168 B.5 Road
(970)491-7928 Grand Junction,CO 81503-9621
4482 E.County Road 56 WCRC at Rogers Mesa:
Fort Collins,CO 80524
(970)872-3387
3060 Highway 92
Hotchkiss,CO 81419
22 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report 23
Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
Funding for Fiscal Year 2001-2002
The Agricultural Experiment Station at Colorado • Multi-State Research-A portion of the
State University is funded by appropriations from the Hatch funds are mandated by Congress to
Colorado Legislature through the Colorado Commis- be applied to research problems that are
sion on Higher Education,appropriations from the fed- regional in nature and involve the efforts of
eral government through the United States Department several states.Funds are administered the
of Agriculture,and from self-generated income through same as Hatch funds.
the sale of commodities.The relative amount of each • McIntire-Stennis-Funds appropriated by •
funding source is shown in the chart. the federal government to support research
• State-Funds appropriated by the Colorado in forestry and forest resources.Funds are
legislature and allocated to Colorado State administered the same as Hatch funds.
University by the Commission on Higher • Cash-Funds originating from the sale
Education. of goods and services associated with
• Hatch-Funds appropriated by the federal Agricultural Experiment Station programs.
government to each land-grant university Commodities sold include crops and
for support of a base research program livestock,which are by-products of applied
in agriculture and natural resources.These research programs conducted at research
funds were authorized by the Hatch Act centers.
•
of 1887,as amended by the Agricultural In addition to the above direct funding sources,sci-
Research,Education,and Extension Reform entists supported by the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
Act of 1998 and administered by the tion are active in securing contract and grant funding
Cooperative States Research,Education,and from numerous private sources,as well as state and
Extension Service of the United States federal agencies.In the 2000-2001 fiscal year,contract
Department of Agriculture.The funds are and grant funding from these external sources contrib-
prorated to each state based on a formula uted in excess of$20,000,000 of support to our research
that includes several factors such as rural programs.
population and number of farms.
McIntire-
Multi- Stennis Cash
State 3% 4%
8%
Hatch State
13% 72%
Total Budget: $11,892,914
24 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report
Hello