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Home My WebLink About800945.tiff REPORT OF A PRELIMINARY SOILS AND GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION FOR - DMJM PHILLIPS-REISTER-HALEY, INC. DENVER, COLORADO PROJECT NO. 4002-80 RE: GATEWAY ESTATES GREELEY, COLORADO BY EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. 214 NORTH HOWES STREET FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80521 800945 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i Letter of Transmittal ii Report 1 Appendix A A-1 Geologic Map and Test Boring Location Plan A-2 Key to Borings A-3 Log of Borings A-4 Appendix B B-1 Summary of Test Results B-2 Appendix C C-1 Soil Map • C-2 Soils Descriptions C-3 i A rw�w� Branch Offices Empire Laboratories, Inc. 1242 Bramwood Place , MATERIALS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERS Longmont,Colorado 80501 P.O. Box 1135 214 No. Howes Fort Collins,Colorado 80522 - (303) 776.3921 P.O.Box 429 (303)484-0359 . 3151 Nation Way • Cheyenne,Wyoming 82001 May 8, 1980 P.G. Box 10076 (307) 632-9224 DMJM Phillips-Reister-Haley, Inc. Suite 700 910 - 15th Street Denver, Colorado 80202 Attention: Mr. Roger K. Mutz Gentlemen: We are pleased to submit our Report of a Preliminary Soils and Geologic Investigation prepared for the proposed residential and commercial de- velopment located southwest of Greeley in Weld County, Colorado. In our opinion, the site is suitable for the proposed construction. The accompanying report presents our findings in the subsurface and our recommendations based upon these findings. Very truly yours , r .'• . .:. .: . ..e7 AY:::, ' k EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. t ; d t Neil R. Sherrod y,; 'I.. 1 Senior Engineering Geologist 1; 4.. %' N. ` .v ,>C>" Reviewed by: i j/ oy,11G1.f ur„ 4;/�i ........................S ``. ��• � - Chester C. Smith, P.r. GJ ' President a :i Q tT c "* r 4808 C1c cN v• 1.:c 0400 /•�.,. Fe�R4rO i/ N t' :n - i2 MEMBER OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS COUNCIL Zr l . REPORT OF A PRELIMINARY SOILS AND GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATION SCOPE This report presents the results of a preliminary soils and geo- logic investigation prepared for the proposed development located on U. S. Highway 34 Bypass in southwest Greeley, Colorado. The investi- gation was carried out by means of test borings and laboratory testing of samples obtained from these borings. The objectives of this investigation were to (1 ) determine the suitability of the site for construction and (2) determine the geologic characteristics of the site. SITE INVESTIGATION The field investigation, carried out on April 22, 1980, consisted of drilling, logging, and sampling sixteen (16) test borings. The lo- cations of the test borings are shown on the Geologic Map and Test Boring Location Plan included in Appendix A of this report. Boring logs prepared from the field logs are included in Appendix A. These logs show soils encountered, location of sampling, and groundwater at the time of the investigation. A summary of the test results is included in Appendix B. All borings were advanced with a four-inch diameter, continuous- type, power-flight auger drill . During the drilling operations, a soils engineer from Empire Laboratories, Inc. was present and made a con- tinuous visual inspection of the soils encountered. At the same time, a visual inspection was made at the site by an engineering geologist of Empire Laboratories, Inc. _ — -1- _. , SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The proposed site is located at the southeast corner of 47th Avenue and U. S. Highway 34 Bypass in southwest Greeley, Colorado. More particularly, the site is described as a tract of land situate in the northwest 1/4 of Section 23, Township 5 North, Range 66 West of the Sixth P.M., Weld County, Colorado. The site consists of cultivated farmland. The northern portion of the property is currently being disced, and the southern portion is plowed ground. The site is dominated by a large knoll or hill located in the northwestern portion of the property. The property has good drainage from this knoll in all directions; however, major drainage is generally to the northeast and south. A large irrigation ditch known as the Loveland-Greeley Canal bisects the property from its northwest corner to its eastern edge. Several smaller irrigation ditches parallel the larger one, and the site is crossed by numerous small irrigation laterals fed by the large ditch. A large concrete drop structure is located along the east-central edge of the property where the grade in the canal drops into a relatively deep channel with steep sided slopes. The backfill behind the concrete walls of the drop structure is badly eroded, and the structure is in disrepair. The Grapevine Ditch, located in the extreme northwest corner of the site, goes underground and crosses below U. S. Highway 34 Bypass. The east and north property lines are fenced, a large powerline is located in the easement along the south edge of the site, and Weld County Road 33 borders the site on the west. An existing farm house and metal shed are located near the northwest corner of the site. A ditch rider's road parallels the south side of the Loveland-Greeley Canal through the property, and scattered trees grow along this ditch. Several large sandstone boulders were noted above the canal on the south side of the large knoll . -2- SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS The soil profile at the site consists of strata of materials ar- ranged in different combinations. In order of increasing depths, they are as follows : (1 ) Silty Topsoil : The majority of the site is overlain by a six (6) inch layer of silty topsoil . The topsoil has been pene- trated by root growth and organic matter and should not be used as a bearing soil , fill material , and/or backfill ma- terial . (2) Sandy Silt: This stratum underlies the topsoil in all but Boring 7 and extends to depths three (3) to thirteen (13) feet below present grades. The sandy silt varies to a silty sand, contains traces of clay and gravel , and exhibits generally low bearing characteristics in its damp to moist in situ con- dition. (3) Sandy Silty Clay: The clay stratum was encountered in Borings 1 , 4, 5, 9, 11 , 15, and 16 below the upper silt and extends to the bedrock stratum. The silty clay is plastic, contains varying amounts of sand, and exhibits generally low to moderate bearing characteristics in its moist in situ condition. (4) Sandstone-Siltstone-Claystone Bedrock: ' edrock was encoun- tered in all but Boring 10 below the upper subsoils at depths one-half (1/2) to fourteen (14) feet below the surface and extends to greater depths. The bedrock consists of inter- bedded sandstones, siltstones, and claystones of the Laramie Formation. In general , the bedrock has a thick, weathered zone varying from one and one-half (1-1/2) to four and one- half (4-1/2) feet in thickness. The underlying interbedded siltstones, sandstones, and claystones are firm and exhibit -3- generally high to very high bearing characteristics. When wetted, the claystone and siltstone portions of the bedrock stratum exhibit slight to moderate swelling potentials. (5) Groundwater: At the time of the investigation, free ground- water was encountered in all test borings at depths three and one-half (3-1/2) to eleven and one-half (11-1/2) feet below the surface. Water levels in this area are subject to change due to seasonal variations, irrigation demands on and adjacent to the site, and flows in the Loveland-Greeley Canal and Grapevine Ditch. Also, it is felt that the near-surface water from precipitation runoff many percolate through the upper granular soils and become trapped on the relatively impervious bedrock layer, causing a perched water table to develop on top of the bedrock stratum in the areas where groundwater is not already encountered above the bedrock layer. RECOMMENDATIONS AND DISCUSSION It is our understanding that the majority of the site is to be developed for residential construction. A business area is proposed for the northwest corner of the property. Greenbelt and park areas are planned in the western, central , and southern portions of the tract. Due to the topography of the site, extensive site grading of the area is anticipated. Geology The proposed development is located within the Colorado Piedmont section of the Great Plains physiographic province. The Colorado Piedmont, formed during Late Tertiary and Early Quaternary time (ap- proximately 65 million years ago), is a broad, erosional trench which separates the Southern Rocky Mountains from the High Plains. Struc- turally, the property lies along the western flank of the Denver Basin. During the Late Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic Periods (approximately 70 million years ago) , intense tectonic activity occurred, causing the uplifting of the Front Range and the associated downwarping of the Denver Basin to the east. Relatively flat uplands and broad valleys characterize the present-day topography of the Colorado Piedmont in this region. The site is underlain by the Cretaceous Laramie Formation. The Laramie Formation consists of interbedded sandstones, siltsones, and claystones. Alluvial and aoelian sandy soils overlie the bedrock stratum in the project area. Bedrock outcrops were not noted at the site; however, large boulders and pieces of sandstone were encountered along the Loveland-Greeley Canal on the south side of the knoll located in the northwest corner of the property. It is assumed that these boulders were removed during the excavation of the canal . Bedrock was encountered at relatively shallow depths throughout the site except in the area of Boring 10. It is anticipated that bedrock underlies this area at depths fifteen (15) to twenty (20) feet below the surface. The regional dip of the bedrock in the area is slight and to the east. From a structural standpoint, the area should be relatively stable. In our opinion, seismic activity in the area of the subject property should be minimal . The site lies within the drainage basin of both the Cache La Poudre and South Platte Rivers. A drainage divide is located along the Loveland- Greeley Canal . North of this divide, the site drains northward toward the Cache La Poudre River, while the southern portion of the site drains toward the South Platte River to the south. This property does not lie within the flood plan of either of these streams and, therefore should not be subjected to flooding by either stream. Heavy erosion was noted along the banks of the Loveland-Greeley Canal at the east edge of the site. The canal drops in elevation through a concrete structure. Backfill around the structure has been badly eroded, and the walls of the canal in this area are steep and also eroded. It is recommended that the structure be repaired and properly backfilled. It is suggested that construction not be allowed within fifty (50) to seventy-five (75) feet of the edge of the canal in this area. Some seepage may be ex- pected along the south side of the Loveland-Greeley Canal ; however, -5- evidence of seepage was not noted during the field investigation. It is suggested that if this becomes a problem, a subdrain should be provided along the south side of the Loveland-Greeley Canal to pick up any seep- age water that would collect. With proper site grading around all structures and adequate ditches and culverts provided for all streets, erosional problems should be minimal . It is suggested that all areas stripped of vegetation which do not receive payment or foundations be reseeded to help minimize erosion. Slopes at the site are generally slight to moderate; therefore, geologic hazards due to mass movement caused by gravity are not anticipated on the property. In our opinion, geologic conditions necessary for the formation of limestone, quarry rock, and sand and gravel are not present at the site to economic depths. The Laramie Formation is known to contain coal beds in the Greeley-Weld Coal field located south of the property; however, no coal beds are known to exist in the Laramie Formation in the Greeley area, nor are there any coal mines of record in the vicinity of the project area. Site Grading and Utilities Anticipated grading of the site indicates that foundations and/or slabs on grade in portions of the site may be founded on structural fill . Since there may be building foundations resting on filled ground and/or the depth of fill below floor slabs in portions of the site may exceed that permitted by the Minimum Property Standards, fill placement should be carried out in accordance with FHA "Data Sheet 79G. " Specifi- cations pertaining to site grading are included below. It is recommended that the upper six (6) inches of all topsoil below filled and paved areas be stripped and stockpiled for reuse in planted areas. All debris and other unsuitable material should also be removed. The upper six (6) inches of all subgrade below filled areas should be scarified and recompacted two percent (2%) wet of optimum moisture to at least ninety percent (90%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78. All fill should consist of the on-site soils or imported material approved by the soils engineer. It should be noted that bed- rock used as fill should be broken into pieces less than six (6) inches in diameter. Excavation of the bedrock may be accomplished by heavy- duty construction equipment equivalent to a D-9 tractor. Proper place- ment of the bedrock as fill may be difficult and could require the use of a disc or other mixing equipment to obtain uniform moisture and proper compaction. It is recommended that the bedrock be used as fill in open and planted areas, and in no case should the bedrock be used in the upper two (2) feet of fill below building and paved areas. The fill should be placed in uniform six (6) to eight (8) inch lifts. Each successive lift of fill placed on hillsides should be benched slightly into the existing slope. Because of the expansive nature of the siltstone- claystone bedrock encountered at the site, all fill should be compacted two percent (2%) wet of optimum moisture to at least ninety-five percent (95%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78. It is estimated that the upper subsoils at the site will have a shrinkage factor of fifteen percent (15%) to twenty percent (20%) and that the bedrock will have a shrinkage factor between ten percent (10%) and fifteen percent (15%) when compacted to the above-recommended densities. For stability, all cut and fill slopes should be designed on grades no steeper than 3:1 . All cuts and fills for any proposed detention basins should be placed on slopes no steeper than 3:1 . All cut areas in the detention ponds should be scarified a minimum of eight (8) inches and compacted to at least ninety-five percent (95%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78. Fill placed in detention pond areas should consist of the on- site clay material and should be placed in accordrice with the above recommendations. For ease of construction and maintenance, the tops of any proposed detention basins should have a minimum width of ten (10) feet. To minimize erosion, the slopes and bottoms of the detention basins should be seeded. All pipes or apertures through the detention basins should be surrounded by a minimum of two (2) feet of the upper sandy silty clay soils encountered at the site compacted to ninety-eight percent (98%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78. All utility trenches dug in the upper subsoils four (4) feet or more in depth should be excavated on slopes no steeper than 1 :1 . The bedrock may be excavated on near-vertical slopes. Excavation of the bedrock may require the use of heavy-duty construction equipment. Where utilities are excavated below groundwater, dewatering will be required during placement of pipe and backfilling to insure proper construction. All piping should be bedded to insure proper load distribution and to eliminate breakage during the backfilling operations. All backfill placed in utility trenches in open and planted areas should be compacted in uniform lifts at optimum moisture to at least ninety percent (90%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78 the full depth of the trench. The upper four (4) feet of backfill placed in utility trenches under roadways and paved areas should be compacted at or near optimum moisture to at least ninety-five percent (95%) of Stand- ard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78, and the lower portion of these trenches should be compacted to at least ninety percent (90%) of Standard Proctor Density ASTM D 698-78. Addition of moisture to and/or drying of the subsoils may be required to assure proper compaction. Proper placement of the bedrock as backfill may be difficult, as is discussed above. All stripping, grubbing, subgrade preparation, and fill and back- fill placement should be done under continuous observation of the soils engineer. Field density tests should be taken daily in the compacted subgrade, fill , and backfill under the direction of the soils engineer. Foundations In view of the loads transmitted by the proposed construction and the soil conditions encountered at the site, it is recommended that the structures be supported by conventional-type spread footings. All footings should be founded on the original , undisturbed soil or on a structural fill extended to the undisturbed soil a minimum of thirty (30) inches below finished grade for frost protection and a minimum of two (2) feet above the bedrock stratum. The structural fill should be constructed in accordance with the recommendations discussed in the "Site Grading and Utilities" section of this report. Since it is anticipated that structural fill material will come from cut sections at the site, the properly placed structural fill should have similar physical properties and bearing characteristics to those of the undis- turbed, natural subsoils at the site. The structural integrity of the fill as well as the identification and undisturbed nature of the soil should be verified by the soils engineer prior to placement of any foundation concrete. Based upon preliminary test results, footings founded at the above levels may be designed for maximum allowable bearing capacities between seven hundred fifty (750) and one thousand five hundred (1500) pounds per square foot (dead load plus maximum live load). Structures founded on or within two (2) feet of the bedrock stratum should be supported by a drilled pier and grade beam foundation system. Using this type of foundation system, the structure is supported by piers drilled into the bedrock stratum and structural grade beams spanning the piers. The piers are supported by the bedrock stratum, partially through end bearing and partially through skin friction. It is recommended that all piers be straight-shaft and that they be drilled a minimum of three (3) feet into the firm bedrock stratum. Based upon preliminary test results, piers founded at the above level may be designed for maximum allowable end bearing pressures between ten thou- sand (10,000) and fifteen thousand (15,000) pounds per square foot. It is estimated that skin frictions between one thousand (1000) and one thousand five hundred (1500) pounds per square foot will be developed for that portion of the pier embedded into the firm bedrock stratum. To counteract swelling pressures which will develop if the siltstone- claystone bedrock becomes wetted, all piers should be designed for a minimum dead load between three thousand (3000) and five thousand (5000) pounds per square foot. Where this minimum dead load requirement cannot be satisfied, it is recommended that skin friction from additional embedment into the firm bedrock be used to resist uplift. All piers should be reinforced their full length to resist tensile stresses created by swelling pressures acting on the pier. It is essential that all grade beams have a minimum four (4) inch void between the bottom of the beam and the soil below. It is strongly recommended that the soils engineer be present during the drilling operations to (1) identify the firm bedrock stratum, (2) assure that proper penetration is obtained into the sound bedrock stratum, (3) ascertain that all drill holes are thoroughly cleaned and dewatered prior to placement of any foundation concrete, (4) check all drill holes to assure that they are plumb and of the proper diameter, and (5) insure proper placement of concrete and reinforcement. Basements and/or Slabs on Grade In view of the relatively shallow depth to groundwater and/or bedrock encountered over the majority of the site, it is our opinion that the majority of the property is presently not suitable for basement construction. All finished basement floor slabs should be placed a minimum of three (3) feet above existing groundwater levels and/or three (3) feet above the bedrock stratum after the site grading has been completed. In the areas where fill is placed for site grading, basement construction may become feasible, providing the minimum three (3) foot requirement can be met. Drainage systems may be provided around indi- vidual structures to intercept groundwater and/or possible perched water. Consideration should also be given to designing and constructing drainage systems for the entire subdivision. In areas where basement construction is not feasible or desired, it is suggested that conven- tional garden-level , crawl-space, or slab-on-grade construction be utilized. All lower garden levels, lower crawl-space elevations, and slabs on grade should be placed a minimum of three (3) feet above ex- isting groundwater levels and/or three (3) feet above the bedrock stratum. Slabs on grade founded on the upper silt and clay soils and/or structural fill a minimum of two (2) feet above the bedrock stratum should be underlain by a minimum of four (4) inches of gravel or crushed rock devoid of fines. Slabs on grade founded on or within two (2) feet of the expansive siltstone-claystone bedrock should be designed as -10- floating floor slabs structurally independent of all bearing members. All slabs on grade at lower levels constructed for buildings that have drainage systems should be underlain by a minimum of eight (8) inches of gravel or crushed rock devoid of fines. The subgrade below slabs on grade should be prepared in accordance with the recommendations dis- cussed in the "Site Grading and Utilities" section of this report. Streets The soils were classified and group indices were determined at various locations within the proposed subdivision for the purpose of developing preliminary criteria for pavement design. Group indices of the upper soils and bedrock stratum at the site range from 0.0 to 18.0. Because of variations in the group indices, two (2) pavement sections are recommended. One (1 ) section is recommended for all streets founded on the upper subsoils a minimum of two (2) feet above the bedrock stratum, and the other is based on street subgrades founded on or within two (2) feet of the expansive siltstone-claystone bedrock. STREET SUBGRADES FOUNDED ON THE UPPER SOILS A MINIMUM OF TWO (2) FEET ABOVE THE BEDROCK. STRATUM Residential Streets Select Gravel Base Course 4" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 6" Collector Streets Select Gravel Base Course 6" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 8" -11- Arterial Streets Select Gravel Base Course 8" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 10" STREET SUBGRADES FOUNDED ON OR WITHIN TWO (2) FEET OF THE BEDROCK STRATUM Residential Streets Select Gravel Base Course 8" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 10" Collector Streets Select Subbase 6" Select Gravel Base Course 6" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 14" Arterial Streets Select Subbase 9" Select Gra"el Base Course 6" Asphaltic Concrete 2" Total Pavement Thickness 17" Subgrade below proposed streets should be placed in accordance with the recommendations discussed in the "Site Grading and Utilites" section of this report. The finished subgrade should be a minimum of three (3) feet above existing groundwater elevations. All subbase, base course, and asphaltic concrete shall meet City of Greeley specifications and should be placed in accordance with these specifications. -12- GENERAL COMMENTS It should be noted that this was a preliminary investigation and that the bearing capacities recommended in this report are based on preliminary tests. Due to variations in soil and bedrock conditions, groundwater levels, and swelling pressures encountered at the site, it is recommended that additional test borings be made prior to construc- tion. Samples obtained from these test borings should he subjected to testing and inspection in the laboratory to provide a sound basis for determining the physical properties and bearing capacities of the soils encountered. -13- APPENDIX A. tl...OL ?l,►G NAP ANb H • TEST BORING LOCATION PLAN _L U.N LRLt C.ED-U5_ LsR, P-1(r FOR NA-Flom 49OO—LX lsT1Nv P DUFOUR', 3% /3PPROX! ,2,YL 96 OF S' PE_ SCCLE- 1 "= goo' U.S. NI V4-I , Y 34 B'(P/35c O O E9 E9 ei? I&J_ fNo. Z —2.-! OVLL I,LD_d-G[3LLL. LY P LI4 _ • 4890 1E npo tto N0,7 A10.6 • El _ ` _ 4810/ • 1_1.010 O.I 'i'- ISbo 41 C 4FSo \ 4B So- ys 7.9 C045 c f5 141 ei) (91.1oIh N..14 • t.V✓%4 f RML6 OF 2.3=5-66 A-2 GEAITER %CQRi\-LER Or23-5= EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. 3 NN KEY TO BORING LOGS r151 TOPSOIL GRAVEL ASO FILL SAND& GRAVEL Sege SILT •i• SILTY SAND&GRAVEL CLAYEY SILT RJI COBBLES •�•/e' SANDY SILT / •� SAND,GRAVEL& COBBLES ' CLAYMalegWa WEATHERED BEDROCK • SILTY CLAY SILTSTONE BEDROCK SANDY CLAY CLAYSTONE BEDROCK �• ' SAND . . • SANDSTONE BEDROCK �•• SILTY SAND �. • Inn LIMESTONE IMO CLAYEY SAND Axx GRANITE SANDY SILTY CLAY ■ SHELBY TUBE SAMPLE ElSTANDARD PENETRATION DRIVE SAMPLER • WATER TABLE 24 HOURS AFTER DRILLING C HOLE CAVED 5/12 Indicates that 5 blows of a 140 pound hammer falling 30 inches was required to penetrate 12 inches. A-3 EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. .- ., LOG OF BORINGS • E-LLV/TTIOP'J No. I 1%I o Z Jo.3 No.4 • 4885 6/1 2 /� 5/12 • .' L. 4880 10/1 2 2. • 4/12 4/- •1 4875 , -7-- I ? 7/12 ' T 1 8/12 } i - --1 1 7/1 2 4870 P----� - • 50/12 T�-=- 24/12 .1 4865 _ • • 6 . 7/12 'i • J 50/11 j. • /• 4860 • -a-- J X12 ./ .rl' ; 4/IL , • 4855 , .,/ 4850 21/1 2 - T . NOTE: Elevations were interpolated from a topographic map pre- pared byJ1c_R&e . 5hort, Jnc,-_dat.ed April 6ti 1979. A-4 ` EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. _ LOG OF BORINGS E-L-f_VATIONJ _lo. 9 lick f O IJ& I / Mo./2 4865 • % % 11/12 ,-,� • . . rr 4860 6 12 . ' • - 1 2 Q • 4 12 :• .! 17 12 * • 4355 • !a.- 4 12 • •y • 5010 4850 • 28/12 4845 V/✓ • 2/12_14/Z. , 4840 am,.,, 19/1 ?_ /I 4835 26/12 b----� 4830 L-- -4 A-6 EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. LOG OF BORINGS f`L_E_V/ATIOtk No. L.3 I.Io-j4 No. lc No. 16 vn / I✓/✓ ✓ Wit. '✓ '. t ' r •. • % / • _/�/• % j. 7 4835 _ ✓ ✓ 1 5/12 -i'•1 3/1 ? , • 6 12 • • % j.4 7. 7 i ? • / n 2/1 ? •• 4_=?— r ___— 14/12 .1 4830 (i . 1 5/12 /� 1 5/1 2 _- j. %1 4825 =_-__= 1 5/1 2 7 1 0/1 2 ; 1 32/12 /• /. ✓ .✓L , 39/12 . . 7J12•/ 1---. —. —— _ r•i 4820 V: 7/12 l• •e 4815 — — 50/8 4810 ' A-7 - EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. APPENDIX B. Zw • O= I-L n"-,. N N N N N N N N N N N 1 N w Z r r 3 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 0. \ \ \ \ w CI VD In 0 0 L.0 Ct . CO 0 N. I---- V' 0 a m r r r LO _ r N LO w —J gj t LU Occ LU WLL f-J 3'T CO I J w U) U Cl) v Z W n-u_ C. 4.N .i w in O H �� O O OH LL ?w M W cx OLL - - �O O N r r S tic z Q D lu K w N I N wtj N >CI a l0 01 ce O p r r • cx D I. LO CO O 0 CO ^ Ln CO 'd' l0 in O N • p co CO Nr r N CO LO 01 N. N r r r N r N N r r— r r N In tf) in in O O O • In O O O • In O O O t- • r .4- in W r r V W <tTal r 'zi- t- COOO a in LL In O O O In In O O O U) In O O O In O CO V I--- Cr) O M t-... W CO O CO I., CO CO r r r-- 0 ZO O Z r N ly m t • B-2 w Z 0= V P., Z . i-en N N N N CV N N N r . N N CV u r r n� ^ M •c \ M M O O t O n M V O w0 CO N to I N la N Ct Ln • • cno ��0 w t- . aYQ W 1 >I-D N> . la J u' r/l- • U In en W w• a: ad 4 N I— W to O I w v= O I- 20 o o t- 20 r to Q LL Z 2 O v r CY u- O pin r in op op ct z S Q n W a_ a w In ).- In F, zu: M CO M w �v of Ct >- C)) • O O K r r- 0 w Y n !T N 1\ CO V' Ln Ln n r CT N CO Ct. N oN ' • • • • • • • • • • COM N. N. CO O O O O) in Cn LO Or r r r N N N N CV r CV r r r • 1O O II) O O O O O O • O O O • Ln O O - _ r r r CI to N ct CO CI) to CO r V CO Wt 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I 1 I 1 1 Lo ti- to o o o LO O O O Lf) O O O LO LO O O LO o . O M ‘t n Cr)r CO N. CO r CO Ct N. M -...CO N. in O Z O OZ ‘-i. in LO N. CO B-3 Z us Ov a_ rN N N N N N N N N N N N N nI N p Ill> r r r r I--- I--' r- r r 1-- r r r^- r r- u0 .. \ \ \ S. \ \ \ \ h. d- O N 0) LO . LSD LC) M ..4- .4- CO r N. CD tL m N Lf) r N I-- N r r Lf) COH -4 0 N u1 • r iQ n 1---r N • CD J w = in U LL Lu Z •i — OC a_vi F- { w W 0 O � K F- o0 C Q U. zw C) CY O o ,f) O ce 04 z • Q D Lu = UJ N >" N O) LO 01 ZIA. • w CO rn O 4 CD 01 r /Y Ca • • IY at- r-^ Q) I f) Cr h.. N LD O LC) I. I.C) LC) CD r- Q -6: 6/) • • • • • • • • • d O) /b O r r O (Y) c r r N. r -. -^ r LC) CO • ON r r-"• N N N r r r-- r N N r- r r • / . LC) LO in Id-) •= O O O �• O O • O O O • O O • O O O �. d- • 'ci- ct • •ci• ~- • Gi- CO d) r i'f CO r-- •Cf Lf) CO •r a' CO r G}' CO CI) r II.0 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I i I I I p a a a In a a L1) O CD CD to O O U7 CD O O L1) • • • • • • • • • . • • • • M t--• OD CD M I\ M CD d- t•-. M M I. cD CD N. 00 M r ••-• r r r • 0 Z O r N K O Co o) I'. r r O m • 6-4 • Z• O1 Q • n---- N N N N N N N N N N ' (V N N)-N CO W2 r r— r r uO in CV N 1O \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ n O\ • Ol LO to Lf)r- M ^ N r N. dcn r M � r M r Ln W Lne Zip N LO IL) K Q WLL l J 7 S N N J W (n • U W ui Li ? DLLe n.Vi.d to O I 0 O W l/1 11= CFI to n' F- 8'6 CO V O LL 22 Q - IK O z,- o K O N to C4 2 L 5 Q D W 0- El V) Ill F- LO CO v5 Z LL N O U O }n r K 0 W C4 to Cr, NLC) COCOO CO lb COOO t O N. LO O et;ti ,- O O r r W r r- N al N N N r- r r- r- N t to to to N = to O O CO • O O O • O O • LO O O O • • d u_ r- LO CO .— Cr' CO al r It(' CC)• to CO CI) r o. I I I I I fill I I I I I I I I • LO O O O to O O O to O O to to O O O to o CO �- Cr) N. W m c•≥ rz ^ o v N. CO CO r 0 Z1-2 O OZ M C7' l0 to r r r o B5 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS Swelling Pressures Boring Depth % Moisture Dry Density Swelling No. (Ft. ) Before Test P.C.F. Pressure PSF • 1 13.5-14.5 22.0 103.2* 1307 3 7.0-8.0 18.9 112.0 370 6 3.0-4.0 20.1 104.7 300 7 3.0-4.0 14. 5 103.9* 1110 8 7.0-8.0 22.0 107. 7 480 13 7.0-8.0 20. 2 104.5* 65 *Denotes remolded sample • • B-6 • • • O r O r O O Cn • • • • V , M Cr) It) CO O, r N Q N r V O • O� ' O O In • M O t} O • • 0.. • • r M 0, an • N O CO N r r Z M Q O CO 1 . O t0 CO co O O t0 ID M t0 t0 61 N CO J 1 U 1� co r r O r L Q C E 0 M 'U S- szt 4- ey. d 1 .0 O In V I� In In C• 5-i • r. In J I N Ct M to r N- M rp V Q 43 N r 1� czt 'N V O T O O LO V N O, O �{ _ r CO N O, N CO O inc X N • C r H O O 4 E N X E • >, a o W r J 4-3 0) 'O Cr In C C C r- +� ++ in d N 0 r •i a o- as b a p 4- M • O N r-CO V C Q CD 4. d off' Q B-7 APPENDIX C. COIL. f`1/JP • • L 5l -E3 v3?LNL!> LQ f ! S/�. �- NI t _.� 354, 9.1_0 P 51- VON/� LO/�("fY �/Jf�IJ,� 3=5 '/_41:O p 53: O7_t_F2O S/N1>Y LOar--) , 1 - 3 % SLQp�_4, 53 -G OTLROS/SNpY LOAM 3- 5% 5LOEi S_ .53M_[,p IjLLSON. FINE_ SaN_zty LO.5 3-9 % SLO±E S 1 55_-13 OLNLY NI.L)Y t-.OAUI,33 /o_5_I_OPaS. S2@•GLS St-ab-112_1zE- LO/Jta}__3i I"= 4OO' U.S. F-114NW/yY 34 SYP/3.SS 51 -Q z3 B S5-3 51.13 • $7_-C'.t. 53M-GQ LOVLLAL1la _55-B 4L- SI-f 53-1 • 5S -A_ W. GORN_E_R OP _7__3-, -e6 C_2 LLCfEB� _Sh1EL- 0F• EMPIRE LABORATORIES, INC. f.5 il- > S1- A ._ , I2 i1. /1 12ii - G . --:.i•---.. ST c 77 —Vona loamy sand,__0 to 3_ ercent slopes . < t t1 .yly This is a deep, somewhat: excessively drained soil on gentle plains %�' and 'hig .:_.y h terraces at elevations of 4600 to 5200 feet. It formed in ;ja„ colian or alluvial deposits. • a -i1ycf Included in this unit are some leveled areas. Also included are some `-='' :s . soils with loamy substratums and some 'soils that are noncalcarcous =s1 to depths of 60 inches. . Typically the surface layer is a grayish brown loamy sand about 6 inches thick. ' the subsoil is a brown to light yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is a 'S sandy loam or loamy sand. ; f Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface runoff is slow a% and erosion hazard :is low. = a ml'. Where irrigated, thi soil is suited to the commonly grown crops in '1t; i.:}_ q r, the area . However, perennial grasses and alfalfa or close grown crops ;;@ should be grown at least 5^ percent of the time. Close grown crops and pasture can he irrigated with contour ditches and corrugations. Furrows, (FtCucc.C 16) contour furtowsland cross slope furrows will work on row crops. Sprin i kler irrigation is also recommended. • '1 -- =1; 'J�t' Minimum tillage and crop residue utilization will help control erosion. ;,.,,- �t Fertility maintenance is important . Crops groim on these soils respond ly_.,/J to fertilizer applications of phoe:phorus and nitrogen. - y^ �. C-3 {h.fl�! . . .: ;,77----r--: "':----r.7,,,,:----.:- 77-.7.-177.7.57,7,-^7.7,- /l.` rYS�'.n•,?"`•- I+w-{�•VYry F . (:i^+ .. .. ..er 1.a .��.�.. Y..4, ,�. .y.a_d:"._s.].....•....u�u.L.✓a.�.s: ....�14:..i._+s..Y.i va - tv ,. v .�� - i' r x .L�ve.u. �. : In nonirrignted areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, barley and _L ac�.•�11, r. ��.t�ici al r,;c•w.;,_ re -,,:,11. rf JD bus!,.td sorghum. Most of the area is devoted to winter wheat;/iiic.h is alter - . y � Y Y: nested with summer fallow to allow moisture accumulation. Normally, _+' precipitation is too low to male beneficial use of fertilizers. . Good cultural practices such as stubble mulch farming, strip cropping and minimum tillage are needed to combat wind and water erosion. Tarr- acing may also be needed to control. Water erosion. k The potential native vegetation on this site is dominated by sand <<;? bluestem, sand reedgrass and blue grama. Needle and thread, switch- grass, sidcoats grama and western wheatgrass are also prominent. Po- • tential production ranges from 2200 pounds per acre in favorable years to 1800 pounds per acre in unfavorable year ::. When range condition deteriorates, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass; and switchgra:;s decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed and sand sage increase . Annual weeds and cis grasses invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. • Management of vegetation on this soil should he based on taking half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seeding is advisable; if range is in poor condition. Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switch— grass, sidcoats grama, blue gramn, pubescent ubeatgrass and crested $ ' wheatgrass arc suitable for ::ceding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a it clean, firm, sorghum stubble-prepared seedbed and grass drill should be used. Early spring ;:ceding has proven most successful.. . C4 'J35 • -.i;1 1 Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well suited to ,, this soil . Blowing sand and low available water capacity is the i-., principal hazards to establishing tree and shrubs. The soil is so -'w loose that trees need to be planted in shallow furrows and maintain Vegetative cover between the rows . Supplemental irrigation may. be `w needed to insure survival. Trees that are hc0t suited and have good -."' ;tf7 survival are Rocky Mtn. juniper, eastern redcednr, ponderosa pine and Siberian elm. Shrubs best suited arc skunkbush sumac , lilac and ';. tc> Siberian peashrub. ;: Wildlife is an important secondary use, with these soils best suited- rrt. for openlanci and rangeland wildlife. In cropland areas , habitat 1,, E •,..., favorable for ring-necked pheasants, mourning doves, and zrany non- game species can be developed by establishing wildlife areas for nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, the inclusion of undisturbed nesting cover is vital and should be included in plans for habitat development; this is especially true in areas of intensive agriculture. t1 Rangeland wildlife, exemplified by the pronghorn antelope, can be assisted • and encouraged by development of livestock watering facilities, proper livestock• grazing management, and range reseeding where needed. it This Vona soil has good potential for urban and recreational develop- neat. Lawns, shrubs and trees, when once established, will do well , II '� The ,)rim.ary limiting soil feature is the rapid permeability in the substratum and the hazard of containinati.on of ground water from sewage lagoons. Recreational development may be hindered by the soils suscepti c' bility to wind erosion. Capability subclass IlIe irrigated • lye nonirrigated .l 7.tmrn -n.,«xe- w,...Lc 1W!7r.rt.: Tr7 C izr7K1 r c»r...s ••�w7”..R' .ir M 'a-.... C3 P, -,wm +Sivia,z. 'F3 t.�L..i�l Tf rr.+ssm�megmtwax.>sxiityano,..;..w.: ...J?.tf,vaTwfl.at..wt 1:...+a.4 "' r,..I'- ___ _ _-..—.._ _.. Yi' . _ _�_.—__ J.. r _ 'fly. :� 23 —Vona lo:unv sand„, "t to 5 _percent slope_ • >:1 ? ✓ — — This is a deep, somewhat excessively chained soil an gentle plains and high terraces at elevations of 4600 to 5200 feet. It formed • in colian or alluvial deposits. Included in this unit are some leveled areas. Also included are some t soils with loamy substratum:; and some :;oils that arc noncal.careous to • depths of 60 inches . ---- k•?... Typical.ly 'the surface layer is a grayish brown loamy sand about 6 s inches thick. The subsoil is a brown to light yellowish brown fine '-' ()J sandy loam about 20 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is a sandy loam or loamy sand....) • Permeability is moderately rapid. Available water capacity is mod- "" crate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface runoff - s rti; is slow and erosion hazard is low. This soil is suited to limited cropping; intensive cropping is-hazardous -^ because of wind erosion. The cropping system should be limited to close ;=''' ,4 grown crops such as alfalfa, wheat and barley. The soil also is adapted i•, to irrigated pasture. A suitable cropping system would be alfalfa 3 to 4 years followed by corn and small grain for 2 years and alfalfa 'fl seeded with a nurse crop. • • ' ': Close grown crops may be irrigated from closely spaced contour ditches • ryor sprinklers . Contour furrows of sprinklers should be used for new crops. Application of barnyard and commercial fertilizer will help • maintain good production. - } C-6 riYr:-swr..., �r-,-rtT.*�=..-+aaA.T,_»...,..,,.,a..u..,..>wnXt71 ,,.,,”rrtl_ .,r-v^+.r,r,• TV-....=,-.,.s.or..aw...A...s_a..a..,.m�....:.__._..-.�...._....,�__ - ._ -. . Jl 5/ - L - s/ --/) ... a3 "SsetricT:i ": 1'hc,:votent'ial. native vegetation this site is dominated by sand , �' ..- • bluestem, sand reedgrass and blue grama. Needle and tl -cad, switch— r grass, sideoats grama and western whcatgrass are also prominent. a Potential production ranges from 2200 pounds per acre in favorable years and to 1800 pounds per acre in unfavorable years. When range condition deteriorates, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass and switch-- grass decrease and blue grans, sand dropseed and sand sage increase . ., • Annual weeds and grasses' invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. tif Management of vegetation on this soil should be based on taking half and. leavi.ng half of the total annual production. Seeding is advis-- , able if range is in poor condition. Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, - 1 t scaitchgrass, sideoats grama, blue grama, pubescent whea_tgrass and crested whcatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a clean, firm sorghum stubble-prepared the growing season prior to seeding-- or a firm, prepared seedbed and grass drill should be used, Early spring seeding has proven most successful. )k• Windbreaks and environmental plantings are fairly well suited to this soil. Blowing sand and low available water capacity is the principal hazards to establishing trees and shrubs . The soil is so loose that trees need to be planted in shallow furrows and maintain vegetative. cover between the rows . Supplemental irrigation may be needed to insure ' survival . Trees that are best suited and have good survival are Rocky , "' {i7. x" "'` Mtn. juniper, western redcedar, .ponderosa pine and Siberian elm. Shrubs best suited are skunkbus:h sumac, lilac and Siberian peashrub. C-7 23 8 r.. ;_tr, ,,..m.;...„„r+. ^:," .-„,-,-r-.a!-- .n.,."` .S- .:7-7.::.r a. .s`-4- -..,7-,nr---..n-....-T-. -••,.-...-r-r- t-,.,--'s-"v' f--.—"-n • • (7542, Wildlife is an important :secondary use, with those soils best suited for openland and rangeland wildlife. In cropland areas, habitat favorable for ring-necked phedscnit ::, mourning; duvet:, and many non-game `y species can he developed by establishing wildlife areas for nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, the inclusion of undisturbed nesting cover is vital and should be included in plans for habitat development: ; =d ' this is especially true in area;; of intensive agriculture. Rangeland wildlife, exemplified by Ole pronghorn antelope, can be assisted and -- encouraged by development of livestock watering facilities, proper live- y�F stock grazing management, and range reseeding where needed. • This Vona soil has good potential for urban and recreational. develop- . YCl 1.T nient. Lawns, shrubs and trees, when once established, will do well.. The 2-7:11r.:4 primary limiting soil feature is the rapid permeability in the substratum and the hazard of contamination of ground water from sewage lagoons. Recreational development may be hindered by the soils susceptibility to wind erosion. • Capability subclass lye irrigated . Vie nonirrigated Sandy plains range site • • i :sae ;,max Y • • cc'1.1.; c-a z39 N .i3 _. --; J I/- 13 i'zr • j _CY -Otero sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes e ; a; This is a deep, well drained soil on gentle plains at elevations of 4700 to 5250 feet. It formed in mixed outwash and eol.i.an deposits. Included in this unit are some soils with loam'and clay loam under- • Ks lying material. ,-,= 't Typically the surface layer is brown )sandy loam about 12 inches thick. "s The underlying material, to a depth of 60 inches, is a pale brown cal- careous fine sandy loam. Permeabil.i.ty is rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface runoff is slow and erosion - f hazard is low. • (ft This soil is used almost entirely for irrigation and is suited to nll(F;GuL'G) . crops adapted to this area. . Some conservation practice:: such as land leveling, ditch lining and pipelines may be needed for proper water application. t'•gy All methods of irrigation are suitable with furrow irrigation the most common type used. Barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers are needed for top yields along with maintaining good organic matter content. v In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter wheat, barley and �iti, a Tut d;c.ft \ avtt,:yc ac ....i,L4 o'P 28 Gc.41,2, 4 J sorghum. Most of the area is planted to winter wheatlwhich is alter- . • _ a" nated with summer fallow to allow moisture accumulation. Normally, ` " precipitation is too low to make beneficial use of fertilizer. ' C-9 / i `'~ __..__,.. .. i•,-C _ r:c- ,tii:,....tt'3 ;r,-•':- n cr •"`_ i., ,. 7.4 F - :e. - .. Pros.. 71.4,,,,- : • • 5 3 -r3 -y-6 Good cultural practices such as stubble mulch farming, strip cropping and minimum tillage are needed to control wind and water erosion. Terracing ally may also he needed to control water erosion. • i'he potential native vegetation on this site is dominated by sand bluestem, sand reedgrass and blue grama. Needle and thread, switch- =�r grass, sideoats grama and western wheatgrass are also prominent, Potential • production ranges from 2200 pounds per, acre in favorable years to 1800 pounds per acre in unfavorable years. When range condition deteriorates, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. .111 ;'"1 Management of vegetation on this; soil should be based on taking half F`� J and leaving half of the total annual production . Seeding is advisable if range is in poor condition. Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switch- grass, sideoats grama, blue grama, pubescent wheatgrass and crested wheat- grass arc suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a clean, firm, sorghum stubble-prepared the growing season prior to seeding-or a firm, prepared seedbed and grass drill should be used. Early spring seeding has proven most successful., Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally suited to this soil. - Soil blowing is the principal hazard to establishing trees and shrubs . • This hazard can be overcome by cultivating only in the tree row and by ' leaving a strip of vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation • 0-10 / 7 & =-?or ,„-7-rn k ¢..rt..,,w.,-mo^.....:ai.+.^K. _ 3..j-4,78),.".:.n•.T`?°.!�r++. I .- l '..4',"; raY may ..be necessary at the time of planting and during dry periods . Trees that arc best suited and have good survival are Rocky lit . juniper , eastern redcedar , ponderosa pine , Siberian elm, Russian olive and hackberry. K'r.. + • • Shrubs best suited are skunkbush sumac , lilac and Siberian peashrub. -:' -7n41 tA Wildlife is an important secondary use , with these soils best suited tit,, for openland wildlife. Habitat favorable for ring-necked pheasants , mourning doves and many non-gang species can be developed by establishing wildlife areas for nesting and escape cover. For pheasants, the inclusion =n of undisturbed nesting cover is vital and should be included in plans for habitat development . This is especially true in areas of intensive agriculture . i Rapid expansion of .the Greeley and surrounding area has resulted in f.. a. I )' v urbanization of much of this Otero soil. It has excellent potential for urban and recreational development. Its only limiting feature is the .,:-,t:.:5 moderately rapid permeability in the substratum and the hazard of con- 1 tamination of ground water from sewage lagoons . Lawns , shrubs and trees .-:•;.•• . for beautification will do well. -. Capability subclass IIIe irrigated lye nonirrigated 1 Sandy plains range site • vs . • t ;;z '�, i , I - iI / f-ll • .g'1\ • :):5E 52 -Otero sandy learnt_ 1 to 5 _p r cent slope s This is a deep, well drained soil on gentle plains at elevations of 4700 to 5250 feet. It formed in mixed outwash and eloian deposits . ' i Included in this unit are some soils with loam and clay loam underlying material. Also included in mapping were some areas with sandstone and shale above 60 inches. h'# Typically the surface layer is brown ;Tandy loam about 10 inches thick. The underlying material, to a depth of 60 inches, is a pale brown calcareous fine sandy loam. • Permeability is rapid. Available water capacity is moderate. Effective [ rooting depth is 60 inches or more. Surface runoff is medium and erosion hazard is low. • ;r • =,r I This soil is used almost entirely for irrigation and is suited to the commonly grown crops in the area. However, perennial grasses and alfalfa or close growing crops should be grown at least 50 percent of the Lime. Close grown crops and pasture can be irrigated with contour ditches and corrugations. Furrows, contour furrows and cross slope furrows will work it on row crops. Sprinkler irrigation is also recommended. Minimum tillage and crop residue utilization will help control erosion. f% Fertility maintenance is important. Crops grown on these soils respond P;r'si to fertilizer applications of phosphorus and nitrogen. <LEIN • • z• C-12 s737 m^" :-erne ,.ny.. , l% The potential native vegetation on this site is domin..,ed by sand bluestem, _ys: �. , sand reedgrass and blue grama. Needle and thread, switchgrass, sideoats grama a. ,/ and western wheatgrass arc also prominent. Potential production ranges from t;t: 2200 pounds per acre in favorable years to 1800 pounds per acre in unfavorable years. When range condition deteriorates, sand bluestem, sand reedgrass and gig:. i switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed and sand sage increase. _; c by Annual weeds and grasses invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. Management of vegetation on this soil should be based on .taking half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seeding is advisable if range is in poor condition. Sand bluestem, sand reedgrass, switchgrass, sideoats grama, blue ?.;i5 grama, pubescent wheatgrass and crested wheatgrass are. suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a clean, firm, sorghum stubble-prepared the growing season prior to seeding-or a firm, prepared seedbed and grass drill should be used. O1 Fatly spring seeding has proven most successful. Windbreaks and environmental plantings arc generally suited to this soil. Soil blowing is the principal hazard to establishing trees and shrubs. • This hazard can be overcome by cultivating only in the tree row and by leaving a strip of vegetation between the rows. Supplemental irrigation may be necessary at the time of planting and during dry periods. Trees that arc best suited and have good survival are Rocky Mtn. juniper, Eastern redcedar, Ponderosa pine, Siberian elm, Russian olive and llackberry. Shrubs best suited are skunkhush sumac, lilac and Siberian pea shrub. i 't Wildlife is an important secondary use, with these soils best suited for openland ' wildlife. Habitat favorable for ring-necked pheasants, mourning doves and many non-game species can be developed by establishing wildlife areas for' nesting and C.:3-- -/.../ escape cover. For pheasants, the inclusion of undisturbed nesting cover is vital and should be included in plans for habitat development. This is especially true in area:; of intensive agriculture. C-1 3 :.c< - *. 'w-c .n.�r .. wtrr ...•'4-'«rv-..+; ^•14'.77..,2 ran7.;�.w ^. rme.^n.y..n-e.-= .`,:,er n'[.)_^.+.".... . JRapid expansion of the Greeley and surrounding area has resulted in aF urbanization of much of this Otero soil . It has excellent potential for urban and recreational development . Its only limiting feature is the moderately rapid permeability in the substratum and the hazard of contamination of ground water from sewage lagoons. Lawns, shrubs' and trees for beautification will do well. Capability subclass IIle irrigated Vie nonirrigatec] Sandy plains range site • • 'f • • i1 C-14 ,, ' 'el _r, _- _>n ->...+nzn.^. .w:'a-..‘nn'ta'¢?,..e. . .Won,"•11'Wrrn..r"""wrr",!'.'.,=s."" 7711-Tr.s..._,.'ynrercr .a-•..a s. .s^-r 6 : i - C. Li ro h ,. .35.-Nelson fine lnnmz3 to 9 percent sloQes This is a moderately deep, well drained soil on gentle plains at elevations of 4800 to 5050 feet. It formed in material weathered , residually from soft sandstone. I ';_ ;,y Included in this unit are some soils with sandstone at depths greater than 40 inches. -z: Typically the surface layer is a pale brown fine sandy loam about 8 z inches thick. The. underlying material is light yellowish brown to pale yellow fine sandy loam or sandy loam aboit 20 inches thick. , Depth to soft sandstone ranges from 20 to 40 inches . • Permeability is moderately rapid . Available water capacity is moderate . 4. Effective rooting depth is 20 to 40 inches. Surface runoff is medium to rapid and erosion hazard is moderate. This soil is suited to limited cropping; intensive cropping is hazardous 4:: because of erosion. The cropping system should be limited to close grown crops such as alfalfa , wheat and barley, The soils also arc adapted to irrigated pasture. A suitable cropping system would be alfalfa 3 to 4 years followed by corn and small grain for 2 years and alfalfa seeded with a nurse drop. Close grown crops may be irrigated from closely spaced contour ditches vr.; or sprinklers . Contour furrows or sprinklers should be used for new t ;_, a crops. Applications of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer will help r' t maintain good production. C-15 l i The potential native vegetation on this site is dominated by ::and E is t ra„n, Needle and thread, switchgrass, ( '. bluestem, sand reedgrass and blue l; sideoats grama and western uhcatgrass are also prominent . Potential ,? production ranges from 2200 pounds per acre in favorable years to 1800 pounds per acre in unfavorable years . When range condition deteriorates, ., sand blucstem, sand reedgrass and switchgrass decrease and blue grama, sand dropseed and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. Management of vegetation on this soil should be based on taking half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seeding is advisable if range, is in poor condition. Sand bluestem, sand recdgress , switch- grass , sideoats grama , blue grama , pubescent wheatgrass and created � r,.* :ata wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet y the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a clean, fine, sorghum stubble -- prepared the growing season prior to y seeding -- or a firm, prepared seedbed and grass drill should be used . Early spring seeding has proven most successful . Windbreaks and environmental plantings are generally not suited to this soil. On-site investigation is needed to determine if plantings are feasible. Wildlife is an important secondary use , with these soils best suited for openland and rangeland wildlife . In cropland areas , habitat favorable for ring-necked pheasants , mourning doves , and many non-game species can be developed by establishing wildlife areas for nesting 1,- 'iand escape cover. For pheasants , the inclusion of undisturbed nesting C-16 /i.'/ -:�-^v>:-1.n�t+^- ..-...�c..ra;=r-�.ro+.+.c^ay..wn:o.4,-.......�.._..,.m.�wr�_,e.,...�Nu�,ra..�v,'.+-'rvz..��.:r :=:.re"c! r t...,:1,7....,n w rv. .. ..:. ...e.+..o.,.,.t ,. .. . ......._._. . ..._,� IC 3 / ?) . 1) 1,,zh cover is vital and should be included in plans for habitat development : this in especially true in areas of intensive agriculture. Rangeland wildlife , exemplified by the pronghorn antelope , can be assisted and encouraged by development of livestock watering facilities , proper 2 livestock grazing management , and range reseeding there needed : • The underlying sandstone is the most limiting feature of this Nelson soil. Neither septic tank absorption fields or sewage lagoons will operate properly. Site preparation for dwellings is more costly. Environmental and beautification plantings of trees and shrubs may be difficult to establish. This soil does however , have good potential for =i recreational development, such as camp and picnic areas , and playgrounds . Capability subclass IVe irrigated Vie nonirrigated Sandy plains range site •• 9 • I y"j • '43 C , 7 /1-1 •r+;p;,^w .`:gi�.cR r.,�" .s_, r or, -4F."7,7727 nf,. ..c.„......'_ li x 1 y7 Olney fine sandy lo�ml 1 to 3 percent _jlopes r (n, This is a deep , well drained soil on gentle. plains at elevations of ;I,_ -:;4:', 4600 to 5200 feet. It formed in mixed outwash deposits . - tEY. j Included in this unit are sore soils with dark surface layers. Some leveled areas were also included in ma1:ping. • :i Typically the surface layer is grayish brown fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown to very pale brown fine _ sandy clay loam about 14 inches thick. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches , is calcareous fine sandy loam. Permeability is moderate. Available water capacity is moderate. ' "a Effective rooting •dr,pth is 60 inches or more . Surface runoff is medium ..-tF•y,:rit. and erosion hazard is low. Where irrigated this soil is suited to all crops adapted to this area , (riGurc t3) including corn, sugar beets , beans , alfalfa, small grains , potatoes and onions . An example of a suitable cropping system is alfalfa 3 to 4 years followed by corn, corn for silage , sugar beets , small grain, c; beans and back to alfalfa. Some conservation practic as such as land '4^ leveling, ditch lining and pipelines may ae needed for proper water h application. -s. .. • All methods of irrigation arc suitable with furrow irrigation the most ;^ common type used. Barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers are needed for top yields along with maintaining good organic matter content . • C-18 / .� [-.•,.e.^T-"r[.=.«_:'ear.. .......... wsrr ,.r:'.'? 'r -m-rsn...n-t-c.•r'^wi,.77rMe.^.tc;,: v.r-:7,,n 'r';essrv. -n..:. .r.+.re\•••...•...r..w r.*rWi^.vv.-.-ror-..- r .,.SI +n :th.'"-�' ...0 isc i..ld....tiithl.�dui.i".•c:v.zv.l.c..a' r,. .•e-.arc.::.+w.,.(e..va-•.;cesL..*ly t,ie✓^....J._..._.:i..:,as...,r t,,i -.a. a...- :" -. •tz,r' v ~ Jr In nonirrigated areas this soil is suited to winter. wheat' barley and ,'. Y' n._..„. i nano , V. F ��141,��c!'C1�J a y to 7. 2 6 utarCo sorghum. Most of the area is devotr.d (6-01- tern whcatywiiZN3-zltelnated with summer fallow to allow moisture accumulation. Normally, precipi.- >` . tation i;s too low to make beneficial use of fertilizers . 'i 'ib Coed cultural practices such as stubble mulch farming, strip cropping "s and minimum tillage are needed to combat wind and water erosion: • Terracing may also be needed to control water erosion. '' ' The potential native vegetation on this site is dominated by sand blue- stem, sand. reedgrass and blue grama. Needle-and-thread , switch grass , sideoats grama and western whcatgrass arc also prominent . Potential ' ' 5.i production ranges from 2200 pounds per acre in favorable years to 1£00 „;. A-, pounds per acre in unfavorable years. When range condition deteriorates , a y sand blucstem, sand recdgrass and switchgra:a decrease and blue grama , sand dropsecd and sand sage increase. Annual weeds and grasses invade the site as range condition becomes poorer. • :(4 Management of vegetation on this soil should be based on takin&'half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seeding is advisable if range is in poor condition. Sand blucstem, sand rcedgrass , switchgras , sideoats grama , blue grama , pubescent wheatgrass are suitable for seeding. The grass selected should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. '-... For successful seeding, a clean firm, sorghum stubble -- prepared the growing season prior to seeding -- or a firm prepared seedbed and grass i drill should be used . Early spring seeding has proven most successful i ^1"� Windbreaks and environmental plantings arc generally suited to this soi . J Soil blowing is the principal hazard to es tablishing .trees and shrubs . • C-19 / f., a. • ; % This ha::arJ, can be overcome by cultivating only in the free row and by ;: I • leaving a strip of vegetation between the rows . Supplemental irrigation "y c,:. may be necessary at the time of planting and during dry periods : Trees ,,y that arc best suited and have good Survival are Rocky Mt. juniper , eastern redcedar ; ponderosa pine , Siberian elm, Russian olive and hackberry. %..: J.'Y Shrubs best suite) are sl:unl:bush suia•:c , lilac and Siberian peashrub. Wildlife is an important secondary use , with these soils best suited for openland and rangeland wildlife . In cropland areas , habitat favorable ' for ring-necked pheasants , mourning doves , and many non-game species can be developed by establishing wildlife areas for nesting and escape • cover. For pheasant , the inclusion of undisturbed nesting cover is . '-, r•':r "fe. vital and should be included in plans for habitat development: this is especially true in area of intensive agriculture . Rangeland wildlife , exemplified by the pronghorn antelope , can be assisted and encouraged by development of livestock watering facilities , proper levestock grazing • " ` management , and range reseeding where needed, (_ i-.z Rapid expansion of the Greeley and surrounding area has resulted in `iw. '•' urbanization of much of. this Olney soil. It has a go'd potential for urban and recreational development . Its only limiting feature is the `'` moderately rapid permeability in the substratum and the hazard of con- tamination of ground water from sewage lagoons. Lawns , shrubs and trees for beautification will do well. AA- Capability subclass lIe irrigated z! Tye non-irrigated Sandy plains range site C-20 /u 6 .7 .. . ..T. "S,'^._P..1. b•- r-.aa' rC n..iA�. -. ., -: _ , :Y tin�:':. i 4 T,,IA.n ..P.^�"0•ifP'LT IM' .• ..e • ,_.,% 59 - . ,in(;le lu nu,i 1 Lo_9_ye Fro nt_:: )npt c • / This is f-' is a shallow, well drained soil on upland hills and ridges at ele- ",,, c:•h •vations of 4850 to 5200 feet . It. formed in materials weathered resi- ";. dually from shale. • - __ . Included in this unit are some small outcroppings of shale and sandstone. .. Typically the surface layer is grayish brown loan: about 4 inches thick. The underlying material is light yell'pwish brown clay loam about 10 t5` 2.inches thick. Depth to shale ranges from 10 to 20 inches . ,e Permeability is moderate . Available water capacity is low. Effective rooting depth is 10 to 20 inches. Surface runoff is medium to rapid • - and erosion hazard is moderate . - .1r: ..s^^ is F 51., The potential native vegetation on this soil is dominated by alkali sacaton , western wheatgrass and blue grama. Ruf:falograss , sideoats grama, needle-and-thread , little bluestem, sedge , winter fat and fourwing saltbush are also present . Potential production ranges from 800 pounds per acre in favorable years to 500 pounds per acre in unfavorable years. When range condition deteriorates , the midgrasses decrease and production Ls drops . Undesirable weeds and annuals invade the site as range condition becones poorer. tr Management of vegetation on this soil should be based , on taking half and leaving half of the total annual production. Seeding is advisable if range is in poor condition. Western whentgrass , blue grama , alkali • sacaton, sideoats grama , little bluestem, pubescent wheatgtass and y • • C-21 .. ' i . . '-47 .x . ..r..Ir "R . „1777 >,rr ,,,.. "r' n y 7,_. .,..sm^, —•.-r. .. . ym ,,__...ae•ae•s'.,.¢ro-..nrm.. e.+...r:..a_ ,:.. .m:4'iiveAfie =3v"Lkelu+..I ae 1.i�.:ti: Y.[ria}^ySmSi ..:.a.:k^vaa;e.C.. 'tvZ:aa�A.Y� t:+:..tr.:L>.eti. +iJiulsa,c!�,.;:—.'cn c +:1 r� c d'I'.. , crested wheatgrass arc suitable for seeding. The grass selected ;= ;4;5 i w should meet the seasonal requirements of livestock. For successful seeding, a clean, firm, sorghum stubble -- prepared the growing season prior to planting -- or a firm, prepared seedbed and grass drill should .'Y be used . Early spring seeding has proven most successful. Windbreak and environmental plantings are generally not suited to this .r . . soil. On-site investigation is needed to determine if plantings are feasible . Rangeland wildlife , such as antelope , cottontail and coyote are best adapted for life on this soil. Forage production is typically low and proper livestock grazing management is necessary if livestock and V. wildlife share the. range . Livestock watering facilities are also r: ' ' i important and are utilized by various wildlife species. 4. 'J This Shingle soil has a poor potential for urban and recreational development , the primary limiting feature being its shallow depth to shale . . Capability subclass VIe irrigated Vie nonirrigated Shaly plains range site -- is i; eT C(l I i ., ,, C-22 Hello