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Home My WebLink About20033189.tiff ov December 17, 2003 maw w, ) ) ) 2. About the Applicant • Asphalt Paving Contractor • Started in 1997 • 130 employees • HQ and Asphalt Plant in Denver and Adams fu County • Weld County and Fort Lupton Work • CDOT Work kl 3 e ryj. .-1' 'F'� { YEi ♦ . t -‘-' •,-- tai_ .. jJt< avyi } • t 4 ' }" 1, fi r, 2r f' i Ya “ it,' 1 raw 7 . , a kq rt� :� a L " . a -- �" I. V. �� : ' ti . t •fig 1 — • Quality Sand and Gravel Deposit • Close to Premier' s Market Area • Suitable Access Roads • Water Storage Potential Due to Elevation and Proximity to South Platte • Compatible Location • Agreement and Trust of Landowner 5 i ) ) 3. Project Overview YS�.�..ra V�z v z:a' 's a.-�` it ry h r ,y<,y ...Ys ar.•'T' L Y.. s. .: • AC.i#F cV a'p i t. L1 �. s, e..,r ta, .a r, w, „," ,.,ra 14 w _',''y x s'4" c ,. -' ♦ 1 *Lebj/ er y x Tci 4,..,' �^r Ate, ,•, i a s ::: , ^ Y Y ' il r,( Fi •, 1''•F. -Cc 'a. 4, fEl4 {d i i y r.,/ w P � '� C�r �, q t 1'a.,� N roc k iy � r - ( S tit 1 , 't P.p RA y r I. X, ,`e • .� , k i� Y r3C�' J 1 t �. p t, ti,23 t, 'tit ttt a I VI+ "Oaf n CR 27 , "� " 1 ri,Lr rr :.L.max£ ' -"hi �.' , -r, • • rs •‘ {P sM. -‘ � c • PF4 .a�,l•F ''� I Y14f �. •_ _ ttir x1tr. f • • ¢ il-. 'b �". k r'`t • t T, d•• �. L $'Y 2 ,y. O`_t. ♦..� L�.:: ,,. \gyp Y .. - �r3^ 4 } Ih �{VjCL ryy Y•l\ • L } a Ir.:;; r aF 4 yy 4Y Y xQ• V 14: FY 4. 4 _ — _- I I I PRP-PCSED ACCESS TOAD / n 41ta II � . I I' L ['NCR 22 AND EGPFt, F III lI ii_ r20 t I I IIIIIl II CEANTERNO I I NC.� N T II — s _ -` o'E no _ ,I' GAS L I IIII III yE � II �� GIs \ I II I I �' IIII,I, II �I II PHASE ONE 21 Tom.-, L] 1'[ =P9OT. sO ACTECI IC I .I r — ___ aoms To - ——.— Ili III i 1I II rs,SLC ASINTERNAL—' 4, I "r±�z< I I/ - .O „ , pEE V11 I I 1 I, -' na I III 1- 4\ L — 12 ill I \I I PER,: CCEE �' AND A9— j I III IIt COLLECTION L j' r • T III sr r-rtwc. � h __ II IV T 25'SETBACK L 20 / I CPU, DIKES I\ 4GLE r,005E I1 / oPE, I T II NARKING �® I "T CO -au_PLANL I'I I li ' _ ExST rvc HOUSE-° I6 ASP[LALT PLANT JLP) ,nNOEPTEc-o 1 _ 41 Ili I III , _ lC f -TOPSOIL scCKP L� PHASE TWO 1 II III Paox 29 ACRES' cR PLAN,/_/ i!!Y- i 3a L oT(LI I� L scc o_Ls ® 12 o O cO RATE_ I cco Ii L. II I'I I ' PHASE THREE - I II II'� L I�<n [APPPOK 28 4 19 T I I I,_44[4.4 _ - _ .I`_ I, Lila- T c.. LI L Pic '�'�II �— 8 I 3a II I L E B PD N OTDC(PILE I. II I I L I3S NL s_.PEH: V I DEATH Ea NOI I§ TRENCH T L I rye PENM1L. I- U ' - -1 - - - - �, ii '.-.. s_ .- . .a --NIN—I RµOHEE .-, ) II _.—''•—•-'—'-•-- M .. _ —�__> ... /WELD COUNTY ROADS ` �Jn �y 4 ur y I' it r ii I h -- I! ; I • iI — pi I �� a! I III III --. 1 z) PHASE ONE II I IIli iI (APRA'% 30 ACRES) rlj xv — I 1 I II ICI II 4xI I I i�. 3 R lil 1 1 --- -1 S �`" III u I -` wLNEO 'RRGALON DISHES loo Pow. FIg d.. . UNLINED IRRIGATION C ��}'"� R — i 4,z I'*'T1 tT III I I POP 0 S i ON ANC GASII Ili i 11, ' IIII CONCRETE LOLL C ON CL.I j I III II JO S'_TOACK ��—�— II F 111 , I II I Ia of I III lit 25' SETBACK i III I I Y OG<'E IIIi IIII Rt5o 5p I I, J nl fli 11 II QI 666f u I I II I rl Ii1Ik,II II IIBRANCH DITCH aHLwEo) I x � 8. II PHASE TWO PHASE THREE (APPRO%_29 ACRES) (APPRO%. 28 ACRES) II I I I I II III o- II III �I' I I II I I I II Ii I I l h A_ _— . . F Y 1t j Yj 1 d. .$ rl' i •71.'5:1.!' '‘Al, 5ts "' 54'. 1 '1' err ,r I 'CS :4 rA « Xl;. . t - n. ,ems. i !`₹ ' - - `41 n ! >• T1‘ a 1�.. h i t 4 h f,i E,, :a .'R H 'S.�...G T'w;; Y YL^i,,Ci °aC l �, 'yr d t�7 ( l em •._. r� l d-'i 1 t jyy { h i '�4, pk—s4 S{.,i l l+ Kr e e Y` •`F Ti' 41 1 rr,, , er Yi t , it t3 21 u ki Tl — --d•-'...,,,:,i7 :-7."'% ,.:::. -\ ' ••••• .. \ ji,{j'f7 C yf;1 TFl ri ,-.,‘?),/ ;,,,,,: ,,-t - �; I. 'ty.. h� ti ,� ai?ei� . . A •..1 r .3 ut.-xY ..�..P .: i if � Y.'' r I '1. •k.4 tM,: y /; , _;rsa 1 " ,A , ![iiir� ((�IIllLE6EELfLLq i n1/C r/V, -fait474 �IL[IIEL 11 i[�l[ELr[IILM f IItii if 7. _ tc 4- -, •I -- . ems 4�ii S F w fc ml'i , #q ; � �»X -s Y1y 6si ,i•-`7.i. 11 '".i,{3 I '��z 4�` i 3 r r s�� . *""°,� ,�,` s. s=`^^x. � "'�m"t .✓�' � s`� y.� � � 1a °3 t t *kK�,p�},,�4; ` c��< a a • "- t r x""ti ".ag'ffi°' . �h^ cfr ." e f -1. 7"-----,-,--^a .titf'ge ti�. F .y ,i. iF )tti v.v.,. , - • ate. ,,,. _w. ,�` +L s '' :t -. .-.4r4.,-2....-7,- • y4 � �*\ ter y+.kt1� r� ',��k�� ` .. ~ Y �'TY §Y'xix t.•F.` r � hRr ',- 1st' :5r'Y.�+! `�� ' +y'- f' .'�, .s. ^< �, k +a � ,. c ar ' r.�' .` ri • :.. , 4 y/'��1ii w ♦ t4 t z� 1� e 2"" , 1' ' r) T crx,� t•- ''4 to 7. ! ,ay 4t t•t� ,,,,4„ ,*' ii, t 1 �.: w�d4' 1'�y�` i t% '4 s� y� t,c § e a rw'.' � ..,t �<. ' '7 �{.,Q}i, Je �\. 0. `, l ` y�,Y'i' I Jr L R-. ' i' Alk; -4°- b$ rs-3' ..�..'^ +d`Y�+. - V-Y :4ro v4-l--.11.114,;--c. 11.11-os ,;--c.yY/��•y-L I" ,� f z f� i---....'-;',4";-- -..,,--.A,%;94471' 1 -,„._"9--j_.-.d# - '....N44 .+ v f' r ,s,5r.,� Via, 'k 7 .-'..'"� �• � , ,. ...„ „„itkT c� _{ t� t Gy. v ht` ; �;•rt 2 � ! ,-.4.' ., �k. y.> -`'•. :< �' ' �1tN! h._ e•-•''. .t. ^�` !C '4^ ' `Fit t '1 1.yM 3ti T,� i k`�.'C Va.; y'`�;, J. + yt rV j it�r r. l� P .,! , °Dv"<A gt rm�f tv, r ��, , � p } Cis 1��lRv� icio.47teg,y�y. :Iv ~ 2d,. sY P•'�� ut��''� f,21 �I•r/'{' a •. .., f x1 a�.i.�y, tT ''''''''‘S7.,‹Q1\� yf�r^w� t .�.R, y` a ,/�:l y J /...a:t'4 t 1 . - • ..:� SP\ •y y'Q^4. + Yl' {� 1r ` "i ` t �. �. t /} _ . - • Y, T v. 12 CC i c >, I,r-• = 0 �. " r,. wF -.I i �' mot' }r ! '':C. +«- t 4 x � 04'''771**' CJ „. 4 r } c Wfs5�x, y�tb a�9 'C7i�d6' �,' t'7. Y Sr2 .. I tt 7 <\ + L 3 -sass _ • ,' I ' Y (®oo ,�, _ . g8 Sfl ti • " r '-Las. - �e.Y j�' .. a, it ,, '<1 gg A . -�� -.t $ tii,�({, 1 T • 4- • 1v % 4. . 4;","«...4, ' i�'{t4,3 „, r4y —4.-3,4 .arlt^r- y V�" r*y. F •. t 'i y '�` 1 +y+y y M ) ) ) 4. Groundwater j 7 • Substitute Supply Plan - SEG • Augmentation Plan - S E0 • Gravel Mine Well Permit - SE0 • Discharge Permit - State Health • Monitoring and Mitigation Plan - Enforced by MLRB Permit J 15 : t., 44 1 r,� 1f. A t: SS f' x.Y 1 � C • ��►t � r Y - .. - wq; _ { ` ,i 9 0 YJ i � 9 O ► _ yr „- !'- "' d "tea _ � � , '• `{ �,��- "'rT' t � R'�r' + t'G 5N y� , M 2 yrwJ aR A--a" ��s y�- a,�,. x" " yr r "-r ' o y� V C al •°' 9H �Z 1,. ..� i ,5�q 1 X� ''*.:2 n'�.iq gyp! "•' v AII�' 't , �I Q S S'JL` Mt S t 1 • 5 quarters of water level data prior to installing slurry wall and mining below water table • 7 on - site wells • 5 off- site wells 17 } i • 600 foot distance, or as determined by DMG • Trigger Point to determine implementation • Independent Analysis• • Measures : - Deliver water from upgradient side of wall — Deepen or relocate wells F — Construct new well — Deliver replacement water 18 ) ) 1 \ 4 f \ 11/4 \ MININGa A • \ \ ► / • \ I \ \ p \ BEDROCK \ \ ?hu MINING AREA/ FUTURE RESERVOIR 1 /. r - G. - BEDROCK ' 20 t jad uoi}3naQsuo3 IIeM £unis •5 x < < < � ) 1 MINING AREA/ FUTURE RESERVOIR BEDROCK r 22 6. Criteria for Approval and Compatibility • Land Use Code , Chapter 23 , Section 23-2- 200 ( Uses by Special Review) • Land Use Code , Chapter 22 , Section 22-5-70 and 22-5-80 (Mineral Resource Element of Comprehensive Plan ) • Article XII , Section 19- 12- 10 , Fort Lupton Coordinated Planning Agreement 24 n n n ! Y "T x - I. '., ,6 =6" inn x . 1--:;-P;,* Y y g 41 �ta. i Villano Farms K `at' {{ // (Supports Project) For Sale (I -2) 7 s 7 ; 4 ¢ r Li - s ' F "C r4L' ` ! .1 -'fVu'fl . .f3_P, E.S. r+ ' •,:r54:12::" it &. For Sale (1 -2) :,, Halliburton (I 3) ti.40 F ,( 14, yn a r � Car Lot (I 3) • t!i:j 'Adams - ,� . A . ' " Property g JMF F (I 3) { u Salvage Yard (I 3) • 4 .icr7 s '4t." 1' • • t r,3y .mil' Lr� .� .4) I : . -� . ; Watada Farms 4,1.---,,, j. h�d.r .` ,ttay�s a_ p " <r , (Supports Project) t, .. l S R ,tilt' �� u, ,'� r USR for Ind. Use A Arco Concrete (1 -3) 7. Project Support > > • Kerr- McGee (oil and Gas Co .44 .$ • Fulton Irrigating Ditch Company (Branch Ditch) • Adams Family • Villano Brothers Farms (Adjacent Property) • Watada Farms (Adjacent Property) 28 1 ) 1 : k'. • Weld County Planning • Weld County Public Works •P.. CDOT • Fort Lupton Fire Department • Weld County Sheriff • Weld County Environmental Health • Weld County Dept. of Building Inspection t t 29 -r'�" • Approval on 11 - 19-03 • $811 ,509 Bond for Phase One • Groundwater monitoring and mitigation • SEO must inspect/approve each slurry wall • Only one slurry wall in progress at a time 30 8. Asphalt Plants f Critical Factors: r' — Appearance a r „‘• — Operations • • , F .� f � — Environmental ',r f . Yry .,-4---0--4-4;141,4r — Safety .�_ r y • .rte trt 4A. 5 4` Community Relations l ) ) zY • Emission control system • Energy efficient and environmentally effective heating and drying system • Computerized controls • Fugitive dust controls • Odor suppressant ) J 4 "While annual production of HMA paving material has increased by more than 250 % over the past 40 years, total emissions from HMA E plants have dropped by 97% or more in that same period. " - February 12, 2002, U .S. Environmental Protection Agency Issues ruling that de-lists HMA production facilities from the list of major polluters - August 28, 2002, CO Department of Public } Health & Environment, Air Pollution Control Division responds with the following : 5 ) ) ) ". . . Congratulations to the hot mix asphalt industry of Colorado for the EPA ruling that de-lists hot mix asphalt plants from the list of major polluters. This is a significant announcement and speaks well for the environmental accomplishments of the industry. The asphalt industry of Colorado continues to make significant strides towards environmental excellence and we are pleased to be partnering with your industry on the COMPASS Project and the newly initiated COMET Project. Thank you for your continued cooperation in the partnership with the Department. Margie Perkins, Director, Air Pollution Control Division, Aug., 2002 ) ) 1:149#4,41,001!%isk Colorado Asphalt • Pavement Association t N)Okel .1 1t ^ :A . . x4 are':' 2 � � pie- �'_ v oat • A. , Z. Al?k 1 4 �Q i c ` Pitta ! <' f' -' ,1 a w 37 . . . you have demonstratedyour -ORA �o � do commitment to the environment by going beyond compliance 0 r r with environmental laws and °4 „ , ` c_ r� regulations. In so doing, your efforts have positively impacted the quality of life for all citizens of the State of Colorado. Your hard work has helped improve the economy and the environment through increasing consumer and shareholder confidence, strengthening employee morale, and operating in a responsible and sensible 1.1 manner. Governor Owens, November, 2002 ) ) ) • Critical Factors: - Appearance • - Operations _ y - Environmental - Safety - Community Relations ) 9. Driver Training and Community Liaison ) • Mandatory Safety Seminars • Haul Route Map at Scale House • School Bus Route and Speed Limit Training • New Driver Training Program • Complaint Investigation and Discipline jY 41 i 1 • On - Site Community Contact • Make Contact Information Available to Community • Written Log of Neighbor Concerns :$ • Prompt Investigation and Response j. 42 1 10. Water Storage } ) ) 12. Project Benefits . 1 • Road Improvements and ROW Dedications • Continuing Non - Urban Use : Minimal Service and Infrastructure Requirements • Local Source of Construction Materials for Growing Area • Earth or Stone Tax • 25 New Primary Jobs • Water Storage in 5 -7 Years 45 • Provides a Low - Impact, Attractive Buffer Zone Along Hwy. 85 • Non - Urban Use : Minimal County Services or Infrastructure Required .444 • No Permanent Road Impacts • Asset to Fort Lupton and Brighton as Buffer 4 • Lined Water Reservoirs — Potential for Local Use 46 R s ttIi rw i 2 wf Y` iv ` tl€= 4.'T_..^^^"f"'•r_-fs Jar m ^ !i f 1 �' I - e`q. .F 7'i it L -~ t Y rh,a vi p* Alic r c x t 41/2f- ti `r: 11.-- i , r ... r f-- :,>- ti ' TY f Y rat t a5 .-J' 's ;a= `b r 4} •-,-;", T Af p -..1 . .,4.% 6y IP �..%,..„ , 4, ( ., 1 A 4+� rk � x ' �' f iii . . ,--..f.._::.2„...,... ..4.:,./ '--a-.k�r 7;'4 .1 •Ali" -..< Z4t "c' - ' " r . • or its ti ), b A , rt� k a . 44.-4(" k+ (4- 44. ` i a — . '�. v i i kkMrt E �- '•Y' { � . y� d yc- F yli 4 Riu 4'+ `.y. >..31 , Y '1,', -7..V.$IK a .!'' .Yk . sanssi .10410 s �. t ( l p,. ? ) A t • Meet Application Requirements • Comply with Design Standards • Comply with Operation Standards • Meet Public Notice Requirements • Conformance with Comprehensive Plan • Compatible with Existing and Future Land Uses • Consistent with Coordinated Planning Agreements E • Effort to Conserve Prime Farmland • Adequate Provisions for Health, Safety and Welfare 49 ty • Not within Fort Lupton City Limits • Not within Wellhead Protection Area • Not within Urban Growth Area ( 1 mile out) • County will disapprove proposals for urban development outside UGA t • Project is not urban development, and does not require municipal services at the urban level . 50 3 ', ) Y: K ' • State Air Permit and Dust Control Plan • Modern Dust Control Equipment on Plants • State Water Discharge Permit • Water Sampling and Reporting Required • Water Level Monitoring Program Required h , • Mine Safety and Health Inspections • Company Safety and Community y Programs h 51 S � a (---, for Environmental Liners _ :,:_„..,..4!„.,.,::::„..„.. .),,...,i'..,4,.., , . C 111 I I a ry,l 11 i ? yJ.nY • U lit t- 1r � I , - ru it : > '" 411 e ro. v q E, 1 • •• because whatever you put _ into a pond, reservoir, " ° - lagoon, or landfill ,{'° you want to keep there! £ Asphait Iavement Association 6880 South Yosemite Court,Suite 110 -:;;-5. Thomas Peterson, P.E. Centennial,Colorado 80112 , 4%r - 303.741.6150 ,te ,s, Executive Director FAX 303,741,6146 tompeterson@co-asphalt.com www.co-asphalt.com 4 re,',,NI, I. xt� to d f t [ : k � � � Purl �I �� I• I � 4 ,I g t p1 r,,� 3 i ''"no., r r( iii F u F 4 h tf a d r r q S( f yi �A k'H'M1� � t l � I 1�11 � ¢i11 t Fi yl $, it'' 4' , . ' 1 hH4'", I ',.49. f t t; 6n r 1R&ffiANYr M}!'ix.0 Prp.. a ,:" rv:. nc. IL.'fl'P631E{l ,uLi9..&d was used for water-proofing long before it was used for load-bearing. Thousands of years before.Asphalt, their own baths,reservoirs and ague- or"pitch"in its natural form,caulked ducts. the seams of the world's sailing ships It wasn't until comparatively recently and weather-proofed the roofs that John MacAdam engineered mod- tr and walls of post-cave domi- em road design and"paved the way" ciles.In the days ofthe Pharaohs, for the use of asphalt in its familiar / Air r ; 109 asphalt was used to mortar to- load-bearing form. gether rocks laid along Today,asphalt is again finding favor '� as a material for storing and process- immoning all kinds of materials because it iNlf offers both essential properties— water-proofing and load-bearing. .4„ ....,..r Hot Mix Asphalt liners take on the ` 0 toughest jobs—keeping sanitary land- '. j' t• .,v. -�-yyam� 't fills sanitary; storing toxic materiat� -ll[!1'i f 1 k.. e ` , and preventing their escape into the Cf �� '1�1v i z .' �,,,�� . a surrounding environment: making it �. • o �_3 possible to treat and even recycle liq- y ,-•,.-,, uids and solid wastes;and,of course, ��](�� 7.A.44:360,‘ - ► l , , keeping clean water clean. No other L environmental/hydraulic lining mate- lv aF v, rial even comes close! the banks of the Nile to prevent ero- - sion.Even earlier,it was used bycivili- zations of Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley to water-proof temple baths and water tanks.Notorious for plagiarism, ��° It ,- c the Romans borrowed the idea for "`4,1;11 "s°"`- a,: 1 � r.✓'nyv �j 9a 'a .. )NY �, 2 1 Recycling and composting non-toxic waste ' k t . + - arw1 �p - t 2 At Ludington,Michigan,water storage facility, �'.>. water pumped in during off hours is released ,., , ...x;; to run electricity-generating turbines during ..m' peak hours - - All things considered, there's only dyne possible reason to use anything other than asphalt for your containment system. You can guess this one pos- A HOT MIX during installation, the surface of a Hot Mix liner is smoother than sible"reason."A Hot Mix liner usual which makes the actual clean- may cost more initially than nat- Asphalt liner will outlast ural materials or fabric mem- anything it contains ing process easier. brane liners but it is more cost- effective in in the long run and There are two dimensions to the ASPHALT matter of staying power. First, your won't join linercerta nly th safest-and-surest liner has to remain impermeable for forces with waste materials* liner you can use. as long as you want it to. Clays, for Spotting the competition that example,tend to break down and lose Asphalt can handle toxic materials much of a head start . . . on their leak-proof properties in time. normally difficult to store, including paper,at least. . .lets see why Then you also face the problem of sludge, brine, coal slurry, and many Hot Mix Asphalt ends up far in unwanted plant life taking over. Be- acids. This means that whatever you front. ing inert and stable, Hot Mix Asphalt put into your containment system minds its own business. stays there as is rather than chemically Second,your liner may be subject altered. LIQUIDS don't to waves or currents,and it's always subject to vertical and lateral pres- - penetrate asphalt* sures. With its compressive strength and flexibility,Hot Mix Asphalt survives . " Now you may question this state- these hazards better than any other -- Went knowin that as haltpavement material. It may scrunch down a bit g p P but it won't crack! an streets, roads, and parking lots especially seem vulnerable to certain /{j turn... liquids. But this vulnerability is only ASPHALT conforms through cracks in the surface caused by oxidation combined with steady to irregular surfaces traffic. Used as a liner,there is little if any oxidation and,of course,no steady Environmental containment sys- traffic. Furthermore,to virtually elim- tems are,after all,basins with curves inate porosity,a higher percentage of and undulations as well as flat sur- asphaltic binder is used and the mate- faces.Ponds and lagoons,those used rial more densely compacted.Gener- for storm water control and perhaps ally,liner specifications require voids aesthetics, are liable to be deliber- of less than 2.5 percent which is well ately irregular, with bumps and within installation capabilities. mounds along the bottom and sides, and a free-form shoreline. Here's BEING 1 another way Hot Mix Asphalt excels. inert, asphalt ASPHALTpavement It can be installed uniformly over doesn't taint drinking water ' is puncture-proof almost any terrain configuration.(As ! you know rigid liners have special This is a specialized attribute but Membranes may do the job well problems with this!) critical for reservoirs.Nothing gener- ates uproar faster or more vocally enough,fora while.However,they suf- fer from a serious drawback—sharp than tangy or discolored drinking objects may puncture them and con- ITS load-bearing properties water!No wonder Hot Mix Asphalt has s stant abrasion may wear holes.Worse makes asphalt easy to clean been lining reservoirs and dams for yet,you're not likely to become aware years. of leakage until considerable envi- Anyone with experience . . . per- Certain petroleum solvents,however, ..ronmental damage has been done. haps sad experience...with any kind of long-term containment system real- can affect Hot Mix liners and other toxic liquids may affect certain types ofaggre- !zes it has to be cleaned out periodi- gates. tally.No problem getting equipment in (and out!) over a Hot Mix Asphalt liner. Something else is worth point- ing out.Because of extra compaction :<.Jl 4 if x9 Ff 'in ittl>b (4/a fd 3C @ p 1 t 04Yt� fi rt r et. a,i flp4s ' oo,433 fr‘, rY a'mn +2 'jer F ykfi'. l r C.?. • I,Y�•• rR 7 ,- Y �j tl -r` .<;rr x,wsms«xraa•,I,w.n+arssnGv From all this it would seem that liner faster and more thoroughly Hot Mix Alphalt liners survive Illihila than any other enemy. Before in- everything short ofanearthquake mill tut kill stalling any liner you should ster- .. •_— which,you can well believe, is no -__, �_�+--•••^•��ma• ilize the underlying ground but � .,.a.w--.��ireupw■ joke in certain locations. Neither even this preventive measure may are freeze-thaw cycles in northern not be enough.If your liner allows areas. Both kinds of natural phe- k- `_._ 4 - '+• ...�, liquids to seep through, vegeta- nomena will destroy any material - -- - - tion may again take root below too fragile or rigid. ,. _ ,_ and behind. Soon your liner Asphalt will survive intact be- _ .�K - springs leaks—lots ofthemi—the cause its flexible,able to absorb _ ^ " -- new growth enlarges the leaks, shocks and vibrations without los- - and,adding insult to injury,clogs ��(e�A the interior of your pond,lagoon, ing its essential properties. One further liner hazard—fami- -"."-- - or reservoir. liar to any property owner—is WEEDS.Vegetation can destroy a ..s >b,. s. '*• -R*�- 3 AUrl1Y' H R.,a zaf r �a �n M 1 3 1(NYC sewage aeration treatment lac'lag 4 rout(oal slurry storage ponds at Mohave Gen- erating Station in Nevada � °""'"` -' I' +� _..r • 1 - L^ a 5 Asphalt lining undenuay a( South Mountain Kesernoir in the 1'hoenic,Arizona-area " 6 Sewage(rea(rnen(lagoon under,oustruc(ion •l' R .1? in Union City Michigan el -s 6 r) The EPA decision IIOT MIX Asphalt replaced base for coal storage piles at termi- concrete years ago in the Ames,Iowa, nals. Asphalt contains the coal and �c owledges Solid Waste Resource Recovery Sys- provides a load-bearing surface for ndfill liner tem,the first full-scale municipal facil- getting it in and out, and also keeps ity producing refuse-derived fuel for it from absorbing ground moisture. an electric utility. The garbage con- experience tained so manyjagged edges and abra- sives at ots r liners—rock pepoxy, tary and SPEAK NG Citing more than 300 "problem" surface mixes, trap rock epoxy, and of storing coal, landfills, some of them endangering even metal-impregnated pcc—soon coal slurry is one of the trickiest of all the health of thousands of people, wore through. Finally, and in admit- materials to store and recover of all the Environmental Protection Agency ted desperation,they tried an asphalt organic fuels.It's messy and unsightly, (EPA)has banned the use of clay as a overlay on one section. It worked so and there's always the risk of fire if primary liner for both sanitary and well they resurfaced the entire floor the coal dries out.The most effective hazardous waste landfills. EPAs view with asphalt and found it lasted two system is a pond where the slurry is that pollutants enter the pore struc- or three times as long as any other stands until coal solids settle and ture of clay and eventually work their material. In the long run, asphalt excess water can be skimmed off the way through.Such liners maybe water- proved about FIVE TIMES LESS EXPEN- top.In Nevada,a 20-day coal storage retardant but hardly water-proof. SIVE than any other liner material system consists of four ponds about If natural materials and fabric mem- 400 feet across and 40 feet deep. branes don't do the job,is there solid COAL Not Mix Asphalt, of course, was the evidence that Hot Mix Asphalt does COAL firms in Kentucky learned only practical liner. . . impermeable do the job?EPA thinks so,listing Hot that Not Mix Asphalt makes the ideal and strong. Mix Asphalt as an acceptable liner for sanitary landfills, but let's see what experiences and results prove our Sewage aeration lagoon at Westfield,New York, Sanitary landfill showing trench to collect and contention. at typical small-community treatment yp facility drain leachate into collection pond. 1Lttthan ten years ago Penn zx ,,.gylvania was lining sanitary landfills �^ - ;"',.a^R - - -'. ith asphalt. Their standards are ___,„,,, widely used in other states today. PENNSYLVANIA was also a leader in developing "closed loop" treatment systems. A secondary pond collects leachates drained from the bottom of the pri i, mary pond. They can be kept and .,, released from there or sprayed back ' *' ,;', , over new effluents in the pnmary pond f °' " tea , collected and run through the loop again until ready for release. Hot Mix Asphalt lines the secondary pond as Hot Mix Asphalt Many communities have con- well since it does require frequent P strutted aeration lagoons using cleaning. is the answer for asphalt as the liner, as the EPA suggests.A new approach is aqua- those unable to culture whereby certain plants are used to reduce nitrogen and phos- afford complete phorus.Indications are that aone- acre pond just three feet deep and treatment facilities lined with asphalt can treat the effluent generated by 500 people. Now,organizations with limited means have an acceptable alter- Smaller companies and local native to expensive treatment governments are caught in the plants.They can even recoup some bind between having to treat waste of their investment by harvesting materials effectivelyand being una- the protein-rich plants—cattails, ble to afford a tertiary treatment bullrushes, duckweed, or water facility and its associated chemi- hyacinths—and using them for ani- cals• mal feed. "Ponds make a great amenity but they're a paininthe . . . Because developers of major resi- ible with natural growth. It even fades tion of strength, durability, flexi- dential, industrial, commercial, and obligingly when exposed to sun and bility, resistance to hazardous business projects have to meet local air! materials, and, of course, imper- environmental criteria for storm water Asphalt offers yet another unique meability, one might wonder why management,they naturally think of feature. It can be blended with differ- Hot Mix Asphalt hasn't been used ponds and the opportunity to com- ent kinds and percentages of aggre- all along to line containment sys- bine retention with aesthetics. Any gate to allow some degree of poros- tems. In a way, asphalt is the vic- project is enhanced by a pond out ity without loss of integrity. For ex- tim of its own success as the most front or a landscaped creek winding ample,porous asphalt acts as a water- popular roadway paving material. its way through the property.But noth- permeable filter which permits some Its load-bearing attributes tend to ing is more of a bother! Ponds and plant penetration without cracking. obscure its original waterproofing creeks have to be maintained and The next time you drain your pond attributes. this raised the question as to how for cleaning,why not reline it with Hot And, understandably, people and for how much. Mix Asphalt? You'll like the ease of have been inclined towards what The"how" is easy. Hot Mix Asphalt "how"and your tenants or customers they perceived as less-costly al- meets all the design,installation,and who share the maintenance burden ternatives.That these alternatives maintenance criteria but what about will like the lower"how much:'Appear- don't work . . . as EPA points out aesthetics?Asphalt is still ideal.You ance-wise,everybody will be delighted! . . . prompts us to take a closer can pave just below the surface and With its unparalleled combina- look at Hot Mix Asphalt,to see it' allowa natural shoreline. the most cost-etfectia Many attractive ponds material for liners. are totally lined with as- Really the only mate- phalt since it is compat- .. rial now. nape Nationals 6811 Kenilworth Avenue Asphalt fee Riverdale, Maryland 20737 oM Pavement (301) 779-4880 ,.. i - ss- Association — , -- 'lAVA,, itiiari ._.at: < r—` .r s_p., "" Asphalt-lined ponds combine water retention with aesthetics I-0 k»a,a yxa ^' : ae«a a++ Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association Volume s Issue 2 Fall, 2002 CAPA RECEIVES ENVIRONMENTAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD Governor Praises Asphalt Industry for Environmental Commitment -03/4A The Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association is a recipient of the 2002 Colorado Y Environmental Achievement Award. The award was presented at a ceremony at the �,A Governor's Mansion on November 19, 2002. Colorado Governor Bill Owens praised the iii, , „„, cid asphalt industry of Colorado for its "significant environmental achievements realized by • t,,, • the organization through the implementation of environmentally beneficial practices." Pw f On hand to receive the award were CAPA President Scott Davis, ar A c Executive Director Tom Peterson, and industry chairperson of the o-0 e. CAPA Environmental Work Group Jamie Gaboriou of Aggregate �b tl QOi Industries. CAPA has taken a very proactive role with the Colorado en tai 1 A` �PTj CQ�Q w ,./ DeDivisionent of Public(CDHPE-APCD)in improving air quality and Environment - ir a d Pollution reducingtrol __-- .-cog: emissions of hot mix asphalt production facilities in Colorado. The CAPA/Air Pollution Control Division partnership has resulted in several mutually beneficial initiatives. Highlights of the partnership include establishing an alternative Compliance Assurance (COMPASS) Program, partnering on ,^ V; the development of a Comprehensive Environmental ' '"° �^^° �, ; °!; �,S; Measurement Evaluation Tool (COMET) program for TM'° � ma5° w �¢„"`" „mom. HMA production facilities and the development and � implementation of a General Permit for both stationary „e „ . aun ` w,,,m c„ Ne ,,,° � �mo„,°<^^`', and portable HMA production facilities. The COMPASS ; �°' ^°°"°«Way° ^° project is in its second year and is resulting in signifi- „" �° cant improvement in compliance rates at nearly all ttl HMA facilities. a cvnt�nv� O�� 5 �— .,.y„5 ...�....� e► ° W y YY �. d y� !9 $j e / n *per_ t �V'3 ,t .".. ;. . - 4 I i Colorado Traveler - -- - Where was this photo taken? Each issue of Left to right, Doug Benevento—Director, Colorado Department of Public Health The High Road features a photo of a location in Colorado.If you think you know this loca- and Finn onment, Scott Davis—Schmidt Construction Co., Robbie Roberts, on, let us know.The winner will be identi- Regional Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region lied in the next issue of The High Road. 8, Tom Peterson—CAPA.Jamie Gaboriou—Aggregate Industries. { CAPA Board of Directors President Director Director Director Scott Davis Jim Fife Jim Wilkins Jeff Kresl Vice President President Senior Sales Manager Denver District Area Manager Schmidt Construction Co. Western Colorado Testing Wagner Equipment Kiewit Western Company 2635 Delta Dr. 529 251/2 Road,suite b101 1800 Smith Rd. 7926 S.Platte Canyou Road Colorado Springs,Co 80910 Grand Junction,CO 81505 Aurora,Colorado 80110 Littleton,CO 80128 719-392-4207 970-241-7700 303-349-3496 303-979-9330 scottd@schmidtconstr.com jamesrfite@aol.com jwilkins@wagnerequipment.com jkresl@kiewest.com Vice President Director Director Director Jeff Keller Larry Johnson Tim Lyons Ben Vagher President Highway Division Manager Division Manager President Asphalt Paving Co. Elam Construction Brannan Sand&Gravel A-1 Chipseal 14802 W.44th Avenue 1225 S.7th Street 4800 Brighton Blvd. 1630 Emerald St. Golden,CO 80403 Grand Junction,CO 81501 Denver,CO 80216 Broomfield,CO 80020 303-279-6611 970-242-5370 303-534-1231 303-464-9267 teffkeller@asphaltpawngco orn johnsonl@elam-construction.com tlyons@brannanlcom twagher@bouldernewsint.net Secretary/Treasurer Director Director Executive Director Rob Mangone Tom Katyryniuk Norb Schreiber Tom Peterson,P E. Vice President General Manager Joint Venture Manager Executive Director Rocky Mtn Mtls&Asphalt Sinclair Oil Corp. Koch Performance Asphalt Company Colorado Asphalt Pavement 1910 Rand Ave. P.O.Box 30825 6880 S.Yosemite Ct.Suite 100 Association Colorado Springs,CO 80906 Salt Lake City,UT 84130 Englewood,CO 80112 6880 S.Yosemite Court#110 719-473-3100 801-524-2790 303-793-0980 Englewood,CO 80112 robrmma@hotmail.com tkatyryniuk@sinclairoilcom norbert.Lschreiber@usa.conoco.com 303-741-6150 tompeterson@co-asphalt.com Director-First Past President Director Director Ken Coulson Kevin Anderson Steve Peterson NAPA State Director Vice President General Manager Nice President Vice President/General Manager Curt Marvel Coulson Excavating Aggregate Industries Lafarge North America General Manager 3609 N.County Road#13 3605 S.Teller Street 1400 W.64th Ave. Brannan Sand&Gravel Loveland,CO 80538 Lakewood,CO 80235 Denver,Colorado 80221 4800 Brighton Blvd. 970-667-2178 303-716-5359 303-657-4468 Denver,Colorado 80216 coulsonhhf Mao'.com kevinanderson@aggregate.com steve.peterson@latarge-na.com 303-534-1231 cmarvel@brannan1com ; V' ,, '. Tom Clayton, SET, is the new Program Manager of the Rocky Mountain ' Asphalt Education Center (RMAEC) and Laboratory for Certification of . � ^• Asphalt Technicians (LabCAT). Tom has over 23 years experience in engi- neering inspection, construction oversight, and engineering technician supervision. Torn replaces Rich Katzer who left to become a Project Manager with one of CAPA's newest Associate Members Carter Burgess. 4 f4 We wish Rich all the best and we're delighted to have Tom on board!! Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association CAPA ,,,, ,, .,<„^� 6880 South Yosemite Court, Suite 110 \- , .. hw Englewood, Colorado 80112 M,m Telephone 303.741.6150 • Fax 303.741.6146 website: www.co-asphalt.com wor " ill= _r_r.... , Tom Peterson, Executive Director ^ Rodger Young, Director of Technical Services .,^..,..,..^ ,,,,. _ '/ Vera Dobler, Office Manager M.„ Denis Donnelly, Research Engineer APA _ 2C0yr Tom Clayton, RMAEC Program Manager R�e, Diane Hammond, RMAEC Administrative Assistant --- - Check us out online at www.co-asphalt.com The Need for Highway Dollars g Y Continues to Grow Colorado Highway System Will Deteriorate Without Higher Funding Levels It is becoming more and more evident that the current funding levels for reha- bilitating and maintaining the Colorado ' v ae ', nI ` t ,.1" ,,fs) highway system is inadequate. The source of additional funds for highway repairs is unclear but the need is becoming crystal clear. The Colorado Transportation Commission recently 2500 reviewed pavement condition data gen- erated from the Colorado Department 2000 of Transportation (CDOT) Pavement E Management System and found that = 1500 A 42% 19% 39% approximately 42% of the state high- i Poor Fair Good way system is in poor condition. In u° 1000 addition,over half of the pavements in poor condition are in very poor condi- ° 500 X.s n.'' /„„-t. ' tion and have 0 years of Remaining Service Life(RSL). Speaking at a 0 CAPA sponsored forum earlier this fall, 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 to 20 22 24 26 Colorado Transportation Commission Remaining Service Life(RSL)in Years Source COOT October 2002 Chairman Joe Jehn stated,"Increased funding for transportation is critical for Pavement Management System (PMS) management system. PMS data has e long term economic vitality of estimates that the state highway net- shown the benefit of investing dollars Colorado." Jehn went on to point out work will deteriorate over time if the for maintaining and rehabilitating roads that 15%of the total state budget in funding levels stay at the current fund- in good and fair as compared with 1984 was for transportation and that ing level of approximately $130 mil- delaying improvements to when a road today only 8% of the state budget is for lion/year for the statewide Surface is in poor condition and in need of transportation. Treatment Program. The CDOT PMS reconstruction. "The Commission will estimates that funding levels in the continue to explore ways of putting a Projections of pavement condition ver- magnitude of$300 million are needed higher level of emphasis on improving sus varies funding levels have been to meet the Commission's 60/40 goal. the service level of our highways and analyzed by CDOT and it is estimated for improving the quality of our high- that much higher funding levels are CDOT continues to refine its pavement way system,"Jehn stated. needed to achieve the Transportation Commission's goal of having a mini- mum of 60% of the highway system in "' e: as i SX'k . ``�" ` *\r "§ good or fair condition.The CDOT 1 XS- 1 = I ^!r „S7.* d' p X0 I . I —84641 M owe ref. a4, • .'S a ]X i _ —AXo nl x x t SIX0 N 9 O 55- 3 Ml a as 1\�, oni nne To '�' 1 .____._—.___-__ Joe,lehn, Chairman, Colorado o� ua 00 00 v is n io zi Transportation Commission,presenting at a CAPA Forum, Fall 2002 rv.bndre„n.M�„�e�.x e.e.yr--. us rMre,hrl+.ro�aeo�in...,m,] a,.„,..,e,�.n Source CDOT October 2002 4 A POINT FROM THE PRESIDENT With the 2002 construction season all but over, CAPA members statewide are busy finishing up projects and making the most of each and every remaining good weather day. Often times, good weather in the late fall allows an oppor- tunity for completing more work and can turn a good year into a great year. As the cold weather sets in our industry will collectively shift gears and focus visor . 1'11* on equipment and plant maintenance, budget planning, new project negotia- tion and bidding (hopefully a lot of this) and very importantly providing opportunities for employee training and education. From a quality improve- ment standpoint, training, education, and work force development is, in my opinion, the most important element. The number one goal of the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association is the following; "Increase the knowledge and skills of the industry and maintain a Scott Davis sustained effort on quality improvement." Providing training opportunities for our members, the clients we serve, and canse.,.dlm company the consultants we work with continues to be a major emphasis of our associ- ation. The Winter and Spring course schedule of the Rocky Mountain Asphalt Education Center(RMAEC) - our education arm - has been expand- ed and is loaded with a wide variety of courses and seminars that will further educate the asphalt paving work force of Colorado. Included in the Winter/Spring schedule is training on the use of stone mastic asphalt pavements, asphalt mix designs, plant operations and controls, troubleshooting mat defects, and new technologies. I encourage all of you - contractor, consultant and agency alike- to take a hard look at the courses that are available this winter through RMAEC and make the most of the training opportunities being provided by our association. • CAPA GOAL #1 / Increase the knowledge By Scott Davis, President and skills of the industry and Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association maintain a sustained effort on [Vice President, Schmidt Construction Co., Colorado Springs] quality improvement. THE BEST OF THE BEST TO BE RECOGNIZED: of- 1 `yMis .'� The 9th Annual Asphalt Pavement Award Program and Dinner will be held on February 19, 2003 in conjunction with the 30th Annual Rocky Mountain Asphalt Conference & Equipment Show. For more information or to register, see our wehsite at www.co-asphalt.com. Education and 'Training CDOT/CAPA Introduction to Hot Mix Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt Construction Asphalt Constructability Mixture Design Inspector School Training February 4-6, 2003 Grand Junction February 7 - Grand Junction April 8-10,2003 Denver March 4- Denver January 8-9,2003 Grand Junction March 6 - Pueblo January 23-24,2003 Colorado Springs I', This course provides an excellent overview on April 3 - Durango March 25-26,2003 Denver the fundamentals of hot mix asphalt mixture March 27-28,2003 Denver design. Estimators,project managers.inspec- This course is intended for agency and March 31-April I,2003 Greeley tors,and testing technicians would greatly ben- consultant inspectors and project engineers. { efit by attending. Attend one-day classroom It will provide a basic understanding of the only or three-day classroom and laboratory. fundamentals of hot mix asphalt construe- ' tion inspection. Best practice information will he presented and guidelines for proper �- I. inspection will he discussed. S, tea R ' I '+ i I a, „,.. . : ° �L, jr. J `I""" fit1 1 i • , API_, /�J yl , ""`. g ,.,! y • P O r •; °ary: Rocky Motuttain Asphalt Education Center r 'tom ii Perpetual Pavement Seminar NCAT HMA Construction Course December 6,2002 Sheraton el DTC Deceraber It0t12 2002 Research,testing.evaluation and implemen- . , 8:00 am to 5:00 pm. tation of perpetual pavements is ongoing in The National Center for Asphalt Technology a number of states.As such,many designers will be conducting a seminar on asphalt consider the Perpetual Pavement approach pavement construction.This is an educational as the future for designing asphalt pave- seminar that will cover HMA mix design, ments.Two nationally known speakers will - - ' production and construction,and specifica- be presenting at this NO COST seminar. tions(including end-result and warranty). DESIGN, PRODUCTION,AND CON- NCAT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS OF NEW ASPHALT STRUCTION OF STONE MASTIC TECHNOLOGY & TROUBLESHOOTING MAT DEFECTS ASPHALT (SMA) PAVEMENTS March 19&20.2003 • LabCAT Classroom March 18,2003 Time: 8 AM to 5 PM each day. Participants call attend either day or both. This course will highlight the design.produc- Consultants,contractors and agency personnel interested in the new research developments being don and placement of SMA.Consultants, done at NCAT and implementation of this technology in the asphalt industry,and those interested contractors and agency personnel interested in in troubleshooting problems with hot mix asphalt mat defects such as cracking, Stone Mastic(Matrix)Asphalt should attend. potholes,rutting,etc.should make plans on attending. airway,. 1 MATERIALS SAMPLING t * �rl ( t,Ail ---Z- �$ r -r 4 i �"� ;M:,-; T3, .:1qR 91Vx41 RENNamv - 6 4('/1 P/1 /tie►wwc i A .TI COLORADO TRANSPORTATION enue projections were bleak, and the Department of Transportation, coun- FUNDING: ITS HISTORY AND debate revolved around whether the ties, and cities. This year, CDOT OUTLOOK FOR 2003 state could capture some of the so- received approximately $400 million called "growth dividend"for trans- of HUTF funds. By Linda Kirscht and Jessica Kirscht, portation. The growth dividend was Kirscht and Associates. CAPA Lobbyists created when actual population If highways are to get any additional [Linda Kirsch(is a/boner Legislative Liaison growth was greater than anticipated. state monies, such funding must go with the Colorado Department of Under our Constitutional spending through the state budget process and Transportation) restrictions, state expenditures are lim- compete with a myriad of programs ited by factors of population growth for available revenue. The General It seems like a lifetime since CAPA, and inflation. If population is higher, Fund is where the vast majority of CDOT, and other transportation inter- allowable spending is higher, and state revenues flow - including sales ests were optimistically looking at additional money might be available and use taxes and personal and corpo- additional funding for highways in that had not been expected in earlier rate income taxes - and the General Colorado. The future looked bright revenue projections. Fund is used to finance most of the and there appeared to be sufficient state's programs. This is where the dollars in the state coffers to fund both By this year, however, revenue projec- budget deliberations will be focused - the general requirements of the state, lions have continued to decline, and it and it is important to understand the such as Medicaid, education, and pris- is uncertain whether or not there will terms that will be used in the debate ons, and still have money left over for be enough money to fund basic state in order to know what transportation new projects. The most common dis- programs, much less find new funding options may exist. cussion was between funding existing for roads. In spite of past efforts highway needs and repairs and new made by the Governor and the In the late 1980s, the transit designs and projects - and what Legislature to trim the state budget, General Assembly passed a bill to percentage of the available millions when the General Assembly convenes restrict future growth in the General each would receive. in January they will be facing further Fund budget to no more than 6% over major cuts to an already bleeding the previous year. This is the "6% By the time CAPA worked with budget. Supporters of Medicaid and limit" we often write about in our leg- CDOT and the Governor this past ses- education, and a myriad of other state islative updates. This law is important sion to adopt the Governor's compre- programs, will be fighting just to keep to transportation because there were hensive transportation plan (House what they have. certain programs exempted from the Bill 1310/Senate Bill 179), the rev- limitation, the most important of While most of the public debate on which was capital construction (which the budget crisis has centered on non- includes highways). highway programs, transportation will not be totally unaffected - although In 1992, Colorado voters roads are in a better position than passed the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights many other groups. In the early (TABOR). TABOR prohibited any 1930s, after the Legislature appropri- tax increase without voter approval. — aced part of the gas tax to fund social More importantly, TABOR limited the r _ r. id programs, Colorado road interest amount of spending from one year to groups got together and successfully the next based upon a factor of popu- ` `r spearheaded a Constitutional amend- lation growth and inflation, unless men[to guarantee that gas taxes and there was a more stringent restriction r . other highway related revenues must n place at the time of TABOR's pas- be used solely for the "construction, sage. Therefore, in the past few years, � maintenance, and supervision of the in spite of Colorado's booming popu- '�` public highways These monies lation, the Legislature has been limit- Colorado Traveler form the basis of the state Highway ed by the more restrictive 6% increase Congratulations to Frank Schenck of Users Tax Fund (HUTF). While a in General Fund appropriations. CTL/Thompson for correctly identifying small percentage of the HUTF is used the location of this photo in the fast issue of to pay the expenses of state agencies Where this gets difficult is that the The High Road. E 70, Segment IV help collect highway revenues the TABOR limitation affects more than Southbound was the correct response, Congratulations,Frank! bulk is split between the state just the General Fund. There are rev- • .. enues that come into the state that are already tight budget. Almost 40% of enue to maintain our existing high- not general revenues, such as college this year's General Fund budget goes ways and construct new ones. In lean tuitions. Therefore, there are two to K-12 education which is protected times, innovative financing, such as limitations that affect state budgeting: by Amendment 23; nearly 29% of the public/private partnerships, may pro- the 6% General Fund limitation and budget goes to Human Services, pri- vide a source of income. Also, there the population growth/inflation marily Medicaid and other social pro- is always a possibility that some state TABOR limitation. When TABOR grams that tend to grow in bad eco- monies may become available, and it allows an increase in spending nomic times; approximately 12% goes is important to get a fair share for greater than 6% - but the Legislature to prisons and courts; and some 13% highways. Additionally, CAPA is can spend only 6% more on General goes to higher education. Those four continuing to work on non-budget- Fund programs - the difference program areas alone account for more related issues, such as legislation to between the two could be available than 90% of the state's General Fund limit construction defect lawsuits to for capital construction and trans- budget! help CAPA members obtain insur- portation projects. It is this differ- ance. ence that CAPA and others have While this has dire implications for fought to be allocated to transporta- the current year, it also has vast nega- All the fun begins on January 8 and tion. It is this difference that allowed tive future consequences. Given that will run - with no intermission - money to be transferred to highways both the state's 6% and TABOR limi- through May. We will continue to from the sales and use tax pursuant to tations are based upon the prior year's work closely with the Governor, Senate Bill 1. expenditures, the massive cuts expect- CDOT, and members of the General ed this year create a significantly Assembly to promote the interests of To make matters lower base from which to calculate CAPA and transportation. more complicated, in 2000 the voters spending for passed Amendment 23 which was next year and j e 4 A = upported by education interests who the years to 'let , wanted to make sure they got a por- follow. Even , r I - ,��y tion of this "excess" revenue. This if the economy ,r .' s • ,. c. amendment "guaranteed" that spend- rebounds dra- ing on K-12 education would matically, it131' 17t31.2.5 a.� increase at a rate equal to inflation will take many ' ,•,s = S,� plus 1 percent. In addition, the years to get Calculating the life amendment dedicated a percentage of Colorado's cycle cost of asphalt income tax revenues to education and expenditures , pavement proves it's prohibited the Legislature from back to where i the best way to go. /".SIP„. reducing General Fund appropria- they were only ,�+ f B 10 pn n"a° "9 ' to pa m "Z„:,' tions to education. If the economy two years ago a the long term A •,j - had remained robust, Amendment 23 r z f a » lot of reasons(or In simple e fact of life f example(1)asphalt risk might have had minimal impact. So, what hap- � +„ ' during the'akl construdion,mil requires 5,3'" 1 t II e(31p Went' However, when revenues decreased pens in 2003? I Q a designed constructed. >aa,a rOadway 5� Iso nl qe.1.seen n _, this year, Amendment 23 ensured CAPA will ;asphalt t be em.lm maintained 4S• funding for education and took the continue to ` A m lnt l disruption t traffic,reducing µ,„ g lam! m aA t to road of t loon �� power to determine budget priorities work with the ele,ee kk,,. away from the Legislature. Colorado T MIpeme 9e o IM ie m l pn tPlt M1 p eIb11M ly Department of � k • >rl <ost e ¢ Program a q eaworain a �s„ This past year has Transportation, : 4 t4. 'p I pm l"," t,T°e "" p n•°• on aMmepwnloaetn pi served as an example of the worst- the Governor, M1` f o llt Ili aee 46264991 LIKe case scenario impact of TABOR and and organiza- �§ ;i4. . software co Amendment 23. Revenues have tions such as Catilti2,014 �:+.„ , • dropped so drastically that there is no CMAQ � � ��` 7M1 I a--money available to fund up to the (Coalition for .- „Al , t-ate e • TABOR limit. In fact, there may not Mobility and _ •.s., a: 11^ ;� "•, be sufficient revenues to fully fund the Air Quality) to ABSOLU 6% growth in the General Fund; look for new APAe - www.AsphaltAlllance.com which, of course, means cutting an sources of rev- 414= ASPHALT NEWS FROM AROUND THE COUNTRY WALLS, ASPHALT TO REDUCE NOISE LEVELS OF ARIZONA FREEWAYS ,Tall noise walls d An asphalt The Arizona Department of Transportation plans to reduce at contains noise levels on Phoenix area freeways through the use of shredded tires lonoise walls and rubberized asphalt. The plan was of t he din y S , hehe freeways announced in the Sunday, October 13, 2002 edition of the 4I,44 Arizona Republic. Rush hot t( °• f 6 ti h''hour Arizona DOT official Doug Nitzel stated that, "We're sold -1,„«c,€°"' on the use of rubberized asphalt as a noise mitigation �, ' ``' measure." The article stated that the state would like to i { a m see all Phoenix Valley freeways eventually paved with the a smz � material, which, according to Arizona DOT studies, cuts w s mar down on sound by 3 to 6 decibels. t. The rubberized asphalt surfaces have been placed on U.S. a 60 near Mesa and on I-17 in Phoenix as noise mitigation measures and very positive feedback has been received. - y,r`•,«. INVI;AIION wsi wwt W elan C i'•=.[..-!� to register r A;., ..Riding bt the Road ' of Change- Olin- Register today for the Celebrating 30th Annual Rocky Mountain Thirty Years ` !1 Asphalt Conference 8 of Progress" Equipment Show \ \t ,3� , A group of Colorado representatives attended the National Transportation Symposium at the National Center for Asphalt Technology on November 13- -: 14, 2002. The symposium showcased the findings from the NCAT Test Track " located just east of Auburn University in eastern Alabama. The test track included sections from nine state DOTs and the FHWA. Over I0 million Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) have been applied to the test track and the amount of rutting in the test sections have been negligible. Attending from Colorado were Scott Davis - Schmidt Construction 00.0000.s+', - Co., Jeff Keller - Asphalt Paving Co., Ken Coulson - Coulson -p3 Excavating Co., Charlie Atherton and Mike O'Leary - Koch Performance Asphalt Co., John Unbewust - Chief Engineer, Colorado Department of Transportation, and Tom Peterson - CAPA. For summary information on the symposium or the NCAT Test Track, see the NCAT website at www.pavetrack.com. r ASPHALT NEWS FROM AROUND THE STATE Nfre --'Environmental Recognition D �IT� Continues for Asphalt Industry COMPANIES Word is getting around of the US Environmental Protection Agency iii i r (EPA) ruling that de-listed hot mix asphalt production facilities from the {,y )t fi list of major polluters. The ruling, which took place on February 12, 2002, is a major environmental accomplishment for the asphalt industry e , and has been recognized by the Colorado Department of Public Health r .,t", '= o and Environment-Air Pollution Control Division. In a letter dated August 28, 2002, Margie Perkins, Director, Air Pollution Control �� Pi ,k. », Division wrote the following to Tom Peterson, Executive Director of Ill ,'.. „ -` the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association. Ms. Perkins wrote, -al Congratulations to the hot mix asphalt industry of Colorado and to the United Companies of Mesa County was award- Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association for the EPA ruling that de-lists ed the prestigious Diamond Achievement Award hot mix asphalt plants from the list of major polluters. This is a signifi- by the Na onal Asphalt Pavement Association for environmental excellence of their Grand cant announcement and speaks well for the environmental accomplish- Junction HMA facility shown above. ments of the industry. The asphalt industry of Colorado continues to make significant strides 1-76 Rubblization towards environmental excellence and we are pleased to be partnering with your industry on the COMPASS Project and the newly initiated Project Performing COMET Project. Thank you for your continued cooperation in the part- Well at 3 Year Mark nership with the Division. A field review was made earlier this illi A www.cmagcolorado.eom year of the rub- blization and for Mobility aral Air Quality asphalt overlay project constructed on I-76 near 1-76 near Sterling In the past decade, Colorado's These growth trends have a huge Sterling during the Rubblization and asphalt population grew by 30.6 percent. impact on Colorado's transportation 1999 construction overlay section. The 2000 census reported 4.3 mil- systems and the increased usage of season. The project consisted of rubblizing the lion residents in Colorado, over I the system places a great strain on original concrete pavement followed by a 6" million more than the 1990-popula- our infrastructure. The financial hot mix asphalt overlay. Both the multi-head tion count. this is an average annual ability of Colorado's state and local and the resonant breaker methods of rubbliza- growth rate of 2.7 percent.The state governments to accommodate the tion were used on the project. demographer projects 5.2 million demand to maintain existing trans- residents by 2010 with 80 percent portation facilities and systems, and This was the first rubblization project con- of the population concentrated address the increasing demand for strueted on a Colorado highway and a research along the Front Range Corridor. new or expanded systems, is nearly study was initiated on this project to track its Slightly over 60 percent of the pop- impossible with current transporta- performance. Brett Locke and Jeff Vickers of ulation growth is attributable to net tion funding allocations. the CDOT Sterling residency participated in in-migration. As we look at the projected pop- the field review. The primary performance These numbers reflect ulation growth in Colorado, it factor associated with the rubblization feature is rutting and no rutting was observed on the Colorado's increasing popularity as becomes increasingly important to length of the project. Overall, the project is a place to live, work, and play. Add define a vision for transportation performing in an excellent manner and the to this population growth trend a that meets the mobility and com- pavement continues to perform as expected. , 2.2 percent growth in total work coerce needs of our high growth irce, a 32.8 percent increase in state, now and in the future.The The primary benefits of rubblization plus registered vehicles, and a 40.2 per- vision must also reflect land use asphalt overlay to rehabilitate aging concrete cent increase in the total vehicle and development needs while striv- pavements are reduced construction cost, miles traveled over the same time ing to attain at least the current reduced time of construction and traffic delay, period. quality life in Colorado. and the ability to be constructed under traffic. GOLF TOURNAMENT NETS $4,000 FOR ASPHALT SCHON. LARSHIP PROGRAM -, The 9th Annual CAPA Golf Tournament 7 Scholarship Fund Raiser was held on Thursday, ;a September 26, 2002 at the beautiful West Woods r' Golf Club in Arvada. A fun ; time was had by all (over 4 4 200 golfers) and a whooping � � 4 t 1 .' `° $4,000 was raised for the joint APWA/CAPA Asphalt Technology Scholarship. The funds raised will be f a a a a a _, used to provide educational scholarships to APWA members to attend the National . _ p Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) � t.r //� �fil Short Course in Asphalt Technology at aL••/ti• Auburn University. CAPA ADS A HIT ON 850 KOA Sample CAPA Advertisement on 850 KOA Bronco Football Games: iiA The Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association has part- 850 Sri AS YOU DRIVE TO AND FROM THE GAME BRONCOS RADIO nered with 850 KOA the voice of TODAY ON 1-25 OR 1-70 OR ON ROADWAYS the Denver Broncos and produced SUCH AS HAMPDEN AVENUE EAST OF 1-25 a very successful radio ad campaign this fall. In conjunction OR STATE HIGHWAY 119 NEAR THE with the adverstisements, was a very successful tailgate party. ENTRANCE TO THE BOULDER CANYON, YOU Billed as the "1st Annual Pave the Way Asphalt Tailgate WILL NOTICE NEW SECTIONS OF SMOOTH, Party." approximately 40 CAPA members and friends enjoyed QUIET, DURABLE ASPHALT PAVEMENT BUILT both the tailgate party and the Broncos win over San Diego. BY MEMBER COMPANIES OF THE COLORADO ASPHALT PAVEMENT ASSOCIATION. THE ;. ASPHALT INDUSTRY IS COMMITTED TO - STARTING AND FINISHING A PROJECT WITH THE LEAST INCONVENIENCE TO YOU. . . -'mss THE COLORADO ASPHALT PAVEMENT -• �� l`r" ASSOCIATION . . . BUILDING AND CARING FOR A BETTER COLORADO. s4, �. . „. , _i .: ' gill 147 ' -. - 1 ,'„�+�tfir-' • 1 .� ...., ,, V ' *• 4 �i. ,, on *I s G J re,rw 30 ., {{ II (11(11Part` \ e1, , Sat anig/y awio, With only one layer of asphalt, Brannan Sand & Gravel had a major challenge: paving the Denver Grand Prix race course. eft: 7...171,44.7? :Drivers such as Michael Andretti, Christian Fittipaldi. and "Illit- fit• Cristiano da Matta were coming to town to travel at speeds of ,,, :t, over 200 mph, and Brannan had to turn a parking lot around the 4 ' Pepsi Center (Home of the Colorado Avalanche, Denver Nuggets, / ""ttl I++e►+4ii �` .':m� • - and the venue for many other events) into a race track for the best .q..xz�p'.`� '�,k,tr't} ',.yw `,4 ., 1,a it -;y k, racers in the world. 4 r'u ' +”i a`trt'("`sy sf l:� ie t.uki"yJ,x, � , With construction starting June 2nd, and requiring to he complet- , - r 1,,. 1 I 'r e.-k;;,a.., ,A ' l x a ed before July 15th. the time schedule was nearly impossible.The y •r-t.. - `. parking lot was needed for events, (The Colorado Avalanche were in the Stanley Cup Playoffs and other events were happening nearly every night) there was little time for actually working. On the 1.647 ; -•., mile race course, over half of the course was designed to be an '"° asphalt surface. Brannan was the asphalt subcontractor on the proj- •46 II t — ect and had to react to the construction schedule, without controlling the design or the phased in construction schedule. Brannan's main concern was getting the longitudinal smoothness along the race course, so the racers could reach maximum speeds. Normal paving methods would not allow Brannan to meet the racer's needs, so Brannan decided to implement the Paveset �,Profiler and Grade Control into their project. The Paveset Road Design method is a cost effective way of meeting the smooth pave- ment surfaces. The Profiler runs over the paving surface and pinpoints the shape of the existing ..; road.The Paveset Survey Profiler ran along each paving lane plotting the existing surface con- .*^� i ditions for longitudinal smoothness.Then a variable depth overlay was designed for the 41101414 smoothest road possible. The Paveset Grade Control system is then connected to the paving i machine, and the variable depth overlay is paved automatically without using string line. I j - ' Bryon Matesi, project manager for Brannan said, "The actual project was broken up into different sections. Some of the surface was milled for a 2"overlay, and other sections required 5"full depth asphalt. It seemed we had to patch the project together on the lower lifts, because there were no long stretches of full depth asphalt or milling. We decided we needed to pave the full depth sections at 3 inches so our final surface of the top lift of paving would be two inches on the milling and the full depth sec- tions."The surface was designed to he a two inch overlay of polymer modified asphalt.After running the profiler on some of the existing surface, Brannan determined that the existing surface was one of the roughest surfaces they had ever paved on. With previ- ous experience in the smooth paving, Brannan tried to convince the prime contractor M.A. Mortenson and the design engineers to apply a leveling course prior to the top layer of pavement. "The more layers of asphalt placed, the smoother the pavement becomes." Rick Donovan, project superintendent for Brannan said,"After running the profilograph over the surface to be paved, we knew we were going to have a major challenge." The race course was never used previously and with no existing tire tracks and or no indication of the exact line the $Al k • racers would be traveling, the paving passes were guessed as • ll 0. best they could allowing the pavement to he smooth.The _ ao smoothest paving surface would be paving in a direction the - O..* 'tit drivers would be traveling. Nino Alvarez, paving foreman for • "" - .,< Y ^ Brannan said, "We had to get a good riding surface on the " _ --nurse, so we wanted to keep the paver traveling in the direr- .on of the course, but we also had to tie into the existing sur- 1 • _., " _,,,;,sue face on the edges.The surface we are paving on is a parking . w-' lot, with parking lot paving you arc more concerned with _ ; ,.' . -` tying into curbs and drainage than making a smooth ride." _ ,- .. Sinclair im S • ,a,/ Asyut)*CORPORATION ATRGT I� _ - ACA XColtPORATION AGGREGATE ancing SINCEI RIVER CONSTRUCTION CO lalliallal DUSYU Ef flew A, _..egialga San ,�a-414144k44 Grpw [n �NS�(ID�N�� © øItcornpanv° ASPNAEr '0 viii: svina &r TOe a we` a •.• .•.._. ® cov[rtatbn cvrpaiy ■ II CO. SiiRIINGI.<nloR s WOI�LAFAR�iE VV AG�L ISO COLORADO UDITED Ilk ASPHALT PAVEMENT ,L IP ME\ .fs Everist Materials,LLC ASSOCIATION FOUR CORNERS MATERIALS.INC. illr Nielsons is p) �franvinq FRONTIER SKANSKA {gyp I.gTr ,p.�m�{�y SKANSKA PREMIER PAVING INC. CI evronTexaco er a !or Rinh fhlalitv Asphalt. Palrgsrq 3-.,r ! r*Pcri:t'4"I'. -C!! nor Ppt .r;qa Tt. 42Ttne, s$fi ii le , t.z'ubeni Associates Ground Engrg.Consult,Commerce City...303-289-1989 Affiliates 11 Chipseal,Bloomfield 303-464-9267 Hankel Trucking,Cheyenne WY 307-6324850 Action Gas Inc.,Pine 303-674-6082 AC.Wassenaar Inc.,Denver 30-759-8100 H-PGeotechnical,Inc.,Glenwood Sprgs.,.970-945-7988 Award&Sign Connection,Englewood 303-799-8979 AMC Earth&Environmental 505-821-1801 Inter-mountain Construction Equipment._.303-857-0327 Banks&Gesso,Lakewood 30V74-4277 Antigo Construction,Inc,Antigo,WI 715-624,12 Intermountain Resurfacing,Inc 30-730-4536 ASAP Companies,Colorado Springs 719-495-9013 Iowa Tanklines,Inc.Henderson 303-127-1272 Cameron Venture Corp.,Alamosa 303-514-0103 ARS Inc.,Littleton 303-791-7404 Kleinfelder,Inc.,Colorado Springs 719-632-3393 ChemMark Corp.,Almon 303-884-3813 Avery Asphalt,Inc.,Colorado Springs., 719-471-0110 Kumar and Associates,Denver_ .303-742-9700 Denver Industrial Sales&Service 30'-935-2485 Black Gold Asphalt,Littleton 303791-8300 Macdonald Equipment Co.,Commerce City303-287-7401 Drive Train Industries,Inc.... ..303-292-1100 Brasier Asphalt,Montrose 970-249-2553 Mesa Paving Inc 719543-9178 DuPont Packaging&Industrial Polymers 30-6883364 Brown&Brown,Inc.,Salina,KS 785-827-4439 Nordberg Inc.,Englewood 303 792-0393 Carder Inc.,Lamar 719-336-3479 Northwest Colorado Consultants,Inc. 970-879 7888 EmirnTcch Services,Denver 304986-7871 Carter&Burgess,Denvber 303-820-5240 Pete Lien&Sons Inc,Rapid City SD 605-342-7224 EMI Corporation,Denver 303-377-4740 Castle Rock onstnietion Co.,Castle Rock 303-688-6611 Power Equipment Co.Denver ' 303-228-6801 Global Stone St Clair,Inc.,Marble City,OK 801&366-5106 CHI Enterprises,Inc. 580-695-1027 Power Motive Corp.,Denver 30-3555-5900 HRH of Denver,Denver 303-722-7776 Chemical dime Co.Longmont 303-485-0767 PSI Wheat Ridge 303-424-5578 Integrated Striping Systems.._.......,.303-271-9249 Cohitco Inc.,Denver 303-296-8573 Quality Resurfacing Co.,Commerce City..303-288-6853 Callihan Enterprises,Ft.Collins' 970-098-0525 RMI,Inc.,Tulsa,OK 918-749-2209 ]ehn&Associates,Inc 303-423-6036 Compaction America 309-852-6163 Roadtec Inc,Chattanooga,TN 42-265-0600 Kirkham Michael&Associates .,.......303-694-2300 CTL,Thompson Denver 303-825-0777 Rocky Mtn Pavement Mtce Denver 303-650-9653 Linden Co.,Denver 303-756-6700 Cutler Repaving,Inc.,Salina,KS '85-843-1524 Terracon Consll.West Inc,Wheat Ridge .303-42 3300 Maxim Technologies,Denver 303-480-0144 Dallarosa Construction Co.,Silverthorne ..970-262-1016 URS Greiner Woodward Clyde,Denver _303-694-2770 McVehil-Monnett Associates,Inc..._., 303-790-1332 Denver Industrial Sales&Service,Denver.30-935-2485 Vance Bros.,Aurora 303-341-26114 Mesa Oil,Inc,Denver 303-426-4777 Dillman Equipment,Ft Collins 970-498-0525 Wagner Equippment Co.,Aurora 303-972-8233 PRI Asphalt Technologies,Inc 813-621-5777 Dustrol Inc,Albuquerque ._ ..305-891-8342 Western CO Testing Inc.,Grand Junction .97M241-7700 Earth Engineering Consultants,Ft Collins 970-224-1322 Western Tech.Inc.,Tamiington NM ..5053274966 Total Positioning Instruments of Colorado _.'A13-291-1354 Faris Machinery Co.,Commerce City. ...303-289-5743 WesTest Inc.,Denver 303-975-9959 Troxler Electronics,Lakewood 30-969-0950 Gencor Industries Inc.,Conifer 303-670-5456 Yeh Associates,Inc 303-781-9590 Unichem,Westminster 303-550-8081 Colts Asphalt,Loveland 970-663-2343 Wild West Weed Control 303-548-9315 Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association PRESORTED 6880 South Yosemite Court, Suite 110 FIRST ss Englewood, Colorado 80112 U.S.POSTAGE PAID ENGLEWOOD,CO PERMIT#596 Address Service Requested Volume 9 Issue 2 Fall,2002 i I ii a l —__N 3-Y The High Road is a periodic publication of the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association ARE YOU ON OUR MAILING LIST? To receive a complimentary copy of The High Road just call: 303-741-6150 9 1 FINAL Emissions Comparison : Continuous Drum Asphalt Plant and Selected Source Categories September 2001 Report Prepared for: National Asphalt Pavement Association 5100 Forbes Boulevard Lanham, MD 20706-4413 Report Prepared by: �� Clayton GROUP SERVICES 1200 Trinity Road Raleigh , NC 27607 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION .. 1 Background 1 Executive Summary 2 2.0 EMISSION ESTIMATES 4 Residential Fireplaces and Woodstoves _ 5 Bakeries 5 Barbeque Grills 5 Lawn Mowers 6 Auto Refueling 6 Fast-Food Restaurants 6 3.0 COMPARISON OF AIR EMISSION ESTIMATES 7 4.0 CONCLUSIONS 9 5.0 REFERENCES » 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Emission Factor Table Table 2 Hot Mix Asphalt Emission Estimates Table 3 Residential Fireplace Emission Estimates Table 4 Residential Woodstove Emission Estimates Table 5 Bakery Emission Estimates Table 6 Barbeque Emission Estimates Table 7 Lawn Mower Emission Estimates Table 8 Auto Refueling Emission Estimates Table 9 Fast-Food Restaurant Emission Estimates Table 10 Annual Emissions(ton per year) Comparison Between Asphalt Plants and Selected Sources 1.0 INTRODUCTION Background At the request of the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), Clayton Group Services, Incorporated (Clayton) conducted a study to compare air emissions from a certain type of hot mix asphalt plant (continuous drum) against air emissions from other easily recognizable, consumer-oriented source categories. In December of 2000, Clayton summarized the results of a previous study for NAPA comparing emissions from a batch asphalt plant against these same source categories. The goal of this effort has been to assist member NAPA companies in understanding the magnitude of emissions from asphalt plants relative to atmospheric releases from sources commonly found within a given community. The NAPA leadership believes that such an understanding will be useful for members engaged in community discussions on local environmental issues. The benchmark for this evaluation was a typical continuous drum hot mix asphalt plant, which we defined as having an annual production rate of 200,000 tons. As with Clayton's previous study, six other categories of air pollution sources were examined: • Residential fireplaces, • Residential woodstoves, • Bakeries, • Gasoline filling stations, • Barbeque grills, and • Fast-food restaurants. Clayton selected these six categories because of their frequent occurrence in most communities and the reasonably good availability of emissions data with which to compare against emissions from asphalt plants. Clayton's methodology for the study involved several steps. First, we calculated emissions from our predetermined "typical" hot mix asphalt plant. We then selected candidate source categories and conducted literature searches to identify emission factors and activity data. Finally, we used the emission factors and activity data for each category to determine annual emissions that were comparable to emissions from a typical asphalt plant. In deriving annual emission estimates for each source category, we attempted to develop a number that was similar to the emission levels from our typical plant. That approach in essence shows the number of sources in each category that would have emissions comparable to emissions from an asphalt plant (for example: thirteen residential fireplaces, twelve gas filling stations,twenty-seven fast-food restaurants). To acquire data for the analysis, Clayton conducted information searches through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) on the EPA Technology Transfer Network, EPA's home page information sources function, California South Coast Air Quality Management District home page information sources function, and the EPA Research Triangle Park library. Where possible, we tried to use EPA references (such as AP-42 document sections, Locating & Estimating documents, and other laboratory research reports) to enhance the credibility of our results. These references tend to base emission estimates on a larger data set than would a journal article or a State-sponsored emissions study. Executive Summary The results of our study show that emissions from a continuous drum hot mix asphalt plant are generally within the range of a small number of emissions sources from several consumer-oriented source categories. The following scenarios represent emission levels that are comparable to annual releases from a typical hot mix asphalt plant: • VOC emissions from 13 residential fireplaces during the course of one year • VOC emissions from one bakery operating for about two weeks • TOC emissions from 12 gas filling stations during the course of one year 2 • TOC emissions from 27 fast-food restaurants during the course of one year • Total PAH emissions from 35 residential woodstoves • Benzene emissions from one gas filling station operating for seven months • Toluene emissions from one gas filling station operating for five months • Xylene emissions from 1.5 gas filling stations operating during the course of one year 3 -- 2.0 EMISSION ESTIMATES Clayton developed emission estimates for each source category by combining emission factors with reasonably available activity data (throughput, consumption, etc.). With one exception, emission factors for the various source categories were obtained from EPA publications and were based on multiple source measurements. The one exception was our selected emission factor for fast food restaurants, which came from a peer-reviewed journal and was based on data from one source test. Table 1 (located at the end of this report) presents the emission factors by pollutant for each source category Clayton evaluated in this study. The full citations for each report and journal article used by Clayton are listed in Section 5.0 of this report. A general description of the reference for each category is listed below. • Hot Mix Asphalt Plants—EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards AP-42 Document • Residential Fireplaces — EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards AP-42 Document 2 • Residential Woodstoves — EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards AP- 42 Document; • Bakeries—EPA Office of Air Quality Planning& Standards AP-42 Document° • Barbecue Grills—EPA Air& Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Reports • Lawn Mowers — EPA Office of Mobile Sources Engine and Vehicle Emissions Study Report 6 • Gasoline Filling Stations — EPA Locating & Estimating (L&E) Documents for Benzene,Toluene, and Xylene(3 reports)7'8'9 • Fast Food Restaurants—Environmental Science& Technology Journal Article 10 In general, the activity information for each source category was derived using a — combination of data and engineering estimates. The one exception was our gasoline- refueling category. For this category, the activity data (i.e., throughput amount) was 4 based solely on the average amount of gasoline calculated from EPA studies, as reported in the EPA's L&E documents. Tables 2 through 9 (located at the end of this report) provide the emission calculations and engineering assumptions for the annual estimates associated with each category. A brief overview on the emissions derivation assumptions for each category is presented below. Residential Fireplaces & Woodstoves The emission factor for both wood-burning categories was expressed as tons (per year) per tons of wood used. Clayton obtained the average wood use per household from an EPA-sponsored study. It The wood consumption value was expressed as mass quantity of wood per heating degree-days (HDD). We assumed that the average number of HDD throughout the nation is about one-third the value reported in Reference 11 for the Northeast. Bakeries The emissions factor for bakeries was an equation with several variables, which yields pound of pollutant per ton of baked bread. The numbers Clayton used for each variable in the emissions equation were obtained from an EPA reference listed values for different oven sizes. Clayton selected variables associated with an oven with medium-sized production. 12 Barbeque Grills The emission factor for barbeque grills was expressed as pound of pollutant per minute of cooking time. Clayton employed technical judgment to determine the average cooking time and number of times per year of barbeque usage. 5 Lawn Mowers The emission factor for lawn mowers was expressed as pound of pollutant per horsepower-hour. The EPA reference which provided the emission factor was also used to identify average horsepower rating and average hours per year of usage. Auto Refueling The emission factor for gas station refueling was expressed as pound of pollutant per gallon of fuel consumed. The average fuel consumption per gas station was obtained from the EPA reference from which the emission factor was obtained. Fast-Food Restaurants The emission factor for fast-food restaurants was expressed as milligram of pollutant per kilogram of meat cooked. Clayton determined the average annual meat consumption by contacting the Holdings Group for a local fast-food restaurant chain. 6 3.0 COMPARISON OF AIR EMISSION ESTIMATES Clayton developed a comparison of air pollution emissions for the various source categories based on specific pollutants or groups of pollutants. The list of pollutants for the comparison included: • Total Organic Compounds(TOC), • Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC), • Particulate Matter(PM), • Toluene, • Benzene, • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) • Benzo(b)fluoranthene • Benzo(a)pyrene • Fluoranthene, and • Pyrene. The phrase "total organic compounds" is a generic term, referring to any compound containing a carbon atom. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are essentially all organic compounds that contribute appreciably to the formation of tropospheric ozone. The term VOC includes most organic compounds except methane, ethane, and a handful of halogenated compounds that have a neglible effect on ozone formation. Another group of air pollution compounds are classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and are regulated by the EPA under Title III of the Clean Air Act. Of the 189, benzene, toluene, xylene, and selected PAH's were used for comparison. These HAPs were selected since three of the sources had published emission factors for these compounds. Table 10 (located at the end of this report) presents emissions comparisons between a typical hot mix asphalt plant and several source categories. The information is presented 7 in such a way to allow the reader to understand the amount of emissions from an asphalt plant relative to other consumer-oriented source categories. 8 4.0 CONCLUSIONS Emissions from hot mix asphalt plants are comparable to many consumer-oriented source categories for a number of pollutants. A useful comparison of air emissions can be based on either the VOC or TOC emissions, since all the sources reported either TOC or VOC. The VOC emissions from a"typical" hot mix asphalt plant are approximately the same as those from about a dozen residential fireplaces and an order of magnitude less than those from a bread bakery. Furthermore, the TOC emissions from a typical hot mix asphalt plant are comparable to common residential emission sources from a small neighborhood. For TOC, the equivalent emission levels ranged from 12 gasoline filling stations to 382 residential woodstoves burning wood throughout the heating season. Particulate emissions from a typical asphalt plant had the largest emissions compared to other sources. However, even the PM emissions were comparable to those from a neighborhood with about 90 fireplaces or 160 woodstoves. It was difficult to develop a comparison of emissions for PAHs because not all of the same PAH species were reported for each source category. However, it is significant to note that the speciated PAHs emissions from our "typical" hot mix asphalt plant were generally lower than the same PAH species for the other sources investigated. 9 5.0 REFERENCES 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42. Section 11.1 —Hot Mix Asphalt Plants. (DRAFT) 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42. Section 1.9—Residential Fireplaces 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42. Section 1.10—Residential Woodstoves. 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42. Section 9.9.6—Bakeries. 5. Radian Corporation. Estimation of Emissions from Charcoal Lighter Fluid and Review of Alternatives. January 1990. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB90-186313. 6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Non-road Engine and Vehicle Emission Study Report. November 1991. Office of Mobile Sources. EPA-21A-2001. 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions of Benzene. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/R-98-011. 8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions of Toluene. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/R-93-048. 9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions of Xylene. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-454/R-93-047. 10. Rogge, WF, et.al. Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 1 —Charbroilers and Meat Cooking Operations. 1991. Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 25, Number 6, 1112-1125. 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Northeast Cooperative Woodstove Study. November 1987. Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/7-87- 026a. 12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Alternative Control Technology Document for Bakery Oven Emissions. December 1992. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA/453/R-92-017. 10 Table 1. Emis 1 Factor Table J t Residential I Fast-food t Hot Mix Asphalt Residential Fireplaces Woodslovee Bakeries BarbequeGrills MowersAuto Lawn M Refueling Restuaranla Emiss Emiss Emiss Emiss Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Pollutant Factor Units Ref If Factor Units Ref a Factor Units Ref a Factor Units Rafe Factor Units a Factor Units a Factor Units a Factor Units a HAP VOC PAH PM' 0.33 lb/ton 1 7.7 lb/hp.hr 6 _ PM10 34.6 lb/ton 2 19.6 lb/ton 3 CO 0.14 lb/ton' 1 - 252.6 lb/ton 2 140.8 lb/ton 3 C02 37 lb/ton 1 3400 Ib/ion 2 ND NOX 0.058 lb/Ion 1 2.6 lb/ton 2 ND N20 0.3 Ibtton 2 , - 5O2 0.011 Ibtton 1 SOX 0.4 lb/ton 2 0.4 Ibtton 3 • TOG 0.044 Ib/ion 1 0.0605 lb/min 5 437 lb/hp.hr 6 2,405 mg/kg 10 X TNMOC 12 lb/ton 3 X CH4 0.012 lb/ton 1 16 lb/ton 3 VOC 0.032 lb/ton 1 229 lb/ton 2 8.9 lb/ton 4 X POM 1.60E- lb/ton 2 X 02 Ethane 1.47 b/ton 3 Ethylene 4.49 b/ton 3 X Acetylene 1.124 Mon 3 X - Propane 0.358 bflon 3 X Propane 1.244 b/Ion 3 X ',Butane 0.028 b/ton 3 X n-Butane 0.056 btton 3 X Butenes 1.192 b/ton 3 X Pentenes 0.616 b/ton 3 _ X Aldehydes 2.4 lb/ton 2 X Acetaldehyde X X Benzene 5.10E-04 lb/ton 1 1.938 Ibtton 3 0.105lb/100 7 X X 0 gal Ethylbenzene 2.40E-04 lb/ton 1 X X Formaldehyde 2.50E-03 Ibtton 1 X X Furan 0.342 b/ton 3 X Furfural 0.486 b/ion 3 X Methyl Chloroform 4.80E-05 lb/ton 1 0.29 Mon 3 X X 2-Methylfuran 0.656 b/ton 3 16.1 mg/kg 10 X 2,5-Dlmethyl Furan 0.162 bflon 3 X Oulnone _ _ _ - X X Toluene 1.5E-04 lb/ton 1 0.73 b/ton 3 _ 139.9 mg/I - 8 X X Xylene 2.0E-04 Ibtton 1 5.5 mg/I 9 X X o-Xylene 0.202 b/ton 3 X X Benzatdehyde X BulyraldehydeAsobu X tyraldehyde — Crotonaldehyde X Hexane 9.20E-04 b/ton 1 X 2-Methylnapthatene 7.40E-05 b/ton 1 X X Acenaphthene 1,40E-06 Mon 1 0.01 lb/ton 3 X X Acenaphthylene 8.60E-06 b/ion 1 0.032 lb/ton 3 X X Anthracene 2.20E-07 b/ton 1 0.009 lb/ton 3 X X Benzo(a)anthracene 2.10E-07 b/ton 1 0.29 mg/kg 10 X X Benzo(o)nuoramnene 4.10E-08 Mon 1 0.004 lb/ton 3 0.21 mg/kg 10 X X Benzo(g.h,l)Fluoranthene 0.028 lb/ton 3 X X Benzolgh,pperylene 1.10E-07 lb/ton 1 0.02 lb/ton 3 X X Benzoteltuoranlhene 4,10E-08 lb/ton 1 X X 8enzo(a)Pyrene 9.80E-09 lb/ton 1 0.006 lb/ton 3 0.19 mg/kg 10 X X Benzo(e)Pyrene 0.002 Ibtton 3 0.19 mg/kg 10 X X Biphenyl I 0.022 lb/ton 3 X X X ) Table 1. Emis ) Factor Table L • Residential I Fast-food Hot Mix Asphalt Residential Fireplaces Woodstoves Bakeries Barbe9us Grills Lawn Mowers Auto Refueling Restuarants Emiss Emiss Emiss Emiss Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Emiss Ref Pollutant Factor Units ' Ref a Factor units Rel a Factor Units Rat 0 Factor Units Relit Factor Units I Factor Units a Factor Units a Factor Units it HAP VOC PAH Chrysene 1.80E-07 Ibhon 1 0.01 b/ton 3 X X Dibenzole nlanihracene 9.50E-11 bb/ton 1 0.004 b/ton 3 X X 7,12-Dimelhylbenz(a nthracene 0.004 b/ton 3 X X Fluoranthene 6.10E-07 Ibtton 1 0.008 Mon 3 0.35 mg/kg 10 X X Fluorene 3.80E-06 lb/ton 1 0.014 b/ton 3 - X X _Indendo(1.2,3- 3.00E-10 lb/ton 1 0.02 b/ton 3 X X cd)pyrene 9-Methylanthracene 0.004 Mon 3 X X 12-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene 0.002 b/ion 3 X X 1- 0.03 b/ton 3 X X Methylphenanthrene Naphthalene 9.00E-05 Mon 1 0.144 b/on 3 X X X Perylene 0.002 bb/ton 3 X X Phenanthrene 7.60E-06 btton 1 0.118 lb/on 3 x x Pyrene 5.40E-07 b/ton 1 0.006 Ib/lon 3 0.74 mg/kg 10 X X Arsenic 5.60E-07 b/ton 1 Barium 5.80E-06 b/ton 1 - Beryllium Cadmium 4.10E-07 b/ton 1 2OE-05 lb/ton 3 Chromium 5.50E-06 b/ton 1 Hexavalent chromium 4 50E-07 b/ton 1 Copper 3.10E-06 b/ton 1 Lead 1.50E-05 b/ton 1 Manganese 7.70E-06 b/ton 1 1.4E-04 lb/on 3 Mercury 2.80E-06 Mon 1 - Nickel 8.30E-05 b/ton 1 2.0E-05 Ibaon 3 Selenium 3.60E-07 b/ton 1 Zinc 6.10E-05 b/ton 1 Hydrogen sulfide I I I • Table 2. Hot Mix Asphalt Emission Estimates Pollutant Emission Units Ref# Emissions from a typical plant factor (tons/yr) PM° 0.033 lb/ton 1 3.37 CO° 0.14 lb/ton 1 14.1 CO2 32 lb/ton 1 3200 NOX 0.058 lb/ton 1 5.8 SO2 0.011 lb/ton 1 1.1 IOC' 0.044 lb/ton 1 4.93 CH4 0.012 lb/ton 1 1.2 VOC 0.032 lb/ton 1 3.2 Isooctane 4.00E-05 lb/ton 1 0.004 Benzene 5.10E-04 lb/ton 1 0.051 Ethylbenzene 2.40E-04 lb/ton 1 0.024 Formaldehyde 2.50E-03 lb/ton 1 0.250 Toluene 1.50E-04 lb/ton 1 0.015 Xylene 2.00E-04 lb/ton 1 0.020 2-Methylnapthalene 7.40E-05 lb/ton 1 0.0074 Acenaphthene 1.40E-06 lb/ton 1 1.40E-04 Acenaphthylene 8.60E-06 lb/ton 1 8.60E-04 Anthracene 2.20E-07 lb/ton 1 2.20E-05 Benzo(a)anthracene 2.10E-07 lb/ton 1 2.10E-05 Benzo(a)pyrene 9.80E-07 lb/ton 1 9.80E-07 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1.00E-07 lb/ton 1 1.00E-05 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 1.10E-07 lb/ton 1 1.10E-05 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 4.10E-08 lb/ton 1 4.10E-06 Chrysene 1.80E-07 lb/ton 1 1.80E-05 Fluoranthene 6.10E-07 lb/ton 1 6.10E-05 Fluorene 3.80E-06 lb/ton 1 3.80E-04 Indendo(1,2,3cd)pyrene 7.00E-09 lb/ton 1 7.00E-07 Naphthalene 9.00E-05 lb/ton 1 9.00E-03 Phenanthrene 7.60E-06 lb/ton 1 7.60E-04 Pyrene 5.40E-07 lb/ton 1 5.40E-04 TOTAL PAHs a,1.87E04 ='v' _> .x�- 1.87E-02 Arsenic 5.60E-07 lb/ton 1 5.60E-05 Barium 5.80E-06 lb/ton 1 5.80E-04 Cadmium 4.10E-07 lb/tan 1 4.10E-05 Chromium 5.50E-06 lb/ton 1 5.50E-04 Hexavalent chromium 4.50E-07 lb/ton 1 4.50E-05 Copper 3.10E-06 lb/ton 1 3.10E-04 Lead 1.50E-05 lb/ton 1 1.50E-03 Manganese 7.70E-06 lb/ton 1 7.70E-04 Mercury 2.60E-06 lb/ton 1 2.60E-04 Nickel 6.30E-05 lb/ton 1 6.30E-03 Selenium 3.50E-07 lb/ton 1 3.50E-05 Zinc 6.10E-05 _ lb/ton 1 6.10E-03 a Emissions from rotary drum dryer and load-out, silo filling, and post load out operations. b Emissions from rotary drum dryer and load-out and silo filling operations. Table 2. Hot Mix Asphalt Emission Estimates Calculations&Assumptions: Post load out TOC emissions=0.0011 lb/ton of asphalt loaded 1.10E+02 lb/yr Post load out TOC emissions= 5.50E-02 tons/yr Load-out and silo filling operation emissions PMtot EF(Ib/ton)=.000181+0.00214(-V)et1o.°2slxrmeoflo.43) V =asphalt volatility,default value of-0.5 T=Asphalt temp in F, default temp of 325F PMtot EF(lb/ton) =0.000181+0.00214(-(-0.5))et(°.o251x325.4e°)-2o.43p PMtot EF(lb/ton)=0.000181+0.00214'0.5'0.4836 PMtot EF(lb/ton)=0.000698 PMtot emissions from load-out and silo filling operations(tons/yr)= EF* 100,000 tons/yr*1 ton/2000 lb 0.0349 TOC EF(Iblton)=0.0172(-V)ett°'°251 '4°°}2°.°31 TOC EF(lb/ton)=0.0172'0.5'0.4836 TOC EF(lb/ton)=0.004159 TOC emissions from load-out and silo filling operations(tonslyr)=EF* 100,000 tons/yr*1 ton/2000 lb TOC emissions from load-out and silo filling operations(tons/yr)=0.208 CO EF(lb/ton) =0.00558(-V)et°o251xT+4so1-20.431 CO EF(lb/ton) =0.00558'0.5'0.4836 CO EF(lb/ton)=0.001349 CO emissions from load-out and silo filling operations(tons/yr)= EF* 100,000 tons/yr*1 ton/2000 lb CO emissions from load-out and silo filling operations(tons/yr)=0.0675 Notes: > Emissions were calculated for a continuous drum mix asphalt plant with 200,000 tons per year production. > Emissions were based on#2 fuel oil used for dryers. > For HAP and PAH emissions it was assumed that the dryer had a fabric filter. > No emissions for hot oil heaters were included. > No lead emissions from a waste oil-fired dryer were included. > No uncontrolled fugitive PM emissions from the following sources were included: crushed stone processing, paved roads, unpaved roads, heavy construction operations and aggregate handling and storage piles. > No emissions from asphalt storage tanks were included. Table 3. Residential Fireplace Emission Estimates Emission Units Ref ft Emissions per household Emissions for 13 Pollutant Factor (ton/yr) households (ton/yr) PM10 34.6 lb/ton 2 0.0373 0.0485 CO 252.6 lb/ton 2 0.2726 3.544 CO2 3400 lb/ton 2 3.6688 47.70 NOX 2.6 lb/ton 2 0.0028 0.0365 N2O 0.3 lb/ton 2 0.0003 0.0042 SOX 0.4 lb/ton 2 0.0004 0.0056 VOC 229 lb/ton 2 0.2471 3.212 POM 1.60E-02 lb/ton 2 1.73E-05 0.0002 Aldehydes 2.4 lb/ton 2 0.0026 0.0337 Calculations&Assumptions Throughput of an average fireplace: Assume that the same amount of wood is burned in the average woodstove as in the average fireplace annually. Reference 11: P.G. Burnet, Northeast Cooperative Woodstove Study.Volume 1, EPA/600/7-87-026a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November 1987. Equation from Reference 11 is as follows: -- 1. Calculate an average wood use by calculating an average of the mean wood use values for all stove types using scale weighing and woodpile measurements. Aver wood use per household =(0.64+0.85+0.53+0.91+0.67+0.85+0.46+0.89)/8 Aver wood use per household =0.725 dry kg of wood/heating degree days(HOD) 2. Convert wood use from dry kg/1000 HDD to tons dry wood use/year (a) Convert from kg to tons dry kg/1000 0.725 HDD X 2.205 lb/kg X 1ton/2000 lb 7.99E-04 dry ton wood/heating degree days(HDD) (b) Convert from 1000 HDD to year Assume that the Vermont and upstate New York region has three times as many HDD as the rest of the country. The reference reported 8,000 to 9,000 HDD/yr.Therefore,assume that there are 2,700 HDD/year. 7.99E-04 dry ton wood X 2,700 HDD =2.16 dry ton wood/yr Table 4. Residential Woodstove Emission Estimates Emiss Emissions per Emissions for 382 Pollutant Factor Units Ref# household per year households (tons/yr) (tons/yr) PM10 19.6 lb/ton 1 2.11E-02 8.08E+00 CO 140.8 lb/ton 1 1.52E-01 5.80E+01 SOX 0.4 lb/ton 1 4.32E-04 1.65E-01 TNMOC 12 lb/ton 1 1.29E-02 4.95E+00 CH4 16 lb/ton 1 1.73E-02 6.59E+00 Ethane 1.47 lb/ton 1 1.59E-03 6.06E-01 Ethylene 4.49 lb/ton 1 4.84E-03 1.85E+00 Acetylene 1.124 lb/ton 1 1.21E-03 4.63E-01 Propane 0.358 lb/ton 1 3.86E-04 1.48E-01 Propene 1.244 lb/ton 1 1.34E-03 5.13E-01 i-Butane 0.028 lb/ton 1 3.02E-05 1.15E-02 n-Butane 0.056 lb/ton 1 6.04E-05 2.31E-02 Butenes 1.192 lb/ton 1 1.29E-03 4.91E-01 Pentenes 0.616 lb/ton 1 6.65E-04 2.54E-01 Benzene 1.938 lb/ton 1 2.09E-03 7.99E-01 Furan 0.342 lb/ton 1 3.69E-04 1.41E-01 Furfural 0.486 lb/ton 1 5.24E-04 2.00E-01 MethylEthylKetone 0.29 lb/ton 1 3.13E-04 1.20E-01 2-Methylfuran 0.656 lb/ton 1 7.08E-04 2.7E-01 2,5-Dimethyl Furan 0.162 lb/ton 1 1.75E-04 6.68E-02 Toluene 0.73 lb/ton 1 7.88E-04 3.01E-01 o-Xylene 0.202 lb/ton 1 2.18E-04 8.33E-02 Acenaphthene 0.01 lb/ton 1 1.08E-05 4.12E-03 Acenaphthylene 0.032 lb/ton 1 3.45E-05 1.32E-02 Anthracene 0.009 lb/ton 1 9.71 E-06 3.71E-03 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.004 lb/ton 1 4.32E-06 1.65E-03 Benzo(g,h,l)Fluoranthene 0.028 lb/ton 1 3.02E-05 1.15E-02 Benzo(g,h,l)perylene 0.02 lb/ton 1 2.16E-05 8.24E-03 Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.006 lb/ton 1 6.47E-06 2.47E-03 Benzo(e)Pyrene 0.002 lb/ton 1 2.16E-06 8.24E-04 Biphenyl 0.022 lb/ton 1 2.37E-05 9.07E-03 Chrysene 0.01 lb/ton 1 1.08E-05 4.12E-03 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.004 lb/ton 1 4.32E-06 1.65E-03 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)Anthracene 0.004 lb/ton 1 4.32E-06 1.65E-03 Fluoranthene 0.008 lb/ton 1 8.63E-06 3.30E-03 Fluorene 0.014 lb/ton 1 1.51E-05 5.77E-03 Indendo(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 0.02 lb/ton 1 2.16E-05 8.24E-03 9-Methylanthracene 0.004 lb/ton 1 4.32E-06 1.65E-03 12-Methylbenz(a)Anthracene 0.002 lb/ton 1 2.16E-06 8.24E-04 1-Methylphenanthrene 0.03 lb/ton 1 3.24E-05 1.24E-02 Naphthalene 0.144 lb/ton 1 1.55E-04 5.94E-02 Perylene 0.002 lb/ton 1 2.16E-06 8.24E-04 Phenanthrene 0.118 lb/ton 1 1.27E-04 4.86E-02 Pyrene 0.008 lb/ton 1 8.63E-06 3.30E-03 Total PAHs - 1.7:&t, 5.41E-04 2.07E-01 Cadmium 2.0E-05 lb/ton 1 2.16E-08 8.24E-06 Manganese 1.4E-04 lb/ton 1 1.51E-07 5/7E-05 Nickel 2.0E-05 lb/ton 1 2.16E-08 8.24E-06 Table 4. 'Residential Woodstove Emission Estimates Calculations&Assumptions: Noncatalytic woodstove type assumed for criteria pollutants, PAH's and metals. Conventional stove type assumed for organic pollutants. Assume the same wood use as was calculated for the fireplace calculations, which is 2.16 dry tons of wood/yr. Table 5. Bakery Emission Estimates Pollutant Emission Factor Units Ref# Emissions ton/yr) (from equation) VOC 6.9 lb/ton 4 60 Calculations&Assumptions: Reference for values in equation and bread production:Alternative Control Technology Document for Bakery Oven Emissions, EPA 453/R-92-017, December 1992. From the model ovens listed in the ACT,the one with medium-sized production and the largest emission factor was chosen, that is, model oven number 23. In addition to listing values for the variables in the emission factor equation, the ACT listed the emission factor and annual VOC emissions.These numbers were used. AP-42 Equation: VOC=0.95Yi+0.195ti-0.51 S-0.86ts+1.90 lb VOC per ton baked bread; Y i= initial baker's%of yeast; t i=total yeast action time in hours; S=final (spike)baker's% of yeast; is =spiking time in hours The variables for model oven no.23 are: oven size=6X10^6 BTU/hr, Bread production = 17,308 tons/yr, Y=4.25, S=0, ti=5.15, VOC emission factor(lbs/ton)=6.9 and VOC Emissions(tons/yr)=60 Table 6. Barbeque Emission Estimates F. Emission Emissions per Emissions for Pollute Factor Units Ref# Household per Neighborhood of 271 year(tons/yr) Households(tons/yr) OC 0.0605 ib/min 5 0.01815 4.9 Calculations&Assumptions: Cooking time(min)on barbeque grill 30 Number of times per year using grill 20 Single household emissions 0.0605 lb/min'30 min/event'20 events/yr =36 lb/yr =0.01815 tons/yr • Table 7. Lawn Mower Emission Estimates Emissions per Emissions for Pollutant Emission Factor Units Ref# Household per Neighborhood of 171 Households year(tons/yr) (tons/yr) TOC 437 g/hp-hr 6 0.02888 4.938 PM 7.7 g/hp-hr 6 0.00051 0.087 Aldehydes 2 q/hp-hr 6 0.00013 0.023 Calculations&Assumptions: Ave horsepower rating @ 30% load 1.2 Ave hours per year of operation 50 Calculation for TOC (437 g/hp-hr' 1.2 hp'50 hrs/yr)/(454 glib"2000 lb/ton) =0.02888 tons/yr Table 8. Auto Refueling Emission Estimates Pollutant Emission Units Ref# Annual Emissions(tons/yr) Factor Benzene 0.105 lb/1000 gal 7 0.032 Toluene 139.9 mg/I 8 0.350 Xylene 5.5 mg/I 9 0.014 Total"VOC" 0.393 Calculations&Assumptions: Throughput: Locating and Estimating document reported that the average filling station's throughput is 50,000 gallons per month. Benzene emissions= 0.105 lb/1000gal*50 (1000gal/mo)• 12 mo/yr* 1 ton/2000 lb =0.0315 tons/yr Toluene emissions= 139.9 mg/*3.78541/gal*50000 gaUmo'12 mo/yr* 1 g/1000mg* 1 lb/453.593g* 1 ton/20001b =0.350 tons/yr Xylene emissions= 5.5 mg/I .3.7854 Vgal *50000 gaUmo' 12 mo/yr' 1 g/1000mg 1 lb/453.593g * 1 ton/20001b =0.0138 tons/yr Table 9. Fast-Food Restaurant Emission Estimates Pollutant Emission Units Ref# Emissions(tons/yr) Factor TOC 2,405 mg/kg 10 0.18 2-Methylfuran 16.1 mg/kg 10 1.2E-03 Benzo(a)anthracene 0.29 mg/kg 10 2.1E-05 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.21 mg/kg 10 1.5E-05 Benzo(a)Pyrene 0.19 mg/kg 10 1.4E-05 Benzo(e)Pyrene 0.19 mg/kg - 10 1.4E-05 Fluoranthene 0.35 mg/kg 10 2.6E-05 Pyrene 0.74 mg/kg 10 5.4E-05 Total PAHs 1.4E-04 Calculations&Assumptions: To calculate throughput: Called Walker Holdings Group on 9/11/00.They own 8 Wendy's restaurants in the NC/southem VA area. Mr. Bert Walker reported that only data for their drive-thru sales were readily available. Mr.Walker reported that the average(for 8 Wendy's)drive thru activity was 2,821 cars per week. He added that the average check per car was$4.12. Assumptions: The same amount of sales occurred on foot(in the restaurant)as by the drive-thru. The average sale consisted of one burger(plus fries and drink and other side dishes) The average burger weighed 1/2 pound. Throughput calculation: Weekly number of sales=2821'2=5642 Number of"half-pounders"sold =5642 Weekly number of pounds of hamburger cooked =5642/2 2821 lb/week Annual mass of hamburger cooked at the average fast-food restaurant=weekly mass ' 52 2821 lb/week'52 weeks/yr 146692 lbs of hamburger cooked/yr To calculate annual emissions: TOC Emissions: TOC Emissions(tons/yr)= 2405 mg/kg'0.4536 kg/lb' 146692 lb/yr' 1 g/1000 mg• 1 b/453.593g*1 ton/20001b TOC Emissions(tons/yr)= 0.1764 Table 10. Annual Emissions (ton per year) Comparison Between Asphalt Plants and Selected Sources Total Quantity Source Category TOC VOC PM Toluene Benzene Xylene PAHsIPOMs Typical Asphalt Plant 4.9 3.2 3.4 0.015 0.051 0.019 0.02 13 Residential Fireplaces 3.2 90 Residential Fireplaces 3.4 1,100 Residential Fireplaces 0.019 382 Residential Woodstoves 4.9 160 Residential Woodstoves 3.4 19 Residential Woodstoves 0.015 25 Residential Woodstoves 0.052 35 Residential Woodstoves 0.019 1 Residential Woodstove 0.007 1 Bakery 60 271 Barbecue Grills 4.9 171 Household Lawn Mowers 4.9 6,600 Lawn Mowers 3.4 12 Gasoline Filling Stations 4.7 1 Gasoline Filling Station 0.35 0.032 0.014 1.5 Gasoline Filling Stations 0.02 27 Fast-food Restaurants 4.9 13 Fast-food Restaurants 0.019 •.;id's atl i .:.-� kr �. 5'm ,n t;, � ryY w{ < ^ Y. 'z fu (. x 33 S. 5�p0by • we��rd.` vRe. - a cN `'xGr�"f5s �'tx;i. + W+k s t ' a "r h d.•�ki r . '4T i.. w-w. ti .x ti .,r- a . i-- ,. 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PyF G .`t -41-.""la4^ pia; 5 ,-,:k.:,,,,- + 2,112 ey" � t•-:•;,' ''..,.i:'..64.:4_,..,:;,,•r v v.y.. `.. : 1 i .7:,,,,.:. 11'.:.i-4,---: - Ningveraci. -:,t2:..c. 6�. , . ."'� �j 1 ti aF1X �tzS'r $ #"1i^� r .T .ni I .Y Srfi 'Nt ft'a[ K{ r ; (1. 31 G ,.> , 4 Y t ;•' --1 ft.c t r 4a ti :__ -Manufacturing }'} .et c a y r d�,Tl' � 37:t it sf' i a . iii rt. � e�, ` ' .r_ *nwpiS', '� �r � ' r elk" r . iv.'a Ilks V 1 f9' ,',21.-.44 lb 1 F 'rn*.eels* w�z ,�*w tE _yvrt T•4:.:.: z q LJ ,,..y �'pY 1 I.�Ri.'Y it 8[ @�BflC� �"� e' q S ,i, - Ii I� ._•' �a v' y -,ra S e� a` d 'rsr � '-.R X t4 sP' 'l,S r i q ,a, ,b_ "'! r1Y ,..z.,;,-,, 1 _ ...iy ... ;;.:y�. r#u.' pyFu,'y aaat'F': „v..�ci".a .ds`, 'k3 FOREWORD As part of its mandate to "provide a safe and healthful workplace for working women and men,"the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)critically evaluates the scientific data on potentially hazardous occupational exposures or work conditions and makes recommendations that address measures for minimizing the risk from the hazard.This document, Hazard Review:Health Effects of Occupational Exposures to Asphalt, is an evaluation of the health effects and other relevant data that have become available since publication of the 1977 NIOSH document Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Asphalt Fumes. It includes an assessment of chemistry, health, and exposure data from studies in animals and humans exposed to raw asphalt, paving and roofing asphalt fume condensates, and asphalt-based paints. Most important, the document serves as a basis for identifying future research to reduce occupational exposures to asphalt. The complex chemical composition of asphalt makes it difficult to identify the specific component(s) responsible for adverse health effects observed in exposed workers. Known carcinogens have been found in asphalt fumes generated at worksites. Observations of acute irritation in workers from airborne and dermal exposures to asphalt fumes and aerosols and the potential for chronic health effects, including cancer, warrant continued diligence in the control of exposures. NIOSH and its labor and industry partners are making great strides in reducing worker exposures to paving and roofing asphalt fumes. The partnership has succeeded because the partners set aside key differences to focus on the development of engineering and other control measures to reduce workplace exposures. A major success occurred when 100 percent of the asphalt paving industry voluntarily agreed to install new controls on all new highway pavers produced after July 1997— effectively reducing asphalt fume exposure. Other aspects of the partnership have encouraged collaborative laboratory and field research and the development of communication materials for workers and contractors on methods for reducing workplace exposures. Representatives of industry, labor, government, and academia met in Cincinnati, OH, on September 11 and 12, 2000, and identified research needed to assess completely the health risks associated with exposure to asphalt. Through these and other efforts of the partnership,effective workplace measures can be implemented to reduce worker exposure to asphalt fumes. off. 1f.e.��. Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H. Director,National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 1977, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reviewed the available data on the health effects of occupational exposure to asphalt and asphalt fumes. NIOSH determined the principal adverse health effects to be irritation of the serous membranes of the conjunctivae and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. NIOSH also acknowledged that evidence from animal studies indicated that asphalt left on the skin for long periods of time could result in local carcinomas but that no comparable reports of these effects existed for humans. On the basis of this evidence, NIOSH recommended an exposure limit (REL) for asphalt fumes of 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air (5 mg/mI measured as total particulates during any 15-minute period. In testimony to the Department of Labor in 1988, NIOSH recommended that asphalt fumes also be considered a potential occupational carcinogen. Since then, additional data have become available from studies of animals and humans exposed to asphalt, paving and roofing asphalt fume condensates, and asphalt-based paints. This document evaluates the health effects data that have become available since publication of the 1977 NIOSH criteria document;it also assesses exposures associated with occupations that involve the use of roofing and paving asphalts and asphalt-based paints. Asphalt is a dark brown to black, cementlike semisolid or solid produced by the nondestructive distillation of crude oil during petroleum refining. The three major types of asphalt products are paving asphalts, roofing asphalts, and asphalt-based paints. Performance specifications—not chemical composition—direct the type of asphalt produced. Most of the asphalt produced in the United States is used in paving and roofing operations. Only about 1% is used for waterproofing, damp-proofing, insulation,paints,or other activities and products.Approximately 300,000 workers are employed at hot-mix asphalt facilities and paving sites; an estimated 50,000 workers are employed in asphalt roofing operations; and about 1,500 to 2,000 workers are exposed to asphalt fumes in approximately 100 roofing manufacturing plants. The exact chemical composition of asphalt depends on the chemical complexity of the original crude petroleum and the manufacturing processes.The proportions of the chemicals that constitute asphalt (mainly aliphatic compounds, cyclic alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms) can vary because of significant differences in crude petroleum from various oil fields and even from various locations within the same oil field.Further analysis of the chemical data indicates that paving and roofing asphalts are qualitatively and quantitatively different; therefore, the vapors and fumes from these asphalt products may also be different. Other factors that increase the variability of asphalt vapors and fumes include temperature and mixing during the manufacturing process, and temperature and extent of mixing during laboratory generation or field operations. Studies indicate that the composition of asphalt fumes generated in the laboratory may differ qualitatively and quantitatively from asphalt fumes generated during field operations. However, one study showed that it is possible to generate asphalt fumes in the laboratory that are representative of field fumes. Data are limited regarding the presence of carcinogens in asphalt fumes generated at U.S.worksites. The occasional detection of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P,in asphalt fumes generated at worksites as well as the more frequent detection of B(a)P and other carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds in laboratory-generated asphalt fumes indicate that under some conditions, known carcinogens are VII likely to be present. Moreover, asphalt fumes generated at high temperatures are probably more likely to generate carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than fumes generated at lower temperatures. Studies of the acute toxic effects of asphalt fume exposures in workers have repeatedly reported irritant symptoms of the serous membranes of the conjunctivae (eye irritation) and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (nasal and throat irritation). These health effects are best described in asphalt road pavers and typically appear to be mild in severity and transient in nature. Similar symptoms were also reported in workers exposed to asphalt fumes during the manufacture of asphalt roofing shingles and fluorescent lights, the insulation of cables, and exposure to a malfunctioning light fixture in an office environment. Workers employed in five segments of the asphalt industry(hot-mix plants,terminals,roofing,paving,and roofing manufacturing) experienced mild transient symptoms of nasal and throat irritation, headache, and coughing. In addition to mucosal irritation, workers with differing occupational exposures to asphalt fumes (e.g., paving operations, insulation of cables, and manufacturing of fluorescent light fixtures) also reported skin irritation, pruritus, rashes, nausea, stomach pain, decreased appetite, headaches, and fatigue. Such nonspecific symptoms require further investigation to clarify and establish the nature of causal relationships with asphalt fume exposure. Results from recent studies indicated that some workers involved in asphalt paving operations experienced lower respiratory tract symptoms (e.g., coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath) and pulmonary function changes. Irritant symptoms were noted in workers involved in open-air paving operations whose average personal exposures were generally below 1.0 mg/m3 total particulates and 0.3 mg/m3 benzene-soluble particulates calculated as a full-shift time-weighted average (TWA). Although an exposure-response relationship has not yet been established in these studies, the identification of health effects related to higher mean personal exposures during underground asphalt paving*indicates that such a relationship may exist.Bronchitis that is possibly related to lower respiratory tract irritation has also been reported among asphalt workers and highway maintenance workers;however,the data are insufficient to conclude that the bronchitis was caused by occupational exposure to asphalt fumes. A recent meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of roofers indicates an excess of lung cancer among roofers, but it is uncertain whether this excess is related to asphalt and/or to carcinogens such as coal tar or asbestos. Data from studies in animals and in vitro assays indicate that laboratory-generated roofing asphalt fume condensates are genotoxic and produce skin tumors in mice. Known carcinogenic PAHs have been identified in roofing asphalt fumes. In contrast to the studies of roofers, epidemiologic studies of pavers exposed to asphalt fumes have yielded contradictory results regarding lung cancer. Although some of the studies reported an elevated risk for lung cancer among pavers exposed to asphalt, design limitations of these studies precluded any strong conclusions. Confounders included smoking and coexposure to coal tar and other potential lung carcinogens (e.g., diesel exhaust, silica, and asbestos). Furthermore, a recently Total particulate or benzene-soluble particulate measurements were up to 10 times higher than measurements taken during open-air paving, but they were still below 2.2 mg/m'. viii conducted meta-analysis of these studies failed to find overall evidence for a lung cancer risk among pavers exposed to asphalt. However, carcinogenic PAHs have been detected in asphalt paving fumes—although at lower concentrations than those found in fumes from roofing asphalt. No published data examine the carcinogenic potential of paving asphalt fumes or fume condensates in animals. A few studies reported an association between cancer at sites other than the lungs (e.g., bladder, kidneys, brain, and liver) with occupations having potential exposure to asphalt. Since the interpretation of these findings is limited by the study designs and the lack of good exposure data and consistent findings, no association can be made at this time. Further confirmation is needed by studies with better control of confounding variables and better identification of asphalt exposures. Conflicting results were obtained when raw roofing asphalts were applied dermally to mice. In one study, the raw roofing asphalt was weakly carcinogenic and caused malignant skin tumors in mice. In the other study, the raw roofing asphalt was not carcinogenic. Available data also indicate that several formulations of asphalt-based paints cause benign and malignant skin tumors in mice. However, these paints were not mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, either with or without metabolic activation. Several other asphalt-based paints caused the formation of DNA adducts in the skin and lungs of treated mice and in fetal and adult human skin cultures. Conclusions In this hazard review, NIOSH has evaluated the scientific evidence concerning the potential health effects of occupational exposure to asphalt. On the basis of available data from studies in animals and humans, as well as in in vitro studies, NIOSH concludes the following about the acute health effects of asphalt exposure: • The findings of this hazard review continue to support the assessment of the 1977 NIOSH criteria document on asphalt fumes, which associated exposure to asphalt fumes from roofing, paving, and other uses of asphalt with irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Furthermore,in studies conducted since the publication of the 1977 criteria document,these symptoms have also been noted among workers exposed to asphalt fumes at geometric mean concentrations generally below 1 mg/m3 total particulates and 0.3 mg/m3 benzene-soluble or carbon disulfide-soluble particulates, calculated as a full-shift TWA. Recent studies also report evidence of acute lower respiratory tract symptoms among workers exposed to asphalt fumes. These data are currently being further analyzed to assess the relationship between lower respiratory tract symptoms and asphalt fume exposure. The available data on chronic pulmonary effects (such as bronchitis) are insufficient to support an association with asphalt fume exposures. In 1988, NIOSH recommended to OSHA that asphalt fumes be considered a potential occupational carcinogen based on the results of an animal study in which laboratory-generated roofing asphalt fume condensates induced malignant skin tumors in mice. Since then, investigators have described differences in chemical composition,physical characteristics,and biological activity between asphalt fumes collected in the field and those generated in the laboratory.The relevance of these differences in ascribing adverse health effects in humans is unknown. Data from studies in humans indicate that ix some workers exposed to asphalt fumes are at an elevated risk of lung cancer; however, it is uncertain whether this excess is related to asphalt and/or other carcinogens in the workplace. Although carcinogenic PAHs have been identified in asphalt fumes at various worksites, the measured concentrations and the frequency of their occurrence have been low. Based on evaluation of these data, the following conclusions were drawn regarding the carcinogenicity of asphalt under several conditions of use: • Data regarding the potential carcinogenicity of paving asphalt fumes in humans are limited. Only one study identified B(a)P in field fumes, but it was unclear whether paving asphalt fumes were the source of the B(a)P. Chrysene has been identified only in laboratory- generated paving asphalt fumes. The available data from studies in humans have not provided consistent evidence of carcinogenic effects in workers exposed to asphalt fumes during paving operations. No animal studies have examined the carcinogenic potential of either field-or laboratory-generated samples of paving asphalt fume condensates.Although genotoxicity assays (but no carcinogenicity assays) using laboratory-generated and field- generated (storage tank paving asphalt) fumes have been conducted, only the laboratory- generated fumes were genotoxic. Therefore, NIOSH concludes that the collective data currently available from studies on paving asphalt provide insufficient evidence for an association between lung cancer and exposure to asphalt fumes during paving.The available data, however, do not preclude a carcinogenic risk from asphalt fumes generated during paving operations. • The results from epidemiologic studies indicate that roofers are at an increased risk of lung cancer, but it is uncertain whether this increase can be attributed to asphalt and/or to other exposures such as coal tar or asbestos. Data from experimental studies in animals and cultured mammalian cells indicate that laboratory-generated roofing asphalt fume con- densates are genotoxic and cause skin tumors in mice when applied dermally. Furthermore, a known carcinogen, B(a)P, was detected in field-generated roofing fumes. The collective health and exposure data provide sufficient evidence for NIOSH to conclude that roofing asphalt fumes are a potential occupational carcinogen. • The available data indicate that although not all asphalt-based paint formulations may exert genotoxicity, some are genotoxic and carcinogenic in animals. No published data examine the carcinogenic potential of asphalt-based paints in humans, but NIOSH concludes that asphalt-based paints are potential occupational carcinogens. Current data are considered insufficient for quantifying the acute and chronic health risks of exposure to asphalt, asphalt-based paint, or asphalt fumes and vapors. However, data from at least two studies of acute effects are currently being evaluated to determine their usefulness in deriving an REL. Additional studies of workers exposed to asphalt fumes, vapors,and aerosols (e.g., during paving,roofing,and painting operations)are needed to better characterize exposures and to evaluate the risk of chronic disease,including lung cancer.Also required are experimental animal studies that use laboratory generation methods to produce fumes and vapors representative of asphalt roofing and paving operations. Until the results of these studies become available, NIOSH recommends minimizing possible acute or chronic health effects from exposure to asphalt, asphalt fumes and x vapors, and asphalt-based paints by adhering to the current NIOSH REL of 5 mg/m3 during any 15- min period and by implementing the following practices: • Prevent dermal exposure. • Keep the application temperature of heated asphalt as low as possible. • Use engineering controls and good work practices at all work sites to minimize worker exposure to asphalt fumes and asphalt-based paint aerosols. • Use appropriate respiratory protection (see Appendix C). %I . . ....... //��ii L x,a.., Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association To the Citizens of Colorado: The members of the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association are proud to be a part of helping Colorado grow and prosper. Our work is essential to building and maintaining the state's transportation infrastructure - its roads, airport runways, parking lots, driveways - wherever asphalt pavement is needed. Along with the work comes responsibility to protect our natural and manmade environments. It's a responsibility we take seriously. In this packet of materials, you'll find information on the environmental impact of asphalt and asphalt plants here in Colorado. When you consider the facts, we think you'll be surprised at the low impact our products and plants have. You'll also see that we're constantly working to lessen that impact even further. If you have any questions about the enclosed information,please feel free to call our office. We promise to respond quickly. And further, if you have ideas or comments you'd like to share with us, contact us as well. We're proud to call Colorado home. And prouder to be working to make it even better. Sincerely, Tom Peterson, P.E. Executive Director, CAPA CAPA Overview The Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association The second initiative, again a joint effort with (CAPA) was founded in 1983, by the hot mix the state Air Pollution Control Division and asphalt producing industry of Colorado. CAPA funded by the U.S. EPA, is to develop and represents 95 percent of Colorado's asphalt implement a Comprehensive Measurement industry-approximately 26 asphalt producers Tool (COMET). The COMET initiative will and over 100 associate and affiliate members, support the development and use of who supply, specify or support the production environmental best practices by the hot mix and use of asphalt pavements. The association asphalt industry of Colorado. represents members' interests on issues • Colorado roads are resurfaced every 12 involving the Colorado Department of to 15 years,which means approximately Transportation (CDOT), the Colorado 3,200 miles of roads are repaved Department of Public Health and Environment annually.Approximately 12 million tons (CDPHE)and other regulatory and specifying of asphalt are used in Colorado on an agencies throughout the state. • As a partner of the CDOT, CAPA supports annual basis. only the highest standards of engineering • Asphalt plants are located throughout the and construction. Members receive training state near road construction sites to in many areas,including environmental best ensure the asphalt mixtures maintain the practices. required temperatures during placement. • CAPA works closely with the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), For more information contact: located in Lanham, MD. CAPA members Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association serve on a number of national task forces 6880 South Yosemite Court, Suite 110 and committees, ranging from plant Englewood, CO 80112 operations to legislative and environmental g issues. TEL: 303.741.6150 • CAPA members are proud to be the builders FAX: 303.741.6146 ofColorado's roads and are committed to the E-MAIL: office@co-asphalt.com state and its overall quality of life. CAPA WEB: www.co-asphalt.com actively partners with the state Air Pollution or Control Division(APCD)to promote the use National Asphalt Pavement Association of environmental best practices. 5100 Forbes Boulevard • CAPA has participated in two innovative Lanham, MD 20706-4413 efforts with the CDPHE - Air Pollution TEL: 301.731.4748 Control Division to improve air quality. The TOLL-FREE: 888.468.6499 first a Compliance Assurance Pilot Project FAX: 301.731.4621 (Compass), is a voluntary program using non-regulatory approaches to achieve E-MAIL: napa(2i hotmix.org compliance assurance. WEB: www.hotmix.org • EMISSIONS STUDY SUMMARY How low are emissions from a typical asphalt • the benzene emission of a gas station plant? The answer:extremely low. In one of the operating for five months most closely monitored emissions categories - volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - a single Volatile organic compounds ( are carbon-containing compounds that re readily asphalt plant gives off in one year what two evaporate at normal air temperature. Some residential fireplaces do. Or about the same as an average commercial bakery does in only two °mples include hair sprays, household cleaning products and dry-cleaning fluids, days. as well as from a variety of adhesives, Those are among the findings of the copier fluids and other common chemicals. respected independent Clayton Group Services Trees,grasses and other kinds of vegetation in a study. Issued in December 2000, the study also emit VOCs. compared emissions from a hot mix asphalt TOCs are any organic compounds, plant with those from a number of other common volatile or not, containing carbon atoms. sources. PAHs are found in wood smoke and For purposes of the comparison, the hot mix diesel exhaust. asphalt plant was defined as one with an annual Benzene is a clear, colorless aromatic production rate of 100,000 tons. The consumer- liquid used as a solvent in printing,paints, oriented sources tested for comparison included: and dry cleaning. Benzene is released in the residential fireplaces and wood stoves,bakeries, fumes and exhaust of gasoline,from other gasoline filling stations, barbeque grills and natural fuels, as a result of the combustion fast-food restaurants. process, and in the manufacturing of other The sources were chosen for frequent chemicals. occurrence in communities and the ready For a complete copy of the report availability of emissions data for comparison. „Emissions Comparison Between Asphalt The Clayton Group study found that during the plants and Selected Sources Categories," course of a year an asphalt plant gave off contact the CAPA office at 303-741-6150. • the VOCs for two residential fireplaces For complete environmental information during the course of one year on the uses of asphalt, see • the VOC emissions of a typical commercial www.bevondroads.com bakery operating for two days • the total organic compounds (TOCs) emissions of three gasoline filling stations during the course of a year • the TOC emissions of five fast-food restaurants during the course of one year • the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) emissions of 10 residential wood stoves over the course of a year Sources:Clayton Group Services, US.EPA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric TERMINOLOGY The following is a short list of terms used in the HOT MIX ASPHALT(HMA) asphalt industry. For a complete list of terms, High-quality, thoroughly controlled hot mixture visit the Asphalt Institute at of asphalt binder (cement) and well-graded, www.asphaltinstitute.org. high quality aggregate,which can be compacted into a uniform dense mass. AGGREGATE Hard, inert material, such as gravel, crushed HOT MIX ASPHALT(HMA) OVERLAY rock, slag or crushed stone, used in pavement One or more courses of HMA over an existing applications either by itself or for mixing with pavement. asphalt. MAINTENANCE MIX ASPHALT CEMENT(AC) A mixture of asphalt emulsion and mineral A mixture of crude petroleum used for paving, aggregate used in relatively small areas to patch roofing, industrial and other special purposes. holes, depressions and distressed areas in Now more commonly referred to as asphalt existing pavements. binder. PAVEMENT BASE ASPHALT CONCRETE The lower or underlying pavement course atop A mixture on asphalt binder and aggregate the subbase or subgrade and under the top or thoroughly mixed and compacted into a mass. wearing course. ASPHALT PAVEMENT RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT(RAP) Hot mix asphalt over supporting courses such Pulverized excavated asphalt that is used as an as asphalt concrete bases, crushed stone, slag, aggregate in the recycling of asphalt pavements. gravel,Portland Cement Concrete(PCC),brick Factory-rejected roofing shingles can also be or block pavement. added to RAP. ASPHALT PLANT RECYCLED ASPHALT MIX A manufacturing facility that produces hot mix A mixture produced after processing existing asphalt paving mixtures asphalt pavement materials such as shingles and rubber. ASPHALT RUBBER BINDER(AR) Recycled ground tire rubber is added to SHEET ASPHALT conventional asphalt cement. Roofing shingles A non porous material used in reservoir liners may also be added to the asphalt cement and landfill caps. CRUMB RUBBER Asphalt rubber binder with a consistency ranging from coffee grounds to peanut butter Sources: Asphalt Institute, National Asphalt Pavement Association ECONOMIC IMPACT/QUALITY Asphalt, a safe, economical and durable paving • Approximately 2 million tons of HMA are material, offers many benefits. When properly placed on Colorado highways annually designed, built and maintained, asphalt pavement enhances vehicle safety by providing a smooth,stable QUALITY and skid-resistant surface. It also saves wear and While asphalt roads have provided smooth, safe tear on vehicles. In colder climates like Colorado, travel for Colorado motorists since 1916, the black asphalt pavements will accelerate the melting Industry still has a strong commitment to of snow and ice as compared with lighter pigment continuous improvement pavements such as concrete. • The asphalt industry has active partnerships Asphalt pavement is 100 percent recyclable,and with universities throughout the state to ensure its quality actually improves each time it is recycled that only the best design and engineering as new materials are mixed with the used material technology are used Infact,asphalt pavement is the most recycled product • CAPA member are advocates of Total Quality in the United States at 80 percent. That compares to Management. They work hard to ensure that 60 percent of aluminum cans,56percent of newsprint their product is of high quality and produces and 31 percent of glass beverage bottles. According smoother, and longer-lasting roads for the to the EPA, 73 million tons of asphalt are recycled people of Colorado, and that workers have the each year. equipment and authority needed to accomplish Thanks to cold milling and recycling, asphalt their best work. �-. saves significantly-compared with concrete-on the • CAPA and CDOT have partnered to train road readjustment of manholes, curbs and sewer drains technicians for certification, resulting in when rehabilitating streets and roads. American higher-quality, longer-lasting roads. taxpayers save over $300 million per year from • As challenges arise, CAPA works closely with recycling asphalt. in addition,compared to concrete, agencies to introduce new and emerging asphalt reduces road construction time, resulting in technology. For example, new long-lasting fewer traffic delays. Stone Matrix Asphalt andSuperpave have been developed for heavy-traffic, high performance ECONOMIC IMPACT pavements. High quality intersection mixes The asphalt industry has a significant,positive effect have been developed and guidelines for the on Colorado's economy. The industry is comprised design and construction of asphalt trails and of companies ranging from small drive-way-paving paths are being used operations to multi-million dollar construction • Through the National Asphalt Pavement companies that produce and place hot mix asphalt on Association's(NAPA)Research and Education roads, airports,parking lots, etc. Foundation and Auburn University, the • Approximately 5,000 people are directly industry has established the National Center employed by the asphalt industry in Colorado. for Asphalt Technology (MCAT). NCAT is • Road construction provides employment for conducting state-of-the-art research to assist planners, civil engineers, construction the asphalt industry in its effort to constantly management executives, equipment operators, improve its product laborers and many others. • CAPA is actively involved with state and • The Colorado Department of Transportation national agency representatives to ensure (CDOT) projects that the yearly construction appropriate implementation of products from program will be maintained at levels greater the $50-million Strategic Highway Research than 500 million per year into the future. Program(SHRP). The knowledge gained from • Approximately 12 million tons of HMA are SHRP research is resulting in longer lasting produced in Colorado on an annual basis. pavements. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS WHAT IS ASPHALT? Asphalt, also known as hot mix asphalt(HMA), is made from dried crushed rock and asphalt cement, (binder)which is a mixture of petroleum compounds produced by oil refineries. HOW IS ASPHALT MADE? Asphalt binder is heated and combined with crushed rock in a production facility to produce HMA. The materials are mixed and loaded immediately onto trucks for delivery to construction sites or kept in storage silos. WHAT MAKES ASPHALT PAVEMENT SO SAFE FOR DRIVING? Safety is largely afunction of maintaining tire contact with the pavement surface and skid resistance of the surfacing. Asphalt has micro texture, which aids in skid resistance. Asphalt roads are also quieter than concrete roads because they don't have expansion joints to create noise. Other safety features of asphalt: • Asphalt is impervious to de-icing salts and chemicals and is unaffected by winter road safety maintenance. • Asphalt pavements can be designed so that water drains through the surface layer of the pavement, thus reducing splash and tire spray, and increasing tire-road contact during wet weather. • Asphalt retains heat better than other materials, so ice doesn't form as quickly and melts faster. IS ASPHALT ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND? Yes!Asphalt pavement is 100 percent recyclable and can be made to perform better the second or even third time around In fact, it is the most recycled product in the United States at 80 percent. That compares to significantly lower percentages for aluminum cans,newsprint,plastic and glass beverage containers,and magazines. Asphalt roads are removed, recrushed, mixed with additional aggregate and fresh asphalt cement, remixed and placed back on the road The hot mix asphalt industry also accepts the following materials:rubberfrom tires,slagfrom the steel-making process, roofing shingles and sand from metal-casting foundries. • In a report to Congress, the Federal Highway Administration estimated that over 70 million tons of asphalt paving material is being recycled on a yearly basis. • Recycling roads not only conserves natural resources and decreases construction time, it saves American taxpayers over$300 million each year. • Asphalt is not soluble or harmful in a water environment. Asphalt roads and stockpiles do not contribute pollutants to storm water runoff • Asphalt also prevents pollution from getting into water supplies and protects against disease from waste materials. It can be combined with aggregate to form a voidless and impermeable layer. • Many states have tested discarded asphalt pavement and determined that it should be catorized as clean fill. HOW ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE ARE ASPHALT PLANTS? Asphalt plants in Colorado must meet rigorous environmental standards. The Colorado Department of Public Health&Environment has very stringent regulations and permitting requirements for air emissions,storm water runoff and storage of materials. CAPA members are dedicated to meeting the demands of those regulations and in working closely with the APCD in regulation conformity. While production of HMA paving materials have increased by more than 250% over the past 40 years, total emissions from HMA plants have dropped by 97%or more in that same period WHY ARE SO MANY ASPHALT PLANTS NECESSARY? Colorado has over 9,000 miles of state maintained highways. These roads are resurfaced every 10 to 15 years, which means over 700 miles of roads are repaved annually. Over 12 million tons of hot mix asphalt are being produced in Colorado on a yearly basis. COOT consumes approximately 2 million tons, cities/counties use approximately 3 to 4 million tons, 3 to 4 million tons are consumed on commercial and residential projects and another 2 to 3 million tons for tollway, airport and other facilities. IS ASPHALT USED ONLY FOR ROADS? No. Asphalt has a variety of uses, including: • Paving running tracks, airport runways,greenway trails, bicycle and golf cart paths, in addition to basketball and tennis courts. • Paving cattle feed lots,poultry house floors, barn floors, and greenhouse floors. • Lining fish hatcheries and industrial retention ponds. • Serving as railbeds for transit systems. • Creating sea walls, dikes and groins to control beach erosion. Asphalt's strength, water proofing capability and inertness to seawater helps prevent the eroding action of tides and waves. DO PAVING OPERATIONS PRODUCE HIGH LEVELS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS? No. The organic fume has been calculated to be 21.1 grams. To illustrate this, NAPA created a handout calculating and showing the daily amount of organic emissions emitted during hot mix paving operations. It's surprising how many people have the misperception that paving operations emit great quanties of VOC's. This is not the case at all! The handout takes into account a variety of assumptions. It assumes that 1500 tons ofHMA are laid per day with a mix containing 5%asphalt yielding 75 tons of asphalt per day. It also takes into account the lane width and thickness, the amount of headspace, and the organic concentration of the mix. The amount of organic fume calculated is 21.1 grams,which yields an emission factor of only 0.00003 lb/ton ofHMA. A very small number. Even ifthe emissionfactor was doubled,tripled,or quadrupled,the number would still be very very small. DO CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FACILITIES REDUCE ADJACENT PROPERTY VALUES? Many think so,however one study proved otherwise. During the re-zoning process before a Planning Commission or Board of County Commissioners involving a heavy industrial use such as a new quarry,there is often confusing and inadequate information regarding the potential impacts on adjacent property values. This issue surfaced during CAPA member, Asphalt Paving Co's attempt for Jefferson County approval of the proposed Rail Line Quarry. CAPA Affiliate member, Banks and Gesso, LLC was hired and developed a comprehensive study that concluded that subdivisions in Jefferson County, and those near active quarries, consistently maintained values and rates of increase in values at or above the area averages. Copies of the report are available by contacting the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association at(303) 741-6150. DOES PAVING A ROAD IMPROVE AIR QUALITY? Yes,Paving a gravel road eliminatesfugitive dust from vehicle traffic. Due to a reallocation offederal Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality(CMAQ)funds, two sections of Telluride,Colorado streets were paved in asphalt The CMAQ funds are allocated by the state Transportation Commission to rural areas in need of air quality improvement. The town of Telluride is currently listed by the State Department ofPublic Health and Environment, as a "non-attainment maintenance"area, or an area that has not been in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. A primary contributor to poor air quality in the area is dust from dirt roads. IS IT COMMON FOR AN ASPHALT PLANT TO EMIT STEAM DURING PRODUCTION? Yes, steam is produced during asphalt production from the moisture within the aggregate. Because of the visibility of steam during production, especially in the colder months, it is sometimes confused with volatile emissions. How much is recycled? h��p(_alt Fit for 1 t mad into 64-and runni,g petFi -. I .'Mt min a,phalt at sr.... be /oOdROB s m s.co ` .. ....,w�_ 'Y$}"4�'.�,',�+? �kX ^�K'2xP",.x�a';�-�xd„`r z+ Ktvx�.,,�dl` ,a�...},r.<° z� re`re+art r i "°i•::,<%�' EC 101 • Best Manage 1,5"n! F �h To Minimize E11aj ;1u1J ; During HMA C ' mt h.!� �.tau1n • rfic ri %" <'s t.. ow By i •may. _ a 4z e i..., • / R V!+ L ,, ' , k ASPHALT PAVEMENT 0 ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL A4IIPINWT/IIWENIEST i►SSOCIATION ,1A ' o t PAININNOIT ASSOCIATIONS e r f . 4 s) This publication is provided by the Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council (APEC) which is comprised of the National Asphalt Pavement Association(NAPA), the Asphalt Institute(AI),and the State Asphalt Pavement Associations(SAPA). APEC members are dedicated to providing continuous improvement in product and environmental quality. NAPA —tort_ NAPA Building,5100 Forbes Blvd.,Lanham,MD 20706-4413 Tel:301-731-4748,Fax: 301-731-4621 Toll Free: 888-468-6499,http://www.hotmix.org A ASPHALT INSTITUTE /1 Research Park Drive,PO Box 14052,Lexington,KY 40512-4052 1 606-288-4999, www.asphaltinstitute.org SAPAE 1110 1 iON .: C/o Barry Moore,Chairman,Louisiana Asphalt Pavement Association,Inc. 4814 Jamestown Ave.,Ste.#103,Baton Rouge,LA 70808 225-927-9737 COPYRIGHT NOTICE Publications produced and published by the Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council(APEC)are copyrighted by APEC and may not be republished or copied(including mechanical reproductions)without written consent. To obtain this consent,contact the APEC at one of the addresses given above. ©2000 Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council EC 101 Printed 4/00 EC 101 Best Management Practices To Minimize Emissions During HMA Construction Introduction 3 Guidance for Plant Mix Production and Field Compaction Temperatures of HMA 4 Aggregate and RAP Best Management Practices 6 Antistripping Additives Best Practices Recommendations 7 HMA Facility Burner Operation and Maintenance 8 Impact of Equipment on Best Practices for Reducing Emissions 10 Impact of Ambient Weather Conditions on Unnecessary Emissions 11 Summary 12 ASPHALT PAVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL SAPAE NAPA A. ssalt _ASPHALT � SIPS INSTITUTE NATIONAL ASPHALT ASPHALT INSTITUTE STATE ASPHALT PAVEMENT ASSOCIATION Research Park Drive,PO Box 14052 PAVEMENT ASSOCIATIONS 5100 Forbes Boulevard Lexington,KY 40512-4052 C/o Barry Moore,Chairman Lanham,MD 20706-4413 606-288-4999 Louisiana Asphalt Pavement Association,Inc.4814 888-468-6499 www.asphaltinstitute.org Jamestown Ave.,Ste.#103, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 www.hotmix.org 225-927-9737 The Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council (APEC), consisting of the National Asphalt Pavement Association(NAPA),the Asphalt Insitute (AI), and State Asphalt Pavement Associations (SAPA)have provided the information presented herein for member organizations based on information considered to be accurate as of the date of preparation of this publication.This publication is designed to provide information of interest to NAPA,AI,and SAPA members and is not to be considered a publication of standards or regulations. The views of the authors ex- pressed herein do not necessarily reflect the decision making process of NAPA,AI, and SAPA, with regard to advice or opinions on the merits of certain processes, procedures,or equipment. Completed by: APEC Best Practices Task Force under the guidance of co-chairs, Ronald Corun, CITGO Asphalt Refining Company, and Bryan Pecht, Tilcon Delaware, Inc., and with special thanks to the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association and the Ontario Hot Mix Producers Association. Best Management Practices To Minimize Emissions During HMA Construction Introduction in an effort to provide continuous Therefore, contractors are Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) contrac- improvement in product and focusing their attention on field tors need guidance for plant mix- environmental quality, the Asphalt compaction efforts to achieve ing and compaction temperatures Pavement Environmental Council density.They are changing the to prevent any or all of these (APEC) has created this sum- roller size and the vibratory potential problems from occurring. mary of best management frequency and increasing the The purpose of this best prac- practices to minimize emissions. number of rollers on projects and tices document is to give the APEC is comprised of the the thickness of lifts to maximize HMA industry some guidance National Asphalt Pavement the time available for compaction that may help in reducing and Association (NAPA), the Asphalt efforts. Contractors may also be minimizing emissions.This guid- Institute (Al), and the State increasing mix temperature to ance is meant to help HMA facili- Asphalt Pavement Associations increase time for compaction. ties incorporate a routine manage- (SAPA).These guidelines are Increasing mix temperature ment program but does not claim the result of synthesizing the should be the last option used to be all-inclusive or to cover all best information available on to help achieve density. possible options. plant and paving operations. The HMA producer must be There is a continuous evolu- Ensuring the proper lift aware that using appropriate tion in materials and mix design thickness of four times storage, mixing, and compaction systems, and this includes the maximum nominal temperature for HMA is key to Superpave, Stone Matrix Asphalt aggregate size makes minimizing emissions.A major (SMA), and new binders, modifi- density easier to achieve goal should be to minimize ers, and additives. Some of these and reduces reliance on temperatures while meeting new binder grades may be unlike higher mix temperature to specification densities. Minimiz- the viscosity or penetration meet density requirements. ing operating temperatures can graded asphalts that have been result in reducing environmental used in the past.There is a trend The combination of new binder impact and costs. Review of the toward coarser aggregate grada- grades that are unfamiliar to manufacturer or supplier's Materi- tions for heavy duty pavements, contractors and their desire als Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and one effect of these new to increase mix temperatures to for the product to be used is coarse gradations is that they are assist compaction efforts may strongly recommended. more difficult to compact. Speci- lead to excessively high mix Research is underway at the fied density may be harder to temperatures. High mix tempera- National Center for Asphalt Tech- achieve with the newer coarse tures may cause several prob- nology (NCAT) to establish a test gradations than with mixes of the lems to occur: to indicate emissions potential past, and if density is not met • the asphalt binder may be for a given asphalt and establish these mixes may be permeable damaged; a working temperature that will to moisture. As a result, many • unnecessary emissions may prevent unnecessary emissions specifying agencies are focusing be generated; generation. As future research on density requirements. • the mix may be tender when and experience evolve, new rolled; and information will be incorporated • excessive asphalt drain-down into this best practices document. may occur with some mix types. EC 101 Guidance for Plant Mix Production and Field Compaction Temperatures of HMA In the 1970s, the Asphalt Insti- purposes. This method should components, if any, and additives, tute (AI) developed a procedure not be used to select the if any. Each asphalt binder is for determining the mixing and proper temperatures for plant unique in this respect.There is compaction temperature of HMA mixing and field compaction. no reliable test at this time that for laboratory testing.This Many agencies and contrac- measures the emissions potential method, described in the Al tors use the laboratory mixing for a given asphalt binder. publications, Mix Design Meth- and compaction temperatures Research is underway by the ods (MS-2) and Superpave Mix as a starting point for identifying NCAT to establish a test to indi- Design (SP-2), involves using plant mixing and field compaction cate emissions potential for a viscosity tests to identify labora- temperatures.This is not the given asphalt and establish tory mixing and compaction correct procedure. Contractors, a maximum temperature that temperatures. It has worked well given their concern about meet- will prevent unnecessary in the laboratory for non-modified ing density requirements, tend emissions generation. asphalts, but has not worked well to use the lab temperatures as Until this research is complet- for modified asphalts. Experience a low-end starting point, and ed, the following procedure is has shown that the temperatures may increase the plant mix recommended for selecting the determined using this method for temperature above the laboratory starting point for plant mixing and modified binders are generally temperatures.This is typically field compaction temperatures: too high. Contractors and agen- not necessary and can cause cies should be guided by the 1. Contact the asphalt supplier, numerous problems associated describe the mix type, and asphalt supplier's recommenda- with excessively high mix tem- mixing i tions for proper laboratory and request the olant ndati tem- ns. peratures. High mix temperatures perature recommendations.plant mix production and field may cause several problems compaction temperatures for to occur: 2. Consider previous field experi- these products. • the asphalt binder may ences with this asphalt binder This procedure has been be damaged; grade from this asphalt supplier adopted as part of the Superpave • unnecessary fumes and and current project conditions. performance grade asphalt odors may be generated; Project conditions could include binder system.The laboratory • the mix may be tender weather or seasonal conditions, mixing temperature for a non- when rolled; and lift thickness, haul distance, modified asphalt is the tempera- • excessive asphalt drain- and mixture considerations. ture range that produces a down may occur with Adjust the supplier's recom- viscosity of 150-190 centistokes. some mix types. mended temperatures to suit The laboratory compaction A useful reference on field project conditions. temperature is the temperature compaction is Al publication, 3. Consult the chart "Typical range that produces a viscosity in Factors Affecting Compaction Asphalt Binder Temperatures" the range of 250-310 centistokes. (ES-9) listed by PG Grade, on the next This method is designed to page.This chart was developed Asphalt binder properties determine a temperature for from a survey of asphalt sup- determine asphalt viscosity (known as related to emissions potential q P at varying temperatures are pliers regarding the plant mixing the equiviscous temperature) in temperature recommendations influenced by base crude oil, _ the laboratory for mix design the refining process, blending EC 101 4 for each grade of asphalt The chart below, establishing The actual temperature will be binder that they supply.The asphalt storage temperatures determined by the test strip. results were adjusted to pro- and plant mixing-production This temperature should be vide a sensible and continuous temperatures, is meant as a determined in consultation with range of temperatures across guide only.The temperatures the asphalt supplier, since the grades. listed are appropriate for dense- factors such as crude base, 4. Select a plant mix temperature graded HMA mixes and may refining process, blending, and starting point based on the not be applicable for open- additives may have an effect on information obtained in items graded and gap-graded the binder properties relating one through three above. HMA mixes. to constructability. • The starting point should be close to the middle of the range of temperatures for the PG binder grade being Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council Best Practices used, as shown to the left on the "Typical Asphalt Binder Typical Asphalt Binder Temperatures Temperatures"chart. HMA Plant Asphalt Tank HMA Plant Mixing • Construct a test strip and Binder Grade Storage Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F) monitor both densities and Range Midpoint Range Midpoint temperatures in accordance with an approved Quality PG 46-28 260-290 275 240-295 264 Control plan. PG 46-34 260-290 275 240-295 264 • Determine the laydown PG 46-40 260-290 275 240-296 264 temperature at which PG 52-28 260-295 278 240-300 270 specification density can PG 52-34 260-295 278 240-300 270 be achieved. PG 52-40 260-295 278 240-300 270 • Use available software or PG 52-46 260-295 278 240-300 270 graphs to estimate the heat loss during mix transport PG 58-22 280-305 292 260-310 285 and laydown, taking into PG 58-28 280-305 292 260-310 285 consideration haul distance, PG 58-34 280-305 292 260-310 285 ambient temperature, PG 64-22 285-315 300 265-320 292 wind conditions, and PG 64-28 285-315 300 265-320 292 mat thickness. PG 64-34 285-315 300 265-320 292 • Add this temperature loss to the targeted mix temperature PG 67-22 295-320 308 275-325 300 obtained from the test strip PG 70-22 300-325 312 280-330 305 and this will yield a starting PG 70-28 295—320 308 275—325 300 point for plant mixing tem- peratures at the HMA plant. PG 7s-22 315—330 322 285—335 310 • Adjust this temperature as PG 76-28 310—325 318 280—330 305 necessary during normal PG 82-22 315—335 325 290—340 315 production. Use mid-point temperature for test strip construction. EC 101 Aggregate and RAP Best Management Practices Aggregate and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) provide the structural elements for HMA. RAP usage must be acceptable environmentally. Their proper utilization is critical • Do not use materials or RAP containing coal tar or other to providing high quality HMA questionable material. with a minimum impact on the • Do not over-heat. environment. Usage of high • Do not expose RAP to burner flame. quality RAP is critical to the HMA industry as it conserves aggre- High moisture contents in aggregate and RAP introduced into the gate and asphalt and provides HMA production process may cause unnecessary fumes, emissions, an element of profitability. Best and odors. Further, high moisture contents can waste fuel in the drying RAP management practices process and negatively impact the quality of the HMA.Therefore, to with respect to emissions, fumes minimize these moisture contents, best management practices should and odor can be categorized include the following: as follows: • Paved stockpile areas graded to enhance drainage. • Stockpiling techniques to allow materials to shed rain. • Use of covered stockpiles in areas of high annual rainfall. • Procedures to use the driest portion of a stockpile. • Flighting in the dryer configured to optimize retention time and drying efficiency while at the same time minimizing exposure of RAP and asphalt to the hot air stream. For further information, consult the following NAPA and Al publications: • NAPA: Recycling Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements (IS-123) • Al: Flexible Pavement Mixture Design Using Reclaimed Asphalt Concrete(RR-84-2) Other products that may be potential sources of emissions, fumes, and odors and, therefore, require special consideration are: • Slag aggregate • Shingles • Crumb rubber mixtures • Plastic collars on glass containers crushed as aggregate • Other emerging recyclables such as products from construc- tion and demolition waste. For further information, consult the following NAPA publication: • Evaluating the Use of Waste Materials in Hot Mix Asphalt (SR-165) If problems with such materials are encountered, the materials supplier should be contacted. EC 101 6 Antistripping Additives Best Management Practices Before using any liquid anti- stripping additives, contact the manufacturer's representative Recommendations for guidance regarding product selection, operating temp- • Antistripping additives should be used to enhance mixture eratures, dosage rates, handling, durability only when test results indicate the need for them. and circulation procedures, etc. • Use "low-odor"formulations of antistripping additives. Emissions including odors Manufacturers have developed blends that have reduced generated from some antistrip- odor potential. ping additives are generally • Determine the optimal percentage of antistripping additive to dependent upon the type of use. Dosages exceeding 0.5% (by weight of asphalt cement) additive, the temperature of the are rarely needed. If high concentrations are required, consider asphalt binder, and the relative using a higher efficiency formulation. Note that the dosage humidity. Review of the manu- rate is expressed as a percentage of the weight of asphalt— facturer or supplier's Materials not the weight of the mixture. Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) • Control the temperature of the asphalt binder and the for the product to be used is antistripping additive at the lowest temperatures that produce strongly recommended. satisfactory results. Do not overheat since excessive heating may generate unnecessary emissions. • The antistripping additive must be uniformly blended into the asphalt. Non-uniform blending may contribute to unnecessary emissions. EC 101 0 HMA Facility Burner Operation and Maintenance All combustion systems operate An HMA facility has the poten- Implementation of a burner best when properly tuned. tial to emit various emissions, and maintenance program is neces- Optimum performance from an it should not operate outside its saw to achieve optimum perfor- HMA facility burner system can permit limits. Carbon monoxide mance of a burner system. Daily help reduce emissions, improve (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), monitoring of burner performance drying efficiency, reduce operat- sulfur oxides (SOx), and volatile is an integral part of effective ing costs, and increase produc- organic compounds (VOCs) are burner operation. Fuel usage tion.Tuning a burner means the found in the exhaust gas stream. should be tracked in relation to adjustment of the fuel and air The concentration level of each of aggregate moisture, mix temper- combination to ensure complete these gases indicates the effi- ature, and baghouse temperature and proper combustion of the ciency of the combustion process. to create and maintain a data- fuel. If an HMA facility has a It is important to know the burner base.Then daily burner operation burner that is "tuned up," it is system specifications and capaci- parameters can be compared to likely to be in compliance with ties, along with the concentration this database to indicate when EPA regulations and make the level of each of these gases. burner efficiency has diminished, plant a better neighbor. and burner maintenance is Maintain Your Burner on ro s Burner Control System Maintenance/Safety Check List WHY such a big deal about burner controls? rU 1. Perform a visual inspection of the air system for Burner controls are more than just the panel in obvious combustion problems. your control room.A good, state-of-the-art U 2. Do not operate with electrical jumpers on the controls burner control system: as this may disable designed-in safety features ✓ Coordinates important components. ❑ 3. Check and maintain all automatic and manual fuel ✓ Performs various critical combustion functions. valves to ensure proper operation ✓ Ensures safe burner operations. U 4. Keep all mechanical and electrical safety interlocks ✓ Protects other plant components from exces- in the system. Check periodically for proper operation. sive heat or pressure. ✓ Provides proper fuel/air ratio control for ❑ 5. Periodically check or have the air/fuel ratio checked efficient combustion. for efficient combustion. ✓ Ensures proper process temperatures for a U 6. Check operation or the mechanical components of the quality mix. burner:drive motor, valves, linkage, nozzle, spinner, etc. WHAT can I do? ❑ 7. Check all thermocouples for proper placement, proper Make it a general practice to operate and maintain calibration, and wear. Don't forget to check the cables your burner controls in accordance with the manu- and wells. facturers specifications and instructions. ❑8. The components of the fuel train should also be inspect- ed for proper operation and wear.These components WHOSE responsibility is it? may include the fuel pressure regulator, fuel strainers The ultimate responsibility lies with you... and traps, fuel preheats, piping, valves, gauges, ther- THE PLANT OWNER AND OPERATOR! mometers, etc. HOW do I know if I'm up-to-date? ❑ 9. If the option exists on your burner control, dry run the The following checklist will help you evaluate controls to verify proper operation. This safety tip from ESPOC Says is brought to you with special thanks to David and maintain your system. F.Brashears,Gencor Industries Inc.,and Roger Apel,R.Apel&Associates. EC 101 a required. Flighting in the combus- burner maintenance program. be performed at a minimum of tion zone should be checked for Two ESPOC Says tip sheets, once per year. However, more wear and proper combustion "Burner Controls" and "Burner frequent tune-ups are recom- space. In parallel flow plants, Tune-Ups," contain useful informa- mended and may be required by particular attention should be tion and are also available from local regulating agencies. given to obtain the proper NAPA. Content from these sheets Burner tune-up is not a one- cigar-shaped flame. is included in this document. time event. It is an ongoing NAPA publications, The Burner manufacturers and regular maintenance item.The Fundamentals of the Operation burner maintenance specialists more data available, the quicker and Maintenance of the Exhaust offer technical assistance to HMA it may be determined if a problem Gas System in a Hot Mix Asphalt facility operators wishing to initiate exists. Money may be saved, Facility(IS-52) and The Uniform a burner tune-up program and and unwanted emissions from Burner Rating Method for Aggre- are also available to perform the the plant will be reduced, if these gate Dryers(IS-76) are excellent burner maintenance. It is recom- guidelines are followed. resources when establishing a mended that a burner tune-up Burner Tune-ups WHEN should burners be tuned? WHY tune-up a burner? ✓ Annual tune-ups, at a minimum, are suggested to catch changes in settings from other maintenance ✓ Improved Performance activities. Early summer is a slower time for field Burners are the engines in your plant. technicians and a time when work and weather Does yours perform like a racecar? are more predictable. Is your low fire stable without overheating the baghouse? ✓ Pick a day when production is busy but not a Is your output at 100%burner close to faceplate rating? "pedal to the metal day." Will your controller maintain stable temperatures in the ✓ A good tune-up may require a few shut downs to automatic mode? make adjustments or to check low fire performance. ✓ Economy HOW are burners tuned up 25%of your drying costs may go up the stack. Reduce excess air at burners. with combustion analyzers? Evaluate stack temperature and dryer(lighting. ✓ Use of combustion analyzers is the only way to accu- Assure complete combustion. rately set a burner for good combustion through the ✓ Safety full range of its operation.Analyzers also give a May need analyzers to detect unburned fuel. picture of the plant's air system.At a minimum, Solve flame stability problems. oxygen and carbon monoxide readings should be Verify motor rotations. taken throughout the tune-up and recorded. Verify proper valve operations. ✓ Mark linkage settings before a tune-up so you can ✓ Environmental stewardship go back to them if problems develop. ./are sources of many problems that could Insist that technicians explain exactly what adjust- Burners irritate neighbors. ments are being made and why. The better you understand your burner,the better Regular burner maintenance is part of being a equipped you are to solve problems down the road. good neighbor! Odors can form from incomplete combustion. WHO should you call? Noise problems can be reduced. ✓ Burner manufacturer. -OR- .1 The best defense is a good offense ✓ Third party experienced with a variety of burner Facilities facing neighbor complaints can use mainte- styles used by the Hot Mix Industry. nance records to illustrate responsible operations. Caution: Local industrial burner services may not be familiar Burner tune-up reports can be structured to demonstrate with direct-fired dryers and cannot factor in aggregate continued compliance with air permit conditions. quenchings.An air system must work in harmony with the burner. Suggestion...go with experience in your industry. This safety tip from ESPOC Says is brought to you with special thanks to Bob Frank,Compliance Monitoring Service,for his input. EC 101 9 Impact of Equipment on Best Practices for Reducing Emissions in order to produce high quality HMA while minimizing environ- mental impact, plant and field • Counter-flow mixing equipment technology can reduce equipment should be maintained emissions since it keeps the RAP and binder separate and operated per the manufac- from the drying area and flue gases. turers' specifications and using • Sealed silo tops and sealed load-out areas may reduce the best available practices. fugitive emissions especially when tied into fugitive These are some of the items emission recapture and destruction systems. that may help in achieving these goals. • An asphalt storage tank fugitive emission capture system may reduce fugitive emissions from the vent. • Exhaust fans should be kept running efficiently. • Calibration of thermocouples and other sensors are essential in monitoring plant conditions and mix temperatures. • Properly maintained engineering controls on the paver will help reduce emissions in the work zone. • Eliminate the use of diesel fuel and kerosene as release agents throughout the hot mix asphalt production and construction process. EC 101 10 Impact of Ambient Weather Conditions on Unnecessary Emissions The following items are potential contributing factors to problems associated with emissions that Time of Day: have been experienced in the The majority of occurrences of emissions problems have been production, placement, and with night paving operations.These may be related to ambient compaction of HMA mixtures. weather conditions. Impact of Ambient Weather Conditions: The emissions problems to date have been related to weather conditions of low wind velocity and elevated relative humidity and dew point values that could result in temperature inversions. Moisture: Many, but not all, of the emissions problems involve the use of high percentages of sedimentary aggregate (limestone or dolomite) with relatively high water absorption levels. High moisture contents in the aggregate may also be related to variable stockpile moisture resulting from recent rainfall or non-uniform feeding operations. In addition, moisture content has a drastic effect on hot mix production if one is to produce high quality HMA. For example, the production of a typical eight-foot diameter drum plant is about 430 tons per hour when the aggregate moisture content is three percent.This drops to 305 tons per hour when the moisture content is five percent, and it decreases to 236 tons per hour at an aggregate moisture content of seven percent. Excessively high moisture not only decreases production but dramatically increases the consumption of fuel per ton of mix. EC 101 m Summary This best practices publication peratures, the use of aggregate This document is a living will provide the HMA industry and RAP, the use of antistripping document, and it will be revised, with some guidance that may additives, burner operation and as new information becomes assist in producing high quality maintenance, equipment utiliza- available on the basis of re- HMA in an environmentally tion, and the impact of weather search and innovations. friendly manner.This document conditions. By using the informa- has reviewed the best practices tion in this document, the HMA available for plant mix produc- producer may realize that using tion and field compaction tem- appropriate storage, mixing, and compaction temperatures for the HMA is key to minimizing fumes, emissions, and odors. EC 101 Daily Amount of Organic Emissions from Hot Mix Paving Operations ASSUMPTIONS 1500 tons of HMA laid/day 12 ft. wide lane paved 5% asphalt cement content 2 in. mat thickness 145 pounds per cubic foot 6 ft. high headspace 1 mg/m3 organic concentration CALCULATIONS Amount of Asphalt Cement 1500 tons/day (5% asphalt cement = 75 tons of asphalt cement/day Length Paved During a Day 1500 tons/day [2000 Ibs/tong = 10,345 ft. or 1 .96 miles 145 lbs/ft3 [12 ft.-wide] [2/12 ft.-thick] Amount of Organic Fume 1 mg/W[12 ft.-widel 16 ft.-highl [10,345 ft.-longl = 21.1 grams of organics 35.31 ft.3/m3 EMISSION FACTORS 21.1 grams of organic = 0.0006 lb./ton of asphalt cement 75 tons of asphalt cement [453.6 grams/lb.] 21.1 grams of organic = 0.00003 lb./ton of HMA 1500 tons of HMA [453.6 grams/lb.] Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council Best Practices Typical Asphalt Binder Temperatures HMA Plant Asphalt Tank HMA Plant Mixing Binder Grade Storage Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F) Range Midpoint Range Midpoint PG 46 -28 260 — 290 275 240 — 295 264 PG 46 -34 260 — 290 275 240 — 295 264 PG 46 -40 260 — 290 275 240 — 295 264 PG 52 -28 260 — 295 278 240 — 300 270 PG 52 -34 260 — 295 278 240 — 300 270 PG 52 -40 260 — 295 278 240 — 300 270 PG 52 -46 260 — 295 278 240 — 300 270 PG 58 -22 280 — 305 292 260 — 310 285 PG 58 -28 280 — 305 292 260 — 310 285 PG 58 -34 280 — 305 292 260 — 310 285 PG 64 -22 285 — 315 300 265 — 320 292 PG 64 -28 285 — 315 300 265 — 320 292 PG 64 -34 285 — 315 300 265 — 320 292 PG 67 -22 295 — 320 308 275 — 325 300 PG 70 -22 300 — 325 312 280 — 330 305 PG 70 -28 295 — 320 308 275 — 325 300 PG 76 -22 315 — 330 322 285 — 335 310 PG 76 -28 310 — 325 318 280 — 330 305 PG 82 -22 315 — 335 325 290 — 340 315 Use mid-point temperature for test strip construction. ASPHALT PAVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL APEC is comprised of the following organizations:National Asphalt Pavement Association,Asphalt Institute,State Asphalt Pavement Associations Asphalt Pavement Environmental Council Best Practices Controlling Fumes, Emissions and Odors from HMA Plant andPaving Operations AT THE PLANT • Gather data on aggregate moisture content and fuel usage. If fuel usage • Select plant mixing temperature by: goes up for the same or less moisture, — Contacting your asphalt supplier. find the reason. — Using the chart on the back. ■ Have stack gases tested to see if • Do not use laboratory mixing tempera- they are in limits. If not, contact ture as plant mixing temperature. manufacturer to make adjustments. • Make sure RAP and aggregates are dry. ■ Compare mix temperatures with plant temperatures. Look for • Do not use RAP containing coal tar. changes with time. • Do not expose RAP to flame. • Measure and record the pressure • Do not over-heat RAP. drop in the baghouse. Look for ■ Look for other sources of fumes changes over time. such as: • Keep a record of fuel usage over — Slag aggregate time. Find the reason for any — Shingles big changes. — Crumb rubber mixtures ■ Keep track of this information and — Other products from construction discuss it with co-workers and the and demolition waste. manufacturer. Do not use diesel fuel and kerosene • Read the Material Safety Data Sheet ■ (MSDS) for all materials. as release agents. • Regularly calibrate thermocouples AT THE PAVING SITE and other sensors. ■ Try increasing the mat lift thickness • Tune up the burner. before calling for a higher plant ■ Contact the manufacturer and find temperature. out the limits on CO and 02. a Do not use diesel fuel and kerosene • When the stack is tested, compare as release agents. the plant's thermocouple reading to ■ Maintain engineering controls on the tester's thermocouple. paving equipment. ASPHALT PAVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL APEC is comprised of the following organizations:National Asphalt Pavement Association,Asphalt institute,State Asphalt Pavement Associations awns*. Hello