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Home My WebLink About20043437.tiff .. Colorado AirQuality Control Commission Report to the Public 2003-2004 M1a, $a , fig• g@4�F8 t $ x a. M1 10.46,0$" %6 {$4 Qka% trfx.M1 xxii xi tom^ it m • b$ 649$4kx ptlC 6dYV ecJ aons#ado Y' ax3#E'. v, r 7o94a e : t «a. kKAW aH ? Abilm !!“ { y` ' n §' &4Illb 804 xP uA cb. A o-4 wP t , .. . *4%.**,* 4%A. } d t S ,•p«._ A*1. 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Duties of the Commission report which shall contain the following specific information: (4)(a)The commission and the state board of (a)A description of the pollution problem in health shall hold a public hearing during the each of the polluted areas of the state,described month of October of each year in order to hear separately for each such area; public comment on air pollution problems within (b) To the extent possible, the identification the state, alleged sources of air pollution within of sources of air pollution in each separate area the state, and the availability of practical rem- of the state, such as motor vehicles, industrial edies therefor; and at such time the technical sources, and power-generating facilities; secretary shall answer reasonable questions from (c)A list of all alleged violations of emis- the public concerning administration and en- sion control regulations which shows the status forcement of the various provisions of this of control procedures in effect with respect to article, as well as rules and regulation promul- each such alleged violation. gated under the authority of this article. (5) Prior to the hearing required under Colorado Air Quality Control Commission wutivv.cdphe.state.co.usiop/aqcciaqcchom.asp s to te.co.us/op/aqcc/agcchom.asp Commissioner Resident of: Term expires: Doug Blewitt Englewood January 31 , 2005 Robert E. Brady Jr., chair Lakewood January 31 , 2007 Jim Evans Grand Junction January 31 , 2007 John Daily Boulder January 31 , 2006 Robert Lowdermilk Denver January 31 , 2005 Jim Martin Longmont January 31 , 2006 Chris Neumann Denver January 31 , 2007 Cynthia Peterson, vice chair Littleton January 31 , 2005 Marian Smith Glenwood Springs January 31 , 2006 Douglas A. Lempke, Technical Secretary Marla Biberstine, Program Assistant ii U STATE OF COLORADO Bill Owens,Governor Doug Benevento,Executive Director .cijF.Co43, COLORADO AIR QUALITY CONTROL COMMISSION Fe http//www.cdphe.state.co.us ly 4300 Cherry Creek Dr.S. 1876 � OED-OPPI-A5 Denver,Colorado 80246-1530 Colorado Department Phone(303)692-3100 P Fax(303)691-7702 of Public Health and Environment October 1, 2004 Dear fellow Coloradoan, The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission presents this annual Report to the Public about the quality of Colorado's air. This report summarizes the progress made and the current state of our air quality. The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission is the state agency responsible for developing and adopting regulatory programs to protect and improve air quality in Colorado. We consist of nine Governor- appointed and Senate-confirmed citizens with many varied backgrounds. We protect and improve air quality through both 1 regulation and State Implementation Plans (or SIPs). The commission also is responsible for hearing appeals of the Air Pollution Control Division's application of air regulation programs through permit terms and conditions and enforcement actions. Colorado's air quality management program regulates air pollutant emissions from: •cars and trucks, •electric power generation, • stationary sources (large and small), •wood burning, • street sanding and sweeping activities, and •the use of prescribed fire. The regulatory program also evaluates and controls: • visibility, •odor, and • transportation planning impacts to future air quality. Please see page nine of this report for highlights of this year's activities of the commission and the air quality management program. Commission meetings typically are conducted on the third Thursday of each month and may extend into the next day. The commission encourages members of the public to attend these meetings and express their views. More information about the commission and Colorado's air quality management program can be found at http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/op/aqcc/aqcchom.asp Sincerely, /V1' Robert E. Brady li Chairman III r 2003-2004 Report to the Public Table of Contents Statutory Requirement ii Air Quality Control Commissioners ii Letter from the Commission iii Overview of Colorado Air Quality 1 The Air Quality Control Commission 4 Air Quality Management Program 7 Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program 11 Regional Air Quality Perspectives 13 Central Front Range Region Eastern High Plains Region Northern Front Range Region Pikes Peak Region South Central Region Western Slope Region Appendix Colorado Air Quality Regulations Health-Related Air Pollutants Enforcement Report iv sr. Air Quality Overview Denver's early economy was fueled by wood, Carbon Monoxide Trends coal, and oil.In 1877 six coal-fired railroads operated 2nd 8-hour maximum value through Denver.Smoke stacks were accepted as the price of prosperity. Smoke was evidence of the energy that was building the area's economy,and oily 30 soot was considered a small price to pay.Many older 25 citizens can testify that soot had to be shaken from o 20 clothes hung outside to dry on washday.For almost a 5 century soot and smoky air in the Denver area were a 15 - considered normal. Ig 10 By the 1950s the use of coal as a home heating o 5 Standard source was slowly replaced by natural gas.Nation- ally,scientists and health authorities were beginning 0 to recognize the consequences of unhealthful emis- sions into the air. l+Denver-..-Colorado Springs +Greeley By 1960 definite improvements had occurred in Denver's air. Smoke and soot were noticeably reduced and people began to recognize that improve- PM 10 Trends ments could be made.Motor vehicle and power plant 2nd maximum value,24 hour average emissions were recognized as uncontrolled sources 300 where significant engineering improvements could be made with a unified effort. 250 That effort came in the form of the 1970 Clean € 200 Air Act.It was the beginning of the nationwide effort g 1 Standard 50 to markedly improve the health of citizens and the environment by cleaning the nation's air.In Colorado, g 100 - 1 - 1 the 1970 Air Pollution Control Act created the Air 50 Quality Control Commission,which adopted the state's first air quality regulations. 0 In 1975,Denver had 177 days in which its air 0 0 0, 0 p,Creek 41-+ 0 400 e (if) o^ e °`' was in"unhealthful"categories,ranking second t Cdppk Denver-�Mt.Crested Butte dirtiest behind Los Angeles. The Air Quality Control Commission designated high pollution areas of the state as"nonattainment"with the U.S.Environmental • automobile manufacturers who improved the Protection Agency's air quality standards. The emissions control systems on their vehicles to meet commission instituted measures to reduce pollutant the high standards set by regulation; levels below the standards. • drivers who kept their vehicles well maintained By 2002,Colorado had accomplished a mile- and in good repair to pass the emissions test; stone that had seemed impossible in the 1970s. In • the businesses and industries that installed and 2002,the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency maintained emissions control equipment; redesignated the Denver area as"in attainment/ • the homeowners who have cooperated with maintenance:' The Denver area was the first urban residential burning control programs; nonattainment area in the nation to be redesignated to • those who have participated in voluntary programs attainment status. to improve air quality;and, Credit for this achievement should go to those • municipalities and agencies that have reduced road who helped make it occur,including sanding and improved street sweeping. 1 r a 2003-2004 Report to the Public For several years the Denver-metropolitan area violated since 1995.Carbon monoxide deprives the had not violated any of the Environmental Protection body of oxygen. Agency's standards for the criteria pollutants. In the No violations of the coarse particle(PM10) summer of 2003 ground-level ozone'teadings standard have occurred since 1993. PM10 can reduce violated the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's lung function and cause respiratory problems. In the new 8-hour ozone standard.In anticipation of Denver area most PM10 is caused by dust from roads. violations,and to reduce ozone levels,the Denver- Increased street sweeping and the use of alternative metropolitan area entered into an Ozone Early Action deicers as a substitute for road sanding have reduced Compact with the U.S.Environmental Protection particulate concentrations. Agency in December 2002.The commission adopted No exceedances of the federal health-based fine an Ozone Action Plan in 2004.See page 6 for details. particle(PM2.5)standard have occurred since Ground-level ozone should not be confused with monitoring began. The majority of these particles are natural ozone high in the atmosphere. Stratospheric generated from motor vehicle exhaust.The particles ozone protects the earth from the sun's ultraviolet can be inhaled deeply into the lungs and can cause rays.Ground-level ozone is a summertime pollutant damage to the respiratory system. formed when volatile organic compounds and Fine particles also degrade visibility and largely nitrogen oxides mix and react in the presence of are responsible for urban haze.Denver often exceeds sunlight. Ground-level ozone is a lung irritant. the state standard for urban visibility. The carbon monoxide standard has not been Causes of Particulate Matter Pollution in Colorado PM1 0 Contributions Denver PM2.5 Contributions Typical Mountain Community 80% 30% 70%- 25% - p 50%- 20% - 50%- 15% - 40%- 10% - 30% 20%- 5°% ■ 0% I ■ 0% • 0% �9 G° y��5 e'�4 Fc abbe °`°+'a� `cf..� o0`�, ab S�5 f , ac �c \J �� '�J �� PJ� P P e" cfr Qyc tl` Gci) �40� This chart represents average source and chemical This chart represents typical source and chemical contribution to the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentra- contributions to PM10 during a high pollution day in the tion at a north Denver area monitoring station during winter. Data are averaged from studies of five moun- the winter of 1997. tain communities in Colorado. PM2.5 particles have an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 PM10 particles have an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less.A micron is approximately one-seventh microns or less. PM10 is the pollutant that most the width of a human hair. PM2.5 is a pollutant of commonly exceeds National Ambient Air Quality concern in the metro area because it results in possible Standards in mountain communities,where windblown respiratory and other health problems and also the dust and woodburning are primary contributors. "Brown Cloud." * Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions as opposed to being emitted directly into the air.The North Front Range Air Quality Study(www.nfrags.colostate.edu)concluded that the majority of ammonium nitrate is caused by motor vehicles,and three-fourths of sulfur dioxide,a precursor to ammonium sulfate,comes from coal fired power stations. 2 a Air Quality Overview Causes of Ozone Pollution in Colorado Ozone pollution is formed when volatile Sources Contributing to Ozone Formation organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides 500 (NOx)react in the presence of sunlight. Emis- 450 ::XS: - sions from industry,motor vehicles,and even 400 vegetation contribute to ozone formation. 350 ■ ®Volatile Organic Compounds ISM At ground level, ozone can cause breathing >,300 ; ■Nitrogen Oxides ER IS difficulties and respiratory infections in the i 250 '"": elderly,the young, and those with pre-existing s 200 - ailments such as asthma. Even healthy people 150 ..:.::::•::: : who exercise or work outdoors can experience oo "':":. MIN= 1respiratory effects from ozone. 50 ligr;; �:::#: ': :;':';: N:.:::::: Ozone is colorless and odorless at ambient BM IIIEW5 MR MCI concentrations. In the stratosphere, ozone helps Point Sources Area Sources Off-Road Mobile Sources Biogenic Engines Sources protect the earth from ultraviolet radiation. Source.Early Action Corrpact Ozone Control Ran The highest ground-level ozone concentra- Point Sources: Emissions that come from a stationary source tions occur in the summer when sunlight is more such as factories and industrial sources. intense and meteorological conditions are more stagnant. Hot, still days can result in reactive Mobile Sources:On-road motor vehicles. pollutants forming a coherent mass of ozone Off-Road Engines: Lawn and construction equipment, off-road that stays in the area for several days. vehicles, locomotives, airplanes, etc. The Denver metropolitan area has expert- Area Sources: Emissions that do not include point or mobile enced ozone pollution problems during the past soures. few summers and has developed a plan to Biogenic Sources: Naturally occurring emissions from vegeta- reduce ozone levels. See page 4 for details. tion, including trees, plants and crops. Causes of Carbon Monoxide Pollution Carbon monoxide is produced primarily Sources of Carbon Monoxide during the incomplete combustion of fuels used Central Front Range for transportation and heating. It is the largest 800,000 single fraction of pollutants found in urban 700,000 atmospheres.About 90 percent of carbon 800,000 monoxide in the Denver area comes from motor soo,000 vehicles. Other sources are woodburning stoves d >, 400,000 and fireplaces, aircrafts and locomotives, construction equipment,power plants and space 2 800,000 heating. 200'000 In Denver, the daily concentration peaks are 100,000 after morning and evening rush hours. The 0 worst problems occur where slow moving cars Point Sources Area Sources Mobile Sources congregate. The problem is more severe in winter when cold weather causes engines to run Point Sources: Emissions that come from stationary sources less efficiently and meteorological conditions such as factories and industrial sources. trap pollutants near the ground. Mobile Sources: Both on- and off-road motor vehicles and any Denver has not violated the carbon monox- engines that are mobile and give off emissions. ide standard since 1995. Carbon monoxide has continued to decrease as a result of cleaner Area Sources: Emissions that come from a broad area that do not include point or mobile soures, including emissions from motor vehicles, and residential burning regula- heating, woodburning fireplaces,forest fires and controlled Lions. burns. 3 2003-2004 Report to the Public Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Commission Roles and Responsibilities The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- •cars and light duty trucks, sion is the state agency responsible for develop- • burning practices, ing and adopting a regulatory program to protect • street sanding and sweeping activities, and and improve air quality in Colorado. Typically, • the use of prescribed fire. the commission is involved in the maintenance The air quality program also is focused on: of the regulations through modification and • visibility, revision. Much of the air quality management •odor,and program currently is in place and has been •transportation planning impacts to future air adopted over time. New programs occasionally quality. are considered by the commission. Commission meetings are conducted on the The commission oversees the implementa- third Thursday of each month and may extend tion of the programs they adopt. The commis- into the next day. The commission encourages sion is responsible for hearing appeals of the Air members of the public to attend these meetings Pollution Control Division's implementation of and express their views. the programs through permit terms and condi- More information about the commission and tions and enforcement actions. Colorado's air quality management program can Colorado's air quality management program be found at www.cdphe.state.co.us/op/ regulates air pollutant emissions from: aqcchom.asp. • stationary industrial sources, Commission Establishes Air Quality Priorities Each year the Colorado Air Quality Control •Continue efforts to prevent violations of the Commission conducts an annual planning ozone standards. meeting in May.At this meeting the comission and Air Pollution Control Division work together Mobile Sources to plan air quality management program revi- •Develop a high emitter program to imple- sions for commission consideration in the ment after the enhanced and basic emissions coming year. During this planning session the programs are no longer necessary. Include commission develops its list of air quality smoking vehicles in this plan. priority agenda items that it will focus on during •Re-evaluate the Inspection and Mainte- the coming year. nance Program boundary, the effectiveness of the The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- program in reducing ozone, the overall effect of sion has established the following priority items vehicle emission control systems (as well as for the current year. their costs), the effect of reduced volatility fuel sold in the Denver metropolitan area, and the Attainment/Maintenance Plans effect of elevated summertime temperatures on •Evaluate mobile source emission control vehicle emissions. strategies for the central Front Range. •Readdress the gasoline vehicle repair •Develop new emission budgets for all five waiver limit in the Summer or Fall of 2004. carbon monoxide maintenance areas and the •Increase efforts to educate the public on air Denver Ozone and PM10 Maintenance plans. quality benefits of regular vehicle maintenance. •Review the implementation of voluntary • Implement recent legislation for the diesel emission reduction programs that the Commis- vehicle emissions inspection programs. sion has adopted to determine beneficial impacts •Reconsider the usefulness of the winter- on Denver metropolitan area air quality. time oxygenated fuels program for reducing 4 a Air Quality Control Commission carbon monoxide now using the t e MOBILE6 New Source Review model. •Monitor and track any developments in this program. Pollution Prevention and Incentives •Initiate a subcommittee for stakeholder •Actively participate on the Pollution discussions about the development of a regula- Prevention Advisory Board. tory proposal to reflect the changes in the New •Promote the voluntary Community Based Source Review Program. Environmental Program approach in smaller communities that have specific air quality Ozone Early Action Compact problems. •Participate in Ozone Early Action Compact •Promote greater education of the effects of (EAC) follow-up efforts. indoor air quality and how to mitigate the •Schedule detailed briefings on the Source impacts Apportionment Analysis. •Participate in the development and imple- •Evaluate the impacts of EPA's requirement mentation of the Environmental Management for 7.8 Reid vapor pressure (Rvp) fuel versus the System Permit Pilot Project to streamline the 8.1 Rvp the commission agreed to in the EAC. permitting process for industry. • Review the emission inventories for the oil and gas sector and gauge uncertainty in the Regional Haze/Visibility numbers. •Implement a stakeholder review process •Receive up-to-date information on the beginning with the development of a regional summertime ozone ambient monitoring data. haze plan. Ili •Develop a protocol to evaluate the emission inventory data and how the modeling will be conducted to project future visibility in Colorado Class I Areas. •Develop a better understanding of the nature and causes of haze in each of Colorado's Class I Areas (national parks and some wilder- ness areas). •Continue obtaining as much useful air quality meteorological data as is available for conducting visibility analyses. •Promote the implementation of Voluntary Emission Reduction Agreements to achieve visibility improvements that can be applied to the Regional Haze Program. 5 2003-2004 Report to the Public Ozone Early Action Compact Colorado is in the midst of an effort to Denver Metro Ozone Trends reduce ozone air pollution. In the summer of NREL Golden Monitor 2003 ground-level ozone readings violated the 0.13 1-hour standard U.S.EPA 8-hour ozone standard. 0.12 Air quality officials had anticipated a potential violation, and in 2002 entered into an • 0.1 Ozone Early Action Compact with EPA to E o.oa reduce ozone levels and avoid being classified as c •8-hour standard a high ozone pollution area. F: 0.08 ; The EAC was signed by the Regional Air 0.07 -+1-hour Quality Council, the Colorado Department of 0.06 -0-8-hour Public Health and Environment, the Colorado 0.05 , Department of Transportation, the Colorado Air 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 Quality Control Commission and the Denver Regional Council of Governments in December 2002. The U.S. EPA signed the agreement on more than 50 exceedances of the standards December 31, 2002. during the summer of 2003. Cooler, cloudier In April 2004, the EPA, as expected,de- weather and lower volatility gasolines may dared seven metro Denver counties and parts of explain the better summer air quality in 2004. two others out of compliance with the ozone standard. Under the Early Action Compact The Ozone Controls EPA will defer any nonattainment designation The ozone controls found in the Ozone and give the area until 2007 to demonstrate Action Plan include: attainment of the standard. • Gasoline sold in the Denver metro counties will The EAC requires both voluntary and be subject to 8.1 pounds per square inch Reid mandatory air pollution controls. The EAC Vapor Pressure(EPA has since required a stricter allows a region to submit an enforceable Ozone 7.8 RVP). Action Plan outlining steps the region will take •Reduction of flash emissions of volatile organic to maintain compliance with the ozone standard. compounds from condensate collection, storage, Stakeholder meetings were held throughout processing and handling operations. 2003 to develop the Ozone Action Plan. Detailed •Installation of controls on lean and rich-burn technical analysis and air quality modeling was natural gas fired reciprocating internal combus- conducted to develop the control strategies. tion engines larger than 500 horsepower. The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- •Reduction of emissions of volatile organic sion adopted the Ozone Action Plan on March compounds from new and existing dehydration 12, 2004. towers at oil and gas operations with emissions in excess of 15 tons/year. Ozone Levels in 2004 •No more than 50 percent of the vehicle fleet Through August of 2004, there were no currently in the Inspection and Maintenance (I/ exceedances of either the 1-hour or 8-hour M)program can be evaluated with remote li ozone standards. By contrast, there had been sensing to reduce the I/M disbenefit. 6 lz F 4 Oil Air Pollution Control Division Implementing Effective Air Quality Programs P 9 9 The Air Pollution Control Division www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/aphom.asp The Air Pollution Control Division is responsible for implementing the air quality management programs adopted by the Air Quality Control Commission and acts as staff in the regulatory develop- ment process. The division is housed within the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environ- ment. This section of the report includes a description of each of the air quality management pro- grams and highlights of recent work. Mobile Sources Planning and Policy •Automobile Inspection and • Emissions Program Public Information II' Maintenance Program • Community-Based Air Quality Protection •Alternative Fuels • Environmental Education •Clean Screen Program • High Pollution Advisory Program • Diesel Emissions Control • Natural Events Action Plan • Oxygenated Gasoline Program • Nonattainment/Maintenance Air Quality Planning The Mobile Sources Program is involved in • Pollution Prevention controlling emissions from motor vehicles. The •Transportation Planning program evaluates and investigates strategies aimed at reducing vehicular emissions, and The Planning and Policy Program is respon- conducts research, modeling and planning on the sible for a cross-section of air quality planning, causes and effects of mobile source air pollution. Policy,education and community outreach tasks. The staff jointly administers the Automobile Included among the program's responsibilities Inspection and program with the are: air quality plan development and implemen- Colorado 1?e Readjustment P g Department of Revenue, and adminis- tation; assisting in the development of transpor- ters two diesel inspection and maintenance tation conformity analysis;participating in air- programs. transportation planning; policy quality-related P P Y The group also manages the oxygenated development; community-based environmental gasoline program in Denver and the northern protection; pollution prevention; public informa- Front Range in winter months.The program was tion; and air quality education in schools. phased out in Colorado Springs in 2000 due to improved air quality. The Mobile Sources Program's Aurora Vehicle Emissions Technical Center conducts nationally-recognized vehicle emissions testing in support of the program's strategies and in support of EPA's vehicle testing programs. Since May 2002 a program using remote sensing has been screening out clean vehicles in Larimer and Weld counties from the traditional inspection and maintenance inspection. The program transitioned to the Denver area in 2003. 7 it V In 2003-2004 Report to the Public i Stationary Sources Technical Services •Asbestos Control Program • Ambient Air Monitoring • Chlorofluorocarbon Program '- • Modeling, Meteorology and Emission I • Construction Permit Program Inventory Unit • Field Services Program •Visibility Program • Hazardous Air Pollutants • Indoor Air Quality The Technical Services Program is respon- • Lead Based Paint Abatement Unit sible for the collection and analysis of ambient • Operating Permit Program air quality data throughout the state. Particulate • Regulatory and Compliance Assistance and gaseous air monitors are operated in many Program Colorado communities to keep track of air • Burning Controls quality trends, population exposure to pollutants and compliance with air quality standards. The Stationary Sources Program evaluates The program also is responsible for provid- and develops permits for stationary sources such ing complex air quality modeling analysis to as gas stations, dry cleaners, auto finishers, determine the impacts various sources of air industries, mining operations and construction pollution will have on air quality.These models projects. Staff members inspect these sources to are used to create and evaluate air pollution determine their compliance with regulations and control strategies for State Implementation permit conditions, and maintain a computerized Plans, which are developed for areas of the state inventory of air pollution emissions in Colorado. that don't meet federal health-based air quality The program controls open burning, regulates standards. The modeling provides a basis for asbestos removal and demolition activities, health risk assessments. reviews school asbestos management plans and The program manages the state's visibility implements a wood stove program to ensure that program, which works to protect visual air I emission standards are met. quality in both urban and rural areas, including More than 6,000 sources are registered in national parks and wilderness areas. Colorado, and the Stationary Sources Program The program maintains real-time and administers an inventory of sources and permit historic air quality data on the Internet at conditions to ensure federal and state regulations http://apcd.state.co.us/psi/. are met. In recent years, greater emphasis has been placed on compliance assistance, support to small businesses and pollution prevention as key tools to ensure stationary sources remain in regulatory compliance. 8 IT =zwgTm.....sim.m.....aa....usuaunioppr { t , Program Highlights • Air Quality Mangement Program Highlights Ozone Action Plan - 12 months left on their four-year new vehicle An Ozone Action Plan to bring Denver into exemption no longer need a change-of-owner- compliance with the 8-hour federal ozone ship emissions test. This change, effective standard by 2007 has been developed under the January 1, 2004, is expected to remove approxi- Denver Ozone Early Action Compact.The mately 150,000 vehicles from the inspection Denver area violated the ozone standard in 2003, program in the Denver area and save motorists and the Ozone Action Plan requires new controls almost $4 million in inspection and repair costs. on sources of emissions that contribute to ozone formation. See page 6 for details. State Attains PM2.5 Standard The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- New Source Review Changes sion in July 2003 approved Colorado for desig- Changes to federal and state air quality nation as an attainment area for the federal permitting regulations for major sources of air standard for fine particles, or PM2.5. The pollution were developed by the Air Pollution standard was adopted by the U.S. EPA in 1997. Control Division and adopted by the Colorado Court challenges initally delayed the implemen- Air Quality Control Commission in April 2004. tation of the standard. The changes were made under the New The Air Pollution Control Division estab- Source Review Program, which is outlined in the lished a PM2.5 monitoring network several years federal Clean Air Act and designed to reduce air ago. No violations have occurred in the areas pollution emissions. Specifically, the program monitored, and the commission was able to applies to both the construction of new industrial approve the the state for attainment of the facilities and to exisiting facilities that make standard, or"unclassifiable" where no monitor- major modifications that significantly increase ing exists. pollution emissions. It seeks to protect air The designation approval was submitted to quality even as new sources of air pollution are EPA by Gov. Bill Owens in January 2004. built and existing sources expand. The U.S. EPA made a number of regulatory Regional Haze Plan revisions to the New Source Review Program. In turn, each state was required to adopt or modify The Air Pollution Control Division has existing state regulations to match the federal continued to develop a state implementation plan revisions. to meet requirements of the 1999 federal Re- gional Haze Rule.The rule requires states to RapidScreen Deployed address haze in Mandatory Class I Areas, which The Denver RapidScreen program was are wilderness areas and national parks.There deployed in 2003. The program increases are 13 such Class I areas in Colorado. motorists'convenience through roadside emis- The plan is due to the EPA in January of sions testing and pay upon registration, saving a 2008 and must demonstrate that visibility trip to the inspection station. The program has improvements will be achieved by 2018. Ulti- been in place in Larimer and Weld counties since mately, haze levels must be reduced to natural 2002. conditions by the year 2064. Testing vans are located throughout the The Air Pollution Control Division is await- metro area. Motorists that want more informa- ing analysis of Class I Area monitoring data. tion about RapidScreen, including current van This analysis, along with other studies, will help locations, can check the website at: determine needed emissions reductions and what www.aircarecolorado.com/rapidscreen/ sources may be contributing to haze in Class I areas. If industrial facilities in other states impact Change of Ownership Inspection Reduced Colorado's Class I areas or vice versa, interstate Gasoline powered vehicles with more than agreements for emission reductions must be included in the plan. 9 2003-2004 Report to the Public Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program The following is a summary of the automo- cost-effectiveness of the Denver area program, bile Inspection and Maintenance Program for based on various methodologies, range from 2003. A more detailed report can be requested $200 to $700 for each ton of carbon monoxide by calling (303) 692-3125 or viewed on-line at: eliminated. www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/down/[Mreport.pdf. The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- sion estimates a carbon monoxide reduction The automobile Inspection and Maintenance benefit of 10-16 percent from I/M depending on (I/M)Program's purpose is to reduce motor the methodology used. Remote sensing studies vehicle-related pollution through the detection estimate a 10 percent benefit from the JIM and repair of high-emitting vehicles. Motor program. Estimates of a 13 percent benefit have vehicles are a major source of pollution, and a been derived from the U.S. Environmental predominant source of carbon monoxide. Protection Agency model known as MOBILE 6.2. Estimates of a 16 percent benefit from UM Program Requirements have been derived from inspection lane data. Emissions testing of gasoline vehicles is Data indicate that repairs to failing vehicles required when registering, renewing registra- tions, or selling vehicles more than three years Carbon Monoxide Emissions old, within the I/M Program areas in ten counties 60 along Colorado's Front Range. ,Average CO 50 ? Two types of vehicle emissions tests are o. utilized. Inspection and Maintenance 240(I/ 40 M240) is for 1982 and newer vehicles in the E °pass 9 CO Denver area. 11M240 utilizes a test on a tread- A 30 """°"` mill called a dynamometer, which places the 20 vehicle under load to simulate actual driving conditions. The other test is a two-speed tailpipe 10 idle test. The tailpipe idle test is in effect in 0 Colorado Springs, Fort Collins and Greeley. All Vehicles Light Duty Trucks Denver vehicles older than 1982 are also subject to the idle test. significantly reduced the emissions of carbon During 2003, approximately 1.3 million monoxide. The above chart shows reductions in initial emissions inspections were performed grams per mile after repair. There is a 69 percent with 923,000 inspections in the Denver area and reduction in the amount of carbon monoxide 373,000 in the areas outside of Denver. An emitted by all vehicles. estimated 300,000 of the total inspections were Motor vehicle repairs also reduce emissions performed due to transfer of vehicle ownership. of hydrocarbons, a group of pollutants that Another 400,000 vehicles in the fleet were contribute to ground level ozone pollution. Upon exempted from inspection due to a new vehicle passing a retest, repaired vehicles had a 66 exemption for the first four model years. percent reduction in the amount of hydrocarbons emitted. Program Results To improve motorist convenience, the state Vehicles in the Denver program area had a administers a remote sensing program in the failure rate of 5.5 percent for the I/M 240 test North Front Range area. In 2003, 1,840 vehicles and 13.6 percent for the idle test. The rate of were screened and received I/M passes in the failure in the basic program areas of Larimer,El North Front Range area. This number is 82% Paso, and Weld counties was 10.8 percent. The greater than the number of vehicles screened last net cost of the total program during 2003 is year. This number should continue to increase in estimated at$43.6 million. Estimates of the future years. 10 Air program fiscal data: July 2003-June 2004 Revenues: $15.6 million Revenue History 918 :,6- n. ederal 48 Mobile Sob e Fees 35.)9 22.2% s„ 36.40 $5.55 u.6 39.e6 $5.67 36.4% m$12. $4.78 Stationary Sources Funds 0510- � Sta •nary Source Fees ` — sem _ 36.19 $578$5.69 41.40/0 •t N f6' 35.42 f5.4) $5.46 $5.4) p $4.24 Mobile Sources Funds = f6- ▪ f4- 3x.6! 33.4] 92- 33.20$2.93 $2.)4 $2.89 $2.90 3284 3/x.36 Federal Funds f0 95-96 969) 9)-96 9699 99.00 0001 01-02 02-03 03-04 Expenditures: $15.2 million Air Administration Expenditure History 2.26% Dept. $16 'ministration §14 Stationary $12 Sources ech 'cal Services a Sio 40.08% 21.04% o $8 obile So m -s ° $6 22.17% $2 so 9696 ' ' 969) 97-96 9699'9600 0001 M-02 02-03 0.04 Number of Employees: 149.9 Employment Level History Administration 4.5 160 , hnical 149.6 1468 1�.9 149.9 1490 1501 149.9 149.9 140 Servi =� 120 Stationary 33.6 100 Sources 73.4 Mobile Sour6 s 80 38.4 60 40 20 0 . 9-96 9647 97-09 9609 9999 00.01 01-02 02iO 03-04 11 r il E 6 2003-2004 Report to the Public Regional Air Quality Perspectives F Areas of the state differ greatly from one Currently, the following local health l' another in landscape, weather conditions,popula- departments have contracts with the department tion, motor vehicle traffic, amount of industry, and division to perform specific air quality and burning practices. activities in their respective areas: Boulder This section of the report separates Colorado County,City and County of Denver,El Paso into six regions to more clearly address each County, Jefferson County, Larimer County, region's specific air quality conditions and Mesa County,Pueblo City-County and Weld activities. Many local and regional environmen- County. tal and planning agencies have submitted infor- In addition, the following organizations mation for this section of the report. have been designated as the lead air quality The Air Pollution Control Division is the planning entities in their respective areas: the lead agency for implementing the state's air Regional Air Quality Council (Denver-metro quality management program. However, it could area), the Pikes Peak Area Council of Govern- not accomplish its work alone. Many local health ments (Pikes Peak Region) and the North Front departments and planning agencies throughout Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning the state have air quality management programs Council (Fort Collins and Greeley areas). which they operate either independently or under contract with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. t Northern Front Range Region cfr d. IARIMER O� WELD SEDGWICK ■ LOGAN y\a 0 me\� PHILUPS MOFFAT • JACKSON ■QA ir)ROUTT et MORGAN i • GRAND RROJMFIELO VUM4 RIO BUNCO PI BOULDER A� DENVER WASHINGTON 'AN m 4/ ADAMS AD EAGLE CLEAR R P XDE GARFIEL➢ N Eastern High Pains R gion REEK ii 0 DOUGLAS ELBERT KIT CARSON West Slope Region PIN • LAKE Central Fr t Range Region y MESA DELTA t� yQ`(CB LINCOLN CHEYENNE th GUNNISON I MS O CP PARK CP • EFL IOWA MOM M ROSE FREMO EM A� CROWLEY &URAY 0 L EL PASO a LO SAN MIGUEL #' SAGUACHE CURTER Pikes Peak Region •te • W �y mERO RENT DOLORES N �``O PROWERS SUA AUMOSA .0..1/ RIO GRPNDE PUEBLO LA PLATA •Q BACA \ CCNEJOS COSTILLA ARCHULETA \ XUERFANO Attainment/Maintenance Areas: LAS ANIMAS • Carbon Monoxide • PM10 South Central legion A Ozone •Lead ♦Nitrogen Dioxide 12 I 7 , ., J J $ C I 7 . Central Front Range Region The Central Front Range Region includes Adams,Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Clear Creek, Denver, Douglas, Gilpin and Jefferson counties. It has a population of 2.4 million (2000 census), most of whom live and work in BROOMFIELD the Denver-Boulder area.This region is the BOULDER _fle/ most densely populated in the state.The land ,e'I varies from rolling prairie to rugged moun- < ADAMS tains. CLEAR `m EAR In the past, the Denver-metropolitan area e CREEK T `,,_r ARAPAH0E m has violated health-based air quality co standards for carbon monoxide, fine o z particles and ozone. 4u - /DOUGLAS In response, the Regional Air Quality Council, Colorado Air Quality Control Commission and Air Pollu- tion Control Division have developed, adopted and implemented air quality improvement plans to reduce each of the pollut- ants. Air Pollution Sources In the Central Front Range Region, air pollution comes from a variety of sources. Substantial emissions Central Front Range Air Pollution Sources occur as a result of motor vehicle Tons Per Year use. In this area, the Regional Air °^ Quality Council and a number ofir ®Biogenic: vegetation local health departments have air le ° •Mobile: motor vehicles quality control programs. tab, ❑0ther'area sources Air Pollution Control C^f' .A D Point: factories, industry Measures 3'°— The control of air pollution in car the Central Front Range region , has been the result of local, state, and federal programs that target eta—ja er emissions from automobiles and °o I• , , — mobile sources,power plants and ° CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2 industrial sources, woodstoves, and emissions from street sanding and sweeping. CO: Carbon Monoxide NOx: Nitrogen Oxide VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds PM10: Particles under 10 microns SO2: Sulfur Dioxide HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants 13 il ii 2003-2004 Report to the Public Boulder County Public Health federal environmental laws; and air pollution www.co.boulder.co.us/health/environ.htm prevention activities. Environmental Protection Division staff Boulder County Public Health(BCPH) staff participate on city, regional and national air utilize an integrated pollution prevention strategy quality management committees and organiza- in their work with businesses. Air quality and tions. Division staff manage the city's air quality pollution prevention staff help businesses save improvement programs; conduct air quality money and reduce environmental impacts. Staff improvement research projects; and respond to assist with permitting requirements, inspect air complaints about violation of the environmental pollution sources, enforce air pollution regula- tobacco smoke control ordinance. tions and provide information to the public on a The Environmental Protection Division variety of air quality issues. implements state regulatory activities on behalf BCPH operates and maintains an air quality of the Colorado Air Pollution Control Division monitoring network in the cities of Boulder and by contract. These activities include inspections Longmont, and near Eldorado Springs. The and enforcement of air emission sources, chlo- network monitors ozone, particulate matter and rofluorocarbon (CFC) sources and asbestos carbon monoxide. projects; operation of air quality monitoring BCPH funds and coordinates the Boulder stations; issuance of open burning permits; and County Clean Air Consortium, which includes response to air pollution complaints. members from the private and public sectors Denver also protects ambient air quality working to improve air quality in Boulder through its smoking and idling vehicle ordi- County. nances, its residential woodburning ordinance, BCPH provides consultation regarding and a GreenFleets Executive Order, which indoor air quality complaints, assists other reduces carbon dioxide emissions and fuel/ municipalities with resolving indoor air quality energy consumption through efficient manage- concerns,provides the community with informs- ment of the municipal fleet. tion seminars on indoor air quality and makes Denver continues to implement an industrial recommendations on land use reviews regarding environmental review process that began in indoor air quality improvement options. 1991.The process minimizes the community and Boulder County promotes employee travel environmental impact of pollutant emissions reduction programs including walk/bike to work from new and expanding industrial operations. events, telecommuting/teleworking, Ecopass Part of the review requires a determination of mass transit passes, and flexible work schedules. "undue concentration" of facilities in industri- The county also supports participation in the ally-zoned areas. In order to determine undue Regional Air Quality Council's Ozone Alert concentrations of air emissions, the department Pollution Solution programs. conducts a baseline assessment of hazardous air pollutants.The assessment uses computer modeling to predict ambient concentrations, and Denver Department of takes into account emissions from stationary, Environmental Health mobile and area-wide sources.This work helps www.denvergov.org/DEH/ to identify locations where cumulative impacts from multiple sources affect a community and Denver's air quality management program is assists the department in implementing steps to conducted by the Environmental Protection achieve hazardous air pollutant emission reduc- Division of the Department of Environmental tions. Health.The Environmental Protection Division engages in technical advisory services for businesses; inspection and surveillance of air pollution sources; enforcement of city, state and 14 ( 1 1 a Central Front Range Region Voluntary Programs Regional Air Quality Council Denver city offices participate in voluntary www.ragc.org programs to help maintain good air quality.The Department of Environmental Health manages The Regional Air Quality Council (RAQC) the Clean Cities program, which promotes the is the lead air quality-planning of clean-burning fuels, alternative transporta- q nver met opo tan aagency for the P seven-wunt Denver-metropolitan tion, and the travel reduction program for city p area. The g RAQC's mission is to develop effective and cost- employees. The travel reduction program efficient air quality planning includes telecom q Y muting/teleworking, Ecopass initiatives with input from local governments, the private sector, mass transit passes, and flexible work schedules. stakeholder groups, and citizens of the Denver Voluntary participation in the Regional Air metro region. Its rim Quality Council's "Keep it Clean"ozone pro- g primary task m is i no prepare state implementation plans for compliance with gram during summer P months and the state high federal air quality standards for ozone, carbon pollution advisory program during p gwinter monoxide, and particulate matter. months are coordinated and promoted through a The council consists of nine members, city employee network of environmental trans- appointed by the Governor. Four are citizen portation coordinators. members selected for their knowledge of and interest in air quality and related issues. Two are locally elected officials representing local governments in the Denver area. Another is a locally elected official representing the Denver Jefferson County Department of Regional Council of Governments as the trans- Health and Environment portation planning organization for the Denver www.cojefferson.co.us region. The two remaining members are the executive directors of the Colorado Department P Jefferson County is the second most popu- of Public Health and Environme nt and the bus count in Colorado, with th more than 527,000 Colorado Department of Transportation. sportation. residents. More than 770 square miles in size, The RAQC has coordinated a voluntary the county stretches from suburban plains to the summer ozone awareness and reduction program mountainous foothills more than 10,000 feet in since 1999 in an effort to keep the Denver area in e el v anon.Within this diverse area are a variety compliance wi th P federal ozone standard. of potential airpollution sources,ces, from large- scale ma nufacturing turfing plants to dusty, unpaved mountain roads. Each year, the Jefferson County Department of Health and Environment inspects a variety of stationary sources of air emissions to ensure compliance with state and federal regulations. Staff also inspect asbestos removal projects, and refrigeration and air conditioning businesses that use or handle chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs). The department investigates citizen concerns about radon gas, indoor air quality, and fugitive dust. Staff also issues open burning permits. 15 M 1 2003-2004 Report to the Public Air Quality Index for Metro Denver The Air Pollution Control Division uses an Denver-metro maximum AQI readings air quality reporting method called the Air with predominant pollutant identified Quality Index. The Air Quality Index provides health officials with a simple, uniform way to report daily levels of air pollution. July 2003 through June 2004 Year round, division staff collect current July ozone information about the levels of carbon monox- August Ozone ide, ozone and fine particles for index reporting. September Ozone 21111111111 After analyzing the data, staff convert the October PM 2.s information into numbers on the Air Quality November PM 2.5 Index scale. On this scale, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards equal 100 for carbon December PM z.s monoxide, ozone and PM 10, and 150 for PM2.5. January PM2.5 Air Quality Index readings greater than these February PM2.5 values indicate exceedances of a pollutant's March PM2.5 standard. April Ozone The bar chart on the right shows the monthly May Ozone maximum index levels recorded between July June Ozone 2002 and June 2003 in the Denver-metro area. In 0 10 =0 30 40 50 60 70 00 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 1°0 190 each bar is the pollutant that caused the monthly maximum. Air Quality Index v Denver-metro maximum AQI values Denver-metro area 240 Air Quality Index 220 uVVa cast Oa readings 200 ; 180 . The Air Quality Index(AQI) is divided into t 160 • ret•AeQ a six air quality categories. These are referred to 's 140 as good, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive 1 120 groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazard- z 100 ,Good OUS. •Moderate 60 •Unhealthful According to the index, any reading between 0-50 indicates good air quality, 51-100 moderate 40 20 unhealthful Air Duality Dais quality, 101-150 unhealthy for sensitive t 3 ° groups, 151-200 unhealthy, 201-300 very 1995-90 1999-9r 199=.99 1993-99 199900 2000.01 2001-02 2002-03 3003« unhealthy, and above 301 hazardous air quality. The chart to the right summarizes and compares index readings for the past eight years. 16 4411 Central Front Range Region The Visibility Standard Index for Metro Denver The visible aspect of air quality is reported Visibility Trends by the Visibility Standard Index. The visibility r standard is set at an extinction of 7.6 percent or m 70% more of light in a kilometer of air over a four- a 60% t Poor hour average from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The standard 8 50% was set by 200 Denver area citizens and adopted s 40" Moderate by the Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- 30'° ♦ ■ sion in 1989. 0 20% A monitor called a transmissometer mea- 10% Good sures visibility. Readings between 0-50 are a 0% good, 51-100 fair, 101-199 poor and 200-plus 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 s 98 99 00 01 02 extremely poor. The chart at right shows the 2003 data unavailable due to equipment malfunctions percentage of time in each category. On the visibility scale, a value of 101 is "poor"and reading can be complicated by precipitation, relative humidity equates to the .076/km standard. of 70 percent or greater, fog, blowing dust, smoke, etc.When Determining the Visibility Standard Index such conditions are present,readings are excluded. Trends Show Improvement in Visibility Over Time While Denver and y other Front Range cities „a t : 4k continue to experience . visibility problems and haze, visible air pollu- tion has decreased in ? recent years, and more E* g r _ improvements can be - — t�»„ expected in the future.In 2003 the Air ,-� �' Pollution Control Division reprocessed its Clear visibility and impaired visibility in the Denver basin—a view looking south into the metro area from a division monitoring site during two days of June 2000. visibility data and determined that a 28 percent improvement in The studies have shown that the Denver Brown Cloud is visibility has occurred since 1991. This im- caused by local, not regional emissions, and that chemical provement can be attributed to cleaner burning reactions in the atmosphere turn sulfates, nitrates, and organic motor vehicles and g fuels, reductions in residen- carbon intoparticles that cause the Brown 1 tial burning, Cloud. Denver's reduced wintertime street sanding,g gy topography meteorolo and contribute to the Brown Cloud and voluntary emissions reductions at area power when pollutants are trapped in the Denver basin by air inver- plants. sions. The largest single source of the Brown Cloud is motor In the future, visibility should continue to vehicle use. improve as stricter emissions standards for gas The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission and the Air and diesel mo tor vehicles areput in lace. place. Pollution Control Division will continue to analyze and monitor Five major studies of Denver area visibility Y visibility to better understand what we can do to improve the have occurred P since the 1970s, with the most visible aspect of air quality. recent study done by Colorado State University y from 1996-98 (See www.nfraqs.colostate.edu for more information). 17 1 2003-2004 Report to the Public Eastern High Plains Region The Eastern High Plains Region encompasses the counties on the plains of eastern Colorado. The area's population is approximately LO138,447 (2000 census). Its major urban centers have developed *Sterling AN SEDGW JK around farming, ranching and trade centers such as Sterling,Fort PHILLIPS Morgan,Limon, La Junta and Lamar.The agricultural base includes Ft Horgan• both irrigated and dryland farming. MORGAN YUMA Air Pollution Sources WASHINGTON There are a number of industries in this region that cause air pollution. These include agricultural processes, gravel pits, power ELBERT •Limo KIT CARSON plants and natural gas pipeline compression stations. Because of the region's semiarid nature, fugitive dust from agricultural operations CHEYENNE dominates air pollution in the region. Residential burning is a LINCOLN minor contributor to air pollution in the region. KIOWA CF OWLEY Air Pollution Control Measures *Lamar In this region, the control of air pollution is accom- BENT PROWE as pushed through the cooperative efforts of state and local OTERO health departments in enforcing state emission regula- tions on stationary sources. In addition, the city of BACA Lamar has taken steps to maintain and improve its air quality. City of Lamar This past year, the City of Lamar's role in air quality was to continue addressing dust abeyance Eastern Plains Air Pollution Sources at its source,continued planting of trees and oo° Tons Per Year grass, and implementing programs to encourage 0' ®Biogenic:vegetation II Mobile: motor vehicles cleaner yards and streets. 000° ti ❑Other'area' sources Lamar was approved in 2001 by the Colo- s PP 0 0 0 Point:factories, industry rado Air Quality Control Commission as an ° #96) °' attainment area for the federal particulate matter 0 °o standard. The area has not violated the standard °o since 1992. Additionally, the City of Lamar has joined CP' efforts with the Air Pollution Control Division and d Prowers County in developing a community tf°' P g 0 public perception o fair 0 survey that will gauge ub c p o g g P P quality and the public's willingness to utilize ti public funds to improve local air quality. ° CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2 Prowers County also works closely with the City of Lamar to ensure that developments CO: Carbon Monoxide within close proximity of the city do not impact NOx: Nitrogen Oxide air quality. VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds q y. PM10: Particles under 10 microns S02: Sulfur Dioxide HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants 18 II Northern Front Range Region The Northern Front Range Region is com- prised of Larimer and Weld counties. The population of these two counties is approxi- mately 432,430(2000 census). The two major urban areas are Fort Collins in Larimer County and Greeley in Weld County. The city of Love- uaiMEa Ft Collins. WELD land also is included in this region. Larimer County has irrigated farmland in its eastern half Loveland. and mountains in its western half.Weld County .GfeBley is predominantly grassland and irrigated farm- land. Air Pollution Sources Motor vehicle emissions constitute the major source of air pollution in Greeley and Fort Collins. Emission inventories compiled in these areas also indicate pollution influences from ■ industry, manufacturing,power plants, cement plants and mining. Residential burning, dust from unpaved roads and agricultural operations also contribute to air pollution in the Fort Collins and Greeley areas. Northern Front Range Air Pollution Sources The Northern Front Range continues Tons Per Year to grow and add new businesses. Some of these businesses are minor air pollu- Biogenic:vegetation tion sources that require emission ^ny,A q it •Mobile:motor vehicles permits from the Air Pollution Control ^<P' ❑Other area sources Division. s¢' ^`t� - a Point:factories,industry Air Pollution Control Measures In Fort Collins and Greeley, a of ':. • — number of strategies are being imple- mented to control air pollution. The Larimer County and Weld County health Co NOX VOC PM10 SO2 departments and the cities of Fort Collins and Greeley have all worked toward implementing these strategies.The North Front CO: Carbon Monoxide Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning NOx: Nitrogen Oxide Council is the lead air quality planning agency in VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds PM10: Particles under 10 microns the Fort Collins and Greeley areas, and deter- SO2: Sulfur Dioxide mines strategies to reduce air pollution caused HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants by motor vehicles. 19 2003-2004 Report to the Public 1. City of Fort Collins Larimer County Department of www.fcgov.com/airquality/ Health and Environment http://www.larimer.org/depts/health/ The Natural Resources Department takes a health1.htm lead role in addressing air pollution problems in Fort Collins in accordance with the city's Air The Air Quality Program for the Larimer Quality Plan. The plan focuses on air pollution County Department of Health and Environment caused by motor vehicles, commerce and includes ambient air quality monitoring, source industry, residential burning, and indoor air inspection, enforcement actions, planning, pollutants. The Air Quality Plan is implemented educational presentations, and public informa- primarily through education and outreach. Data tion and outreach efforts. collection and monitoring help assess current Staff work as agents for the Colorado Air programs and provide guidance for periodic Pollution Control Division. Cooperation with reviews and updates.The city strives to demon- other local agencies including the North Front strate clean air practices in its own operations.A Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning regulatory approach is employed when neces- Council occurs regularly. A county air quality sary. control review is conducted for all new land The city has taken actions to reduce traffic development. growth through alternative transportation choices Larimer County personnel perform inspec- and land use planning to reduce dependency on tions and enforcement activities for minor automobiles. The city's education and outreach stationary sources and chlorofluorocarbons, and efforts provide information about the connection conduct on-going ambient air quality monitoring between air quality and automobile use. for criteria pollutants. Air quality complaints In July 1999, the city completed an action received from the public are investigated. plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Larimer County operates the PM2.5 and PMIO Fort Collins. The plan identifies strategies to particle samplers in the Ft. Collins area along lower greenhouse gas emissions to 30 percent of with carbon monoxide and ozone monitors. the predicted 2010 levels, as well as save money for the city, its citizens and businesses. In addition,the city is working with 29 area busi- nesses that have committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through a local voluntary program called Climate Wise. The city's air quality education and outreach efforts target diverse audiences through various methods. Students participate in activities such as the DriveLess Contest. The contest is an incentive program for high school students and school staff to use alternative modes of transpor- tation. Also, the Air Care Trunk is available for checkout by teachers. The kit contains materials and lesson plans to teach elementary students about clean air. Regular articles, advertisements, and participation in public events keep air quality messages in public view. 20 1 r.,4 li 1 Northern Front Range Region North Front Range Transportation Weld County Department of and Air Quality Planning Council Public Health and Environment The North Front Range Transportation and The Environmental Health Services of the Air Quality Planning Council was established in Weld County Department of Public Health and 1988 as the metropolitan planning organization Environment implements many of the air quality for the Greeley and Fort Collins areas. In 1993, programs for the Colorado Air Pollution Control the council was designated by then Gov. Roy Division. The Weld County programs listed here Romer as the lead air quality planning organiza- help protect ambient air quality and keep Weld tion for both of these areas. County in attainment of state and federal air The council is responsible for the develop- ment and implementation of the Fort Collins and Greeley elements of the state implementation Services plan (SIP) for attainment of air quality standards, Inspections of air pollution sources are as well as other transportation related air quality conducted. planning projects in the Northern Front Range Weld County residents'complaints of air region. quality are investigated and resolved. Voting membership on the council includes Residents' requests for open burning permits Larimer and Weld counties, Fort Collins, Gree- are evaluated and either issued or denied. The ley, Loveland, Berthoud,Windsor,Evans, program is discouraging burning while encour- Garden City,LaSalle, Johnstown,Timnath, aging composting. Milliken, the Colorado Air Quality Control Colorado Air Pollution Control Division Commission, and the Colorado Transportation monitoring equipment for particulate matter, Commission. carbon monoxide and ozone in Greeley and Platteville are maintained and operated jointly by staff members of Weld County Environmental Health Services. Assistance is provided to small businesses that need help in complying with air regulations. Environmental Health Services works with communities within the county and recommends air quality-related land use provisions which may then be adopted by county and local govern- ments. Greeley and Weld County participate in a Clean Cities program that promotes alternative modes of transportation and the use of cleaner burning fuels. Environmental Health Services conducts investigations of asbestos and chlorinated hydrocarbon issues. 1 21 2003-2004 Report to the Public Pikes Peak Region The Pikes Peak Region includes El Paso, Teller and Park counties.The area has a population of approximately 552,007 (2000 census).The Colorado Springs-metro area is one of the more rapidly growing areas in the PARK state. Eastern El Paso County is rural prairie, while the western part, along with Park and TELLER EL PASO Teller counties, is mountainous. Colorado Springs Air Pollution Sources . IIIII��I As in other urbanized areas in Colorado, pollutants in the Pikes Peak Region originate primarily from stationary and mobile sources. ( �� Major sources in the region include power plants, ready-mix concrete plants, electronics J� manufacturing facilities, quarries and exten- sive military operations. Other sources include motor vehicle emissions, residential burning, tanJ,a. street sanding operations,PM10 emissions from unpaved roads, and construction activi- ties. Air Pollution Control Measures In this region, the management of Pikes Peak Region Air Pollution Sources air pollution is led by the Pikes Peak Tons Per Year Area Council of Governments. In ®Biogenic:vegetation addition, the El Paso County Depart- o ment of Health and Environment ■Mobile: motor vehicles D Other'area'sources provides air quality monitoring, en- *)°' # o Point factories, industry forcement and public education activi- 08 ties in accordance with the Colorado Air 41,` Pollution Prevention and Control Act. ^sp° d' "yo o o EIEI'si'i'! • - rt, • ,tldtlm; CO NOX VOC PM10 8O2 CO: Carbon Monoxide NOx: Nitrogen Oxide VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds PM10: Particles under 10 microns SO2: Sulfur Dioxide HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants 22 ( Northern Front Range Region Pikes Peak Area Complaint investigations are conducted on Council of Governments asbestos, odors, fugitive dust and general air www.ppacg.com quality sources. The department also is responsible for the The Pikes Peak Area Council of Govern- operation and maintenance of the air-monitoring ments is the lead air quality planning agency for network in El Paso County in cooperation with the Pikes Peak Region. The council reviews the Air Pollution Control Division. The depart- current and emerging air quality issues and ment collects air quality data from the monitor- goals, and develops plans to improve air quality. ing sites in accordance with the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency requirements. A daily air quality index report is prepared El Paso County by staff and reported to the public twice a day Air Quality Section via a web site and a telephone hotline. Presentations about local and state air www.elpasocountyhealth.org/ quality issues are given to civic groups and The Air Quality Section of the El Paso schools in El Paso County. County Department of Health and Environment The department also is responsible for has the responsibility for enforcement, monitor- enforcement of a local air quality regulation ing and educational aspects of the Colorado Air which covers emissions from fugitive dust Pollution Prevention and Control Act. sources such as earthmoving, demolition, Inspections are conducted on minor sources sandblasting and open burning. of air pollution such as auto body repair shops, earthmoving activities and chlorofluorocarbon sources. 23 r• 2003-2004 Report to the Public South Central Region The South Central comprised Region is of g *Pueblo Pueblo, Huerfano and Las Animas counties. Its population is approximately 164,541 (2000 census). Major urban centers include Pueblo, PUEBLO Trinidad and Walsenburg. The region has rolling semiarid plains to the east and is mountainous to the west. HUERFANO Air Pollution Sources Walsenberg• Pollution in this area comes from various LAS ANIMAS sources, including fugitive dust(area contri- bution), mobile sources and stationary sources. The criteria pollutants including •Trinidad carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide and PM10, and volatile organic compounds have been modeled for the region. Modeling shows that the two significant contributors to air pollution are mobile and area sources. Point sources are a minor contributor. Examples of mobile sources are motor vehicle emissions.Area sources are dust from unpaved roads and open burning. Point sources include facilities such as power plants, concrete batch plants, and sand and gravel mining and processing operations. South Central Region Air Pollution Sources Tons Per Year Air Pollution Control Measures ®Biogenic:vegetation The Pueblo City and County Health ,0°' •Mobile: motor vehicles I Department, under a contract with the ❑Other'area'sources Colorado Air Pollution Control Division, O O Point factories,industry conducts inspections of more than 20 stationary sources annually. This contract °`Q m also provides for chlorofluorocarbon ^' (CFC) and asbestos field inspections. CFC po°� inspections include air conditioning and M1 . appliance service and repair shops. Asbes- yo°� tos inspections primarily are in response to citizen complaints. Monitoring occurs for CO NOX VOC PM1O SO2 particulate matter in two size ranges: PMI0 0 and PM2.5. Historically and currently, all of the South CO: Carbon Monoxide Ne Central Region is in compliance with the Na- VOC:O Volatile Nitragen Organic Compounds P tional Ambient AirQuality Standards (NAAQS)(N Q ) PM10: Particles under 10 microns through past and current efforts in inspection, SO2: Sulfur Dioxide monitoring, enforcement and education. HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants 24 yty n ,uk zy a yr. kz",x r,nry . 'G A n , m Tteid"4 ii. cw t` 51 2 a sYosv( s. _S7 nnR g r Pueblo City-County The community in Pueblo has continued to Health Department thow an interest in a variety of air quality related www.co.pueblo.co.us/pcchd issues. The announcement in 2000 of the For the past several years, the local air construction of a large cement manufacturing quality program has focused on dealing with plant and in 2004 of a major expansion of the fugitive dust originating from land development Comanche Power Plant and the ongoing plans to and construction activities. The local fugitive destroy the mustard agent stored at the Pueblo dust ordinance has been modified to address Chemical Depot have increased public awareness these issues more effectively. and concerns about numerous air quality issues. Land developers whose activities involve Pueblo has developed an air quality forum, from one acre to less than 25 acres are required modeled after similar groups throughout the to submit an application with a dust control plan state, which functions to address air quality and are issued a permit that requires them to issues in the Pueblo area as they develop and to adhere to the dust control plan. educate the public regarding air quality issues in Construction activities typically occur on general. areas less than one acre and those involved in The Pueblo Health Department also contin- these activities are required to sign an agreement ues to raise public awareness about various air which commits them to reasonably control dust quality issues regardless of the origin of the generated on their site at the time they acquire a emissions; i.e., whether the air quality emissions building permit. Since the implementation of the come from stationary source operations or the dust control ordinance, the number of dust individual life styles of the residents of the related complaints continues to show a decline. Pueblo community. 25 r— IIIIilli 2003-2004 Report to the Public Western Slope Region The Western Slope Region for air quality plan- ROUTT ning is composed of the counties lying west of the MOFFAT Steamboat P y g JACKSON Continental Divide, and several counties just east of the Divide. The population of this area is approxi- GRAND mately 579,312 (2000 census). The Rocky Moun- RIO BLANCO tains are the predominant feature in much of this Vail. region. GARFIELD EAGLE SUMMIT •Aspen MESA PITKIN LAKE i •Grantl DELTA Air Pollution Sources Junction .Delta GUNNISON CHAFFEE Air quality concerns in this region are Montrose. FREMONT primarily from the impacts of a recent MONTROSE Canon City surge in energy development. In the °URAV CUSTER SAN MIGUEL HINSDALE SAGUACHE 1990s, air quality concerns were prima- SAN MINERAL DOLORES rily related to woodstoves, unpaved JUAN RIO ALAMOSA roads and street sanding. These"area" MONTEZUMA AP ATA GRANDE er COSTILLA sources were addressed in many .r-- Durango. ARCHULETA CONEJOS Western Slope communities and are no longer as signficant as the impacts from energy development, including direct emissions, support service impacts and associated growth. Controlled and uncontrolled burns are a significant source of air Western Slope Air Pollution Sources pollution in this region as well. Tons Per Year Air Pollution Control �p�� o° Measures ti°°' _ •Biogenic:vegetation Many Western Slope communi- ", °°° •; •Mobile: motor vehicles ties have taken aggressive action to p°°� ❑Other'area'sources control residential burning emissions. The municipalities of Aspen, Crested °°° is O Point:factories, industry Butte, Steamboat Springs,Telluride �6 and Vail,and Pitkin, San Miguel, �o Summit, Mesa, and Eagle counties tr have adopted either mandatory or ° voluntary control measures to reduce °� n during ° residential burning CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2 pollution winter seasons. Increased awareness of visibility impacts and fine particle levels spurred the installation of new air monitoring CO: Carbon Monoxide equipment to gauge those impacts.The region also NOx: Nitrogen Oxide has a number of local agencies that conduct air VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds PM10: Particles under 10 microns quality control programs. SO2: Sulfur Dioxide HAPs: Hazardous Air Pollutants 26 €I. I1Y' �yJ R t' t'� I -:;:;11';':;:r1-19"'T i3�il. i e • v i x�i t •• = II, rY"' t .f : Il I ' w i f i i d`i,1 'ID i k ct py t£ . n 11'4 eV 4 7,4 jl eJ 31 aim Western Slope Region City of Aspen Congestion Mitigation/Air Quality Program Environmental Health Department grant for the past five years.These funds have www.aspenpitkin.com been used each year for the paving of unpaved streets. Since 1999,these grant funds have been The City of Aspen Environmental Health used to pave almost three miles of gravel streets. Department conducts a variety of air quality- In addition, Canon City annually treats more related activities. The department advises elected than three miles of gravel streets with magne- officials on ways to improve air quality and slum chloride to further reduce fugitive dust. provides technical assistance on air quality issues. Since 83 percent of the area's coarse Delta County particle pollution (PM10) on high pollution days The Delta County Environmental Health comes from traffic on paved roads, most efforts Division acts in a supportive role for the state Air focus on reducing traffic, improved street- Pollution Control Division in the following cleaning and preventing mud from being carried areas: onto the roads. •A community-based task force for air Free city buses provide frequent service quality meets to discuss air quality issues and throughout town. Parking fees provide a finan- makes plans to improve air quality in Delta cial incentive to carpool or take the bus. County. Aspen is committed to reducing its impact •The Delta County Health Department on global warming for both environmental and offers rebates for old wood burning stoves that economic reasons.As a result,Aspen's electric are replaced with clean burning units. utility obtains 57 percent of its electricity from •The Environmental Health Division wind and hydroelectric power. operates a PM 2.5 sampler and a PMIO sampler Department staff also determine the traffic located in Delta. and air quality impacts of proposed land devel- •The Environmental Health Division works opment projects and ensure that air pollution with the Mesa County Health Department to mitigation plans will prevent developments from issue "No-Burn Advisories" during the winter significantly increasing traffic and particle air heating season. pollution. •The Environmental Health Division The city monitors PMIO levels using a real- enforces the Delta County Open Burning Regu- time monitor, and posts the most recent month's lations. readings on its Internet site, • Stationary source pollution complaints, for www.aspenpitkin.com/. fugitive dust control, odors, and stack emissions, are investigated and referred to the state Air Pollution Control Division. Canon City In March 1988, Canon City officially Routt County adopted a series of local measures to reduce particulate matter produced from street sanding. The Routt County Department of Environ- Street sand was the city's main source of particu- mental Health maintains an air monitoring late pollution. The program of street sweeping program on behalf of the state Air Pollution on a regular basis began in the winter of 1987- Control Division for the Steamboat Springs air 1988 and has continued since. shed. The department manages five PMIO Canon City has shown attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for fine particulates. Canon City has been awarded a 27 4i 2003-2004 Report to the Public monitors (one real-time monitor) and one PM A computer model ("Wyndvalley 3") is 2.5 monitor. being developed to help the county understand The Steamboat Springs airshed.has been in pollutant dispersion in the Telluride airshed and PMIO compliance since 1996. An air quality improve prediction of future pollution levels.A attainment plan has been developed and ap- recently installed Graseby Beta Gauge, which proved by the Air Quality Control Commission. provides real-time air quality monitoring, Required approvals by the legislature, the already has proven beneficial in charting daily governor's office, and U.S. Environmental patterns of accumulation and dispersion of Protection Agency are anticipated. particles. Telluride became a demonstration site for the state's PM2.5 monitoring network in 2000. San Miguel County Improved street sweeping, sanding and chemical de-icing practices by the town of The San Miguel County Planning and Telluride,and a free gondola system linking Environmental Health Departments administer Telluride and Mountain Village that opened in regulations aimed at protecting county air late 1996, have helped reduce particle emissions quality. to the lowest levels measured in the region since The county has banned installation of solid- monitoring began in 1973. fuel burning devices in a 27-square mile area Telluride was redesignated by the state in around Telluride to limit particle emissions. March 2000 for attainment of the federal PM10 Paving is required for all new streets in this area standards. to prevent pollution from vehicle re-entrained dust. The county also has approved plans to pave existing roads as necessary to protect air quality and has installed permanent traffic counters at its most active highway segments to aid in correlat- ing traffic volumes with pollution levels. 28 q Air Pollution Levels 2003 Air Pollution Levels. Central Front Range: counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Clear Creek, Denver, Douglas, Gilpin, Jefferson. Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards) Carbon 2105 Broadway, Denver 14.9 ppm --42%of 1-hour standard Monoxide 2105 Broadway, Denver 4.5 ppm -- 47% of 8-hour standard Ozone Chatfield Reservoir '::':•::.::''''.7153 ppm:-:122%of 1-hour standard (1st max.) •095 ppm-- 112%of 8-hour standard (4th max. Chatfield Reservoir end....'::, ':: : ..... -. ... ) 20th&Quaker St ,:Jefferson County . Nitrogen 2105 Broadway, Denver .035 ppm --66%of annual average standard Dioxide Sulfur 78th Ave.& Steele St., Denver .051 ppm --9%of 3 hour standard" • 2105 Broadway, Denver .015 ppm-- 10%of 24-hour standard Dior: .003 ppm 9%;of annual standard;:..'..:L.•::::::::! 2105 Broadway, Denver . : . PM1 0 7101 Birch St., Commerce City 119 ug/m3--77%of 24-hour standard 7101 Birch St., Commerce City 38 ug/m3--69%of annual avg.standard 7161:Birch St.,Commerce City, and 41.6 ug/m3--64%of 24-hour standard PM2.5 6190 S Santa F9.;Littleton 7101 Birch St., ommer Cce City 10.6 ug/m3--68%of annual average standard Lead 5400 N.Washington, Denver .17 ug/m3-- 11% of calendar quarter standard For carbon monoxide, the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards. For the 8-hour ozone standard, the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with standards. 29 I 2003-2004 Report to the Public Eastern High Plains: counties of Baca, Bent, Cheyenne, Crowley, Elbert, Kiowa, Kit Carson, Lincoln, Logan, Morgan, Otero, Phillips, Prowers, Sedgwick, Washington, Yuma. Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards) PM10 Lamar Power Plant, 100 N.2nd Ave. 132 ug/m3--85%of 24-hour standard Lamar Power Plant, 100 N.2nd Ave. 29 ug/m3--53%of annual average standard PM2.5 Vicinity of Roads 5 and 98, Elbert County 35.0 ug/m3--53°%of 24-hour standard Vicinity of Roads 5 and 98, Elbert County 4.6 ug/m3--30%of annual average standard Northern Front Range: counties of Larimer, Weld. Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards) Carbon 905 10th Ave., Greeley 5.6 ppm -- 16%of 1-hour standard Monoxide 905 10th Ave., Greeley 3.3 ppm --35%of 8-hour standard Ozone 3101 35th Ave.,Greeley 119 ppm--05%01 1-hour standard (1st Max.) 3101 35th Ave.,Greeley 083 ppm--98%of 8-hour standard(4th max.) PM10 251 Edison Dr., Fort Collins 43 ug/m3--28%of 24-hour standard 1516 Hospital Rd., Greeley 21 ug/m3-- 38%of annual average standard PM2.5 1004 Main St.,Platteville 28.3 ugm3--43%'of 24-hour standard 1004 Main St.,Platteville 9,0 ugtm3--58%of annual average standard For carbon monoxide,the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards. For the 8-hour ozone standard,the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with standards. 30 Air Pollution Levels Pikes Peak Region: counties of El Paso, Park, Teller. Pollutant Monitoring Site. Percent of Standard with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards) Carbon 690 W. Hwy.24, Colorado Springs 6.7 ppm -- 19%of 1-hour standard Monoxide 690 W.Hwy.24,Colorado Springs 3.9 ppm --41%of 8-hour standard Ozone Road 640, USAF Academy .126 ppm--101%of 1-hour standard(1st max) Road 640.USAF Academy .O77 ppm--91%of 8-hour standard(4th max) PM1 0 3730 Meadowland,Colorado Springs 69 ug/m3--45%of 24-hour standard 101 W.Costilla, Colorado Springs 24 ug/m3--44%of annual average standard PM2.5 3730 Meadowland,Colorado Springs 38.4 ug/m3--59%of 24-hour standard 101 W.Castilla,Colorado Springs 8.0 ug/m3--52%of annual average standard Lead 101 W.Costilla, Colorado Springs .01 ug/m3-- .65%of calendar quarter standard For carbon monoxide,the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards. For the 8-hour ozone standard,the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with standards. 31 2003-2004 Report to the Public South Central: counties of Huerfano, Las Animas, Pueblo. Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard with Highest Level:' (See appendix for standards) PM1 0 211 D Street, Pueblo 65 ug/m3--42%of 24-hour standard 211 D Street, Pueblo 25 ug/m3--45%of annual average standard PM2.5 211 D Street, Pueblo 32.1 ug/m3—49%of 24-hour standard 211 D Street, Pueblo 7.6 ug/m3•-49%of annual average standard Western Slope: counties of Alamosa, Archuleta, Chaffee, Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Fremont, Garfield, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Jackson, Lake, La Plata, Mesa, Mineral, Moffat, Montezuma, Montrose, Ouray, Pitkin, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, Saguache, Summit, San Juan, San Miguel. Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard with Highest Level* (See appendix for standards) Carbon Stocker Stadium, Grand Junction 5.6 ppm -- 16%of 1-hour standard Monoxide Stocker Stadium, Grand Junction 3.3 ppm --35%of 8-hour standard PM1 0 ** 425 4th St.,Alamosa 150 ug/m3--97%of 24-hour standard 277 3rd Ave., Durango 36.6 ugtm3--67%of annual average standard PM2.5 ** Town Center, Mt.Crested Butte 25.9 ug/m3--40%of 24-hour standard 650 South Ave., Grand Junction 8.7 ug/m3--56%of annual average standard Lead 510 Harrison, Leadville .02 ug/m3 -- 1.3%of calendar quarter standard * For carbon monoxide,the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards. For the 8-hour ozone standard, the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with standards. ** Smoke from California wildfires resulted in elevated levels of PM10 and PM2.5 above the standard on October 30, 2003 at several Western Slope sites. Those values have been excluded from this table as they are considered natural events and not used to determine compliance with standards. 32 Air Quality Agencies Regional Air Quality Agencies Central Front Range Region Eastern High Plains Region Regional Air Quality Council City of Lamar 1445 Market St., Ste. 260 102 E. Parmenter Denver, CO 80202 Lamar,CO 81052 (303)629-5450 (719) 336-4376 Boulder County Health Department Southeastern Land and Environment 3450 Broadway 109 W.Lee Ave., Suite 1 Boulder,CO 80304 Lamar, CO 81052 (303)441-1100 (719) 336-8988 Clear Creek County Northeast Colorado Health Department Environmental Health Specialist 700 Columbine St. P.O. Box 2000 Sterling,CO 80751 Georgetown,CO 80441 (970) 552-3741 (303) 679-2335 Otero County Health Department Denver Department of Environmental Health County Courthouse, Rm 110 Environmental Protection Division La Junta,CO 81050 1391 Speer Blvd., Ste. 700 (719) 384-2584 Denver, CO 80204 (303) 285-4053 Northern Front Range Region Gilpin County Environmental Health Officer North Front Range Transportation and Air County Courthouse Central City, CO 80427 Quality Planning Council (303) 582-5214 210 East Olive St. Fort Collins,CO 80524 Jefferson County Department of Health and (970) 221-6608 Environment 1801 19th St. City of Fort Collins Golden,CO 80401 Natural Resources Division (303)271-5755 281 N. College Fort Collins,CO 80522-0580 Tri-County Health Department (970) 221-6600 (Adams,Arapahoe and Douglas counties) 7000 E. Belleview, Ste. 301 City of Greeley Englewood,CO 80111 1000 10th St. (303) 220-9200 Greeley, CO 80531 (970) 350-9783 Larimer County Department of Health and Environment 1525 Blue Spruce Fort Collins,CO 80524 (970)498-6775 33 2003-2004 Report to the Public Weld County Department of Health Western Slope Region 1555 N. 17th Ave. Greeley,CO 80631 Archuleta County (970) 304-6415 Box 1507 Pagosa Springs,CO 81147 Pikes Peak Region City of Aspen 130 S. Galena Pikes Peak Area Council of Governments Aspen,CO 81611 15 South Seventh Ave. (970) 920-5075 Colorado Springs,CO 80905 (719)471-7080 Chaffee County Environmental Health Officer El Paso County P.O. Box 699 Department of Health and Environment Salida, CO 81201 301 S. Union Blvd. (970) 539-2124 Colorado Springs,CO 80910 (719) 578-3137 Delta County Health Department 164 W. Second Park County Delta,CO 81416 Environmental Health Officer (970) 874-2165 P.O. Box 216 Fairplay,CO 80441 Eagle County Environmental Health Division (719) 836-2771 P.O.Box 850 Eagle, CO 81631 Teller County (970) 328-8755 Environmental Health Officer P.O.Box 118 Fremont County and Canon City Woodland Park,CO 80863 P.O. Box 1460 (719) 687-3048 Canon City,CO 81215-1460 (719) 269-9011 South Central Region Garfield County Environmental Health Officer 109 8th St., Suite. 303 Pueblo City-County Health Department Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 151 Central Main (970) 945-2339 Pueblo,CO 81003 (719) 583-4323 Gunnison County Environmental Health Officer Las Animas-Huerfano County Courthouse District Health Department Gunnison, CO 81230 412 Benedicta Ave. (970) 641-4100 Trinidad,CO 81082 (719) 846-2213 --and-- 119 E. 5th St. Walsenberg, CO 81089 (719) 738-2650 34 Air Quality Agencies Lake County Routt County Environmental Health Department Environmental Health Department P.O. Box 513 Box 770087 Leadville,CO 80461 Steamboat Springs, CO 80477 (719)486-1796 (970) 879-0185 Mesa County Health Department San Juan Basin Health Unit P.O. Box 2000 P.O.Box 140 Grand Junction, CO 81502-5033 Durango,CO 81302 - or- (970)247-5702 510 29 1/2 Rd. Grand Junction,CO 81504 San Miguel Environmental Health Department (970) 248-6960 P.O. Box 4130 Telluride,CO 81435 Moffat County and Rio Blanco County (970) 728-0447 Sanitarian 221 Victory Way Summit County Craig, CO 81624 Environmental Health Department (970) 824-2643 Box 626 Frisco,CO 80443 Montezuma County Health Department (970) 668-0727 County Courthouse Cortez, CO 81321 Town of Vail (970) 565-3056 75 S.Frontage Rd. Vail,CO 81657-509 Montrose County (970)479-2138 Environmental Health Officer P.O. Box 1289 Montrose,CO 81401 Pitkin County 0405 Castle Creek Rd. Aspen,CO 81611 (970)920-5070 35 •' Appendix Appendix Colorado Air Quality Regulations Health-Related Air Pollutants Enforcement Report Summary, 2003-2004 I Appendix--page 1 • r , 2003-2004 Report to the Public Colorado Air Quality Regulations www.cdphe.state.co.us/regulate.-- asp odor contaminants for different land-use areas in the state and outlines control measures that can Procedural Rules be taken to bring violators into compliance. The rules that the commission operates under for its regular monthly meetings and Air Pollution Emission Notices public hearings. Permits Regulation No. 3 Ambient Air Quality Standards Regulation No. 3 requires air pollution Regulation sources to file Air Pollution Emission Notices. It 9 also requires that new or modified sources of air This regulation establishes ambient air pollution—with certain exemptions—obtain quality standards for the state of Colorado and preconstruction permits. Very large facilities also dictates monitoring procedures and data handling are required to obtain operating permits. protocols. It also defines nonattainment area boundaries for locations in the state which Woodburning Controls historically have violated federal and state air quality standards. In addition, the regulation Regulation No. 4 contains the state's urban visibility standard and Regulation No. 4 requires new stove and sets emission budgets for nonattainment areas. fireplace inserts to meet federal certification in specified areas of the state. State Implementation Plan Specific Emissions Trading Program Regulations Regulation No. 5 This regulation defines specific requirements Regulation No. 5 will provide a generic concerning air quality control strategies and emissions trading program for stationary sources contingency measures for nonattainment areas in to take credit for actual emissions reductions at the state. their facilities. This regulation will set up a completely voluntary program and establish no Particles, Smokes, Carbon new requirements. It is pending U.S. Environ- Monoxide and Sulfur Oxides mental Protection Agency approval. Regulation No. 1 New Source Performance Regulation No. 1 sets forth emission limita- tions, equipment requirements and work prac- Standards tices (abatement and control measures) intended Regulation No. 6 to control the emissions of particles, smoke and Regulation No. 6 sets standards of perfor- sulfur oxides from new and existing stationary mance for specific new stationary sources in sources. Control measures specified in this Colorado. The regulation is designed to bring regulation are designed to limit emissions into new sources into compliance with the U.S. the atmosphere and thereby minimize the Environmental Protection Agency's New Source ambient concentrations of particles and sulfur Performance Standards. In addition, the regula- oxides. tion sets standards for new industries that are unique to Colorado for which the EPA has not Odor Control yet set standards. Regulation No. 2 Regulation No. 2 sets standards for allowable Appendix--page 2 Appendix Volatile Organic Compounds Diesel Vehicle Inspection Program Control Regulation No. 12 Regulation No. 7 Regulation No. 12 defines the state's diesel- Regulation No. 7 controls the emissions of powered vehicle emission inspection and mainte- volatile organic compounds, primarily in the nance program for on-road vehicles. Denver metro area. It sets standards and man- dates controls for specific types of volatile Oxygenated Fuels Program organic compound sources. Regulation No. 13 Regulation No. 13 requires the use of Hazardous Air Pollutants Control oxygenated fuels in gasoline-powered motor Regulation No. 8 vehicles in Colorado's Automobile Inspection Regulation No. 8 sets forth specific work and Readjustment program areas, except Colo- practices, emission control requirements and rado Springs, from Nov. 1 through Feb. 7. standards for hazardous air pollutants. Chlorofluorocarbons Open Burning, Prescribed Fire, Regulation No. 15 and Permitting Regulation No. 15 identifies the require- Regulation No. 9 ments to control emissions of ozone-depleting Regulation No. 9 applies to all open burning compounds from both stationary and mobile activities throughout the state to control smoke sources. and emissions from such fires. The regulation sets forth requirements for permitting including Street Sanding & Sweeping prescribed fires,controlled burns, and significant Regulation No. 16 users of prescribed fires. Regulation No. 16 sets specification stan- dards for street sanding material and street Transportation Conformity sweeping practices in the Automobile Inspection Regulation No. 10 and Readjustment program area, and the Denver Regulation No. 10 defines the criteria the metro fine particle nonattainment area. Colorado Air Quality Control Commission uses to evaluate the consistency between state air Acid Rain Control quality standards/objectives, and transportation Regulation No. 18 planning and major construction activities across Regulation No. 18 sets forth the requirement the state, as defined in state implementation plans. for implementing the state's acid rain program. This program is adopted by reference from the federal program found in 40 C.F.R.,Part 72 as in Motor Vehicle Inspection Program effect on Jan. 6, 1994. Regulation No. 11 Regulation No. 11 requires automobile Lead Based Paint emission inspection and maintenance programs Regulation No. 19 to be implemented in specified areas of the state Regulation No. 19 defines the requirements for gasoline-powered on-road vehicles. These for certifying lead abatement professionals and programs apply to businesses, industry and the work practice measures. general public. Appendix--page 3 I rip 2003-2004 Report to the Public Areas Affected Pollutants Health Effects in Colorado Carbon monoxide affects individuals by No violations statewide Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a depriving the body of oxygen.It enters the since 1995. colorless,odorless and tasteless gas.It results body through the lungs and inhibits the from incomplete combustion; its major body's ability to transport oxygen.Carbon sources in urban areas are motor vehicle monoxide can reduce a healthy person's ability to perform manual tasks,and it can emissions and woodbuming. especially affect pregnant women,fetuses, anemic individuals and persons with cardio- vascular diseases. Particulate matter can reduce lung function, Elevated PM levels occur .Particulate Natter :: escribes the tiny aggravate respiratory conditions and may in high density urban in the at of solid or semi=solid mito as l found increase the long-term risk of cancer or areas and communities in the atmosphere,ing t referred to'as dust.It development of respiratory problems where blowing dust or . is classined according to size: •TSP=total suspended particles. residential burning is a problem.The most recent pMio=particles smatler;hair J0 microns exceedances were in •PM2.5=particles smaller than 2.5 microns • exceedances Alamosa and Lamar in . 2002 and Denver in 2001 Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive form of Exposure to high concentrations of ozone Suburban areas down- can impair the function of lungs;it may wind of urban areas are oxygen;it is not emitted directly from a source, induce respiratory symptoms in individuals most affected.Violation rather it is formed from the reaction of pollutants with asthma,emphysema or reduced lung of the 8-hour standard in with sunlight.Ground-level ozone(photochemi- functi•on;it potentially can reduce immune the Denver metro area cal smog)should not be confused with strato- system capacity;and it can act as an irritant during summer of 2003. spheric ozone—the protective ozone layer to mucous membranes of eyes and throat. located in the upper atmosphere. Su fur dioxide (sal " Sulfur dioxide can aggravate an All of Colorado has' • g is a colorless individual's respiratory tract,impair met the standard gas with a pttugenE odor at high concentrations; pulmonary functions and increase the • it is highly soluble with water and is a major risk of asthma attacks. contributor to"acid rain."It is emitted primarily :from combustion sources. ,.. .. Lead can impair an individual's All of Colorado has Lead (Pb) exists in the atmosphere production of hemoglobin;cause met the standard. primarily as an inhalable particulate;its primary intestinal cramps,peripheral nerve source is motor vehicles that bum leaded paralysis,anemia and severe fatigue. gasoline. . ... • . .. .•.... .... ..... Asbestos can cause respiratory problems and Buildings where asbestos ASI�@StOS is•a r •MC... . fiber it found•M increase the risk of lung cancer.It can cause has been used are of building materials and a•u•ivmobile brake asbestosis •—a scamng •of the lung tissue primary concern,particu linings, which restricts breathing;it also can cause larly during removal or ,> mesothelioma—cancer of the lung and renovation., . intestinal iinin Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is a Nitrogen dioxide can increase All of Colorado has met respiratory problems,cause mild the standard. gas contributing to photochemical smog (ozone)production.It is a by-product of symptomatic effects in asthmatic oxides of nitrogen emitted from combustion individuals and increase susceptibility sources and motor vehicles. to respiratory infections. Hazardous Air Pollutants are Hazardous air pollutants can increase risk Statewide • pollutants known or suspected of causing cancer of cancer,sterility and nervous system or other serious health effects. 1 disorders. Appendix--page 4 Appendix State & Federal State & Local Programs/Strategies Air Pollutant Standards To Reduce Air Pollutants Two state and federal carbon monoxide standards - Basic and Enhanced Automobile Inspection and Mainte- exist.Both standards average the concentration of nance Programs,Oxygenated Gasoline Program, transporta- carbon monoxide across specified time periods—one tion planning,travel reduction programs,residential burning hour and eight hours.The 1-hour standard is set at 35 controls,stationary source controls and pollution prevention parts per million and the 8-hour standard is set at 9 programs,High Pollution Advisory Program. parts per million. Federal and state standards for particulate matter Diesel Emissions Control Program,street sanding and street apply to particles less than 2.5 microns in aerody- sweeping improvements,transportation planning,Basic and mantic diameter(fine particles,PM2.5)and under 10 Enhanced Automobile Inspection and Maintenance Pro- microns(coarse particles,PM 10).The PM2.5 and grams,travel reduction programs,residential burning PMIO standards average concentration levels on a 24- controls,stationary source controls and pollution prevention hour and annual basis.The 24-hour standard for programs,High Pollution Advisory Program. PM2.5 is 65 ughn3(micrograms per cubic meter) applied to the 98th percentile sample;the annual standard is 15 ug/m3.For PMIO the standards are 150 ug/m3(24-hour)and 50 ug/m3(annual). 8-hour standard: An area will attain the standard Basic and Enhanced Automobile Inspection and Mainte- when the 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour nance programs,gasoline transfer controls, substitution of concentration, averaged over three years, is equal to non-reactive hydrocarbons,solvent control and pollution or below 0.08 ppm. prevention programs, summertime Ozone Advisory Pro- 1-hour standard:An area violates the standard gram when the hourly peak ozone concentration is 0.125 ppm or greater more than three times in three years. Three state and federal sulfur dioxide standards Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Regulations exist.Each considers average concentration levels control sulfur dioxide emissions from industry. across specified time periods.An annual standard is set at 0.03 parts-per-million,a 24-hour standard is set at 0.14 ppm and a 3-hour standard is set at 0.5 ppm• The federal lead standard is averaged across 3-month Leaded gasoline phase out and stationary source controls. time periods.During any three months,the lead concentration is not to exceed 1.5 ug/m3.The state lead standard is averaged across 1-month time periods and is not to exceed 1.5 ug/m3. The state standard for asbestos is set at Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Regulation No.8 0.01 fibers ice(fibers per cubic centimeter)or 70 controls asbestos removal and abatement statewide. structures per square millimeter depending on the measurement method. The nitrogen dioxide standard averages concentra- Colorado Air Quality Control Commission Regulations tion levels on an annual basis and allows up to 0.053 control the emissions of oxides of nitrogen. parts-per-million of nitrogen dioxide per year. Approximately 20 federal and state standards exist Residential burning controls and stateflocal pollution and are control technology based,'° prevention programs reduce the prevalence of hazardous air pollutants. Appendix--page 5 2003-2004 Report to the Public Stationary Sources Program Enforcement Update Purpose This portion of the report is intended to satisfy the requirement in section 25-7-105(5)(c), CRS, which requires the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission to prepare and make available to the public a report that includes a list of all alleged violations of emission control regulations, showing the status of control procedures in effect with respect to each such alleged violation. The full enforcement report is available on-line at www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/enforcerept.asp.A summary of enforcement statistics is provided on the following page. Enforcement Program The Field Services Unit regulates stationary sources, including open burning and odors. The unit has been focusing more on early settlement agreements in lieu of issuing Notices of Violation and Compliance Orders. Upon discovery of a violation, the inspector typically will draft and send a Compliance Advisory (CA) to notify the source of the noncompliance issues. The Compliance Advisory includes a statement that the company should contact the inspector to discuss the noncom- pliance issues. Upon discussing the issue internally and with the company, unit staff will decide whether to dismiss the violation, issue a Warning Letter, proceed with early settlement discussions, or proceed with a formal enforcement action (issue a Notice of Violation). Many of the cases are settled prior to issuance of a Notice of Violation. The Chlorofluorocarbon Unit enforces Regulation No. 15 concerning the control of chlorofluoro- carbons. Most of the enforcement actions by this unit involve notification and certification require- ments. As a result, the Chlorofluorocarbon Unit often sends out early settlement agreement offers and Compliance Advisories. It issues few Notices of Violation. The Asbestos Unit regulates companies involved in the abatement of asbestos. Building owners and schools also are affected by asbestos control rules. In regulating schools, the Asbestos Unit issues Notices of Noncompliance (NONs) which require the school to take certain steps to come into compliance. Typically, if the school comes into compliance within the stated time period, the divi- sion does not require the school to pay a civil penalty. The Asbestos Unit is not legally required to, but typically does issue a Notice of Violation (NOV) at the onset of an enforcement action. After a Notice of Violation conference is held, the Asbestos Unit issues a Warning Letter, dismisses the action, attempts to reach an early settlement agreement in the form of a Compliance Order on Con- sent(COC), or issues a Compliance Order(CO). The table on the following page is a summary of the number of enforcement documents. Appendix --page 6 s 4 A Er.4•44, tp ham„ } il Appendix Enforcement Statistics - Fiscal Year 2004 Actions Field Services Unit Asbestos Unit CFC Unit Warning Letters 23 1 0 Compliance Advisories 53 0 0 Notices of Violations 7 12 1 Notices of Noncompliance (schools only) 0 43 n/a Compliance Orders 1 14 3 Compliance Orders on Consent and 101 6 5 Early Settlement Agreements AQCC Hearings 0 1 0 Referrals to Attorney Generals Office 0 0 0 Referrals to EPA 0 0 2 Glossary of Terms Compliance Advisory(CA): The division issues these to provide timely notice to a facility of apparent violations found during an inspection. The division may or may not initiate a formal enforcement action, depending on the type of violation and the response of the facility. Compliance Order(CO): If the division determines that a violation or noncompliance did occur after a notice of violation conference,it may issue a compliance order. The order includes the final determinations of the division regarding the violation or noncompliance,a summary of the proceedings at the notice of violation conference,and an evaluation of the evidence considered by the division in reaching its final determination of law. Compliance Order on Consent(COC): A settlement agreement or express terms, mutually agreed upon in writing,between the recipient of an informal notice of noncompliance, notice of violation,or compliance order and the division,resolving the discovered noncompliance issues. Noncompliance Penalty(NCP): A penalty assessed pursuant to§ 25-7-115(5),C.R.S.,to ensure a source does not reap the economic benefit of noncompliance with a federal requirement,as required under 42 U.S.C. § 7420. Notice of Noncompliance(NON): Issued to a school and requires the school to take certain steps to come into compliance. Typically,if the school comes into compliance within the stated time period,the division does not require the school to pay a civil penalty. Notice of Violation(NOV): Issued by the division to provide specific notice to a company of the provi- sions alleged to have been violated,and the division's factual basis and legal conclusions for the allegations. Supplemental Environmental Project(SEP): An environmentally beneficial expenditure or activity undertaken by a source to mitigate some or all of a civil penalty in accordance with guidelines. Warning Letter: A written notification to a source that the division has documented a violation,that further recurrence could result in enforcement action being taken,but that no further enforcement action will result directly from the instant violation. Appendix--page 7 Hello