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Home My WebLink About20022895.tiff 0CT 29 2002 08:15 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.01/75 October 29.2002 Weld County,Colorado Weld County Commissioner's do Esther Fax: (970)352-0242 915 101°Street Greeley,Colorado 80832 CASE NUMBER: USR-1392 To Whom It May Concern: Thank you for the opportunity to provide input on the Tri-State Generation&Transmission project My family and I have lived at 8800 WCR 11 for over(4)years and have owned the property for(5))roars. This project has been of great concern to our neighborhood for the past 2 years. As we have been deeply involved in the Frederick permit process,we also ask for Weld County support in planning this project In the safest location. We understand that the Frederick permit process is separate from the Weld County permit process, however we ask that the route also be considered carefully during your decision to issue the requested permit. Frederick residents tieing on W0R 11 between WCR 18 and WCR 20 are very upset about the proposed route. During the Frederick permit process,the Town of Frederick requested a cost /" analysis for WCR 13,which was later declined by the Frederick Planning Department. The one- mile stretch on WCR 11 consists of approximately 650 existing homes and plans to develop 350 more within the existing subdivisions,while the one mile on WCR 13 have no homes. The Frederick decision goes Intact Weld County by reducing future tax revenues. An analysis of the calculations of reduced taxes to Weld County es a result of reduced property values is on the following attachment. Also following are the case studies confirming impacts up to 25%of property values. Frederick has approved at least(2)more subdivisions directly boated near this proposed route,impacting over 2,000 homes In the very near future. Year after year,the impact to Weld County tax revenue will only become exponential. The major concerns we have with WCR 11 are health risks and property values. Here is a piece of the supporting evidence: Jiealth Blake Although very few studies show absolute results that EMF causes cancer,statistically to prove this,you would have to have no variables,including genetics,environment,etc..which is almost Impossible. However,most studies, including the 1992 Energy Policy Act(referenced as Public Law 102.488, Section 2118)concluding a six-year study in 1998 resulted in a report that EMF effects cannot be recognized as entirely safe. In faot,their conclusion as wall as the National Institute of Environmental Health and the National Research Center states there Is statistically significant evidence to childhood and adult leukemia. The common recommendation from these studies and government ageneles Is to keep a safe distance and prudent avoidance to EMF exposure. The majority of the homes on W0R 11 between WCR 18 and WCR 20 are `starter homes. There are hundreds of children In this neighborhood. If this causes only(1)child to develop leukemia,it is too many! 2002-2895 OCT 29 2002 08:15 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.02/75 HUD has developed such an elevated concern of high-power transmission power lines that they now have regulations to assure that these lines and their homes are not In the same area. We should learn from their research and expertise. Colorado Statute 29-8-102, Indicates that'the general assembly further finds that the conversion of overheard electric and communication facilities to underground locations is a matter of statewide concern and Interest'. We should consider the reasoning behind the verbiage, Improvement District. Statute 29-8-142 states"This article,being neoeseary to secure and preserve the public health,safety,and general welfare,shell be liberally construed to effect Its purpose". flea In addition to the case studies mentioned above,also attached are(10)oopies of letters from Real Estate professionals confirming the risk to our property value. The perceived health risks are a common factor to devaluation of property near high-power transmission lines. The tax revenue impact of putting overhead transmission lines through this neighborhood should be of great concern. In summary, It Is our request that another route is required for this project. Only If this project has to be constructed on WCR 11 do we strongly recommend that this power line be buried in our neighborhood. For your information,our neighborhood believes so strongly about this that we passed a vote in November to create a special district to tax ourselves for the burial on WCR 11 between WCR 18 and WCR 20. This election has been over-turned by a questionable potion. As a result of the failure of the Colorado Statutes pertinent to Special Underground Districts(29- 8-XXX)to supply specific petition requirements and the Town of Frederick's failure to safe-guard r• the results of our registered vote,the Frederick portion of this project on WCR 11 between WCR 18 and WCR 20 is currently under review In the Weld County Court I will be at the Publics Hearing on October 30,2002. If you have any questions,please feel free to let me know. Best regards, Sue Wade' 8800 Weld County Road 11 Frederick.CO 80504 Home/far (303)678.1256 Work: (303)530.8411 OCT 29 2002 08:15 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.03/75 i111111111 .41 111 111255 m "Wig az a k la 11101 1k III1EE if ii" lift doss VG II NM ;IPA 1111 IIsa a III- - - - 4k 11 l JU as al it Ear i a• T V L � O OCT 29 2002 08 15 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.04/75 ear auu‘aulu utou%anew az=win V* NI?S%WUI I raga 4 Vt 1 V EMF Science Review Symposium Breakout Group Reports for Epidemiological Research Findings January 12-14, 1998 Symposium Camberley Gunter Hotel, San Antonio,Texas organized by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 sponsored by the NIEHS/DOE EMFR4PID Program EMF and Childhood Cancer Facilitator:David Savitz,Ph.D. r �.. aporteurs:Leslie Robison,Ph.D.and Nancy Wertheimer,PhD. TM,report for the Childhood Cancers breakout group to a comprehensive document that covers the range ofdiscussion doing this session The NlkllS facilitated completion of the report Draft reports were circulated to attendees for review and comment.Comments were compiled by the NIENSwho took primary nsponstbing'for revising the drafts.Each revised days war reviewed by the facilitator and rapporteure prior to Circulation to breakout group attendees. Introduction The breakout group was charged with assessment of the current epidaniologic literature on Elm exposure and risk of childhood cancer,which relative to other diseases,is substantial.Because of the limited time available for discussion and the number of published studies,the breakout group did not conduct a study-by-study assessment Rather,they elected to focus on selected topics/issues of importance(Table I), Table I-Topics Addressed by the Breakout group • Biologic basis(mechanism) • 'Exposure prevalence • Confounding • blots analysis of existing data • Dose-response gradient • Quality of studies • Evidence for all childhood cancers combined� • Quality of exposure measurements in different settings r I • Evidence for brain tumors • Selection bias I pf/www.niehs.nil.gov/emfrapid/howl/Symposium2/BOOReptats_BMFCHII,D.html 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:16 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.05/75 EMk and Childhood dancer nreacow uruup ACpuir Evidence for leukemia I • Wire codeearadax-is there one? �I em j jaiologic Basis(mechanisms) There was limited discussion regarding the available biologic evidence to support or refute a possible role of EMF in the etiology of childhood cancers,including leukemia and tumors of the central nervous system.During discussions focusing on childhood leukemia,there was a general sense that evidence for a biologic basis for SW as an etiologic factor was weak The lack of a demonstrable mechanism,rather than a paucity of epidemiologic evidence,probably poses the biggest challenge to credibility of the hypothesis that EMTs are causally related to childhood cancer risk. In the group it seemed that good evidence for a biologic mechanism would greedy increase the credibility of the hypothesis for the moderately skeptical,but would not confer much credibility for the more eoctreme skeptics, some of whom felt that an experimentally verified biophysical model explaining how weak fields and biologic material interact would be necessary.Relative to pediatric brain tumors,the question was raised: If strong data were available from animal models supporting a role of EMF in tumor formation,would it support the need for additional research in the area of pediatric brain tumors? Some members of the breakout group indicated that such evidence would markedly increase their opinion regarding justification for future epidemiologic research. While no mechanism has as yet appeared in the laboratory that can explain the EMEcancer associations seen in epidemiology,it was suggested by some members& the group that the possibility that such a mechanism may exist has increased in recent years. It was noted that ten or twenty years ago, almost all biophysicists discounted the possibility that non-ionizing fields,too weak to cause tissue heating,could have any biological effects;today,the existence of such "non-thermal"effects is accepted by some and supported by some recent in-vitro work(Liburdy et al., 1997). IL Confounding es a potential influence of confounding was raised as an important issue in early epidemiologic studies reporting an association between EMF(wire codes)and childhood cancer(s).More recent studies have,to varying degrees, considered potential confounders and have not found substantial evidence in support of confounding. Although there was limited detailed discussion of this topic,the consensus was that confounding was unlikely to be a major issue in the majority of epidemiologic studies of EMT and childhood cancers. One specific area discussed was the possibility that the wire-code/cancer association is due to some neighborhood factor like traffic density. It was noted this idea of some other factor has recently been contradicted by the positive case-specular results(Zaffanella et a/., 1997).A related issue,brought up several times at the meeting but not directly discussed,was why the consistent wire- code/leukemia association reported in three prior U.S. studies(NRC, 1996)was not observed in the National Cancer Institute(NCI)study,if in fact it was simply due to confounding by neighborhood factors like traffic density or house aP- III,Dose-Response Gradient Review of the published literature provides few examples of a clear dose-response relationship for EMF exposure and risk of childhood cancet(s). Some examples of data which might be used include: (1)the slight progression in odds ratios seen in Savitz 0 at (1988)as one moves from the three low wire codes(referent)to the homes with ordinary high wire codes(OHCC,odds ratio— 1.4)and on to the very high wire codes(VHCC,odds ratio—2.1),(2)the significant trend seen for the "tailored" calculations and"untailored"codes in the Los Angeles leukemia data(Thomas, 1998), (3)the marginal dose-response relationship for the matched time-weighted average measurements seen in the NCI study(this tend has about a one in ten probability of occurring by chance,p-• :1.09,two-tailed test),and(4)the nificant trend in dose-response(p—0.005)for the Swedish study when exposures were classified as intermediate and • h exposures(Feychting and Ahlbom, 1993). ["Tailored" refers to being constructed explicitly to maximize identification of high field homes for a specific region,time period, and housing type. "Untailored" refers to application of a code to regions,times,and buildings different from those for which the code was validated.]It was http://wwwnichs.nikgov/emfrapid/html/Symposiurn2/BOGReports-EMFCHILDItml 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:16 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.06/75 Yam,awl cnuanoo0 cancer ureasuut usurp ntgxn t --e-- -- -- suggested that it would be difficult to observe a dose-response relationship for EMF at the lower exposure levels, given that a non-exposed referent group does not exist and that gradations in the lower range may be subject to i-� substantial misclassification. _ answer the general question of whether or not there is a"doserelationship"between EMF and cancer risk,we must first be able to define what constitutes a"dose" of EMF.Epidentiologic studies have routinely focused on two aspects of Jam: intensity and chronicity of exposure. Several members of the breakout group feh there were several important,unanswered questions relating to dose-response from epidemiologic studies. Specifically,this subgroup felt that intermittence and other factors(length of exposure,intensity thresholds,etc.)could possibly affect response. Also, they were unsure if it is logical to assume exposures are cumulative, suggesting instead that timing of exposure(Le., windows in which cumulative exposure occurs)may be important and exposures outside those windows may be inconsequential. Several group members noted that there is more evidence for risk associated with the high end of intensityrelated metrics(e.g.,field estimates at>0.3 Tor VHCC wire codes)rather than for a consistently increasing risk trend that can be discerned over the MI range of intensity indicators. At least two hypotheses were put forward to explain that observation: there may be a highintensity threshold for ELF effects; or alternatively,high end indicators may produce the most consistent evidence of risk because only such high field levels can distinguish children whose ELF exposure will be reliably and significantly above the background level of other EMF exposures in the study population. The NCl/Children's Cancer Group(CCO)study shows greater consistency with previous literature on high field measurements. No new evidence was put forward to distinguish between these hypotheses. IV.Evidence for All Childhood Cancers Combined A limited number of studies have investigated and reported an association between EMF and all histologic types of childhood cancer combined. There was divergence of opinion on the rationale of using all cancers combined in future ^dies and in interpreting existing literature when assessing a possible etiologic role for EM!. Some members of the �.eakout group felt that the vast diversity of malignancies,which occur within the pediatric age range,argues against a common etiologic factor such as EMF. Others proposed that if EMF operates as a broad-spectrum promoter within the process of malignant growth and/or transformation,then it would be appropriate to view EMF as important in the etiology of many childhood cancers. This is one area where the early life exposure animal carcinogenicity studies could provide guidance. V.Evidence for Childhood Brain Tumors A subgroup of the members of the breakout group(the panel)was formed to provide a summary of the published literature relating EMF exposure, reflected by wire codes and/or measured fields,to the risk of tumors of the Sind nervous system(Table II).In addition,this group was asked to provide arguments supporting a causal role for EMF in producing these tumors based upon these studies.The members of the panel felt the data did not support a role for EMF in pediatric brain tumors and provided arguments supporting the lack of an association. They argued that the largest and best studies[e.g.,those from the Western U.S.(Preston Martin et al., 1996;Gurney et at, 1996], show no association,negating the two positive studies in Denver(Wertheimer et at, 1979; Savitz et at, 1988).Furthermore, the Scandinavian studies have not found increased numbers of brain tumors. It was noted by others,however,that methodologic flaws, such as the use of nontailored wire codes in the two Western US studies might explain the negative results. Another example given was the noncontemporapeous control selection in the Freston-Martinet al. study(1996).When control selection occurred contemporaneously for a subset of the data,the odds ratio increased to 1.6. Polar group members argued that there is some degree of consistency in the results at high exposures and thus reason ,wopose the existence of a possible weak association. Anomalous results for buried-line homes in the Preston- Martin study(1996)might justify restructuring comparisons to homes served by above-ground wiring where increased r risks are observed.More detailed discussion of some of the recent studies raised a number of issues regarding study htgr//www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/hurl/Symposium2/B0OReports- WCHII.D.html 8/20/2002 T 0CT 29 2002 08 17 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.07/75 mr num tatuuouu Vam a lalomVYa vawp awrwaa .- design(e.g.,control selection),exposure assessment,and comparability of exposure categories and analytic approaches from study to study.In general there appeared to be consensus that(1)re-analysis of data from previous ,.� studies may be justified,(2)new population studies are not warranted at this time,and(3)if this association exists at r it is weak Table II-Samnacy Of Literature For Childhood Brain Tumors information in this table is hmited.The reader is nouraged to check the original usoript for details about these studies.) Aga Exposure # f % I Cost- Con- Mirk " '' Casa Exp. lab leaden •i SES, HCC 38.6%vs. Wire Codes, Wei Deadu Birth utbtnicity, 21.1% or equivalents Japer, 1979 57 0-19 39Y0 Cettifc traffic OR"2.4(0.6.5.0) VHCC vs.buried Savits,1988 59 0-14 5% RDD Yes OR-1.94 (0.47,7.95) Paychting, SES, >oa T Ahlbom, 33 0-15 6% P°Plm sad traffic 1993 exhaust OR 0.7(0.1,2.6) --+- VHCC vs.UO Gurney,1996 133 0-19 3% RDD Appliance OR0.5(0.2.1.6) VHCC vs. Preston- OLCC+VLCC Martin, 1996 298 0-19 11% RRD Yes _ r , ORl.2 .6,22) 0.25 T SES OR 1.0(0.2.5) Olsen, 1993 624 0-15 3.2% based mobility OA T utbmloity 0 R=6.0(0.7,44) -. ... .. 0.2 T SIR••••2.3 (0.75,5.4) Valcasalo. 39 0-19 12.5% based N° 4 T SIR-2.3 1 _ (0.94,4.8) 0.3 T Measured Fields T 9e 294 0-18 4.4% Birth No OR=3.9(1.1,13) hnp://www.niehs.nih.gav/emf apid/html/Symposium2/BOGReporta-E'MFCHII.D.html 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:17 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.08'75 tM1' and Unit111000 LSncer niWKOut uttrup rtryur r (low pow') Savitz 1988 59 0-14 3% RDD Yet OR=1.04 (0. .82 X02 T Aiilbom, 33 l 0-15 15% traffic 1993 I exhaust OR ].5 0.4 4.9 X0.2 T(bedroom) Ate- 298 0-19 5% ROD Yes Martin,19% OR-1.2 0.5,2.8) *Data ate presented as Odds Ratio(OR)and(95%confidence interval) "SIR—stendeadized incidence ratios VL Ltvidace for Childhood Leukemia A similar panel was created for addressing the strength of the evidence for an association between childhood leukemia and EMF exposure.A summary of the published reports addressing the question of EMF exposure and tisk of childhood leukemia was presented(Table III). The panel considered leukemia risk in connection with EMF exposure as gauged by both wire codes/distance and measured fields.Exposure,as measured by wire codes or equivalents,did provide a pattern consistent with an increased risk with increasing potential exposure. The striking exception is the large,recent NCl/CCG study(Linet et aL, 1997)in which no association was identified when the Weitheimer-Leeper or the Kaune-Savitz wire code classifications(both tailored for the Denver area)were applied in midwestem states. There were mixed opinions on how much weight should be given to the result from the NCl/CCG study on the wire- code association with childhood leukemia. The original authors felt the study was sufficiently strong to overshadow all "—vioua studies; reasons given for this opinion include: (1)short interval between diagnosis and measurement of wagnetic fields, (2)large study population,(3)magnetic field measurements covered a large proportion of the child's life, (4)data collectors were not informed of case and control status,and(5)strict quality control measures were employed. The major disagreement with this opinion stemmed from discussions regarding the degree to which wire- codes apply outside the Denver area(refer to section IQ.While some members of the panel interpret the overall data as strong evidence for an association between wire-codes and risk,others,influenced by results from the NCl/CCG study,interpret the data as being inconsistent. Table III-SUMMARY OF LITERATURE FOR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA (The information in thin table is limited.The loader is encouraged to check the original mmuacript for details about these studies) Wire Codes or Equivalents study Risk. Wertheimer tit Leeper, 1979 . r 1.0(0.6,1.8) 1988 2.8(0.9,8.0) Lond 1993 2.2(1.1,4.3) r OS(0.5,1.6) Feychting&Alilbom, 2.7(1.0,6.3) 1993 http://wvAviniehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports-EMFCHILD.html 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:18 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.09/75 COW $1111 t.unuuvuu a.auwa Lai vaa•wa w,awy near" -- Ol .' 1993 1.50.36. Verkasalo, 1993 1.6 0.3 4.5 1997 0.5(0_.1,2.2) Measured Fields J Tomenius, 1986 0.3 0.1 1.0 SporMeasaremenrs 1 Savi 1988 L9 0.7 2.9 - Feychting&Ahlbom, 0.6(0.2,1.8) 1993 IZ4hourMeasnremenrs 1993 13 0.7 3.3 Mtchaclis, 1997 1.5 0.4 5.5 Lin 1997 1.5 0.9,2.6 *Data arc presented as Odds Ratio(95%confidence interval) Interpretation of published reports addressing leukemia risk and measured fields again provided a topic of some debate. Issues raised relative to exposure assessment included: exposure metrics,exposure categories used in analyses, and study design.It was noted that measurements taken closer to the time of diagnosis might be of greater value in estimating exposure. All of the issues raised are discussed in other parts of this report and are not repeated here.There appeared to be general agreement that modestly elevated risk(i.e.,approximately 1.5)is present for the higher exposure categories. However,the high exposure calculated risk estimates are uniformly based upon a small number of exposed subjects and thus are often associated with broad confidence limits. The breakout group members did not reach consensus on the importance(either etiologic or public health)of this observation.In general,it can be concluded that no member of the group felt the data proved a causal relationship between EMF and childhood leukemia. Some members felt there was insufficient evidence to support any concern for the association while others concern was'tenanted. I^ VIL Exposure Prevalence There were two dominant areas of discussion relating to exposure prevalence:(1)the lack of a non-exposed population and(2)the limited proportion of the population exposed to high levels of measured fields.From the perspective of research methodology and interpretation of study results,the fact that everyone in the population is exposed to electric and magnet fields establishes challenges and leads to broad(almost unlimited)speculation of the potential influence of EMF on health risk. Some group members suggested that any risk estimates resulting from epidemiologic studies must be considered under-estimates(potentially gross under-estimates)because of the widespread prevalence of EMT exposure and thus any repeated evidence of even a modest association with increased risk should be considered seriously. Others in the breakout group felt that the degree of impact on risk estimates was unknown and thus over- interpretation of modest increases in risk should be avoided. Relative to the high exposure levels for measured fields there are some data suggesting modestly increased risks for childhood leukemia at measured field levels above 0.2-0.3 T. Sonic breakout group members raised concerns about the precision of the risk estimates in these high exposure categories given the relatively limited number of individuals deemed to be within these exposure groups(even for studies of considerable overall sample size).However,others felt that the needed precision could be achieved by combining studies. VIM Meta Analysis of Existing Data .'here was general consensus that it would be usefhl to perform meta analyses of existing and soon to be published a.Exploring other new analyses of existing data also was suggested.This approach was clearly fhvored over embarking on new epidemiologic investigations of EMP and childhood cance(s).However,there were concerns es" regarding the ability of a meta analysis to lily consider the attributes of the various studies(design,methodology, hap://www,niehs.nil.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposium2/9OOReports-EMFCHILD.html 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 18 FR MICROMOTICU! INTO MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.10/75 tMF anti lAnonooa Lancer DICaww vamp nowt t. sampling scheme,exposure metric,etc.)which could impact the conclusions from such an exercise.Looking at the full range of studies has at least two advantages: (1)it allows consideration of whether the best methodologies have led to "-\ the greatest or to the least evidence of tisk,and(2)it allows us to look at the consistency and significance of"highend" '^tnsityrelated metrics,like field estimates'0.2-03 T,or VHCC wire codes,that may occur too sparsely to allow r. ,cihe odds ratio calculations in individual studies. IX.Quality of Studies An important issue was raised concerning rating the quality of studies. There are a variety of factors that should be taken into account when evaluating the impact of individual studies on a general conclusion regarding EMF exposure and childhood cancer. Specifically,the literature contains reports of studies from a wide variety of geographic areas,of varying sizes,with methodologic differences[e.g.,study design,comparison population(s),control selection,exposure measurement, quality control, etc.]. Applying equal weight to each study and thus disregarding the quality and attributes of the research,is ill-advised.Full sensitivity analyses should be done to evaluate the impact of subjective weightings on the final outcome of any re-analyses of these data. X.Quality of Exposure Measurements in Different Settings While the literature suggests general support for an association between wire-code and a modest level of risk for selected childhood cancers,there are also inconsistencies that leave the topic open to a broad range of interpretation. Accordingly,the specific attributes of the Wertheimer-Leeper and Kaune-Savitz wire-code schemes were the subject of considerable discussion. An important point is that the wire-code schemes were developed specifically for application in the Denver are►, Therefor;the applicability of the coding schemes to other geographic regions was questioned. If not applicable,this could be responsible for the inconsistencies in results from various studies. One example given was that unpublished data from various regions of California suggested that the Wertheimer beeper scheme provided variable measurement results in different parts of that state.It was pointed out that in addition to ^rerences due to different power line practices,the potential for EMF exposure from plumbing currents may also be associated differently with specific wire codes in different geographic regions(Wertheimer et at, 1995),as may associations between wire codes and various demographic actors.However,it was noted that data(Throne et at, 1998;article not distributed to group)from the NCl/CCCI study demonstrate that the Wertheimer-Loper and Kaune- Savitz wire code schemes correlate significantly with measured fields within a large and diverse nine-state geographic region. It was pointed out by one member that for a code to work well required not only that the high codes identify high-field homes,but also that the low codes do not. It was argued that application of the wire code system in the NCI study failed to adequately code homes.In this member's own evaluation of the data,it was suggested that relative to low codes,the high codes identified high field homes about three or four times as well in the Savitz data as in the NCI data (see Appendix One).Those who felt strongly that misuse of wire-code schemes could bias the association toward the null pointed out that studies that devised a wire code specifically "tailored"to maximize field prediction have reported positive odds ratios. A point raised in the group was that,even though the Wertheimer-Leeper code was not tailored for the NCl/CCO study,it did show a significant association with NCl/CCG direct exposure measurements(Throne et aL, 1998; article not distributed to the group).It was argued that if a causal EMFcancer association exists,even such a blunt instrument as wire codes should show some association with cancer,which it did not.In response it was pointed out that,given the low odds ratios that can be expected in all epidemiologic work on EMF,because of exposed referent groups, etc.,addition of further nondifferential error from a blunt metric may make it ahemely difficult to discern evidence of any real effect Present day TWA or spot measurements are not"actual measurements" of the critical exposure of interest.Like wire ,soles or historic field calculations,measurements are only a surrogate for the critical exposure,which occurred at ae unknown time in the past.Because residential measurements change over time for a variety of reasons,one would expect measurements taken soon after diagnosis to be better surrogates than measurements taken long after /"s• diagnosis It was noted that in the Peychting-Ahlbom(1992)study,the risk estimates were highest for the spot http;/Jwww.niehs.nil.gov/emfrapidfidnl/Symposium2/BOGRaports-E FCHILD.htnl 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:19 FR MIutu'nJTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.11/75 1:Mt' and t:nnonooa t,aneer nrnasuuh uh cop rei,wmeasurements taken closest to diagnosis. [For total cancer,the odds ratio for fields>0.2 T was 1.5(0.7-3,4)for 1975- 85 reference dates,and 0.5(0.2-1.2)for 1960-74 reference dates. These analyses were,however,based on a very small r number of cases.] -,,ere was some discussion about the use of a>0.2 T cut point in the NCl/CCG study as a predefined hypothesis based upon historical observation. The authors noted that they had defined their test criteria in advance of obtaining data and were doing a true statistical hypothesis test with proper Type I error. Their inclusion of a 0.3 T cutoff group could be viewed more as a sensitivity analysis to see how much this would change the observed results.Noting the small number of cases in the 0.3 T group,some breakout group members agreed that the significant finding observed in this group was marginal. Others disagreed;they felt that the number of cases 0.3 T was adequate(29 matched cases,45 unmatched).It was noted that the 0.3 T cutpoim deserved analysis for a priori reasons: (1)It was first implicated as a potential risk factor in the 1979 Wertheimer-Leeper study,which used the"percent above 0.3 T"as an indicator of high wirecode homes;and(2)Studies reporting results for field levels at the>0.3 T level have shown consistent,and over combined studies, significant evidence of risk,even before the NCl/CCG study. In addressing the issue of the 0.3 T cutpoint,one member of the group pointed out that the NCI group paid assiduous attention to a priori considerations in deemphasizing their>3 T result;however,it was felt that they did not use the same statistical considerations in hypothesis testing of the trend.If the a priori hypothesis was directional,then risk would be expected to increase with increasing exposure and a one-tailed test would be appropriate for the trend test if a one-tailed test is used,the result for the matched pairs trend test for the NCI study would be significant at r0.045. Finally,the group noted two important factors to consider in evaluating the NCl/CCG study(1)it probably has the best measurement data available to date,and(2)the time interval between diagnosis and measurement was usually under two years so that the lag between disease onset and measurement was shorter than for most studies. XL Selection Bias ins possible impact of selection bias on reported results of epideniologic studies of childhood cancer(s)was briefly discussed. Different methodological flaws are found among the various epidemiologic studies of EMF.Given the variety of study designs and methodologies,it was generally agreed that selection bias was unlikely to account for the positive associations reported between EMF exposure(wire codes/distance)and childhood leukemia. Use of random digit dialing to select controls was discussed to some degree.It was noted that this type of sampling can introduce bias in socioeconomic status and other variables.It has been suggested that such control-selection bias, rather than causal connections,could be responsible for the association between cancer and wire codes.It was argued by some that this possibility is contradicted by three observations: (1)The Wertheimer-beeper study and the Scandinavian studies did not use random digit dialing to identify controls.Their controls were selected,without loss, from standard public records. (2)Adjustment of the data for variables potentially biasing random digit dialing selection, such as socioeconomic level,did not change the results. (3)The recent confirmation of the Savitz wire-code results using the case-specular method reduces the possibility for confounding by most neighborhoodrelated variables, such as traffic density, house age,etc. [In the case-specular method,the distribution of wire codes of case or control homes is compared with what the codes would have been had the houses been moved directly across the street. (Zaffanella et aL, 1997)]. XII.Wire-Code Paradox The question was raised"Does a wire-code paradox exist?" The diversity of the breakout group's opinions regarding the answer to this question reflects the clear lack of consensus on many of the major issues relating to Enter exposure nd risk of childhood cancer. Some members of the breakout group argued that consistency exists between results n wire-codes and measured fields;of these,some felt that the two parameters supported an association,while others felt the two parameters failed to support an association http://wwwiniehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports-MIPCIIILD.html 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:19 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.12/75 raw tutu wwuntnu\Auwa aa'va rut .nuuy£Wyvi --e- - -- -- Summary and Recommendations ,-. Consensus was not achieved on the primary question of whether the evidence supports or refutes an association '"''ween EMF exposure and risk of childhood cancers. To the contrary,the range of opinion was diverse and did not ..,,pear to change as a result of the breakout group's discussions. Topics where there did appear to be consensus included: • Evidence in support of a biologic basis for ENIF in childhood cancer is limited. • Confounding is unlikely to be a major issue in the majority of epidemiologic studies of childhood cancer and EMF. • Meta-analyses of existing data is justified and favored over consideration of embarking on new epidemiologic investigations unless they overcome the critical limitations of past research(exposure assessment,control selection). • New epidemiologic studies of childhood brain tumors and IMF are not currently justified unless they overcome the critical limitations of past research(exposure assessment,control selection). • Selection bias is probably unlikely to account for the reported associations between childhood leukemia and EMF exposure as measured by wire codes/disfance. • A pattern of modestly elevated risks(i.e. approximately 1.5)is present for leukemia,at the higher exposure levels. However,at the high exposures,the calculated risk estimates are uniformly based upon a small number ^ of exposed subjects and are often associated with broad confidence intervals. During the breakout group discussion several questions were raised for which no answers were obvious: • The current literature suggests that the risk associated with EMF exposure may be modestly elevated in only the small proportion of individuals in the high exposure categories. Thus, should EMF be viewed as an important public health issue with regard to childhood cancer(i.e.,issue of attributable risk)? • What is the level of scientific proof needed to determine the risk to society and what would be an acceptable cost? • Do better measurements give stronger associations?What features of EMF might be biologically relevant? • Is there a pattern of increasing risk estimates with increasing levels of measured fields? References Cited in report or included in breakout group reading at the meeting. Feychting,M., Ahlbom,A. (1992)Magnetic fields and cancer in people residing near Swedish high voltage power lines. Institutes 1vfiljomedicin(IMM)Rapport 6/92. Stockholm, Sweden. ^•chting,M.,Ahibom, A. (1993)Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power was.An J Epidem(p1138(7): 467-481. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/ern rapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports.EMFCHQ.D.Inml 8/2W2002 1 OCT 29 2002 08 20 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 9418 TO 919703520242 P.13i75 tMI' ono LnhIM000 lancer nreaavul V1UUI)ZwptiiI Feychting,M.,Kanne,W.T., Savitz,D.A.,Ablbom,A. (1996)Estimating exposure in studies of residential magnetic fields and cancer importance of short-term variability,time interval between diagnosis and measurement,and distance to power line.Epidemiology 7(3):220-224 -.aton,J.P.,Cobb, S.,Preble,L.,Leone,L.,Forman,E. (1980)Electrical wiring configurations and childhood leukemia in Rhode Island. Am J Epidemic*i 109:273-284. Gurney,J.G.,Mueller,BA,Davis, S.,et al. (1996)Childhood brain tumor occurrence in relation to residential power line configurations.electric heating sources,and electric appliance use. Mn J Epidemic*143:120-128. Gurney,J.G., Schwartz, SM.,Mueller,B.A. (1996)Reply to Evolution of epidemiologic evidence on magnetic fields and childhood cancers.Am J Epidemiis11143(2): 135-136. Kaune,W.T.,Darby, S.D.,Gardner, S.N.,Hrubec,Z., Iriye,RN.,Linet,M.S. (1994)Development of a protocol for assessing time-weighted-average exposures of young children to power-frequency magnetic fields. Bioelffidlomagnclics 15(1):33-51 Kleinemnan,RA.,Linet,M.S.,Hatch,E.E.,Wacholder,S.,Tarone,R.B., Severson,RK.,Kama,W.T.,Friedman, DR,Haines,C.M.,Muirhead,CA,Boice,J.D.,Robison,L.L.(1997)Magnetic field exposure assessment in a case- control study of childhood leukemia.Epidemiology 8(5)375-583. Liburdy,RP.,Loschcr,W. (1997)Laboratory studies on extremely low frequency magnetic fields and carcinogenesiss, In:nstIvigigtonin Hypothesis-Breast Cancer and the Use of Electric Power(Eds.RG. Stevens,B.Wilson,L.E. Anderson),Battelle Press,Columbus,OH,pgs.585-667. Allen,M.S.,Hatch,EA,Kleinerman,R.A.,Robison,L.L.,Karme,W.T.,Friedman,D.R, Severson,RK.,Haines, R. Haltsock,C.T.,Niwa, S.,Wacholder, S.,Tarone,RE.(1997)Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute es, lymphoblastic leukemia in children.N Engl J Med 337(1): 1-7. London, S.J.,Thomas,D.C.,Bowman,J.D., Sobel,E.,Cheng,C.-T.,Peters,J.M.(1991)Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia.Am J Epidemiol 134(9): 923-937. Michaelis,1., Schur.,J.,Meinert,R.,Manger,1st,Grips,J.P.,Kaatscli,P.,Kaletsch,W.,Meaner,A., Stamm,A., Brinkman,K.,Kanner,H. (1997). Childhood leukemia and electromagnetic fields:Results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Cancer Causes and Control 8(2):167-174. NRC,(National Research Council Committee on the Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Biologic Systems) (1996). In:Possible Health Effects of'Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields.Washington,DC: National Academy Press. Nan RR,DelPizzo,V.(1996)When'wire codes'predict cancer better than spot measurements of magnetic fields. Epidemiology 7(3): 217-213. Olsen,J.H.,Nielsen,A., Schulgen,C. (1993)Residence new high voltage flscilities and risk of cancer in children.814!1 307:891-895. Penidou,E.,Trichopoulos,D.,Kravaritds,A.,Pourtsidis,A.,Dessypris,N., Skalkidis,Y.,Kpgevomas.M.,Kalmanti, 1st,Koliouakas,D.,Kosnridis,H.,Panagiotou,J.P.,Piperopardou,F.,Tzortzatou,F.,Kalapothaki,V.(1997)Electrical r wer lines and childhood leukemia : a study from Greece. Int J Cancer 73:345-348. r Poole,C. (1996)Invited commentary: evolution of epidemiologic evidence on magnetic fields and childhood cancers. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/hunl/Symposium2/BOGReports-EMFCHILD.html 8/7.0/2002 0CT 29 2002 0820 FR M I CR0M0T I CN INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.14/75 EMF and Childhood Cancer Breakout(croup Report rage 11 ui ,u Am_7 Eoidemiol 143(2): 129-132. r Preston-Martin, S.,Navidi,W.,Thomas,D.,Lee,P:J.,Bowman,J.,Pogoda,J. (1996)Response to"Evolution of r4demiologic evidence on magnetic fields and childhood cancers." Am I Epidemiol 143(2): 133-134. Preston-Martin, S.,Navidi,W.,Thomas,D.,Lee,P.-J.,Bowman,J.,Pagoda,J.(1996)Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Am of 143(2): 105-119. Robison,L.L. General principles of epidemiology of childhood cancer. In:Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology.J' ion. (Pizzo,PA,Popladc,DG,eds.)Lippincott-Raven Pubs.,Philadelphia,PA, 1997,pp 1-10. Robison,L.L.,Ross,J.A.Epidemiology of leukaemiaa and lymphomas in childhood.In: Bailliere's Clinical Paediatrics,International Practice and Research. 3:639-657, 1995. Savitz,D. A.,Wachtel,K,Barnes,F.A.,John,E.M.,Tvrdik,J.G. (1988). Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields.Am J Epidemiot 128(1): 21-38. Tarone,RE.,Kaune,W.T.,Lines,M.D.,Hatch,E.E.,Klelnerman,RA.,Robison,L.L. (1998)Residential Wire Codes:Reproducibility and relationship with measured magnetic fields. 4raip EnvilialtL in press. Thomas,.D.C.,Bowman,J.D.,Liangzhong J.et al. (1998).Residential magnetic fields predicted from wiring configurations: ii relationships to childhood leukemia.aiodedromagnetics On press) Tomenius,L. (1986). 50-HZ Electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm County.$ioelecwomagnetics 7:191-207. ^ r rkasalo,P.K.,Pukkala,E.,Hongisto,M.Y.,Valjus,J.E.,Jarvinen,P.J. (1993)Risk of cancer in Finnish children living close to power lines.DIAI 307(6909): 895-898. Wertheimer,N.,Leeper,E. (1979)Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. h-LEpidetniol 109(3): 273-284. Wertheimer,N., Savitz,D. A.,Lccper,E (1995)Childhood cancer in relation to indicators of magnetic fields from ground current sources.Biodectromagnetics 16:86-96. Zaffanella,L.E., Suitt,Ilk,Greenland, S.,Ebi,K.L. (1997)Application of the case-specular method to the Savitz Denver study residences.EPRI TR-107751 final report,EPRI,Palo Alto. Appendix One Childhood Cancer Submitted by Nancy Wertheimer, Ph.D. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center The breakout group discussion amply displayed the range of opinion in the group,but provided relatively little careful rnination of the data underlying those opinions, This Appendix particularly addresses the important question"Do nctter exposure metrics produce stronger evidence of risk?"I believe the substantive material presented on that r question largely favors a"yes"answer, and this Appendix attempts to clarify and extend that material. hup//www.nieha.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposlum2/BOGReports•EMFCHILD.html 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 0820 FR M I CROMOT I ON INTL PMT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.15/75 tM1' and t rmon000 rancor nitwwur uwuV morphs u. --a- -- -- -- EyjgenjAl from wire codes and calculations. The group Report warns against possible meta-analyses that would give equal weight to studies of unequal methodologic quality. One major"quality of study" consideration is the exposure metric used: Even in a large,well-funded study using sophisticated epidemiologic procedures results obtained using a r-nr exposure metric cannot be trusted. The Wertheimer-Leeper wire code was carefully tailored to the Denver region(employing hundreds of measurements and hours of consultation with local power company engineers).It is doubtful whether it can be considered an adequate exposure metric when applied in geographic locales other than Denver. The authors of the code have repeatedly warned that its application in nonDenver regions would have low validity—a point borne out by Table 1 of this Appendix,which summarizes how well the code identified highfield homes in different locales. In a similar way,the Feychting-Ahlbom study(and the other Scandinavia°studies)also employed a carefully tailored "code",using information about historic powedine configurations and loads to calculate historic field exposure. Furthermore,the Feychting-Ahlbom study distinguished between more valid and less valid applications of their "code".They showed clearly that their calculations did a good job of identifying high-field single-family homes,but a much poorer job of identifying high-field apartments[Feychting and Ahlbom(1992); See also Table 1 below]. It is important to note that Tables II and III of the group Report include both studies using tailored codes and studies using untailored codes.Looking at the two tables together,one sees that the analyses using tailored codes (Wertheimer-Leeper, Savitz,Feychting-Ablbom,Olsen,Verkasalo and Tynes)almost all show ORs of 1.5 or more, while analyses using untailored codes(Fulton,London,Preston-Martin,Gurney,and Linet)show risk estimates that average about 1.0. Thus the primary data offered in the Report(Tables II and III)support the view that the more valid wire code applications(as confirmed by sample measurements)have shown the strongest evidence of risk. (See also Figure 1 of this Appendix.) Looking specifically at the issue of brain tumor tisk,the question of"quality of the exposure metric"may be especially iThotant.The panel members presenting Table II felt that the studies in that table did not support a hypothesis of main tumor risk from EMI. Two reasons are given to support that view: I)Negative results from the two°biggest and best"west Coast studies cancel out the positive results seen in two Denver-area studies; and 2)The Scandinavian studies(at least the Feychting-Ahlbom study)reported no increased risk for brain tumors.However,if the"best" data arc presumed to come from studies using the best exposure metric their first point does not survive:The Wertheimer- Leeper code was used in the wire code analysis for all four studies,and that code is clearly more trustworthy in the Denver area(where it produced positive results)than in the two West Coast areas(where it produced negative results). (See Table 1.) Thus the negative wire code results in Table II may be seen as reflecting methodologic problems rather than absence of risk, since the studies that used the beat-tailored codes(Wertheimer-Leeper, Savitz,Feychting-Ahlbom,Olsen,and Verkasalo)all report ORs of about 2.0 or more except Feychting-Ahlbom,and even in the apparent exception of Feychting-Ahlbom,the OR was increased when only the singlefarnily homes for which their calculations were most valid were analyzed:For singlefamily homes the(imprecise)OR was 1.2 for the 0.2 µT cutpoint, and 2.1 for the 0.3 µT cutpoint. In Table HI(leukemia risk)all of the analyses using tailored wire codes have produced risk estimates of 1.5 or more except for the Tynes OR of 0.5,which is based on very small numbers.Larger numbers underlie the Linet OR of 0.9— which the Breakout Group Report calls the"striking exception"to the generally positive ORs seen in Table III.But in fact,the wire code used in Linet is untailored to the locales studied, and the OR of 0.9 is not exceptional with respect to other results obtained using untailored codes. [See Figure 1 of this Appendix,which includes Feychting-Ablbon calculations presented as"untailored codes" when applied to apartments and as"tailored codes"when applied single-family homes. Similarly,for the Los Angeles leukemia data(Thomas, 1998),the figure shows both results ng an untailored wire code and results using tailored field calculations.] r There is also a second serious methodologic concern about the wire code results in the NCI study: In that study,when httpJ/www.mehs mh.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports-EMpCHILD.htm1 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:21 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.16/75 EMF and Childhood Cancer Breakout tiroup ttepon +as., 1J _ either child of a casecontrol pair was unable to provide a usable residence that had been occupied for 70 percent or more of a critical(usually five year)period prior to the reference date,both pair members were dropped from the wire r code analysis. As a result 64 percent of the children originally identified as eligible for the NCl/CCG study were not %--laded in the wire code analysis. This is a much higher subject loss than was seen in any of the other studies using ,e codes,and is reason to interpret the NCI wire code result cautiously. (Percentages lost in other studies have ranged from two to 39 percent.) Evidence from measurement dat8. Of the 26 ORs in Tables 11 and III of the Report only eight are based on indoor measurements.Five of those eight showed ORs of 1.5 or greater. Methodologic concerns may offer potential reasons why the other three analyses did not: 1)The Feychting-Ahlbom leukemia measurements were taken up to 30 years after the reference date.When the analysis was confined to measurements taken within less than about 15 years of the reference date,the OR increased from 0.6 to 1.3. 2)The Preston-Martin brain tumor measurements include only 24%of the subjects originally identified as eligible for that study. (Note also that the Preston-Martin OR did rise to 1.7 for the cutpoint of 0.3 µT.) 3)Due to lost measurement data,the Savitz brain tumor measurements were taken on a potentially biased subset of the case homes:The measured subset included 46%of the cases with low-wire-code homes,but only 25%of the cases with highwirecode homes. Loss of measurements is a problem universally encountered in obtaining measurement data,largely because at least the indoor measurements require subject cooperation.For this reason, among others,in the six studies with indoor measurement data,measurements were missing for 38%to 76"%of the original eligible subjects. r econd major problem affecting all measurement data is that we do not yet know when,where,and how the measurements should best be made. The time-weighted average(TWA)intensity metric has generally been chosen as the "gold standard" for measurement data—partly,at least because it is an aspect of exposure clearly associated with wire codes.However,the TWA is not the only aspect of measurement associated with wire codes,and its status as the "best"metric for assessing risk remains hypothetical. Average intensifies obtained using a variety of measurement protocols have shown consistent evidence of risk only at very high levels(0.3 µT),and homes with such high average fields are ram.This rarity poses the problem of wide confidence intervals;furthermore it has led some to assert that ever if a real EMF risk exists,it exists only in rare instances of very high TWA exposure, so it is not an important public health concern.However,the existence of none widespread risk is indicated,at least for U.S.homes,by the U.S. studies that provide data from both measurements and tailored wire codes. For the Savitz data,homes in the highest category of the Kan ne-Savitz wire code are about four times as plentiful as homes with average field measurements of 0.3 µT(14%of the coded homes,yg 3.6%of the measured homes). Yet the two types of homes have quite similar risk estimates(ORs of 1.9 and 2.3,respectively). Similarly in the London data, homes with tailored field calculations above the 75th percentile comprise,by definition,25%of the homes with tailored calculations,while homes with high measured fields(0.29 µT)comprise only 10%of the measured homes. Yet those more numerous"highcode" homes have a risk estimate(about 1.1)at least as high as estimated for the sparser high measurement homes(1.5). Thus the rare homes with average mom-center or bedplace measurements above 0.3 µT seem to comprise only a fraction of the high risk homes identified by well-tailored wire codes. nese anomalies lead us to ask if there may be some other Era measurement that identifies more of the potentially brisk homes,—perhaps a metric identifying houses where even higher,but more sporadic,exposure can be expected. Such a merrfc has been studied,which seems to indicate localized high exposure from indoor"hot spots"as well as the generally more uniform fields from outdoor power lines. This measurement combines information about the average http://www.niehs.nik.goviemfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports-EMECHILD.html 8t20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:22 FR MICR0M0TICN INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.17/75 EMS' sac 1..mlanoou t,anuu' njcaauui nvuy a cyv.. --e- - • -- field intensity with information about the average field angle of roomcenter fields—making use of the fact that,when a substantial measurement(taken well above floor level)shows a nonvertical angle,it commonly indicates the presence of a"hot spot"with much higher fields somewhere else in the room. _though not discussed in the group, such measurements of"elevated,non-vertical fields" (ENV fields)appear to be highly pertinent to the issue of EMF-related risk.In the two independent data sets thus far studied(Wertheimer, 1995): 1)They provide an EMF measurement that shows cancer risk ORs that are higher(1.8 to 4.2)and more significant than either the ORs for average field intensities 0.2-0.3 µT or the ORs seen in most wire code analyses. 2)They are significantly associated with wire codes. 3)They are found in a quarter to a third of population homes. If the risk estimates found associated with ENV fields arc confirmed by further results,it would suggest that EMF "hot spots," (where a child may sporadically receive extremely high and sometimes very prolonged exposures),are risk factors potentially almost as great as,and much more common than,the high TWA exposures from power lines that are now suspect.Exploring this possibility, among others,in the various existing sets of measurement data might be profitable. Table 1. Tailored and Untaiored Applications of Two Codes A.Percent with 0.2 µT measurements in each WertheimaLeeper coggagegory Ratios: VHCC OHCC OLCC VLCC UG Total Total 0CC VHCC Standardized INIS 85 193 220 264 229 HCC LCC LCC LCC Tailored Wertheimer- Applications Lover 67.9 30.6 4.8 0.0 NA 42.0 2.2 t9,2 34.2 (1979)Denver Savitz(1988) 60.0 21.0 6.0 0.0 3.0 32.9 2.8 112 wiz Denver Untailored Preston-Martin Applications Angeles(1996) 35 0 14.1 9.4 12.0 7.1 20.6 9.6 211 3_6 Severson(1988) 57.1 9.1 13.9 2.3 0.0 23.8 5.2 4.6 11.1 (Seattle)Li net(I 40.0 20.0 14.5 6.3 2.7 26.1 7.7 3.4 U Northeast states D.Percent with≥0.2 uT measurements in homes calculated as≥02 and<02 µT. Calculated fields in homes: Ratio: ≥02µT ≤0.2 µT ≥0.2/0.2 µT Tailored One-family 90.7 2.4 2.721Application homes data Apar tments 92.8 15.6 1.2 Applieation http://www.niehs.nikgoviemfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports-EMECHILD.html 8/2W2002 0CT 29 2002 08:22 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.10/75 LLVWC MU\.Nl!UUV U\,4Lu.ea 131 OaMW L w cup awNw a - (Data from Feychting and Ahlban 1992,Tables 3.8 and 3.10) 'in calculating combined wire code categories(e.g., "Total HCCs")it was necessary to adopt a standardized i`tribution for the numbers in each code category,in order to prevent confusing differences due to wire code ._.,rribution in different regions with differences in wire code angler in different areas. The standardized numbers used are from Zaltbnella's"1000 house study" (Zaffanella, 1993). References 1. Feychting M,Ahlbom A(1993):Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines.Amer J Epidemiol 138:46741. 2.Feychting M, Ahlbom A(1992):Magnetic fields and cancer in people residing near Swedish high voltage power lines.Institutet for 1vMiljomedicln(1MM)Report 6/92, Stockholm, Sweden. 3.Fulton JP,Cobb S. et al(1980): Electrical wiring configurations and childhood leukemia in Rhode Island.Amer J Epidemiol 111:292-6. 4. Gurney JO,Mueller BA, Mal(1996): Childhood brain tumor occurrence in relation to residential power line configurations,electrical heating sauces, and electric appliance use. Amer J Epidemiol 143:120-8. 5.Linet MS,Hatch EE,et al(1997):Residential exposure to magnetic fields and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.New England J Med 337:1-7. 6.>Olsen JH,Nielsen A, Schulgen,G(1993)Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children.Brit )Eked J 307:891-5. 7.Preston-Martin S.,Nevidi W. et al(1996):Los Angeles study of residential magnetic fields and childhood brain tumors. Am J Epidemiol 143:105-19. 8. Sat DA,Wachtel H.et al(1988): Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 128: 21-38. 9. Saviz DA,Kaune WT(1993): Childhood cancer in relation to a modified residential wire code.Environ Health Perspectives 101: 7640. 10. Severson RK, Stevens RG,et al (1988): Acute nonlymphocydc leukemia and residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 128: 10-20. 11.Tarone RE,Kaune WT,et al (1998):Residential wire codes:Reproducibility and relationship with measured magnetic fields.Occup and Environ Med(in press). 12. Thomas DC,Bowman JD,et al(1998):Residential magnetic fields predicted from wiring configurations:II. Relationships to childhood leukemia.Bioelectromagnetics(in press). 13. Tynes T.Haldorsen T(1997): Electromagnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Norwegian high-voltage power lines.Am I Epidemiol 145:219-26. ^ Verkasalo PK,Fukkala E,et al(1993): Risk of cancer in Finnish children living close to power lines.Brit Med J - 7:895-9. r http://www.niebs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/Symposium2/BOGReports PMFCHII.,D.htm1 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:22 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.19/75 taw Was V11llU1lVW%stapes's Y&Yanwu�lwy Awry.. .. 15.Wertheimer N.Leeper E(19793:Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Amer J Epidemiol 109273-83. reeN s Wertheimer N. Savitz DA,Leeper E(1995): Childhood cancer in relation to indicators of magnetic fields from ...fund current sources.Biodectromagnedcs 16:86-96. 17.zaffanella LE(1993): Survey of residential magnetic field sources.Volume 1: Goals,results,and conclusions. Report TR-102759-VI,Electrical Power Research Institute,Palo Alto,CA 94304. Figure 1.Odds ratios for the highest exposure category presented in data from eleven studies of childhood cancer. divided into groups with tailored and untailored wire codes or field calculations. 1 }�, :a4 •,.....7.:•..4.1.;:i. � ,, � h �Ii �� h f} �qy 1 1 t . ! ' ! r . ' 11 4 'tii1 5 I' y11' ,1 :11.u.na;.11y 141Gpbr4. fq.t{ 1 .!nti .j. t rif717? : DATA SOURCE Isilaralrados Unt4ilored Codes 1.Wertheimer and Leeper(1979)Table 5 8.Fulton es at (1980)Table 1 2. Savitz and Kauae(1993)Table 4 9. Thomas et al. (1998)Table 1 (Werthier-Leeper code) 3. Thomas et at (1998)Table 1 10,Feychting and Ahlbom(1992) (Predicted fields) (Apartments)Table 4.21 4.Feyehting and Ahlbom(1992) 11.Preston-Martin et at (1996)Table 6 (Single-family homes)Table 4.20 5. Olsen et al. (1993)Table IV 12. Gurney et at. (1996)Table 3 6.Verkasalo et at. (1993)Table II 13.Linet et at (1997)Table 3 7.Tyns and Ilaldorsen(1997)Table 5 �. /'s httpJ/www.niehs.nih.gov/e nfiapid/html/Sympoium2/BOORReports-FMFCH .D.hanl 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:23 FR MICR0M0T ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.20/75 urea or Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Chemically induced Differentiation of Frier... Page I of 12 Articles Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 108, Number 10, October 2000 Effect of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Friend Erythroleukemia Cells Gang Chen,'Brad L.Upham,1 Wei San,1 Chia-Chong Chang,'Edward J.Rothwell,2 Y(on-Ma Chtea?Hiroshi Yamasaki,3 and James E.Trosho l 'Department of Pediatrics and Human Development,College of Human Medicine.Michigan State University,East Lansing,Michigan,USA 2Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineaing,Michigan State University,East Lansing,Michigan.,USA 3Unit of Multistage Carcinogenesis,International Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon,France • I.n_troduction • Mahirials an_d Melitoid • Results ,'�'_ Tw• atiatatsdion Abstract Whether exposure of humans to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields(ELF-EMF)can cause cancer is controversial and therefore needs further research.We used a Friend erythroleukemia cell line that can be chemically induced to differentiate to determine whether ELF-EMF could alter proliferation and differentiation in these cells in a manner similar to that of a chemical tumor promoter.Exposure of this cell line to 60 Hz ELF-IMF resulted in a dose dependent inhibition of differentiation,with maximal inhibition pealing at 40%and 40 mG(4 µT). ELF1F at]0 mG(1.0 µT)and 25 mG(2.5 µT) inhibited differentiation at 0 and 20%,respectively.ELF-EMF at 1.0(100)and 10.0 G(1,000 µT) stimulated cell proliferation 50%above the sham-treated cells. The activity of telomerase,a marker of undifferentiated cells,decreased 100O when the cells were induced to differentiate under sham conditions,but when the cells were exposed to 0.5 G(50 µT)there was only a 100 decrease. In summary.ELF-EMF can partially block the differentiation of Friend a ythroleukemia cells,and this results in a larger population of cells remaining in the undifferentiated,proliferative state,which is similar to the published results of Friend erythroletkemia cells treated with chemical-tumor promoters. Key words: cancer, cell differentiation, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields,Friend leukemia cells,telomerase activity. Environ Health Perspeet 108:967-972(2000). [Online 7 September 2000] ltttp://ehpnetl,nichtinih,gpvl l Ogn967.-,972chen/abstraet h.tmI Address correspondence to J.E.Tmsko,Michigan State University,246 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg., East LanslasMi 48824 USA.Telephone:(517)353-6346.Fax:(517)432-6340.Email: troskSagysuedy. We thank R.Davenport for her exmDent word processing skills in preparing the manuscript and L.King for assisting us with the FACS analyses.We thank the Electrical Power Research Institute(contract UBP950822) help://www.powerlinefacts.aom/Effect%20oP420Electromaguetic%2OField%20Fxposue%.. 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:23 FR M I CR0M0T I CN INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.21/75 a:►.cu us cwx:uumagnenc rleia=posure on Chemically Induced Ditierentiation of Fria... Page 2 of 12 for nmding this research. Received 7 March 2000;accepted 1 2000. Introduction The biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields(ELF-EMF)have been a concern since Wertheimer and Leeper(1)reported that children living in homes with an access of electrical wiring configurations suggestive of high cwrent-flow had a higher incidence of cancer. However, subsequent hr vtvo, in vitro,and epidemiological studies have produced varying results that often conflict with each other(2-7).Whether ELF-EMF exposure is correlated with human cancer is controversial and therefore needs further research. Carcinogenesis involves the irreversible genetic alteration of a single cell(initiation),followed by the clonal expansion of that initiated cell(promotion),and the ultimate conversion of these cells to invasive and metastatic neoplaslic cells(8).Mutation of DNA plays an important role in carcinogenesis as evidenced by hereditary mutations predisposing humans to cancer, known mutagens being effective initiators of carcinogenesis,and mutations found in the protooncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in cells of tumors(8). If ELF-EMF contributes to cancer,then it is important to determine the stage or stages of carcinogenesis that it affects.Most studies indicate that ELF-EMF is a nonionizing form of radiation that is too weak to induce thermal effects;therefore,it cannot damage or mutate DNA and lead to mutagenesis(9,10).A few studies have been interpreted as indicating either mutagenic or r comutagenic activity(11,12).However,the weight of the evidence indicates that ELF-EMF exposure would be an extremely weak initiator,if not a noninitiator,of carcinogenesis. Assuming that ELF-EMF plays a role in the carcinogenic process but that it is not a carcinogenic initiator,it follows that ELF-EMF is likely to be involved in the promotional phase of cancer. The promotional phase of carcinogenesis consists ofnonmutagcnic and epigenetic mechanisms(13). These mechanisms entail the alteration of gene expression at the transcriptional level(e.g., methylation of DNA or acetylation of DNA-binding proteins),translational level(e.g.,alternative splicing or stability of mRNA), or posaranslationai level(e.g.,protein modification such as phosphorylation).Most tumor Promoters are not mutagenic(e.g.,phenobarbital, phorbol esters,polybrominated biphenyls,saccharin, peroxisome proliferators, TCDD,DDT)(14),but can alter differentiation(15),inhibit apoptosis(16,17), induce various signal transduction pathways(e.g.,protein kinase C,mitogen activated protein kinases) (18),and activate gene expression(19). Similar to tumor-promoting chemical;ELF-EMF can also alter the transcription and translation of genes such as hsp70,myc,Jim,and fin(20-23). To study the possibility that EMF contributes to the promotional stage of cancer,we chose a Friend erythroleukemia cell line to determine the epigenetic effect of ELF-EMF,in vitro,on cell proliferation and differentiation.Friend erythroleukemia cells are primitive etythroid cells that can be induced to differentiate after exposure to either DMSO or hexamethylene bis-acetamide(HMBA). In essence,this cell line mimics an initiated stem cell.After exposure to these chemicals,these cells differentiate as measured by their ability to express globin mRNA and synthesize adult hemoglobin,express a red cell membrane-usociated antigen,decrease in volume,change morphologically,and exhibit limited proliferative capacity(24,25). Tumor-promoting effects should therefore inhibit differentiation and r stimulate proliferation of DMSO-treated Friend erythroleukemia cells. Such tumor-promoting effects have been observed when Friend erythroleukemia cells were treated with the known model tumor promoter agent 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)(26).Our results support the hypothesis that ELF-SW acts as a tumor-promoting agent in mimicking the tumor promoter TPA by inhibiting hup://www.powertinefacts.com/Effect%20oP420Electromagnetic'Yo2OField9420Farposure%... 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 0824 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.22/75 linear of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Frier... Page 3 of 12 DMSO and MBA-induced Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation and by stimulating cell r^ ,. proliferation. Materials and Methods Qrenticala DMS0 was obtained from Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee,WI);acetic acid from ft Science(Gibbstown,NJ); formaldehyde(37%)from J.T. Baker(Phillipsburg,NJ); ethanol from Millennium Petrochemicals(Tuscola,IL);and}NBA and benzidine from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis,MO). Electromagnetic field auposun system.We used a Linear EMF Exposure System model 2(LES-002- DC;Electric Research and Management Inc., State College,PA).This system consisted of one incubator (Steri-Cult 200;Forma Scientific,Marietta, OH),one stock chamber,and two chambers that contained the EMF-generating coils.Eight alternating current magnetic coils par chamber were arranged in groups of four with a Merritt configuration,with the outer coils bucking the inner coils to reduce the fields outside the assembly. The coils were in bifilar arrangement so that they could be energized in parallel fields for sham conditions. The incubator controlled the environment. Three 2.5-horsepower fans distributed air containing 5%CO2 at 98%relative humidity from the incubator to the chambers through 6.4 an polyvinyl chloride conduits. The cell culture chambers were at least 0.9 m from the incubator to minimize the ELF-EMF exposure from the incubator to less than the background levels.However,the chambers are constructed from plastic and do not shield from the earth's magnetic field. The sham fields were< 1 mG(0.1 µT), These chambers were 85❑85❑90 an(length❑width❑height)with the door positioned at the top,the air intake 3 cm from the bottom,and the outtake 25 cm from the top. Cell samples were placed on a grid 10 cm from the bottom and 7 cm above the intake port.ELF-EMF n ^ exposure measurements of field strengths using an EFA-1 Field Analyzer probe(Wendel&Goltermenn, Eningen,Germany)indicated that the ELF-EMF fields were homogeneous between 10 and 30 cm above the grid;therefore,all samples were placed in this homogeneous exposure zone with the flasks lying down in the horizontal position. Thus,the EMF magnetic fields were perpendicular to the plane of the flask.Also, the exposure system was characterized through field measurements performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST; Gaithersburg,MD).Measurements of the magnetic field at the sample plane showed a variation of 2-3%from the specified field,with a spatial uniformity of>99%. The measured electric field within the chambers at 10 G(1,000 µi)magnetic field strength was found to be<0.2 V/m. There was no measurable distortion in the 60 Hz magnetic field waveform. The upper limits of field strength and frequency are 10 G(1,000 µT)and 3000 Hz, respectively. Each chamber had a temperature monitor and a three-axis magnetic sensor. The incubator had outputs to allow the computer to monitor temperatures,humidity, and CO2 levels. The chambers also had ports for monitoring CO2 levels,which was done daily using a portable fynite-based indicator system. We also used the computer to set the experiment in either a blind or known mode. The absolute current induced within the culture medium and within the cell is very small.The maximum induced current in the culture medium was calculated by using either numerical simulation techniques or the analytical expression for an insulated rectangular box(27). The conductivity of the medium was measured at 9.6 mS/m using a Hanna Instrument conductivity meter(Model HI 8733;Vila do Conde, Portugal).Using flask dimensions of 5.2❑4.8 cm,the maximum value of the current density induced within the culture medium was calculated to be 6.2 bo µA/m2,where ba is the applied magnetic flux n density in Gauss. Thus,at 10 G the maximum induced current density is 62 µA/m2. The maximum induced current density occurs adjacent to the walls of the flask,while the current density at the center of the flask is zero. The power dissipated by the culture medium is on the order of 2❑10 httpi/www.powaiinefacts.com/Effect%20of%20Electromagnetic%20Field%20Exposure%... 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:24 FR M I CROMOT I ON INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.23/75 tares or rrecrromagnetic Field Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Frier... Page 4 of 12 12 Wand thus less than a 1µJ of heat is generated over a period of 3 days.Obviously,the thermal effect from the small induced currents is negligible. Cell ndame end induction of dWenndatioa Friend erythroleuketnia cell line 19-9 was maintained in Eagle's basal medium(catalog no.M-7278,lot 17!32380; Sigma Chemical Co.)supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum(catalog no. 16000-044,lot no. 1021367;Gibco BRL,Grand Island,NY),and subcultured twice a week We transferred cells into fresh medium t day before the induction of differentiation.For the induction of differentiation,we transferred the cells to fresh medium containing 2%DMSO or 4 mM IIMBA at a cell density of 10105 cells/nth,distributed to 25-cm2 cell-culture flasks with screw-on caps, and immediately placed into the exposure and sham chambers.The average lime between the dilution of cells in the DMSO or HMBA-containing medium and placement of the flasks into the chambers was< 1 min. This was done to minimize the time between the induction of signal transduction pathways and the exposure of these induced signaling pathways to the ELF-EMF. We used flasks with screw-top caps to minimize evaporation that could induce osmotic stress,which is !mown to induce cell-signaling pathways.We found that the use of culture plates resulted in significant evaporation,which resulted in high levels of differentiation in the absence of an inducer. We did not see this effect when we used the flasks with screw-top caps that were loosely screwed on. ti I Egan 1.A microscopic photograph LJ at 200O illustrating benzidine- stained cells containing hemoglobin versus unstained cells lacking hemoglobin.The white ad black mows indicate bemidine-positive and negative stained cells, respectively. Hentoglobiu determination. Benzidine staining technique.Benzidine was dissolved in 12%acetic add to a final concentration of 0.4%(w/v).Just before the cells were stained for hemoglobin,40 µL of 30% 11202 was added to 1 mL 0.4%benzidine solution,which was then added to a 5-tnL cell suspension (25). The cells that stained dark blue-green(Figure 1)were scored positive for hemoglobin.We counted the stained versus unstained cells using a hemocytometer, and the results were expressed as a percentage of cells that were stained. The undiluted cell suspension was added to the hemocytometer,and the cells were counted in five of the nine grids(4 corners and the center grid),with the total number of cells ranging between 200 and 500 cells.The first three experiments at 1.0 G(100 µT)were counted by two different individuals and the final numbers agreed to within 1%of each other. Immunostalning and flow eytometry.Cells were collected and centrifuged at 200gfor 10 min and washed with phosphate-buffered saline(PBS).This washing was repeated 2 times,and then the cells were fixed in 4%fasmalin for 15 min. The membranes of the fixed cells were permeabilized for the antibody step with 75%ethanol. Then the cells were washed 1 time with 50%ethanol, 1 time with 25% ethanol,and 1 time with PBS. These fixed cells were resuspended for 1 hr in a blocking agent containing 10%normal goat serum that was dissolved in PBS. The blocking step was continued for an additional 1 hr using a 1%solution of normal goat seam and 0.1%bovine serum albumin in PBS. A 1:200 dilution of the primary antibody was added to this cell suspension and incubated overnight with ^ constant shaking at 4°C. Then the cells were washed 3 times with PBS,and the secondary antibody was added at a 1:200 dilution in PBS containing 1%normal goat serum and 0.1%bovine serum albumin for 1 hr at room temperature. After incubation with the secondary antibody,the cells were washed 3 times http://www.poweriinefacts.con/Effect%20of%20Electromagnetic%20Fielda/°20Expostma%... 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 25 FR MI CROMOT I ON INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.24/75 a.aawa w ....wnannaguwua•tvtu as puswC vu\Anna atsy mOUceo ulrrerennanon or NW-. Page) of 12 with PBS and resuspended in PBS at 1 ❑105 cells/mL and then analyzed using a Vantage fluorescence r^ r activated cell sorter(FACS)(Becton;Dickinson, San Jose,CA). Cell prolijoedon. Cells were seeded into 25-cm2 flasks at 1 ❑104 cells per flask and exposed to ELF- EMF or sham conditions. The medium was changed every 2 days by pelleting the cells at 200g and resuspending in fresh medium.We determined cell density by meaning DNA concentration.DNA was quantified from cells that were collected from flasks and then centrifuged at 200g for 10 min,washed with PBS 2 times, and then lysed in 3 mL 0.1 N NaOH.We determined the DNA concentration(28)by measuring the absorbance at 260 tiro using a DU 7400 Beckman Diode Array Detector(Beckman Coulter,Fullerton,CA). Pblym rase chain reaction-based telomerase assay. The cell suspension was cennifuged and washed with PBS. This step was repeated once and then cells were resuspended in PBS at a concentration of 1❑ 106 cells/mL and aliquoted to three microcentrifilge tubes. After the cells were centrittrged at 12,000g for 20 min and 4°C,the P133 was carefully removed,and the cell pellets were stored at-85°C.For the telomerase assay,the cell pellet containing 1 ❑106 cells was thawed and diluted in 200 µL of 1O CHAPS {3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl-ammonio]-l-propanesulfonate) buffer giving a final cell concentration of 5,000 cells/µL lysis buffer for 30 min at 4°C. Then the samples were centrifuged at 12,000g for 20 min at 4°C. The cell lysate for each sample was aliquoted to several new tubes and stored at-85°C. We examined telomerase activity by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP)assay (29)using the TRAPeze Telomerase Detection Kit(Oncor,Gaithersburg,MD). This protocol includes primers ore 36 base pairs(bp)internal positive standard for amplification,thus providing a positive control for accurate quantitativn of telomerase activity within a linear range close to 2.5 logarithmic .. units.Each analysis included a negative control(CHAPS-lysis buffer instead of cell lysate), a heat- " inactivated control (sample incubated at 85°C for 10 min before the assay),and a positive control(breast carcinoma cell line MCP-7).For RNase treatment, 10 µL of extract was incubated with 1 µg of RNase for 20 min at 37°C. The products of TRAP assay were resolved by electrophoresis in a non-denaturing 12%polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a buffer containing 54 mM Tri s-HCI(pH 8.0), 54 mM boric add,and 1.2 mM EDTA. The gel was stained with Syber Green(Molecular Probes,Inc.,Eugene, OR) and visualized at either 302 net or 254 run using an ultraviolet transilluminator.We captured and. analyzed images using a NucleoVision760 ccd cooled camera image analyzer(NucleoTech Corporation, San Mateo,CA). The products generated from TRAP assay were quantified using the following formula: TPO(total product generated units)=[(x-x0Yc]/]/[(r-r0)/c1]O 100, when x and x0 represent signals corresponding to the TRAP product ladder bands of non-heat-treated and beat-treated sample lanes,respectively,and r and r0 represent signals from 1❑CHAPS lysis buffer control (i.e.,prima-diner/polymerise chain reaction contamination control)and TSR8(DNA quantitaNan control),respectively. The signal from the internal standard(TSK1)in non-heat-heated samples and TSRS quantitative control are c and col, respectively. Results Both DMSO-and 11140A-induced Friend erydnoleukemia cells can be used to express hemoglobin,a ^ differentiation marker(Table 1). However,DMSO consistently caused a higher percentage of cells to express hemoglobin than HMBA-rested cells and was chosen as the inducer of differentiation in subsequent experiments.EMF-ELF at a field-strength of 1.0 G(100 tnT)inhibited differentiation 35% http://www.powerlinefacts.corn/Effect%20of%20Electromagnetic%20Field%20Exposure%... 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08x25 FR MICRCM0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.25/75 ram or Electromagnetic held Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Frier_.. Page 6 of 12 and 25%in DMSO and FIMBA-treated cells,respectively(Table 1). A FACS technique was used as an r ` alternative method of quantifying the percentage of cells containing hemoglobin. Figure 2 illustrates how the data from the FACS analysis were compiled. The channels were set according to the results of several experiments that determined the fluorescence profiles of Friend etythroteukemia cells fixed without antibodies and with secondary antibodies alone(data not shown). Also,primary and secondary antibodies were incubated with Friend erydttoleukemia cells that were not treated with a differentiating inducer. From these experiments,the fluorescence intensity below b0 was attributed to the nonspecific binding of secondary antibodies,and the fluorescence intensities between a0 and b0 were from background levels of fluorescence in undifferentiated cells(Figure 2). The number of events in channel a0 and al was attributed to the specific binding of the primary antibodies to hemoglobin and the results were reported as a ratio of ELF-EMF:sham(Figure 2),Friend erythroleukemia cells treated with DMSO and exposed to 1.0 G(100 µT)ELF-EMF resulted in a shift of the peaks to lower fluorescence intensities,thereby decreasing the ELF-EMF:sham ratio to< 1.00(Figure 2). An average ratio of 0.69± 0.22 was calculated from seven FACS experiments in which the sham and ELF-EMF chamber each had one flask per experiment. Tulaol r^ Flame 2 Flint 2.An example of a PACS analysis showing the drift in fluorescence intensity after exposure to 1.0 0 (100 µT)ELF-EMF.The channels were set to the results of previous experiments.Fluorescence< bo were soon in DMSO-treated cells incubated with only the secondary antibodies.Fluorescence<ao writ seen in Friend cells incubated with primary and secondary antibodies but not treated with DMSO.In channel ac,-ar,there were 3,152 events for sham and 1,832 events for EMF treatment,with a ratio ofEMF:Sham of 0.58. The inhibitory effect of ELF-EMF on the differentiation of Friend erythrvleukenia cells was dose dependent(Table 2 and Figure 3). At 0.01 G(1 µT),there was no significant inhibition of differentiation.Maximal inhibition occurred at an approximate value of 0.05 G(5 µT). Although the extent of differentiation varied with each experiment at the various field strengths,maximum inhibition was approximately 40-50%(Table 2 and Figure 3). The percentage of differentiating cells appeared to httpJ/www.powerlinefacts.corn/Effect/e20of%20Hlectronagnetic%20FieldVe20E xpowtme/r... 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08 26 FR M I CROMOT ION I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.26/75 canna ut ntecvomagneuc new=posure on I.Mesmcally induced Differentiation of Frier... Page 7 of 12 be a function of passages. The number of passages after the cells were thawed from liquid nitrogen was /'-• . <5 for the 0-0.05 G(5 µT)experiments, 5-10 for the experiments at 1.00 G(100 µ1),and 10.0 G (1,000 µT),and 10-15 for the 0.10 and 0.50 G experiments.Apparently the cells subjected to higher numbers of passages differentiated less than cells that underwent low numbers of passages. An ANOVA showed no statistical differences among 0.05 G(5 µT),0.1 G(10 µT),0.5 G(50 µT), 1.0 G(100 µT), and 10 G(1,000 µT)at thep—0.001 level,indicating that the level of inhibition by ELF-EMF was not a function of differentiation levels. The variation between the different dose treatments append to be a function of the number of trials. The highest variance was observed at 1.00 G(100 µT),where there were 15 trial experiments. The variation dropped almost 50%for the 0.05 G(5 µT)experiment that had only two trials and dropped almost 75%for the remaining experiments that only had one trial run. al Tsbb 2 es- ix Sawa ... lIgateS Dow response of DM5O. induced differentiation of Friend aythroleukemia sells exposed to various field etcetera The data are ELF-EMFtstem ratios calculated from the data presented in Table 2. Na.no effect level. Telomerase activity,a marker of undifftrortiated stemlike cells,was high in Friend etythroleukemia cells grown in DMSO-free media(Figure 4). Induction of differentiation with DMSO caused a 100O decrease in telomerase activity in the sham-treated cells but only a 10O decrease in the ELF-EMF(1.0 G, 100 µT)exposed cells. Cell proliferation was also affected by ELF-SW(Figure 5). The DNA contort,a marker of cell number,increased 1.5 times compared to the sham-treated cells after a 4-day exposure to 1.0 G(100 µT)and 10.0 G(1,000 µT)ELF-EMF. Mgaee 1.The effect of 1.00(100 µ1)ELF-EMP at Woman. activity.Telomerase activity was (- \ measured mine the TRAP anay.The http://www.poweriinefacts.com/E(Tcct%20ot'/o20Electromagnetic%20Field%20Exposure%.. 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 0826 FR MI CR0M0T I ON I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.27/75 Ma of Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Frier... Page 8 of 12 x Figures internal consul was used to quantify theamong efficiency densiometrio values were measured using our Nuokote h gel doe scanning system. , Plows Dare 5.The effect of ELF-EMF on the proliferation of Friend aythroteukania cells as a function of DNA content The cells were removed from the E.MF chamber at the end of esoh day.and DNA was extracted from the eel s with 0.1 N NaOH and quantified by meanwing the absorbance at 260 nm. Discussion Driven by concerns raised by epidemiologic studies suggesting a potential cancer risk after exposures to ELF-EMF field strengths above the average exposure of 2 mG(0,2 µ1)(6,7,30),this study was designed to determine whether there was a biological effect relevant to the carcinogenic process.We used an br vitro cell differentiation system to determine if ELF-EMF could alter chemically induced differentiation and proliferation of Friend etythroleukeenia cells. Our results,using two independent assays to measure hemoglobin content,demonstrated that inhibition of chemically induced hemoglobin-containing cells by ELF-EMF was dose dependent In addition,we showed that exposure to ELF•EMF after chemical induction of differentiation in the Friend cells blocked the reduction in telomerase activity.The reduction of telomerase activity is a normal consequence of cells terminally differentiating or senescing(31). The corollary experiment to the induction of differentiation is a measurement of the exposed population of the Friend cells to proliferate as measured by DNA synthesis. The result was an increase in cell proliferation,which was probably the consequence of a larger subpopulation of undifferentiated cells that did not lose their capacity to proliferate. Our results contrast to those reported by Itevoltella et a1.(32). They saw no effect of ELF-EMF on the proliferation and differentiation of a Friend erythroleukemia cell line.We can only speculate on an explanation of the differences between their system and anus.One could be differences in the strain of Friend Dells used.After induction of cell differentiation by DMSO,Revoltella et al.'s cell line continued to proliferate to the same level as the cells not treated with DMSO.Our cell line had decreased proliferation when treated with either DMSO or MBA. Also,we minimized the time between the http.//www.powe »e •con/F.ffeoN/a20of%20ElectromagneticsA20Field%20Ezposw9%.. 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:26 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.28/75 =tent or Electromagnetic held Exposure on Chemically Induced Differentiation of Frier.... Page 9 of 12 exposure to DMSO and ELF-EMF so that the inhibitory effect of ELF-EMT on the all signaling pathways induced by DMSO was almost immediate. The difference of time between DMSO and ELF- Eli'exposure in Revoltella et al.'s experiments were not reported(32),so we are unable to make the comparisons. This may be important because the DMSO-induced differentiation process has two distinct phases(i.e,pre-and postcommitment),and TPA is known to inhibit the precommitment stage(33). Also,their ELF-EMF coils were placed at the top and bottom,whereas ours were placed on each side of the growth chambers. This could also be a potential explanation of the differences because Blackman et al. (34-36)demonstrated that ELF-EMF perpendicular to the static fields of the earth had the greatest effect on neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells,whereas fields applied parallel to the earth's static fields resulted in no difference. Because the potential risk of cancer has been a primary concern of ELF-EMF exposures,understanding both the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the potential relevance of our in vitro system must be delineated. Carcinogenesis is a multistage,multimechanism process(37,38),consisting of initiation, promotion,and progression phases. The weight of the evidence appears to have negated the possibility of a mutagenic or initiating potential of ELF-EMF fields(39). Consequently,if ELF-EMF exposure contributes to the carcinogenic process,it must act as a tumor promoter. Therefore,by identifying characteristics of tumor promoters,and assuming ELF-EMF as a physical agent has properties identical to chemical promoters,such as phorbol esters,phenobarbital,and dioxin,it should have the ability to alter differentiation(4 0),to stimulate the clonal expansion of initiated cells by either or both stimulation of proliferation(13), and to block apoptosis(41). In addition, many tumor promoters seem to have threshold levels of no effect(42,43). It might seem that the use of an established erythroleukemia cell line and the results obtained from these cells would have no relevance to the potential mechanistic role that ELF-EMF might have in carcinogenesis_ The carcinogenic initiation process is one that blocks the ability of a clonally expandable cell(possibly a stemlike cell)to terminally differentiate and become immortalized(13). In the promotion phase this initiated cell clonally expands so that additional genotypic and phenotypic changes occur to bring about an invasive,metastatic neoplastic cell (13). Therefore, our results indicate that the process of inducing a kind of terminal differentiation,as measured by the expression of the globin gene and the production of hemoglobin in an erythroleukemia line,can be inhibited by ELF-EMF,In other words,these ELF-EMF fields mimic some of the properties of known chemical tumor promoters such as TPA. In the absence of precise knowledge of the mechanisms by which DMSO induces Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation, it is difficult to discuss the mechanisms of its inhibition by ELF- EMF.However,the most obvious physical mechanism produced by exposing cell cultures to a 60-Hz magnetic field is the creation of an induced electric current both within the electrically conducting culture medium and within the cells themselves.Because the size of the sample is small compared to the wavelength of the field,the induced current may be estimated using Faraday's law. Modeling of the container,medium, and free-floating cells reveals that a circulating current is produced within the culture medium roughly proportional to the distance from the center of the flask. This current passes tangentially around the insulating cell membrane. A much smaller circulating current is induced within the cell itself,proportional to the distance from the center of the cell. Thus,a significant tangential shear current exists at the cell membrane. The ratio of the external to internal current at the membrane is roughly proportional to the ratio of the product of the medium conductivity and distance of the cell from the center of the flask to the product of the conductivity of the cell and the cell radius. Assuming that the ,,^ conductivities of the medium and the cell are roughly the same,the ratio of external to internal shear current for a 5-µm diameter cell located near the edge of the 5.2 C 4.8 cm flask is on the order of 5 cm/0.00025 cm=20,000. This result has been verified through simulations using the finite element technique. We therefore speculate that the EMFs probably interfere with the DMSO or HMBA http://www.powerlinefacts.corn/Effect°420ot%20Electmmagnetic%20Field%20ExposureVt... 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:27 FR MICROMOTIC14 1 NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.29/75 enea or etecuomagnenc next exposure on t.emicany 1noucen LiIIerennauon or rnt.. rage iv OI IL membrane-trigger signal transduction system needed to alter,epigenetically,the gene expression found in the hemoglobin-containing cells.This may be due to the currents induced within individual cell's plasma membranes or the external to internal shear current difference of 20,000 as calculated above. However,the EMF effect on a plasma membrane signaling protein is probably not from the external current alone, At 0.05 G(5 µ'1)and 10 G(1,000 µT),we calculated an induced current density of 62 µA/m2 and 0.31 µA/m2 at the walls of the flask, respectively.Although this was a 2000 difference between 0.05 G(5 µT)and 10 G(1,000 µT),the final result of EMF-induced inhibition was similar between these field strengths,indicating that external currents alone may not be the critical factors in controlling the differentiation potential of these cells. Finally,we can ask the question,what might be the relevance of these data on mouse erythroleukemia cells to the potential induction of human cancers by 131.F-EMF?Any biological effect of one in vitro experiment cannot be automatically equated to the entire and complex carcinogenic process in human beings.However,if the biological effect is teal and relevant to one of the mechanising of human carcinogenesis(in this case,the blocked differentiation in the tumor promotion phase),ELF-EMF exposure must be further examined in more direct and relevant experimental systems. In a human population,if ELF-EMF fields can act as a potential human tumor promoter,then the individual being exposed needs to have initiated cells on which ELF-EMF can act(to stimulate the clonal expansion), and be at a field strength above a threshold level,and the individual must also be exposed regularly for a chronic length of time. Consequently,any epidemiological study must be deigned to test ELF-EMF as a tumor promoter, not simply as a potential carcinogen. The design must be a mechanistically based, biologically relevant model of carcinogenesis. References and Notes rte. /-� L Wertheimer N,teem E.Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer,Am I Epidemiol 109:273-284(1979). 2.Brackett MB,Belanger K,Hellembrand K,Addasso K,Patel S.Tuelte E,Leader&BE Correlates of residential wiring code used in studies of health effects of residential electromagnetic fields.Am J Epidemiol 148:467-474(1998). 3.Doekerty JD,Elwood JM,Skegg DC.Herbison GP.Electromagnetic field exposures and childhood cancers in New Zealand.Cancer Causes Connol 9:299-309(1998). 4.Stevens RG,Davis S.The melatonin hypothesis:electric power and breast cancer.Environ Health Pempect 104(suppl 1):135-140(1996). 5,McBride ML,Gallagher RP.Thaiault G.Ammtrong BG,Tamar*S,Spinelli J.1,Headman JE,Fincham S,Robson D,Choi W.Prover-frequency electric and magnetic fields and Mc of childhood leukemia in Canada.Am J Epidemiol 149:831-842 (1999), 6.National Research Cowl,Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric aad Magnetic Fields Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1997. 7.NIE11S MP-RAPID Program.Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields.NIH Publication No.98-4400.Research Triangle Park.NC:NatImal Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1999. 8.t roako JE,Chang CC,Msdhukar DV,Dupont E.Onoogeses,tumor suppressor genes and inter cellular commumioation in the oncogeny as partially blocked ontogeny hypothesis.In:New Frontiers in Cancer Causation(Iversen OL,ed).Washington, DC:Taylor and Francis Press, 1993:181-197. 9.McCann J,Dietrich F,Rafferty C,Martin AO.A critical review of the genotoxic potential of eledrlc and magnetic fields. Murat Res 297:61-95(1993). r^ http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Effect%20of%20Electromagnetic%2oFielda%e20FxposatreeA... 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 28 FR MI CROMOT I G4 I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.30/75 tneet or hlecauomagneoc tied txposure on cnealltelly Inaticea 1J1IJerenpatlon Or tnL. Yap 11 Or 1L 10.McCann J,Dietrich F,Rafferty C.The garotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields:an update.Mutat Res 411:45- 86(1998). r 11.Miyakoshi J,Koji Y,Waken T,Takebe H.Long-tam exposure to a magnetic field(5 mT at 60 Hz)increases X-ray- induced mutations.J Radiat Res(Tokyo)4013-21 (1999). 12.Walieozek 3,Shin EC,Hahn GM Increase In radiation-induced HPRT gene mutation frequency after nonthennal exposure to nonionizing 60 Hz electromagnetic fields.Radiat Res 151:489.497(1999). 13.Trot JE,Ruch RJ.Cell-cell communication in c arcmogenm is Front Biosci 3:208-236(1998). 14.Trodco JE,Chang CC.Nongenoto do mechanisms in owoinogeneais:role of inhibited intenellnlar communication.In: Ceminogen Risk Assessment:New Directions in the Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects.Banbury Report 31.(Hart RW, Hoaxer FD,ads).Cold Spring Harbor,NY:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988;139-170. 15.Yamasaki H.Modulation of cell differentioation by tumor promoters.In:Mechanisms of Tumor Promotion,Vol IV, (Slap TI,ed).Boca Raton,FL:CRC Press, 1984,1.26. 16.Bunch W,Lain B,Timmerman-Trosiener I,Barthel G,Schuppler 3,Schulte Mt.Controlled death(afopta nt)of normal and putative ptawoplastic cells in rat liver following withdrawal of tumor promoters.Carcinogenesis 5:453.458 (1984). 17.'hot!E,Goodman 11.Intercellular communication may facilitate apoptosis:implications for tumor promotion.Mol Caroinog 11:8-12(1994). 18.Schalk PW,Sneer JB.Signal perception and transdtuction_the role of protein kinetics.Biochim Biophys Acts 1449:1-24 (1999). 19.Imbra RJ,Karin M Phorbol ester induces the transcriptional stimulatory activity of the SV40 enhancer.Nature 323:555- 558(1986). 20.Phillips JL,Happen W,Thomas WI,Ishida JT,May WR.Magnetic field-induced changes in specific gene transcription. Bioohim Biophys Ana 1132:140-144(1992). 21.Lin IL Blank M.Jim M,Goodman R.Electromagnetic field stimulation of biosynthesis:Changes in c-myc transcript levels during continuous and intermittent exposures.Bioelectochem Biomerg 39:215-220(1996). 22.Lin II Head M,Blank M Han L,Enter,Goodman R.Myo-mediated transaactivation of HSP70 expression following exposure to magnetic fields.J Cell Bioohan 69:181-188(1998). 23.Lin H,Opler M,Head M,Blink M,Goodman R.Electromagnetic field exposure induces rapid,transitory heat shock factor activation in human cells.J Cell Block=66:482-488(1998). 24.Giroldi L,Holstein M,Yamasaki H.Cellular-oncogene expression in Friend crylhrolculccmia cells:relationship to differentiation,commitment and WA effects.Cacinogeneeia 9:817-821(1988). 25.Yemwki H,Martel N,Fnaoo A,Ostertag W.Continuous suppression of globin gene expression and differentiation of Friend aytkoleukanla cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA)despite the loss of PMA binding sites by down regulation.Prop Nati Aced Sri USA 81:2075-2079(1984). 26.Yamasaki Ii,Saint VL,Martel N.Long-fena effect of a tumor promoter,12.0.tetradecanoylphabol-l3-eoetato,on induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells.Cancer Res 40:3780-3785(1980). ' ' 27.Wang W.Eisenberg SR.A three-dimensional finite element method for computing magnetically induced=rents in tissues.IEEE Trans Magn 30:5015-5023(1994). v http://www.powerlinefacxa.coat/Effect9620oia/.20Eleotromagnetica/.20pteld%20Fxposttre4... 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:28 FR MICR0M0TI0N I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.31/75 . .. . . .�. . .. ...�.. .r r.� _. �.__- - _ - . -._.._.. --w 28.Li IC,Chang CC,Trosko lE.Thymidylate synthetase gene as a quantitative mutation marker in Chinese hamster cells. Mute Res 243:233-239(1990). 29.Kim NW,Piatyszek MA,Prowse KR,Harley CB,West MD,Ho PL,Coviello GM,Wright WE,Weinrich SL,Shay JW. Specific association of human telomer=activity with immortal cells and cancer.Soieaoc 266:2011-2015(1994). 30.Boorman GA,Anderson LB,Mortis JE,Saner LB,Mann PC,Gnmbein SL,Halley JR,McNally A,Sills RC,Haman JK.Effect of 26 week magnetic field exposures in a DMBA iaitiatiou-promotion mammary gland model in Sprig ueater! y rats.Carcinogeneais 20:899-904(1999). 31.Fu W,Begley ICI,Killen MW,Mattmn MP.Anti-apopiatic role of tdomaaa=in pheoctntmocytoma cells.J Bid Chem 274:7264-7271(1999). 32.Revoltelta RP,Trombi L,Perini M,Grassi B,Manua 0,Meat ED.Low-frequency electromagnetic fields do not affect ail growth,aythroid damcauatic%and virus production in variant lines of uitieated and dimcthyl aclfoxidc-ueatod Friend erythroleulternia Dells.Electra-and Megnetobio112:135.146(1993). 33.Yamasaki H Hach E,Nude)U,Weinstein IB,Rifkind RA,Marks PA.Tumor pmmotaa inhibit spontaneous and induced differentiation of murine etyd roleukemia cells in culture.Proc Nal Aced Sei USA 74:3451.3455(1977). 34.Blackman CF,Benane SO,House DE.Frequency-dependent interference by magnetic fields of nave growth factor- induced nauite outgrowth in PC-12 cells.Bioeleotronaapetics 16:387-395(1995). 35.Bladonat CF,Blanchard JP,Sonata SO,House DE.Empirical test of at ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC-12 cells.Bioelecnomagnetice 15:239-260(1994). 36.Blackman CF,Blanchard JP,Senate SO,House DE.The ion parametric resonance model predicts magnetic field parameters that affect nerve cells.EASES 3 9:547-551 (1995). 37.Weinstein IS.°attoai CS,Kirsohmeiar P,Lambert M,Haiao W.Backer 3.Jeffrey A.Multistage carcinomata involves multiple genes and multiple mechanisms.J Cell Physiol(euppl)3:127-137(1984). 38.Fearon ER.Vogeletein B.A genetic)model for colorectal tiamorigsnesis.Cal 61:759-767(1990). 39.Trot JE.Human health consequences of environmentally-induced modulated gene expression:Potential roles of F7,F- IMF induced epigenetic versus mutagenic mecha leans of disease.Bioeleotromaggmetios 21:402-406(2000). 40. Yamada H,Enomoto T,Hamel E,Kanno Y.Membrane interaction and modulation of gene eicpeession by tumor promoters,In:Cellular Interactions by Environmental Tumor Promoters(Ftnild H,Hecker E,Moore R,Sugimme T, Weinstein IB,eds).Tokyo:Japan Scientific Societies Press, 1984;221-233. 41.Burst W,Obertammer F,Schulte HR.Cell death by apoptosis and its protective role against disease.Trends Pharmacol Sal 13:245-251 (1992). 42.Trosko JE,Chang CC,Medcalf A.Mechanisms of tumor promotion:potential tole of intercellular communication. Cancor Invest 1:511-526(1983). 43.Teeguarden JO,Dragan YP,Singh),Vaughan,Xu YR,Goldsworthy T,Pitot HC.Quantitative analysis of dose-and time-dependent promotion of four phenotypes of altered hepatic foci by 2,3,7,8-terachlomdibenzo-pdioodn in female Sprague-Dawley rats.Toxiool Sd 51:211-223(1999). [Artiolea Onhin Y rAt Last Updated:Septennber 7,2000 lmp://www.powerlinefag.com/Effect%20OY•20Siectromagnedceh20Field%20ExposureA... 8/20/2002 (CT 29 2002 0828 FR M I CROMOT I OM INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919 ro.pz0242 P.32/75 New report suggests unit oetween power lines ant nut of amanoo°lemma rage r of a r,. World Socialist Web Site www.wsws.orq • WSY!Is:Nerrs_*.Analysis:Medilne_ik.Ple lllh New report suggests link between power lines and risk of childhood leukemia By Sqe Tooker 31 March 2001 Back to screen version I kgns tll I!nk by Small For decades controversy has persisted about the health effects of electromagnetic fields pHs) generated by the transmission of electricity through power lines.Now an independent advisory group to Britain's National Radiation Protection Board(NRPB)has released a wide-ranging review of relevant scientific research. The group's chairman, Sir Richard Doll,was the first scientist to link cigarette smoking with lung cancer more than 30 years ago, The NRPB's findings were inconclusive as to whether EMPs caused cancer.Nevertheless,the study found that since no alternative explanation existed for the apparent twofold increase in leukemia among children exposed to a magnetic field of more than 4 milligauss(mG),this was suggestive of a link. "Unless,however,further research indicates that the finding is due to chance or some currently unrecognised artifact,the possibility remains that intense and prolonged exposures to magnetic fields can increase the risk of leukemia in children,"it declared. Doll's team made an assessment of a number of large,well-conducted studies,carried out over the preceding eight years,which provided better evidence than had previously been available.The review included studies detailing the sources and measurements of electromagnetic fields;biological studies on cells relevant to cancer induction;animal and volunteer studies relevant to cancer induction;and epidemiological studies on domestic and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. It was the epidemiological evidence that proved to be the most significant. Epidemiology examines disease in human populations by identifying associations between the occurrence of a particular disease and a specific environmental factor,such as EMFs. This method cannot directly prove causality,because another--unlmown—factor could also be involved. Nevertheless,if the risk of developing a disease in the presence of the factor readies five times the normal rate,then the scientific community will generally accept this as sufficient proof of causality. More accurate methods of assessing and measuring individual exposure have recently become widely available,and these were utilised by many of the studies reviewed by the NRPB.One study of 3,000 children in the US, Europe and New Zealand suggested that high voltage electricity pylons could double the risk of childhood leukemia.While not conclusive proof of reueitity,it raises legitimate concerns. After years of denial,the NRPB's findings are the first by a government body to admit the possibility that EMPs and cancer are linked. As important as this admission is,British consumer groups are already raising questions about Doll's failure to review research conducted by a University of Bristol team,published late last year in the International Journal of Radiation Biology. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/mar2001/Serf-m31_prn.slum! 8/2W2002 0CT 29 2002 08:29 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.33/75 •.err •rNw•ur�ww l�r.rru • rr .w lulVY W!V!!V!!W W!!!V!.\NY lVY"V!!YY l YeV Y US J Led by Professor Denis Henshaw and Dr Peter Fews,the study indicated that power lines produce �- , electrically charged particles called corona ions. According to Henshaw,these ions attach themselves to airborne pollutants such as exhaust fumes,giving them an electrical charge and increasing the likelihood that they will be deposited in the lungs when inhaled, The teem,which was financed by the Foundation for Children with Leukemia,the Department of Health and the Medical Research Council in Britain,placed a number of metal spheres in fields near Bristol and recorded the amount of airborne particles deposited on them. It found a three-fold risk of the pollutants being deposited on the skin for those people living or working near electricity pylons. Henshaw concluded that power cables wore responsible for trebling the amount of cancer-canying pollutants in the air and that the electromagnetic field surrounding the cables was to blame for the alleged link between power lines and childhood leukemia. While the British Electricity Association(BEA)denounced Henshaw's worly it was more enthusiastic about Doll's findings.Pointing to the fact that the NRPB could not prove causation,the BEA was quick to pronounce EMFs safe. "Scientists across the world are increasingly coming to the view that there is no major public health risk from exposure to EMFs,"its press release declared. Aside from being false,this assertion reveals profound contempt for public health, especially the health of young children—the most vulnerable layer of the population.More than 23,000 homes in the UK are located near power lines,and many people have been calling for a mandatory 50-metre(160 foot)buffer zone on each side of the lines. Some British parents have even engaged lawyers over the issue.No doubt the costs involved in relocating thousands of people,let alone compensation payouts,figure prominently in the BEA's response. e- Until recently,any possibility of adverse health effects arising from EMFs was dismissed by governments and the scientific community alike,without any studies being undertaken.When studies were finally conducted they showed that some sort of correlation could exist.Two US studies in particular fuelled concerns,generating further investigations.The first,conducted in 1979 by Nancy Wertheimer, found a higher incidence of cancer in children living near high current power lines. The second,carried out in 1987, also linked childhood cancer and proximity to power lines. In 1999,the United States Institute of Environmental Health Sciences(NIERS)released its findings from six years of scientific research,costing$60 million.It concluded that,while the scientific evidence was week,epidemiological studies demonstrated a fairly consistent pattern of a small but increased risk of childhood leukemia with exposure to fliPs,with slightly less risk of adult lymphocytic leukemia.As a result,US legislation now prevents new homes being built near power lines. Consumer groups have taken legal action against power companies and utilities have been forced to move power lines or install shielding. All the evidence points to the necessity for further research. The Doll report recommends experimental studies into biophysical responses at the cellular and genetic level to assess possible carcinogenic changes. It also calls for epidemiological studies to be conducted in Demuth and Sweden,where exposure to E1ulFs is far greater than in Britain. One of the shortcomings of investigations so far is that they lack cases exposed to higher EMF levels. Nevertheless,the research that has been done does demonstrate that exposure to 4 milligaus(mG)or more increases the risk of cancer.In light of this,current government regulations are far from adequate. In the US and Canada,the lower voltage of the national grid creates more intense electromagnetic fields, with potential exposures well over 4 mG. In Australia, existing guidelines allow residents to be exposed http://www.waws.org/articles/2001/mar2001/emf-m31_pm.shtml 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:29 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.34/75 lvew report suggests mut oetweat power Ines ann nsa or Gmlonoon leukemia rage a or.1 to 1,000 mG and industrial workers 5,000 mG. According to Lyn McLean of the Electromagnetic Radiation Alliance of Australia,the guidelines are based on the assumption that radiation only causes ' health problems when it heats bodies by one degree or more.The NRPB study establishes,however,that other mechanisms may well be at work. Copyright 1191-2002 Viscid soeildid Web itt Al rights reserved r http://www.wsws.org/articles/2o01/mar2001/eatf-m3lj,tn.shtml 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 29 FR MI CROMOT I ON INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.35/75 ararauu 1.1.411.7„ emi• O a emissivity rage i ur Testimony byt Magda Haw,Ph.D. Caucusing: Health Iffath Associated with Power Uses used to: Steering Committee,Public Hearing on the SE Metro Traeemieeba IiJne ate: Marsh 22,2001 Location Minnesota,USA. Q: Hesse hareems yooreebt A: My name is Magda Haves. Pm an Associate Professor of Environmental&Raeoutoe Studies at Trent University(Peterborough, Ontario,Canada). I received my Ph.D.at the University of Toronto in 1980 where I trained as a biologist,ecologist and environmental toxoeobgiat. I completed two years Post Doctoral Research at Cornell University with Professor Gene Likens and then returned to Canada and worked as an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto and later as an Associate Professor at Trent University. I have served as a member of the Mayor's Committee on Sustainable Development;es a science advisor to CBC;as a member of the Emerging Issues Subcommittee of the International Joint Commission(Canada/US);as a member of the Environmental Appeal Board of Ontario(Ministry of the Environment);and as an advisor to Tribhuvan University in Nepal on their Environmental Sciences Program. At Trent University I have served on the Board of Governors and on Senate(the two key bodies responsible for university governance). I am a member of the Health Research Group and am founder and pest Chair of the Energy Working Group which consists of physicians,alternative health oar practitioners,environmental scientists,biologists,phyaociata.and electricians who are interested in the biological effects of energy fields from natural and mat-made sources. My expertise is on the biological and environmental effects of environmental contaminants. I have waked on acid rain,metal pollution, drinking water quality and mote recently electromagnetic fields. For the pest 15 years I have taught a course on Pollution Ecology which deals with the environmental and health effects of chemical pollutants(asbestos,metals,chlorinated organics,hydrocarbons,air pollution, water pollution,among others)and for the past 4 yeas I have taught a course on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. 0 Why aeyea here today? re-Pm here because I'm concerned about the advent health effects of electromagnetic fields geaasted during the production,distribution, consumption of electricity. For the past 8 years Pere been studying this with growing intensity and growing concern. Based on the literature and my own research I am convince that power frequency electromagnetic fields can and do cause biological effect& that these effects can be both beneficial and harmful;that we know some of the mechanisms involved and are close to understanding others but that more research in this area of mechanisms and in the area of exposure remains to be done. Regarding Public Pokey ad SelaS$c Evidence; I do not think that it is necessary for public policy makers to wait until ALL the scientific facts about electromagnetic fields are in before they act to protect the public by minimizing eroosme. We already have considerable information. What remains to be known in terms of mechanisms is unlikely to significantly change what we already know,and we know enough to act. 1. We know that high chaste fields and high magnetic field have adverse health Meets based on studies of residential exposure and childhood leukemia,on studies of occupational exposure,and on laboratory experiments. 2. We know that magnetic fields above 2,5 milli Gauss(mG)(the range being debated is between 2 and 4 mG)are critical for children under the age of 14 and that magnetic fields at 12 mG(value is between 2 and 12 mG)are critical for adults with estrogen-sensitive breast cancer. 3. We have yet to determine what levels of the electric Reich are harmful. Values of several thousand volts per meter(V/in)have been suggested for adults but children are likely to be more sensitive as they are to most environmental pollutants. Electric fields below 100 V/m are common in residential settings and we do not know if these muse biological or health effects. 4. We know that the home environment,particularly the bedroom is critical for children and that misht.tlaa expense may be more important than day-time exposure, 5. We know that disruption of the natural production of melaaau is one of the mechanisms involved in the adverse health effects. That is evidence that electromagnetic fields have been implicated in depression,disturbed sleep,and higher rates of wields 6. We know that electromagnetic fields have been linked with kukeala,lymphomas,merlons system tumors and breast cancer as well as with various reproductive abnormalities. 7. We know that electromagnetic fields do not Initiate cancer(at the levels found in residential and most occupational settings)but seem http://www,poweriinefaots.cum/Fatpert%20Teatimony/Havas.htM 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 0830 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.36/75 Magda Havas'Testimony Page 2 of 5 to promote cancer by changes in the rate at which cells divide and diffetnutiate. 8. There is emerging evidence that the electric field may be interacting with air potlntasts. More research is needed in this area,but if the results from future studies swat this relationship then limits may need to be set on high voltage power lines in residential communities. wtledge of the specific mechanisms involved is not going to significantly charge the harmful expoannes(2.5 and 12 mG)mentioned above, .an history repeats itself ashlars with lead,asbestos,and DDT. Blood lead levels,deemed safe in the early 1970s,were lowered as mote scientific evidence became available. A prudent avoidance public polity regard's'the location of both above and below ground power lines would Intermit the myaetk field to 2 mG or len drMrg peak energy consumption a the residents nearest the power line. This would not be precedent setting since several multinational companies(including the World Bank)have been specifying low levels of power$eCqueney magnetic fields of less than 2 mG for their new building designs. Sweden has guidelines of 3 mG for area where children play. Fall Cost Accounting and Decides Malting: Decisions arc often made(or not made)based en abort-term acoaotiag to utahaisim economic cats. If full cost and lonptena accounting is considered then hospital stays and sick lean have to be factored into the equation and in the long-lean this is bleb,to be costly. Lptlaata Debase and the Sciwhlie Protean: Fm also concerned that as scientists we do a poor job explaining how soioaoo is done and bow it should be interpreted. Consequently the public is confused by scientific disagreement presented by the press. They ere unable to judge whether the disagreement is motivated by a legitimate desire to understand some aspect of the world or if it is motivated by other concerns The current scientific debate about eleetromagnak fields Is tainted. It is motivated by conceits other than a desire to better understand the biological effects of electromagnetic fields. While dram is some legitimate debate and disagreement about the harmful effects,the mechanisms involved,and the specific exposure characteristics there S also an element of deception and bias. Sally this type of activity is not unusual and is ocrtainly not restricted to EMF issues.Manipulation of scientists;attempts to discredit individuals and to cut off their inning publication of red herrings and other attempts to mislead the public have occurred time and again with asbestos,DDT,tobacco,lead,acid rain,endocrine disrupters. When Industry feels threatened it reacts and not always in the most honorable way, Few scientists arc comfortable and willing to speak our when this is the case. -'The statements below were published in the National Research Council(1997)document entitled"Possible Health Effects of Exposure to e " '-nideana!Electric and Magnetic Fields"in a section devoted to occupational exposure. Across a wide range of geographic swings...and diverse study design...workers engaged in elecrical occupations have often been)6tmdto have sbghtly increased risks of leukemia and brain cancer(Savitz and Ahlbom 1994,NRC p. 179). Mataaaoskl et at (1993)...found ltd support)6r increased risk dors to increased average fields,but increasing field leveLt atpeak exposure were associated with increased leukemia risk(NRC,p. 180). Floderus et a1 (1993)...the most highly exposed worker wens estimated so have a 3 jbld increased risk of chronic l'mphocyuc leukemia and a L6-fold increased risk of total leukemia. Brain-rumor was increased by afactor of LS in the highest category(NRC, p. 180). a large well-designed study of utility worker in Canada and France provided evidence ofa 2-to 3,0)1d increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia among men with increased magneticJlak!exposure(fherlault et al.1994). Brain cancer showed much more modest increases(relative risk of 1.5-2.8)with increased magnetic field exposure(NEC,p. 180), Sevin and Loomis(7995)...Leukemia mortality was notfamd to be associated with indices ofmagnetic field exposure, whereas brain-cancer mortally was assactaad Brain caner mortality generally was found to increase In relation to accumulative exposure, reaching a relative risk of 23-25 in the most highly exposed workers(NRC,p. 180). All three studies fend no evidence ofconfowrdmg by the presence of workplace chemicals(NRC p. 180). A series of three studies repotted an association between skein cal occupations and male breast cancer(Dynes and Andersen 1990; Matmwski et aL 1991;Demers et al. 1991)...(NRC.p. 181). Female breast canner in relation to electrical occupations was evaluated by Loomis et at 1994...a modest increase in risk was fouled for women in electrical occupations,panktdatly telephone worker...(NRC p. 181). The relative risks q the upper categories of 2-3 reported in the high guano,studies ofFloderus et at 1993 and Theriot&et al 1994 carrot be ignored(NRC,p. 181). Yet this is exactly what NRC did. It ignored some vital information in its executive summary on the health effects of electromagnetic fields Aire it states that ...the an body ofewdenare does not show that exposure to riese fteldt presents a human health hazard."(NRC,p.2) http://www.powerllrwfacis.com/Expert%20Tesfirnony/Havaahpn 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:31 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 91.9703520242 P.37/75 swat'♦ravas m caumuoyraiO. or J How they can make that statement based on the previous references they also cite is not something I can comprehend. Hew eau scie*SAs nand.-.the sane data and see up whit different Marpretallonst First we must differential between a deliberately biased attempt to defend a particularly view and between a legitimate disagreement a a genuine desire to understand what is happening. I'm going to assume the later for my answer. Scientists who study electromagnetic fields fall into one of three categories. They can be theoreticians,lab scientists,or field scientists. Theoreticians appmach a problem from the perspective of the basic underlying theory. Einstein is a prime example. Ile predicted results bated on his theories and others tested them once the tools became available. If the theory is wrong so are the predictions. When data contradict theory we have to revisit the theory rola than discard the data. Physicists have disregarded the data because it doesn't fit their theory of ionization and thermal effects that occur and are readily explained at high electromagnetic frequencies. They don't have a theoretical mechanism that explains the effect at power frequencies(60 Hertz)so they disregard the data. Laboratory scientists are accustomed to controlling all of the essential factors that might affect the results of a particular experiment and often work on systems that have minimal variability. They work on systems that have a high signal to noise ratio. This is tote for cellular biologists and experimental physioiats. Provided they expose their test"organisms'to realistic condition&they have sane of the most powerful tool to detennine the underlying mechanisms involved in a particular response. Field scientists are tenable to control many of the external variables although they have techniques to determine their relative contribution to an aid result. They work on systems that have a low signal to noise ratio.Epidemiologists and ecologists fit into this category. They are often the first to determine associations between environmental stresses and biological response but are not able to ascertain the underlying mechanisms. Q: Row do we interpret the textual products of seketMie lnna gatka? A: Just as law has its"legalese"and minims interpretation by experienced lawyers,science also needs to be interpreted.A simple statement made with great care by a scientist is not always interpreted properly by the public. For example,in 1994,Ontario Hydro released a document based an a recently completed study on cancer rates among their electric utility workers. They stated,and I quote: I. No association was observed between occupational exposure to EMF and cancer overall among electric adIi(v workers. 2. The study results►ndmated NO easoototton between most cancers,including lymphoma,mak breast cancer and melanoma and exposure to magnetic fields, 3. Theo s4i1s did show a statistically significant association between cumulative exposure to magnetic fields and a rare font of adult leukaemia: acute non-lymphoid leukaemia and a nb-type acute myeloid leukaemia 4. Accusing to the study authom this did not provide definitive evidence ofa causal association. 5. These results an compatible with the finding of previous studies that demonstrated associations between EMT exposure and krtkaemia, and at such cannot be ignored. 6. Flasher research will be regaire4 however, to determine causal association. ledepenntfoas The rut statement is generic. It includes smokers with lung cancers(for example)end this can skew the results. No respectable scientist has stated that EMF are associated with ALL forms of cancer. Hence this statement is true but is somewhat misleading as though it is refuting a scientifically held view,which it is not. The wag statement begins to focus on the cancers that have been associated in other tubes with EMF exposure. It found no statistically significant association for the cancers listed. The find statement focuses on one type of csaoer that has been associated with cumulative exposure to magnetic fields. Now we have a specific cavxr(a rare form of adult leukaemia)and a speci c type of exposure(cumulative magnetic fields). The fiat statement is misleading Epidemiological studies we sot intended to provide"definitive evidence of a causal association". Someone who doesn't understand that distinction will think that"yes while there is an association it is NOT causal"and this is an incorrect interpretation of that statement The fink and sixth statements are=sight forward. Laboratory studies are needed to address the final statement dealing with causality. What Is the seldom that ebidhoed cancan are linked with power frequency essgpetic flaws its the home? htip://www.powerlinsfitots.com/Exper6420Testimony/Havaslim 8/21/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:31 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.38i75 a....bvr a........ a.............) a ago-ruaJ k The first person to examine this question was Nancy Wertheimer.Wertheimer noticed that mane of the children who had died of cancer in Denver Colorado lived in tames that were located near power lines and tranafbtmeta At that time studies from the former Soviet Union began to appear reporting that men exposed to high voltages in switch yards were experiencing health problems. She wondered if there yea a link between the cancers she was observing and the electromagnetic fields generated by power lines. Ed Lamer provided her with a agate measurement,the wire code that was based on the distance from power lima and on the thickness and number of conductors(wires) rebating electricity. Their results,which appeared in the American Journal of Epidemiology(1979),reported an increased incidence of uuldhood leukemia,lymphomas,and nervous system tumors for children exposed to very high current configuration(VHCC)corresponding to 2.5 mG. This was a revolutionary study. Up to that point power frequency(60 Hertz)electromagnetic fields were assumed to be benign. Mae than a dozen studies have been conducted in different countries to test the Wertheimer and Leeper hypothesis. About half of them found a statistically significant association between childhood carters and exposure to magnetic fields. The key findings from them studies at as follows: 1. Of the three childhood ammo(leukemias,lymphomas,nervous system tumuors),leukemias are the ones found to be most often associated with magnetic field exposure. (Note that the same cancers as well as breast cancer are frequently reported in the occupational epidemiological studies of EMF exposure.) 2. Children under the age of 14 and especially children under the age of 6 are the most sensitive presumably due to their rapid growth (Green et al. 1999). 3. Critical distances swear to be approximately 50 m(150 feet)from a power fine 4. Critical magnetic fields ere at or above 2 mO. 5. Daytime spot measurements give the lowest odds ratios(ratio of observed to expected number of cases)while mediae night measurements give the highest Hence the bedroom is deemed to be the most important environment in tams of electromagnetic hygiene for children. Two studies concerned with the health effects of electromagnetic fields have just been released this month(March 2001). One of the studies. conducted by the eminent epidemiologist Sir Richard Doll,who was the epidemiologist linking lung cancer with cigarette smoking in the 1960s and who has beat critical of the findings of power line studies,now admits an association of increased risk of childhood leukemia with elevated magnetic fields. This study is important because it is the first official statesneat from a mgiahealth orgaaazntioa in the UK,the -"National Radiation Protection Board,associating childhood caner end power frequency(50 Hertz)magnetic fields. The report is carefully 'cued end is intended to minimize concern. It down plays the number of children who are likely to die from leukemia because of their .tautm to power lines. The second study,from Germany by Joachim Schur and colleagues(2001),has gone even further. In this study they report a statistically significant association,with an odds ratio of 3.2.(3.2 fold increased risk)between childhood leukemia and magnetic field exposure during the night Since children specifier more hours each day sleeping,the bedroom becomes a very important environment in terms of electromagnetic hygiene. Reducing electromagnetic fields in the bedroom reduces the overall exposure aad thus the risk of leukemia. tat How yohood u Interpret the stadia that de net show a statistically*Olean association with eaetromagistle fields and A: Thee are several reasons why this might be the case. 1. Laboratory studies have shown that electromagnetic fields at power frequencies (60 Hertz)do not►nlyg(q career but tffiher MO cancer or the growth of cancerous cells already in the body. Therefore,electromagnetic fields from power lies will not induce leukemia but will promote the growth of leukemia(and presumably other forms of cancer)that already exists in the body. if these electromagnetic fields promote cancer then the cancerous cells have to be present before they can be promoted. Hence some studies show an increased incidence of leukemia,others of lymphomas,others of brain tumors and still others of breast cancer. These results are not inconsistent if electromagnetic fields ay acting as cancer promoters. 2. Furthermore, in some epidemiological studies the average exposure did not reach 2 ma which has ham identified as a critical limit for children(e.g.Fulton et el. 1980,mean high current value was 1.8 me). In these studies you would not expect to find an increased incidents since the magnetic field level was not sufficiently high. 3. Also,in some studies very few children were exposed to the high fields(above 2 ma). For statistical significance of a cancer that has a low frequency we often need a large sample size. if the sample size is too small.the results will not be statistically significant because of a lack of statistical power. One way to overcome the small sample size is to combine several studies in a meta-analysis. This has been done and those studies show a small(m terms of population)but statistically significant increase in the risk of childhood cancers. I might add that this risk is small from a population perspective but it is not small for the who lose a child to leukemia.IrN Pis 4. Also,we lack infonnatian on"rear exposure. All of our measurements are based coalition sampling time or surrogate http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Expert%20Testimony/Havas.htm 8/21/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:32 FR MICR0M0T ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.39/75 Magna nevus' a'mummy rage 5 or 3 measurements such as wire codes. The longest time most individuals ere measured for their magnetic field exposure is 24 hours. Can you image determining your likelthood of getting skin cancer from the sun based on your exposure to the am Singe 24-hour period taken at random? The feet that so many studies are showing a statistically significant association is remarkable and disturbing. ^5. And finally,we have no"zero"exposure,no true controls because everyone who uses electricity is exposed to electromagnetic • fields. Using cigarettes as an mdor what we are comparing in these studies is the 2-pack-a-day cigarette smoker with the 2- ©garette-a-day smoker. We do not have non-suckers who ate not exposed to second hand smoke for ow controls. Or What are the soirees of ebetrosagneetle fields within the hose? At Within S home there are throe potentially important sources of electromagnetic fields. They include appliancs indoor wiring and outdoor wiring. Individuals can do much to reduce their exposure from appliances and indoor wiring but an do little if the primary source of the magnetic field is the outdoor wiring. Based on childhood epidemiological studies the bedroom is a particularly important environment Bedroom electromagnetic fields can be reduced in a number of ways and cm go far in promoting electromagnetic hygiene. Electric alarm clocks,radios and baby monitors an be moved away from the bed Electric blankets can be unplugged once they warm up a bed. Beds can he moved away from panel or fuse boxes and electric heaters. Electric heating coils in ceilings and floors generate high magnetic fields. These fields can be reduced by turning down the night-time thermostat. Some older homes have bob and tube wiring that can also generate high magnetic fields and in other homes an improperly balanced return current can produce high magnetic fields. Although costly,an electrician can update the wiring to current wire codes and am balance the return current and thus reduce magnetic fields associated with indoor wiring. Hr9ee,there is much that individuals can do to reduce their exposure. The problem is that individuals have no way of reducing electromagnetic fields in a home if the primary Www is from power lines run by public urllitles. Or Do you have any final coaseuts you would fuze to nuke? A: Yea. To protect the most vulnerable individuals in our population,namely children under the age of 14,magnetic fields need to be kept below 2 ma,especially in the bedroom(but also in other environments where children spend their time,schools for example). This recommendation ^is specific end enforceable.We have similar standards for drinking water that are ant to protect the most vulnerable individuals in the -oulatlon. Since individuals cannot alter their electromagnetic environment if the primary source is from power limas it is up to public makers to minimize this type of exposure:. If this reoommendarten of 2 mG or less became part of public policy and was enfaroed,it would significantly improve the electromagnetic environment in which we all live. Thank you for listening. orN Itttp://www.powerlinefacts.com/Expere/40Tostimony/flavaeltm 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 0 :32 FR MICROMOTICN I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.40/75 Magna anti,fS.JC.,PILL. Page 1 of 7 Curriculum Vitae ,, Iagda Havas, B sc, Ph.D. Contact I or laatlon Environmental a Resource Studies Treat University, Peterborough,ON,1(93 788.CANADA phone: (705)748-1232 FAX (705)748-1569 email: mbavasireutuca Education Cornell University Ecology h Systematics,Ithaca,New York USA Peat Doctoral Mow(PDF)with Odle Likens,Hubbard Brook,N.H.,1981-83. University of Toronto Department o/Botany,Toronto,Ontario,Canada Doctor at Phtiosephy(PhD.)with Tom Hutchinson. 1975-80. University of Toronto Botany and Zoology,Toronto,Ontario,Canada Honors Bachelor et Science(B.Sc.)in geology, 1971-75. r war Scholarships Fellowships Academic NSERC University Research Fellowship, 1983-1988 NSERC NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1981-1983 Ann Wintetcotfiyn Prize, 1981,Department of Botany,University of Toronto NRC Graduate Scholarship,1975-1977. 1978-1979 Gulf Oil Scholarship,1975 Bell Canada Scholarship,1975 Non-Academic Certificate of Appreciation,Uxbridge Community Care,work with Senior Citizens,May, 1989. Professional Experience 1995.97.92-94 Board of Governors,Trent University,Peterborough,Ontario. 1993-94 Senate.Trent University,Peterborough,Ontario. 1990-present Cross-Appointed,Department of Biology,Thant University 1990 Granted Tenure,Trent University. 1989 Associate Professor,Environmental&Resource Studies, Trent University,Peterborough,ON. 1989-present Cross-Appointed,Faculty of Forestry,University of Toronto. '`°3-118 Asaisamt Professor,NSERC University Research Fellow, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto,Toronto,ON. heap:!/www.powerlinefat ta,0om/Steering%20Committee%20Infwmaton%20Heafing/Expert6420Testima... 8/21/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:32 FR MICR:M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.41/75 Inagua navaa,n.au.,tu.u• rage L 01 / Publications oubiieations including: •3 books(oo-editor), • 10 chapters in books, •36 journal articles a conference proceedings, •2 government reports, •7leass/abetects, •9 popular articles Pabbattlotts associated with Electromagnetic Fields: Haves.M. EldFs liked with leukemia View from Trent,PetaboroughExaminer,(2001)[P1 Haves,M. Bidogioal ejlhots ofnouNon/sing eleetromagnetk energy: A critical review of the reports by the USNationol Research Council and the VS Malianal Institute of Environmental&ebb Sciences as they relate to the broadrsa/m ofEM?Welkin. Environmental Reviews 8:173-253. (2000). Hans,M. Electric and magnetic fields within the business district ornery communities in south-central Ontario. The Science of the Total Environment (Accepted with revisions.) Publications associated with Chemical Pollution and Science Education: Note: most of my research is on the effects of acid min,ecotasicology of truce metal[(aluminum,copper,nkkeD,drinking water quail*: I haw also published on the topic of environmental science education in sotiversities and on the communication of ecience to the public. Below h a selection of some of those publication: Code: RefereedJounnls do Conftnnce Proceedings[Bp Non-Referred Cortfitrence Proceedings[Ma Books[B);Chapters in Boobs[C); Goverment Reports[G);Letters[L);Abstracts[A);and Popular Press[P) Woodtnc,D.O.,R.Seth,D.Mackay,and M.Haves. Simulating the reponse of Metal contaminated lakes to reductions in atmospheric loading using a modified QWASJ model. Chemospbere 41:1377-I 388. (2000)[R] Navas M. Acid Fummole s in Dominic* View from Trent,PeterboiouaghExamina,(2000)[p] as,M. Learning Styles. View from Trent,PeterboroughBaraminer.(1999)[P] Haws,M.and B.Roeeeland Response of Zooplankton,Bonlhos.and Fishes to Acidifcatim: An Overview. [Invited Papa]Water,Air and Soil Pollution.85: 5142. (1995)[R] Hem,M.and E.Advokaat Can Sodium Regulation be used to Predict the Relative Acid-Sensitivity of Various Life-stages and Different Species of Aquatic Fauna? Water,Air and Soil Pollution.85: 865-870.(1995)[R] Haves,M.,D.O.Woodfns,P.Lutz,K.Yung H.J.MacIsaac,and T.C.Hi>Ochinaoa. Biological Recovery of Two Previously Acidified,Metal- Contaminated Lakes near Sudbury Ontario,Canada. Water,Air and Soil Pollution.. 85: 791-796.(1995)[R] Woodt5ne,D.O.and M Haves. Pathways of Chemical Recovery in Acidified,Metal-Contaminated Lakes Near Sudbury,Ontario,Canada. . Water,Air and Soil Pollution.85: 797-803.(1995)[R] Haves,M.Environmental Education in Developing Countries. Conference on Biodive city in Kathmandu,Nepal,Mach 1994.(1995)[NR] Erakke,D.,J.P.Baker,J.Bohma,A Hmtmamt M Haves.A.Jenkins,C.Kelly,S.J.Onnerod,T.Paces,It Purr,B.O.Rasseiand,D. and H.Segn err. How does Acidification affect Biota end Whet are the influences of Biota on the Process of Acidification? la: Dahlem Workshop on Acidification of Freshwater Ecosystems,Berlin,September 27 to October 2, 1992,(1993)[R] Hutchinson,T.C.and M.Havas. Chapter 22. Ecological Impacts of Acid Deposition on Natural Ecosystems in: Calvert,J.(Ed.) The Chemistry of the Atmnaphnr Its Impact on Global Change,American Chemical Society(1993)[R] Havas,M. Environmental Education: Changing Role of the University, Semintrio Interacionall Sabre El Ambicnte.Toluca dc l.ado. Estado de Mexico,February 22-25,1993. 16 pp.(1993)[NR] Havas,M.(Ed_) Packaging.KEYnotes 2(2): 16 pp[these newsletters are distributed to every school in Canada,approximately 15,000 copies]. (1992)[R] Havas,M. (Ed.),Feeding the W 's Poo t. ' Put 1• er71r[ion ofFood KEPnotes 2(1):1.16.[Educational Newsletter,(1992)[P] ^era,M. (Ed.),Environmental Report Cat lKEynares 1(2):iaz [Educational Newsletter,(1991)[P] as,M. Recovery of Acidified and Metal-Contaminated Lakes in Canada In: Norton,S.A.,S.E.Lindberg,and A.L.Page(Fla). Advances in Environmental Science,Acid Precipitation Series,Volume 4,Soils,Aquatic Processes and Lake Acidification,Springer- hitp://www.powerlinefacts.com/Steering%20Committee%20Informaton%20Hearingatpert/e20Testimor... 8/21/2002 0CT 29 2002 0 :33 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.42/75 Inagua navels,n.sc.,mu. Page S Of,' Verlag,N.Y.,pp. 187-205(1990)(C) Haves,M. Chemical Indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 15:287. (1990)(R) ,e`� Stokes,P.,M Navas,and T.13rydges Public participation and volunteer help in monitoring programs: An assessment Environmental r' Monitoring and Assessment 15:225.229.(1990)(R) eel 1.F.,M.Haves.and C.O.Trick.Ef3ects of arsenate on the growth of nitrogen-and phosphorus-limited Chlorella vultures (Chlarophyoeae)isolates. J.Phycology 26(6): in press.(1990)(R) Loney,R.K.and M Haves. Enviro Mystery: An Educational Computer Game,Third Instructional Show&Tell for Ontario Universities and Colleges,May 29-29, 1990,University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario.(1990)(NR) Adriano,D.C.and M.Haves(Eds,),Advances in Environmental Sciences,Acid Precipitation Series,Volume 1: Case Studies. Springer- Ver1ag,N.Y.330 pp. (1989)1B1 Haves.M. The State of OurForeats }brownish December.(1989)0 Haves,M. Teeside mid Utteraville,Uxbridge Times Journal,Uxbridge,Ontario.(1989)(P) Haves,M. A Tale of Two Towns,Back Forty,Lindsay,Ontario.(1989)(P) Haves,M.and T.C.Hutchinson. Tree Watch: Questionnaire on Tree Decline in Canada liarowsmi(b„August (1998)(P) Haves,M.,T.Pajos,R.Loney,and V.Timmer. Effect of Aluminum,Drought and Low pH on Sugar Maple Seedlings,Ontario Ministry of the Environment,Final Report.(1998)(O) Haves,M.,R.Loney,M.G.Scott,and T.C.Hutchinson. Needle Chemistry as en Early Wanting Indicator&Decline in Balsam Fir,Red Spruce,end Norway Spruce. Forest Decline Symposium,October 20-21.1988,Rochester,N.Y.(1998)(A) Loney,It.and M.Haves. Influence of Climate and Air Pollution on Decline of Sugar Maple in Eastern North America. Forest Decline Symposium,October 20-21,1988,Rochester,N.Y.(1998)(A) Haves,M.and T.C.Hutchinson. Aquatio Macrophytee as Bioindioators of Metal Pollution.Smoking Hills,N.W.T.,Intern.Conf.Heavy Metals. September, 1987,New Orleans. (1987)(NR) Haves,M. Does hemoglobin ethanol)the acid-tolerance of Daphnia? Annie.Soc.R.ZooL Bclg. 117,151.164.(1987)(NR) Creed,I.F.,M.Haves,and C.G.Trick 1967. Mechanisms of arsenate tolerance in the green alga,Chlorslla migarlr. Abstract. American Society for Linmology and Oceanography.University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,Wisconsin.June 14-I8.1987(A) as,M.and J.F.Jaworslri(Eds.).AluminurainjliaQpnadian Environment,National Research Council of Canada,Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality,331 pp. (1986)(B] Haves,M. A hematoxylin staining technique to locate sites of aluminum binding in aquatic plants and animals. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution 30:735-741.(1986)(R) Hutchinson,T.C.and M.Haws. Recovery M previously acidified lakes neer Coniston,Canada following reductions in atmospheric sulphur and metal emissions Water,Air,and Soil Pollution 28:319-333.(1986)(R) Havas,M. Effects of acid deposition on aquatic ecosystems. Ig:Stern,A.(Ed),Air Pollution Volumme VI.Academic Press,pp 351.389 (chapter).(1986)(C) Haves,M. Aluminum chemistry of inland waters. In: Haves,M.and J.F.Jeworski(Edo.),Alumintan in the Csnad+an Envirnnmart.National Research Council of Canada,Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality,pp 51.77.(1986)(C) Haves,M. Effects of aluminum on aquatic biota. k: Haves,Maud J.F.Jaworskt(Eds.),Aluminum in the Canadian F.nvirommet National Research Council of Canada,Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Enviroranental Quality,pp 79-127 (1986)(C) Haves,M. Groundwater quality and scid-sensitivity in south-central Ontario. Contract No. 1325,Health and Welfare Canada,176 pp.(1986) (O) Haves,M.and G.E.Likes. Aluminum uptake and toxicity to Daphnia magna in soft water at low pH. In: Gtesi G.H.end KL.Woodward (Eds.),Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop,November 13-15, 1984,Vancouver,B.C.,pp 71.(1986)(A) Haves,M.and O.E.Likens. Toxicity of aluminum end hydrogen ions to Daphnia oatawba,Holopea um gibbervm.Choabonw pmatipen ntr. and Chironaeraa anthracieaa from MrrorLake,New Hampshire. Can.J.toot 63:1114-1119.(1985)(R) Haves,M. Aluminum bioaoc mulatfon end toxicity to Daphnia magna(Straus)in soft water at low pH. Car J.Fisb.Aquat.Soi.Can.J.Fish A?net Sot 42:1741-1748.(1985)(R) • Haves,M.and O.E.Likens. Effects of aluminum on sodium regulation by Daphnia magma at low pH in soft water.Prop.Nat Acad.Set. 82:7345.7349. ((1985)R) �.- ---vas,M.and D.W.H.Walton. Fate and transport of radionuclides in freshwater ecosystems Ip,; Harwell,M.A.and T.C.Hutchinson,he http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Steeelng%20CoramIttee/40Informaton%20Hearing/Expert%20Testimor... 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 33 FR MICRaIOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.43/75 Magda Havas,B.Sc.,Ph.D. •ew, v. ►;twin omnental_ Qpsequences of Nuclear War. Volume II,J.Wiley&Sons Ltd.,Chichester.pp 3-50 to 3-56. ((1985)C) Havas,M.,T.C.Hutchinson,and Q.E.Likens. 1985. Acid rain research. Environmental Science and Teelntology 19:4.26.(1985)(L) r3/4‘ Haves,M.,T.C.Hutchinson,and G.E.Likens. 1985. Comment on'Red Herrings in Acid Rain Research' Environmental Science and Technology 19:646-648.(1985)(L) 'as, M, T.C. Hutchinson. and G.E. Likens. Rod herrings in acid rain research. feature article Environmanal Science and Technology 18:176A-186A.(1984)(R) Haves, M., T.C. Hutchinson, and G.S.Likens. Effect of low pH on sodium regulation in two species of Daphnia. Can.J.Zool. 62:1965- 1970.(1984)(R) Contributed to: New Perspectives in Ecotmticology,Levin,S.A.and K.D.Kimball(F.ds.),Environmental Management 8:375.442.(1984)(R) Haves,M. and T.C.Hutchinson. The Smoking Hills: Natural acidification of an aquatic ecosystem. cover article Nature 301:23-27. (1983) (K) Hans.M. and T.C. Hutchinson. Effect of low pH on the chemical composition of aquatic Invettebratea from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills,N.W.T.,Canada. Cm J.ZooL 61:241-249. (1983)(R) Harm,M.and T.C.Hutchinson. Aquatic invertebrates from the Smoking Hills,N.W.T.: Effect of pH and metals on mortality. Can.J.Fish. Aquatic Sol.39:890-903.(1982)(R) Sheath,itG.,M.Hans,J.A.Hellebust,and T.C.Hutchinson.Effects of long-term natural acidification on algal communities of tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills,N.W.T..Canada. Ca J.Bot 60:58.72.(1982) (R) Haves, M. and T.C. Hutchinson. Long-term consequences of acidification: The Smoking Ills Study. tn: Johnson, R.E. (Ed.). Ap(Q R4l(t/ [anima,Pros.intent Symp.on Acidic Precipitation and Fishery Impacts in Northeasttan North America,Cornell University, Ithaca,N.Y..August 2-5,1981,pp 352-353.(1982)(A) Munn, R.E., D. Mackay, and M. Hams. Impacts of coal on natural cnviroa nantal systems. Ill: Chadwich, M.J. and N. Lidwan (Eds.), Eta ketru gel Imnlicationa&pv,vmd„d Coal rtrilitgin _Eagan=Press,Oxford,pp 230-271(1982) (C) Haves,M. Physiological response of aquatic animals to low p11 hr Singer,R.Ed.),Effects of Aoidio Precipitation on B Proc. Symp. Acidic Precipitation on Benthos, 1980.North American Benthologicel Society,Hamilton,N.Y.,pp 49-65.(1981)(C) Hutchinson,T.C.and M Haves(Eds.),Effects of Api4_Qrcciojtation on Torrential Ecosystems. NATO Conference Series,Series I,Ecology tv'\ tr. Vol 4,Plenum Press,N.Y.654 pp.(1980)(B) ...rehinson,T.C..W.Gizyn,M.Haves,and V. 'Lobate. Effects of long-tam lignite burns on arctic ecosystems at the Smoking Hills,N.W.T. ]p: Hemphill,D.D.(Ed.),Trace Substances in Environmental Health(1978)[NR] Courses Offered at Trent University Exvistuunextol Toxicology Topics Pollution Ecology,for 3ie and 4M year students Course focus on the ecotoxioologial effect of environmental pollutants(metals,acid, chlorinated organics,asbestos,nutrient enrichment,air pollution,water pollution,electromagnetic radiation,drinking water quality.food additives). Co-taught with Professor Hutchinson, 1991-present. Biological EMS of Electromagnetic Fields(BEEF),for tea and 34 year students. Course explores research on the biological and health effects of electric and magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation from static to gigs Hertz frequencies. 1997-present Introduction to Environmental betas,for I a year students. Course introduces students to environmental pofutaution and environmental resource management team-taught. 1989-present Mena acs Policy.for rd year students. Course covers the role of science for setting environmental policy,co-taught with Professor Booking,1999-2000. Methods in Environmental Sciences,for 2e°year students. Course introduces students to the busies of environmental monitoring and laboratory procedures,co-taught with Professor Evans,1998-99. Aquatic Todeobgy,for 3rd and 46 year students,Count has a lecture,laboratory and field component. Students learn bow to conduct bioassays(in vivo end[mourn testing). 1990-91. Water Pollution,for 4a year students. Field,laboratory and modeling of environmental contaminants, oo-taught with Professor Buttle, "1489-90. _acding Course,for 3A and 46 year students,special topic selected for independent study,1989-present. htdp://www.powetdinefacts.tom/Steering%20Committee%201nfonraton%20Hearing/Experele20Teastimor,.. 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:34 FR MICROMOTICN INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.44/75 Magda Haves,B.Sc.,Ph.,D. •ew, ••• Honours Thetis in Environmental Schnee di Studies,for 4111 year students in preparation for graduate school.supervisor 1989 to present co-ordinate 2000-present. r Watershed Ecosystem Graduate Program,for graduate student-name in anew.1990-preaaot. Science Education&Science ConunnanisatiOn Topics Group Problea Solvhq.for 0 and 4*year students,course deals with environmental conflict resolution,co-taught with Professor Regoozel.1995-meeant.. Communicating Science,for 3id and 4*year science students,Souse designed to improve communication kills. 1989-present. Discovering Solace,for 2'a and 3'n year non-science students,course designed to help oca-science students develop an appreciation for how sate is done and to over-come science-phobes,team taught 1992-93. Graduate Students David Woodfine Recovery of Algae in Acidic,Metal-Contaminated Lakes,Masters of Science, Watershed Ecosystem Graduate Program,Trent Univetsity,1991-95. Irma Creed Metal tolerance mechanisms in the algae,Morena setociampluia. (co-supervised by T.C.Hutchinson),Mess of Science and Environmental Studies,University of Toronto.1985-89. Tina Pajos Impact of drought,pH,and aluminum on sugar maple seedl nga(co-supervised by V.Timmer)Masters of Forestry and Environmental Studies,University of Toronto. 1985-89 UnderGradnate Students: Honours Thesis or Special Topic Catherine Warren How does"uncertainty in science"affect student perception of science? 2000-01. Joanne Chaise Design and Development of a Computer Module for Teaching Organic Chemistry. Co-supervised with Peter Northrop end Professor Svishohev,2000. Mark Roberts Distribution of Wireless Telecommunications Ante mas in 12 Ontario Communities. 2000 t' 'otah Hama Magnetic Fields in Six Mammary Schools in the Kawartha,Pine Ridge District School Board 1999-2000. Jonathan Lake Time Series Analysis of Extreme Climatic Events Related to the Earth. 1995.96. Trite Edward Teaching Evolution: Controversies end Innovations.Co-supervised with Profeata Michael Harrill,1991-92. Ayal Leaza Is Animation an Effective Environmental Device?co-supervised with Professor Deborah Benin, 1991-92. Erie Sager Macrophytes as Indicators of Metal Pollution. 1991-92. Brenda McClelland Evaluation of the Conservation Education Program at the Gaunt Forte Centre. 1990-91. Ooaagh O'Connor Investigating&Repotting on Environmental Issues. 1989-90. Sabine Dietz Teaching Outdoor Education. 1989-90. Peter Gwyn Waste Management in Northern Commwdtiee. 1989-90. Additional Professional Activities Intonational • Canadian Co-ordhaator,Treat-Nepal,Environmental Program, 1995-2000. • Member,Science Advisory Council,International Joint Commission, 1996-97 • Member.Faust Sub-Committee,USeCaads Saiamtifio Committee ce Acid Rain,Himtingtm Forest,N.Y.,September 1-3,1981. • Adviser. Acid Rain Coalition Joint US/Caaadien Committee on Acid Rain,Michigan 1980. • Ceorga kor(with T.C.Hutchinson), NATO Advanced Institute Workshop on Effects of Acidic Deposition on the Teereraria1 Ecosystem, Toronto,May 21-25. 1978. miner for various joumals/publiahas(starting date given): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1984 http://www.powedinemacta.com/Steering%20Committee%20lnformatonVe20Hearing/Experta/e20Testimor... 8/21/2002 0CT 29 2002 0834 FR M I CR0M0T I ON INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.45/75 Magda Yiava5,b.Jc., Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985 Environmental Reviews,1995 Environmental Solemn end Technology.1984 Hydrobiologis,1985 Rutledge Prows 1995 Science 1994 Water.Air&Soil Pollution,1985 • Grant Reviewer,National Science Foundation,1981 • National • Co-Director,Trent/Shad/Bark Lake,Environmental Science Program for High school Students, 1995. • Editor,KEYnotes,Environmental Newsletter mat to 17,000 achoole in Canada,KEY Foundation,1991-93. • Amoebae Director,KEY(Knowledge of the Environment for Youth)Foundation.1993-1996. • Member,Science&Technology Advisory Committee,Canadian Broadcast Corporation(CBC), 1988-90. • Director.KEY(Knowledge of the Environment for Youth)Foundation,1985-93. - Coordinator,Twenty-Second Canadian Symposium on Water Pollution Research,University of Toronto,February 19,198'1. Provincial • Expert Witness,Ontario Municipal Board Hearing waterfront development in Warsaw,Ontario,1996. • Member,Ontario Environmental Appeal Board, 1988-90. Local • Selma Fair Judge,Peterborough,Ontario. 1997,1999. • Member.Mayor's Committee on Sustainable Development,Peterborough,Ontario. 1989-91. • Coabader and past President of the Uxbridge Conservation Association. Uxbridge Ontario. 1988-91. ' retractor,Creative for Seniors,a to recordyour memoirs,Uxbridge writing opporiuutity Library,Uxbridge Ontario. 1987-89. Trent UnbeNt,Committees • Member,COTTL,Trait University,2000-preeent. • Member,Environmental Science and Indiginous Knowledge,2000-present • Member,Technology for Teaching and Learning, 1999-2000. • Member,various search eemmittess,Vice-President of Finance,Chair of Environmental&Resource Stakes,Professor of Environmental Studies, 1994-2000. • Member,Faculty Council Steering Committee,1995-96. • Member,Board of Governors,Tract University,1995-97, 1992.94. • Member.Ashley Fellowship,1994-95. • Coordinator.Energy Fields Working Group.Treat University. 1994-96. • Member,Health Research Working Group,Dent University.1994-p eemt. • Member,TACTIC,Trent Academic Technical Innovation Centre,Treat University,1993-present • Member,Senate,Trent University, 1993-94. • Member,President's Advisory Environmental Committee,Treat University, 1992.94. • Coordinator,DDAMES,Design,Development&Marketing of Educational Software,Trent University, 1992.98- • Member,Committee on FAncarional Development,Trent University,1990-1993. ,4Iember,Seholsrab ps,Awards,Bursaries and Financial Aid, 1989-1991. r member(or past member)of Following Societies: http://www.powerlinefu+s coil/Steering%20Committee%o20lnfo mafcn%20Hearing/Expert%20Testimoc.. 8/21/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:35 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.46/75 Magda Hans,B.Se., Ph.il lap& r W. • • Arctic Institute of North America • Amnesty International r• Pedetatioa of Ontario Naturalists rskon Conservation Society Science Advisor to ENGOs • Poblk Boom, I PS&cm their BARK(Badcyard Acid Rain Kit)Program which is to be used in school across Canada and the United States. • Labs 2000,1958.on their Great Lakes Public Awareness Frogrnm, • Trees for Today and Tometeow,1988-59,on their Tree-Decline School Program • Boy Scoots of Canada,1988,on their Tree-Decline Program. hap://www.powerlinefacts.torn/Stec ring%2OCommitt08s/o2Olnformaton%2OHsauing/Expert'/e2OTestimor.. 8t21/2002 0CT 29 2002 0835 FR M I CR0M0T I ON INTL NET 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.47/75 �Vlrv. LI{4W YLLYl IVFIW.'` YYYOS Page 1 of 1: The following article was published by The Southwestern Legal Foundation in the Proceedings of the INSTITUTE ON PLANNING {�� ZONING AND EMINENT DOMAIN Municipal Legal Studies Center.Dallas,Texas,November 18-20. 1998;and fl Urban Latw,r,The National Quarterly on State and Local Government Law,Spring 1999,Volume 31,Number 2. r /r Power Lines and Property Values: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly David R.Bolton,MM David I?.Bolton,Inc. Austin, Texas Kent A. Sick Womack,McCiish,Wall&Sick,P.C. Austin,Texas § 1.01. Abstract. This paper begins with a general review of major scientific and appraisal writings since 1993 on the subject of EMFs Ad their effect on real property value.Further,there is a brief examination of current cases,statutes,and municipal ,,ulations on the subject Finally,the authors explore the pros and cons of corridor valuation for expansion of existing utility easements,with an emphasis on the right-of-way marketing efforts of several major utility companies and using corridor sales data as opposed to traditional "at the fence methods. § 1.02. Review of Original Conclusions. In 1993,one of the authors took a long look at the then-current relationship between electric transmission lines and surrounding real estate values.In the ankle, "Properties Near Power Lines and Valuation Issues: Condemnation or Inverse Condemnation?,"this author presented a broad overview of the subject including the following: • An examination of scientific inquiry of the day concerning the existence of actual adverse effects of electromagnetic field radiation(Eli')from major transmission lines on human health; • Public perception of those effects; • Straw polls of real estate professionals on their views of whether these lines impact values; • A survey of 100 residential properties abutting a major power line corridor in Houston relative to their peer properties not next to the line; • A brief review of four important condemnation cases dealing with the potential impact of EMFs on health and .^ property values,as well as the admissibility of expert appraisal evidence;and ,s • A developing method for analyzing compensation to landowners for placement of a new power line which took http://www.powedinefacts.com/Power Lines_andProperty Va ues.htm 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:35 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.48/75 ,V su. . a.snc atna r vl,. e"ty values Page 2of1: into account an effective easement area,in addition to the actual easement required by the condemning entity. At the time of the original article, scientific findings on the issue of negative health effects were inconclusive,sending ("'` mixed signals to the public. The author found,however,that general public perception that EMFs were harmful 'uniformly drove the values of adjacent property downwards,a finding supported both by his discussions with other .1 estate professionals and by his residential property study in Houston.Emerging case law at the time supported the admissibility of expert testimony based on "fear in the market place"diminishing the prices of affected properties. In addition, some municipalities had already enacted subdivision plat requirements and other regulations which seemed to support the author's effective easement theory. Since 1993,there have been significant developments on all fronts. Scientifically,the debate has reached the lofty halls of the Council of the American Physical Society and the U.S.Academy of Sciences.Real estate professionals, however,even those performing studies on behalf of the power line companies themselves,are continuing to conclude that power lines are bad fir property values. On the case law front,in general,there is in general continuing support for the admissibility of expert appraisal evidence based on "fear in the market place,"but there is growing criticism of testimony deemed to be"Junk science,"fueled by the Dauber%and Robinson opinions]. § 1.03. Scientific conclusions: still inconclusive. Scientific investigation of the potential adverse impacts of radiated fields has widened to include not only the low frequency emissions of transmission lines,the subject of this paper,but also high frequency emanations from cellular phones and microwave towers. Though the data indicating that higher frequency emissions may be harmful seems much more settled in the literature than that concerning low frequency emissions,it is probable that public perception blends the two such that general fear of EMF exists in the public mind across the board. 11]Good news. r` r`an attempt to quell some concerns,the Council of the American Physical Society, a body of renowned American physicists,issued the following statement in 1995: The scientific literature and the reports of reviews by other panels show no consistent,significant link between cancer and power line fields... .While it is impossible to prove that no deleterious health effects occur from exposure to any environmental factor....the conjectures relating cancer to power line fields have not been scientifically subs antisted2. One year later,the U.S. Academy of Sciences joined the physicists in their conclusions: [T]he current body of evidence does not show that exposure to them 131/as presents a human health hazard. Specifically,no conclusive and consistent evidence shows that exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields produces cancer,adverse neurobehavioral effects or reproductive and developmental effects). These statements were foreshadowed by a British group of epidemiologists known as the Advisory Group on Non- ionizing Radiation("AUNIk")in 1994. AGMR,however.reserved judgment on the issue with regard to childhood leukemia: "...epidemiological studies[do]not establish that exposure to EMFs is a cause of cancer although taken together they suggest that the possibility exists is the case of childhood leukaemia."4 121 Bad news. The most recent official pronouncement on the subject reopens the debate and muddies the waters more than ever. In June of 1998 an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences("NIERS")at the bgheat of Congress issued an alarming press release. The panel concluded that low frequency Etas.like those tar Research classification schem should be e.A Group 2B classification means thatssified as a Group 211 human carcinogen n"the agent t(mIntixture) is l Agency agent(mixture)is possibly httnJ/www.powertinet$as.eonVPower Lim and Property_ slues.htm 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 0836 FR M I CR0M0T I ON INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.49/75 Y-` .... u•u -oystU%4 tU �JUW LI uliu3 Ui.Vf:L V UI g ehtcr it n n%& to Lyyl. Inc:3=1;u saic w ; impressive,containing 12,907 transactions in the four study areas. The perccntage decreases in property values were not as great as those originally me asurcd in the Houston arcs in this author's 1993 study, Hamilton/Schwann nevertheless concluded to an undeniable drop in value: "We find that properties adjacent to a line lose 6.3 percent of their value due to proximity and the visual impact."6 The well-supported findings presented in this article lead one to conclude that the depressing effect power lines have on property values is not merely an American phenomenon. [21 CowgEr/Bettemilkr/CabiLL These three real estate professionals employed by the Bonneville Power Administration in Portland,Oregon,published another study in Right of Way magazine in 1996. This study again concluded that overhead transmission lines negatively influence value: "Overhead transmission lines can reduce the value of residential and agricultural property. The impact is usually small(0-10%)for single-family residential properties. The greatest impacts have been measured in intensively managed agricultural property(irrigators,etc.,and in rural,second(vacation)home developments.° [31 Development Strategies Survey. In 1995,a group of real estate consultants in Missouri conducted a survey of residential brokers and salespersons, some 167 professionals,all in the St.Louis area. The results were published in a study concluding that 54%of those surveyed believed high voltage overhead electric transmission lines("HVOETLC)"very negatively affected" residential property values;another 23.8%considered HVOETLs to"somewhat negatively"affect property values.$ [41 Rikon article. In January of 1996,a New York attorney named Michael Rikon published an article in the Appraisal Journal following up on the landmark Criscuola decision,which had just been handed down at the time of this author's original paper.9 Criscuola was the landmark New York Supreme Court decision allowing appraisal evidence in transmission line cases "a` 'Wbe based upon fear in the market place rather than actual epidemiological evidence of adverse health effects from s, Rikon noted that the Criscuola court's embrace of the"fear in the marketplace"theory of had spread wyond transmission line cases to include actions against a cell phone provider to stop construction of ttoower,against Amtrack to oppose electrification of its tracks in New York,and in increasing numbers of inverse condemnation cases.10 Clearly,the Criscuola buzz continues to grow. [s1 Gimmy seminar. In late 1994, Arthur Gimmy,MM,presented a seminar before the EMJ Regulation and Litigation Institute'I.In part, http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Power Lines_and Property Values.him 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:36 FR MICROMOTION IN TL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.50/75 s Vwc. Lancer auu wet value► Page 4 of 12 the seminar presented a matched-sales analysis of California residential property that indicated diminutions in lot values from properties abutting power line easements of 18%to a whopping 53.8%12. While the methodology employed in this study does not seem as rigorously empirical as that used by Iiamilton/Schwann,it may demonstrate "' 'bat California landowners are more sensitive to the EMF property devaluation issue than those in British Columbia. • [6]LCRA Commissioned Study. More recently,in late 1997 the Lower Colorado River Authority commissioned a study to quantify the property value impact of electric transmission lines in and around Georgetown,Texas13.The study was performed by a local MAI who the LCRA had also hired to do all of the appraisal work for the concurrent acquisition of numerous easement parcels for a new 138kV line. Well over 100 real estate transactions were analyzed,Including both sales from eight different residential subdivisions and vacant land sales.Even in a study prepared for a condemning entity in connection with a number of pending acquisitions,undeniable value damage was found: From the data analyzed,it is concluded that from an overall value petspecdve,an electric uanstnission tine easement has las thane 10%impact cm price,and in most instances,less than a 5%impact en price.14 It is important to note that the appraiser in this study was referring to a 100/e overall impact on price,not just on the value of the land immediately affected by or adjacent to the easement.For those areas, he reached a specific conclusion: ...(lit is concluded that the area located within en electric transmission line easement has a 90%diminution in value due to the presence of the easement ... [and][lit is concluded that an area 200 feet wide adjoining the proposed easement has some diminished value.The extent of the diminished value an be dependent on various factors which would include the location of the easement relative to the whole tract,end the physical charactaiatics of the remainder), Tails author's original 1993 estimate as to the probable width of an effective easement was 150' on either side of the e- ual easement16. The fact that a study prepared on behalf of a major Texas condemnor reached a similar conclusion demonstrates the validity of the effective easement theory. § 1.05. Municipal Regulations and Statutes: More Bad News. [1] Setback requirements. Since the original article,this author has become aware of building set-back requirements from HVOETLs imposed by a few Texas municipalities that convert effective easements from theory to undeniable reality in some jurisdictions. For instance,the Town of Flower Mound,Texas(just north of Fort Worth)mandates that no building be constructed within 100' of the edge of the right-of-way or easement of any high voltage(60kV or higher)electrical transmission line.17 Although its requirements are not as concrete as those of Flower Mound,the City of Red Oak, Texas(south of Dallas) has enacted similar restrictions tied to height.In Red Oak,buildings in residentially zoned areas actiac ent to elevated power lines or towers must be set back an additional one foot for every foot by which the neighboring transmission line or tower exceeds 15'18.For Stance,if a residential property abuts a 90' high transmission line or tower,an additional 75' building setback would be imposed. The City of Plano has related provisions tied to tower or line height19. Obviously,all other things being equal,a purchaser comparing properties affected by these regulation- imposed effective easements would pay something less for them than for other competing properties unaffected by such setbacks. (2]Potential Legal Liabrtaty. http://www.powedinedhcts.com/Power Lines_and Property Valuesl m 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 0836 FR MICROMOTICN INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.51/75 Power Lines and Property Values rage 3 01 IL In addition,the Texas Health and Safety Code contains at least one provision related to high voltage power lines (anything over 600 volts)that the authors suspect could have a chilling effect on the values of the underlying servient estate beneath an electric line easement. Chapter 752 of the Code sets out a host of prohibited activities in and around ever lines,such as restrictions on operation of certain types of machinery or structures near the line without posting a artorily-required wanting.Curiously,the Texas Legislative even saw fit to declare violation of this chapter a criminal offense punishable by jail time,fines,or both.21 Perhaps the most damaging provision,however,is the one that establishes civil liability to the power line company for any contacts with the line caused by violations of the statute: ff a violation of this chapter results in physical or electrical contact with a high voltage overhead line,the person,ram, corporation,or association that committed the violation le liable to the owner or operator of the line for all damages to the facilities and for all 6abIls y that the owner or operator incurs as a result oldie contact 73[Emphasis added] While at first blush an underlying landowner's liability to a power line company for a downed'transmission line or tower seems obvious,the effective global indemnity of the line operator contained in the last clause could definitely negatively impact underlying property values. Consider this hypothetical example.Developer John,whose 300 acre tract is bisected by a 138kV power line easement,is preparing the surface of his newly subdivided not for roadways with a bulldozer.Inadvertently, the operator of the bulldozer bumps one of the towers supporting the line. The tower,having been incorrectly engineered and installed by the power company,immediately falls over on the operator,instantly killing him and knocking out power to all users serviced by the line. One of the users,a major semiconductor manufacturer, sues the power line company for consequential damages flowing from the manufacturer's closure of two full shifts while the line was being repaired and re-energized. Can Developer John possibly be held liable? In 1984,a Federal Court sitting in Texas concluded that the"all liability incurred"language of the statute provided full ,indemnity to an electric utility for any claims arising out of any violation,including liability for the electric utility s or\ n negligence 23 Subsequently,in 1991 a Texas appeals court held the language extended even to the"violator" being responsible for the power line operators attorney's fees,costs,and interest.0 There are few—if any—other types of"improvements"to real estate that require an underlying landowner to be responsible for someone else's negligence. §1.06. A Quick Case Review. [1]Old eases. The author's first look at power lines and diminished property values in 1993 contained synopses of three cases from literally across the country standing for the proposition that fear in the minds of potential purchasers of real estate was an admissible element of damages in a statutory condemnation proceeding."These cases—Criscuola26 from New York,Ryann from Kansas,and Daley from California—have all survived the appellate process and continue to be controlling law in their respective jurisdictions. One important distinction has been drawn from this principle of law,however, at least in California.In San Diego Gas &Electric Co. v. Cavan",*landowner tried to make out a claim for inverse condemnation caused by a pre-existing power line based in part on a diminution in value of his property due to fear in the marketplace of EAR. The court declined to accept that Daley controlled. The court held rather that while fear in the marketplace was an acceptable elanmt of damages in a conventional condemnation,such fear could not create a new cause of action for inverse condemnation when the power line in question already exists." IA Coker. c hup://www.powerlinefactacom/Power Lines and Property Valueslem 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:37 FR MICR0M0TI0M INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.52/75 rVwer LAM=slits es urn ty r sun -..p.... ... .� One relatively recent Federal case merits discussion,though it does not directly involve power lines.In U.S v. 14.38 acres of Land(Coker)31,the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals embraced the fear in the marketplace theory of damages. Coker involved a condemnation for a new levee which the landowner's appraiser testified would create"fear"that land pe,the river side of the levee would be significantly more likely to flood,thus decreasing its market value.The court meld the admissibility of this testimony in this context,relying on a prior power line case: Causes of diminution of market value,[such as]the construction of a powerline carrying high voltage electricity across a tract of land which create in the general public feats which make the property less desirable and thus diminish the market value of the properly arc proper to be considered,though es a separate item of damage might be too speculative and conjectural to be submitted to the Coutt2 Interestingly,the lower court in Coker had excluded entirely the testimony of Coker's appraisal expert,finding essentially that his opinions were"junk science"under the Supreme Court's now famous 1993 opinion inDaubert v. Memi Dow Pharmaceuticals,Inc.33 In holding that Coker's expert should have been allowed to testify,the court observed: The value of property taken by the Govanment...is largely a matter of opinion.Simi there are no infallible means of determining with absolute conviction what a willing buyer would have paid a willing seller for the condenmee's property at the time of taking,eminent domain proceedings commonly pit the Government's valuation expats against those of the landowner...Recognizing the critical role of expert witaesees in these eases std the strong interest on both sides the compensation be just,trial courts should proceed cautiously before removing from the jury'a eensiderstion expert assmements of value which may prove helpful.34 The Coker court thus acknowledged the obvious: "how much"in any given condemnation case,particularly ones involving the establishment or expansion of high voltage power lines,will always be a matter of opinion for competing appraisal experts to set forth and forefeet finder to ultimately decide. '4.07. Newer Issues: Utility Corridors Can Be Extremely Valuable. Within the past few years a new industry has emerged requiring the use of right-of--way corridors for communication lines and fiber optic cables. These communication lines are responsible for transmitting data involving national security,banking,world wide web,tele-conferencing,and most types of data transmission.What better avenues to install the hardware necessary for this product than existing utility corridors,which already offer the physical, economic,and legal attributes for this kind of use. Ill ATP'or True Market Value?A Question of Highest and Best Use. Acquiring rights for Communication lines by condemning entities has been fairly rate until recently,primarily because there was no need. As the need for communication lines increased,the utility companies have begun to acquire these property rights.Naturally,the valuation issue is now becoming a factor. The position taken by most companies with the power of eminent domain is to value the property rights as simply the pro rata share of the easement value as determined by the"at the fence" (ATP)prices. From a pure appraisal perspective,this method is inappropriate and does not conform with generally accepted appraisal practices set forth in the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practices(USPAP). "In developing a real property appraisal,an appraiser must be aware of,understand,and correctly employ those recognized methods techniques that are necessary to produce a credible appraisal."35 The foundation of proper appraisal methodology is an analysis of a property's value based on its highest and best use,defined as"[t]he reasonably probable and legal use of vacant land or an improved property,which is physically possible,appropriately supported,financially feasible, and That results in the highest value."3ti The basis for appraising property rights of this type is plainly set out in the praise Institute's text book,which is universally accepted as the best authority: "Analysis of the highest and best use of the property as though vacant and of the property as improved is essential in the valuation process.n37 hup://www.powerlinefacts.com/Power Lines and Property Values.htm 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:37 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.53/75 Power Lines ana property values rage a ut It In the evaluation of a taking of additional property rights within an existing right of way corridor,very rarely can the highest and best use be anything other than for those kind of uses that are already found within the corridor. That being the case,those property rights being acquired must be appraised based on that highest and best use. ATF prices rarely r have anything to do with the market value of property rights within the established corridor. [21 Corridor Property Availability. The proper method for appraising properties within a corridor is to use market data occurring within a corridor. There is a vast amount of existing corridor space currently available,literally hundreds of thousands of miles. If buyers and sellers for a particular type of property exist in the market place,then market data will be available to the appraiser. Consider the following examples of corridor property availability. • Union Pacific advertised on the rear cover of Riot of Way from at least 1993 through 1996.38 With a map showing the approximate locations of their corridors,the ad states: "20,000 Mile Right of Way Corridor and Sites Available Throughout the West Transmission Lines Signboard Sites Electrical Industrial Sites Pipelines Water Rights • One major Texas power line company advertises the sale or lease of rights of way corridor properties located throughout southeast Texas for various uses,including mineral leasing,commercial leasing,drainage easements, r roadways,pipeline easements(private),commercial large-demand pipelines,and for communication uses. • Another national pipeline company advertises their right of way corridors for lease only,with lease rates being based on an annual amount per mile • The Lower Colorado River Authority has made leases for communication lines based on a rate for each fiber, per mile,per month. Indeed,the LCRA openly solicits fiber optic easement customers over the Internet LCRA has 18 dark strands from Austin to Lake Buchman.30 dark fiber strands from Austin to LaOrangc and 24 dark fiber from Austin to San Antonio available for license.The tams of the license,price,and fiber count are negotiable.Typically,the primary term of the license will be 15 years with an option to ran for 10 yen... In order to expand the fiber mutes beyond the Dore river system,the LCRA axles proposals from Camara. Depending upon the amount of fiber requested in a proposal,LCRA will install the fibs cable and license dark fiber reserve capacity to a third perry.The LCRA is positioned to leverage its transmission ROW and lowers, which includes approximately 2300 miles of transmission lines and over 200 electric wbstatiaes.s These advertisements have all the earmarks of typical market forces at work.Without doubt,these examples are indicative of market data for tights of way throughout Texas and the United States for established easement corridors. [31 What Happened to The Landowner's Rights? Usually forgotten are the underlying rights of ownership of the landowner.When a utility company has obtained the �ht of way and treated a corridor,but has not obtained a specific property right(i.e. a fiber optic cable),then the tie to the property owner should be assessed or appraised based on its highest and best use. This conclusion necessitates that market data(sale and lease)within utility corridors be used for comparison purposes.It is r inappropriate to use ATF prices when evaluating the rights of ownership within the corridor for a condemning http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Power Lines_and_Property_Values.htm 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 08:38 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.54/75 uprr'3uc, rc:nc•t c, iilSpCCt, pritroI any rcp:it conunu ucauon lines anti lacllinlia auu ?LL1114.A bsd3:� 1!!U cier,;fr:Rne appurtenances on, across, and within the property..." The proposal easement is within the existing 75-toot casement and the length is approximately 1849 lineal feet or about 113 rods. Citing sales data averaging about 150 acres in size and prices averaging about$1000.00 per acre,the utility company's nralser concludes to a market value for the communication easement with the following: 3.24 acres(area of the existing easement)x$ 1000.00 pa acre —$3,224 Value of the property rights within the existing easement 95%or$3,078 Value ot'the Communication Easement 5%or$.t¢Z [b] The Landowner's Valuation. Assume for purposes of this hypothetical that the condemnor utility company had recently leased a fiber optic line to a communication company on the basis of$21,312/year,equating to a value of$266,400(based on a capitalization rate of.08)or$832 per rod. Utilizing this and other actual market data of sales and lease information from comparable corridor uses averaging between$300/rod and$880/rod,the landowner's appraiser, considering the property's true highest and best use,could conclude to a significantly higher value; 113 Rods x$500 per rod=556,000 Given the foregoing example,it seems manifestly unreasonable for a utility company to consider only the ATF value when it is purchasing an easement and then turn around and sell or lease the same easement, based on its true highest and best use,for an exponential profit. § 1.08. Arguments Against Corridor Valuation Theory. [11 Corridor Transactions Are Inadmissible Data. The traditional rule in Texas has long been that market data involving entities with the power of eminent domain are legally inadmissible to determine just compensation,because such transactions are not arms-length as a matter of law.40 There are obvious inequities raised when a utility company is allowed to take using one valuation method and sell based on another. This fact,considered along with the rationale behind the prohibition against sales involving condemnors,leads the authors to believe that a good faith argument exists for the extension of the existing law. hupJ/www.powerinefada.com/Power Lines_and Property Values.htm 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08 38 FR MICROMOTION I NM MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.55/75 rumn 4.4tSCO&HU r IWO&.y r OLUVD [a]Does The Existing Rule Make Sense Here? The Texas prohibition against using transactions involving condemning entities really arose in the context of r'"` praisers using sales to condemning entities as opposed tofom them. As one court stated: The reason for excluding proof of such sales S that they do not meet the willing seller-willing buyer concept;they are made unda a direct or an implied threat of condemnation and,theoretically at least.are not free and volmdary.et Applied in that context,the rule makes perfect sense.But what about when a condemnor is advertising to sell right-of- way,or the right to use right-of-way?Potential purchasers are not compelled to buy at that condemnor's price;they can condemn their own right-of-way elsewhere or purchase from some other supplier.It seems logical that a meeting of the minds has occurred when a purchaser acquires rights for an advertised price,and that such sales(or leases) constitute competent market evidence,regardless of whether one or both parties to the transaction possess the power of eminent domain. [b]Barns v.Lavaca-Naddad RiveArtGothy At least one Texas case indicates that if a landowner demonstrates that the highest and best use of desired property is for an easement corridor,then corridor sales are appropriate data to consider in the appraisal problem.42 In Bauer,the River Authority sought to condemn a 50'wide water line easement across Bauer's property.The location of the desired easement was in the midst of an established,432'wide"easement corridor" containing eight other easements previously granted to various oil companies and electric utilities. The court held that Baum should have been permitted at trial to prove that the highest and best use of his property was for an easement corridor.Further,the cowl found that sales of easement rights-of-way within such corridors were relevant and admissible,provided the sales did not involve entities with the power of eminent domain.In the opinion,the court set out a guideline to determine when such evidence was proper (Ajppellant Bauer offered testimony that the highest and best use of the land in question was the sale of pipeline easements in his"pipeline mace He towed that the corridor was well-defined,and he offered testimony regarding the value of the condemned land by showing what he and his neighbor received for the sale of other pipeline easements to prior companies. ... Bauer's right to have the fed finder madder the land's highest and beat use in determining its market value was thus denied The undisturbed holding of Bauer leaves open the right of Texas landowners to claim an easement corridor as highest and best use,and hints that salesfran condemning entities of corridor rights-of-way may become fair game for an appraiser to consider when determining value for this property. [c]Other Support for Using Sales From Condemners Other support,although limited,for the valid use of comparable market data involving public or quasi-public entities include various environmental groups and some right of way professionals. Their position calls"for the inclusion of a highest and best use for environmental preservation in a real estate appraisal based on comparable market data evidence. Some of the environmental value proponents argue for use of public agency comparable sales data, some for private sales data and some for both."44 In the state of California,where most of the debate over this issue originates,there is,in addition to prevailing case law, a provision in their evidence code which:(i)allows for a merger of the appraisal highest and best use of a property and the use for which a public entity is acquiring it; and(ii)allows use of prices paid by public agencies for open space as comparables for valuation purposes where such purchases were voluntary and not under the threat of • condemnation 45 _mainly,the current argument against using market data involving a party having the power of eminent domain copy predominates.The inherent inequity of this rule in the context of corridor valuation,however,calls for http://www.powerlinefacts.com/Power Lines_and Property Values.htm 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 0839 FR M I CR0M0T ION I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.56/75 Lulus ruwvi ucs w rsvpea cy v asuea •oe, I u v, 'la modification of existing Texas law.Regardless,appraisers ought to acknowledge market reality. [2] The Condemnor Created the Value. ''muter argument commonly urged by condemnor utility companies is that they created the corridors through the original acquisition such that any future benefit would accrue to their rights of ownership. Consider the following example,though,that exposes the flaw in this logic. The State Highway Department builds a new freeway along the property line of Mr.Jones' farm near the edge of town, creating valuable commercial frontage. A couple of years after completion,Wal-Mart comes along and wants to purchase Jones' farm which now has flnntage along a new freeway.Mr. Jones contributed no land nor any monies for the construction of the roadway. Should the value of his property be based on who assembled the right of way or who built the roadway?Obviously,once the road is built,Arturo appraisals of Jones' property would be based on its new highest and best use,without regard to who built the road.Likewise,when appraising property rights within a corridor,no consideration should be given to the creator of the corridor. [3]It's Not a Corridor,It's a Closet. The third emerging argument against corridor valuation is that usually the underlying property owner possesses only a small portion of the corridor and that value is only created when the whole corridor is assembled. Again,the value should be determined by analyzing market data such as the following(actual)transactions by a southeast Texas utility company: • June 1993 to June 1998,2-5 year options; 7.87 rods leased to a restaurant • May 18, 1996 to May 19, 1998(one day); 167 rods leased for parking. n '^ • September 1, 1990 to August 31, 1990,lease extended; 29 rods leased to a public University on the basis of $1,476.00 per rod. • January 1, 1996 to December 31,2001,2-5 year options;9 rods leased for parking. • Easement granted for 113 rods far a telecommunication cable to another utility company. Given these actual transactions,it is plain that any one segment of the corridor,regardless of length,is much more valuable than traditional ATF valuations. For now,it is true that current law(in Texas anyway)discourages using sales between condemning entities as market data.The extremely active marketing efforts of power line and pipeline companies,however,coupled with increasing amounts of actual sales data point to corridor valuation for expansion of existing easements as the only logical way of conforming with the Uniform Standards of Appraisal Practice.Perhaps our Native American forebears had it right all along: Back in the days when agents representing s newly formed railroad were buying lend for right of wry they encountered some shrewd bargainers among the Indiana.One Chief was asked whether he would sell a small eroded piece of land. "Sure.mo sell for$50,000,'said the Chief. "550.0001 Why that lend is no good for planting or pasture.It is just no good for any thingl'the agent exclaimed rte. The Chief grunted, 7t beep good for railroad.'a http://www.powerlinefscts.eom/Power Lines and Prvperty_Vaites.htm 8/20/2002 OCT 29 2002 08:39 FR MICROMOTION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.57/75 rower Lanes 8net rroperty vawes a ago a a VA a. lackto Home Page 1 Goldstein and High,"Residential Exposure to Mph-Voltage Transmission Lines,"Journal of Planning and Education Research, 177-181, Vol.9,No.3(Summer 1990). 2 Council of The American Physical Society,Power Line Fields and Public Health,Public Statement issued April 22.1995. 1 NRC.Paulble Health Ef'aes6 ofEsposun to Residential Ekctric andMagnetic Fields.National Academy Pass,Washington DC(1997) (originally ietuad in 1996). 4NRPB,Electromagnetic Fields and the RiskofCancen ShpplementalyReport by the Advisory Group on Alm-Ionising Radiation of 12 April 1991,Doc.NRPB.5,No.2,77.81 (1994). S NMHS,Pane/Evaluates Eleatic and Magnate Fields for Health Effects,Press Release PR#11-98,June 24,1998. a Stanley Hamilton and Gregory Schwalm."Electric Trion Lines and Property Value,'Land Economic,Vol.71,No.4,p.436(1995). 7 J.R.Cowger,Steven C.Bottemiller,MAI,and James M.Cahill.'Transmission Line Impact on Residential Property,"Right of Way, September/October 1996. I Value of Residential Property Proximate to High Voltage Overhead Electric Transmission Lines.Development Strategies Inc.(1995). s Michael Rikon."Electromagnetic Radiation Field Property Devaluation,"The Appraisal Journal,January 1996,p.87. r it at p.89. 1i Arthur Gimmy,MAL The Potential Impact of EMT On Property Values.EMF Regulation and Litigation Institute,New Orleans.(1994). 121d. 11 Larry tokel,MM.Impact of Electric Transmission Lines on Value.(Study prepared for LCRA). 1997. um at p.94. 13 Id. is David R.Bolton,MAT."Properties Near Power Lines end Valuation Thanes:Condemnation or Inverse Condemnation?"Institute en 1anning..be tC and EminentDgmgjn.Southwestern Legal Foundation.(1994). 17§3.05(d)(8),Lend Development Code,City of Flower Mound,Texas is 1989 Unified Development Code,City of Red Oak,Texas. is§3.801,Zoning Ordinance,City of Plano,Texas. "Tex.Health&Safety Code Ann. §752.004(Vernon 1992). 21 Tex Health&Safety Code Ann.§752.007(Vernon 1992). http://www.powelinefacts.coni/Power Lines and Property Vahle5.htm 8/20/2002 0CT 29 2002 0839 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.58'75 Power Lines anti Property vatue8 rasa ll.US Its 22 Tex.Health&Safety Code Ana§752.008(Vernon 1992). D Moore v Southwestern Rim Pow Co. 737 F.2d 496(5`Cir. 1984),cert.denied 105 S.Ct. 1181. r^ "'Nam v Central Power and T.jglt en 803 S.W.2d 808(Dec App.—Corpus Christi 1991,wzit denied). 39 Sects 16. Qtga91R v.Pgwar Authority of New Yoxix State.621 N.E.2d 1195,81 N.Y.2d 649(1993). r Ryan v.Ksnsae Power&Licht Co.,815 P.2d 528(Km. 1991). Sec Diego Gas&Electric Ca v.Dalev (1988)205 Cal.App.3d 1334,253 Cal.Rptr. 144. a 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 724(Cal. 1996). 30ld at 754. 3180 F.3d 1074(54 Cir. 1996). 32/4 at 1079. 33 113 S.Ct 2786(1993). x ft 80 F.3d at 1077. 9—"kandard 1,Uniform Standards of Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation(1998). 36 Appraisal Institute,The Dictionary ofRsal Eatale Appraisal,Third&6tlon.(1993). 37 Appraisal Institute,"The Valuation Process,"p.87. The Appraisal of Real Estate,Eleventh Edition.(1996). >o Right of Way,various issues,1993 through 19%. »httpp://wwwlcra.argkdaoom/fiber.hggl w Gomez Leon v.Sat!,426 S.W.2d 562(Tat. 1968). 411d at 565 a Rain v Laura-Navidad River Authority 104 S.W.2d 107(Tax.App.—Corpus Christi 1985,writ rd'd n.te.) 43Batc 704 S.W.2d at 113. µ Wayne C.Lusvardi,"The Flawed Logic of Sales Substitution in the Appraisal of Land Suitable for Habitat Preservation or Mitigation," Right of Way,May/June,1997. Wayne C.Luavadi,"A Critique of the Position Papers on theVahution of Land Suitable for Habitat Preservation or Mitigation,"Right of sy,November/Decanber,1996. , ~IlandlgzeUgkanal,October,1978,pp.514-515(Quoted from the April 1963 Newsletter of the American Right of Way Association) hut://www.powerlineflicta.com/Power Linea and Property Values.htm 8/20/2002 Cl N 1 eTh 5 7 1 n . i i s . r cato i "t• i gi. zi . ii Iiiif " '11 1 If! II � pbn i � I ill It jr � ll J. i iftI 1 is ' 1 g ii 4 g : �1111111 I_i I MI 10 g4 vi a �Oi ig tii ii l • pi] II 1 litlidii Ai I I 1.! 1111111 ; l j :II WI h 11 ii) ii Tit .fi i all ii ig n 11 r 11 v le "D --- 8 II lb ii El i ll 4 all Uo i ig ; ill3 II If 464 0 jsit r ` a � _ 1 SL6S'd Z4Z0ZS£0L6T6 01 8T48 OES £0£ 1)W 11N1 N0IL0WCW01W ild 04.80 2002 6Z 130 0CT 29 2002 08:40 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.60/IS TEGREICAL PAPER ISSN lonseePalialarelilia.figoaalkill0 teeimnimmenseas • Cent etomayswswawpo.s pewee r". Distance-Weighted Traffic Density. in Proximity to a Home-ls a Risk Factor for Leukemia and Other Childhood Cancers Robert L Pearson • RaOlEM International LLC.Denver, Colo do - MIS pft aeaet t.►a ' Fan e Mmur.�, Howard Waotuel - lJnlvzrslyof Colorado,Budder, Colorado ORS caoor+ven Kristle L Ebi for tnh&rect.Woe M00 Omar.CO 50202 Elea c Pas,Retouch Institute Palo Alio, Califon* ice 303292.0800 Fax:903.292.6560 recta poamonewscflwn ABSTRACT and childhood leukemia are strongest in the highest tamc Occupational exposure to elevated concanuations of ben. density category R 20.000 vehicles per day WPM.The odds ache is a known cause of adonis in adults. Concentra- ratio to 5.90(95%eonfdence Interval ICS i.69-20,58)for tions of benzene from motor vehicle exhaust could be all canoes and 8.28(95%CI 2.09-32.80)for leukemia.The elevated along highly trafficked steer.Several studies have results ere suggestive of an aeodadon between proximal reported sigrn1Eontaaodadombetweenpodmityto highly high U Mcavaetswithteak county i2D,000VPD and child- trafficked sneer and the occurrence of childhood canes hood ancer.including leukemia.and childhood leukemia.These assodations may be due to �., r dlonicexposure to benzene or other carcinogenic conpo- LVTRODVCT[ON nentsotvehlcle etiauet from these nasty sues or tosotne Many occupational studies have linked chronic aliases other factor(e.g..noise.increased light exposure.Or tome to high levels of benzene to the occurrence*fleetest*in wuccourWd fot socioeconomic variable).We used data adults.i 5 The association has been mainly with acute mir- ror homes studied to an earlier childhood cancer study con- elold leukemia(AML).':Although AML is rare in children. ducted in Denver,CO,in the 1980x.No air pollution ma• this raises the possibility that leukemia and other cancers sraemats were made in the original study.We identified in children could also be associated with chronic expense the highest teffidasd street rat each stud home and ob to elevated levels of benzene.a major constituent of volt- tamed the traffic density in 1979 and 1990.Traffic density tile Organic compounds(VOCs)from motor vehicles,"It was weighted for the distance from the street to the home has been estimated that over 80%ofthe total benzene ends- using 3 different widths of Gaussian awes to approximate scorn in the United States originate from motor vehicles" the decay of the emissions into the surrounding neighbor- Serene has also been found in tobacco smokes Elevated hoods.The associations between the 750-ft-wide distance- levels of motor vehicle exhaust an likely to be localized weighted traffic density menu and all childhood cancers (from a few hundred up to one thousand feet)near heavily traveled roadways."which could produce localized high levels of VOCs containing be naene'x"that could also do- IMPMCATI0 S posit in soil.but no measurements are available Although Motor vehicles are a significant seine of air pelludon traffic-related ambient air concenoetlom of benzene are melons,inducing wan e ich may be csesngersc. well below occupational expose levels normally coned- This study presents hater eNdance that children vent end eukemo "s the US. Environmental Protection eve near heavily traveled StraeS a Mghwayf may be at c. elevated rise of devaropkig cancer,inaiudeg laeemla. Agency (EPA) believes chronic exposures may pose a risk children suing new such streets card be exposed vie for leukemia or cancer in general."The ausal agents far Whaler or exposure se soli where nun n deposit the most common childhood leukemia.ecute lymphotyre se. AhlrasSe hypotheses for these mere awls kwelve leukemia(A11.),are largely unknown.although several:he- noise,kxxaeeed light exposure.a some socseenomk im atnj;geatanaeOCMtlonwithSOmemldtWe�tralfiCdOfN variable.Future stases with actual exposure mown- minas are hooded. sity w"Trafic density may act as a surrogate exposure indicator for elevated levels of VOCa containing benzene. lawn 50 yaenhey 2000 lensrdm*Ata wasearan genexAssocann 175 0CT 29 2002 08:41 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL i9CT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.61/75 Pearson, WeChtel, and Ebi Saritz and Feingold"reported that traffic density is evaluated many factors as potential confounders,includ- . �—� associated with all childhood areas and with childhood ing the child's ege.gender,year of disease chagnusis.and r leukemia in Denver,CO.In their study:traffic de city was residential stability.Savitz et al.also controlled for family a defined as the traffic count on the street of address of the , electricity consumption. parents' ages.parents'oceupa- home,usually located in front of the home.They reported dons.parents'education levels.per capita income.traffic an odds ratio for children living on streets with traffic density.end family cancer history.Also evaluated as con- densities of x10.000 vehicles per day (VPD) of 3.1 (95% founders were the child's prenatal exposure to tobacco con(Idence interval(CU 1.24.0)for total childhood can- smoke and alcohol.birth order,birth weight medications. etas and 4.3(95%CI 1.6-13.5) for childhood leukemias. illnesses.and X-rays. These results suggest that children living on sheets with Saar et al.found evidence of an elevated cancer risk traffic counts of more than 10,000 VPD are 3-S times more essociatd with young maternal age.lower fathers edu- likely to contract cancer than are children who live on cation.lower per capita income.maternal smoking die- streets with fewer than 500 VPD. Ing pregnancy,and traffic density all of which were taken More recently.Peyehdng et al."retrospectively mod- into account as potential confounders of the association aid concentrations of nitrogen dioxide(NO,)from mo- between cancer and proximity to power litres.The odds for vehicle exhaust in Sweden.They reported that at NO, ratios for these factors were not large, and taking them levels>80 µg/m'outside a child's home,the total child- into account did not change the point estimates,!tidiest- hood cancer adds ratio was 3.8 (95%CI 1.2-12.1).The ing that they were not confounders.Subsequent analyses NO,concentrations were estimated using mobile source (Sevin and Peingoid")supported the suggestion thattlrere air pollution models from the Swedish gnvironmencal are few,if any.confounding factors in these data. Protection Agency as the 99th percentile of the 1-hr aver- ages for One year. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Knox and Giiman1t examined spatial clustering pat- We employed the case-control childhood cancer epidem io- terns among 22.458 children who died from leukemia or logic data used by Sam and Feingold."The data are from other cancers in England.Scotland.or Wales from 1953 a study conducted by Save:maim'ai"of the association be. to 1980.They found excess childhood leukemia in prox- tween magnetic fields from electric power lines and child- r imity to motorways and industrial plan likely to be hood cancer in the Denver metropolitan area. Details of sources of airborne toxic substances such as VOCs.The the methods used to identify cases and controls have been largest excesses of cancer associated with traffic were bind provided e ."Insummesy.eligrblecasesweredel- 1.km or less from motorways. Knox and Gilman con- dren from 0 to 14 years of age who were diagnosed with eluded. Chlldhood ancere ate geographically associated cancer from 1975 to 1983 and who lived in the grater with two main types of industrial atmospheric effluent, Denver metropolitan area.The 320 eligible eves contested namely. (1)petroleum-derived volatile and(2)kiln end of 97 leukemias(including 78 ALP. 59 brain caned.30 furnace smoke and gaaes,and effluent from Internal corn- Lymphomas,32 soft tissue cancers.and 102 other forms of bustlon anginas' (p. 151). cancer. Data on that children were obtained from the This study is an extension of the work by Savitz and Colorado Central Cancer Registry, 259 controls were ae- Peingold."We developed an exposure metric based on lected by random digit dialing with individual matching the highest trafficked street surrounding the house.nest on gender.age t3 years,and telephone exchange ant simply the street of address (usually located in front of The Colorado Central Cancer Registry of the Colorado the house),and took into account the decay of air potlu- Department of Health was the principal sane of awe don concentration with distance from the street These with complete coverage of the study area from 1979 to improvements are intended to reduce exposure 1982.To complete ease ascertainment for 1976-1978 and misclassification for traffic air pollution.The results are 1963,reeatlsmore reviewed ofareahospitab that provided presented to allow for a direct comparison of the results disgnnris and treatment for childtood malignancies.Over of this improved traffic density exposure metric with the 95%of the taus were microscopically confirmed.with an results reported by Sala and feingold." additional 3%confirmed by direct vfwalfadon or radiog- Parents of case and controlchildtenwereinterviewed raptly. Diagnostic accuracy was also assured through re- in the original study to obtain data about their child'e view by pediatric oncologists." past repaint to agents and activities potentially moot Savior et al,found elevated traffic density io be asw- ated with emcee including parents'cigarette smoking and elated with childhood cancer, but no assessment of air the use of pesticides In and around the home.In order for pollution exposure was made in thairstudly.lb follow up a factor to be a confounder, it must be associated with this observation, we used other publicly available data both the disease and exposure of interest Saida et ai that could act as mariners for air pollution exposure for • 17e AtimerNretAre sae ab4genentRowena *ere eO febv.raoa OCT 29 2002 08:41 FR MICROMOT ION INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.62/75 Pearson, Wachtel,and Ebi the homes Of the case end control children.We obtained with a fairly uniform trend of increasing traffic.A bigh- ting traffic density data from the Colorado Department traffic street in 1979 also would be a high-traffic street in gale.. of Transportation and 1990 wank count date for Denver 1990 with about the same rank ordering by traffic count area streets and highways from the Denver Regional Coun- because few streets fall far from the least-squares regres- dl of Governments.These years were chosen because they sian line in Figure 1. were the two years closest in time to the period of expo- Each of the study homes was geocoded for location sure of the cases studied by Savitz et alt.'s when cootdl- from Its street address.Using GIS methods.we identified nated traffic counts were made across the Denver the highest trafficked steetwithin 1500 ftin any dl'ecdon metropolitan area.Mistreat street did not have a traffic count. from each home end calculated the perpendicular distance we assigned the average of the traffic counts for all streets from the center line of the street to the center of the haw. with the same traffic-carrying capacity code from a geo- The concentration profile of airborne exhaust pollu- graphic information system (GIS)digital map"of eg of Lion from motor vehicles traveling on a Street mould ap- the proximate a Gaussian(normal)dfstributonllau nsimilar Streets with low traffic-carrying capacity coda without to that shown in Figure 2.This idealized profile may vary traffic measurements (narrow residential and cul-de-sac due to many factors such as prevailing winds.turbulence streets)were assigned a default traffic count of 100 VPD. generated by passing vehicles.and the dispersion block- We compared the traffic density measurements for ing effect of nearby buildings and hillsides."'"To bracket these two years for all streets near the study homes and the spatial action that these and other factors may have noted the similarities and trends between the years.Al- on air pollution concentration profiles.3 different widths though the 1979 traffic density data were collected closer (250. 500.and 750 ft) of Gaussian curves were used m in time to the other data collected in the Savits et at. distance-weight the traffic counts. The width of each study's we preferred to use the 1990 traffic density data Gaussian curve was determined at one-half of Is maid- because traffic counts for more streets were available.We mum height(Figure 2).Distance-weighted traffic density compared the 1990 traffic density with the traffic den- was computed by multiplying the traffic counts in VPD airy for 1979 (Figure 1) for those homes that had area- for the highest traflkked street by the valua derived from seared traffic density on the nearby highest trafficked each of the 3 weighting curves at the street to home dis- r, stmt for both years(n" 110).Deltic density increased canoe.For instance,Flatfeet with a traffic count of 10.000 on average 22%from 1979 to 1990 and is highly corm- VPD located at the distance from the tome shown on the fated between these years. The IV is 0.93. The straight left in Figure 2 would have a distance weighted traffic den- line in Figure 1 is the least-squares linear regression. airy of 2500 VPD at the home- Thu jun.we used the 1990 traffic data because there is Odds ratios (OR) and 95%confidence Intervals(Cl) a high correlation for traffic counts between these years were computed between childhood cancer and childhood leukemia end the different distance-weighted traffic den- sity metrics using standard statistical programs for strati- 200000 �— fied analysis." R2=.93 150000 A Snits and Feingold"evaluated the association between IBC childhood area end bad coon up to 210.000 VPD " I for 328 case and 262 control homes. using the traffic 100000 e e counts on the street of address of each home.The assn rations for an childhood cancers and leukemias reached a statistical significance in the highcacategory despite s nail 50000 a numbers. Using their street of address data, we recom- puted odds ratios for traffic counts up to?20.000 VPD • (Table 1).The associations were not statistically signiA- 0 ant or consistently elevated.except in the highest cat- 0 50,000 100,000150,000 200,000 egory, when the odds ratios abruptly increased. The 1999 aesoelstons were not precise because of the small num- ber of controls.particularly in the higher-VPD atgories. We determined 3 distance-weighted traffic density Rea e.A exmpMson of Oak density meestrements M VP0(Cr metrics for the highest trafficked street taosdrnate to the 1979 and I990 for Mawr/homes rtee Seitz and Fantod truer how for 579 of the 590 bonne analyzed by sac and vet 50 Febrrw7 feaa JOurulWio MS waste Minarrnpt ft-'--- -177 OCT 29 2002 08:42 FR MICROMOTION INTL MET 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.63/75 Pearson, Wachtel, and Ebl _ _ • "^ 10 a • Concent+aypn Profit of - • t Traffic Air Pollution -. • . 4 b - Elevated Pollution_ Can4dct Width _ s 0.5 I I • • I - _ • 'fig D%tana4 0a rip..2.Generalized prONe or contelt:Won araaborite exhaust po4utIOn from w*ub'Mae in of ibsereai Ott aoa5wlnu.In din rank the dnmiee.weigINny value for the nome on the ie aA be 025.0 me traffic density on the seen is 10.000 VPD,then the di tan:a-wdyred trait - density a the nano an the 1e4*ow be 2600 VPD, Title 1.Odds nenbteet:d6o clingy an the Met oladtressan0a6 NOM anw inddiadood Win*wing*u',SS try Sod aria fdngdd~Thtsewe tons ee an t and*b ado ttaa aka 10.0001140. Dislose-Vleidled OWNS Al lees Indnmlai Oat N N ON 95%05 N OR IMO 4500 238 00 LO Wilard 81 1.0 Wawa 500.404 10 19 1.82 0.74,3.54 4 118 0.36-3.A 5000ANN 4 11 1 I 042-2.55 5 1.63 0535.01 10.000-14,984 3 6 120 042-6.87 I A86 0106,67 15.000..0, 894 0' 4 2 - . 220,000 2 8 340 072-1517 5 7.35 1.40-38.60 bOdiaim hoes bew,pabiduea lode drae0ls Inshis miry.N.meter 202242 In each copy 01.cols SNo,and 66%0-9$%.S l0&skiwi. URN 2.Otis foalbeaw '750ad onoead9ardeaemptyandalldadloodantsanddddmdSeena. Dlebme-NNf ad Cent* Al Gemete lambs s Valk Demiy OND) N N OR S5%a N OR 15%U 600 118 121 1.0 Reliance 38 1D Ran 300-NOD 86 101 1.13 0.76-4,66 M 094 353-1.66 5000-440 32 55 108 1.02-2.80 21 244 1.05-3.95 .r. 10000-1380 14 14 126 0.60.3.56 2 DC Ot0-221 '4,4 15,000-19,60 6 7 135 037-331 2 1.04 020434 erne°, 3 18 5.90 1.69-20.56 8 8.28 2.09.320 ITS hxaSWmeAta Wa,M tsenntAlmd-L *own 50 Mae tabs 0CT 29 2002 08:42 FR MI CROMOT ION I NTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919'703520242 P.64/75 'Pearson, Wachtel,and Ebi Peingoldr'(11 of the 590 homes did not have complete of Savitz and Feingold."Peychting et aL.rt and Knox and data).Table 2 shows the associations between all child- Gilman."Elevated ries are found for 220,000 VPD for /ti hood cancers and childhood leukemias end the 750-ft the 500-and 750-ft metrics.There am case but no con- distance-weighted nettib density metric.Note the shift of wols with 220.000 VPD for the 2504t metric,so odds ra- homes to the higher traffic density strata in Table 2 corn- sloe cannot be computed.There is no evidence of elevated pared to Table 1 when taking the highest trafficked street risk for distance-weighted traffic densities less than 20.000 " Into account.The association between traffic density arid VPD. At 220.000 VPD.the risks of childhood carious and all cancers and leukemia only becomes elevated and sig- leukemia increase with decreasing distance-weighting niticant in the 220.000 VPD category.The results for the - - from the street,although the numbers an small and the 500-ft-width weighting curve are similar with odds ratios confidence inter/ s ovate/These besides arc suggestive for 220,000 VPD of 9.45(9596 Cl 1.19-74.79)for ail can- of a threshold effect for highly exposed children when errs and 12.18(95%CI 1.33-111.8)for leukemia:Both of distance-weighted tiddRc density nears home rises well these odds ratios are statistically significant For the 250= above the average value for the ern. ft distance-weighted traffic density metric,thee were no This apparent threshold effect is to be expected where controls with 15.000 or mom VPD.so odds ratios could high densities of VPD increase the concentration of ye- not be computed. hicle exhaust far above the ambient background in the If thechidrenaregroupedbyexposuretogteetterthan surrounding neighborhoods. The gradient of traffic air 500 VPD(750-ft weighted)versus less then 500 VPD, pollution may be very steep(Figure 2)and diminish very the odds ratios become 1.70(95%CI 1.01-2.85)for all can- rapidly with distance from the street Thus. only those cas and 2.08(95%CI;AO-4.07)for leukemia.Even though children who live very near high-traffic streets (within these risks are mall,they are statistically significant 760 ft) will have an exposure that is far above"ambient background" for the community. Noise. increased light CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION' exposure. or some socioeconomic factor may also help This study has several limitations.As in most studies of explain these results. childhood cancer, the number of easel and controls in For distance-weighted traffic densities 220.000 VPD. r T the high exposure category is small.due to the relative the associations we observe ate stronger than those re- /'" rarity of childhood ancer. These small numbers affect ported by Sat and Pengold."This may be due to pore the precision of t e observed associations.The confide nce sible misclassifications of exposure In the Sat and limits are wide because of the small number of case and Feingold study, which only analyzed traffic density on controls,but some of the point estimates are still stated- the area of address in front of a home.This would not ally significant lb make the group of children as large account for high exposure coming from a busy street Bi- as possible.Savita et a1."made their diagnosis period fairly ther behind or beside the home.Peychting et aL used a wide(1976-1983).Thee mulative pre diegitesisexpoaure retrospective estimate of mobile son NO2 contents- . period for thee children may have stretched for mare don as their metric."The metrics used in our analyses are than 10 years.but most of the children were less than 10 simpler to construct than estimating NO,concentrations years old when diagnosed. end aro also strongly associated with cancer.The conf4 Savior at al.did not directly measure traffic density denim limits are wide because of the smell niunbe-of cases for each child. Citywide coordinated traffic counts are and controls.but sort of the point esumates are still ass- Only made in the Denver area about every 10 years.Rec• ustially significant respective estimates Of exposure for the pre-diagnosis Together,these results are suggestive but do not con. time period for each child could be extrapolated from stitute conclusive evidence of an association between&- these periodic traffic counts,assuming the child had lived ing near a high-tniffic street and increased incidence of in one residence for the whole period. However, data childhood cancer.particularly leukemia.Further studies collected by Savitt et al. on the residential mobility specifially designed to test this and otter hypotheses are showed that many Children had moved.Therefore. we needed.Measurements of ambient or personal exposure did not attempt to retrospectively estimate the traffic to various pollutants are also needed. exposure during the pre-diagnosis exposure period for This study used distance-weighted traffic da-sltyae an each child. To do so would require knowledge of each exposure surrogate fir mobile soar air pollution. This child's residential history during the relevant (and un- metric can be improved.Concentrations of motor vehicle ee known)ecologic period. VOCs containing carcinogens such as benzene an be The results suggest that distance-weighted traffic den- raraspxuvely estimated for each home using mobile sauce sity Is a risk factor for all childhood cancers and for child- models.The models could be used to estimate emissions hood leukemias.This is consistent with the earlier findings front passing vehicles and the ambient concenenrtau waerato Fepevs amt armeoren,ta Its sgmesswe.eeeeeros rra 0CT 29 2002 08:43 FR MICR0M0TI0N INTL MKT 303 530 8418 TO 919703520242 P.65i75 Pearson, Wachtel, and Ebi . resulting after dlspercion into the neighborhood.Finally. is. Maar 14eldoRdsed menwszal Protection��d Mobile Son US. . measurements a'e highly deslnbit.If Demme and other M.1993 Maus rpebttia racer 4tW eiaeer emissions in motor vehicle exhaust are associated with u. H�ade�1.•Aanespheri.Ponwion .� on l4elth lapin'a tm*WmParpra•19N.10203111* childhood canter.then estimates of these concentrations 4),9a11. should be more strongly dssociated with childhood cancer 18 Alww.IA.name o ererotddty.In Bare Carowspradotmy fame M.It:CRC Avila S Ion Mon.ft.Mt pp 113.151. than is distance-weighted traffic density. le twist DA:tdtsplt t. AsoSdon of childhood anar with r . tame denary."Sand.I Wyk'Oda Sidi 1911.it.MO. SBA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17. Paydetba,hi.:Stever.D.:Ahlcehn1.A.'fralte to motor to hick argue end d childhood war:Fang J.IS Hmaen.OSA We would like to thank Dr.David Sevin for sharing the 1998.24.$11. p s data from his epidemiologic study to well as his encore- te. inGrest e t Oilman,LA.1993-1 at• .IdteoodaW—W d d e jlyldoddto child oodk1 at ag.m ant and telplLl suggestions in conducting this to. 51,151-121. 19, Saver.D A:Wallet H.:Hatter.FA.: ohm,tM.;'NNW.1.0.-Cue• search.The authors would like to thank David Simpson mimed study dchildhood as end a:sent&to ewer mope& aiW analyses Rude Awl ne1oL U 9104 96. and Suzanne Strasser for their stati 20 wlPRIAILO,apk Aar..Hat tno.:Male Park CA.1955. in this article.and Jim Rowe and Jim Crawford for per SI. Kano.IL;leo S.'A oahpaneon of adK«tantkn a eon a by the vo 0140 lumaaouxe daps ion model with Out line wage Wrper• forming the GIS analysis of nearby streets. Finally. we son models.'As laden.1990.2111 21.1.410. would like to thank Dr.Lanka Kheifets'and Dr.Ron W 2Lw awed.IL has.D.:Tumor.D.:Stan,A.Fedra.sek(IN noi w, YJ4 a 3rd Sidon:Academie Prow San Diego.CA.1904. For their support and Constructive suggestions.This work ft. Bingen.PS CALIvs7-A tfldh Disposes meld ft trading Air Motionwas spordored by the Electric Power Research Institute meat of yule llnseeat .Ara" of t Mal Sawa lobotoCalifeemy: Sara. adxeof Omadieaapxtetlattabewtoey:Saera. under Contract No.WO2964-22. memo, lam' 24. Semen,RE.'-CALB121-•A Monk*Model At telog Airftotdcn Csmmoatla•l eio•dCA.IAna°M abellaD0WITIVnK'sas Sooemetta Ci 1911. nnitENCES25. 14541-47 Medea B:SAS macrame.hr..:Gay.NC.1990. 1. Le Noire. M.:Claude. H. 'Sur an eel de peepers attnbea e rhsosdeNatl per le ..._..e.•Rae Mira Jae.Pt IMq his IM. 3.1251. 2. Deka.P.:BeeBertmo.3.'Laze=gigue au coops de frrmlmlon beneapiswe.SW aline ine.IS ,ague di mantas taiws @Ileum melds wee le A M.•e eene eime gran?Inl�LOUe A Y27. 11..90.'CaC Pe•m�1988:pp 59.112 AI9aR 4. Goldstein.ILD.'HematasWrylelumens:J.7Axdod.Sees.Keith ootook Te\ WS77,2 Owl.).0.105. 5 Liswet,C.;MTS.15:Pouts.Cams and Dads 7Ntofonc the — D Scioto of- Wes;bias.Aran,C..Id:addOW tut Publishing Co.:New About she 1i4aI1Rc a. Wallace I. mdaces of berme ne epmsw: &nf a.Health Robert L Pearson is•palmt manager for Radian Intents- Posses Cat IL 155.105. 7. Caine.T. L .La W:frelle.R.leasportodorweimed volatile swat at 70717th Sent,Suke 3400.DemMr,CO 80202; I octebxt muse walks red In Atones:I.AirI St phonx(203)292.1150;fat(303)292-5860.Ne Is ah0 a 8. ayata&&ra we" loesrwaeanoc California MrRewaax 095.C,3421414. memberaawsdJutaratwtyotHg tkdvF5>�rdcdaado. Henri:Apan—er CA.November 1984. Denver tamper.Howard Wankel Is a gafesser of Ebaal- a Wan.L.'Cgaraae.Point aura tor benzoic e:posure.'EaSes. eel and Computer Engineering at the University of Cob- mom r ten teas.rot,1410. rade,Campus Box 425.Boulder.CO 80309.and is also a M. Da.Wit.Vendomnaktof criteria fdr Otani dtmxutamswuos.' consonant for Ratters international. Wlstls L Ebi b MW' LA*AIhm.Good Awe*077.8 549343 aor II. Kent I1.:Ito.S.•Mlao soda dtepedes medal far motor vSc4 aget apideriology and toxicology.in the Environment OM- cdtaen en In urban yens-CMG vg:mosouree model'As don of POv.�arRlagattll Stem.PO,Son 0mr4a 198k W,245201. I2. S nc snot.R;Tepropgnn.R'Ls arm model for vehicular Pale Nat),CA 94303. P-Uslon pitimmon tear roadways and model wduxlen through xa MIS melds 'Ravaem.hot woe 104.30}395. _ r tag Jame deb sAfr•Wise AunagenetAaatecaion were 60 ireimerneee 1-11-1996 10:36PM FROM INFORMIX_SJPPORT 3032944832 P. 2 n October 25,2002 Weld County Commissioners 915 10th Street Greeley,CO 80632 Dear Commissioners, Thank you for taking the time to read this letter regarding the power lines in Frederick. Your decision on the power line route is very important to many residents in the area and I felt compelled to voice my opinion as well. The route currently`chosen by the Town and Tri-state runs along one of the most residentially populated streets in Frederick. These power lines will not service the residents that will serve host to these new poles,yet will dramatically affect them. According to several sources,property values of homes near high voltage power lines decrease 14%-25%! I cannot afford this type of decrease in my property value,as I am sure the County cannot afford the decrease in property taxes collected on these home values either. Additionally,these power lines will be approximately 5 feet east of many fences along WCR 11. If something were to happen to these poles that would cause them to fall,the high voltage power lines will fall into the yards,or worse,into the homes along WCR 11. Although nothing has been proven regarding the health impacts of people near high voltage power lines,nothing has been disproved either. Rased on these unknown factors, is it worth risking the health and lives of hundreds of people along this route? I certainly don't want my children anywhere near these power lines...nor any other children for that matter. Based on all the information available wouldn't it be best for everyone to follow the recommendation of the Permit Department and refuse the permit for the current route? Tri-State has already proposed other alternatives, so we know there are different routes to choose from. Please require the Town and Tri-State to use a route that does not impact so many residents. Sincerely, P 1 Wendy n 4816 Crane Court ., Frederick, CO 80504 303-485-8979 EXHIBIT s I (, x/3g-2- CAROL Harding - Docket Number#2002-72 Page 1 I I From: <APPEL3@aol.com> To: <charding@co.weld.co.us> ?^ T 7J f, n, Date: 10/30/02 6:51AM J • : 1 Subject: Docket Number#2002-72 RE: Docket No. 2002-72 When considering whether or not to approve Tri-State's Special Review Permit #1392 at the hearing scheduled for October 30, 2002, please consider the following: The citizens of Frederick voted to have the high voltage lines buried. My neighborhood was under construction when this was being done. There were some smart people already living in the area who confronted the Town Board and asked why a vote was overturned. When the Town couldn't answer, they filed a lawsuit. The case is currently pending in Weld County. Attorneys and State officials who have been approached regarding this decision have agreed that our community has a very good case to keep the original outcome of the vote. In talking with people in my community they still believe the lines are being buried. Some of the people who did sign, what looks like a bogus petition that was used to overturn the vote, tell us that the person misrepresented themselves when explaining what the petition was for. Affidavits have been provided to the City of Frederick and were refused. We are asking that you please put off your decision regarding the lines until the Court has had a chance to review the case. There are many reasons why we don't want the lines above ground. We, as well as our neighbors, feel that they are very dangerous. The internet contains many articles regarding accidents and deaths associated with the power lines. Although there is not concrete proof they can cause cancer or other severe illnesses, we all believe they can. Our children's bedrooms will be facing those lines. They are very intrusive and will only be place a few feet from our fences. If they fell, they would certainly hit one of our homes. There is proof that the property values decline with the above-ground lines. We have spent hard earned money to buy our home. We cannot afford to have it lose value due to something that can be and should be avoided. Thank you for your consideration of our views. John and Jeri Appelhans 4808 Crane Court Frederick, CO 80504 I EXHIBIT T { tiz r , - - • --. CASE N$. 1 At :WADS S r - - NAME �ar `' REQUEST - N,ti t , A PUBLIC ` FJe�FrMF 41 ,.� :.. :' PROPERTY WILL BE HELD AT 915-10th STREET, GREELEY, COLORADO 80631, r ONaar 27. •1MC AT (a' -1 FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL THE 4`"^4-I }r., WELD WU i1 . I� OF f l�• IA %;A: ":T'�^ tai. '., h $ERVICFS AT 3564000. :• • 1 . 7v s:. !� • '4- # EXHIBIT tit U-SP. # I TZ CAROL Harding - Power Line Expansion/ Frederick Firestone Area Page 1 From: "Karen Samuel" <Karen.Samuel@bvsd.k12.co.us> To: <charding@co.weld.co.us> Date: 10/30/02 9:19AM Subject: Power Line Expansion/ Frederick Firestone Area Dear Sir/Madam: I am writing you concerning the power line proposition/installation in the Frederick/Firestone Area. I am the homeowner currently residing at 5662 Weld County Road 22. I have lived here 8 years. It is my understanding that the initial proposed route was to follow the Southern most border of the Lakeview Village Property and that recommendation is being denied to you today. Today's meeting is to determine which route will be followed. It is also my understanding that a second route has been recommended as an alternative. This is the route that affect my property & property value. The power line will follow the Northern border of Lakeview Village. This border is adjacent to my backyard. In October 15th meeting, which concluded in denying the recommendation of the Southern Route to the Commissioners, one of the reasons for denial was there are several homeowners like myself who will receive no compensation regarding the devaluation of prime acreage in Weld County. this is because the easement does not fall on their land but just on the "other side of the fence". Lakeview Village would be entitled to this compensation. The people who reside on Weld County Road 22 have been long time permanent residents of Weld County as opposed to part time, possible second home residents who have no future development plans in process. I ask your careful consideration in this matter. It does appear to me that no matter which direction this power line is installed, it has dramatic impact on those persons living near it. I am strongly opposed to the second recommendation since it will directly impact my property (5662 Weld County Road 22). I have three children who reside there as well. In regards to the Southern route or another alternative route, I believe since you are impacting existing neighborhoods these lines at a minimum, should be buried. The burden of this cost should be pass on to the intended users in rates or higher property taxes. It is important to the current residents that you minimize the burden of this construction. Our hope is that will come in the form of non-obtrusive underground methods. I apologize for this form of communication. I work in Boulder and have several meeting scheduled this afternoon. With the weather conditions as they are I do not believe that I could make the drive timely. I appreciate your understanding in this matter. Sincerely, Karen A. Samuel Certified Public Accountant Boulder Valley School District EXHIBIT I V tASt tOtt Exhibit W is a CD containing Applicant' s Power Point Presentation Please see original file ' YET I Ni - =X# W k * , , I. tug s s ' a. I 401 ' 5 * M1 I F' Y y M14 �Y Sxi-44'.. , p ir -e y `." ■ fs ,. f5 1 ii. n dbAvyi{4+ I 2 k 5 b ,g5sa i#t • aac,ka3aaYHs&IXk�:iMBS� Ana asst/ - i\\A, . S a r 111 , _ • ; . - .j Y..: .. • ;. 1 • ' . • ` F M' _ t`- .n y 17 } AL '"'• - October 30, 2002 To Whom It May Concern: My family and I moved to 4820 Crane Court Frederick, Colorado less than a year ago. Shortly after moving here we were pleased to learn that voters in the area had voted to bury power lines that would be passing behind our new home. Now it seems that vote has counted for very little. Those of us who were not eligible to vote in the election, due to the timing of moving into our new homes, feel that our voice now has the chance to be heard. We would have voted with the majority of voters to have the lines buried. Not only will having the lines less than ten feet from our property hurt the property value of our homes and therefore tax revenues for the city and county,the possible health problems associated with the lines being so close to homes is not worth the risk. This is a family neighborhood, not an industrial area and should be treated as such. Please take the possible risks at all levels,money and health, into consideration in determining a route above or below ground for these power lines. This is a decision that will have ramifications for years to come. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely Kel ur Arn46 Y 4820 Crane Court Frederick, CO 80504 it EXHIBIT c .SIL Iat 10/30/2002 11:00 TRI-STATE 4 919703520242 N0.391 P005 No Name Creek Subdivision Sales Information Lot 30-5893 East Conservation Drive,Frederick,Colorado Owner: RCRH 2000 LLC, P.O.Box 958,Niwot,Co 80544 Building Permit Issued: 10-2-01 to High Mark Construction Attached is the sales brochure listing the house for sale at$325,000 -now marked down to $314,900. The most recent sales information Indicates that RCRH purchased the lot on 11-2.00. Lot 31 - 5895 East Conservation Drive,Frederick,Colorado Owner: Robert Bertolini (residence) (same address) Building Permit Issued: May 28,2002 Two story house—still under construction Lot 32- 5897 East Conservation Drive,Frederick,Colorado Owner: William and Elizabeth Wood (residence) (same address) Building Permit Issued: April 18,2001 Woods purchased the house 9-27-01 for$259,900. Lot 33 -5899 East Conservation Drive,Frederick,Colorado Owner: Penmen Development LLC (contractor/builder) Building Permit Issued: July 16,2002 Penmen purchased the lot on 7-2-02 for$49,000—house still under construction. Lot 34-Vacant Lot owned by Noname Creek LLC Lot 35-Vacant Lot owned by Noname Creek LLC g EXHIBIT AA case, 11392. 10/30002 11:00 TR I-STRTE -> 919703520242 N0.391 D00G 2 tl.i/tlJ/17b tlG:tlL .tl3 :1-b4tld 9CYLUit UUILUERS PAGE 51..--, . ..,,\,.:Ai NoName Creek, LLC Fax Transmittal Porno in From Name: MAYOR TAGILENTI &Towx Davis B.Parker, NoName Creek LLC TRUS'rtes Phone: 303-772-5382 Company: Town of Frederick Fax: 303-772-5403 Fax number: 303-833-3817 Email: SkyBuild@msn.com Re: Proposed Transmission Line Project Date sent Thursday,June 14, 2001 ❑ urgent Time sent 15:00 El For Review Number of pages Including cover page: 1 O Please Comment O Please Reply Message: I am unable to 9attend the hearing tonight due to health reasons but wish to register concern regarding the placement of transmission lines at SE 1/4 Section 33. I am speaking on behalf of the resident's of NoName Creek Estates and as Chairman of the Architectural Control Committee of NoName Creek Es- tates. As I have previously stated, I agree that lines need to be expanded and that every effort should be made to limit the impact of these lines on the sur- rounding community. It has been argued that high lines pose no health risk, however the PERCEPTION is that they do and because of this, I am against the method of placement up for approval. This perception is a real threat to property values and quality of life issues. We have approval for development of 373 higher end homes, many in excess of$450,000.00, that are under construction or in planning stages. Our plan was to have an upper scale neighborhood that offers quiet, serene and safe surroundings to raise a family. I spoke with Jon Beyer, Tri-State Association today and expressed my con- cerns. Mr Beyer is willing to meet with me at a later date to discuss alternate methods of placement on the proposed lines along this route (l.e" partially under- ground sections)" 1 support an alternate plan that would allow the lines that run adjacent to residential lots be placed underground (out of sight, out of mind'" I ask for the Town's support in this issue. Cc: Jon Beyer 303-254-6063 e3s3w.-zs rroriggr q„x, ErIt.CO WI i4 n Matt.30.1,71,43$2 rw:scs»x+w Ones:Vey®uWµnn$henm 12. EXHIBIT lsz 10/30/2002 11:00 TRI-STATE a 919703520242 ('$3.391 [7003 TRI-STATE GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION ASSOCIATION, INC. HEADQUARTERS: P.O.BOX 33695 DENVER, COLORADO 80233-0695 (303)452-6111 STREET ADDRESS:1100 WEST 1167"AVENUE WESTMINSTER, COLORADO 80234 September 28,2000 No Name Creek LLC 8393 W.I-25 Frontage RD Erie,CO 80516 Dear Sir or Madam: As you have been advised previously,Tri-State Generation&Transmission Association, Inc. ("Tri-State"),along with United Power,Inc. ("United"),Tri-State's local distribution member cooperative,propose to construct a new 115 kV transmission line and associated substation facilities in the Dacono-Frederick-Firestone area. The proposed project is needed to meet rapidly growing electrical loads that can no longer be adequately served by United's 30+ year old 34.5 kV sub-transmission system. For past 10 months, Tri-State and United have been working diligently to determine the best location for the proposed transmission line. A number of alternative alignments have been identified and carefully evaluated_ We have held a series of public meetings and met on several occasions with Dacono,Frederick and Firestone,as well as Weld County. One of the most challenging parts of the proposed project is in the area from Rinn Valley Substation north and east to the preferred crossing point of the St.Vrain River on Wed County("WC")Road 13. Existing residences and new developments,combined future road right-of-way requirements, pose significant constraints on the use of the various route alternatives considered to date in this area. After several discussions on this situation,the city of Firestone recently proposed to Tri- State and United the possibility of purchasing an easement for the new 115 kV transmission line within that portion of the existing city-owned Firestone Trail right-of-way extending from a.point approximately 0.5 mile south of the intersection of WC Roads 22 and 13,north and then northeast to WC Road 26. The proposed alternative then angles back to the west on the north side of WC Road 26 to WC Road 13, where it would turn north over the St.Vrain River to the Del Camino Substation. The connection to the Firestone Trail would be accomplished by siting the proposed 115 kV line due east out of the Rion Valley Substation along the half section line between the existing water ski club and No Name Creek Estates. As currently planned,the transmission structures would likely be located on the north side of the half section line,with the right-of-way extending to the south of the half section line to provide for adequate overhang distance. However,a final centerline will be determined in cooperation with affected property owners. The purpose of this letter is to notify you of this new alternative and to request any questions or comments you may have on the proposed alignment. We realize that this may be awa N M Ra AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY/AFFIRMATIVE ACTION EMPLOYER pQ W CRAM,CO l/sn4]Vi MCACO n nom 114.4411 A TouchetoM E�ry'Coopaxd a fdhol;Cm EXHIBIT (1-Se*13 91- 10/30/2002 11:00 TRI-STATE 4 919703520242 NO.391 D004 September 28,2000 Page 2 the first notification you have received on this proposal,as it is a very recent development in the route selection process. We look forward to your input as we strive to meet the critical need for additional electrical power in your local area. Please feel free to contact me directly with any questions or comments at 303452-6111 or 800-322-0498. Or you may write to me at P.O. Box 33995, Denver CO 80233. Sincerely, ion Beyer Land Specialist 11 • JB/atc • • • EMMICOLU'ICUON 9EYEataa4N VALLEY FORM LETTE LDOC AN EQUAL OPPORTUNIY/AITWMATIVEAC710NEMPLOYER . A Touchstone Energy's Fanner Hello