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Air Quality
Control Commission
Report to the Public
2004-2005
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Colorado
Air Quality Control Commission
Report to the Public
2004-2005
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Colorado Department
of Public Health
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Cover Photos:
Power Plant, Controlled Bum
Hayden
Rooftop Air Samplers, RapidScreen Odor Testing,
Colorado Springs Emissions Testing Hog Farm
The Report to the Public is issued by the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission and
prepared by the Air Pollution Control Division of the Colorado Department of Public Health
and Environment,
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
Denver,CO 80246, (303)692-3100
Editor/Designer: Robert True
p
Statutory requirement for public report
Colorado Revised Statutes,Title 25,Health subsection (4) of this section, the commission
shall prepare and make available to the public a
25-7-105. Duties of the Commission ;report which shall contain the following specific
information:
(4)(a)The commission and the state board of (a)A description of the pollution problem in
health shall hold a public hearing during the each of the polluted areas of the state,described
month of October of each year in order to hear separately for each such area;
public comment on air pollution problems within (b)To the extent possible, the identification
the state, alleged sources of air pollution within of sources of air pollution in each separate area
the state, and the availability of practical rem- of the state, such as motor vehicles, industrial
edies therefor; and at such time the technical sources, and power-generating facilities;
secretary shall answer reasonable questions from (c)A list of all alleged violations of emis-
the public concerning administration and en- sion control regulations which shows the status
forcement of the various provisions of this of control procedures in effect with respect to
article, as well as rules and regulation promul- each such alleged violation.
gated under the authority of this article.
(5) Prior to the hearing required under
Colorado Air Quality Control Commission
wwvv.cdphe.state.co.us/op/aqcc/aqcchom.asp
sta te.co.us/op/agcc/a gcchom.asp
Commissioner Resident of: Term expires:
Robert E. Brady Jr., chair Lakewood January 31 , 2007
Jim Evans Grand Junction January 31 , 2007
John Daily Boulder January 31 , 2006
Doug Lawson Littleton January 31 , 2008
Robert Lowdermilk Denver January 31 , 2008
Jim Martin Longmont January 31 , 2006
Chris Neumann Denver January 31 , 2007
Cynthia Peterson, vice chair Littleton January 31 , 2008
Marian Smith Glenwood Springs January 31 , 2006
Douglas A. Lempke, Technical Secretary
Marla Biberstine, Program Assistant
II
•
STATE OF COLORADO
Bill Owens,Governor
Doug Benevento,Executive Director oP�cow
COLORADO AIR QUALITY CONTROL COMMISSION � Zn
http://www.cxlphe.state.co.us
e b*Ag4300 Ch Creek Dr.S. * a*
OED-OPPI-PI-A6 1876
Denver,Colorado 80246-1530 Colorado Department
Phone(303)692-3100 P
Fax(303)691-7702 of Public Health
and Environment
October 1,2005
Dear fellow Coloradan,
The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission is pleased to report that 2004 was a very good year for air
quality in Colorado.There were no violations of national or state air quality standards anywhere in the state. All
areas of the state measured compliance with the standards for criteria air pollutants throughout the year.This report
summarizes the air quality management programs, the information collected and the current state of our air quality.
The commission is the state agency responsible for adopting new and revising current regulatory programs to
provide appropriate protections for air quality in Colorado. The commission consists of nine governor-appointed
and senate-confirmed citizens with many varied backgrounds.We act to protect and improve air quality through
both regulation and formal commitments to the Environmental Protection Agency that improve and maintain the
quality of our air.
Colorado's air quality management program regulates air pollutant emissions from:
•individual cars and light duty trucks,
•fleet vehicles,
•electric power generation,
•stationary industrial sources (large and small),
•woodburning,
• street sanding and sweeping activities, and
•the use of prescribed fire.
The regulatory program also evaluates and controls:
• visibility,
•odor, and
•transportation planning impacts to future air quality.
I encourage you to attend the monthly commission meetings and express your views on these and any other
issues you may think appropriate. Commission meetings typically are conducted on the third Thursday of each
month and may extend into the next day. Agendas and minutes are available on our web site.
More information about the commission and Colorado's air quality management program can be found at
www.cdphe.state.co.us/op/aqcc/aqcchom.asP.
Sincerely,
'fiji'
Robert E.Brady
Chairman
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2004-2005 Report to the Public
Table of Contents
Statutory Requirement ii
Air Quality Control Commissioners ii
Letter from the Commission iii
Overview of Colorado Air Quality 1
The Air Quality Control Commission 7
Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program 9
Air Quality Management Program 10
Regional Air Quality Perspectives 14
Central Front Range Region
Eastern High Plains Region
Northern Front Range Region
Pikes Peak Region
South Central Region
Western Slope Region
Appendix
Colorado Air Quality Regulations
Health-Related Air Pollutants
Enforcement Report
iv
II
it Quality Overview
Denver's early economy was fueled by wood, Denver Metro Ozone (O3 )Trends
coal, and oil. In 1877,six coal-fired railroads NREL Golden Monitor
operated through Denver. Smoke stacks were 0.13
accepted as the price of prosperity. Smoke was 1-hour standard
evidence of the energy that was building the area's 0.12
economy,and oily soot was considered a small price 0.11
to pay. Many older citizens can testify that soot had `0 0,1
to be shaken from clothes hung outside to dry on E 0.09
washday.For almost a century soot and smoky air in n 8-hour standard
the Denver area were considered normal. 0.os •
By the 1950s,the use of coal as a home heating 0.07 -1-1-hour
source was replaced by natural gas. Nationally, 0.06 -4I-8-hour
scientists and health authorities were beginning to
0.05
recognize the consequences of unhealthful emissions
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
into the air.
By 1960,definite improvements had occurred in
Denver's air. Smoke and soot were reduced notice-
ably and people began to recognize that improve- PM1 0 Trends
ments could be made. Motor vehicle and power plant 24 hour average
emissions were recognized as uncontrolled sources 800
where significant engineering improvements could
be made with a unified effort. s250
I That effort came in the form of the 1970 Clean 8 200
Air Act. It was the beginning of the nationwide effort a 150Standard
I to markedly improve the health of citizens and the
environment by cleaning the nation's air. In Colo- 100 _ t �-
rado, the 1970 Air Pollution Control Act created the 50
Air Quality Control Commission,which adopted the
0
state's first air quality regulations.
aFe . eocc> o # d+ o° a" r8' e o000 80 &' did
In 1975,Denver had 177 days in which its air —A—Cripple Creek+Denver—A-Mt.Crested Butte
pppl was in "unhealthful" categories,ranking second
dirtiest behind Los Angeles. The Air Quality Control
Commission designated high pollution areas of the
state as"nonattainment" with the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency's National Ambient Air PM2.5 Trends
i'.. Quality Standards(NAAQS). The commission 98"percentile value,24-hour average
instituted measures to reduce pollutant levels below 70
the standards. 60 Standard
By 2002, Colorado had accomplished a mile- 50
stone that seemed impossible in the 1970s. In 2002,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency redesig-
nated the Denver area as"in attainment/mainte- a 30
nance" Denver was the first urban nonattainment g' 20 - �
!' area in the nation that violated numerous NAAQS to ' 10
I be redesignated to attainment status. 0
Credit for this achievement should go to those oo # o^ ol) d° d'
who helped make it occur, including!. -t Grentl Junction+Denver CAMP-4-Mt.Crested Butte
1
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II
l 2004-2005 Report to the Public
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Trends • aautomobile manufacturers who improved the
emissions control systems on their vehicles to
2nd 8-hour maximum value meet the high standards set by regulation;
• drivers who kept their vehicles well maintained
30 and in good repair to pass the emissions test;
25 � A • the businesses and industries that installed and maintained emissions control equipment;
a Y0 • the homeowners who have cooperated with
residential burning control programs;
a 15 17r _ • those who have participated in voluntary pro-
0- 10 Standard ' grams to improve air quality; and,
w
5 - -�+-�--'-- • municipalities and agencies that have reduced
0 road sanding and improved street sweeping.
p,,Ag,,e,o$aT,,0.,9,rm eeera# 4r#Pa m4'4'4flfl#o s`8c' Ozone has been the most persistent pollutant in
I-.-Denver—4.—Colorado Springs Greeley I the Denver area. As recently as the summer of 2003
I ground-level ozone readings violated the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's new 8-hour
ozone standard.In anticipation of violations, and to
reduce ozone levels,the Denver-metropolitan area
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Trends entered into an Ozone Early Action Compact with
Annual Average,CAMP station,2105 Broadway,Denver the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in
December 2002.The commission adopted an Ozone
0.10 Federal Standards: Action Plan in 2004,which was approved by EPA in
Nitric Oxide-None
Nitrogen Dioxide-Annual Average=0,053 2005,that includes control measures to keep the
0.08
area in compliance with ozone standards.
2 0.06 • - • �• •� ,o- •. • ;' • . Ground-level ozone should not be confused with
E NO2 Standard' 4; natural ozone high in the atmosphere. Stratospheric
1y� y� earth from the sun's ultraviolet
a 0.04 ozone protects the
ar , rays. Ground-level ozone is a summertime pollutant
0.02 formed when volatile organic compounds and
in the presence of
nitrogen
n oxides mix and react
coo
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�sosmaozone isairritant.
�a�8aa��• � Ground-level
• ,o m m�8 m sunlight. lung
,�t�, r��a• aa��a
I--.-Nitric Oxide(NO)--t—Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2)I The carbon monoxide standard has not been
violated since 1995. Carbon monoxide deprives the
body of oxygen.
No violations of the coarse particle (PM10)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Trends standard have occurred since 1993.PM10 can
Annual Average reduce lung function and cause respiratory prob-
lems. In the Denver area most PMIO is caused by
0.04 dust from roads. Increased street sweeping and the
0.03 use of alternative deicers as a substitute for road
Standard
0.03 sanding have reduced particulate concentrations.
co No exceedances of the federal health-based fine
1 0.02 particle(PM2.5) standard have occurred since
a °02 monitoring began in 1999. The majority of these
f y
a o.01 particles are generated from motor vehicle exhaust,
0.01 � both on- and off-road vehicles.The particles can be
0.00 • ' • inhaled deeply into the lungs and can cause damage
40,•r,•A.949;:t.,.891^s rc raa e#mam#4‘43 cPss dl'sa to the respiratory system. Fine particles also
h-Denver CAMP —a—walcy I degrade visibility and largely are responsible for
urban haze.
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Air Quality Overview
Causes of Ozone Pollution in Colorado
Ozone pollution is formed when volatile Sources Contributing to Ozone Formation
organic compounds(VOCs) and nitrogen oxides 500
(NOx)react in the presence of sunlight. Emis- 450 S -
sions from motor vehicles, industry and even 400
vegetation contribute to ozone formation. 350 N m Volatile Organic Compounds �'::<-
Ozone can cause breathing difficulties and r mimiiii300 ■Nitrogen Oxides i''"-
respiratory infections in the elderly, the young a 250
>s' :
and those with pre-existing ailments such as a` Zoo
asthma. Even healthy people who exercise or 200 150 > [ ': -
work outdoors can experience respiratory effects �:. ;> M`;r'�
oo ;
from ozone. 50 I:.'i Sall¢ MAN
Ozone is colorless and odorless at ambient 0 . - in.. IMQ -
concentrations. In the upper stratosphere, ozone Point Sources Area Sources on-Road Mobile Sources Biogenc
i helps protect the earth from ultraviolet radiation. Engines Sources
Source:Early Action Compact Ozone Contrd Ran
The highest ground-level ozone concentra-
Point Sources: Emissions that come from a stationary source
Lions occur in the summer when sunlight is
such as factories and industrial sources.
more intense and meteorological conditions are
more stagnant. Hot, still days can result in Mobile Sources: On-road motor vehicles.
reactive pollutants forming a coherent mass of Off-Road Engines: Lawn and construction equipment, off-road
ozone that stays in the area for several days. vehicles, locomotives, airplanes, etc.
The Denver-metropolitan area experienced Area Sources: Emissions that do not include point or mobile
ozone pollution problems during 1998 and 2003 sources.
and has developed an Ozone Action Plan to Biogenic Sources: Naturally occurring emissions from vegeta-
reduce ozone levels. tion, including trees, plants and crops.
Sources of Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Colorado
Carbon monoxide is produced primarily Sources of Carbon Monoxide
during the incomplete combustion of fuels used Central Front Range
for transportation and heating. It is the largest 800.000
single fraction of pollutants found in urban 700,000
atmospheres.About 90 percent of carbon 600,000
monoxide in the Denver area comes from motor ` 500,000
vehicles. Other sources are woodbuming stoves m
and fireplaces, aircrafts and locomotives, - 400,000
2 I
construction equipment,power plants and space 2 300.000
heating. 200,000
In Denver,the daily concentration peaks are too.000
after morning and evening rush hours. The o
worst problems occur where slow moving cars Point Sources Area Sources Mobile Sources
congregate.The problem is more severe in
winter when cold weather causes engines to run Point Sources: Emissions that come from stationary sources
less efficiently and meteorological conditions such as factories and industrial sources.
trap pollutants near the ground. Mobile Sources: Both on- and off-road motor vehicles and any
I Denver has not violated the carbon monox- engines that are mobile and give off emissions.
ide standard since 1995. Carbon monoxide has
continued to decrease as a result of cleaner Area Sources: Emissions that come from a broad area that do
not include point or mobile sources, including emissions from
motor vehicles and residential burning regula- heating, woodburning fireplaces, forest fires and controlled
tions. burns.
3
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Sources of Particulate Matter Pollution in Colorado
PM1 0 Contributions
Denver PM2.5 Contributions " Typical Mountain Community
80%
30% - 70%-
25% - 1 60 -
20% - 50%a0%-
15% - 40-
10% 20%-
0%
0% ° °` X80 1 `b
A� c`b0 cis °� ",� �� '? cl-* JFe Jac ,p,
�a�° � O� ee a / y� ��6 06) ate, ya er let This chart represents average source and chemical This chart represents typical source and chemical
contribution to the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentra- contributions to PM10 during a high pollution day in
tion at a north Denver area monitoring station during the winter. Data are averaged from studies of five
the winter. mountain communities in Colorado.
PM2.5 PM10
PM2.5 is composed of a mixture of particles PM10 refers to particulate matter that is 10
directly emitted into the air and particles formed microns in diameter or smaller.The particles,
in the air by the chemical transformation of consisting of solid or semi-solid material sus-
gaseous pollutants.This chemical transformation pended in the atmosphere,are created from road
principally leads to ammonium sulfate and dust, automobile and diesel engine exhaust, soot,
ammonium nitrate formed in the air from and sulfates and nitrates from combustion
gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide(S02) and sources.
oxides of nitrogen(NOX)reacting with ammo- The dust portion of PM10 includes wind-
nia. The main source of SO2 is combustion of blown sand and dirt from roadways,fields and
fossil fuels in boilers, and the main source of construction sites.Man-made particulates are
NOX is combustion of fossil fuels in boilers and created during the burning of fuels associated
motor vehicles. Some secondary particles also with industrial processes or heating.These
are formed from semi-volatile organic com- particles include fly ash from power plants,
pounds which are emitted from a wide range of carbon black from automobiles and diesel
combustion sources. engines, and soot from fireplaces and
PM2.5 particles have an aerodynamic woodstoves.
diameter of 2.5 microns or less.A micron is When inhaled deeply into the respiratory
approximately one-seventh the width of a human system,PMIO can affect lung and heart function,
hair. Particles this small can be inhaled deeply and weaken immune system defenses.The
into the lungs where they can damage tissue and environmental effects of PM10 range from
lead to lung cancer and other respiratory dis- visibility degradation to climate changes and
eases.PM2.5 also results in visibility degrada- vegetation damage.
' tion and haze.
*Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions as opposed to being emitted directly intoti
air.The North Front Range Air Quality Study(www.nfraqs.colostate.edu)concluded that the majority of ammonium nitrate is caused by motor
vehicles,and three-fourths of sulfur dioxide,a precursor to ammonium sulfate,comes from coal-fired power stations.
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Sources of Regional Haze in Colorado
Regional haze is a term for the veil of white ment of reasonable progress goals for each of
or brown haze that obstructs vistas in many parts these areas, and a plan that demonstrates how the
of the country,including areas of Colorado.The first phase of goals will be met by 2018.A major
haze is caused by fine particles including sul- part of the federal rule requires improved emis-
fates,carbon, soils and nitrates.These particles sions controls on certain
are produced by power plants, industrial sources, types of major industrial
motor vehicles, fires,and windblown dust and sources of regional haze. Makeup of fine particles In haze In
rural Colorado Class I areas
dirt.The particles are carried by the wind, These emissions con-
sometimes for hundreds, or even thousands of trols are known as Best
miles in the case of transcontinental transport of Available Retrofit
pollutants. Technology, or BART. Soil
In our nation's scenic areas, the visual range The ultimate goal of the 20%
has been reduced substantially by air pollution. federal Regional Haze Sulfate
In the West, visual range has decreased from an Rule is to achieve Elemental 37%
Carbon
average of 140 miles to 35-90 miles, according "natural conditions"for
to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. visibility by 2064 in all
The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- Class I Areas. Organic
sion adopted a planning process in 2004 to meet The Air Pollution Carbon Nitrate
7%
the requirements of the 1999 federal Regional Control Division has
Haze Rule. In response, the Air Pollution completed a draft
Control Division is developing a Regional Haze section of the Regional Source:IMPROVE Report
State Implementation Plan to meet the EPA's Haze Plan that details
2008 deadline.The process requires a detailed the technical analysis of the visibility problem
analysis of regional haze for 12 wilderness areas for these areas.The draft and other materials can
and national parks in Colorado that have been be viewed at the division's website at
designated"Class I'for visibility protection by www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/
the EPA. The process also requires the establish- regionalhazeplan.html.
Sources of Air Toxics in Colorado
Air toxics, also known as hazardous air Colorado Department of Public Health and
pollutants or HAP,are a legal category of Environment staff are completing a risk assess-
pollutants separate from the six criteria pollut- ment of air toxics at five sites in Colorado,
ants for which National Ambient Air Quality including three sites in Denver and two in Grand
Standards have been set.While no standards Junction.
have been set for air toxics,EPA has identified In addition to monitoring and inventory
33 "priority" air toxics, which are found in many work,the Air Pollution Control Division works
urban and/or high-vehicle traffic areas. to reduce air toxics emissions through a variety
Sources of HAP include automobile exhaust, of programs,including requiring fees for such
power plants,refineries, gas stations, and many emissions from stationary sources; automobile
industrial and home-use solvents, coatings, inspection and maintenance programs; and the
material preservatives and other chemicals. Mercury-free Colorado program.A new effort to
The EPA and states are monitoring levels of expand diesel school bus retrofitting statewide
air toxics and evaluating their sources and also is in development.
potential control measures.
5
II
R ill
I 2004-2005 Report to the Public
C
Air Quality Management Plans
During the 1970s and 1980s,the U.S. Carbon Monoxide Attainment Areas
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)desig- Location Year of Redesignation by EPA
nated many Colorado cities and towns as 1999
nonattainment areas because the areas violated Colorado Springs 2002
nationwide air quality standards. By the mid Denver 2002
1990s,all these areas came into compliance with
Fort Collins
been Greeley 1999
All areas have
the various standards. 1999
redesignated. Longmont
The redesignations are made possible by
and imple-
mentation air and through development p
Attainment Areas
ent
air quality management plans PM10
mentation of g
known as"SIPs" or State Implementation Plans. Location Year of Redesignation by EPA
These plans describe the nature of the air quality
problems and the probable causes. The plans Aspen 2003
show projections of future pollutant levels and Canon City 2001
identify strategies to reduce these pollutants to Denver 2002
acceptable levels. Lamar Pending
II
1-Hour Ozone Attainment Area Pagosa
sa Springs 2001
Steamboat Springs 2004
Location Year of Redesignation by EPA Telluride 2001
Denver 2001
Ozone Early Action Compact Plan
Location Year of Approval by EPA
Front Range Ozone Area 2005
Nitrogen Oxide Attainment Area
Location Year of Redesignation by EPA
Denver 1984
Lead Attainment Area
Location Year of Redesignation by EPA
Denver 1984
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Colorado Air Quality Control Commission
wvvw.cdphe.state.co.us/op/aqcciaqcchom.asp
The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission is -each location.
responsible for developing and adopting a regulatory •Develop a better understanding of how ammonia
program to protect and improve air quality in Colo- emissions are affecting visibility, nitrogen deposi-
rado. Typically, the commission is involved in the tion, and ozone concentrations.
maintenance of the regulations through modification •Analyze the contributions from local sources and
and revision. Much of the air quality management the impacts of local terrain on the modeling analysis.
program currently is in place and has been adopted
over time.New programs occasionally are considered Re-evaluate the Vehicle Emissions
III by the commission. Inspection and Maintenance Program
The commission oversees the implementation of •Establish a workgroup to re-evaluate the vehicle
the air quality programs. The commission is respon- emissions inspection and maintenance(I&M)
sible for hearing appeals of the Air Pollution Control program and its future.
Division's implementation of the programs through •Explore the feasibility of a high-emitter remote
I permit terms and conditions and enforcement actions. sensing vehicle emissions identification and repair
Colorado's air quality management program program, including timeline development, costs, and
regulates air pollutant emissions from stationary the level of support to implement a high-emitter
industrial sources, cars and light duty trucks, burning program.
practices, street sanding and sweeping activities, and
the use of prescribed fire. Evaluate Fuel Additives
The air quality program also is focused on •Gain a broader understanding of the air quality
visibility, odor and transportation planning impacts to impact of adding oxygenates to summertime gaso-
future air quality. line.
Commission meetings typically are conducted on •Determine if oxygenate increases fuel volatility and
the third Thursday of each month and may extend overwhelms carbon canisters on hot days, thereby
into the next day. The commission encourages increasing evaporative fuel loss and ozone forma-
members of the public to attend these meetings and tion.
express their views.
Each year the commission conducts an annual Evaluate Natural Gas Development
planning meeting in May.At this meeting the com- Emission Controls Statewide
mission and division work together to plan air •Determine the effectiveness of emission controls
quality management program revisions for commis- on natural gas development and production facilities
sion consideration in the coming year. for the Denver Ozone Action Plan.
The commission will work with the division on •Evaluate the usefulness of applying these emission
the following air quality issues during 2005 and controls on a statewide basis.
2006. •Develop a better understanding of the transport of
these emissions across Colorado and how emissions
National Park Visibility and generated in one area of the state may affect air
Nitrogen Deposition quality in another part of the state.
•Develop a better understanding of how to address •Provide more opportunities for members of the
the declining visibility, increased nitrogen deposition public to participate in the regulatory process and
and elevated ambient ozone concentrations at Rocky make more information available to the public
Mountain National Park, as well as visibility con- sooner.
cerns at Sand Dunes National Park and at Mesa Verde
National Park.
•Learn more about the specific issues and the sources
of air pollutants that contribute to the problems at
7
rib' nil
to the Public
2004-2005 Repor
t
I
Rocky Mountain National Park Initiative 4
An initiative to address air quality issues at Visibility Concerns National Park,visibility
At Rocky Mountain
Rocky Mountain Colorado
Air Park began in o 2004 has been dtriorating during the haziest days,
among the Colorado Air Quality Control Com-
mission, the Air Pollution Control Division, the although it has been improving on the best days.
National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. One of the primary components of visibility
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). impairment is ammonium nitrate concentrations, I
For a number of years,the NPS has studied which appear to be trending upward at the park.
and expressed concerns about visibility degrada- Other man-made sources of fine particles that
tion, increasing ozone concentrations, and degrade visibility at the park are NOx emissions
nitrogen/acidic deposition at many national from vehicles and industry, sulfur dioxide from
parks,including Rocky Mountain National Park. burning coal and fuel, sooty carbon from indus-
As a result of the new Rocky Mountain try and transportation, and organic carbon from
National Park Initiative, staff of each agency wildfires and prescribed burns.
have been compiling and analyzing data and
One effort that will address visibility prob-
discussing emission control options with deci- lems is a regional haze plan that Colorado and
sion makers.The focus of the initiative has been other states must complete and submit to the
on nitrogen reduction. Nitrogen, in its various EPA by 2008. The plan will include timelines
chemical forms,plays a key role in all three air for improving visibility and controls for pollut-
quality issues at the park: ozone, visibility ants that cause regional haze, and will benefit not
impairment and atmospheric deposition that is only visibility at Rocky Mountain National Park,
altering park ecosystems. but in Colorado and throughout the West.
I
Ozone Concerns Nitrogen Deposition Concerns
In recent years, ambient concentrations of Nitrogen deposition is a serious issue facing
ozone measured at a monitor near the park have the park and will likely be the most difficult of
approached the level of the 8-hour National the three issues. After more than 20 years of
Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) on research, the NPS is finding that nitrogen deposi-
many occasions.While the ozone levels have not tion is adversely affecting the water quality,
resulted in a formal violation of the standard, aquatic life, soils and vegetation in the park. The
are high enoug
h that nitrogen enrichment is altering plant life and may
concentrations g g
ozone eutrophication of lakes.
' ion the be leading to
In addition,health may be impacted. ,
human P emissions from
NPS has found evidence of ozone effects on Nitrogen comes from NOx
sensitive ecosystems at levels below the NAAQS the burning of fuel, and from ammonia emissions
primarily from fertilizer and livestock.The NPS,
at many parks across the country.
The emi
ssions that cause ozone are nitrogen EPA and Colorado Department of Public Health
compounds and Environment are working to identify the
and volatile organic p
NOx g
oxides ( ) outside of
nitrogen both with
in(VOCs). Motor vehicle exhaust and
commercial sources of g
sources
of these
Colorado.The state is studying its areas of
"es are _
industrial activities vail
cos of NOx.Avail-
. Vegetation also emits large quantities authority for regulating sour
of VOCs.A recently adopted Ozone Action Plan able approaches range from the Prevention of
under EPA's Early Action Compact imposes Significant Deterioration and the Air Quality
controls for VOCs and NOx.The modeling done Related Values programs,to more flexible
for the Early Action Compact shows long-term approaches that would rely upon collaboration
attainment of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS in between agencies to develop the best solution.
Rocky Mountain National Park.
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Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program
The following is a summary of the automo- The Colorado Air Quality Control Commis-
bile Inspection and Maintenance Program for .sion estimates a carbon monoxide reduction
2004. A more detailed report can be requested Benefit of 10-16 percent from I/M depending on
by calling (303)692-3125 or viewed on-line at: the methodology used. Remote sensing studies
www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/down/IMreport.pdf estimate a 10 percent benefit from the I/M
program. Estimates of a 13 percent benefit have
The automobile Inspection and Maintenance been derived from the U.S.Environmental
(I/M)Program's purpose is to reduce motor Protection Agency model known as MOBILE
vehicle-related pollution through the detection 6.2. Estimates of a 16 percent benefit from
I/M
and repair of high-emitting vehicles.Motor have been derived from inspection lane data.
vehicles are a major source of pollution and a Data indicate that repairs to failing vehicles
predominant source of carbon monoxide. reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide an
average of 69 percent, and emissions of hydro-
Program Requirements carbons an average of 66 percent.
Emissions testing of gasoline vehicles is
required when registering,renewing registra-
tions, or selling vehicles more than three model Carbon Monoxide Emissions
years old, within the I/M Program areas in ten 50
counties along Colorado's Front Range. 45 •Average co
Two types of vehicle emissions tests are 40rEMEM IN °2221•
utilized. Inspection and Maintenance 240 35
3O a onve.q co
(IM240) is for 1982 and newer vehicles in the ra
Denver area. IM240 utilizes a test on a treadmill 25 al IM
20 called a dynamometer, which simulates actual t5
other test is a two-speed _'
Zli
The �
driving conditions. P
10
idle test. The tail
pipe idle test is in
tailpipe 5
I.effect in Colorado Springs, Fort Collins and 0 la S
Greeley. Denver area vehicles older than 1982 All Vehicles Light Duty Trucks
also are subject to the idle test.
During 2004, approximately 1.3 million
initial emissions inspections were performed In February of 2005 the Air Quality Control
with 890,000 inspections in the Denver area and Commission voted to discontinue the basic
365,000 in
the areas outside of Denver. Approxi- program in Larimer,El Paso and Weld counties
mately 400,000 vehicles in the fleet were ex- beginning January 1, 2007. This action was
empted from inspection due to a new vehicle based on long-term compliance with the Na-
exemption for the first four model years. tional Ambient Air Quality Standards for carbon
monoxide in those areas. The termination date
Program Results will allow a phase-out of the program, giving
Vehicles in the Denver program area had a time for the affected local communities to
failure rate of 5.2 percent for the IM240 test and consider adoption of alternative local air quality
13.7 percent for the idle test. The failure rate in strategies.
the basic program areas of Larimer,El Paso and To improve motorist convenience,Colorado
Weld counties was 9.3 percent. The net cost of administers a remote sensing program in the
the program during 2004 is estimated at$39.5 Denver metropolitan and North Front Range
million. Estimates of the cost-effectiveness of areas. In 2004, 1,500 vehicles were screened
the Denver area program range from $200 to and received I/M passes in these areas.This
$700 for each ton of carbon monoxide elimi- number should continue to increase in future
nated. years.
9
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Implementing Effective Air Quality Programs
The Air Pollution Control-Division
www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/aphom.aso
The Air Pollution Control Division is responsible for implementing the air quality management
programs adopted by the Air Quality Control Commission and acts as staff in the regulatory develop-
ment
process.The division is housed within the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environ-
ment. This section of the report includes a description of each of the air quality management pro-
grams and highlights of recent work.
Mobile Sources Planning and Policy
• Automobile Inspection and • Emissions Program Public Information
Maintenance Program • Community-Based Air Quality Protection
• Alternative Fuels • Environmental Education
• RapidScreen Program • High Pollution Advisory Program
• Diesel Emissions Control • Natural Events Action Plan
• Oxygenated Gasoline Program • Nonattainment/Maintenance Air Quality
Planning
The Mobile Sources Program is involved in • Pollution Prevention
controlling emissions from motor vehicles.The
•Transportation Planning
program evaluates and investigates strategies
aimed at reducing vehicular emissions,and The Planning and Policy Program is respon- !`
conducts research,modeling and planning on the sible for a cross-section of air quality planning,
causes and effects of mobile source air pollution. Policy,education and community outreach tasks.
The staff jointly administers the Automobile Included among the program's responsibilities
Inspection and Readjustment program with the are: air quality plan development and implemen-
Colorado Department of Revenue, and adminis- tation; assisting in the development of transpor-
ters two diesel inspection and maintenance tation conformity analysis; participating in air-
programs. quality-related transportation planning;policy
The group also manages the oxygenated development; community-based environmental
gasoline program in Denver and the north Front protection;pollution prevention;public informa-
Range in winter months.The program was tion; and air quality education in schools.
phased out in Colorado Springs in 2000 due to
improved air quality.
The Mobile Sources Program's Aurora
Vehicle Emissions Technical Center conducts
nationally-recognized vehicle emissions testing
in support of the program's strategies and in
support of EPA's vehicle testing programs.
Since May 2002 a program using remote
sensing has been screening out clean vehicles in
Larimer and Weld counties from the traditional
inspection and maintenance inspection. The
program transitioned to the Denver area in 2003.
10
.
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tvirtelfe rp sd
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S
}y3s'ice,-2;-,--‘4-Tit!",!:::,:
Stationary Sources Technical Services
• Asbestos Control Program • Ambient Air Monitoring
• Chlorofluorocarbon Program • Modeling, Meteorology and Emission
• Construction Permit Program _ Inventory Unit
• Field Services Program -.Visibility Program
• Hazardous Air Pollutants
• Indoor Air Quality The Technical Services Program is respon-
• Lead Based Paint Abatement Unit sible for the collection and analysis of ambient
• Operating Permit Program air quality data throughout the state. Particulate
• Regulatory and Compliance Assistance and gaseous monitors are operated in many
Program Colorado communities to keep track of air
• Burning Controls quality trends,population exposure to pollutants
and compliance with air quality standards.
The Stationary Sources Program evaluates The program also is responsible for provid-
and develops permits for stationary sources such ing complex air quality modeling analysis to
as gas stations,dry cleaners, auto finishers, determine the impacts various sources of air
industries, mining operations and construction pollution will have on air quality.These models
projects. Staff members inspect these sources to are used to create and evaluate air pollution
determine their compliance with regulations and control strategies for State Implementation Plans
permit conditions, and maintain a computerized which were developed for areas of the state that
inventory of air pollution emissions in Colorado. did not meet federal health-based air quality
The program controls open burning, regulates standards. The modeling provides a basis for
asbestos removal and demolition activities, health risk assessments.
reviews school asbestos management plans and The program manages the state's visibility
implements a residential burning program to program, which works to protect visual air
ensure that emission standards are met. quality in both urban and rural areas,including
More than 6,000 sources are registered in national parks and wilderness areas.
Colorado, and the Stationary Sources Program The program maintains real-time and
administers an inventory of sources and permit historic air quality data on the Internet at
conditions to ensure federal and state regulations http://apcd.state.co.us/psi/.
are met. In recent years,greater emphasis has
been placed on compliance assistance, support to
small businesses and pollution prevention as key
tools to ensure stationary sources remain in
regulatory compliance.
11
IIMMIll
2004-2005 Report to the Public i'
Air Quality Management Program Highlights
Ozone Action Plan Regional Haze `_
The Air Pollution Control Division has A detailed planning process for reducing
continued its efforts to reduce ozone pollution in regional haze in the state's national parks and
Denver through implementation of the Ozone wilderness areas has continued to move forward in
Early Action Compact,and by monitoring ozone conjunction with a national process designed to
levels and issuing alerts when ozone is expected restore visibility in the nation's scenic areas. i
to become elevated in the metro area. The division has initiated discussions with the
The compact was developed in 2002 among Air Quality Control Commission and stakeholders 's
several air quality agencies in anticipation of a from industry regarding air pollution control
potential violation of the 8-hour ozone standard. measures to reduce haze.The division has worked
That violation came in 2003, a hot dry summer closely with the Western Regional Air Partnership
when there were more than 50 exceedances of (WRAP) to develop a better understanding of the
the standard. nature and causes of haze.The WRAP is a consor-i
An Ozone Action Plan was developed with tium of Western state,tribal and federal representa-
numerous ozone control measures, including tives working with scientists to develop the most
changes to gasoline volatility and new controls accurate emissions and modeling information for
on industries that create pollutants that lead to the technical analyses of regional haze.
ozone formation. For more information on regional haze see
In 2004,there were no exceedances of either page 5.
the 1-hour or 8-hour ozone standards,thanks k
primarily to cooler,cloudier weather and lower New Coal-fired Power Plant in Pueblo `.
volatility gasolines. A public hearing was held June 9 in Pueblo for
In 2005,there were no violations of the 8- Xcel's application to expand the Comanche
hour ozone standard,but several exceedances of Generating Station in Pueblo with Unit 3, a new
the numerical value were recorded. Compliance coal-fired utility boiler. As part of its application
with the standard is based on the fourth-highest Xcel has agreed to add emission controls to its
levels of ozone each year averaged over three existing coal-fired boilers at Units 1 and 2.Over-
years, and these levels all were within the all, the facility will reduce emissions of oxides of
allowable range. nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter even
with the addition of Unit 3.After reviewing and
Attainment/Maintenance Plan Revisions responding to public comments, the division has
Better air quality has allowed for revisions to issued permits for the new facility,the first coal-
some of the State Implementation Plans (SIPs) fired power plant to be built in Colorado in more
that control pollutants in specific areas of the than 20 years.
state.The Air Pollution Control Division is
working with the Regional Air Quality Council End of Basic Automobile Emissions Test
to revise Denver's PM10 and carbon monoxide In February 2005 the Air Quality Control
SIPs, and the Longmont carbon monoxide SIP. Commission voted to discontinue the basic auto-
The revisions will evaluate the continued need mobile emissions inspection program in Larimer,
for an enhanced automobile inspection and El Paso and Weld counties on January I, 2007.
maintenance program,oxygenated fuels and This action was based on long-term compliance
woodburning controls in those areas. with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
These control strategies are being reviewed for carbon monoxide in those areas. The termina-
in an effort to provide the most cost effective tion date will allow a phase-out of the program,
approach to maintaining air quality in Colorado giving time for the affected local communities to
and to make sure Colorado's plans are no more consider adoption of alternative local air quality
stringent than what is federally required. strategies.
For more information on the automobile
emissions inspection program see page 9.
12
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a a,, Yee b x fi , c r
a ¢
,..,4 -......,,,e-,4,31`,, 3 ;-,? x t-
} n
nr gaso- 4 $ tl
program fiscal data: July 2004-June 2005
Hues: $16.04 million
e History
n ri Federal
n 473[ n
rl n $5.19 5949 `°°° 22.6% Mobile Sourc: ees
11 ss S5 67 474664 ue� 35.0%
- - $��nery pOule Ft n[s _ .- -
Ilr'lll 777'"7777 IllFill' Stationary Source Fees
4619 4516 6566 $5 O 6165.05 42.4/0
udz u.1 4516 $547
— M3bili SOU F11 —. _ —
hull 0.39 63.67 $3 Y7 6383
$269 42]4 $369 6999 um
II I iFt iFrt I J ,
9601 9746 9699 39900 0011 01-03 03-0:9 010E 0106
enditures: $15.65 million
Air Administration
diture History 2.24% Department
Administration
�0
. lonary
Sources
40.59% I Ica Services
21.61%
obile Sou
20.85%
SW 97-99 9699 9900 0001 01-03 03-06 930E 0409
ber of Employees: 149.7
yment Level History Administration 4.5
8.94
91986 153115 149.9 199 0 1561 149.9 1999799]
Stationary Technica ervices
Sources 33.6
73.4 Mobile Sources
38.2
9647 97-06 9649 9990 9901 0149 03N 9904 040
13
t
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Regional Air Quality Perspectives
Areas of the state differ greatly from one Currently, the following local health
another in landscape, weather condition4popula- departments have contracts with the department
tion, motor vehicle traffic, amount of industry and division to perform specific air quality
and burning practices. activities in their respective areas: Boulder
This section of the report separates Colorado County,City and County of Denver,El Paso
into six regions to more clearly address each County,Jefferson County,Larimer County,
region's specific air quality conditions and Mesa County, Pueblo City-County and Weld FI
activities. Many local and regional environmen- County.
tal and planning agencies have submitted infor- In addition, the following organizations
mation for this section of the report. have been designated as the lead air quality
The Air Pollution Control Division is the planning entities in their respective areas: the 'I
lead agency for implementing the state's air Regional Air Quality Council (Denver-metro
quality management program. However, it could area), the Pikes Peak Area Council of Govern-
not accomplish its work alone. Many local health ments (Pikes Peak Region) and the North Front t
departments and planning agencies throughout Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning
the state have air quality management programs Council (Fort Collins and Greeley areas).
which they operate either independently or under
contract with the Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment. I'
Northern Front Range Region
"
RIMER U 8 WELD SEOGCK
IIIet WN
(O\ *Cgt 'I WIPKIWPs
MOFFAT rr • JACKSON ,per le I
ROOT $`
(}�� MJRWN
JGRAND 8 BROOMFIELD ,NMA ri RIO BLN4CO BOULDER ass-"". µASHINGTON
DENVER
i ''% '- .� ADAMS I CM MAPANCE Eastern High Pains R gion
GARFIELD RLE
t Range
EJBERT
West Slope Region CARSON
•LAKE Central F t Range Region KIT C
MESA DELTA UNCOLN CHEYENNE
OVNNISON ddd 'A
y PARK 049
MONTROSE FREMONT • NJ .� KIOWA
Lo ROWLEY
RA EL PASO
rj St
SAN MIGUEL t, SAGUACHE CUSTER Pi es Region •
• 0.,,R, BENT
DOLOiES JUAN
g ACt I PROWERS
UW p
S MAMOSA
RIO GRANDE PUEBLO
MONTEZUMA
BACA
LA PLATA • COGIIUA
CONEJOS
PACXJLETA I
MVERFANO
Attainment/Maintenance Areas: IAO ANIMAS
■ Carbon Monoxide
• PM10 South Central Fegion
♦ Ozone
•Lead
•Nitrogen Dioxide
14
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.7411,-;::,
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I . YFhx :
Central Front Range Region
Central Front Range Region
The Central Front Range Region includes
Adams,Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Clear
Creek,Denver,Douglas, Gilpin and Jefferson
counties. It has a population of 2.4 million
(2000 census), most of whom live and work in BROOMPIELD
the Denver-Boulder area.This region is the BOULDER
most densely populated in the state.The land
varies from rolling prairie to rugged moun- - /4, s ADAMS
tains. CLEAR m EVER ARAPAHOS
In the past,the Denver-metropolitan area CREEK Ti
has violated health-based air quality N
°standards for carbon monoxide fine
particles and ozone. DOUGLAS
In response, the Regional Air
Quality Council, Colorado Air Quality
Control Commission and Air Pollu- T
tion Control Division have developed,
adopted and implemented air quality
lil improvement plans to reduce each of the pollut-
ants.
Air Pollution Sources
In the Central Front Range Region, air
pollution comes from a variety of
sources. Substantial emissions Central Front Range Air Pollution Sources
occur as a result of motor vehicle
Tons Per Year
use.
In this area,the Regional Air
Quality Council and a number of �� 2 Biogenic:vegetation
local health departments have air Ac •Mobile: motor vehicles
quality control programs. �
0 Other"area'sources
Air Pollution Control ,Ac+C n Point:factories, industry
Measures 3, '
The control of air pollution in �Q
the Central Front Range region ,P'
has been the result of local, state, c"'
and federal programs that target 'r�
emissions from automobiles and moo•
mobile sources,power plants and o CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2
industrial sources, woodstoves,
and emissions from street sanding and sweeping. CO: Carbon Monoxide
NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in diameter
SO2: Sulfur Dioxide
15
2004-2005 Report to the Public
t'
Boulder County Public Health environmental laws; and air pollution prevention t:.
wvvw.co.boulderco.us/healthMnviron.htm us✓health/environ.htm activities. '1 ray
Environmental Quality Division staff partict „
Boulder County Public Health(BCPH) staff pate on city, regional and national air quality _
utilize an integrated pollution prevention strategy management committees and organizations. '.
in their work with businesses. Mr quality and Division staff manage the city's air quality ('4
pollution prevention staff help businesses save improvement programs; conduct air quality
money and reduce environmental impacts. Staff improvement research projects; and respond to ,
assist with permitting requirements, inspect air complaints about violations of the environmental
pollution sources, enforce air pollution regula- tobacco smoke control ordinance. ` 14
tions and provide information to the public on a The Environmental Quality Division imple- a ',..$4
variety of air quality issues. ments state regulatory activities on behalf of the 4
BCPH operates and maintains an air quality Colorado Air Pollution Control Division by
monitoring network in the cities of Boulder and contract. These activities include inspections and
Longmont, and near Eldorado Springs. The enforcement of air emission sources,chlorofluo +' ¢1
network monitors ozone,particulate matter and rocarbon(CFC) sources and asbestos projects; lei
"
°
carbon monoxide. operation of air quality monitoring stations; [. :,
BCPH funds and coordinates the Boulder issuance of open burning permits; and response ,; 4.14 Yr
County Clean Air Consortium, which includes to air pollution complaints. '"'' 'ii
,,,-
members from the private andpublic sectors Denver also protects ambient air quality `,t'. 4 ,r
1Q �
working to improve air quality in Boulder through its smoking and idling vehicle ordi- e x `'k°
County. nances, its residential woodburning ordinance, ff Iw
BCPH provides consultation regarding and a GreenFleets Executive Order,which ,.. ��mt
g g {
indoor air quality complaints, assists other reduces carbon dioxide emissions and fuel/ fi' i 1
44
municipalities with resolving indoor air quality energy consumption through efficient manage- +
concerns,provides the community with informa- ment of the municipal fleet.
{t 'w•"
tion seminars on indoor air quality and makes Denver continues to implement an industrial " Wi'' q +
,,
recommendations on land use reviews regarding environmental review process that began in ,,;
indoor air quality improvement options. 1991.The process minimizes the community and
Boulder County promotes employee travel environmental impact of pollutants from new
reduction programs including walk/bike to work and expanding industrial operations.Part of the •n
events, telecommuting/teleworking,Ecopass review requires a determination of"undue _., c<
mass transit passes and flexible work schedules. concentration" of facilities in industrially-zoned * IIT ti'
The county also supports participation in the areas.To determine undue concentrations of air
Regional Mr Quality Council's ozone education emissions, the department conducts a baseline r"" ' .44.,' +
and outreach efforts. assessment of hazardous air pollutants.The
r:= 4
assessment uses computer modeling to predict ,, " ' t
ambient concentrations and takes into account ,;
Denver Department of emissions from stationary, mobile and area-wide '''''-'4*'..4,,
Environmental Health
sources.This work helps to identify locations t.,, t,
www.denvergov.org/DEH/ where cumulative impacts from multiple sources .
affect a community and assists Denver in imple ;._,D,k 4
Denver's air quality management program is menting steps to achieve hazardous air pollutant '
conducted by the Environmental Quality Divi- emission reductions.
sion of the Department of Environmental Health. The Environmental Quality Division also has ti Ys .
The Environmental Quality Division engages in received grants to perform ambient air toxics f=! r
technical advisory services for businesses; monitoring, to refine air quality modeling, and to
inspection and surveillance of air pollution research voluntary diesel emission control hw
sources; enforcement of city, state and federal strategies that work for local governments.
16
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-
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.J01 41,i1,14,
t.114
igifi 1/4 Y ,L.';',,
A
a
Central Front Range Region
Voluntary Programs Regional Air Quality Council
Denver city offices participate in voluntary www.ragc.org
programs to help maintain good air quality.The
Department of Environmental Health manages The Regional Air Quality Council (RAQC)
the Clean Cities program, which promotes the is the air quality-planning agency for the seven-
use of clean-burning fuels,alternative transporta- county Denver-metropolitan area. The RAQC's
tion efforts, and manages the travel reduction mission is to develop effective and cost-efficient
program for city employees.The travel reduction air quality planning initiatives with input from
program includes telecommuting/teleworking, local governments,the private sector, stakeholder
Ecopass mass transit passes, and flexible work groups and citizens of the Denver-metro region.
schedules. Its primary task is to prepare state implementa-
Voluntary participation in the Regional Air tion plans for compliance with federal air quality
Quality Council's ozone program during summer standards for ozone,carbon monoxide and
months and the state high pollution advisory particulate matter.
program during winter months are coordinated The council consists of nine members
and promoted through a city employee network appointed by the Governor. Four are citizen
of environmental transportation coordinators. members selected for their knowledge of and
interest in air quality and related issues. Two are
locally-elected officials representing local
governments in the Denver area. Another is a
locally-elected official representing the Denver
Jefferson County Department of Regional Council of Governments,the transpor-
Health and Environment tation planning organization for the Denver
www.co.jefferson.co.us region. The two remaining members are the
executive directors of the Colorado Department
Jefferson County is the second most popu- of Public Health and Environment and the
boas county in Colorado, with more than Colorado Department of Transportation.
527,000 residents. More than 770 square miles The RAQC has coordinated a voluntary
in size, the county stretches from suburban summer ozone awareness and reduction program
plains to the mountainous foothills more than since 1999 in an effort to keep the Denver area in
10,000 feet in elevation.Within this diverse area compliance with the federal ozone standard.
are a variety of potential air pollution sources,
from large-scale manufacturing plants to dusty,
unpaved mountain roads.
Each year,the Jefferson County Department
of Health and Environment inspects a variety of
stationary sources of air emissions to ensure
compliance with state and federal regulations.
Staff also inspect asbestos removal projects, and
refrigeration and air conditioning businesses that
use or handle chlorofluorocarbons.The depart-
ment investigates citizen concerns about radon
gas, indoor air quality and fugitive dust. Staff
also issue open burning permits.
17
2004-2005 Report to the Public ,
Air Quality Index for Metro Denver
The Air Pollution Control Division uses an Denver-metro maximum AQI readings i ;
air quality reporting method called the Air with predominant pollutant identified ,
Quality Index (AQI).The Air Quality Index
provides health officials with a simple,uniform July 20O4 through June 2005
pr
way to report daily levels of air pollution.
Year round,division staff collect current Hwy
Ozone �?
information about the levels of carbon monox- August Ozone M■ T
ide,ozone and fine particles for index reporting. September ozone r
After analyzing the data, staff convert the October PM z5
information into numbers on the Air Quality November PM 2s g;
Index scale. On this scale,the National Ambient December PM zs
Air Quality Standards equal 100 for carbon January PMzs
monoxide, ozone and PM10, and 150 for PM2.5. February PM,o i
Air Quality Index readings greater than these March pM2S '
values indicate exceedances of a pollutant's ,
I I'ill ,„April PM10 1A i
Standard. May Ozone �+ 3`�
The bar chart on the right shows the monthly May Ozone
maximum index levels recorded between July g
0 10 20 so a so so ro so 90 leo no no _ .a t
2003 and June 2004 in the Denver-metro area.In :
each bar is the pollutant that caused the monthly
r
maximum. � t
I "
Denver-metro maximum AQI values 1
Denver-metro area 240
Index •
o
Air Quality 2x0 G�;h•
Day
zoo , ,s`.
readings
•
100
The Air Quality Index(AQI) is divided into
w 160 ' "'Air Ouali pas 'w
six air quality categories.These are referred to as s ;o r ,
good,moderate,unhealthy for sensitive groups, 1 100 'a '
•Good
unhealthy,very unhealthy and hazardous. 80 •
Noes-aalthful a ,
�,
According to the index,any reading between 60 .modem,.
0-50 indicates good air quality, 51-100 moderate 40 w
air quality, 101-150 unhealthy for sensitive 20 When�fulAlrOu@lryDays—
groups, 151-200 unhealthy, 201-300 very98 s
b
unhealthy and above 301 hazardous air quality. 1095-90
.e 1°°6-91 ,ee,- 1998'° '°°°a° 1000-01 2001-022001-05 3008
The chart to the right summarizes and t
compares index readings for the past eight years.
18
l k� d
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L
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N
Central Front Range Region
The Visibility Standard Index for Metro Denver
The visible aspect of air quality is reported
by the Visibility Standard Index.The visibility Visibility Trends
standard is set at an extinction of 7.6 percent or E' 70%
more of light in a kilometer of air over a four- so%
hour average from 8 a.m.to 4 p.m.The standard 8 so% Poor
was set by 200 Denver area citizens and adopted w
by the Colorado Air Quality Control Commis- 40%
E 30% Moderate
Sion in 1989. �r
20%
A monitor called a transmissometer mea- o
sures visibility. Readings between 0-50 are a 10%
good,51-100 fair, 101-199 poor and 200-plus a 0%
extremely poor. The chart at right shows the 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ae 99 00 01 02 03 04
percentage of time in each category. On the
visibility scale, a value of 101 is "poor"and reading can be complicated by precipitation, relative humidity
equates to the .076/km standard. of 70 percent or greater, fog,blowing dust, smoke,etc.When
Determining the Visibility Standard Index such conditions are present,readings are excluded.
Trends Show Improvement in Visibility Over Time
While Denver and
other Front Range cities y, ' ' OJI111 3j ailk
continue to experience 41.
visibility problems and i r 1,,
haze, visible air pollu- -:Ism}
tion has decreased in
recent years and more
improvements can be _..
expected in the future.
In 2003 the Air •
Pollution Control
Division reprocessed its Clear visibility and impaired visibility in the Denver basin—a view looking south into the metro area
from a division monitoring site during two days of June 2000.
visibility data and
determined that a 28 percent improvement in The studies have shown that the Denver"brown cloud" is
visibility has occurred since 1991. This im- caused by local,not regional emissions, and that chemical
provement can be attributed to cleaner burning reactions in the atmosphere turn sulfates, nitrates and organic
motor vehicles and fuels,reductions in residen- carbon into particles that cause the brown cloud. Denver's
tial burning,reduced wintertime street sanding meteorology and topography contribute to the brown cloud
and voluntary emissions reductions at area power when pollutants are trapped in the Denver basin by air
plants. inversions. The largest single source of the brown cloud is
In the future, visibility should continue to motor vehicle use.
improve as stricter emissions standards for The Colorado Air Quality Control Commission and the
gasoline and diesel motor vehicles are put in Air Pollution Control Division will continue to analyze and
place. monitor visibility to better understand what we can do to
Five major studies of Denver area visibility improve the visible aspect of air quality.
have occurred since the 1970s, with the most
recent study done by Colorado State University
from 1996-98 (See www.nfraqs.colostate.edu for
more information).
19
tmmo"
2004-2005 Report to the Public •4
Eastern High Plains Region2.
The Eastern High Plains Region encompasses the counties on the
plains of eastern Colorado.The area's population is approximately
LOGAN SEDGW:IC
138,447 (2000 census). Its major urban centers have developed
) •sane
re
around farming, ranching and trade centers such as Sterling,Fort PHILLIPS
Morgan,Limon,La Junta and Lamar.The agricultural base includes R. ream
both irrigated and dryland farming. MORGAN
YUMA
Air Pollution Sources WASHINGTON 6. ..:
There are a number of industries in this region that cause air
pollution.These include agricultural processes, gravel pits,power ELBERT .I} KIT CARSON
plants and natural gas pipeline compression stations.Because of the mon
region's semiarid nature,fugitive dust from agricultural operations CHEYENNE
dominates air pollution in the region. Residential burning is a urco N
minor contributor to air pollution in the region.
KIOWA
C OWLEY
Air Pollution Control Measures -Lamar
In this region, the control of air pollution is accom- BENT PROWEAS
plished through the cooperative efforts of state and local - OTERO
health departments in enforcing state emission regula-
tions �7
on stationary sources. In addition, the City of — 'l BACA
Lamar has taken steps to maintain and improve its air
quality.
City of Lamar
This past year, the City of Lamar's role in air
quality was to continue addressing dust abeyance Eastern Plains Air Pollution Sources
Tons Per Year
at its source,continued planting of trees and a°
. ... vegetation
. ...... ®Blo enic:
programs to encourage
9
grass, and implementing _p gg
leaner yards and streets. e •Mobile: motor vehicles
Lamar was approved in 2001 by the Colo- ' O Other'area'sources
0 Point: factories industr
y
rado Air Quality Control Commission as an e '
attainment area for the federal particulate matter ,ycA'
standard. The area has not violated the standard cfla
I _ .:.:. :.
since 1992. 44s• s
Additionally, the City of Lamar has joined iliefforts with the Air Pollution Control Division s
N.
and Prowers County to develop a community
survey that will gaugepublic perception of air
g g P P
quality and the public's willingness to utilize °
public funds to improve local air quality. CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2
Prowers County also works closely with the
City of Lamar to ensure that developments CO: Carbon Monoxide
within close proximity of the city do not impact NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
air quality. diameter
q Y PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in
S02: Sulfur Dioxide
20
k}^,
Y
y I
T,r.,
4Fr�d d. I� .
dt rttt
r� � ➢T
ya
4₹-'' Wr,i, 1
It� ,x
}:
ry �1! ^, I .
-
North Front Range Region
The North Front Range Region is comprised
of Larimer and Weld counties.The population of
these two counties is approximately 432,430
(2000 census).The two major urban areas are
Fort Collins in Larimer County and Greeley in
LnaiMEa Ft.
Weld County.The city of Loveland also is Collins.
WELD
included in this region. Larimer County has
irrigated farmland in its eastern half and moun- Loveland.
•Greeley
tains in its western half.Weld County is pre-
dominantly grassland and irrigated farmland.
Air Pollution Sources •
Motor vehicle emissions constitute the major
airpollution in Greeley and Fort source of
Collins. Emission inventories compiled in these
areas also indicate pollution influences from
industry, manufacturing,power plants,cement :1.:'/ ■
plants and mining. Residential burning,dust
from unpaved roads and agricultural operations
also contribute to air pollution in the Fort
Collins and Greeley areas.
The North Front Range continues to
Northern Front Range Air Pollution Sources
grow and add new businesses. Some of Tons Per Year
these businesses are minor air pollution ycfi' -
�
sources that require emission permits 42 ®Biogenic:vegetation
from the Air Pollution Control Division. •Mobile:motor vehicles
esnob -
❑Other'area'sources
Air Pollution Control
�`'�•
„p - ®Point:factories,industry
Measures ,ryy -
In Fort Collins and Greeley, a ,o°' - MNnumber of strategies are being imple- ^y ' -
mented to control air pollution.The '
Larimer County and Weld County health `'°' Il�l
departments and the cities of Fort Collins ryy
and Greeley have all worked toward co NOX V0C PM10 SO2
implementing these strategies.The North
Front Range Transportation and Air CO: Carbon Monoxide
Quality Planning Council is the air quality NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
planning agency in the Fort Collins and Greeley VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
areas, and determines strategies to reduce air PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in diameter
pollution caused by motor vehicles. SO2: Sulfur Dioxide
21
2004-2005 Report to the Public ::
City of Fort Collins i');;"'$.41,,
`
www.fcgov.com/airquality/ Larimer County Department of
Health and Environment
The Natural Resources Department takes a http://www.larimerorg/depts/health/ '
lead role in addressing air pollution problems in healthl.htm
Fort Collins in accordance with the city's Air 1,411
Quality Plan.The plan focuses on air pollution The Air Quality Program for the Larimer
caused by motor vehicles, commerce and indus- County Department of Health and Environment 1°
try, residential burning and indoor air pollutants. includes ambient air quality monitoring, source -'
The Air Quality Plan is implemented primarily inspection, enforcement actions,planning,
through education and outreach.Data collection educational presentations, and public informa-
and monitoring help assess current programs and tion and outreach efforts.
provide guidance for periodic reviews and Staff work as agents for the Colorado Air
isf
updates.The city strives to demonstrate clean air Pollution Control Division. Cooperation with '
practices in its own operations.A regulatory other local agencies including the North Front s-^
approach is employed when necessary. Range Transportation and Air Quality Planning
PP g P �. !its_
The city has taken actions to reduce traffic Council occurs regularly. A county air quality
growth through alternative transportation choices control review is conducted for all new land
and land use planning to reduce dependency on development.
automobiles. The city's education and outreach Larimer County personnel perform inspec- r
efforts provide information about the connection tions and enforcement activities for minor4,41
-
between air quality and automobile use. stationary sources and chlorofluorocarbons, and
The city has an action plan to reduce green- conduct on-going ambient air quality monitoring
house gas emissions from Fort Collins. The plan for criteria pollutants. Air quality complaints
identifies strategies to lower greenhouse gas received from the public are investigated. 1
14
emissions to 30 percent of the predicted 2010 Larimer County operates the PM2.5 and PM10
levels,as well as save money for the city, its particle samplers in the Ft. Collins area along
citizens and businesses. In addition, the city is with carbon monoxide and ozone monitors.
working with 29 area businesses that have
committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - " n
through a local voluntary program called Cli- ?-
mate Wise.
The city's air quality education and outreach
efforts target diverse audiences through various
methods. Students participate in activities such
as the DriveLess Contest. The contest is an
incentive program for high school students and re
school staff to use alternative modes of transpor-
tation. Also, the Air Care Trunk is available for
checkout by teachers. The kit contains materials
and lesson plans to teach elementary students '"
about clean air. Regular articles, advertisements,
g N ..
and participation in public events keep air
quality messages in public view. <�
A.7'4
22 ! .
t =k
tt X
ii �
er
7y t`hfil�4su.
•
.i
fi
fahi
'.titx .•✓yf
ke i '"
;: ( kRy
a
Northern Front Range Region
North Front Range Transportation Weld County Department of
and Air Quality Planning Council Public Health and Environment
The North Front Range Transportation and The Environmental Health Services of the
Air Quality Planning Council was established in Weld County Department of Public Health and
1988 as the metropolitan planning organization Environment implements many of the air quality
for the Greeley and Fort Collins areas. In 1993, programs for the Colorado Air Pollution Control
the council was designated by then Gov. Roy Division. The Weld County programs listed here
Romer as the lead air quality planning organiza- help protect ambient air quality and keep Weld
tion for both of these areas. County in attainment of state and federal air
The council is responsible for the develop- quality standards.
ment and implementation of the Fort Collins and
Greeley elements of the state implementation Services
plan (SIP)for attainment of air quality standards, Inspections of air pollution sources are
as well as other transportation related air quality conducted.
planning projects in the North Front Range Weld County residents'complaints about air
region. quality are investigated and resolved.
Voting membership on the council includes Residents' requests for open burning permits
Larimer and Weld counties,Fort Collins, Gree- are evaluated and either issued or denied.The
ley, Loveland, Berthoud,Windsor, Evans, program is discouraging burning while encourag-
Garden City, LaSalle,Johnstown,Timnath, ing composting.
Milliken, the Colorado Air Quality Control Colorado Air Pollution Control Division
Commission, and the Colorado Transportation monitoring equipment for particulate matter,
Commission. carbon monoxide and ozone in Greeley and
Platteville are maintained and operated jointly
by staff members of Weld County Environmental
Health Services.
Assistance is provided to small businesses
that need help in complying with air regulations.
Environmental Health Services works with
communities within the county and recommends
air quality-related land use provisions which may
then be adopted by county and local govern-
ments.
g
ments.
Greeley and Weld County participate in a
Clean Cities program that promotes alternative
modes of transportation and the use of cleaner
burning fuels.
Environmental Health Services conducts
investigations of asbestos and chlorinated
hydrocarbon issues.
23
AP
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Pikes Peak Region
The Pikes Peak Region includes El Paso,
Teller and Park counties.The area has a
population of approximately 552,007(2000
census).The Colorado Springs-metro area is
one of the more rapidly growing areas in the PARK
state. Eastern El Paso County is rural prairie,
while the western part, along with Park and TELLER EL PASO
Teller counties,is mountainous.
Colorado Spd gs
Air Pollution Sources
As in other urbanized areas in Colorado,
pollutants in the Pikes Peak Region originate ��,■���
primarily from stationary and mobile sources.
Major sources in the region include powers
plants, ready-mix concrete plants, electronics
manufacturing facilities,quarries and exten-
sive military operations. Other sources include
motor vehicle emissions,residential burning,
street sanding operations,PM10 emissions
from unpaved roads and construction activi-
ties.
Air Pollution Control
Measures
In this region,the management of Pikes Peak Region Air Pollution Sources
air pollution is led by the Pikes Peak Tons Per Year
Area Council of Governments. In 653
addition,the El Paso County Depart- B ogenic:vegetation
•Mobile: motor vehicles
ment of Health and Environment ❑Other"area"sources
provides air quality monitoring, en-
forcement and public education activi- ®Point:factories, industry
ties in accordance with the Colorado Air ^453'�
Pollution Prevention and Control Act. _
CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2
CO: Carbon Monoxide
NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in diameter
SO2: Sulfur Dioxide
24
{
}S 1.
i iY 0:1 '.'
r4tr.
it
t 44/
41
at
Northern Front Range Region
Pikes Peak Area Complaint investigations are conducted on
Council of Governments asbestos, odors,fugitive dust and general air
www.ppacg.org
Of
quality sources.
pp g g The department also is responsible for the
The Pikes Peak Area Council of Govern- operation and maintenance of the air-monitoring
ments is the lead air quality planning agency for network in El Paso County in cooperation with
the Pikes Peak Region. The council reviews the Air Pollution Control Division.The depart-
current and emerging air quality issues and ment collects air quality data from the monitor-
goals, and develops plans to improve air quality. ing sites in accordance with the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency requirements.
An air quality index report is prepared by
El Paso County staff and reported to the public twice a day via a
website and a telephone hotline.
Air Quality Section
Presentations about local and state air quality
www.elpasocountyhealth.org
issues are given to civic groups and schools in El
Paso County.
The Air Quality Section of the El Paso
The department also is responsible for
County Department of Health and Environment enforcement of a local air quality regulation
has the responsibility for enforcement, monitor-
which covers emissions from fugitive dust
ing and educational aspects of the Colorado Air sources such as earth moving, demolition,
Pollution Prevention and Control Act. sandblasting and open burning.
Inspections are conducted on minor sources
of air pollution such as auto body repair shops,
earth-moving activities and chlorofluorocarbon
sources.
25
2004-2005 Report to the Public
South Central Region
The South Central Regions comprised of -0aebw
Pueblo, Huerfano and Las Animas counties.Its
population is approximately 164,541 (2000
census).Major urban centers include Pueblo, PUEBLO
Trinidad and Walsenburg.The region has
rolling semiarid plains to the east and is
mountainous to the west. HUErsPnao
Air Pollution Sources Welsenberg.
Pollution in this area comes from various LAS ANIMAS
sources, including fugitive dust(area contri-
bution),mobile sources and stationary
sources. The criteria pollutants including .Trinidad
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur
dioxide and PM10,and volatile organic
compounds have been modeled for the
region. Modeling shows that the two - ,,
significant contributors to air pollution are
mobile and area sources.Point sources are
a minor contributor. Examples of mobile
sources are motor vehicle emissions.Area
sources are dust from unpaved roads and open
burning. Point sources include facilities such as
power plants, concrete batch plants, and
sand and gravel mining and processing
operations. South Central Region Air Pollution Sources
Tons Per Year
Air Pollution Control Measures t ®e.ogeni°:vegetation
■Mobile: motor vehicles
The Pueblo City-County Health 0 Other area aouraes
Department, under a contract with the !SP ®Paint:factories,industry
Colorado Air Pollution Control Division, .,cr
conducts inspections of more than 20
stationary sources annually. This contract 4'
also provides for chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) and asbestos field inspections.
CFC inspections include air conditioning (., ❑
and appliance service and repair shops. —
Asbestos inspections primarily are in ° Co NOX VOC PM10 SO2
response to citizen complaints. Monitor-
ing occurs for particulate matter in two
size ranges: PM10 and PM2.5.
Historically and currently, all of the South CO: Carbon Monoxide
Central Region is in compliance with the Na- NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
tional Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in diameter
through past and current efforts in inspection, SO2: Sulfur Dioxide
monitoring, enforcement and education.
26
y*; Zt
i
l
1.:`,,,511:
4 3
Pueblo City-County The community in Pueblo has continued to
Health Department show an interest in a variety of air quality related
www.co.pueblo.co.us/pcchd •sssues. The announcement in 2000 of the
For the past several years, the local air construction of a large cement manufacturing
quality program has focused on dealing with plant, a major expansion of the Comanche Power
fugitive dust originating from land development Plant in 2004 and the ongoing plans to destroy
and construction activities. The local fugitive the mustard agent stored at the Pueblo Chemical
dust ordinance has been modified to address Depot have increased public awareness and
these issues more effectively. concerns about numerous air quality issues.
Land developers whose activities involve Pueblo has developed an air quality forum,
from one acre to less than 25 acres are required modeled after similar groups throughout the
to submit an application with a dust control plan state,which addresses air quality issues in the
to as they develop and educates the
and are issued a permit that requires them Pueblo area
adhere to the dust control pu
blic ublic regarding air quality issues in general.
P
Construction activities typically occur on The Pueblo City-County Health Department
areas less than one acre and those involved in also continues to raise public awareness about
these activities are required to sign an agreement various air quality issues regardless of the origin
which commits them to reasonably control dust of the emissions.
generated on their site at the time they acquire a
building permit. Since the implementation of
the dust control ordinance, the number of dust
related complaints continues to show a decline.
27
r
2004-2005 Report to the Public !_
Western Slope Region
The Western Slope Region for air quality plan- Steamboat
ROLITT
ping is composed of the counties lying west of the MOFFAT Springs. JACKSON
Continental Divide, and several counties just east of
the Divide.The population of this area is approxi- RloeuNco GRAND
mately 579,312 (2000 census).The Rocky Moun- van•
tains are the predominant feature in much of this GARFIELD EAGLE SUMMIT
region. •!open
MESA PRKIN LAKE
•G DELTA CHAFFEE
Air Pollution Sources Jundbn .Doke GUNNISON
Air quality concerns in this region are Montrose. FREMONT
primarily from the impacts of a recent MONTROSE ouRAv Canon City
surge in energy development. In the SAN MIGUEL HINSDALE SAGUACHE CUSTER
1990s, air quality concerns were prima- DOLOREs SAN MINERAL
JUAN rily related to woodstoves,unpaved RIO ALAMOSA�
LAPLATA GRAND-
roads and street sanding.These"area" �'u MONTEZUMA r COSTILLA
sources were addressed in many � i Durango- ARCHULETA CONEJOS
Western Slope communities and are no Ha
longer as signficant as the impacts
from energy development, including
direct emissions, support service
impacts and associated growth.
Controlled and uncontrolled
burns are a significant source of air Western Slope Air Pollution Sources
pollution in this region as well. Tons Per Year
43
Air Pollution Control t�' -
N.
Measures e ®Biogenic:vegetation
Many Western Slope communt-
c�p •Mobile: motor vehicles
he s have taken aggr'essive action to
D other area sources
control residential burning emissions. ®Point:factories, industry
The municipalities of Aspen, Crested 6�.
Butte, Steamboat Springs,Telluride
and Vail, and Pitkin, San Miguel, ,
Summit,Mesa and Eagle counties
adopted either mandatory or mmi
"'
have
I� voluntary control measures to reduce tie
residential burning pollution during ° CO NOX VOC PM10 SO2
winter seasons.Increased awareness
of visibility impacts and fine particle
levels spurred the installation of new air monitoring
equipment to gauge those impacts.The region also CO: Carbon Monoxide
NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen
has a number of local agencies that conduct air
VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds
quality control programs. PM10: Particles less than 10 microns in diameter
•
SO2: Sulfur Dioxide
28•p .g
ir,-•,
t f f4.4,2.5• ri ,
1 _t=
4
r
i,;„•-,-,,2•
s
r1 =
5
w
111
Western Slope Region
City of Aspen the likely environmental and economic impacts
Environmental Health Department of global warming on Aspen—from lowered
www.aspenpitkin.com saowpack, shortened ski season,changes to
The City of Aspen Environmental Health runoff and water availability,and wildfire risk.
Results are expected next spring.
Department acti conducts a aitty of air advisesqual electedty- •Completing baseline emissions inventory of
related activities.The department P g
officials on ways to improve air quality and global warming pollutants, including those from
provides technical assistance on air quality airline travel, commuters,local travel,and
issues. Since 83 percent of the area's coarse residential and commercial buildings. A com-
particle pollution (PM10)on high pollution days munity goal-setting process after the inventory is
comes from traffic on paved roads,most efforts finished will determine the targets for reduction
focus on reducing traffic,improved street- in each sector.
cleaning and preventing mud from being carried •A comprehensive public education program
onto the roads. including a new website,
Free city buses provide frequent service
www.aspenglobalwarming.com.
throughout town. Parking fees provide a finan- •Increasing the percentage of Aspen's municipal
cial incentive to carpool or take the bus. electric utility renewable component from the
Aspen is committed to reducing its impact current 57 percent to an additional 10 percent in
on global warming for both environmental and 2006, and 16 percent more the following year.
economic reasons.As a result,Aspen's electric •Investigating joining the Chicago Climate
utility obtains 57 percent of its electricity from Exchange.
wind and hydroelectric power. •Determining whether to extend Aspen's Re-
Department staff also determine the traffic newable Energy Mitigation Program to include
and air quality impacts of proposed land devel- commercial and multi-family buildings.
opment projects and ensure that air pollution •Hosting a global warming conference in the fall
mitigation plans will prevent developments from of 2006 at which some of the world's top global
significantly increasing traffic and particle air warming scientists will meet with policy makers
pollution. to discuss the issues. Public talks will be in-
The city monitors PM10 levels using a real- eluded as well.
time monitor, and posts the most recent month's
readings on its web site, www.aspenpitkin.com/. Canon City
The Canary Initiative In March 1988,Canon City officially
The department's newest air quality program adopted a series of local measures to reduce
is the"Canary Initiative,"adopted unanimously particulate matter produced from street sanding.
by the city council in 2005.Besides Aspen's Street sand was the city's main source of particu-
long-standing concern about environmental late pollution. The program of street sweeping
issues, the initiative states, "Aspen has such a on a regular basis began in the winter of 1987-
unique economic dependence on its climate and 1988 and has continued since.
potentially one that can be altered by the slight- Canon City has shown attainment of the
est change in average global temperatures... it is National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
not inconceivable that Aspen and other similar particulate pollution. Canon City has been
mountain communities will experience the awarded a Congestion Mitigation/Air Quality
effects of global warming before any other Program grant for the past five years.These
region on earth.Do we really want to wait until funds have been used each year for the paving of
that happens and we are told the `point of no unpaved streets. Since 1999, these grant funds
return'has passed?" have been used to pave almost three miles of
The initiative includes several components: gravel streets.
•Funding an integrated scientific assessment of In addition,Canon City annually treats more
29
2004-2005 Report to the Public
than three miles of gravel streets with magne- governor's office, and U.S.Environmental
sium chloride to further reduce fugitive dust. Protection Agency have been completed and
Steamboat Springs was designated an attainment
area in 2004.
Delta County
The Delta County Environmental Health
Division acts in a supportive role to the state Air San Miguel County
Pollution Control Division in the following The San Miguel County Planning and
areas: Environmental Health Departments administer
•A community-based task force for air regulations aimed at protecting county air
quality meets to discuss air quality issues and quality.
makes plans to improve air quality in Delta The county has banned installation of solid-
County. fuel burning devices in a 27-square mile area
•The Delta County Health Department around Telluride to limit particle emissions.
offers rebates for old wood burning stoves that Paving is required for all new streets in this area
are replaced with clean burning units. to prevent pollution from vehicle re-entrained
•The Environmental Health Division dust.The county also has approved plans to pave
operates a PM 2.5 sampler and a PMIO sampler existing roads as necessary to protect air quality
f located in Delta. and has installed permanent traffic counters at its
•The Environmental Health Division works most active highway segments to aid in correlat-
with the Mesa County Health Department to ing traffic volumes with pollution levels.
issue "No-Burn Advisories" during the winter A computer model ("Wyndvalley 3")is
heating season. being developed to help the county understand
•The Environmental Health Division pollutant dispersion in the Telluride airshed and
enforces the Delta County Open Burning Regu- improve prediction of future pollution levels.A
lations. recently installed Graseby Beta Gauge,which
•Stationary source pollution complaints for provides real-time air quality monitoring,
fugitive dust control, odors and stack emissions already has proven beneficial in charting daily
are investigated and referred to the state Air patterns of accumulation and dispersion of
Pollution Control Division. particles.
Telluride became a demonstration site for the
state's PM2.5 monitoring network in 2000.
Routt County Improved street sweeping, sanding and
The Routt County Department of Environ- chemical de-icing practices by the town of
mental Health maintains an air monitoring Telluride, and a free gondola system linking
program on behalf of the state Air Pollution Telluride and Mountain Village that opened in
Control Division for the Steamboat Springs air late 1996 have helped reduce particle emissions
shed. The department manages five PMIO to the lowest levels measured in the region since
monitors (one real-time monitor)and one PM monitoring began in 1973.
2.5 monitor. Telluride was redesignated by the state in
The Steamboat Springs airshed has been in March 2000 for attainment of the federal PM10
PM10 compliance since 1996. An air quality standards.
attainment plan has been developed and ap-
proved by the Air Quality Control Commission.
Required approvals by the legislature, the
30
II
{x
NIL
A�a
6 vk,,$
Air Pollution Levels
2004 Air Pollution Levels
Central Front Range: counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Clear Creek,
Denver, Douglas, Gilpin, Jefferson.
Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard
with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards)
Carbon 2105 Broadway, Denver 8.7 ppm --25% of 1-hour standard
Monoxide
2105 Broadway, Denver 4.5 ppm --43% of 8-hour standard
ilIktr
444444..�u. & lv6 yl>ePE° 3 r 14 4n 'Y :. I il '+V�1�' 347't r I I . i �� �!
I h 44,4,4”.4,444444 ... ! 1 4 X :3 y°:. tl NI Ii It{
,. I �hkflf : . r=k. yl +n4 i ' °�£t 3 ''� 3: i t3E ° �' � 'r.it t
,� tn. 6 1116+- .. 1. 3 iii9 si t let hl ti; .
13�63 3.t Item Is ₹ . .6 t- 3 I R°N '1,240.1 ' �6 !'�.e.T?ti�E l'� 4r 9 tt , y�' 7
s&6 . �#;late
ht 6 ter{Pfit��3�„ I'>6 :6 snX °1 n R 6�'h. i_ PthAf� t>.. sfi 3 hi r,r:,t E 1i's& aIu se
..n:. ,:.,u�,4 -,a&S in,>:6v �,�f��ia R:,:at r:&?:'�6v >?,�.. �,ama svfl.l+h;c�.
Nitrogen 2105 Broadway, Denver .027 ppm --50%of annual average standard
Dioxide
41,0k 6H' *§ 't I �' 'ur`* 4'xWrq x+ �,I� i6
.. "° "' gs _ ,*�sknr }' . �nFYh� '' ' 5's' '�' ::. E !
: °1 I'a >. 4 ' 14 c a %` S 4"* ai a4 } 1)
�$ dd
"let
! e9 � #w tBI r Vier � '�4A1 � i° L 6F �
��'39�t .e� �4. j'� is � Pk 86{ tl d Ili hi ° r. 40
• °t } 3zvY I3
i:'t.:!•a's≥d'fF fi„A::.. . . : .fish, ,,.,z. ,d s ,3 ;~ .� l a 3 .1.„th4 is
ns .aa . gym. :_:_,5a11r4. . lulu.tb °:144B .,. I ,t9 :!
PM1 0 78th & Steele St., Denver 104 ug/m3--67%of 24-hour standard
7101 Birch St., Commerce City 34.6 ug/m3--63%of annual avg. standard
!IL
kuf7hu, s�r:� d ith�° 'r, £tstiihn ' " 6 1 °
Ifi U :£y+P.i� s1 p !3°$ ry y .I I 1F 4 .t t. + sI
1£ ' •Te s 7I L 4 a 1,11,14,4“.•40,4f,1,,,,, s d4,4444,„ Its L h I t ej. s r ErF n
3££!, { .� :Lau S'ql' • '* it �r6 4I ttt ,Ia } 4 L �}I s l 3�(
;'r 6 I r3 m t v is I7 • L n E ,, to 6 t t
� 3I l ` 6.4 '��' ate.:__+::.�'•'. f .+.i!_-v-,v,:titike� -t ?_ �::.e�.�_i;.__q ..'��.I I91+rc 9:1:s: NENVI it ' gang,
w
Lead 5400 N.Washington, Denver .14 ug/m3-- 9% of calendar quarter standard
For carbon monoxide, the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards.
For the 8-hour ozone standard, the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with
standards.
31
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Eastern High Plains: counties of Baca, Bent, Cheyenne, Crowley, Elbert, Kiowa, Kit Carson,
Lincoln, Logan, Morgan, Otero, Phillips, Prowers, Sedgwick, Washington,Yuma.
Monitoring Site .. Percent of Standard
Pollutant
with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards)
PM10 Lamar Power Plant, 100 N.2nd Ave. 98 ug/m3--63%of 24-hour standard
Lamar Power Plant, 100 N.2nd Ave. 23.8 ug/m3--43% of annual average standard
• u n c , N aite4 :NO,'.0 4.-},..4::: •N, 0—,, `^ n o .�, 51Pr.a bc4.;- x � t-. <w+ r a r•' 'i' t t-vq i
r't `.•,-- �.ctat.",' {°P ` , '!G'5•'•t Linn; fi :ill4 t i !Na'5,� s .t• ,yv µ'- ,7°" q „ya, ,
;4,1- a ,a ;fm r�'" "rte ` .Y. fit , . ?.14, rtf e+w,er , ,��, , , rT41V1i: 'h7 4 ,v y '
t rN ,444 47+ t n',$ n 36` ,�"ktm f at „'t�t i •#i k„�11$ .G ! i r .-'.:-.!'4142.4;',./:'!;;:/t. ≥ ,,,,° v y1-f: ti L'
y GUG'' t Y N"v°k a a':' Lc'G , G a r' r y. aI , j P me sa 4" a 1t. z
' • '.t e t,ry>~ E a ., .: .. a °,, fs ""p'(&,. r -s 61:c "5 C.:9),*,:.x....., '
c i.4 r,' w `4;k E * :# .a• 0i fiIt.„e 14 :x�,�,'t *a; *N "!l ! a' , ai'4•"!t l'i° a, t 434 c
3�'i'G i 3. 't N a WIP 4 "n P t'q .+'t.y � ,3 G tti o�.;ilia:Cr 4 h''t,,
'Mp P 494: I 1,�.x' x P .;N l- �§';; "' .e.' 'i°uk � §aY °ka�:.. : ... A,w "uW%,r ik rad7 , .3e.
4?P.�'G�wf Eu§...i" �+5iG'GnG"„ 'A'..t u . ...: .Pa5"�S.5 .F.'aE w'dNo-. . i. .��.,
Northern Front Range: counties of Larimer, Weld.
Monitoring Site Percent of Standard
Pollutant
with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards)
Carbon 905 10th Ave., Greeley 6.4 ppm -- 18%of 1-hour standard
Monoxide 905 10th Ave., Greeley 3.7 ppm -- 39%of 8-hour standard
i
s tse r p ". ,r , h qtr'tG ' x 'pt ' v . 'ut'} v
�'''s-�E�� i‘...,--4,41..6., � �a°�a �''�� � E" '�.,'. .' 't°,,v t;'�Ihs ��'�G �*,,-5"^,'� .;�.�r�* *`�t r��lrw'>��yyx �°�,,p, aasrp.#, uS
a 1)° 4r 4, E Wa rAi`Mr- a t,P°a t ae �'4r x z ti RE sa it ' l i E 9`5 ',q'E�
A5,41 T2
cortwir " ax t =ya T 8 ....I'::.ft 5 #0 'L- E y p,t 9 5;' p9 + t
t 6 44 tk Y�"G ,11 r 4+4 +`a�sm 'v w E i.)o-a �u�a § 4;,;-?' 'r",�lq, Gk'
v 44.4„3 " �''fc'^ .F.:50 c .,as `F 5 , i ''i. c +"N':x,+�'" C §r .d P
! G.w*^[≥G iiiii ' t l .,,,,.. 5 a. -3C4r` " t"f , Ita " ss w Mf tGt t 1z t Yt' 3 pyui'„ w ''
'e,.;� ��� � , ,. 9d: . "'�'te.., r'n � '�a...+. • Y,E•^d x. taaa,: fb+,a..„.,.. x�.,..
1516 Hospital Rd., Greeley 92 ug/m3-- 59%of 24-hour standard
PM10 1516 Hospital Rd., Greeley 23.7 ug/m3--43%of annual average standard
i £w i,x a
a••,r5+u s.. ,«_ . ! . r +r4 a,au;a < ,�. , 'G"" a.. �° , ,. 3'7 ar' "k? ern r a'° ,ad"" a,;°.3'`°°'
a a : `# 5. x w'ht,,!`! " �' of IG4 G ,iia, a9..d t!,\I�+E 5'i�' '
p a �y mm m "'sy *t o k i` thA t a a°�'5 E - �7 to ,, � ' :iryWr o- t„ ,s ,fir
iti Erifgoir ?i� i , •{' a •C ., 'G t:.;,2)::,;A h ': . 1 T,e :1,t E
roa 5 i rg,a*. r,a j1 �+rp`aG G ;t �<�f r � fix �� "
'e.,„1/4,,,„
: 7'e ti H" .. ''4' Spa„i e,z;
G . xp , • 3 m;tl "� ,. T≥e a�� , u w' .t:t-°. r a�.69° +".t i ii C•S ,... .-±
* For carbon monoxide,the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards.
For the 8-hour ozone standard, the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with
standards.
32
f iP
a
�
fry a 1"�
t l, it,4-t. '•£.
, #,t{
is
f
i ' 5
h
MUM
Air Pollution Levels
Pikes Peak Region: counties of El Paso, Park, Teller.
Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard
with Highest Level * - (See appendix for standards)
Carbon 690 W. Hwy. 24, Colorado Springs 6.5 ppm -- 18%of 1-hour standard
Monoxide 690 W. Hwy. 24, Colorado Springs 3.1 ppm -- 33%of 8-hour standard
l l:P v a }v-P,7, }tag, t5wtl#i :1 rig` Ir a h ^aa. r i (,* v . v+ 4,1
ar: '!e"sat' d.. it. f'i I >fi + 1'1' G ',VP a " i p'"1 m+O �" .�h"'* "v i '.il t # W li a < �Vi:rit , .
,,„� ra,a 41C �' ia :,iv1`ia+ s.a,, ,3 ri
'+ q�:�;' T' �' "'t't I""',�` * ,r r a 4 � 8 r,, _ t b < +�" r t y� i.� �k��'� Ott
r: a i' C ketl a it`y {ir ixai .,Ao- a ,G,& s a n 1 w" . a
} t.. `}iitt-S ' -lit':5 r i : a:�a x 1 s.�g ar i�t ! k a,igik p lair` .v :Ulf
..
ltitt ii
Orn,, aay; y.�` • s ,,. i `•a�i ist-s+�+�t , ' r�} �,}'} :ate P�ili yet' t.t i' ,I 4N'
�l.r +�,sY ! i "'f la C d a l�lr a ° � 4 8a o-+ ! s ! a a 1 to k
N , . ,. r i ,ew . , , .or t 1�� :Aid�,x i *" aa, 15
" u t ,a # - f31 r h _ � k 9'y^' i� }, of l ��
zc..ri', , -. �t=4': 1-..,e °. a& v"+:a i l .. 1.. '"" Q; H. } 4' 1 it:'' i .'lee
"P It
n _•,_ v � .�- ....... •.end x • • �.Ma��,d�a•i:J•iiin. ,ir -§sF. _6iY
PM1 0 Bennet Avenue& 2nd St., Cripple Creek 97 ug/m3--63% of 24-hour standard
3730 Meadowland, Colorado Springs 23 ug/m3--42%of annual average standard
a° a ' -mliwtroi,•i Jeri,, a a c* t " s e�"r:'s'. .t' { s r r H i a a
'Mr!, ,r . ar r. a a t 419�F t o '4 li a a.. w I IS § y am .!.' a-_ ta' �' T
Ia‘,4.1.4,,,,,,i p, xis a , x } 't a l ,, ,}
r p.„,..or tsIn`yy ''a t5 I a "} *'4 r, �lli �ry,�s'ir,I
. I ci?'a I " 'x , 3;"N� �t I }na'gk,. ¢'w& :'a 'F P'� I �°fv, l i!l�' a� fi
`1%,-s •,,,,;;; . _ i r .'Ira!' ,a a5t,ai,x,14.t.•,'` ,i _ w.,. a id,At d .!��A ero ,ith,..,.•. ', :u,, I�t ai 'S,4::l�y a
Lead 101 W.Costilla, Colorado Springs .01 ug/m3 -- 65%of calendar quarter standard
* For carbon monoxide, the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards.
For the 8-hour ozone standard, the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with
standards.
33
2004-2005 Report to the Public
South Central: counties of Huerfano, Las Animas, Pueblo.
Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard
with Highest Level * (See appendix for standards)
PM 10 211 D Street, Pueblo 68 ug/m3--44%of 24-hour standard
211 D Street, Pueblo 23 ug/m3 --42%of annual average standard
r :� " ' # aar �:u "4 a"h' t y �„ar ka I„ c n11=t ��' et',L./3 qt ,a t ' 11,tr $"
.1 'r "' tr. ek-\Ur, �r , r cCy ar tN"t. ": '4x wil. f '� t * t m. '^ ..
'h r a r s Iw'P "`a' NtP Gt iel''• t5 ° { �µ� }¢ efts ¢°•lir
'3k.v
a
i; Yr3,q1 ,' r H Y ,t+ r"'N"^� m, a s $ ,.+A�j „e4t4 ,- s, 'I�'. a +, u ,..3
t ,M" a.'t Cfu Nnl crr'4,p. r 1 111. u
� it�>k S i'5a1 "�'1 *!dP �,p lm I �, �x r•�a�s$�,aF§.. I r 4 't pn, �+a&i i '4 r¢��v�
�t $1.". . �w,r;.
Western Slope: counties of Alamosa, Archuleta, Chaffee, Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta,
Dolores, Eagle, Fremont, Garfield, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Jackson, Lake, La Plata, Mesa,
Mineral, Moffat, Montezuma, Montrose, Ouray, Pitkin, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, Saguache,
Summit, San Juan, San Miguel.
Pollutant Monitoring Site Percent of Standard
with Highest Level* (See appendix for standards)
Carbon Stocker Stadium, Grand Junction 3.7 ppm -- 10%of 1-hour standard
Monoxide Stocker Stadium, Grand Junction 2.1 ppm -- 22%of 8-hour standard
^� I :r Y slydm .. N4xN k r m•om.r. dry "2 : ,t4°kti it!Prth o +ti' r'r.tl. .-
. , 1 ,` a ' �. b. 'ff d Ym e y"q!'r '" m�"� '�,'qyR pyi�
OAT, Et ,u P a' 3 I ,o- , e.` i t I e t m k # `i , >«ifr k g .k_ A t'�i; } •r�,�n °ad.
'� 'rMiP s} !� '+3'r "t+,₹Y z { kk �'d`�I li*�is`ih+*v� ti}bt ,p w9 t P, 'G .‘•;.
* a � '' '� +at� :. �. '' r'c � 6 ;>�N��`�' h�.�r " hr pbt�rIrY #� d`y r
�.k 6r a!; r .r a s. 9 1 �T5 � r a a, r4 r 5 ._' ik
� ���Y�y,t � �r '�mry��;�^g 7�1� ><, H4�,a Y4 F}. �� � � �,'�,Y � rw y { � i ¢, i'ez YI F�� $"�,
. . fti... s: .... ' .. P '' p r . ' a�'} 4i .. ., "ti xi fl`'`� ' A + `k+ . ..l'..., j;agP,Tr �
._a. .,, xr +d sk'h },Y, a.:...,P: ,.r4t e d .P,rsvi.; .'r.i,fi, sGk°�°dr,� as e�7.Yw 'Lxx4, ;U5?�E"4 "sN°.:efa4'+ ,r 4,7„
PM2.5 ** 650 South Ave., Grand Junction 36.3 ug/m3--56%of 24-hour standard
650 South Ave., Grand Junction 10.4 ug/m3 --67%of annual average standard
"r.,.. .. a to ,T* a ry . ; x, ,¢z �baal m.,y. , '+° s'. d#� '�' I� Iitmodo
,to„„,„, „i = �T H- 4yP .d �, ,`. vF - i so'�* r i44F aia' s' a'4•
d a y •f a .;.a. -a x4, aIa gli a, E a
aliaeitiir
Si)"frik 8;�je: 4 , ,a"`:' e: • M '? 4,'' y ,r"#,� k r ,v r! ,vx 1" i * �ifte, „ w
4 9 » m - ^m+N;°y. x, r m b v ro° r a p '�'� a s lam.�, �x .r *�rh am - r 74 5 � Na`4� A''': �N '-'iLi il2k.; P 4z. ' ,� F 5 "+ ' h%Ga r r 1' 4,0 4u +
W2ti u& ,¢ g+7ypu,,,+. + 3 a"�''."u"'RI i h ',"'� pp�� i_ 's' �`��.r �
.' .. • }'`.�rT� "lT.nt't,v��. �a�� �EI�. #kEg'4 i4�w1��i1 #4N'� :"... �aNAI� h"2°{i�"*.u:ro
* For carbon monoxide, the site with the highest second maximum value is used for consistency with standards.
For the 8-hour ozone standard,the site with the highest fourth maximum value is used for consistency with
standards.
** Smoke from California wildfires resulted in elevated levels of PM10 and PM2.5 above the standard on October
30, 2003 at several Western Slope sites. Those values have been excluded from this table as they are
considered natural events and not used to determine compliance with standards.
34
a� a
1�
2 ,
d ;
IY r .
yfrii<I;
gCy 94'.Y
MEM
Air Quality Agencies
Regional Air Quality Agencies
Central Front Range Region Eastern High Plains Region
Regional Air Quality Council City of Lamar
1445 Market St., Ste. 260 102 E. Parmenter
Denver,CO 80202 Lamar,CO 81052
(303)629-5450 (719) 336-4376
Boulder County Health Department Southeastern Land and Environment
3450 Broadway 109 W. Lee Ave., Suite 1
Boulder,CO 80304 Lamar, CO 81052
(303)441-1100 (719)336-8988
Clear Creek County Northeast Colorado Health Department
Environmental Health Specialist 700 Columbine St.
P.O. Box 2000 Sterling, CO 80751
Georgetown,CO 80444 (970)552-3741
(303) 679-2335
Otero County Health Department
Denver Department of Environmental Health County Courthouse, Rm 110
Environmental Protection Division La Junta, CO 81050
1391 Speer Blvd., Ste. 700 (719) 384-2584
Denver,CO 80204
(303)285-4053
Northern Front Range Region
Gilpin County
Environmental Health Officer
North Front Range Transportation and Air
County Courthouse
Central City, CO 80427 Quality Planning Council
(303)582-5214 210 East Olive St.
Fort Collins,CO 80524
Jefferson County Department of Health and (970)221-6608
Environment
1801 19th St. City of Fort Collins
Golden, CO 80401 Natural Resources Division
(303) 271-5755 281 N. College
Fort Collins, CO 80522-0580
Tri-County Health Department (970) 221-6600
(Adams,Arapahoe and Douglas counties)
7000 E. Belleview, Ste. 301 City of Greeley
Englewood,CO 80111 1000 10th St.
(303) 220-9200 Greeley,CO 80531
(970) 350-9783
Larimer County
Department of Health and Environment
1525 Blue Spruce
Fort Collins, CO 80524
(970)498-6775
35
7 2004-2005 Report to the Public
Weld County Department of Health Western Slope Region
1555 N. 17th Ave.
Greeley, CO 80631 Archuleta County
(970) 304-6415 Box 1507
Pagosa Springs, CO 81147
i
Pikes Peak Region City of Aspen
130 S. Galena
Pikes Peak Area Council of Governments Aspen,CO 81611
15 South Seventh Ave. (970)920-5075
Colorado Springs, CO 80905
(719)471-7080 Chaffee County
Environmental Health Officer
El Paso County P.O. Box 699Ill
Department of Health and Environment Salida, CO 81201
301 S. Union Blvd. (970) 539-2124
Colorado Springs, CO 80910
(719) 578-3137 Delta County Health Department
255 W. 6th St.
Park County Delta, CO 81416
Environmental Health Officer (970) 874-2165
P.O. Box 216
Fairplay, CO 80441 Eagle County Environmental Health Division
(719) 836-2771 P.O. Box 850
Eagle,CO 81631
Teller County (970) 328-8755
Environmental Health Officer
P.O. Box 118 Fremont County and Canon City
Woodland Park,CO 80863 P.O. Box 1460
(719)687-3048 Canon City,CO 81215-1460
(719)269-9011
Garfield County
South Central Region Environmental Health Officer
1 109 8th St., Suite. 303
Pueblo City-County Health Department Glenwood Springs, CO 81601
151 Central Main (970)945-2339
Pueblo, CO 81003
(719) 583-4323 Gunnison County
Environmental Health Officer
I Las Animas-Huerfano County Courthouse
District Health Department Gunnison, CO 81230
412 Benedicta Ave. (970) 641-4100
Trinidad, CO 81082
(719) 846-2213
--and--
119 E. 5th St.
Walsenberg, CO 81089
(719) 738-2650
36
, .
I B
:,
x
J& b
d ivyy yy
v at f f T��j=-
'.t "
1 j
1 a C.:4;111111
a i...!yam yy 1
Air Quality Agencies
Lake County Routt County
Environmental Health Department Environmental Health Department
P.O. Box 513 Box 770087
Leadville,CO 80461 Steamboat Springs,CO 80477
(719)486-1796 (970) 879-0185
Mesa County Health Department San Juan Basin Health Unit
P.O. Box 2000 P.O. Box 140
Grand Junction,CO 81502-5033 Durango,CO 81302
-or- (970) 247-5702
510 29 1/2 Rd.
Grand Junction, CO 81504 San Miguel Environmental Health Department
(970)248-6960 P.O. Box 4130
Telluride,CO 81435
Moffat County and Rio Blanco County (970)728-0447
Sanitarian
221 Victory Way Summit County
Craig, CO 81624 Environmental Health Department
(970) 824-2643 Box 626
Frisco, CO 80443
Montezuma County Health Department (970) 668-0727
County Courthouse
Cortez,CO 81321 Town of Vail
(970) 565-3056 75 S. Frontage Rd.
Vail,CO 81657-509
Montrose County (970)479-2138
Environmental Health Officer
P.O. Box 1289
Montrose,CO 81401
Pitkin County
0405 Castle Creek Rd.
Aspen,CO 81611
(970)920-5070
37
Appendix
Appendix
Colorado Air Quality Regulations
Health-Related Air Pollutants
Enforcement Report Summary, 2004-2005
Appendix--page 1
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Colorado Quality Regulations
o ado Air
www.cdphe.state.co.us/regulate.asp Odor Control
Regulation No. 2
Istandards for allow
-
The Procedural Rules Regulation No. 2 sets
s contaminants for different land-use
h rules that the commission operates able odor
T e pe
under for its regular monthly meetings and areas in the state and outlines control measures
public hearings. that can be taken to bring violators into compli-
ance.
Ambient Air Quality Standards Air Pollution Emission Notices
Regulation Permits
This regulation establishes ambient air Regulation No. 3
quality standards for the state of Colorado and
dictates monitoring procedures and data handling
Regulation No. 3 requires air pollution
sources to file Air Pollution Emission Notices. It
protocols. It also defines nonattainment area
boundaries for locations in the state which also requires that new or modified sources of air
historically have violated federal and state air pollution—with certain exemptions—obtain
reconstruction permits. Very large facilities also
preconstruction
quality standard
s. In addition, the regulation
q y contains the state's urban visibility standard and are required to obtain operating permits.
sets emission budgets for nonattainment areas.
Woodburning Controls
State Implementation Plan Specific Regulation No. 4
Regulations Regulation No.4 requires new stove and
fireplace inserts to meet federal certification in
This regulation defines specific requirements
concerning air quality control strategies and specified areas of the state.
Ili contingency measures for nonattainment areas in
the state. New Source Performance
Standards
Particles, Smoke, Carbon Regulation No. 6
Monoxide and Sulfur Oxides Regulation No. 6 sets standards of perfor-
Regulation No. 1 mance for specific new stationary sources in
Regulation No. 1 sets forth emission limita- Colorado.The regulation is designed to bring
nts and workprac-
tices new sources into compliance with the U.S.
tions, equipment r uireme
e9
(abatement and control measures) intended Environmental Protection Agency's New Source
to control the emissions of particles, smoke and Performance Standards. In addition, the regula-
tion
sets standards for new industries that are
sulfur oxides from new stationary
existing
unique to Colorado for
which the EPA has not
sources. Control measures specified in this
regulation are designed to limit emissions into yet set standards.
the atmosphere and thereby minimize the
ambient concentrations of particles and sulfur
oxides.
Appendix--page 2
IA
III41;41,,.
W
4411,
II
,
4
I �
r 0�'
13
,
g r
Appendix
Volatile Organic Compounds Diesel Vehicle Inspection Program
Control Regulation No. 12
Regulation No. 7 - Regulation No. 12 defines the state's diesel-
Regulation No. 7 controls the emissions of powered vehicle emission inspection and mainte-
volatile organic compounds, primarily in the nance program for on-road vehicles.
Denver-metro area. It sets standards and man-
dates controls for specific types of volatile Oxygenated Fuels Program
organic compound sources. Regulation No. 13
Regulation No. 13 requires the use of
Hazardous Air Pollutants Control oxygenated fuels in gasoline-powered motor
Regulation No. 8 vehicles in Colorado's Automobile Inspection
Regulation No. 8 sets forth specific work and Readjustment program areas, except Colo-
practices, emission control requirements and rado Springs,from Nov. 1 through Feb. 7.
standards for hazardous air pollutants.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Open Burning, Prescribed Fire and Regulation No. 15
Permitting Regulation No. 15 identifies the require-
Regulation No. 9 ments to control emissions of ozone-depleting
Regulation No. 9 applies to all open burning compounds from both stationary and mobile
activities throughout the state to control smoke sources.
and emissions from such fires. The regulation
sets forth requirements for permitting including Street Sanding and Sweeping
prescribed fires,controlled burns and significant Regulation No. 16
users of prescribed foes. Regulation No. 16 sets specification stan-
dards for street sanding material and street
Transportation Conformity sweeping practices in the Automobile Inspection
Regulation No. 10 and Readjustment program area, and the Denver-
Regulation No. 10 defines the criteria the metro fine particle nonattainment area.
Colorado Air Quality Control Commission uses
to evaluate the consistency between state air Acid Rain Control
quality standards/objectives, and transportation Regulation No. 18
planning and major construction activities across Regulation No. 18 sets forth the requirement
the state, as defined in state implementation for implementing the state's acid rain program.
plans. This program is adopted by reference from the
federal program found in 40 C.F.R.,Part 72 as in
Motor Vehicle Inspection Program effect on Jan. 6, 1994.
Regulation No. 11
Regulation No. 11 requires automobile Lead Based Paint
emission inspection and maintenance programs Regulation No. 19
to be implemented in specified areas of the state Regulation No. 19 defines the requirements
for gasoline-powered on-road vehicles.These for certifying lead abatement professionals and
programs apply to businesses, industry and the
work practice measures.
general public.
Appendix--page 3
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Areas Affected
Pollutants Health Effects in Colorado _
Carbon monoxide affects individuals by No violations statewide
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a - depriving the body of oxygen.It enters the since 1995.
body through the lungs and inhibits the
colorless,odorless and tasteless gas.It results
from incom fete combustion; its major body's ability to transport oxygen.Carbon
Pmonoxide can reduce a healthy person's
sources in urban areas are motor vehicle
ability to perform manual tasks,and it can
S emissions and woodbuming.
especially affect pregnant women,fetuses.,
P Y P S
anemic individuals and persons with cazdo-
vascular diseases.
Particulate Matter(PM) t t articulate matter t v� � n Elevat : ls
;±.,a id t t ri i , aggra rate respiratory'. nditions and t � n
ilil I.
rite er paidciaa'tif a atf ` aofte increase the longterm risk of canker or'' c� .
referred to su n it is claslifi c to development of respiratory problems k � .
.T*c:,,=.i_ •t ( �"' k , nt
�lsloas,{�,,�tot It �y,,t , t Jft �(}
•pM IO= smaller than Fp71,G l i . LA.A tt4 �y�S{.t. i'
i c t '( d ii t f t i t i �it i
S.
•
Ozone (O ) highly Exposure to high concentrations of ozone Suburban areas down-
3 is a hi hl reactive form of can impair the function of lungs;it may wind of urban areas are
oxygen; it is not emitted directly from a source, induce respiratory symptoms in individuals most affected.Violation
rather it is formed from the reaction of pollutants with asthma,emphysema or reduced lung of the 8-hour standard in
with sunlight. Ground-level ozone(photochemi- function;it potentially can reduce immune the Denver-metro area
cal smog)should not be confused with strato- system capacity;and it can act as an irritant last occurred during the
spheric ozone—the protective ozone layer to mucous membranes of eyes and throat. summer of 2003.
located in the upper atmosphere.
r ' i lorao has
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) r e at a r Ater�,..,$4 and
it....................................................., igolublewimr l and�t , i:ffii
nt#iitabntta' iiti0ttl...........................di � i triOPlalinliaTINIti .
fl'.6m combustion sources„.. S,................................... i t ••
... . ................................
Lead can impair an individual's All of Colorado has
production of hemoglobin;cause
Lead (Pb) exists in the atmosphere met the standard.
primarily as an inhalable particulate;its primary intestinal cramps,peripheral nerve
ane mia and severe fati ue.
source is motor vehicles that burn leaded paralysis, S
gasoline
,Asbestos cause respiratory'probl antiBuildings tvhe a asbest os"
Atibestos 'o a
y rpP,, tiher f,,,,,� ark , ,t exi le trf ,,lei er, E�'itse' is #aen 6i$
liningsk[ttaleflals 0nd autam6btle the 1 ttss'mprimary conc articu-
ngs chr �Fie$ tt �,�
sot h..0 der oft)te lung (if renovation
.;,intesttif �,. , _ ,. , . , ._.. .
, J ., 4S
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is a Nitrogen dioxide can increase All of Colorado has met
gas contributing to photochemical smog respiratory problems,cause mild the standard. i
(ozone)production.It is a by-product of
symptomatic effects in asthmatic
oxides of nitrogen emitted from combustion individuals and increase susceptibility
sources and motor vehicles to respiratory infections.
Hazardous Air Pollutants ate `Hazardous ts n mrre i,ii s jar i i mii
itiiiimiiiiiiiinialbliiiiii
poll tsknown or suspected of causing cancer of cag* st t�s i it At °1 t tai t >t it
.orotherseriousheailli is t , . . '...d . ;; i ....,,.. :J ,.....,_ ' .. i.:
tt, i �
Appendix--page 4
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Appendix
State & Federal State & Local Programs/Strategies
Air Pollutant Standards To Reduce Air Pollutants
Two state and federal carbon monoxide standards Basic and Enhanced Automobile Inspection and Mainte-
exist.Both standards average the concentration of name Programs,Oxygenated Gasoline Program,transporta-
carbon monoxide across specified time periods—one tion planning,travel reduction programs,residential burning
hour and eight hours.The 1-hour standard is set at 35 controls,stationary source controls and pollution prevention
parts per million and the 8-hour standard is set at 9 programs,High Pollution Advisory Program.
parts per million.
,': , ++ , i , ,+ + f+°� 4 s �r'r"saw� ,� ,+9+!rz ,( , !, Iw r ,!.(+ i, rioo.Tr= 'vii +
a ° e teip � . o �1at,F; , .rov L c C t sand
vq
x� F��t� n 2�tNtkt�wts�tit n�`nd� ` 3 ,r r i ,� ���' �as1� ''
nartt t��# + at and t r ed tact a n and
microns(e arse tar'ti I0 the rs and reduction'programs alaatt tal#�t�i
PMitlsue' c a. sona�24-
n -hoar staptkkt d for mss"mph Pollutio eta r y Pro tit q#t paoa enh tt
tia.4itd atm , p*00), §i 0h tttup n Aclxasa t �t
PM2$ e (risa"�ms pot01 c i
entile s 3 ' F ( xai i
an and 5 1`For 1 't t dar 75ti + , '!
ugtm3(24*h ur)�50 ugltt (�)
8-hour standard: An area will attain the standard Basic and Enhanced Automobile Inspection and Mainte-
when the 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour nance programs,gasoline transfer controls, substitution of
concentration,averaged over three years, is equal to non-reactive hydrocarbons, solvent control and pollution
or below 0.085 ppm. prevention programs, summertime Ozone Advisory Pro-
1-hour standard:An area violates the standard gram
when the hourly peak ozone concentration is 0.125
ppm or greater more than three times in three years.
��d�yfF��,�.� + ( n' E 4 r+y F,++ ad i� ii+i r a i i i�� u I s r+
t iI94t jiGYR:A,q k I � pm v d +I���{ydyry� �� i !, . r r� +
acrossspec1 e pe�r�i�o��' �al i4 !4i+u.` r d .iz f,v"TTaL i t+!¢� '*�
at003�"' " llion,a24-h �i a dard (7kr 1Apai, 3� + Eis>T f5di33+ j((+iF °j i ,s f< �„,__ !
INIPMi
SCI atAli ppiik' + &tiiiidi t� ' '.t 'i + _,�4 hp , ri+ ,;I4+ + ! + t( n + i+
pptR5 m, . + F ,.....Ali i i: ill ' ..._.,rs vi, !'..., .,,._ .. .s.. t::a.;
The federal lead standard is averaged across 3-month Leaded gasoline phase out and stationary source controls.
time periods.During any three months,the lead
concentration is not to exceed 1.5 ug/m3.The state
lead standard is averaged across 1-month time
periods and is not to exceed 1.5 ug/m3.
et ..': ++ f ¢. `kr iii+ ,PE4 p m+ otlCo t i,+ iuna tn��8
StatC Stand . I'or'a......t4Y&t5 5Ct 8t Qtdrat„7�+triv Guir0't attitt...,i ypt,4r i
0.O1 /cc(fibers percubic eentim�or 70 ' €on...................................ro � ��
�, imetndep n .i,94 tfr it F+( , ME + y +' t
5trnciurespCt'��rtt�t� 031 t�ln +e i � 4�i K3ii� °, �r�+'f#t�7i +'++ry ,5i 13 i~# , 3I i i, (6� i�
me��.
tt i i Ir it i i
MillirR
The nitrogen dioxide standard averages concentra- Colorado Air Quality Control Commission regulations
tion levels on an annual basis and allows up to 0.053 control the emissions of oxides of nitrogen.
parts-per-million of nitrogen dioxide per year.
._ 44 }{p {' i ,tJh P! p Y th (i Ng 3 b q, 4C J h.+ k y p I i 2 Y I F r
r 1 E Y ! y 1 + !, .wig 4 I y !3 , 4i,L nfi i ,�t i 0d 4F4 i+ ,
and ate contt`id: +t�Att ! 1. + ++( prevention
� t the iaknibmhhAlmhip +� f (sous aiF
Appendix--page 5
2004-2005 Report to the Public
Stationary Sources Program Enforcement Update
Purpose
This portion of the report is intended to satisfy the requirement in section 25-7-105(5)(c),CRS,
which requires the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission to prepare and make available to the
I public a report that includes a list of all alleged violations of emission control regulations, and
showing the status of control procedures in effect with respect to each such alleged violation.
The full enforcement report is available on-line at www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/enforcerept.asp.A
summary of enforcement statistics is provided on the following page.
Enforcement Program
The Field Services Unit regulates stationary sources, including open burning and odors. The unit
has been focusing more on early settlement agreements in lieu of issuing Notices of Violation and
Compliance Orders. Upon discovery of a violation, the inspector typically will draft and send a
The Compliance
notify the source of the noncompliance issues. p
Compliance Advisory (CA)to P
p
Advisory includes a statement that the company should contact the inspector to discuss the noncom-
pliance issues. Upon discussing the issue internally and with the company, unit staff will decide
whether to dismiss the violation, issue a Warning Letter, proceed with early settlement discussions or
proceed with a formal enforcement action(issue a Notice of Violation). Many of the cases are settled
prior to issuance of a Notice of Violation. 6
�I�
The Chlorofluorocarbon Unit enforces Regulation No. 15 concerning the control of chlorofluoro-
carbons. Most of the enforcement actions by this unit involve notification and certification require-
ments. As a result, the Chlorofluorocarbon Unit often sends out early settlement agreement offers
and Compliance Advisories. It issues few Notices of Violation. 1.
The Asbestos Unit regulates companies involved in the abatement of asbestos. Building owners
and schools also are affected by asbestos control rules. In regulating schools,the Asbestos Unit
come into
'n stepsto �'
school to take certain issues Notices of Noncompliance(NONs) which require the
compliance. Typically, if the school comes into compliance within the stated time period, the divi-
sion does not require the school to pay a civil penalty. The Asbestos Unit is not legally required to,
but typically does issue a Notice of Violation(NOV) at the onset of an enforcement action. After a
Notice of Violation conference is held,the Asbestos Unit issues a Warning Letter,dismisses the
action,attempts to reach an early settlement agreement in the form of a Compliance Order on Con- I`
sent(COC),or issues a Compliance Order(CO).
The table on the following page is a summary of the number of enforcement documents.
t!
Appendix--page 6
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Appendix
Enforcement Statistics July 2004 - June 2005
Actions Field Services Unit Asbestos Unit CFC Unit
Warning Letters 1 42 7
Compliance Advisories 32 0 0
Notices of Violations 7 10 0
Notices of Noncompliance (schools only) 0 41 n/a
Compliance Orders 1 10 0
Compliance Orders on Consent and 29 14 16
Early Settlement Agreements
AOCC Hearings 0 0 0
Referrals to Attorney Generals Office 0 1 0
Referrals to EPA 0 1 3
Glossary of Terms
Compliance Advisory(CA): The division issues these to provide timely notice to a facility of apparent
violations found during an inspection. The division may or may not initiate a formal enforcement action,
depending on the type of violation and the response of the facility.
Compliance Order(CO): If the division determines that a violation or noncompliance did occur after a
notice of violation conference,it may issue a compliance order. The order includes the final determinations of
the division regarding the violation or noncompliance,a summary of the proceedings at the notice of violation
conference,and an evaluation of the evidence considered by the division in reaching its final determination of
law.
Compliance Order on Consent(COC): A settlement agreement or express terms,mutually agreed upon in
writing,between the recipient of an informal notice of noncompliance,notice of violation,or compliance order
and the division,resolving the discovered noncompliance issues.
Noncompliance Penalty(NCP): A penalty assessed pursuant to§ 25-7-115(5),C.R.S.,to ensure a source
does not reap the economic benefit of noncompliance with a federal requirement,as required under 42 U.S.C. §
7420.
Notice of Noncompliance(NON): Issued to a school and requires the school to take certain steps to come
into compliance. Typically,if the school comes into compliance within the stated time period,the division does
not require the school to pay a civil penalty.
Notice of Violation(NOV): Issued by the division to provide specific notice to a company of the provi-
sions alleged to have been violated,and the division's factual basis and legal conclusions for the allegations.
Warning Letter: A written notification to a source that the division has documented a violation,that further
recurrence could result in enforcement action being taken,but that no further enforcement action will result
directly from the instant violation.
Appendix--page 7
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