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Home My WebLink About20132660.tiffVarra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 1431 East 16" Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Telephone (970) 353-8310 Fax (970) 353-4047 Wednesday 20 November 2013 Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 O Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Varra Companies, Inc. - Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) - Permit M-2013-064 Materials submitted to the Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (CRMS) - Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR): • Correspondence of 20 November 2013 from Varra Companies, Inc. to the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation, with attending attachments. Attachments: 1 Proof of Placement of this material with the Weld County Clerk to the Board. 2 Exhibit C — Pre —Mining & Mining Plan Map — list of owners. 3 Proofs of Publication & Notification. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced material, as attached. The material should be added to the above referenced Application, as originally submitted to the Weld County Clerk to the Board, and made accessible for public review. Received On By: u� V�/&cYc , 2013 Office o County Clerk to the Board of County Commissioners ASg ��as1► f blew u J9l RECEIVED WELD COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 2013-3274 Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 1431 East 16" Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Telephone (970) 353-8310 Fax (970) 353-4047 Wednesday 22 November 2013 Peter Ilays, E.P.S. Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining, & Safety Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) 1313 Sherman St., Ste. 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 Subject: Regular Impact (112) Permit Application - Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Permit M-2013-064 - Proofs of Publication & Notification. Enclosed, find a revised Exhibit C, text, correlated along with correlated proofs of publication (Affidavit of Publication from the Greeley Tribune) and correlated notification correspondence. An example of the required correspondence sent to all owners on the list is included for the notice of the publication and for owners of structures. All notices were sent certified with return receipt requested. Not all signed green cards indicating receipt of the notifications were returned. The majority of green cards were returned. All green cards received were matched to the correlated certified mail receipt as shown in the included copies. Where the envelope was returned containing the notifications, a second attempt was made to send a notice if an alternative address or means of contact could be determined. We trust the effort constitutes a proper and good faith effort to satisfy the publication and notification requirements of the Act. Naturally, if you need clarification or additional information, please let us know. Sincerely, Varra Companies, Inc. Bradford Janes Professional Forester Liaison, Office of Special Projects cc. Christopher L. Varra, President Varra Companies, Inc. BLJ/blj. Attachments: 1 Proof of Placement of this material with the Weld County Clerk to the Board. 2 Exhibit C - Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map - list of owners. 3 Proofs of Publication & Notification. 2 Exhibit C - Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 6.4.3 EXHIBIT C - Pre -mining and Mining Plan Map(s) of Affected Lands One or more maps may be necessary to legibly portray the following information: (a) all adjoining surface owners of record; (b) the name and location of all creeks, roads, buildings, oil and gas wells and lines, and power and communication lines on the area of affected land and within two hundred (200) feet of all boundaries of such area; (c) the existing topography of the area with contour lines of sufficient detail to portray the direction and rate of slope of the affected land; (d) the total area to be involved in the operation, including the area to be mined and the area of affected lands (see definition of "Affected Land"); (e) the type of present vegetation covering the affected lands; and (f) in conjunction with Exhibit G - Water Information, Subsection 6.4.7, if required by the Office, further water resources information will be presented on a map in this section. (g) Show the owner's name, type of structures, and location of all significant, valuable, and permanent man-made structures contained on the area of affected land and within two hundred (200) feet of the affected land. (h) In conjunction with Exhibit I - Soils Information, Subsection 6.4.9, soils information may be presented on a map in this section; (i) Aerial photos, if available, may be included in this section. Adjoining Surface Owners Of Record As Shown On Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map (Source: Property Owners from Weld County Assessor Records and Utilities Directly from Utility): Property Number Name & Address 096110100006 Coulson Excavating Company, Inc. 3609 NCR 13 Loveland, CO 80538 and Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 096110100005 Jesse Corral 2305 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 8 August 2013 Exhibit C Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 096103000036 Doeringsfeld & Aratas Partnership 096110100001 c/o 8120 Gage Street 096110100002 Frederick, Colorado 80516 096103000036 Varra Companies, Inc. 096110100001 8120 Gage Street 096110100002 Frederick, Colorado 80516 096111000108 DPG Farms, Inc. 3300 South Parker Road, Ste. 300 Aurora, CO 80014 096111000019 Sharon Faye Long Living Trust 1218 Fern Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 Resent to: Sharon Long 2548 WCR 80 Eaton, CO 80615 096111000018 Jack Allmer and 1100 Fern Avenue 096102000017 Greeley, CO 80631 096102000005 Beegles Aircraft Service 635 Airoort Road Greeley, CO 80632 and Bell Scott 624 Buss Avenue #55 Greeley, CO 80632 and Linda Belleau DBA Barnstormer Restaurant 600 Airport Road B Greeley, CO 80632 and Greeley Weld County Airport Authority P.O. Box 727 Greeley, CO 80632-0727 and Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Harris Aviation, Inc. 625 Airport Road #4 Greeley, CO 80632 and Harris Fueling, Inc. 600 Airport Road C Greeley, CO 80632 and J.W. Duff Aircraft Company 675 Airport Road #36 &575 Crosier Avenue #15 Greeley, CO 80632 and Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. c/o GRCC Corp. 622 Ed Beegles Lane Greeley, CO 80631 Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. 119 2°d Street LaSalle, CO 80645 Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. c/o Harris Fueling Inc. 625 Airport Road Greeley, CO 80631 and Precision Propeller Service, Inc. 631 Buss Avenue #47 Greeley, CO 80632 096103000004 Carmen G. Rodriguez Fermin Rodriguez Francisco Rodriguez Rhomda Rodriguez Robert Rodriguez 2544 East 8th Street Greeley, CO 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 096103000038 096103400047 Bliss Investments, LLC 2438 East 8th Street Greeley, CO 80631 or P.O. Box 816 Greeley, CO 80632 096110100003 John & Lucille Paben 2125 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80632 And P.O. Box 401 Kersey, CO 80644 096110402011 William & Mindy Sue Clark 1601 Elder Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 096110401001 William & Teresa Vohs 1600 Elder Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 096110400039 Kathleen Hinojosa 2136 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400040 Donald Daberkow And Jim Landry 2146 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400007 Kathleen Hinojosa 2196 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400006 Garrett Hurni 2222 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400005 NO NAME !!! 2320 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400004 Paul & Carol Light-Sey 2400 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400057 Bobby & Patty Arellano 2460 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400056 Abelardo & Nancy Vega 2464 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map And 1711 East 16`h Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400002 Suzanne & James Stanley 2508 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400001 096111000024 Judith Meyer 2516 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096111000106 Wayne & Teresa Johnson 1700 Fern Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 Continued...next page Varna Companies, Inc. Varna -Coulson Resource Project 5 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Other (Utilities, Roads, etc) Name and Address City of Greeley City of Greeley ATTN: City Clerk 1100 10th Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Merit Energy Merit Energy ATTN: Clay Munger, Operations Manager 1313 North Denver Avenue, Building #3 Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621 Resent to: Merit Energy Company ATTN: Arlene Valliquette, Regulatory Affairs, R -O -W 1327 Noel Road, Ste. 1200 Tower 2 Dallas, TX 75240 Matrix Energy Matrix Energy, LLC ATTN: David M. Blandford 201 Linden Street, Suite 301 Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 Resent to: Matrix Energy ATTN: David Blanford 300 Boardwalk Dr., #6A Fort Collins, CO 80525 Noble Energy Production, Inc. Noble Energy Production, Inc. ATTN: Right of Way Department 804 Grand Avenue Platteville, Colorado 80651-7560 Resent to: Noble Energy ATTN: Right -of -Way Department 2115 117`l' Ave. Greeley, CO 80634 DCP Midstream DCP Midstream ATTN: Right of Way Department 1324 North 7th Avenue Greeley, Colorado 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 6 8 August 2013 Exhibit C Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Resent to: DCP Midstream ATTN: Right -of -Way Department 3026 4th Ave. Greeley, CO 80631 North Weld County Water Conservancy District North Weld County Water District ATTN: Alan Overton 33247 U.S. Highway 85 Lucerne, Colorado 80646 Petroleum Development Corporation Petroleum Development Corporation 103 E. Main St. P.O. Box 26 Bridgeport, West Virginia 26330 And 1313 Denver Ave., Bldg, #3 Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621 Local Address — no information sent — alternate contact: Petroleum Development Corporation ATTN Eric Swenson 1775 Sherman St., Ste. 3000 Denver, CO 80203 Lycos Energy Corporation Lycos Energy Corporation 6688 North Central Expressway Suite 1600 Dallas, Texas 75206 Poudre Valley Rural Electric Association, Inc. Poudre Valley Rural Electric Association, Inc. 7649 REA Parkway Fort Collins, CO 80528 Conquest Oil Company Conquest Oil Company 3400 West 16th Street, Ste. 6L Greeley, CO 80631 and 8203 West 20th Street Greeley, CO 80634 Cache Exploration, Inc. Cache Exploration, Inc. 1221 28th Ave. Greeley, Colorado 80631 Natural Gas Associates, Inc. Natural Gas Associates, Inc. 1801 Broadway#1200 Denver, CO 80202 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 7 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Or possibly: Natural Gas Associates of Colorado LLP 621 17`h Street Denver, CO 80293-0621 The Greeley Irrigation Company The Greeley Irrigation Company P.O. Box 449 Greeley, CO 80632 Ogilvy Irrigation Ditch Ogilvy Irrigation & Land Company Greeley, Colorado 80631 Resent to: Ogilvy Irrigation & Land Company ATTN: Steve Cockroft, Ditch Rider 28609 WCR 57.5 Kersey, CO 80644 Century Link Century Link ATTN: Right -of -Way Department 12680 WCR 58 Greeley, CO 80634 Hand Delivered to: Century Link Carson Ortega, Engineer III 2505 1st Ave. Greeley, CO 80631 Xcel Energy Xcel Energy ATTN Doug Dalton, Right -of -Way Department 1500 6th Ave. Greeley, CO 80632 Comcast Cable Co. Comcast Cable Co. ATTN: Right -of -Way Department 3737 West 10th St. Greeley, CO 80634 ATMOS Energy ATMOS Energy ATTN: Right -of -Way Department 1200 11th Ave. Greeley, CO 80631-3928 WeldCounty Department of Public Works Weld County Department of Public Works ATTN: Don Carroll, Engineering Administrator P.O. Box 758 Greeley, Colorado 80632-0758 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 8 8 August 2013 \17id:n It 1.1.1'11111h MIMI sTA•I I ( )l: ( •( HA ) I(A I !4 0 l •ounlr tot I I 1CS9 esit I..trti„n 4ot' said County ill Weld. heiii tlui\ swt►lu, •.a t' titan I ant all adVel limo' &deal. o(' THE: (;RI•:i•.I,I•: ' '1'I21Itt rN I•:• PUBLIC NOTICE Vona t:unll>nrura, ku. ;14120 Cage Shoal. Frederick, Colorado luu, tl . I:u13) 666.6657. has tiled an a 1p1lc4dlon lot a Reorder Impact j 11?) Cnnstruchrm Mnlorials Operation Roclamallon f'raltit will: 1110 Culooufu kilted I. and RoGainatlon Board under prtrvrnknw tit Ira, Colorado rend Reclarnnlron Acl for OIo Euhnc• boll of (;rurrlinclion Mnlodals. The proposed trine Is known as tun Vana•Cordson Ronuurce protect. and as located at or neat :7Maiuu Too. Township Flve Ninth, innra, Sinlyllvo Wool, Sludi Pi NIN: Mnllrlme IOW rar'rurird dale el commencement is 1 Jnnonry 7.014. and the uiurnsud dale id completion is 1 January 2044 Tito pro• tinned fuhlre ua0 rd Sur land Is Dnvotopod Watm Rowdier:s anti 'Aber uuir.al14:en. Aurluiottnl Infnimnhun and lonlnlhro decision rkdr may be oblulttud from the Divlultu, of Reclamation. Mining. .nut SAlnly. 1313 Sbninum Sheol. Roan 215, Denver. Colorado 110203. 1:1113) (166.3507. or et the Woid County Clerk lo din head: 11!.41 b Slmol: (treeley, Culutruln 410632. or the 11110ve rwmxt sheik vA. lauutmtts roust bid h, wnlln6 aril mull Ile meowed by lido Dlvi• :•ken o1 Iph.l:nnnlilx,, MimruL mid Scilly by 4.00 P.M Wedrres• rl.ty /0 Nuvnmistr 21113. /ions. note fh.o ender rho pnlvruinns of C.R.S 34.32.9• (OS ut :,roll. CImunmul s rotated! In nonce buck traffic. hours ns al udetaf on. flaunt avowal, n1/mYs on pro mnf), vaxres and other sttcfal Or Iv:uuraruc •Brlli:erns ern issues rmt selryrrf to !fns Office's funs- diclron. lhesn SUNOCO. and similar ones, 010 typlt:payy ad- drer;.cm Ill• row haul governments, rather than the 0nv,sion of firclaumllnn, Atmung. and Sainiv nr rtrn Atoms I and Roclama- tevt lkyrol NM, frown. rh:It4Nr. III. 17 :'•I, •tl, .1.13 Ihal the same Is ,t daily 114'It.p.l1W, oC ,tenctal circulation and pruned dud puhllshed nn due ('uy Ito (irceley. in said comity and state. That the nonce III ndvertiscnnrut. ul �, back hill' annc\ett Iti .1 true CI qty. has been pul.iished in said tI.uh• newcspapei 11:1 consecutive !days): that the notice a•as published in ihe regular and t'lltiir L.uc 411 4'44.1 t nllnlhei ni rant newspaper during lilt' petlorl and time tit p(lhhCatl4tn 411 said notice. and tit lite ncttsp,lpi•I proper and not an a supplement thet.•tit. that flit• lirst puhhc:tttl,n ol'said notice '.its innlatned nt Ihc 'Fend! dad. oft )ctuhct Al) _'OI ; anti Mr la -a puhltcatwat Ihcreol': nn Ike t.we lot said nt•Wspa pi•I heating the dale of list t:linty-litsl, day of 4 )elobet A.D. 2(0.3. dui said The I ireelev '1 'Amine has been published continuously autl tilunlCI ruplcdly dining the 'wind or at least sox months next prior lo the lilst issue Iliereol• contained said notice on advertisenlclit aho%'e ueietred to: that .'till nca,paper has hcen admitted to the t lilted States mails as sect Ind-cla'ry. matter under the provisions or the Act or Maaeh 3,1 N7'). or any amendments thereof: anti that newspaper is a daily newspaper rimy yualiliLd ltil puhlishnl�t Ik't,al noriCC:: and AdVel scnu•nls wtillnt the tnC;utanit alloy lees of the Slate of ('olotadrt )Cllthei,1(1. 17,'•1. 31 : '')l.t Total /'hart_tes' 124!(1.1111 )\\1..Lt.. C_uUI\ 1% +•Ill day oft 'MI . I .t 'ti (•onnlusslnn I•.xprlt•' ''I•I/'ul5 Notary Public •::f;ttlflu,i (ttla'r Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Telephone (303) 666-6657 Fax (303) 666-6743 Friday 11 October 2013 To: Our Neighbor Subject: PUBLIC NOTICES: Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064 - Required information for Adjacent Landowners. Contact: Garrett C. Varra, Vice President of Operations Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Dear Neighbor: Two Notices are enclosed for your consideration. The Notices are required as part of permitting our lands for sand and gravel operations. We have enclosed a Notice of our intent to conduct mining operations, and a Notice regarding your structure(s) which may be located within 200 feet of our affected lands. A map shows the approximate location of our project area. A Stability Analysis Report offers evidence our planned operations will not impact your adjacent structures, and is available to you upon request. We hope you will review the included Notifications, and return signed and notarized Statements of Understanding. Naturally, should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me directly at the telephone number above. Thank -you for your time and cooperation. Friday 11 October 2013 To: Adjacent Surface Owner of Record Subject: PUBLIC NOTICE: Varra Companies, Inc. — Varra—Coulson Resource Project — Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064. Contact: Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Telephone: 303-666-6657 FAX: 303-666-6743 e -Mail: gvarra@varracompanies.com The following Public Notice will appear in the Greeley, Tribune for four (4) consecutive weeks, commencing Thursday 10 October 2013, as shown below. You have received a copy of this Notice as required by Colorado Mined Land Rules and Regulations. All lands having a valuable mineral resource must be extracted prior to development. All extracted lands must also be reclaimed. These lands will be reclaimed to Developed Water Resources and other mixed uses that will complement the surrounding lands. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact us as detailed above, and ask for Garrett C. Varra, Vice -President of Operations. Thank -you. PUBLIC NOTICE Varna Companies, Inc.; 8120 Gage Street; Frederick, Colorado 80516; (303) 666-6657, has filed an application for a Regular Impact (112) Construction Materials Operation Reclamation Permit with the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board under provisions of the Colorado Land Reclamation Act for the Extraction of Construction Materials. The proposed mine is known as the Varra-Coulson Resource Project, and is located at or near Section Ten, Township Five North, Range Sixty-five West; Sixth Prime Meridian. The proposed date of commencement is 1 January 2014, and the proposed date of completion is 1 January 2044. The proposed future use of the land is Developed Water Resources and other mixed uses. Additional Information and tentative decision date may be obtained from the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety: 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215; Denver, Colorado 80203; (303) 866-3567, or at the Weld County Clerk to the Board; 1150 O Street; Greeley, Colorado 80632; or the above named applicant. Comments must be in writing and must be received by the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety by 4:00 P.M. Wednesday 20 November 2013. Please note that under the provisions of C.R.S. 34-32.5-101 et seq. Comments related to noise, truck traffic, hours of operation, visual impacts, effects on property values and other social or economic concerns are issues not subject to this Office's jurisdiction. These subjects, and similar ones, are typically addressed by your local governments, rather than the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety or the Mined Land Reclamation Board. 1 Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Telephone (303) 666-6657 Fax (303) 666-6743 Friday 11 October 2013 To: Adjacent Surface Owner of Record Subject: Statement of Understanding regarding significant, valuable and permanent man-made structures located within 200 feet of planned extraction activities for Varra Companies, Inc. - Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064. Contact: Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Dear Property Owner: Varra Companies, Inc. (8120 Gage St., Frederick, CO, 80516, Telephone: 303-666-6657), plans to conduct extraction activity over a parcel of land identified as the Varra-Coulson Resource Project, and is located at or near Section 10, Township 5 North, Range 65 West; 6th P.M.; Weld County, Colorado. You have received this notice because we believe you are the owner of one or more significant, valuable and permanent man-made structure(s) located within two hundred (200) feet of the planned extraction and related affected land. A qualified man-made structure may include a fence, a residence or out building, a road, utility, or other significant, valuable and permanent man-made structure. As the owner of a qualified man-made structure located within 200 feet of our planned extraction activity, the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety requests we provide evidence of our efforts to protect such structures from injury during the planned extraction activities; and to assure you that in the unlikely event damage occurs to your structures as a direct result of our active operations, it will be compensated for, consistent with established law. Upon request, we will provide you with one copy of our Stability Analysis Report, as included in our permit application with the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety. The report indicates that planned extraction activities are not expected to adversely impact adjacent qualified man-made structures. Also included is a map showing the approximate area of land affected under our planned extraction activities, our permit area and the relationship to your property. A line showing the approximate extent 200 feet from our permit boundary is shown for your reference. You may review the complete permit application at the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (1313 Sherman St., Room 215, Denver, CO 80203, Telephone 303-866-3567), or at the Weld County Clerk to the Board (1150 O Street; Greeley, Colorado 80632), or at our corporate headquarters in Frederick, above. Please review the available materials, and if you agree that activities will not impact your qualified structures verify this understanding by your notarized signature, below. Please return it to us in the enclosed self- addressed envelope. Letters not returned to us within ten (10) days of your receipt of this notice will act as evidence of your approval as well. Please submit any objections in writing to our Gage Street Office within 10 days of receipt of this correspondence. If you have any questions or concerns about our planned activities and your structures we want to discuss them with you. You are encouraged and welcomed to contact us as soon as possible at our Gage Street Office at the telephone number, above. Please ask for Garrett C. Varra, Vice President of Operations. Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Telephone (303) 666-6657 Fax (303) 666-6743 Statement of Understanding Landowner of Adjacent Structure Statement: Our notarized signature below testifies we have been provided with and opportunity to review: 1) a Stability Analysis Report pertaining to the proposed Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064; and, 2) a Map showing the approximate relationship of our property and the potential for any qualified significant, valuable and permanent man-made structure(s), which may occur within 200 feet of lands affected within the proposed Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064. Upon review of the available materials; And understanding the relationship of any significant, valuable and permanent man-made structures under our ownership and which may stand within 200 feet of lands affected within the proposed Varra- Coulson Resource Project - Regular Impact (112) Permit Application M-2013-064; Further, by our signatures, as notarized below, we concur that planned activities detailed in the application for permit M-2013-064; do not impact our qualified significant, valuable and permanent adjacent man-made structures; and to assure you that in the unlikely event damage occurs to your structures as a direct result of our active operations, it will be compensated for, consistent with established law. ,2013 Signature of Adjacent Landowner Date Print Name State of ) ss. County of The foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me this day of 2013, by ( for ). Title Company or Corporation Notary Public My Commission expires: 2 Affidavit KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that 1. Garrett C. Varra, Vice -President of Operations, Varra Companies, Inc., testify and affirm receipt of proper notification as to the Public Notice and any consideration Ibr the stability ofour structures for Varra Companies. Inc., and as the land manager on behalf of Dcoringsfield and Aratas Partnership: for OMI..R Permit Application M -2(}13 -UM Varra-Coulson Resource Project. This testimony is EXECUTED this 17th day of October, 2013. Garrett C. Varra. Vice-PrctiiLItnt Operations Varra Companies. Inc. STA'T'E OF COLORADO ) SS: COUNTY OF BOULDER ) The fbregoing signature was acknowledged heibre me this day of C C' t.)t-71t-' • .'Y" , 2013. by. the Principal. IN WI IITNESS WHEREOF I have affixed by hand and Notarial Seal the day and year last above written. My commission expires: { C) N j ISLA JESSICA HOOVER NOTARY PUBLIC STATE OF COLORADO NOTARY ID 20044035571 My Commission Expires Oct. 4, 2016 U.S. Postal Service CERTIFIED MAIL1M RECEIPT (Domaitfe Mail Only; NO Insurance Coverage Provided) GRM1L 1'11 s30na1 (,l:l .I '.•111 .I I� i.• 4.1.32 039; $3.10 1: V• I:, $2.55 1 .. " $0.00 $6.`rl 10/15/2013 r,. ...., Jack... 4ll.mer ........ . 1100 Fern Avenue f Grcele CO 80631 • ••, • U.S. Postal Service,., CERTIFIED MAIL„ RECEIPT (Domestic Mail Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) Por depvsry Inhumation d.lt our wabsdte at www.uspa.comil GRE11.E1' CO 60631 $1.32 $3.10_ $2.55 $0.00 $0.97 0395 12 I'„ .1.,, „;; 10/15/2013 Conquest Oil Company 3400 West 16th St., ..stc...#.. Greele , CO 80631 PS Form 3800. August 2006 Soo Flavors° roe Instruotloni 7010 167 m rr- .lI In r -- Li ru 2970 0002 ri a r U.S. Postal Service,,,, CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No ItlaurencerOvaagtt 1•l..i:' 0V"- . 10 40.00 36.`►i (iREELEY CO 80[,31 Sharon Faye Long T,i.vinc.' '1'rlt:. ( 1' 1218 Fern Avenue Greeley, CO 8063.1. I,1 U.S. Postal Service.. CERTIFIED MAIL,,., RECEIPT (Domestic Mail Only; No Insurance Coverage P IOLLAF, TX 75240 I •,. •.,aq.. 1 '. .• IUtr, rl 11:,• IL•t.n,• 44.a ,•yd $ "" tl1,.I... r"n•c1II„'111118,11 10/•f0,? 'o .; :"'"H" Merit Energy Company IAZTAil.;v,;Ar 1e a Valli ittc , ,•r1�r1„.ro,,R atoAqi labs ROW 1SZ. .1slael Roa ,. Std. 1.2m) • we r 2 5 - PS Form 3800. August 2000 U.S. Postal Service,, CERTIFIED MAIL,r, RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) GREEL.EY CO. 8063: 1•.••,t p. 11,.2.1111 I I.,. r•.1.11 . I:.1 I,.,-.. .I,,.•ut I:.;,1,1, •li r? n7..•,•uv III Ii••gw;1..1! T. • it I • •.I I.;.. A I ,.. . $ $1.32 0395 $3.10 $2.55 10.00 $6.97 12 10/15/2013 J.W. Duff Aircraft Co. N„ •r1,A"N"575 Crosier Ave., #15 ='"r" '"''°Greeley, CO 80632 " , ti , .• .r.. I. .iiit I .t. 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Also comploto ilrrtu 4 if i i,•::Itll:locl 17ollvery Is deslrod. n I hint your n:1luu tinrl ncidlos:: on tho rovorse 1111:11 wrr .:nn return rho card to you. i'l Allar.11 1111:: caul to (ho brtcic of tho ntallpioco, (1I Ui1 11111 Hurd 11 ::I►:1c01)01111 :. I. Ails. In /vI.111 • :ar.I I.V 'Ii ('.ill.r.iy Corporation I.I. fl ti hli,r I -.h Central 1SX- Ir1 I•..:wity :;Iii I t I !1111) I),I.! 1.I::, •I'\ 751:.'0(i n11G.lu Iduu11.. 1 (h:ue:fi'r fr.vn :arrt'iuo lnl.id) A. :;ll1111i1Ii' X U. Received by (Printed Nang) 1.1 /DW I,: Mill, l C. Dal,. ut Itr•Irv.•,v 11. Ill delivery raft difiaantl Inn') lien I'/ I I `r.• If WS. eider dnllvasy s..kln.:;:: Ir.>luev: i.l I I•. ;t. Snwlr:o Typo Ill Curlllind Mail ❑ ltn(Ilstorotl ❑ Insurer! Mall I~r Cxpt.•a:: Mu 11 111 ilulu; n Ilocolp5 tut M.•+. Ii.tn.l...• CI 0.01). 4. Restricted Delivery? Pita l of?) I.l Yrr; 7010 14,70 14.I MITI, non 310 l I , I •t hn iary 200/1 70111 1670 rID..1I.JCl . A o of o a os ► . OO I:=i 01 to p►ZK n`� y. ft x ti J' n it' O n mrnb ►� O of +H rnrnnw Cno p ►.J. �J• O n Ii Iu in In I . IMIf 1.3 Donwstie Rntun► lircelpt ri 00 n 0o t=1 o11 m r1 l( m n O rt 1•t tr 01 o a t1 rr r: l-.• O fi fD N ;n tv IL' I. 1%11. to 0.0,.. f? n c1 in a, r, (!:' t� O al O) n Cr: J i I (D r fD K n O co t1/41 1/40 t1/4i I� :lulglh ibnuf. I, ,1ntl3.Aka) camj)ioto III 1n .i ii I t.•:.ilir.lru1 I Js (Jut;Irod. r( it vigil 11:111h' ;au! ?ullllt??n un tho WWII'S° :•.,111.11 ::.• t.;ul ??:VIII' till? c:u(t tl1 you. n AlLu.Ii thy.: r..uti tt1 (lit. lock III Hu u mailploce, .n tNI IN' 111,1,1 ii :.lLu;II lasl'lii :. I ,1Ili, 1. • ,1/4.:• l•.• . I t. • i•l. t l 111 .' I i,::1 I•II II .:I'- I)'•llut•I , l'(, 14();!(.1--Ob?.'t •• Alll+.l.r I•Itlnll.r I (ir•'rl:.l..1 lirun ::• •rtit .t lii ual) A. ilflnatu I., ){ I I /14101•i I'I.t•l,i..• • II. I Irt:.+lvl.I by 1 1'IinGv/ N:Irn.•l I : 1l it . •II I'. •h •- I•: ft• I:dnievtnyat4MILLI Iit.•nl17 I I 11.9 dally?Iv •I.h6•".. In•L.;v: ! I PI• :I. : intvk I t 'IA In In (..:urlltIlK1 Mall Li kg I Ni.NI 171 Hutll:.ltartl I_I Itntulll t.t...d111 (Ili M..i. I....nii Mil tivalittt1 Mall LI e.I tit 4. I lo-.1ik:tad rintivoiy? (I.xita I rm.) El `S••. i.!'lit I1 111111! I':: I 'flu' ;III I I. I ulnu:ny ;'(lt}•l l)oineaiic Achim Iks:ryil ,'11J1.It I"i i II I.II:IE.Ii! i'[13'? 51161. • q,. 1 :::•o)I ON n .„ L. .. M., p1 f ;co �I 0 t in rt N H `C), r.a •w M 13 OTh (t l'1/4) rt-' ri• (I Y II IZ90-E6Z08 00 11• I) I'll rt- to to lot .vh •c• ; I n • • :•i I • !it I • •'' I i�+tt• I I.. "at:I :il t.I : I t' ;V.; t.t I I. I I O'.1.) ::K I ./1•1 ir.. I ' i•tU'.•1'I ••r t l: i. l t) ;tJ :s1 1'I I' ,I. (D n 0 co 0 01 ri (40'4001.p litmus 1, 2, and 3. Also cornploto H±.±1± •1 If I(ii:drictod Dolivery In desirod. r, I'lint yc n a iGiiiiu ;Ind nlltlreun Ott tho rovelsc ::u tli; Wil c:oi u'lutn (ho crud to you. O AI1n'.11 Ihi:; .: II' I to lhu back of (ho rnallpieco, uI tin Out, hoot Ii :vamp u;n nounils. I Ailu'.1" I t, Uin• .•,.-' I ('.it'll'• I::-:I.I.01:i.ttion , Inc. I :':' I 'lil I) Av''. ' r 1''t,', (.'O 806 31. t'. futicia (harit:('r (um' Ne.rvfr:n);,h,'t) A. Slynnluro I t, IRoc:tdved by (f'rfrttncl Won) I. -.I Aft. fill I I /i.hi,.••.....- fC. I ,.tl.' 'd I,. 'Iiv,.I•; I). In rblivnty rrifkcnn tilllcnrnt1 faun Zion' I? I I •Y•' . It 'altar tlntlVeiy mUfc'i i Ialtuw; I I N:. 3. tiolvlan typo 121 G,IIIiti I Mrdl L.I I:%line::, Ivbill I_I I(tyll.twuii I_a Iloluul II.t:':Ittl lot tvl.d, t,., u.f•••• LI Insulurl Mall L) 4. Hunttaictd Dolivory? (aim 1-,`.') I I 'Ion 711J.L1 1,1_,711 111JIJIJ i'.f.11l I !rli'..I.I, : I':; t nnn;lll I I , I t'Iiiiwuy.^.Qf1' Ihmmsllr. Renal' I(u,:nipt i'Lll.lf 1,1,•'11 51151 C) (D N N til • )t) CO 1-' rt. O y rt (DP• (D • H n i• (/• r In C. I. r.J 4 , CF rnco n.1:e., F.m. r l C F3 gn rn i cac .�C t C) 1-' n N n, a) N (7 it) ,— :3- T n :.• • c v• o. m r-. • ; • :1 I .41.'4 .I. G: dt•it, : I, :'• antI 3. AI:;o complete ili lu •1 it Ib:•:Ilit:Ift1I I)itlivetry i:: tltr irriI. I i I •nnl y'tnt eltnutt :miff adtlrns;t (Ill iho lovttrsc i 111,11 tvt• 1 .111 11 turn the cant III you. '1 AIL.* It illy. t.,Itil Iu Ihu I.tarlt ref lhi: l»aill)Ioru, nl nll Ilii. Ii''ii1 11 :.I1:ICtt I)Crl1111::. I .\. li .•• .1 W 1 1 i 1; Mi.iidy Suc Clark I lr11 I NI der Ave. ;III II y, i'O H 0 6 i1 I\ .1i 11 l.11l ll' x Lt. 11ut.!xvetl by ( l hiiiltaS Nunir•) dr. I I •.try ti ;. I l.il.• t.1 1'Ail,. ,.. 1).—klelnIIVttlyllddtastGllcnndb,nnih•nt I7 I I',. . If Yl.l;, Ialter dt livrty adI bt••; . I n'1•tw: I I I It i 3.:t'ivicv fytltr 111 Cur1tItutl MAO I:_] Um' ilt,.!. Mall 17 FAtiilclnrta! I.I Itom IIlkxatlpl Lu Whtlta,,nali _ LI hinuietl Winn I i C.t ► i t. 'I I ic:.IttckuI uttllveiy'1(1;XDn I tv ) At tit It. lit ntll,• .t (Is.iis.I's (heat :44vIt:rkihriJ • 1''; I nun :all I I, I'itltiv,liy 2DDd 70 :1tE.171:1 EJl:1I:1[3 1,47 Doinordic Upturn lint:rnii7t .rr1:iII1 .1,67t.1 [1000 2043 5147 O I� • OILV aaPI3 J SuI • ' II in 1. N i I.- r • SU ' 2 7C' 1�. I. Cffrg L'I M 4.4 N J n O 00 0 C' lr+ I.-. a, ,• 1 1 1• r 1 t'• au{'I, n • .b •tn:: I, ?, nut.! a. Al:to uonepleto ii. nt .1 ii I U".Iri.:intI Fte4ivrry I:: tlr.:,itr+.tl. rt I'Ioft, Ash ew I uw•anti:riclre:;:;111111111raver,r- Ut.J .•n• 8..111 11.!11111 ilk' t::1111 to you, hit.0 It tin.. e.AItl Po of Hitt titallpiere, t:t .m Ilt.• tto11l it ::Ita.:t% proud:.. di)hn itt.:.i.I_.I.t• I'�lkii:n 16th St. t,r I••y, CO 801,32 /1tlu In {Jultd.•I (I..ur:G't Ir1.nt:;lnt'ict±l.d,t!Ij A. ::Irtllitl.N'' X I I. IIevasvt•tI Ity (I nntfrrf N.uu.'I I I ;8,1.18• ... 11 818. ill II. Ir: -t I). IauI.•Itvrtv.ult4.r.I{188111.111 luau tl.'tt1 17 I 1 • If \I-::. MAN' .l.'Itv.'Iy .0 P.:Ur..: I.r'Lxv: I I (I, • :1. Gcuv11,U typo Irrc1!rllfintl Mall L1 It,tJI 1urotl El fix:molt -t Mali t-.{aritnt; 1.4tttl LI Howl it f t11eoipt for Mott:I i:.ut ll . , LI c;.(t.n• 4. Ii(sllk:it'e! l)'livriy"/ (f:xt:t Ior) I I `;t•:. 1,1, 7I.] 1.11]1.111 .!iI1t -1 't 1,111 I':; I uun at;1 I , I utbt tat 2004 [Tolnesilt; Rolt.ru Ilrrrllet 71:1]1!.1 .Ir1.t 1'I] 00p[] 2[143 5123 fu C41 f' r• .1 i 1 • ,• a+ntl ii. ii' •In•, („'. nntl t. /Usc, (xllllI I( Ia Ih n1 I it ki,••.in..Ir.,I Ilnliv'iy1::l(o::ired. I I 11u141 t'..11, II.,UI••: 111,1: if kilt 1)11 Il1VOl::1? %•. • .:: III ulitori Ihn caul lo you. 1111.0 II tluc ...u.l Iii Ilut bad( (4 (1u111141111118Ct). . n , a l it l• • ;nail d • •1 ,u:., l luuuil::. I iti t.it;.. I.... . •:I 1.o ii i.h•,L i; KkITUR13 To EIBNIAR FORWARD ; DI Lh. TO ABLE TO FORWARD :: Iu rI.itt24 TO SIODER v/1e/'L_3 A.:.if itialul t, 11. 111r:1:1vt •. I In, ( Minh -4 Mow} •} I I i.p,r• C. I t,,l. • ..l 1 Ir•.. • I:). Ii, (k'tiv,9v ••'•'• :.1116a,m1 horn Ilan I. 1 I . reiy hh,••,:.lIt it.y- I I I.4. L'I I:x11r • .:; Ivkill ..1 Mum tia11 t I +,:LhIt Itrr 1„La..11. nuti: .nI Mull 1 1 f:.rl.l I. 111,1,11111,1,..111,111,111111111„ II.1461,11�1+ Fhl:drirtadlvaiv,a ? r�rr.rrlvl 111,+11+1,1111,11,1 v ( I 1 ; . . •.... V•.•lll�gl..., •411.i.n :LL'i7n nuarin 2U4I:.1 It�il.1I 701U 1670 OODD i.!.043 8070turn IIe;oipt • 17 (n �• m I ►° Ln o m Pu a; et ilf7fr; O rt NCO ON Iwa. Mqq CA c� Fv h$1 Ul (1) H N m L'i :i to ,u rt O a c I; ri• I- • ' a) 1£908 O� Ift•1 • In; ,'e.•,t' t.I rrl ,t:• it. •I 1, : ,tot :I. Al: . complete Il.411 .1 II I b•::hu.led I)n.{ivcny 1 c dr'sirmi. r I 4111 your I III! :11111 :ultra ,:: t)11 Illu revers° t:,gt Whim Iltn, caul lit yob. 1 • Al u.lt IIii ..;atlI it II in hnelt of III() mallpieco. nt •at tlu• Droll it pact:l)r.Imil::.. I •\Iie b• iu6ltr.�::, tl 1 . Nil it 1111c 1.1 liflc"l 1 • .i. r 1 Uwe'. :'.1)44 F..1:: I*. :1t:Il L. ( i l'I't • I t •`i 1 CO 80631 A. :;kiwiti h Y.. B. I lecoivecl by ( Printed Mond I. { iva r.t I I A,I.b• • D. It: ileaviuy allihu r tliltr.Ilvtt Dtnu gem I? I I •! • . (Intel rinIIvury:nIih,r::Ii''hi r: I I hl.. _..... 3. tiotvlcu'lyiw I Cnrlilinrl tvinli I.1 l-t:prrt•t Mail 1.1 I lol ll:aerrrt I I _I I lotion I Iut:cipl Jog iv1, !it i r u'. lt'. 17 11)rurorl M:+II r_i f :(),I 1 4. 1lnvirictntI rklivniy7ll_.tfr.i I.'r l I I ;• .•. I...l.• I'Irtud.'s Ilr.,1r.6n fbvu:•5.5Igo) litltrl) , I'::I'Hiu:tlt'l I. I r:hrti;uy:'lllkl L1 fill Itb i 11 [11.11][1 111.111 I Will l)omostir. Hohnn I - lu.:.,r.Il. •:a I!.t.r c 1670 0000 ci r CI (I) m H n 0 OD O w r•.) Ur 4— ., tri to rt co rt• r Cl) it C) CL N 0 0. ii la 111 N U.S. Postal Srvice;Ia CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (DomarrlC Malt Only; No lnauranos Co 'hilt FRI El EY I:Q 306;i1 .I;:. i..:t •..I....t.,.. .•t. • tl 1 I. 1.41 f•e.. .;i• .. • . $3.10 I I:: $2.% $6.97 I 1.0/15/201 Rhomda Rodriguez :•�;:•i..u.• 2544 East 8th St. Greeley, .CO.,._8063.1_ I 1 :wuilkd•. IA,ni:: 1. ;•.. uric) :l. Also oomplota 4 IF I IJ'!Ilvory Is tiiriirtxl. I'iiol voiii n.uui, :uul Itt 'thong on lhr) reverto .n 111.,1 w, ran litlunl Il,o ciul I In you. IT l�ILua+ .I pi!. i:.tliI to tit', hack nr till) muhrp'IOCD, ..I oil ibi• boo: IF :.t,ut:o 14111 Iii!;. I /till, .h• A'l.h• • a•.1 Ii. Mr Ii i:lll•rr1Y 11'1'11'1`) : t' I ,Iy Mlin(IC.r, t i I IIIC: M.Iniaryur I II.t Ntwth 1?i:nvt:r Ave. Ilit i Id i.tIt; II -I I''i,rl Iiii Lon , CO 1'0621. 7[1..11 111.,7[) I111I11J 2(]43 53114 art' O F tLA C*f; rr r: m 1-1 l•+•O 011 1✓ 1-1►tt3tA rt a E :M.�' : O y, n iNcj y 0 Mtn CO O 0\ N I� I•t • • • • Ir I .) tit 0 1408 G.] $OiAi !'3J3 A. Si1IRnlurn II. tli+raiv.)il by (I'llnle:a Alamo) 1 I It, y •l ii VI Ado hr..... CA I)II' •;li.•k•. .. D. I, rk•liv.riy cukk•x; : rliPo uyit lu of it.:in t 7 I I 'i: It VI:I t. MOM' ilrrlivtsy iiikku'.::I„'.i 3. Snvk:n l'ypi, ID Cm titled M.ili LI I lrllkttotacl 17 lir:)rift) Kill I::I I'xlnl•c :Iviaii Li !Follow Ilucnll,t Ire Ivka..Ii:,R,h.., 1=i t:.t ),I ►. 4. Itti::liil:linl I7,•livnly? (Odra b., I 1 „• '1'[71,1] 1,1-1111 (.1111111 ih.III:I I'I,ti °litnsit!: Returl, Uncoil)' Ili I-1 y' O 6) is (D rI I , )�• (I - r • O n IT7 10 r1- rt. N N O ,`s' 1< It ttl Lf •4 1‹: n O •" .r: (D :1' CO Chi •• ►+ IQ <4 0 I i fD • (1) rn 111':.?. •l •t.I I:•.gs eta( . • _.•...T' ... . WI'S* THIS SECTION A. Skin elm X a:eeuilde,l.tut P, and :1. Aluo complete iiuei l A 0 I I. •' a i it:te trl I itdlvoiy I:: dosh'Od. It I'rod Ynt11 II.inu1 ;tint :uItIiti '; nn ((In IOVO(ao 1 lit:u'.V 1..111tetllmi IJu (NMI let you, Al .u:II II ,I::.::ii,I In Ulu [hick cif die iu:IlIpiocu, ..1 1.11 ilu• ci.lid if voice I►rn itil::. I :silo. I,. /1.1.t..•'. •..1 lu• No'h I 1 • Hui'1-(ly Production l\'l,I'N: I• itllll•.—' I •-W,iy Dept. .il)%I (;t',t1I(I Ave. I` I ., I. 11'v i .l J t' , CO 8(1651.-756() 11]7117 LI.e•u'll 11111.11:.1 21143 0 co • w al o "e (•Il fD 10 O J .00 Ut 0 1:1 tS%3 03 3�llf�3J 5345 IIn•1,.. II A. I. h.. •.• • U. Iku:nitre.) I+y (I'rwhxl Minn.) I(;. I): lu .+I t1. b» 1•; l). Lt d.tllvr±ty;Athens (11111.:,.nl belt. WI.. vi I.' II Yllu. enter . k`Ilve'ly 1a 6 k.•: •:. I .• tlew: I I H.. 3. !lee lylue b.l (:.nitlk►.i lbl+lit I.l I.rine•::•; ivi:dl L..I Fktili;lI. u.I L) Ilahun Ih•1:.•1i.1 ..n i i, •n Ii.,, Ii • Li Insured Moll (.1 Ili ►.I t. 4. I tesIckaod brAlvory'i (Udc: t I m (7C I'llu 33 et, gi 4 c M m14 l i 7I-.11(1 :1.1.1.?1:1 Ia 1:11.11.111 i.!1.14 I .1 ', .III `t es11c Rohn Firtcc'Ii1I 0p 'attT 9.;Ptd o :v o I-1 O .1. I i 0' 1 ♦ I -e < fl 1r. (D I O 't'1 I'll Ii I O CO 0 0 C ell '•'': C1 u1 rh 1—, rj i-.. I !t> O ut cl a- 0 I I Y,. -11 • re 0 r,. (j, r. C. (7 t•' 50 a 1. 0 rq '7: C.5 O1 I"•- 'i' : r S I :tnitlIII8141 I1t1111:: I, .'., :1111.{ J. 111:;0 cornploto ilr!IlI •I It tft '.tt rlotI 1)alivory I!; dosll't)d. n I'rinl v. rut II:11141:111,1 alldrrs cat 11111 rnvorso :.n Ilr:il wrt e: IIl Itlintn Ilto (:1111 to you. II AIW..OI II Ii : r,:a(I III SIN) h:u:k c►1 Ihn IrlailploCo, 1111111 ;11.. ii. II It I{ ::1111(11 i.%8 t, t,. A.I.I'. ! .1 1.. Pri t i t I':ilt'["tl)', Irl.C AT N: I):tviII M. Ulitndfnrd 0! 1.1 t111t'tl St., Ste. 301 hilt! I'trI I i.il::, CO 80524 Atlirlu I'it1111h••1 Ili.tn:• 11 Bryn •:.vtfr.111rtA(I) A. SIjn:dtlr., X 1►. Iirlrniv.11 by ( I ',Mod Mime.) t I A.], n: I'1 .1.1.11,• 1:. 1 Ial., .I: 1 1.11..,1 ' Il. L:drliwvYruhll.stilill.!1,1il11,811111.111I? { I1.•. It Yli::. !`ntol tltllivray :ukh. s:: I.. h w, I III.• 3. SoArI' o ly+m m I111441 Mail Li El Ilrallel11nnl III I1O11111 I rrx M.•I. howl' I� he:uuaJ Mall i::I [:.11.11. 4. IN•livoty/ (L ili,l I'"oo (1111.1 ;111:I -f II I.IE1 IIJ t'(I'I 1 I!: I ......: W -t I 1•..L.,... "Olhl II ' 11 I II • ;. t .II . t1+ toe t' „t 1;11 1.1 14 IJ • • 1 1 I . r: c)1• ,J to 1', • •. to I.1 in( 13 CI Itt N ;A: :AI .•'1 •1' '.r If; .11t/'.t ttl I ' Doliioslic 11ott11II Iiccoipl Fort Collins., CO 80524 U) rt It) p.xo7P TE 0 CO t7 In 10''!,11'1 a• 0110 11670 0000 ilIllli !, Al W tr? S • M r^„ . :. •• l 11 ! • 1 1 J •CR 11 CA 1) t, n, l'.1 I.. ,bhrh.IJuuilu i I JGRi:./ 4 01411 :.wt•iC1 I:itioi) I i t:nnli)kliu Iltiue; 'I.:', and 3. Also contploto Ih'nt •1 If Ite;:;Itlt:Iml IA11Ivory l;l tioslrocl. n I'i i i }tint; II:II►k1 and acittro;;; oh tit° fevcrr e :.ti that Ni' fain uttuut Iho C.alil to you. i Att.r.l► tl,ir I:.ud bp Ir.u:tf of (liii maiilpleco, ;II tilt MP. hunt II ;,pact; potniII .. I ,\, I. I..ri.I.n.,•: ,•.11... I)t•I► 'iiii:;I..i'it,iin ArI'N : c�;.�ln I. --o r. -Way 1)elit . I .;:'.I IV(,i:•t.li 71: h Ave. A. Sloitatiro I). I kscolved I,y f f-'r1nlfx'1 Na►n, •I 1'1 ;,•n ,,: IA.► ii. ••.•... • IC:. I ati.s •.f I,.:liv.•r• D. I a ddiw' y rKl(ko:m rlllhnr it btu, HOW I? I'I Y. II YES, onto dollvory nddm billow: I .3. ;lurvk:o 1yix, I , , I ,• y , t'O lip (► .31 lif rol Uuuki Maat [J i pl.•::•: tVt:Ifl G NCtlt,io,rnI El Iluihni It•_,.uIlit t1r h}11a1►.KLIr.,. O lasurai Mall Cl C.O.D. 'I. do:;hk:to,l l)ollvoiy? ((Afro l ont l I Yr::: 'i'LI:IILI .1,L171:1 1:11:11:11.1 i!I.I'I.1 't liii' I'nuu :114 I I, 1 •'I 21)(14 r)oroostic llolurn rtocfdItt 71J.L0 .1,i;;1ii IJ17D0 2043 5352 ,.••mod :HO f... N •• •P N Z p.m K p' 1 rt :rt• (D C � (D t • ft; ICJ ! rt !:! in I •-> • K • w H n (D iV r-] 'rJ iD .1-� ...r.?. N • • j . o w a • P. rt- - O i m co rr O 5 o :' i-h IT I, I—, ▪ C, 01 l...., U rD I" rl I,,.":••:.•u; I.) I-' ,,. ,r, r.. ,0 LIT Ft. (- nGi rr 2. to I^ N f r: O. '3 t• rt O r1 .uiiilduin limn:: 1, 2, rind J. Ak,o camplato Ili .4 .1 If IIi,:;IriclrvI I)ullvnry ft tlonirod. Ill I lint yin II ItaI)l., dtlrl:xIdrna:; on Olio roversn •:u ih;tt WIr:ult mrtnnl lilt) mud to you. I1 Annclt Mir: r.;ud to lho hack of (ho nudlpiece, Ia 4111 MI' :null II l:Imcn Oemit.:. I. Atli. t.•A.I•l1.'::.('IIl.,. IN' I. I d,1r•unl If)t!vr.:lOPM :nt t'r,1.1•irt'I...i.i�it I ir'Il\!r'r Ave., Bldg. R! 3 I'trrl I.ul•l t1I , CO 80621 HflllU 2043 S4[l6 •M .•. i f.1 •+ • 1.1 t.-.1 •., A. Signature ticr•.rlw:d by ( l'rinfod Memel I.I in i4.444 11 A.I.II••• ..•.. V.. U.It..I.I II. ha.•t•( I). I:,:h,llvosyaddre3s dlll',.•nt Ir.xn ilia, I./ I:I If YTS, enter delivery nddli•:•: I;.•I..w: I. -I 1 it. J. t-tutvico lynn rn Cortlflad Mnll Li 1ixlac:.:; M;dl ❑ liotiItororl 11 Fe,luut Itutx,lpt fur Ivleu:h:rn.Ir•..• O Insured Mall 0 41.r:),I1. _._.. 4. Huslricttrd Uulivo,y1(Lail:. Per.) I I Y•'•. 7[1:1;11 1,1.'70 I:I Lh l I I'.i c_' ll 1 1 1 'Mil nrc- 11c I1nliu n fle :nlpt tu.P.:r,,•u.• IA I•..I,. r1 w C) t7 lD ID Ij o m • w - 0 c\ W N I-' .L) w 'Ti O II ri A n' .'I -• G, rt: i r•,. a'• rn :: rn r,. ..n Ill Ln U.S. Postal Servloe tl.; CERTIFIED MAIL, RECEIPT Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) In LUCERNE CD 130i.",‘, _r ft .4'1.3'L (,19,-, r_f $>.10... 1: . , ILI . 1_' r: a::. En $0 .00 I` ..tl ,..4$6.91 _ ! 10/15/ .013 m '7: -North Weld County Water Dist. 1=1 ATTN.: Man Ov.crton................... r-' 33247 U.S. Highway 85 Lucerne, CO 80646 PS Form 3800. AU gur.1 7!106 Scn tioteureo for InairuolIOAs r'oz rivan:iad ' L8£ u:roj sd • In is .• -.1 I -' 111 ,1 r..l tr CI nI Its r. .l t/ I Ir• tli 1.3 v O [kg' c a zi ; .2 C 908 OD 0 Et GI c0 O CD (D • (D Immp M /1� CD W IV O `•• H ` II •P n LCI ¢I O n d :ct Pass?JPP`f aicr:r7 NOLLO3S Slil1 3137dLVO3=ii3ON3S ■ ■ ■ O tau J 0 T pot .C A 1 m n— 11Db ID • W • x15 p a w Es a a O x• O to Iv TJ < m m 0 X ? U n .n i1 N OD rL rl Lr� r- I GREELEY f3l 8002 v f'�:•.f.ryn a, D r� I21 I= rs- IL ra r - I•..1141.,, f-.ar r..L.ru I Inr r..j.i I n.. 11. IuA.1•.rIv.NJ 1i... r:u.. nil 11.:•.rn..bri Ial4...r; r:.. 1l.Ib4l'S ..rti.•Id Ilu.rrn:.: U I. d:.t 1 •..:1 .1 I� rJ L-' Er IQ ID ;D p ip nJ i LiJ Ln W I 1r 0 OJ ' auaaarvI I v.. 7 i• O ;r.• of •p : el s...)▪ ) d O is - g7 m 3 - • • 1 to :X u 11bb s- q D3 d rl- a :4•to m El tiV L ' D 'U t1 ❑❑ C) 31 tnt O s v L o -J YAI in CI u TK U.S. Postal Service:. CERTIFIED MAIL,,., RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) 1.1.32 $3.10 s2 .n5 ..r1.1c so.a) .y 1.6.97 10.-1':.;:Y11.r 1:'' Greeley Irrigation Co. .•r. •11.( Ih.. "Ni"" P.O. Box 44c) r` di;;a.efr•.'rr•. . Greele CO 80632 PS Form 3600, August 2008 Sea Row rya tor.I �U r1 1' ITI '. U.S. Postal Service,l, CERTIFIED MAIL,, RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) I' i ITt I..' 111 I I.I I] f '1 I I 1' u.. 11 ,I +:•'rl"IOgilvy Irrigation & Land Co. I 1• rAl4plir,, Steve Cock.roft, Ditch Ride1 28609 WCR 57.5 KERSt .C(? 80i;u4 11 IwI• n........ s.t I.:..,,.... .. ►1 $5.10 $0.00 16.'47 0315 l l l /04,Q01:3 Kerse CO 80644 PS Form 3800. Aupuat 2006 Soy Reverse for Insltuctbne }ooz & n,r1ed ' L Les u,:oj Sd L] U O 17 rL tll t.7 al N 00 In (1 ill fl CA N- 0 H - U) Ort• I✓ ID 1.00 y I] 7z1 O i• • • ti 111 fD W CO -J 1-1 r•/I O• rt iL rn to /D rt• IS• (D n v., n L-1 r1 01 l -t) a rt OOm❑m n 4,3 P 33 iK 9 q !A 1O N a V 0 m it u N N •:/ I:, If II I I. .• I .s r II, O O Iu 'C. • I,. Ili Fr i n r•, ni u ".Y If) r -1 III I f'I I11 I III i..1 C.] 111 U.S. Postal Service, CERTIFIED MAIL," RECEIPT (Domestic Mail Only; No insurance Coverage Provided) For dNfw y Information visit our webstte at www,uspccoma GREEl_F1' t.(I t10n:34 I...Inrt: Iin. I! I ... 1 :.. 1•,. i,. 111..I... I, I ... I .I I. I.......•,,.,:: it. $x.10 12.55 '0.00 I'n•.1n1a1R I Lill.. 10/154V13 r i! ''I)•' Centur [d k r-'1 I AT N.: Ra.gin.t-ot-Way Department . Irr. 12680 Weld County Rd. 58 C' It I is li ip r: • . !.1r,• .'11', .1 .. ....... Creele , CO 80634 PS 'orm 3800. August 2°06 see Ravens for InhiructIons ,1 I- I I1.1 ..il 121 1-'1 I 1 1)1 111 II I -• 1 111 1-' si 14: ,,: I f. fl r ••1` C' Io .1 I, YY n 0 CD (D v A I-' N ro rD rt tE908 O� rt 0 rt rt OD e q : :01P9S52: u f m m . ER LS Iht ^i n. m :o CT _I O r00 1) gh, ■ I ■ o Dui -13z O 0 w 3' a 3 n .. 'O ro 5 * c m • �i1D0m d 0I CZ.C. 530.3 M N WO c D. a Pi 53 ro 3 U =gu N D n �ro a a g 5t- AI V' •z (.) w N (n rO 7 aO ro.C 5w. C) 3 F 3 tr. (ft m FD C.) ID ro CCl) 0 f„) 0, f CD v 2 III R 1v 0 A caL-rr. -.7.-SBSZQ: u) 00 r� 0 ri Ill w -.1 UT ru 1J ITT U.S. Postal Serviced, CERTIFIED MAIL,. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Prov/de0),_ GKE1.F.T CO B0634 i I rrt..l ;.l . i (! 1.. rr..ri,...11.tl',. I rr I i.• .Iro (,-4 ,1. ..r• a. Inl:ai'1• I !r' .U.r'1J 4Qf1'�..'11. !:...,1 f.. Comcri r,i. Cilble Company J:ln ATTN • Right-ot-,Way Department .rv1,1...n.. 3737 West 10th St:. Gracie CO 80634 PS font 3600. August 20(,9 ee►Rw�fiie 111 In .11 I11 111 I"1 III 111 1.1 I I 11 1`• II• n1 .1 1 I .1 1`- n -n O w co -44 n P U.S. Postal Service,, CERTIFIED MAIL,, RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) for dsklv.ry information visit our wlbsits et www.usps.00me l ! +'t I It0(,,i 1 drai,., .(....�..� b. 4.. I'.(1..: ..r:.. 11 II I. . 11,. I 4 q 4. 13.10 . 1,1 $0 .00 $6.97 0.1rri 10/15/2013 f:...,.:1., ATMOS Energy 1�TIJ�Nr. 1 igh_t-o-E--Way ...Department :.""'N• 1200 11th Ave. Greeley, CO 80631-3928 Ps Form 3600, August 2006 Sim Reverse for Instructions r(1 ....1 rt.I o o. O 11 .1a ti G rt IO (~D $1. rt (-) 73 n m tr' n< N• a c' F-+ rn 1 t :L a) '< (1 n .1,-, x1 o - ut n 1,0 :01 pessaJppy ■ a O 0 m (i O N 3 n r '< A' J O m D f 3J m rnro "D N � l7 O c a 0 ro 7 W 13 d m a@ a tz ga U �� ro DD a v 1670 0000 D raiz ken:gad ' L l8£ WJ°d Sd .I LI CI t_I t=J ni ill UI -.J i(1 [1� fa w n 1—• :L' 1 ) '•1 O 0 O V1 f1 I'• ri I I1 O :fI •(: 1 : CO t11 C:0 • Ol W I .' 1... t.� w a n ' ., iu , .1 .• : 2.1 .1 -i • uI 0 O M1I pi tit :. £J • �, a -, m I`; UI ti nI 1 • �. a, Q . I t, -1', - Ocr ruroa:riu�.(4, O a to of J.,• iglf. t N O L1. Ii •!)(jet t7. n 'r. . I :Irf�,I.: III._ :4 T. :1 O .s rtr I. . i. 41 ii• .:) n. 's �.I ' U ' . • ostal Service;, 'CERTIFIED MAIL u RECEIPT .1,. oil Only; No Jnsur.nakeover, FORT COLLINS CO 13052U I.3._ (1.1 S.!. lit t:: t?...=(.I 310.00 36.91 10/1 ?l • Poudre Valley Rural. Llect: r.i"• s.s....,-.-It1c . . 7649 REA Parkway Fort Collins, CO 80528 P9 Form 3000. 40 44636 I I I III II, I ! Ii' III ,r I U.S. Postal Service,,, CERTIFIED MAIL, RECEIPT Irloniastic Mall Only; No insurance Coverage Provided} hat1I:V CO 4,..x02 $0.00 $6.97 i (0/15/201,6 •Xcei Energy, ATTN: Doug Daltol Right -of -Way Department r:• J500 6th Ave. Grce.le CO 80632 lrpllq "' . August 2o08 :agwIN al rat; 'Z :0 :( 'ID CU II•I Sue Revsne for Inetruaone root A 2rugad l l8C wiod Sd tdiaxb wnjay o isawoa T Lrl m G nJ ci 0 n r- Q a .agwnN DPW 'Z OLb2 TTO� O d rU ru CD LU Ir ri 0•' 21908 OD 'caTaaaD '9AV 1449 00ST 04g 43) auar1faa aglow.sati '7 U.S. Postal Ser'v ce,,, CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) I.I GREELEY CO 00634 I nn: I I,• , Ii . I•,. ,.,. ,., is 'NO,. I: .1..• II III) 4.; ..1, I ... i 039°, $3.10 $0.00 $t/."7 IwI.i/:.'01i Conquest Oil Company ,'.,:.,+,. 8203 West 20th St. Greeley, CO 80634 PS Form 3800. Augltel 2006 glee _ I.r) 1-1 III I•. •II I.' 1 III (II I r.I II 1 1 II- IIf U.S. Postal Serviced, CERTIFIED MAIL.M RECEIPT (Domestic Mill Only: No Insurance Coverage Provided) For dal Information visit our wabalta at www.uapa.00m,r iFf'Jf k ('Ii $2.1,5 $0.00 16.617 10/15/201 .:I Natural Gas less. ►. Inc. I• 1801 Broadway #1200 Denver CO 80202 PS Form 3800. August 2006 t'COZ ,Cj2n:caj ' L L8£ L'°d Sd U I� El Ir tr 11 nl Cl I Ll u, w I-rl • w ri o P. 0 W n. m W 'ci O o rf 1J m '4S uT9W ;s2$ Sco fldvoreo for Inalructtonf NO1103S SIH1 3137dWO3 :u30N3S rn w In Iii 1-1 ru 1670 DODO ,0Z Are ugaj ' L LSE uuod Sd a 0 Is 3 v zI I--' ZOZ08 0D a aCo ri 'iA �Z inu Qrto 7nS I�11nrT5N!7J;)fR; ip'ui:I- Ij1-• "J.lv�i tiD 2 3N C) ..w�a r^ AI LL m r^O Noo_. �• to 1.7 J c a a ;- � Io N rD `‹ :10 bmrna`'a. or to c�{ a I-.• iii O W j,. Oa ,,-/-•, 0 •• So W O l7 iv v J N- C1 yu 1r O PA Aomn.8 n if 1 It. .p In , [) IA iu ❑05k16' LL X ?• � rn � Iu r: n tI '01-zrss_zc: O U.S. Pastel Servlce«I' CERTIFIED MAIL, RECEIPT Domestic Mail Only; No Insurance Comm, Pm IIR 111SEPOR 1 14V 211330 •• .I n•t.• , „t, .d•I...ga im•II • Petroleum Development Corp). 103 East Main St. ,r•. .P.. fox. 2.. . Brid•e.ort West Vircinia 26.30 PS Form 1800. Aurluol 2008 too Ir n (r( •. all U.S. Postal Service,. CERTIFIED MAIL,., RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) For delivery Information aloft our wsbslts at www.usps,com , [i(;f:.1.I l Y I:rl 110631 11.3:. $3.10 $2.55 $0.00 4h. 9'I ill DCI' Midstream I:I !AT1Nf1i ' kiciht-of-Way. Department r_I ;•1 ;,:,.�. 3026 4th Ave. r i root L8C uli°d sd . 10/30/2013 Greele , CO 80631 PS Form 3600, August 2006 III ..n r-, r:'1 1.7.1 t'1 IIC 1:7 UI tI III lT' III • Orr a a ANOv"•() • �3.3a ' .... 7' s'< 4.'O 0 co 5 in tvs • O DaN 53 O• gg)a . x i',2P • O iii'o (D to 5 3 O a 0 O m 3 (o io t° nSD a Au w- !; 3 � mi8n(I . a P• m. g II o. Eltit riot ,Smanugad • L L8£ WAod Sd c: -L- V1-x•sezo: nJ O Ui u.7 •.l ..0 to 1r Q et' (0 N I Pt I/ ti DOD P o2 � 3 8K v — O� N u. tl (0 13 ft U.S. Postal Service./ CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Prow FORT COLLINS' CO 8025 .1••.L,I;i , II WV, . 111..111 N••.1un,• II I t,. -,h .. I..tlI,.4•,..,�•f ;. I1 .1,1....•.1'•-1.1 Il•••iuu.•ih I I •.t.d 1'1 ' ,.. .... 11;� :-"Matrix Energy 4ZTtiDavid Blanford nii,„a•., 300 Boardwalk Dr., 06i1 f:1ft. ,•. .'(;'. .f Fort Collins CO 80529 PS Form 3600, August 2006 SIN Reverie tot II c I Cn m 0 3 W -t f m v K N v 4. U.S. Postal Service,. CERTIFIED MAIL RECEIPT (Domslatic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) 1:' I+.• t•e n,- i I 10/30/2013 _No1)1.C: Energy 4rrm; itigilt -of -Way Dept. 21.15 117th Ave. Creole CO 80634 PS form 3400, August 2006 l-' IT - ,I CA f_l r_T ni IA I CI 1U In 1-' :' O ; O ern � ii t�.•r1 i--3 Ir. n O li▪ ti. ? I (D O /-3 ri' le 3 •,c (D a '4 rC .. k ;1.5-.8-a fU - r O f'm3mx ' < O • C•) l -I1 7 2 fD rt• I.I.µ► F.S. ac_Z �mtrtn rr n o a U) fD ma3a ro rt O (D to w i-I I-' a N m p• < n n I< a o (71. w 7: N ao k • �o 1A a8 to '< 'o. m m m W S012 Reverse tot Instructions- Z€908 00 0 z < ro U 0 3 lc) -O I' (n o 11 41, Ib 03 d 11 - " 3 Li. - � • I, -it t 3 6. ur ;) 3 III lb iff" °; no C. ` .� O 0 1II ui 3 D I-1 _n tip Q CI Cl n -r I II ll liJ -"i ODD O Iu sia xi 4 v N a v C) i ) ' li ps-3O m I —.HI I-' •• (D (D I� 171 J I•'• t: rt• Ili r) a I. o fi• to Jy I •{ co <: O (D i h O • I L. a, IL! • U.S. Postal Sery cell CERTIFIED MAIL,. RECEIPT ,I. t i II; I. .• tl. 41 GREELEY ra 80631 Q Ili O D I. rr II - .•.1 ; d1i i.: ..• . .. -1i I Cl I. I• I 1 .... .. .- t: < .t1 ' • 11?/I:I:�:'�l1 ',I,,.. City of Greeley ATTB1s..Ci.ty.. Clerk.. 111 . 1100 10th St. Grecle CO 80631 • i •1 U.S. Postal Service.,. CERTIFIED MAIL,., RECEIPT (Domestic (Nall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) 0Kb itY ['.0 110-,3: H ..3: 1.3. I0 ;0.IN) $1:.9i Pi I 11/6(,/2013 Weld County Dept. Public Works , ATTN_ Don Carroll, Engineering Ada ' J.O. Box 758 • -pp3 ,02P •Gay ' L LSE Wi°d Sd Greeley, CO 80632-0758 PS Form 3800, August 3006 I Ul ll • II iI n ro O D O N (Ti y O ID W ri 0 < O ra 1< > O s, O O O Imo•F' < Lc.." 1< 5eD Rcvene lur Instructlons LZLO—ZF908 Ca of passappy aI3 v ti a g 0 ul Ir r rn 0 N O 0 O C, C, -a _o r, a O O v 'p PIP a o I_] L-' I-, ill 1, zl CI rJ C1 O RI Il.l w LL1 '-,I iii 'U y >' �. `: • CO i- ro W moasr 12 N • u•1 El CY O, f_, l... • i- N W :1 H. t7 <000002 • 1< N 0 t: 11 :1 :3 17 J I-- O rr UI :J !7 r1 coLa fu m N i n 'P n ID pi •O W j F-• r1, PJ I_, Ii I S o i3 J 10 In rF m ii D O a 0 1 'p rn -t 0 o m.. g i, FNLI U.S. Postal Service, CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT_- (Domestic Mall Only; MINIMUM.** a. GREEI.EY CO 806:4:.' GreeleyWelior.County Airport A P.O. Box 727 Creels, Co 80632-0727 F:U:S-Posta 'Service,.) k ERTIFJECMAIL. RECEIPT or) 4kLl'•. osuntnaeCoveravaProvidsd} in _ Ghf.f I I_i ito ii(1i1.;.' 1 ,'1 r ri lu I71 17 n 039! Precision Propeller Service,Inc 631 Buss Ave., #47 •t'i11t ..a .. •1. . :• • Greele CO 80632 1 1.1 tace Ann:gad ' L l8E °==1Qd Sd :d,eoad u:n•aa osgsau:aa aaaLIZrN a;onb 'z nJ LU , ci to f1 - 0 It. in el: 4,. t, , el; U.S. Postal Service,,., CERTIFIED,MAIL,,., RECEIPT` (Dwnastic.Mall Only;.NOInawmc.Cov -1771 ,se rm.!, o�rl,ill', h• `, .K.41; rl4 ' l;l• i GRIFLEY CO 806:' "..•••• I • .: I i • • r.. •n .• It. . ..eii. ..' e:: Bell ScoLt 624 Buss Ave., #55 I� Greele CO $0632 U — n1 I'• It] .1 C] i 1.1 1 _I r] 1: 1 _•I I rI I...{ I I r�1 I` 'UAL Postal'' Service, !!,CERTIFIED MAIL,, RECEIPT (Dom.stla`Mill Only; NO F u anae coverage Provided):. • 1:' 10/ 15/`013 Ht'egles Aircraft Service 635 Airport Road ! Greele CO 80632 •all .L'i . 3. *.1 l' ( le IL.C �o ({I 11 .r- IJ] I=, I1.1 t C1 m St/908 00 Docium a 1;O-' q o T? - r- r•O r ;al 2043 802 'coZ Arerugod ' L LEIS ulJoA Sd • I-1 IT 1] C] C] O rLI U.1 11 a am l iJ ❑ Z1908 OD U.S. Postal Service'', • CERTIFIED MAIL., RECEIPT (Domestic Mau Only; No Insurance Clowrwg: :r- o I� m �J ; - i 1r : 7s��n �U s roym ti:* ID :r -�. L- .,,.. iii n. :u N [] C1 ry iii T C. y 3 3 I p iIn a ..• a: r] ;P ..1 10 C J CL - P; 17? , m la!'" oisma••:u• . .';".<6: (Ii. 0 l QNill (1 IU F- ,i. CL :.I lJ qi 1: -Iii: ii, II' 4. 4,x:4! LA 5- LLE CO 064 Lair.• • (MT, $3.10 I:' $0.00 b6:41 10/1:!7:i.0.; Low .Level Dusti.nU Co. 119 2nd St . LaSalle CO 80645 Y' if IIJ r -1 1-fi lifil:l:l.r.Y I;It 10631 U.S. Postal Service,., CERTIFIED MAIL,. RECEIPT (DontesNc MailOnly; No Insurance Coverage Provided) I:I I'=1 r..l rl i,. _n r C..1 r-1 I•:) I"- $1.3:' { $3.10 1$ $0.00 $6.'rl ; 10/1`i/2013 Low Level Dusting Co. c/o UK CC Corp 622 Ed Beegles•..Lanerrawroorm Gr.ecle CO 80631 rrinerfflre nJ C] .r w U1 C1 a: - JI O i rn fu rn 0 W CO 2 m R NZ N a 2 ldlraed wniay a tsouco 0:StiNiMIIldSZO: ET0E Eh02 U.S. Postal Service,. CERTIFIED MAIL., RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; ,Noinjvrmc Vint] agr O n 'EI.FY r(1 ROe,31 II1 :.1 • •.. .1 1:.' . ..• I :1�7. Low Level Dusting Co. r c./.o .H.arris Fueling, Inc. :•... 625 Airport Road Greeley, CO 8063]. IA: . 111.':1..•:1 /'�.. a .. 1 .>.1.� .. 1 fir 4 :tr .1. ! U.S. Postal Service CERTIFIED MAILI..: RECEIPT Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) $1.32 5.1.10 L0.00 $6.117 (139 5 1:' J.W. Duff Aircraft Co. 675 Airport Road..#.36.. Greel y, CO 80632 I11 -11 r'i LJ ri 1.I IlI I'I I 1•.i IIt :11 tD it m C7 /1. iJ .�1 I:1 CO. t.1 ■ ■ • ,n o pm --•n II (1i r== O to : 3 8 (1) O11 m zoo' -' m• gil Cr. t. n 5 3-oq;m 1--.::0N. m O r ID -1 3J i (D ND • to AA s m til� Vy . J()au, () G ii o (-)4-IM to5ca I - O rt I--' n � 3 I-. • +D � cp 5r a rpXI:1 ■aim° O n 12:1 ]9-2 V Wy J (:),1--I 50.° (0 O 3O@Q.3 Mt. g is 0 ro ro CI m r` rn (11 ni rU n ID r` IT. n1 r rl CI F' - r Co ,Lisa lad ' L1.9£ 1*d Sd 3dwoaa a nlad onsau:ca Eh02 0000 0L9T 2:908 OD ':iaTaaID 0 ODD 0 :13 P 3 g M -- a r Ib (.1 u' 3 n 3. u s K O iR' -` u m -' m w" a F'' L 3 sn al c h; '! rofu II' Ii i. T) m N 1 Ti ill u. ' 3 o ,.1 µa CD 9 41 . 0 HI a, o e7 0,ii,- rh :IA t a 3 , aDP ■ 0 n itQ41 u: I.. O.roa J. a ru 3 O 0 bam■w '211 DI I't o g in }> N •• 55 ib r, 'II. r1 �nm o .-:1 n! • N C1 0 T) m N ,17 m m < E'R.0 U.S. Postal Servicen.. CERTIFIED MAILTM1 RECEIPT {Domestic Mail Only; No insurance Coverage Provi IAEA! Y CO f;063:' • IU•hm1 1(n....pt l rn (I ,.:1.•r...,I,.u.i Itu;+uu.-J) ; , ,', j 11.•4M:h•tI ,.,, vI• - I If.111•n'w.:: •.III..IIIi:..I4 I 4(1.i11i 1..1,It r•.. .:.,.1., .: 1 . I ;�' 'i r,.'1'r . 11.'(1(•...'„! ' r Harris Fueling, f nc . : It. •••l, .1rq N,. ... ... . 'rf'`"'•-1, 600 Airport Road C Gracie CO 80632 PS Form 3B00. Aupu.l 2006 Sea Rowlett tot m .1 r. _1 rn rn P- I ) I :I I —I I•. i) rn 'Ti 03 d W m1 cr n. .7 N O i •.t 1i j•,RE Ft.I )• i:C1 (3Q63: 03( x:1 t.10 is 10.00 $6.97 ' 10/15/2013 Harris Aviation, Inc. 62`i Airport .Load #.4... Gr.eele , CO 80632 C) 1 m c 908 00 Doan rig gl I�D r: ro ❑❑❑ r) tco b fir I� N it ii cl a g peog YiodaTv 009 t' IJ. ttl tb CL ri o in to rr(D o I-' a m a G M r7 m rt. y 11" • a a 9DgT»2 110 3 • m S* Ca 11111? 8 01 ID Qr5ag•� �'m4ma g o g a Dry a�a0• a •E (D s< • m [r r - m rJ n1 (-J I3 0 O 7,01,0 1670 b00Z A,arugsd ' l l8£ wad Sri ci n YI 3 T1 i4 n. -NI .C1 U' 'LI DO e m 2 0 nl N c, ;r; N n) ✓ t 11 '1 ,�• (n 'O -' II H'• rr• P. p1 rr O G UI n U.S., Postal Service, CERTIFIED MAIL, RECEIPT (Dorne.Nc No Only; No Mwr nc a P • (i 111 11 CI M N i, r)1 X . • cI i;RITA FY CO 8063;•' I.' i I i:.:. - • _ ... I •. ;.1 . , • I. • •" "• Linda F3ell eau, DBA Barn51.r)rill, Res tititr.1111. ...;•':r..:;• 600 Air.port Road B Greele CO 80632. U.S. Postal Service., CERTIFIED MAIL:I.. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No insurance Coverage Provided) I` - LE) 0Ve1 iiWII f;rl r10:r38 IiI ri J 1'..I CI CI 1-i;Coulson Excavating Co. 1_r I` - G 0 N n :b m 3 T r ro ' 3.609. NCR .13 •i El U" G) r) r-1 O Lt 9 S assay rya r Ir•Tar uf•i n. ,: ; in is n■ P. 6' O -) N b ow—. 3 3 =- •< .D m�sC 6 N a. 7 y 0- c 0 o O a a_a 53a CD co O @ CJ oa g o m O m Y 5 w- w t) co if n N O m NOLIO3S SIN1 3137dLNOa ;830 N3 :o; Passapp'' a! :iw • L • z n sit 46 0 3 ❑d O • { 1670 0000 CI C3 r - root Ne uq ' I. L8E LJ°j Sd ;diaoay wn;5�+ �i;sau o0 1.--' U" O Ci Q O Cl R.I 1_I •C UI —.I ilDU?i AO'1 Ir. I) ON O O th O n 1r) 1• 3) 0 CD �r co .Q ❑ ❑DE I gVA �- fu U -zrrl rn a. m J io f n L fu N n rd fll� f fA II Lr :J -r 9 :a .i u ryt. U � e: n r. f' 0 0 u.s. Postal Servicem CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT •nly•No! -. t u. GGRE_E EY Co 8063 fi r,.,..i ,�: r.,..;, r,:. ; 4.1. Ir l• •Lh. `J'i 1011!..C.1M. Jesse Corral 2.305 East. .16th St. GreeleyO 80631 • i 1D r-1 'rl I,' I1 I {_i 1.1 I 1'1 4.•.;7`1 1 I.' 10.00 p. 1_1 ,..I; Hhi.ss Investments, LL.C I.l243.8 East .. 8th ...St. ...._ .'Postal'Servlce•,;a CERTIFIED MAIL", RECEIPT (Domestic Mali • • No Insurance Covtnot Provided) f7'F.E:t.t.Y CI) tf0631 11 .3:: I O:itwl • Y"•• a• ED .O I') ZE908 OO `=:alas -I0 Id w M o f•' o • H X ;3 co m I-' fA 61 cI. r1 N V V n ..S'. to u tl, CI iD 40 m 4Z 0 ■ ■ 110/15/2013 w O 0 .4 (i o tls-a 3 l sID.C .0 3-56 a lva O fD p. 53 a IPA al �0=•� Vag -`� w N 0'N,o 3• 21 3 ! N R. On t; In '.1 NULL33S Sll-LL 31j7dW03=a3QN3S O -1 "• lD CI 0 T) 11 1:1 El In I -I i`' (0 a C) CI I:, f,• _LI 1—, .1 eo 5. 13. t4 • oo 'r ID l7 Bliss Investments, LT.C Q j .,... ,• .t; . , ; It I ..• :: P.O. Box 816 0! ,F6ili1 3860; August .7)106 e CO 80632 1"'.I I.._1 . II r • I riI a w I' ;I; t ip 0 ■ ■ ■ ii O n 3 3 r O ZL N (13": tI) 3 C-, r n. � x( eo N N 5.9 t9 ;134___ N � o 3 at�ry mmo. - . a t'A'acLowg 30mmo p, C N d 3 m 1?. • IP a 1D uS:P t8 t' • CBta: CERTIFIEDIMAILTu RECEIPT (DonwetielliagiOnlyfiVainsittaywittkworsge:Rovldrd tith !0/!5/2033 Judith Mayer 2516 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 ',1,11, !r'•• 1:fI (106,31 j.' r -•'00 N m fl/ t) •• a In U 0) r CD D nJ In 0000 2043 m N cn 43 3 an 1. isi W q — ,. 't I7D No a 4 C 1" 4r N ,` n 0 .ts Domestic Return Receipt 0 cft 0' 0 til 17 C3 Imo' CI U- ;ci CI Li▪ J IJ7 • nJ rr- D G') h -i • uI r M 0. fD O1 H- I� Ch m ti :r (1) rt (D G Na 11, c Ii m rr C) a 1� r C. C-' r-•' to >d n ▪ m _i ? •1 .1 gf o ▪ 3�i7 .I► _• lire ,i� u▪ , •'' to �.. • ... N 0.411; 1„ �.il•� .„ r a a. , ��I U • a U• .1 . , {`••qC tDrD. plm • 1. .• I• ii M T 9 (• it 1 •... QVl 1.1 t.i: C) MI GI 1':. In �' n 11 " 0{11' ;•1 •�TO l, ') ro •.• • r (4.• U 4.L. �:. ,•' I ,I,, IU L. • t~ .S: ' OS -•I Semite 'CERTIFIED MAILI,w RECEIPT akmnstiffollell Only; NoNolmniattot cc GREELEY CO R0i>31 • �4.:.e.}•'.,r.l •"its.. �� . $1.3:' $3.111 1. $0.00 $6.97 Resident/Owner 2320 East 16th St. 1,I. CI rl cJ r- cOO7 use^iGad ' l L8£0d Sd U.S.:Postal Service,., CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT ' (Domeatlo Atli On y;.N0 lntwance Coverage Provided) I: -t C) r.. I C1 I'1 I -u a .c. I lJ • GRI F.I F T +:n H0r131 .11'. 03% $3.10 1;.' 12.55 I $0.011 I $6.97 110/15/2013 Carmen G. Rodriguez i) !,Il 1..1 m, 11 m 1_.l ID 1O 2544 East 8th St. Greele CO 80631 II ■ • O IJ � , o DM �(n II Ul II O to a g Cl) .a l) e = 9-KK ati tD .n : n (I N Imo •-.two 70 a r.•: W in i • n ggEII to r- o ii O c <p C) CL O Oo x7 iD 5 3 O tv rt 0 v o. a -t01 co .S 0, w N a O 1't g �RriQ tJ CO Cf1 H• ' O � � � G. rt !^ -9«aO CD 3gW+o N ro • m •v z' tii ii Ti 1i iD m t.1 rOOZ lc°P'42d ' L 18£ wiod Sd ;c.aoay wnpj o.isawoa Cl CJ C) C, C) C) Cl i ru C' w fp C) a- UJ ❑ w ODD o CU O n1 a� io L. 0 CD s TX tt CD TF'908 OD `/ceTea1D 1i N PT to rP U.S. Postal Service,. CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIP'1 a Nall Only; Ala?Ina mnce-Co • M O Dy :0 K O _.t m O Cl) .] .:1 7 111.< 1..•ri as T S 0 i; t N iii 31 N 7 5 '4.N 0. -, n1 (0 01 rno «N0 r1 ��.- n I43 0-0r,) m a1 m IrDi 1iT 7 o. �I al _3 J. t) N . .) 0a�tii> J O a 0 �.. ID 0 4 0 InF FUli11 tii m m 4t .n ,ti n1 In I .. ,.• ..i ,, I • 53.10 I: $0.1'? ib.'ri 10/15/::01 . Francisco Rodriguez 2544 East 8th St. Greele CO 800�Ity631 iw 4r.r1. I� 4.. 1' i..1 III 1.1 1..1 t_I r• - ..1i r -t labs • 'Service, ,- .. CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domeet/o:Aall Only; No insurance Coverage Provided) • IJ' t'1 O39`. t � 1 1,:... 34,00 $6.97 ? 10/15/2013 Robert Rodri9uez 2544 East8th St.._.._.._ PS Form 2800. Augu-1 tJn5 TU1nH 0 • 1 ■ � O a. N • - O + gfiT ag mg to 4t3N S3m a afV U N ugaga o_ 6, • _ 2 I a UI ❑❑qm j A O th et, • ` fl‘ 3 �1.t u tx a 00❑ ;. e L. dg• C, u P f 0 D D NO11O3S SIHL 37dLVO3 :830N3S t NO NOLL03S S/HI J137dNIOa t3C? ,4-Isniqad' l L8£ w1°-4 sa ,U 5" V Iv L7 nil Fh00 0000 Oz9l 10 WS. Postal Servla CERTIFIED MAIL RECEIPT (Domestic Mail Only; No !neuron* !'.. ......I ... 1 ,r:.••. 1.:.:.•:1, i I i ,r:... r: I - i] It I 1.l A I-. • .. • ..,... r-1 ci 1'- rn (WEE!a CO 80631 Garrett Hurni. '!`• 2222 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 •PS FOrtf 3100,.Aup i 12006 -e 1, I •I r=1 ni I'I .'Postal rvice CERTIFIED MAIL', RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Inaw ance Coverage Provided) _r ' II rl.i 1.1 c -I 1-1 13 ..n r 'I W :1U 1 n [ion Paula & Carol Light Sey 2400 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 CI C_] O CI Ii.' n .r. 1U Sao Ravers°for Instructions v root dssrugad ' G 1.8E O 3 A 3 A IT - Fri R I.n GF&E LEY CO 110631 rnI O R1 r- O cI ct 1V 'il I•'1 d� fu ID O C ID O 1--' C) nl 0 co it N O � t-1 W U) Ia. t- rt Lq Cf ()) co El W • rn ; v c s$ !3. • t ? I. ❑ ❑ ❑ • X El O m 11 ID a L.. L. a a In fr7;;1 ��;V'omC1 ' n u, 5a _1 j _I1� ot v 1..'[7 I!k c) �, m '. 1 .• r '^ m 71 ti ;��:' !) C) n e, In i0 t -� ; t1.-.ID(iUI N iU �^�1 111 �T 0 U N I�!t _of mn �p'liiu _. . • c. ct. 9. d UI '4O T. ui .. T. 0 1.1 O sre; °staI - I v cew • CERTIFIED MAIL RECEIPT, Z; N 1, 07, •1.111:.Ads. ... . Abclardo & Nancy Vega 1.r:• 2464 East 16th St. Greele CO 80631 if13 Form 3800. August 2006 x 1..I CD 1a GREF FY :1! Ro,s:s1 c::, Abe 1.711 East 16th St. Greeley, Co 80631 In In .r C, ID a ,1 1_3 L-' D to C3 In u. 11I C.10 $0.00 $6.97 i 10/15/2013 C.' &.Nancy f(, D pi m !; 1). U. m E. m Iti n. n in • a g 5- O O o .I. Vega ;I: 9., 0 0 ID 3 o m a 0 g I ro a 0 31 m 3 ry 14 ti O ,.vlr y iw ., .. In O Ili 1E908 03 'AaTaazD 670 0000 KERSEY CO 8004.4 John & Lucille Paben r-• P.O. Box 401 Kersey, CO 80644 r1;F.e. :31560.:Aupus1 2645 Iu flu fU r.rl Cl'3 II I I I r=1 CI l.. ..n ra • U.S. Postal Service., CERTIFIED MAIL RECEIPT Domestic Mal Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) r.Rf..U.EY 1:n C10i'31 039., • $3.10 1:' rr 40.00 1.6. rr7 10/15/2013 Bobby .Patty Arellano 2460 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 root FJErugaA L L8£ mod sd *nay u_n;ad o!lsa+ lb {V, 0 N nr N 'r Z Z C 0 3 N 3 • U.S Postal Sery c 'n . CERTIFIED MAIL RECEIPT (Domastlo Mall Only; No: Somas► Co C,REELEY CO 80631 . William & Teresa r` 1600 Elder. Avu. Greeley, CO 80631 P9 Form 0E00. August 2006 •40.8( .C.10 S0.0o 10/17:1201 Vohs ru ru ru IJ1 U.S. Postal Service. CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mal Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) ITI . 11I CGREELEY CO 80631 r.1 1_1 ,V•I.. •:t �..� rte• .11 $1.3 I 0395 _....$3.10 .....R 12 I $0.00 10/15/2013 1_1 :......:.•: ;•4 ; • Bobby &.Patty Arellano t••1+:•,t: 2460 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 noz -c. rugad'LGS£=odSd 1d.awwn:ad oasa.::ca 0000 2043 O r•- ...FJ a VC=FTruq';J L lec u:oSd wheoaa wmad ogsau;cp o IL.-. r1- C3 a Cl O ru D w • • ru ru .fU a u 1 ODD P7fg11 D S g a 0 K a a d m T '''E S: - _fal'' ervicev:,. CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No lnrurlenc. Corwage ® LI ovm1? o a n.n. 3 • 1 .1. P. 0 7r c Rio VI •1 n n r;,' to ?it 0. _, ID Ss to u Cola. lit _ 17 A. (-I 1,••-• eu la Of III ps nwmg• . , O • 0 O 1 C1. u' !".4- m u ID v j• Cr'. O 3 20'9 rv�mo-j 'Is . n' in' ro' id /t: Ib '' m GREELEY CO 80631 I..I. i ii,..b —...II :II ,I.•.itiii.. II .I :—!••• .. •4.. ,.. 1' I {i t•''IIV. .t., . .. I 40.86 $3.10 is $0.00 l0/1'.'./;'01 • o :..•:'t r.. William & Teresa Vohs r -I. ,. ',..,. 1600 Elder. Ave. I.1,:.(0. ii!'.J Greelo . CO 80631 P9 Form 18tl0 Augut4 1'1P6 tiq I 1, 3 m r- Lrf rn t:7 Iu C1 t� t k1 n Is _n ,a Ll ci N 9 1 tq 3 10 U.S. Postal Service CERTIFIED MAIL -1i RECEIPT (Domestic Mali Only; No insurance Coverage Provided) 1'RFll.EY tall 80(31 i Ii • i.. . I•..:.. • 1,.. . , $1.32 10.00 0395 12 10/15/2013 Donald & Jim Landry,.. f.' 2146 East 16th St. Greelc . CO 80631 PS Form 1844, August 2446 IjIli� { A (a 71 ID Do ;t ' :,►9 C,, ' ih <D: A�I rl :LI -5 IP �y[W r.N• rJ LLK. �b.-_ ro O ,,,,.„ ,t,_ . 5 if �a, O ;i'• 3r .D O , e- a ao...? II ; 3 h•` 1701` OO a ivy s NO1103S S1N1 3137dWO0 ;83^y3S Ad3A! 13Q NO N0l1J3S SIHl 3137dVl03 Ill y00Z ti'ru4aA ' L L$E WJOd Sd Id;a:ay u:niaa oIsayce oast-sn+-zo-ssszot m Lx - n ru T£908 O0 `IaIaazD Ia- .ti ci Id O ru Cl W ILn I k' ��.J CP 4s23 96TZ rt to -'U.S. Postal Servicert,• CERTIFIED MAIL. RECEIPT (Domestic Mell Only; No Insurance Coverapa_ GREELEY co 110631 • .II:....:t... Cr. t't:l.. ,.: ! .JI ' ... N ;... < . I........ ..4 $1..3 $3.10 12 $2,55 1).97 10/1V.701.. Kathlen 1-linojosa r` ,•�1,�r:. ►:, ,2 X.3C...Fr ;7t 16Lh..St. Greele CO 80631 U.S. Postal Service CERTIFIED MAIL.„ RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) f►REF!_Er t,n 00i r.11 • $1•jn.... $3.10 12 •i. ..4 • •' I .. . ( I.•::.:• ...il.••I:1 i!.., 11 '.• 1. . __....... . $2.55 ._... Kathleen 0392 I •,:.lure$ $0.00.... i(1.`)7 . . 10/15/2013 Hinoj osa " " f 2196 East 16th St. ..•S .., . i f: .1 Greele , CO 80631 Pa Form 3800, AuquilI 1-' I" D LI Ca 0 0 nl CI I1I SCC Ii'Vjf4e for ,r161ructIOrrB 7010 1'070 2d[raab taniaki a!3sauCQ 0 TE908 OD 'AaTaaTO a a n m '4S u49T 4Se3 CscCouTH uaaTli eyi ■ s CI U.S. Postal Sel:vice CERTIFIED MAIL:., RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage ProVl .,. n in m o' U) M a m a, •ID 1` oil Ql N iL u t. ). n.r, V ., 1. 0;q 1 N ;h 1 GREEI.EY Ca.80&s1 ..,.I-, .f. . f :.. I sir I; fi. M. I..)il. .r. Suzanne & James Stanley fx, 2508 East 16th St. Greeley, CO 80631 t- tr' t- IT' • CD RI n ID CD Ci .11 C.1 Ia t`• idiscau urjay o ,saux4 U.S. Postal Service CERTIFIED MAIL,,: RECEIPT (Domestic Mall Only; No Insurance Coverage Provided) a► ;1]1 A t'l i 8001.'l d 1.. b..... ri::., $1.32 $3.10 �$2 . r $0.00 $6.97 0395 12 IN. 11,1'1(1 I :..o 10/15/2013 DPG Farms, Inc. 3300 South Parker Road, Ste- ..,...30.0 Aurora, CO 80014 PS Form 3e00. nu•ua1 7i!Lh St o Hams* lot InItruD110ne .1 ru 0 ..Il m 17 RI CJ r1, O [1" RJ ✓ -i O f"- 4OGZ tierugaj ' Lec uUod Sd Sdiazsti turob ogsau oQ 8 a .o ,CD O C3 C7 R1 C' . F Lit -J O O O su 0. O t1 ct 0 .fat ❑OD P a 1 I. VI I. o 0 m'3a ro S•te'0 m n a jai ri - . ii 0 y G.. gII) ') a a�N 1II) ID -• 2 ID .2 w o • S O W O 3O m j 00 ¢1 C f0 CA in a a. to ❑ Era-7-‘4-ip -< . 0ltit )• p l) Ul�� a CD re .n tp U.S. Postal Service-,, CERTIFIED MAIL„ RECEIPT (Domestic Mai! Only; No insurance Coverage Provtdettk., For delivery Information visit our wabstte at www.usps. E 4TQN rQ 30 4 tight l'.r.in;la t. (•..a:. ;lj �•.•ttl !u . ._ ._ . - .. Sharon Long Apr. N,. t>.r•nr4tt'%, 2548 WCR 80 Gay .!:Mrn_ .'$('a .1 Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 1431 East 16th Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Telephone (970) 353-8310 Fax (970) 353-4047 Wednesday 2 October 2013 Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 O Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Varra Companies, Inc. — Varra-Coulson Resource Project — Regular Impact (112) — Permit M-2013-064 Materials submitted to the Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (CRMS) - Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR): • Correspondence of 2 October 2013 from Varra Companies, Inc. to the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation, with attending attachments. Attachments: 1 Proof of Placement of this material with the Weld County Clerk to the Board. 2 Exhibit A — Legal Description — revised. 3 Exhibit B — Index Map - revised 4 Copy of the 1 October 2013 correspondence from OMLR. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced material, as attached. The material should be added to the above referenced Application, as originally submitted to the Weld County Clerk to the Board, and made accessible for public review. RECEIVED Received On rs 2013 2w By: (/ V u �ctrv—�® WD COUNTY CES V S Office of the Weld County Clerk to the Board of County Commissioners `Pccheic /Lvl t&tl /0/4/13 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Cu PL I �� ao 13 - ?WO Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 8 August 2013 Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 1431 East 16th Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Telephone (970) 353-8310 Fax (970) 353-4047 Wednesday 2 October 2013 Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining, & Safety Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) 1313 Sherman St., Ste. 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 Subject: Regular Impact (112) Permit Application - Varra-Coulson Resource Project - Permit M-2013-064 Please accept this revised Exhibit A- Legal Description, correlated Exhibit B — Index Map, and related proof of placement with the Weld County Clerk to the Board, as the final documents necessary to complete our 18 September 2013 submittal, as referenced, above; and consistent with correspondence from the OMLR of 1 October 2013. Sincerely, Varra Companies, Inc. Bradford Jan es Professional Forester Liaison, Office of Special Projects cc. Christopher L. Varra, President Varra Companies, Inc. BLJ/blj. Enclosures: As stated above. 1 Exhibit A — Legal Description 6.4.1 EXHIBIT A — Legal Description (1) The legal description must identify the affected land, specify affected areas and be adequate to field locate the property. Description shall be by (a), township, range, and section , to at least the nearest quarter -quarter section and (b), location of the main entrance to the site reported as latitude and longitude, or the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid as determined from a USGS topographic map. A metes and bounds survey description is acceptable in lieu of township, range, and section. Where available, the street address or lot number(s) shall be given. This information may be available from the County Assessor's Office or U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps. (2) The main entrance to the mine site shall be located based on a USGS topographic map showing latitude and longitude or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). The operator will need to specify coordinates of latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes and seconds or in decimal degrees to an accuracy of at least five (5) decimal places (e.g., latitude 37.12345 N, longitude 104.45678 W). For UTM, the operator will need to specify North American Datum (NAD) 1927, NAD1983, or WGS 84, and the applicable zone, measured in meters. A parcel of land located in parts of W/2SW/4NE/4, and the SE/4NE/4, and the NE/4NE/4; Section 10; all in Township 5 North; Range 65 West; 6th P.M.; Weld County, Colorado, and comprising 100.63± acres, more or less. The mine entrance is identified on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map, and located as identified under NAD 83 Colorado State Plane North Zone: Latitude (N) 40.41540 Longitude (W) -104.64020 Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project I OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 a DRAWING: Index Map — NE/4, Sec. 10, T5N, R65W, 6th PM C ) 1- 4- • 2 ....... • C. b41K I^ • 0 co • • a �lir }• fi +I 4 ,,,,$....;......:••••.•••..-,.. .• • •` a I- -o• At* W - - - _ . .. _.. _.� _ • .: f r*; TA [ I 11 o ` >a. .. het'•, n' "�; I ,�4 Q, it %':: ,,___ = -- "� : O Z; •• r ° • • • • i.. 8 J. 4.I:u1' .•d5--1 f • 1 • u•••° • • it • . -- ti- • ..... I. • e 7 eaPa 4 {I • ,::• : lio a • ` -_ •' •y '' it c) • Td'� y... , .. IPROJECT: Varra—Coulson Project — Parcel Location a` ..• • I 'I,� I,t:tisiw —r i,....4tY. a1 f' 1 •.• 1 ...� Idl t�l S • 1 PPii ' • }1. t • •kfo b - �` '• s `all °• • le • ., .: :. �— ••y{''` •••••••••••4 • --_sa•s • • a'• . — L-. ' t.KbNI 1 t•1 ..'• • •�:� ■■9• a 1._ . ° n°' I �. • --�'' /I / 1, _ .�'I •' • ii �� . ' � 5 H .-- . _''.r i; it • as _ i , •I• it • a '_ -] .. - -'-_ �' • • —'. .... - n••„ a. -- °I; ' L.±d ii? II a •% Ir ,�.� �t + I, I v 4 1 I s ...Lela) III• _vtix; i. i 1• _ I • PACIFIC:. - -L - - — - - ... • • f(!., __— •• •JAY -' • .• ,.. .• .�. , ic. �ti I, .I� .1N/ F ,```�'''•^y :. .f<r t>1��`t`ti 4''t11 • 1. � �,. f �a`. i •. it _ I •• �:1}`4I...1 �1 I— i IM1 +} ..' 1...,. !• el ICI itst. � 4, i` r j— I • . rjjj```,,,+ • J'Y .. I . 1 . .711:' l't ii t J •- . x_ r F n. 4 • in ._•J 171 dig; 14 ■ sF 1 4 1 il� , p�c �l i; w s in ,44 • It II /" i • •: •_ ` t°•, ...1 to l 7:'•S .� o VARRA COMPANIES, INC. 8120 CAGE STREET FREDERICK, COLORADO 80534 TELEPHONE: (303) 666-6657 LEGEND: SCALE: 1" = 2, 640 ' DATE: 18 March 2013 • .. .1 • REVISION: 2 October 2013 PARCEL BOUNDARY r1 ,.I;; 1I :� PAGE: 1 OF 1 DIVISION OF RECLAMATION, MINING AND SAFETY Department of Natural Resources 1313 Sherman St., Room 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 Phone: (303) 866-3567 FAX: (303) 832-8106 October 1, 2013 Bradford Janes Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Fredrick, Colorado 80516 STATE OF C LORADO COLD RA DO DIVISION OF RECLAMATION MINING --- &— SAFETY John W. Hickenlooper Governor Mike King Executive Director Loretta Pirieda Director Re: Varra-Coulson Resource Project, File No. M-2013-064, Receipt of 112 Construction Materials Reclamation Permit Application Package — Incomplete Mr. Janes: On September 18, 2013, the Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety (Division) received the 112 Construction Materials Reclamation Permit Application package for the Varra-Coulson Resource Project. Preliminary review of the information received determined the following items must be received before the Division can consider the application as being submitted and technical review can begin: 6.4.1 Exhibit A - Legal Description 1. Rule 6.4.1(1) states the legal description shall be by, township, range and section, to at least the nearest quarter -quarter section. The Applicant provided the legal description to the nearest quarter section only. Please provide the legal description to the nearest quarter - quarter section as required by the Rule. 6.3.9 Exhibit I - Proof of Filing with County Clerk 2. Please provide an affidavit or receipt indicating the date on which the revised application document was placed with the Weld County Clerk and Recorder in response to this letter. The application will not be considered submitted until the information listed above is received and found sufficient to begin our review. A decision date will be established 90 days from the date of receipt of all of the requested information. Additionally, if you have already published notice you will need to republish notice, after the Division considers the application submitted. This notice must be published once a week for four (4) consecutive weeks, starting within ten (10) days of the date your application is considered submitted. We will notify you when you should initiate republication of your notice. The final date for receiving comments is the 20th day after the fourth publication or the next regular business day. You have sixty (60) days from the original incompleteness date to submit all necessary documents the Office needs for an application to be considered filed. If, at the end of the sixty day period, the application has not been determined to be filed with the Office, the Office shall deny the application and terminate the application file. Office of Mined Land Reclamation Office of Denver • Grand Junction • Durango Active and Inactive Mines Page 2 of 2 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 112c Application Incompleteness Letter The response due date is November 30, 2013. This letter shall not be construed to mean there are no other technical deficiencies in your application. The Division will review your application to determine whether it is adequate to meet the requirements of the Act after submittal of all required items. Peter S. Hays Environmental Protection Specialist Cc: Tom Kaldenbach, Division of Reclamation, Mining & Safety Varra Companies, Inc. Office of Special Projects 1431 East 16th Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Telephone (970) 353-8310 Fax (970) 353-4047 Wednesday 18 September 2013 Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation Division of Reclamation, Mining, & Safety 1313 Sherman St., Ste. 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 Subject: Regular Impact (112) Permit Application — Varra-Coulson Resource Project. Please accept this submittal as a Complete Regular Impact (112) permit application. Submitted with this correspondence, please find: o Proofs of Notification - delivered as addressed to: 1) Greeley West Soil Conservation District 2) Weld County Board of County Commissioners o Proof of placement of one copy of the complete application with the Weld County Clerk to the Board of County Commissioners. o Proof of Posting of Notice at the Location Main Access Road. o Two complete applications with all attending forms, maps and exhibits - one of which is the original with the Regular Impact 112 form signed in blue ink, an original signature of a Backfill Notice (Exhibit E), and related original documents. o The required Regular Impact (112) permit application fee of $ 2,696.00 (check #34406). Respectfully submitted, Varra Companies, Inc. Bradford Janes Professional Forester Liaison, Office of Special Projects cc. Christopher L. Varra, President Varra Companies, Inc. BLJ/blj. Enclosures: As stated above. 9- 073- aD43 ,°49 9-48-071743 cPape-40 Exhibit Q — Proof of Amending Materials in previous Notice to the Board of County Commissioners Office of the Board of Weld County Commissioners do Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 0 Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS) Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR Permit application for Varra Companies, Inc. — Varra-Coulson Resource Project. NOTICE TO THE BOARD of WELD COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Varna Companies, Inc. (the 'Applicant/Operator') has applied for a Regular (112) reclamation permit from the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board (the `Board') to conduct the extraction of construction materials operations in Weld County. The attached information is being provided to notify you of the location and nature of the proposed operation. The entire application is on file with the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (the `Division') and the Weld County Clerk to the Board. The applicant/operator proposes to reclaim the affected land to commercial Developed Water Resources and other Mixed Uses. Pursuant to Section 34-32.5-116(4)(m), C.R.S., the Board may confer with the local Conservation Districts before approving of the post -mining land use. Accordingly, the Board would appreciate your comments on the proposed operation. Please note that, in order to preserve your right to a hearing before the Board on this application, you must submit written comments on the application within twenty (20) days of the date of last publication of notice pursuant to Section 34-32.5-112(10), C.R.S. If you would like to discuss the proposed post -mining land use, or any other issue regarding this application, please contact the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety, 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215, Denver, Colorado 80203, (303) 866-3567. Your signature below acknowledges receiplffEb 1 t er need permit application form. Date Received: Received By: SEP 17 2013 WELD COUNTY MMIS s � E�2 Weld County Clerk to the Board of Weld County Commissioners 2013-2660 Varna Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 p1 ems' LR 1 Permit Application cC e AZ) 16I/e) 8 August 2013 Exhibit R — Proof of Filing with County Clerk and Recorder 6.4.18 EXHIBIT R - Proof of Filing with County Clerk and Recorder An affidavit or receipt indicating the date on which the application was placed with the local County Clerk and Recorder for public review, pursuant to Subparagraph 1.6.2(1)(c). Proof of filing with the County Clerk, pursuant to Subparagraph 1.6.2(1)(c): Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 O Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) Permit application for Varra Companies, Inc. — Varra-Coulson Resource Project. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced permit application. The application will be placed for b vcatgin and review. The information will be made available to the public un ion by the OMLR Board, as defined by C.R.S. 24-4-105(14). Date Received: Received By: SEP 9 8 2093 WELD COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Office of Weld County Clerk to the Board Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit Q -- Proof of Amending Materials in previous Notice to the Board of Supervisors = West Greeley Soil Conservation District West Greeley Soil Conservation District I3oard of Supervisors ATTN: Joyce Wallace, District Manager 4302 West 9't' Street Road Greeley, Colorado 50631 Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR), Permit application for Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project. NOTICE TO THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS WEST GREELEY SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT Varra Companies, Inc. (the 'Applicant/Operator') has applied for a Regular ( 112) reclamation permit from the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board (the 'Board') to conduct the extraction of construction materials operations in Weld County. The attached information is being provided to notify you of the location and nature of the proposed operation. The entire application is on file with the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (the 'Division') and the Weld County Clerk to the Board. The applicant/operator proposes to reclaim the affected land to Developed Watcr.Rcsources and other Mixed Uses. Pursuant to Section 34-32.5-116(4)(m), C.R.S., the Board may confer with the local Conservation Districts before approving of the post -mining land use. Accordingly, the Board would appreciate your comments on the proposed operation. Please note that, in order to preserve your right to a hearing before the Board on this application, you must submit written comments on the application within twenty (20) days of the date of last publication of notice pursuant to Section 34-32.5-112(10), C.R.S. If you would like to discuss the proposed post -mining land use, or any other issue regarding this application, please contact the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety, 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215, Denver, Colorado 80203, (303) 8(-6-3567. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced permit application form. Date Received: Received By: il>do Board f Supervis rs — cst Greeley Soil Conservation District. • Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project PUBLIC NOTICE This site is the location of a proposed c •}nstruction materials operation. Varra Companies, Inc. whose address and phone number is 8120 Gage Street — Frederick, CO 80516 Telephone (303) 666-6657, has applied for a Reclamation Permit with the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board. > Anyone wishing to comment on the application niay view the applicatiol a at the Weld County Clerk to the Board's Office at 1150 'O' Street, Greeley, Colorado 80632, a d should se c comments prior to the end of the p blic comment period to the Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining & Safety, Office of Mined Land Reclamatin — 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215 — Denver, CO 80203. The above notice was posted at the entrance to the primary access road designated in the included application maps at Fern St., and along the permit area, boundary or corners as practical. An actual copy of the size of the Notice follows this page. This notice and the undersigned Certification is intended to satisfy the Notice requirements for Rule 1.6.2(1(b). Certification: I, Bradford Janes, hereby certify that I posted the above indicated Public Notice for the proposed permit area known as the Varra-Coulson Resource Project, on Tuesday 17 September 2013. Tuesday 17 September 2013 Bradford .lane orester Date Varra Companies, Inc. This site is the location of a or posed construction materials operation. Varra Companies, Inc. whose address and phone number is 8120 Gage Street — Frederick, CO 80516 Telephone (303) 6666657, h s applied for a Reclamation Permit with the Colorado Mined Land Recmatt a Board. Anyone wishing to comment n the application may view the application at the Weld County Clerk to the Board's flee •a . 1150 'O' Street, Greeley, Colo act 80632, and should send comments prior L the end of the public comment period to Colorado Division of ReclamatiMining & Safety, Office of Mir -led Land Reclat ration — 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215 — enver, CO 80203. „ 7747,?-: , p 'sky t9 %.. \ } § STATE OF COLORADO DIVISION OF RECLAMATION, MINING AND SAFETY Department of Natural Resources 1313 Sherman St., Room 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 Phone: (303) 866-3567 FAX: (303) 832-8106 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS REGULAR (112) OPERATION RECLAMATION PERMIT APPLICATION FORM CHECK ONE: n There is a File Number Already Assigned to this Operation Permit Jr M - COLORADO DIVISION OF RECLAMATION MINING — SAFETY - (Please reference the file number currently assigned to this operation) New Application (Rule 1.4.5) [1_ Amendment Application (Rule 1.10) Conversion Application (Rule 1.11) Permit /4 M - (provide for Amendments and Conversions of existing permits) The application for a Construction Materials Regular 112 Operation Reclamation Permit contains three major parts: (1) the application form; (2) Exhibits A -S, Addendum I, any sections of Exhibit 6.5 (Geotechnical Stability Exhibit; and (3) the application fee. When you submit your application, be sure to include one (1) complete signed and notarized ORIGINAL and one (1) copy of the completed application form, two (2) copies of Exhibits A -S, Addendum 1, appropriate sections of 6.5 (Geotechnical Stability Exhibit, and a check for the application fee described under Section (4) below. Exhibits should NOT be bound or in a 3 -ring binder; maps should be folded to 8 1/2" X 1 I " or 8 1/2" X 14" size. To expedite processing, please provide the information in the format and order described in this form. GENERAL OPERATION INFORMATION Type or print clearly, in the space provided, ALL information requested below. 1. Applicant/operator or company name (name to be used on permit): Varra Companies, Inc. 1.1 Type of organization (corporation, partnership, etc.): Corporation 2. Operation name (pit, mine or site name): Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3. Permitted acreage (new or existing site): 3.1 Change in acreage (+) 3.2 Total acreage in Permit area 4. Fees: 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 5. Primary commoditie(s) to be mined: 5.1 Incidental commoditie(s) to be mined: I. New Application New Quarry Application Amendment Fee Conversion to 112 operation (set by statute) sand 3. / gravel earth products lbs/Tons/yr 4. / 100.63 0 100.63 permitted acres acres acres $2,696.00 application fee $3342.00 quarry application $2,229.00 amendment fee $2.696.00 conversion fee lbs/Tons/yr 2. / lbs/Tons/yr 5. / lbs/Tons/yr lbs/Tons/yr 5.2 Anticipated end use of primary commoditie(s) to be mined: construction and infrastructure N/A 5.3 Anticipated end use of incidental commoditie(s) to be mined: 1.om itudc(W ) -104 64020 OR l Iniversal '1'ranverse Mercator (I.I f Example: 2013 36.3E NAD27 Zone I 4 398 351.2 N 6. Name of owner of subsurface rights of affected land: Refer to Exhibit O If 2 or more owners. "refer to Exhibit O". 7. Name of owner of surface of affected land: Refer to Exhibit O 8. Type of mining operation: U Surface 9. I Inder.rnund Location Information: The center of the area where the majority of mining will occur: COUNTY: Weld PRINCIPAI. MERIDIAN (check one): _D 6th (Colorado) ❑ 10th (New Mexico) E. 1. lie SL:CTIUN (write number): TOWNSI IIP (write number and check direction): RANGE (write number and check direction): QUARTER SECTION (check one): QUARTER/QUARTER SECTION (check one): s 1 0 T 5 IZ 65 NE 'NW North a South lasi . ' t West N\V il S ` SW U51SW GENERA!. DESCRIPTION: (the number of miles and direction from the nearest town and the approximate elevation): Apx. 1 mile east of Greeley, Colorado at a mean elevation of 4618 feet. i U. Primary Mine Entrance Location (report in either Latitude/Longitude OR (JIM): Latitude/Longitude: Example: (N) ;9' 44' I2.98" (W) 104" 5►' 3.87" Latitude IN): deg min see (2 decimal places) longitude (W): deg min sec (2 decimal places) OR Example: ( N ) 39.73691' (W) -104.93449" 40 41540 Latitude ( NI (5 decimal places (5 decimal places) L1TM Datum (specify NAD27. NADS3 or WGS 34) Nad 27 ___ , 13 Zone Fasting 2239560.2159 Nonhing 395331.0425 It. Correspondence Information: APPLIC AN'I'fOPERATOR Contact's Name: Company Name: Street/P.O. Box: City: State: Telephone Number: Fax Number: PERMFTT1NG CONTACT Contact's Name: Company Name: Street/P.O. Box: State: Telephone Number: Fax Number: INSPECTION CONTACT Contact's Name: Company Name: Street/P.O. Box: City: State: Telephone Number: Fax Number: (name. address. and phone of name to be used on permit) Christopher L Varga Varra Companies, Inc. Title: President 8120 Gage Street Frederick Colorado Zip ('ndc: 80516 303 1. 666-6657 t 303 1- 666-6743 (if different from applicant/operator above) Bradford Janes. Varra Companies, Inc. Title: Forester 8120 Gage Street Frederick Colorado (970 (970 _ 353-8310 PA). Box: zip Code: 80516 353-4047 Garrett C. Varra Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street 'Ti11e: Vice -President of Operations Frederick P.O. Box: Colorado Zip ('ode: 80516 { 303 ) _ 666-6657 { 303 ) - 666-6743 CC: STATE OR FEDERAL LANDOWNER {{fan)/ Agency: Street: City: State: Telephone Number: Zip ('ode: ('C: STATE OR FEDERAL LANDOWNER (ifanv/ Agency: Street: City: Slate: Telephone Number: ( _ Zip Code: 12. Primary future (Post -mining} land use (check nnel: C ('ropland(CR) I'aslsircland(PL) (lencral :lgrieulture((iA Rangeland( R L) 1] Foreslry(FR) Wildlife Ilabitat(Wf.) Residential(RS) Rccrcation(RCI X Industrial/(•ommercial(IC) Developed Water Resourccs(WR) (primary) Solid Waste I)isposal(WI.)I 13. Primary present land use (check one : Q F] (.'ropland(CR ) Raneeland(RI.) Residential( RS) Pastureland( Pl. ) Forestry( FR) Recreation( RC) Developed Waler Resources(WR) General Aerieulturc((.iA Wildlife 11ahitat(Wl.) IIIndustrial.'C•onnncrcial(it • ) 14. Method of Mining: Briefly explain mining method (e.g. truck/shovel): Open pit extraction of sand. gravel and related earth resource products utilizing diverse heavy equipment. 15. On Site Processing: E 141 Crushing/Screening 13.1 Briefly explain mining method (e.g. truck/shovel): Fruelen meteeels ore trad d until scrapers, excavators or Paler }navy equipment. taken to on on -she pinrtt !or rya:,csute. stockolluro. sale, and remewit rune Ilrz' .+te 11' limn ruins, I .ist any designated chemicals or acid -producing materials to he used or stored within permit area: lubricants & absorbants. Fuel will not be stored on -site, but brought in on portable containers by trucks. 16. Description of Amendment or Conversion: Ilyou arc amending or converting an existing operation. provide a brief narrative describin, the proposed change(s). - New Application - -5- i:lans and Exhibits: 'Iwo (2) complete. unbound application packages must be submitted. One complete application package consists of a signed application fitnn and the set ofmaps and exhibits referenced below as Exhibits A -S. Addendum 1. and the Geotechnical Stability Iixhihit. Each exhihil within the application must he presented as a separate section. Bcgin each exhibit on a new page. Pages sham hl he nrtrnhered consecutive!) for case of reference. If separate documents arc used as appendices. please reference these by name in the exhibit. With caclt of the two (2) signed application forms. you must submit a corresponding set of the maps and exhibits as described in the folicvine references to Rule 6.4. 6.5. and 1.62( I)(b): E:XIi[i31'I A EXHIBIT 13 EXt1i3If C !: X111131'1 1) EXHIBIT E EXl 11.311 F EXHIBIT G EXHIBIT I I EX1111311 I EX1 11131'1 .1 EXHIBIT K LX111131T I. I AFItl31T \1 EXHIBIT N EXHIBIT () EXHIBIT I' EXHIBIT 0 EXHIBIT R EX! HMI S Rule 1.6.2( 1 I(b) Rule 6.5 Legal Description Index Map Pm -Mining and Mining Plan Map(s) of A Meted lands Mining Plan Reclamation Plan Reclamation Plan Map Water Information Wildlife Information Soils Information Vegetation Information Climate int'ormalion Reclamation Costs Other Permits and Licenses Source of Legal Right -To -Enter o -Enter Owners of Record of A f eeted Land (Surlhec Area I and Owners of Substance to he Mined Municipalities Within Two Miles Proof of Mailing of Notices to County ("ommissioners and Conservation District Proof of Filing with County Clerk or Recorder Permanent Man -Made Structures ADDENDUM I - Notice Requirements (sample enclosed) Geotechnical Stability Exhibit (any required sections) The instructions for preparing Exhibits A -S. Addendum 1. and Geotechnical Stability Exhibit are specified under Rule 6.4 and 6.5 and Rule I.6.2(I )(Morale Rules and Regulations. lfyou have any questions on preparing the Exhibits or content attic inlormation required. or would like to schedule a pm -application meeting you may contact the Office at 303-866-3567. Responsibilities as a Pertnittee: Upon application approval and permit issuance. this application becomes a legally binding document. "Therefore. there are a number of important requirements which you. as a permitter. should fully understand. These requirement` are listed below. Please read and initial each requirement. in the space provided, to acknowledge that you understand your obligations. I fy on no)n)understand these obligations then please contact this Office for a full explanation. . Your obligation to reclaim the site is not limited to the amount of the financial warranty. You assume Icoal liability for all reasonable expenses which the Board or the Office may incur 10 reclaim the affected lands associated with your mining operation in the event your permit is revoked and financial warranty is forfeited: - 6 - 2. The Board may suspend or revoke this permit, or assess a civil penalty. upon a finding that the permitiec violated the terms or conditions of this permit. the Act. the Mineral Rules and Regulations. or that inlimmation contained in the application or your permit misrepresent important material facts: �A0 9 4 ca 3, If your mining and reclamation operations affect areas beyond the boundaries of an approved permit boundary. substantial civil penalties. to you as permittce can result: Lt. Any modification to the approved mining and reclamation plan from those described in your approved application requires you to submit a permit modification and obtain approval from the Board or Office: 5. It is your responsibility to notify the Office of any changes in your address or phone number: 6. Upon permit issuance and prior to beginning on -site mining activity. you must post a sign al the entrance of the mine site. which shall he clearly visible from the access road, with the following. inlormation (Rule 3.1.1'_ is a. the name of the operator: b. a statement that a reclamation permit for the operation has been issued the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board: and. c. the permit number. 7. The boundaries of the permit boundary area must be marked by monuments or other markers that are clearly visible and adequate to delineate such boundaries prior to site disturbance. S. It is a provision of this permit that the operations will be conducted in accordance with the terms and conditions listed in your application. as well as with the provisions of the Act and the Construction Material Rules and Regulations in effect at the time the permit is issued. 9. Annually. on the anniversary date of permit issuance, you must submit an annual lee as specified by Statute. and an annual report which includes a map describing the acreage of ected and the acreage reclaimed to date (if there are changes from the previous year). any monitoring required by the Reclamation Plan to he submitted annually on the anniversary date of the permit approval. Annual fees are for the previous year a permit is held. For example. a permit with the anniversary date of July 1. 1995. the annual tee is for the period ofJuly- I. 1994 through June 30. 1995. Failure to submit your annual lee and report by the permit anniversary dale may result in a civil penalty. revocation of your permit, and forfeiture of your financial warranty. It is your responsibility. as the perm it tee. to continue to pay your annual fee to the Office until the Board releases you limn your total reclamation responsibility. 10. For joint venture/partnership operators: the signing representative is authorized to sign this document and a power of attorney (provided by the partner(s)) authorizing the signature of the representative is attached to this appl icat ion. -7 - NOTE TO COMMENTORS/OBJECTORS: It is likely there will be additions. changes. and deletions to this document prior to final decision by the Office. Thcreli rc. it you have any comments or concerns you must contact the applicant or the Office prior to the decision date so that you will know what changes may have been made to the application document. The Office is not allowed to consider comments. unless they arc written. and received prior to the end ofthc public comment period. You should contact the applicant for the final date of the public comment period. I (you have questions about the Mined Land Reclamation Board and Oflice's review and decision or appeals process. you ma% contact the Office at (303) 866-3567. - R - Certification: As an authorized representative of the applicant. 1 hereby certify that the operation described has met the minimum requirements of the following terms and conditions: 1. To the best of my knowledge. all significant. valuable and permanent man-made stmet ure() in existence at the time this application is filed. and located within 200 feel of the proposed affected area have been identified in this application (Section 34-32.5-115(4)(e). C.R.S.). 2. No mining operation will (Section 34-32.5-115(4)(f). C.R.S.: be located on lands where such operations arc prohibited hy Ia‘ti 3. As the applicant/operator.1 do not have any extraction/exploration operations in the State ot('olorado currently in violation of the provisions of the Colorado Land Reclamation Act for the Extraction of Construction Materials (Section 34-32.5-120. C.R.S.) as determined through a Board finding. 4. I understand that statements in the application are being made under penalty of perjury and that false statements made herein arc punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor pursuant to Section M-8-503. C.R.S. Thisform has been approved hr the Mined Land Reclamation Board pursuant so.cectiou 34-32. i-112,C'.R.S.. of the Colorado Land Reclamation Act for the Extraction c f Construction Materials. Any alteration or modification of this form shall result in raiding tiny permit issued on the altered or modified form and subject the operator to cease and desist orders and civil pengiies for operating without a permit pursuant to section 34-32.5-123. C.:R.S. Signed and dated this 7 days of r 141CA (��`u, kill tt tz ctrl , A ppl icant/Operato or Company Name Signed: Title: 6cdo f State of ) )ss. County of e..1 a ) -7 Yi, The foreeoinrtinstrument vas acknowledged before me this '). by CkiTi`b. VD'S—FO. I f Corporation Attest (Seal) Signed: C'orptl'rate Secrettt y or Equivalent Town/City/County Clerk day of as of r T Notary Public • My Commission expires: i Gmr-z !!/ (22 SIGNATURES MUST BE IN BLUE INK You must post sufficient Notices at the location of the proposed mine site to clearly identify the site as the location of a Exhibit A — Legal Description 6.4.1 EXHIBIT A — Legal Description (1) The legal description must identify the affected land, specify affected areas and be adequate to field locate the property. Description shall be by (a), township, range, and section , to at least the nearest quarter -quarter section and (b), location of the main entrance to the site reported as latitude and longitude, or the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid as determined from a USGS topographic map. A metes and bounds survey description is acceptable in lieu of township, range, and section. Where available, the street address or lot number(s) shall be given. This information may be available from the County Assessor's Office or U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps. (2) The main entrance to the mine site shall be located based on a USGS topographic map showing latitude and longitude or Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). The operator will need to specify coordinates of latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes and seconds or in decimal degrees to an accuracy of at least five (5) decimal places (e.g., latitude 37.12345 N, longitude 104.45678 W). For UTM, the operator will need to specify North American Datum (NAD) 1927, NAD1983, or WGS 84, and the applicable zone, measured in meters. A parcel of land located in part of the NE/4; Section 10; Township 5 North; Range 65 West; 6th P.M.; Weld County, Colorado, and comprising 100.63± acres, more or less. The mine entrance is identified on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map, and located as identified under NAD 83 Colorado State Plane North Zone: Latitude (N) 40.41540 Longitude (W) -104.64020 Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 VARRA COMPANIES, INC. 8120 GAGE STREET FREDERICK. COLORADO 80534 TELEPHONE: (303) 666-6657 r-1 LEGEND: PARCEL BOUNDARY 'a. a 4 dlv • to to • a to 4 a. as SCALE: 1" = 2,640 DATE: 18 March 2013 REVISION: 1 1 PAGE: OF CD 0- Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 6.4.3 EXHIBIT C - Pre -mining and Mining Plan Map(s) of Affected Lands One or more maps may be necessary to legibly portray the following information: (a) all adjoining surface owners of record; (b) the name and location of all creeks, roads, buildings, oil and gas wells and lines, and power and communication lines on the area of affected land and within two hundred (200) feet of all boundaries of such area; (c) the existing topography of the area with contour lines of sufficient detail to portray the direction and rate of slope of the affected land; (d) the total area to be involved in the operation, including the area to be mined and the area of affected lands (see definition of "Affected Land"); (e) the type of present vegetation covering the affected lands; and (f) in conjunction with Exhibit G - Water Information, Subsection 6.4.7, if required by the Office, further water resources information will be presented on a map in this section. (g) Show the owner's name, type of structures, and location of all significant, valuable, and permanent man-made structures contained on the area of affected land and within two hundred (200) feet of the affected land. (h) In conjunction with Exhibit I - Soils Information, Subsection 6.4.9, soils information may be presented on a map in this section; (i) Aerial photos, if available, may be included in this section. Adjoining Surface Owners Of Record As Shown On Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map (Source: Property Owners from Weld County Assessor Records and Utilities Directly from Utilitvl: Property Number Name & Address 096110100006 Coulson Excavating Company, Inc. 3609 NCR 13 Loveland, CO 80538 and Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 096110100005 Jesse Corral 2305 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 096103000036 Doeringsfeld & Aratas Partnership 096110100001 c/o 8120 Gage Street 096110100002 Frederick, Colorado 80516 096103000036 Varra Companies, Inc. 096110100001 8120 Gage Street 096110100002 Frederick, Colorado 80516 096111000108 DPG Farms, Inc. 3300 South Parker Road, Ste. 300 Aurora, CO 80014 096111000019 Sharon Faye Long Living Trust 1218 Fern Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 096111000018 Jack Allmer and 1100 Fern Avenue 096102000017 Greeley, CO 80631 096102000005 Beegles Aircraft Service 635 Airoort Road Greeley, CO 80632 and Bell Scott 624 Buss Avenue #55 Greeley, CO 80632 and Linda Belleau DBA Barnstormer Restaurant 600 Airport Road B Greeley, CO 80632 and Greeley Weld County Airport Authority P.O. Box 727 Greeley, CO 80632-0727 and Harris Aviation, Inc. 625 Airport Road #4 Greeley, CO 80632 and Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Harris Fueling, Inc. 600 Airport Road C Greeley, CO 80632 and J.W. Duff Aircraft Company 675 Airport Road #36 &575 Crosier Avenue #15 Greeley, CO 80632 and Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. c/o GRCC Corp. 622 Ed Beegles Lane Greeley, CO 80631 Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. 119 2nd Street LaSalle, CO 80645 Low Level Dusting Company, Inc. c/o Harris Fueling Inc. 625 Airport Road Greeley, CO 80631 and Precision Propeller Service, Inc. 631 Buss Avenue #47 Greeley, CO 80632 096103000004 Carmen G. Rodriguez Fermin Rodriguez Francisco Rodriguez Rhomda Rodriguez Robert Rodriguez 2544 East 8th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096103000038 Bliss Investments, LLC 096103400047 2438 East 8th Street Greeley, CO 80631 or P.O. Box 816 Varna Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Greeley, CO 80632 096110100003 John & Lucille Paben 2125 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80632 And P.O. Box 401 Kersey, CO 80644 096110402011 William & Mindy Sue Clark 1601 Elder Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 096110401001 William & Teresa Vohs 1600 Elder Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 096110400039 Kathleen Hinojosa 2136 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400040 Donald Daberkow And Jim Landry 2146 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400007 Kathleen Hinojosa 2196 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400006 Garrett Hurni 2222 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400005 NO NAME ! ! ! 2320 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400004 Paula & Carol Light Sey 2400 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400057 Bobby & Patty Arellano 2460 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400056 Abelardo & Nancy Vega 2464 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 And 1711 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096110400002 Suzanne & James Stanley 2508 East 16th Street Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Greeley, CO 80631 096110400001 096111000024 Judith Meyer 2516 East 16th Street Greeley, CO 80631 096111000106 Wayne & Teresa Johnson 1700 Fern Avenue Greeley, CO 80631 Continued...next page Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 5 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map Other (Utilities, Roads, etc) Name and Address City of Greeley City of Greeley ATTN: City Clerk 1100 10th Street Greeley, Colorado 80631 Merit Energy Merit Energy ATTN: Clay Munger, Operations Manager 1313 North Denver Avenue, Building #3 Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621 Matrix Energy Matrix Energy, LLC ATTN: David M. Blandford 201 Linden Street, Suite 301 Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 Noble Energy Production, Inc. Noble Energy Production, Inc. ATTN: Right of Way Department 804 Grand Avenue Platteville, Colorado 80651-7560 DCP Midstream DCP Midstream ATTN: Right of Way Department 1324 North 7th Avenue Greeley, Colorado 80631 North Weld County Water Conservancy District North Weld County Water District ATTN: Alan Overton 33247 U.S. Highway 85 Lucerne, Colorado 80646 Petroleum Development Corporation Petroleum Development Corporation 103 E. Main St. P.O. Box 26 Bridgeport, West Virginia 26330 And 1313 Denver Ave., Bldg, #3 Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621 Lyco Energy Corporation Lyco Energy Corporation 6688 North Central Expressway Suite 1600 Dallas, Texas 75206 Poudre Valley Rural Electric Association, Inc. Poudre Valley Rural Electric Association, Inc. 7649 REA Parkway Fort Collins, CO 80528 Conquest Oil Company Conquest Oil Company Varna Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varna -Coulson Resource Project 6 8 August 2013 Exhibit C — Pre -Mining & Mining Plan Map 3400 West 16th Street, Ste. 6L Greeley, CO 80631 and 8203 West 20th Street Greeley, CO 80634 Cache Exploration, Inc. Cache Exploration, Inc. 1221 28th Ave. Greeley, Colorado 80631 Natural Gas Associates, Inc. Natural Gas Associates, Inc. 1801 Broadway #1200 Denver, CO 80202 Or possibly: Natural Gas Associates of Colorado LLP 621 17th Street Denver, CO 80293-0621 The Greeley Irrigation Company The Greeley Irrigation Company P.O. Box 449 Greeley, CO 80632 Ogilvy Irrigation Ditch Ogilvy Irrigation & Land Company Greeley, Colorado 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 7 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit D- Mining Plan 6.4.4 EXHIBIT D - Mining Plan The mining plan shall supply the following information, correlated with the affected lands, map(s) and timetables: (a) description of the method(s) of mining to be employed in each stage of the operation as related to any surface disturbance on affected lands; (b) earthmoving; (c) all water diversions and impoundments; and (d) the size of area(s) to be worked at any one time. (e) An approximate timetable to describe the mining operation. The timetable is for the purpose of establishing the relationship between mining and reclamation during the different phases of a mining operation. An Operator/Applicant shall not be required to meet specific dates for initiation, or completion of mining in a phase as may be identified in the timetable. This does not exempt an Operator/Applicant from complying with the performance standards of Section 3.1. If the operation is intended to be an intermittent operation as defined in Section 34-32.5-103(11)(b), C.R.S., the Applicant should include in this exhibit a statement that conforms to the provisions of Section 34-32.5-103(11)(b), C.R.S. Such timetable should include: (i) an estimate of the periods of time which will be required for the various stages or phases of the operation; (ii) a description of the size and location of each area to be worked during each phase; and (iii) outlining the sequence in which each stage or phase of the operation will be carried out. (Timetables need not be separate and distinct from the mining plan, but may be incorporated therein.) (f) A map (in Exhibit C - Pre -Mining and Mining Plan Maps(s) of Affected Lands, Subsection 6.4.3) may be used along with a narrative to present the following information: (i} nature, depth and thickness of the deposit to be mined and the thickness and type of overburden to be removed (may be marked "CONFIDENTIAL," pursuant to Paragraph 1.3(3)); and (ii) nature of the stratum immediately beneath the material to be mined in sedimentary deposits. (g) Identify the primary and secondary commodities to be mined/extracted and describe the intended use; and (h) name and describe the intended use of all expected incidental products to be mined/extracted by the proposed operation. (i) Specify if explosives will be used in conjunction with the mining (or reclamation). In consultation with the Office, the Applicant must demonstrate pursuant to Subsection 6.5(4), Geotechnical Stability Exhibit, that offsite areas will not be adversely affected by blasting. Note: For additional information on features and areas described, please refer to Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions Map, and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Map. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit D- Mining Plan The 100.63± acre parcel boundary forms the permit boundary. All lands within the 100.63± acre permit area are to be considered as affected lands under C.R.S. 34-32.5- 103(1), respective of this permit application and any subsequent permit revisions or amendments to the permit as originally approved. Within the permit boundary, there are four identifiable areas, the description of which will help to explain the nature of planned extraction and reclamation. Those identifiable areas are as follows: 52.70± Acres Extraction — South Field — 05-10± years. 11.61± Acres Extraction — Middle Field — 10-20± years. 64.31± Sub -total 1.57± Acres Extraction - Canal #3 - to be relocated — transitional. 65.88± Sub -total 1.98± Acres Reconstructed segment of Canal #3 (includes 0.18± acres within the Poudre River 100 foot set -back area). 67.86± Sub -total 10.75± Acres Mineral Reserve — North Field —undetermined ± years. 78.61± Sub -total 22.02± Acres Affected Lands beyond planned extraction limits. 100.63± TOTAL. The 22.02± acres of lands lying beyond the planned extraction limits may comprise planned or existing permanent access roads, areas of minor to no disturbance; including buffer areas, unaffected segments of Canal #3, and the Cache la Poudre River. Lands not otherwise occupied for developed water resources will be later developed to the highest possible end -use, and will likely comprise a mixed use which may include other general agricultural uses as well as light residential, commercial or industrial uses. As indicated in Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan; of the 65.88± acres of potential extraction south of the Poudre River, the resulting basin will function as a reservoir with a surface covering 59.30± acres of water, leaving a balance of 6.58± of affected land above the anticipated high water mark to be revegetated. Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map, show the location, extent, and features described above; along with features made obvious in the included aerial image of the permit location and surrounding lands. The maps also show all man-made structures located within 200 feet of the permit boundary (i.e., affected lands); including creeks, roads, buildings, oil and gas wells and lines, and power and communication lines on and within 200 feet of the affected land; as well as all adjoining surface owners of record. A listing of the adjoining surface owner's names and addresses are listed under Exhibit C — Text, correlated with those shown in the aforementioned map. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 Exhibit D- Mining Plan The site lies within the flood plain of the Cache La Poudre River, and overlies bedrock that varies in depth from 33-47± feet, and averaging 40± feet. Near the southwest corner of the parcel, an existing groundwater well indicates a mean static ground water levels 18± feet from the surface. Alluvial groundwater is unconfined and flows generally east and toward the Poudre River. Underlying bedrock is likely to be a hard grey to sandy brown clay -stone or tightly cemented sandstone consistent with strata of the Laramie Formation or Pierre Shale which outcrop north and west of the site. Method of mining is presently dry, with discharge of waters conducted under an approved Colorado Dept. of Health discharge permit. The point of discharge is identified on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Extraction utilizes, but is not limited to, diverse heavy equipment; including, backhoes, scrapers, excavators, dozers and related heavy equipment. A grader and water truck maintain access throughout operations. Access is clearly indicated under Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Primary access is approximately 569± feet north of the intersection of 16th Street and Fern Avenue. The parcel is flanked on its western boundary by adjacent extraction operations. To the north, commercial and industrial uses flank the nearby Greeley Weld County Airport. Agriculture and rangeland extend along the east boundary, until reaching 16th Street, which forms the southern boundary with opposing low density mixed residential and agriculture uses. Access from the permit boundary will be south to 16th Street, or north to 8th Street. Wet and/or dry plant processing operations will occur near the southwest permit corner, just beyond the 100 year floodplain extent, as identified on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Plant operations are generally comprised of portable equipment. A small wash pond will be established within and at the onset of extraction operations within South Field. Materials may be transported or conveyed to the adjacent Durham Project where it will be processed and scaled for sale until similar facilities are established within the approved permit boundary. Subsequent to on -site plant establishment, adjacent Durham Project plant operations may provide complementary or auxiliary support to such operations until the point of closure on those lands. Provisions for a material processing plant, a concrete and/or asphalt batch plant, and periodic use of recycling facilities and related plant, remain a necessary inclusion to operations under this permit. Any material processing facilities, recycling facilities, recycling plant, or concrete and/or asphalt batch plant locations will be determined and identified in a later Technical Revision to the approved permit, and are mentioned for purposes of establishing these activities as approved uses under this submittal. Known structures and landowners, including above and below ground utility owners, located on and within 200± ft. of the permit boundary are shown on Exhibit C-1: Existing Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 Exhibit D- Mining Plan Conditions. Exhibit S — provides certification from a registered professional engineer that these structures will not be harmed by planned operations; nor has any evidence of harm evidenced itself over the nearly 60± years of operations at the adjacent Durham Project. A 1600± linear foot standard morphing extraction front is comprised of a 1.25H:1V face along an approximate 800-1200± linear foot advancing; wall with trailing side slopes up to 400 total linear feet combined along either side of the advancing wall where it serves to define the predetermined boundary of the extraction limits shown on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Concurrent grading follows immediately behind the trailing side slopes as they occur along the extraction limits. This morphing extraction front, with its advancing wall, trailing side slopes, and concurrent reclamation along the extraction limits is approximate for all active Tracts. The 1600± linear foot total extraction front is 'morphing' in that the total linear feet of the front will not exceed 1600± linear feet, however, the advancing wall and side slopes may deviate from the 'standard' lengths described above. For example: If the advancing wall is only 600± linear feet, trailing side slopes may have a combined length pending finished grading of up to 1,000± linear feet. Another example is if the advancing wall is 1,400± linear feet long, there is only 200± linear feet of trailing wall, and operations must be more Johnny on the spot in keeping up with concurrency in this configuration. So the 'morphing of the front generally affects the pace of concurrent reclamation of the trailing wall. Extraction activities will continue to remove aggregate from approximately 33± feet along the southwest, to a mean depth of 40.0± feet at center, with a potential total depth to 47± feet near the center of extraction activities from 16th Street to the Cache La Poudre River. Since anomalous depths greater than 40± feet may occur, any extraction deeper than 40± feet in depth may be extracted either dry, or wet. If extracted wet, a dredge may be utilized for the removal. Regardless, all final basin (pond) slopes will conform at a minimum to Rule 3.1.5(7). The general direction of extraction activities over the Fields is shown on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Extraction will occur no closer than 10± feet from the permit boundary, man-made structures, easements and right-of-ways; except for well heads and above ground oil and gas facilities. Extraction will occur to within 25± feet of well heads and related above ground facilities. Extraction around well heads will be concurrently backfilled to maintain a 100± foot buffer from the balance of extracted lands. At all times, safety will take precedent and over -ride all other conditions in time with a matter of safety or emergency respective to and all aspects of the approved permit. Fields are used instead of Phases to describe the activities, since each Field can be accessed concurrently instead of sequentially with the other; and per Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs, accelerated extraction only serves to decrease the overall Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit D- Mining Plan reclamation liability and accelerate final reclamation and site stabilization of the property as a whole. Therefore, any method that accelerates the above timetable will be utilized, based upon market conditions and the capacities of the operator. The timetable for extraction, commencing approximately fall to winter 2013-14; is estimated to take 25± years combined followed by an additional five years to complete reclamation; or a total estimated life of the mine of 30± years; ending approximately winter 2043-44. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 5 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan 6.4.5 EXHIBIT E - Reclamation Plan (1) In preparing the Reclamation Plan, the Operator/Applicant should be specific in terms of addressing such items as final grading (including drainage), seeding, fertilizing, revegetation (trees, shrubs, etc.), and topsoiling. Operators/Applicants are encouraged to allow flexibility in their plans by committing themselves to ranges of numbers (e.g., 6"-12" of topsoil) rather than specific figures. (2) The Reclamation Plan shall include provisions for, or satisfactory explanation of, all general requirements for the type of reclamation proposed to be implemented by the Operator/Applicant. Reclamation shall be required on all the affected land. The Reclamation Plans shall include: (a) A description of the type(s) of reclamation the Operator/Applicant proposes to achieve in the reclamation of the affected land, why each was chosen, the amount of acreage accorded to each, and a general discussion of methods of reclamation as related to the mechanics of earthmoving; (b) A comparison of the proposed post -mining land use to other land uses in the vicinity and to adopted state and local land use plans and programs. In those instances where the post -mining land use is for industrial, residential, or commercial purposes and such use is not reasonably assured, a plan for revegetation shall be submitted. Appropriate evidence supporting such reasonable assurance shall be submitted; (c) A description of how the Reclamation Plan will be implemented to meet each applicable requirement of Section 3.1; (d) Where applicable, plans for topsoil segregation, preservation, and replacement; for stabilization, compaction, and grading of spoil; and for revegetation. The revegetation plan shall contain a list of the preferred species of grass, legumes, forbs, shrubs or trees to be planted, the method and rates of seeding and planting, the estimated availability of viable seeds in sufficient quantities of the species proposed to be used, and the proposed time of seeding and planting; (e) A plan or schedule indicating how and when reclamation will be implemented. Such plan or schedule shall not be tied to any specific date but shall be tied to implementation or completion of different stages of the mining operation as described in Subparagraph 6.4.4(1)(e). The plan or schedule shall include: (i) An estimate of the periods of time which will be required for the various stages or phases of reclamation; (ii) A description of the size and location of each area to be reclaimed during each phase; and (iii) An outline of the sequence in which each stage or phase of reclamation will be carried out. (The schedule need not be separate and distinct from the Reclamation Plan, but may be incorporated therein.) (f) A description of each of the following: Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan (i) Final grading - specify maximum anticipated slope gradient or expected ranges thereof; (ii) Seeding - specify types, mixtures, quantities, and expected time(s) of seeding and planting; (Hi) Fertilization - if applicable, specify types, mixtures, quantities and time of application; (iv) Revegetation - specify types of trees, shrubs, etc., quantities, size and location; and (v) Topsoiling - specify anticipated minimum depth or range of depths for those areas where topsoil will be replaced. This application provides substantial detail of features utilizing aerial photography that is ortho-rectified to approximately 1.0± percent of surveyed accuracy. This highly accurate and detailed portrayal of the mining and reclamation is visible under Exhibit C- 1: Existing Conditions and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map, and, Exhibit F — Reclamation Map. How reclamation will occur over affected lands is further detailed under Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs. As extraction progresses over the Fields south of the Cache la Poudre River, the resulting 1.25H:1V slopes created during extraction will be concurrently modified by pushing the resulting pit bottom with a dozer until the resulting basin slopes conform with Rule 3.1.5(7). Lands above the anticipated final water level of the basins and within 10.0± feet below the anticipated final water level of the basins will be graded to 3H:1V, or flatter. Lands below 10.0± feet from the anticipated final water level of the basins will also be graded to 3H:1V, or flatter. Naturally occurring or previously established slopes may exceed 2H:1V where not otherwise affected by extraction activities and may not be altered as part of reclamation unless necessary to facilitate the reclamation of affected lands. Since the primary end use is developed water resources, the basins are intended to hold waters based upon the rights assigned by decree or as stipulated in regulatory compliance with the Colorado Division of Water Resources, Office of the State Engineer (OSE). This may include the need to augment water sufficient to cover the anticipated exposed groundwaters of the basins in the unlined state. The entire unlined basin is or will be sufficiently covered under an approved substitute supply plan. In order to again liberate waters set aside for augmentation, the basins will at some point in the life of the mine be lined to segregate the basin from Colorado groundwaters. Lining of basins involves the placement of low permeability compactable fill from on -site geologic materials into the resulting 3 foot by 3 foot or greater keyway; the same keyway used in the discharge of groundwaters at the time of extraction. The balance of the basin floors and slopes are also covered and compacted with the same materials until it meets the standards established under the August 1999 State Engineer Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan Guidelines for Lining Criteria. Typical to obtaining approval for the constructed liner, the lined basin must pass a 90 day leak test. Correspondence from the OSE approving the construction of the lined basin will be submitted to the OMLR on receipt, or as part of any request for release of the permit, in part or whole. A Backfill Notice is included with this application as an Addendum at the back of Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan, to facilitate the fill of portions of the extracted lands for final end - use potentials beyond water storage, which may include residential, commercial or industrial structures or uses otherwise approved, now or in the future, by Weld County, Colorado or any subsequent municipality resulting from annexation. The extent and nature of the water storage basin represents the maximum build -out respective of optimal extraction of commercial product and resulting final slopes. All affected lands between the extraction limits and remaining above the anticipated high water mark of the basins will be capped with a minimum of six (6.0±) inches of soil, as supported by Exhibit I & J - Soils and Vegetation Information. Timing and use of soil is detailed further under Exhibit I & J — Soils and Vegetation Information and Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs. Where compacted lands exist, and are to be revegetated, those locations will be ripped prior to re -soil application. There are no known areas of compaction at the time of this application which would require such activity; and ripping remains a contingency of the application. The final land configuration results in one reservoir basin totaling 59.30± surface acres (refer to Exhibit F: Reclamation Map). The balance of unoccupied affected lands above the anticipated static water level will be stabilized where necessary utilizing the seed mixture under Exhibit E - Table E-1: Primary Re -vegetation Seed Mixture and Costs. Lands not otherwise occupied for developed water resources will be later developed to the highest possible end -use, and will likely comprise a mixed use which may include other general agricultural uses as well as light residential, commercial or industrial uses. All affected lands remaining above the anticipated final water level of the basins, and not otherwise occupied by existing or planned mixed uses, will be re -vegetated with the approved seed mixture(s) for general agriculture. Since the existing crop and rangeland, comprised predominantly of weeds and exposed ground, are being replaced with preferred native grasses, the target for release of revegetated lands is based upon the establishment of a stabilizing cover of predominantly native vegetation whose foliar umbrella equals or exceeds 20 percent of the total area of the ground as measured three inches above the native soil on a square meter basis for typical areas of reclaimed cover achieved within five years subsequent to the completion of all extraction activities. Mixed use(s), other than general agriculture may occur and may include, but are not limited to: the retention of existing structures as desired (e.g., processing facilities and Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan plant(s), concrete batch plant, asphalt batch plants, recycling facilities and related operations, shop, scale-house/office, and supporting facilities (fuel depots, parking areas, oil and gas facilities access, etc.) for continued industrial - commercial use (as validated by any co -related and required Weld County Building Permits); the creation of unforeseen future structures, and for the use and development of on -site water resources. Since the area of surrounding lands is a mix of these uses, the site end use will retain these potentials. The rate of reclamation activity, including grading, soiling and revegetation will follow concurrently with extraction and the respective timetables identified for extraction under Exhibit D — Extraction Plan. All timetables are contingent upon market conditions, therefore, a probable range of time is indicated. With extraction activities anticipated to take up to 25 years to complete, reclamation will add an approximately five years to this estimate, bringing the anticipated life of the mine to 30± years, or the year 2043-44. A Backfill Notice follows this page, as part of this Exhibit. The use of inert fill will facilitate the timely fill of selected portions of the project area as desired, and related reclamation of affected lands and use of related water resources (refer to Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs). Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan BACKFILL NOTICE Inert fill may be imported or utilized from existing sources, along with processing fines and reject material to fill portions of extracted areas — the extent and location of which will be field determined during final reclamation in order to advance alternative end -use potentials for post extraction development. The estimated total volume of fill will not exceed the total volume of material extracted from the location, or as otherwise determined. The date of fill activity will commence at onset of approval of this application, and continue for the life of the project, estimated at 30± years. Material will be mixed with on -site processing fines and reject prior to fill to eliminate void spaces, where necessary. The filled portions of a given tract will be re -vegetated with the approved seed mix where it meets the conditions described under Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan. All material either extracted on site, or imported to the site, will be handled in such a manner so as to prevent any unauthorized release of pollutants to the surface drainage system. No unauthorized release of pollutants to groundwater shall occur from any materials mined, handled or disposed of within the permit area. I, Christopher L. Varra, hereby attest that the material to be utilized as inert fill in the area described as the Varra-Coulson Resource Project, is clean and inert as defined in Rule 1.1(20) of the Rules and Regulations. Christopher L. Varra, President Varra Companies, Inc. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 5 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit E - Table E-1: Primary Re -vegetation Seed Mixture Species {Scientific Name Species {Common Name} Variety % Mix #pls/Acre Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Forestburg 20 0.9 Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats grama Vaughn 20 1.8 Festuca ovina Sheep fescue Covar 15 0.4 Oryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrass Rimrock 15 1.9 Bouteloua gracilis Blue grama Lovington 10 0.2 Schizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem Pastura 05 0.7 Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass Livingston 05 0.05 Elytrigia elongate Tall wheatgrass Alkar 05 1.1 Bromus inermis Smooth brome Manchar 02 0.1 Sporobolus airoides Alkali sacaton 01 0.01 Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed 01 0.01 Trifolium repens Strawberry clover O'Conner 01 0.1 Sub -TOTAL 100 7.27 Mulch Substitute Regreen TM WheatXWheatgrass 10.00 TOTAL per Acre = 17.27 Rates shown are based upon drilled rates. Where broadcasting is necessary or preferred, rates will double.Note: (*) = Trace. Some houses will not mix less than 0.1#. Since species availability may vary, the operator may substitute species of similar utility. The species described are therefore subject to change without revision to the permit. Regreen is a substitute for the use of mulch, providing live stabilization that will die out within three years as the native grasses begin to express themselves. The overall mixture is intended to provide ample genetic potential over highly variable soils with a reasoned mix of height, form, color, function (bunch and sod forming), and season (cool and warm season). Costs used two sources which will vary by season and availability; and, where cost was not available, a reasonable estimate was given based upon comparable species. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit F — Reclamation Plan Map 6.4.6 EXHIBIT F - Reclamation Plan Map The map(s) of the proposed affected land, by all phases of the total scope of the mining operation, shall indicate the following: (a) The expected physical appearance of the area of the affected land, correlated to the proposed mining and reclamation timetables. The map must show proposed topography of the area with contour lines of sufficient detail to portray the direction and rate of slope of all reclaimed lands; and (b) Portrayal of the proposed final land use for each portion of the affected lands. Please refer to the included Reclamation Map. Varna Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit G — Water Infoi nation 6.4.7 EXHIBIT G - Water Information (1) If the operation is not expected to directly affect surface or groundwater systems, a statement of that expectation shall be submitted. (2) If the operation is expected to directly affect surface or groundwater systems, the Operator/Applicant shall: (a) Locate on the map (in Exhibit C) tributary water courses, wells, springs, stock water ponds, reservoirs, and ditches on the affected land and on adjacent lands where such structures may be affected by the proposed mining operations; (b) Identify all known aquifers; and (c) Submit a brief statement or plan showing how water from de -watering operations or from runoff from disturbed areas, piled material and operating surfaces will be managed to protect against pollution of either surface or groundwater (and, where applicable, control pollution in a manner that is consistent with water quality discharge permits), both during and after the operation. (3) The Operator/Applicant shall provide an estimate of the project water requirements including flow rates and annual volumes for the development, mining and reclamation phases of the project. (4) The Operator/Applicant shall indicate the projected amount from each of the sources of water to supply the project water requirements for the mining operation and reclamation. (5) The Operator/Applicant shall affirmatively state that the Operator/Applicant has acquired (or has applied for) a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit from the Water Quality Control Division at the Colorado Department of Health, if necessary. (1) Operations will not adversely affect surface and groundwater systems. The manner and method of extraction is detailed under Exhibit D — Extraction Plan. Anticipated effects on surface flows are anticipated to be minor to none. Essentially, the flood plain covers a majority of the property and unless under flood conditions, upland overland flows are generally diverted by surrounding roads or grassed drainage channels, or drain internally into existing or planned basins. a) Impacts to groundwater and area wells from groundwater discharge during mining was evaluated by AWES, LLC in their 27 June 2013 report, as included in this submittal. The report concludes that: 'A review of well records available from the Colorado Division of Water Resources did not identify any water wells that could be substantially dewatered by the dry mining operations.' Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit G — Water Information b) POST RECLAMATION IMPACTS have been minimized. As reflected in the comments which follow, the operation has sufficient water to leave the resulting basin in an unlined state, negating the requirement to line the basin for purposes of augmenting for evaporative loss. This satisfies any costs for lining the basin since lining the basin is optional and strictly a burden of the operator to pursue to liberate his water from the unlined state. ii. The AWES report of 27 June 2013 evidences that there will be no measurable impacts of either shadowing or mounding if the resulting basin were lined. The operation therefore includes lining of the basin as an optional phase of the reclamation of the resulting basin. Satisfaction of Colorado State Standards as to the integrity and functionality of the resulting lined basin will be made in cooperation with the Colorado Division of Water Resources, and any resulting submittals and approvals made available to the OMLR at the time of the Annual Report, or by separate cover. Whether the basin is lined or unlined, no measurable impacts to the prevailing hydrologic balance are foreseen. iii. The Flow Technologies Report of 2 September 2013, provides a plan of modified basin design to be incorporated into this submittal as a means to minimize erosion of the basin berms while optimizing the integrity of the basin from the Cache la Poudre River during a 100 year flood event. iv. Addendum to the Flow Technologies Report, above; find overflow protection design specifications of 30 August 2013, as determined by Varra Companies, Inc., Brad Jones, P.E. (2) (a) Please refer to Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions Map. (b) The known aquifer under the site is the stream alluvium. (c) Discharge water will be dissipated with hard surface riprap or established grassed waterways. Other waters are retained by internal pit drainage, directed by vegetated berms or established waterways or through the maintenance or establishment of a stabilizing cover of vegetation, or as otherwise established under an approved Colorado Department of Health stormwater permit and/or stormwater discharge permit. (3) The three components of the project water requirements are water removed with the product, dust control, and evaporation from exposed ground water. Dust will be controlled using truck sprinklers, and the estimated frequency is one load per day. At 2,500 gallons of truck capacity, the annual demand is 2.80 acre-feet. After the water table is encountered, the water removed with the estimated 800,000 tons of product is 23.56 acre-feet per year. The estimated net evaporation is 2.52 feet per year. At the maximum potentially exposed ground Varra Companies, Inc. Varna -Coulson Resource Project 2 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit G — Water Information water of 59.30± acres, the annual evaporation is 149.58± acre-feet. The monthly distribution of these estimates is shown in the following table. The reclamation plan provides that the pits may be lined after being mined. The lined pits will not require replacement water and will be used for storage. There may be incidental demand for water to establish vegetation on the site after lining is completed. However, the ultimate demand for water will be zero. MONTH PRODUCT DUST CONTROL NET EVAP USE Tons af Truck s af ac af af November 60,00 1.77 30 0.23 59.30 5.45 2.00 December 54,00 1.59 31 0.24 59.30 ice 7.81 January 60,00 1.77 31 0.24 59.30 ice 9.51 February 120,00 3.53 28 0.21 59.30 6.01 16.16 March 127,50 3.75 31 0.24 59.30 7.50 20.39 April 138,00 4.06 30 0.23 59.30 12.40 28.07 May 139,50 4.11 31 0.24 59.30 16.40 30.51 June 135,00 3.97 30 0.23 59.30 23.78 28.30 July 127,50 3.75 31 0.24 59.30 26.17 20.68 August 118,50 3.49 31 0.24 59.30 24.09 14.80 September 60,00 1.77 30 0.23 59.30 16.70 7.45 October 60,00 1.77 31 0.24 59.30 11.08 2.00 Apr-Octl 906,000 26.67 214 1.64 130.61 158.91 TOTAL 1,200,000 35.32 365 2.80 149.58 187.68 (4) Water available for supply are from six sources: seven shares of the Greeley Irrigation Company, Hayseed Ditch as decreed in Case No. 90CW174, four shares of the Rural Ditch Company as decreed in Case No. 03CW306, five shares of Last Chance Ditch Company, 25.0 shares of Godding Ditch Company, and water decreed in Case No. 01CW274. From April through October, water use at the site will be replaced to the stream system using the historical consumptive use credits from any of the sources and/or from storage. Because storage is available to regulate the supplies, only the annual historical consumptive use for the sources is shown in the following table. Source Annual Consumptive Use, a -f Greeley Irrigation Canal 72 Hayseed 123 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 8 August 2013 3 Exhibit G — Water Information Rural 248 Last Chance 575 Godding 366 Total = 1,384 The storage sites are lined pits described in Case No. 01CW274 decree. Water available under these storage decrees will also be stored and used for VCI operations. The storage facilities are listed in the following table. Those currently lined and approved by the state are 112, Von Ohlen, and Dakolios. VCI STORAGE FACILITIES (All Values in Acre -Feet) Reservoir Active Capacity, a -f Dead Storage, a -f 112 1,552 0 Dakolios 1,900 0 Von Ohlen 1,300 0 Kurtz 4,000 0 Total NOT TO EXCEED 7,500 A -F PER YEAR plus refill of 3,00 a -f 0 (5) A Colorado Wastewater Discharge Permit System Permit will be applied for with the Colorado Department of Health, and no discharge of waters will occur until an approved permit has been obtained. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 DEWATERING EVALUATION REPORT COULSON GRAVEL PIT VARRA GRAVEL OPERATIONS GREELEY, COLORADO AWES, LLC No. 1320-003 Prepared by: AWES, LLC 4809 Four Star Court Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 970-590-3807 July 22, 2013 Introduction The following report presents the results of a hydrogeologic evaluation regarding the proposed gravel quarry operations to be operated by Varra Companies (Varra) in Greeley, Colorado. This report is prepared as one of the informational requirements in association with a Colorado Division of Reclamation and Mine Safety mine permit submittal. The site location is depicted on Figure 1. Background Information The proposed Coulson gravel quarry is located in the NE1/4, 510, T5N, R65W of the 6th Principal Meridian. The surrounding land use consists of agricultural, rural residential, commercial and open -cut gravel quarry operations. The proposed mine area occupies an estimated 63 acres and it is anticipated the average ultimate pit depth will be 45 feet below grade Information provided by current mining operations data and water resource evaluation reports document the local and regional hydrogeology. In August 2000, 17 soil borings were drilled from ground surface to bedrock to determine the potential aggregate mass within the proposed mine boundary. Depth to bedrock elevations were also obtained from studies by Colton and Finch, 1974. The depth to bedrock over the site varied between 29 and 65 feet below ground surface. In general the site consists of three to five feet of top soil underlain by 24 to 60 feet of sand and gravel with occasional clay and poorly graded sand lenses. The hydraulic conductivity of the sand and coarse gravel deposits is on the order of 125 feet per day (Schneider, 1983) which is consistent with published values and pump test evaluations conducted by the author in similar geologic settings. The average porosity of the local sand and gravel deposits is estimated at 0.27. The natural hydraulic gradient as documented by past water resource investigation reports is on the order of 0.002 feet per foot, with the depth to water varying between less than 5 and 15 feet below ground surface. The natural groundwater flow direction is to the east northeast within the mine area. Seasonal water table fluctuations of between one and three feet are common for this area; however, fluctuations of greater than ten feet have been documented during drought conditions (Schneider, 1983). Dewatering Evaluation Report Varra Gravel Operation Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 2 The water table in the pit will be drawn down to bedrock over an estimated 63 acres. The mine is dewatered by allowing groundwater to flow from the side walls of the excavation into ditches excavated into the bedrock or pit bottom at the toe of the excavation walls. The ditches are sloped so water drains to predetermined pump locations. The water is then pumped from the excavation into the Greeley # 3 Ditch, or directly to the Poudre River. Varra Companies operates an active gravel mine (Durham) immediately west of the proposed Coulson pit. The pit is dewatered by similar methods as described above and groundwater recovered by dewatering is pumped into the Greeley #3 Ditch. The Greeley #3 Ditch is a seasonal irrigation ditch; however, the ditch carries water as far upstream as 16th Street due to the Durham dewatering. Project Assumptions The following are assumptions made in estimating the effects of mine dewatering operations. • The aquifer within the model boundary is homogeneous and anisotropic. • The average saturated thickness of the aquifer prior to mine operations is 40 feet (water table located five to ten feet below ground surface). • The average horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K) of the sand and gravel deposits is 125 feet per day and the vertical K value is 12.5 feet per day. • Other than dewatering associated with the Durham and Coulson mine operations no other aquifer stresses such as drought and surrounding well use were modeled. • All groundwater solutions are steady state. • The bedrock which underlies the coarse alluvial deposits is an impermeable barrier. Model Parameters The effects of dewatering on groundwater flow within the study area were evaluated by using the three dimensional groundwater flow model Visual ModFlow. The general parameters used in the model are presented below. Plates 1 through 3, depict model input parameters. • The model boundary was 10,668 feet (east -west) by 6612 feet (north -south); • The model grid was 130 rows by 200 columns or 26,000 cells; Dewatering Evaluation Report Varra Gravel Operation Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 3 • Constant head boundaries were assigned for the dewatering line sinks and for the wash ponds within the Durham pit; • River boundaries were assigned for the Poudre River and Greeley # 3 ditch; and • General head boundaries were assigned to the model limits (north, south, east and west). A uniform flow field was defined in the model with an unconfined aquifer. The natural groundwater flow direction is to the east south east, north of the Poudre River and to the east - north east on the south side of the Poudre River. Water levels obtained from drilling operations and from published water level data was used to generate water level contours unaffected by any pumping or irrigation influences. Ground surface and bedrock elevations were obtained from site surveys, drill hole data and GoogleEarth. The ground surface and bedrock elevations were input into the geo-statistical model Surfer®, which created surface and bedrock contour maps. These maps were imported into Visual ModFlow to define the ground surface and bedrock elevations within the flow model. The river stage elevations were estimated from survey data. It should be noted that the existing location of the Greeley #3 ditch will be modified prior to mining. At present the ditch parallels the southern, north -south mine border to the west and then bisects the mine to the north east, terminating at the Poudre River. Varra plans to relocate the ditch so that it borders the entire western mine boundary — all model runs were based on the location of where the ditch is anticipated to be during mining. As mentioned constant head boundaries were used to simulate pumping from the proposed Coulson pit and the existing Durham pit. The model was calibrated by using model assigned observation wells inside and outside of the proposed excavation. Measured water levels (obtained from drilling data) at those locations were compared to the model predicted elevations. The model was adjusted using trial and error methods of reassigning river boundary and constant head elevations until reasonable head differences in the model predicted water levels for the assigned wells were obtained. The calibration runs included the river boundary, wash pond and Durham constant head influences — which is reflective of actual field conditions. Dewatering Evaluation Report Varra Gravel Operation Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 4 Groundwater seepage into the mine will occur with the seepage face approximately 5 to ten feet above the pit bottom. This assumption is based on field observations. The constant head boundary elevations were set approximately seven feet above the pit bottoms of the Durham and Coulson pits. Once the model was calibrated the constant head boundary within the Coulson pit was added and a simulation ran to see the maximum possible influence of pumping from the Coulson pit. The Durham pit only pumping scenario is depicted in Plate 4. The Coulson pumping simulation is depicted on Plate 5. Results A review of plates 4 and 5 show that the groundwater hydrology north of the Poudre River is not effected by pumping from either pit. Seepage from the Greeley # 3 Ditch provides a substantial counter balance to mine dewatering and mitigates drawdown by approximately half of what would be expected to the west of the ditch. Plate 6 depicts model predicted water levels in five model generated observation points. The difference between the observed and calculated water levels on Plate 6 represents the predicted drawdowns at the model observation points. The predicted drawdown at 380 feet was 7.65 feet and at 3,000 feet the predicted drawdown was 0.85 feet — which is a drawdown well within the expected natural groundwater level fluctuations. The predicted saturated aquifer thicknesses (at maximum pumping) at the model observation points varied between 27 and 40 feet. Conclusions The results of analytical and numerical solutions indicate that the proposed mine dewatering activities will not adversely affect the regional groundwater hydrology. The saturated aquifer thickness in all areas during pumping at the Coulson mine is sufficient to provided adequate well yields. The predicted drawdowns associated with the Coulson mine dewatering model represent the worst case scenario and a substantial amount of time will be required before maximum drawdowns will occur. The model inputs were made assuming that the relocation of the Greeley # Dewatering Evaluation Report Varra Gravel Operation Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 5 3 Ditch will occur. If the ditch is not relocated, the model should be adjusted to account for this variation. There are a number of domestic wells located within the area influenced by pumping. Though there is sufficient aquifer thickness to provide good well yields there may be partially penetrating wells that might be affected by mine dewatering. A review of well records available from the Colorado Divison of Water Resources did not identify any water wells that could be substantially dewatered by the dry mining operations. This report was prepared by AWES, LLC icY) Date: 07/22/2013 Joby L. Adams, P.G. Principal/Hydrogeologist cipa I/Hydrogeologist REFERENCES Colton, R.B., and Fitch, H.R., 1974, Map showing potential sources of gravel and crushed -rock aggregate in the Boulder -Fort Collins -Greeley area, Front Range Urban Corridor, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Misc. Geol. Inv. Map l -855-D. Schneider, P. A., 1983, Shallow groundwater in the Boulder —Fort Collins —Greeley area, Colorado, 1975-77: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 83-4058. 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". ;rills I .ie a iY.'/■1. •ItUUI la,ULkL " ' I ,yrpf,ai II 1` '�1 i a a uocI I'" 111 .1tlCnI�f11`S$n [-.�. ti■ �r ■� 1 r1�1� prip U. l • !! �,ygyy�i ��G� I�i�1 �► yyg�}I�� urallljlli� tali 11 k 9 i� c Y J t? vil6 R_ •51�i+1' :fl • Z199 OL1.9 OL9C 0 Z Oa81 OW, Boundar Conditions aJ no O L ICU 4--, CZ - en o< O C O co D E N co C a E D d E (3 L D CI a) 4-1 (o 0 - 10:41:13 AM en O N U et O Zt99 C O Co E cr) ao C Q E a c 0 0 V Q) 4-0 a- 2 0 00 o' 0 Cl 0 Cl Calculated vs. Observed Head : Steady state ■ Layer #2 95% confidence interval 95% interval Calculated Head (ft) U, 0 co 1- N 0 ri 0 (0 Bedrock Elevation 4587, Drawdown 2.57" MW -6/A Observed = 4617.30 Calculated = 4614.73 a MW -5/A Bedrock Elevation 4572, Drawdown 0.8 Observed = 4612.00 Calculated = 4611.15 Er - Bedrock Elevation 4574, Drawdo Bedrock Elevation 45 n 4.73' MW -3/A Observed = 4613.85 Calculated = 4609.12 Y Drawdown 4.22 feet MW 2/A Observed = 4609.95 Calculated = 4605.73 Bedrock Elevation 4574, Drawdown 7.65' 4603.075 Max. Residual: -7.646 (ft) at MW -4/A Min. Residual: -0.85 (ft) at MW -5/A Residual Mean : -4.003 (ft) Abs. Residual Mean : 4.003 (ft) 4608.075 MW -4/A Observed = 4611.00 Calculated = 4603.35 Observed Head (ft) 4613.075 Num. of Data Points : 5 Standard Error of the Estimate : 1.137 (ft) Root Mean Squared : 4.604 (ft) Normalized RMS : 62.635 ( % ) Correlation Coefficient : 0.846 Hotelier: Plate 6 - Model Observation Well Data AWES, lit Fort Collins, Colorado, USA June 27, 2013 Varra Companies 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Attn: Mr. Garrett Varra RE: Shadow/Mounding Analysis AWES No. 1-3-1320 Dear Mr. Varra: You have requested that I provide an opinion on possible effects that lining excavated gravel mines can have on local groundwater hydrology — specifically shadow and mounding effects created by the presence of a low permeability barrier. My opinion is that lining active or inactive gravel mines will deflect groundwater around the barrier, but hydraulic gradients changes at any distance away from the barrier wilt be insignificant. My rational for this opinion is provided below. Varra Companies, Inc., (Varra) has two lined pits used for water storage that were lined in 2003 (Pit 112) and 2010 (Pit 110). The method of lining was compacting several feet of clay and shale bedrock on the side walls of the pits, thus creating a low permeability liner. Varra installed 13 monitoring wells at each of these locations and obtained water levels on a periodic basis. Pit 110 consists of two lined pits and Pit 112 is a single pit. The locations of these pits are depicted on Figure 1. The monitoring well locations are depicted on Plates 1 through 4, which are included in Attachments A and B. In order to evaluate the effects of low permeability liners on the local groundwater hydrology, I used the geo-statistical model Surfer'' to evaluate groundwater flow direction and gradients in the vicinity of the pits. I input water level data obtained from the monitoring wells for the months of January and July 2012, at each location. I chose these months to evaluate possible changes that might occur from irrigation returns in the vicinity of the pits. After the model runs were competed, I used a vector analysis to depict variation in gradient and flow direction. Model runs for Pits 112 and 110 are presented in Attachments A and B, respectively. A review of both Attachments show that groundwater is being deflected around the pits, but the changes in gradients are so minor the model also predicts that groundwater will flow through the pits as well — this indicates the liners are competent and that there is little to no hydraulic connection between the aquifer and pond. For graphical purposes, I superimposed red lines that represent the primary groundwater flow patterns in the vicinity of the pits. The vector analysis shows very minor changes in hydraulic gradients up and down stream of the pits indicating shadow and mounding are not occurring. SAt WhIS 4809 Four Star Court, Fort Collins, CO 80524 970-590-3807 Shadow/Mounding Analysis Varra Gravel Operations Longmont, Colorado Page 2 In July of 2010, I provided Varra with the results of a groundwater model simulation of an impermeable barrier in a uniform flow field. The model results closely approximate actual field conditions as documented from water level data obtained by Varra. That analysis is presented in Attachment C. This analysis indicates that lining mined gravel pits has almost unmeasurable influences to the surrounding groundwater hydrology and does not change hydraulic gradients beyond the variations that would normally be expected in the geologic settings associated with your operations. It is my understanding the Division of Reclamation and Mine Safety has requested technical revisions to your mine permits for the placement of liners at active operations such as Great Western Sugar. Until the pits are completely lined and dewatering is no longer occurring a static analysis cannot be performed, however, the analysis presented should be valid for mines in similar geologic settings. If you have any questions regarding this letter or attachment, please contact me at 970-590-3807. Sincerely, AWES, LLC Joby L. Adams, P.G. Principal Hydrogeologist MAWIES 4809 Four Star Court, Fort Collins, CO 80524 970-590-3807 ATTACHMENT A PIT 112 VECTOR ANALYSIS cN CO a O V a N e --I 4-a CL a 4-0 O_ LO LO CL) U) U) Nr It CO CO N N r r O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ci ci ci O O ci O O O N O O LC) r O O O r Gradient - ft/ft O O O U) N O O O N O O LU r O O 0 r r CO II C L Q) 6) O OL^` W Uy c� OU CU N H r L N (NI C ) r 9.z O V) f0 Q i O 4-0 ri ri 0- CNI CO C- O O 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 CO CO 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 N 0 0 O 0 r Gradient - ft/ft O O O U) N O O 0 N O O U) r O 0 O r 0 LID 0 ATTACHMENT B PIT 110 VECTOR ANALYSIS Plate 3 - Pit 110 Vector Analysis 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 2500 0 500 1000 Note - Contour Interval = 1 foot Jan 2012 Water Level Data 1500 3000 0.02201 0.02101 0.02001 0.01901 0.01801 0.01701 0.01601 0.01501 0.01401 0.01301 0.01201 0.01101 0.01001 0.00901 0.00801 0.00701 0.00601 0.00501 0.00401 0.00301 0.00201 0.00101 Gradient - ft/ft Plate 4 - Pit 110 Vector Analysis 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 P11O-12 GROUND -!1I TOP PIPP-10 0 500 1000 Note - Contour Interval = 0.75 foot Jly 2012 Water Level Data P110-5 GR0*kC-1820 - 1 10P PIPE -4823 2 1500 2000 2500 3000 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.02 0.019 0.018 0.017 t-ta't-0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.01 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 Gradient - ft/ft ATTACHMENT C Groundwater Model Analysis July 1,2010 „ r. .✓sz3c.m:'.',-�^w- .ux.-T-,:-`.�z.r, .,.'r �^�.. 9;�,Irt� v Mr. Garrett Varra Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80203 Re: Water Impoundment Hydrology CGRS No. 1-135-10807ab Dear Garrett: ENV RONIAEMAL CG?\�%UCI This letter and attachments address comments presented by Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety regarding mounding and shadowing related to water impoundments. Any impoundment or pond that holds water at an elevation above the surrounding water table will have the potential of increasing the water table elevation (mounding) at some distance from the pond, which is determined by the total groundwater -pond head difference. For ponds that are large in areal extent the distance to no influence on the upstream side is usually less than the downstream side as the head difference will be less based on the water table's hydraulic gradient. The influence imposed by the pond can be estimated by one dimensional unconfined flow solutions presented by McWhorter and Sunada, 1977. Numerical models can be used but we have found model results generally agree well with analytical solutions. An example calculation using a one dimensional unconfined flow equation is presented as Attachment A. In most unconfined flow regimes we consider the distance to no influence (or measurable influence) generally to be on the order of 600 feet. For your operations it appears the pond and groundwater head difference is on the order of five feet. Given this scenario at 100 and 300 feet from the pond the resulting mounding would be four and two feet, respectively. We advise that great care be given when constructing water impoundments (lined or unlined) within 100 feet of any subsurface structures. We have evaluated the affects of impermeable barriers on groundwater hydrology by using the analytical model TWODAN. We simulated a uniform flow field using aquifer properties typically associated with sand and gravel deposits. We then simulated an impermeable barrier within the flow field. The results indicate that the groundwater hydrology is modified but only severely in very close proximity to the barrier. Upstream of the barrier the hydraulic gradient will increase and will decrease downstream of the barrier. Hydraulic gradient changes of between one and two feet are observed within 15 feet of the barrier wall but are negligible at any significant distance from the hydraulic structure. A P.O. Box 1489 Fort Collins, CO 80522 "f 800-288-2657 F 970-493-7986 www.cgrs.com Mr. Garrett Varra July 1, 2010 Page 2 of 2 graphical output depicting the barrier wall simulation is provided in Attachment B. We also ran simulation in ModFlow, which yielded similar results. If you have any questions regarding this letter, please contact me at 970-493- 7780. Sincerely, CGRS, Inc. Jo4y L. Adams. P.G. Principal/Hydrogeologist REFERENCES McWhorter, D. and Sunada, D. K., 1977. Groundwater Hydrology and Hydraulics. Water Resource Publications, Littleton, Colorado, pp 146-148. ATTACHMENT A UNCONFINED FLOW ANALYSIS Spreadsheet Calculates One Dimensional Head Distribution (Unconfined) h = vihie + X/L (H2— hie) H Head at no influence (ft) h Head at point of interest (calculated) hi Head at retention pond X Distance from pond to point of interest (ft) L Distanct to no influence (ft) 4808 4813 300 600 ATTACHMENT B BARRIER WALL MODEL RESULTS 98 100 - Approximate Gradient Line in Uniform Flow X span: 0 to 800 Y span: 0 to 800 Impermeable Barrier Solution Varra Companies 1( COULSON GRAVEL PIT MINE BERM FAILURE ANALYSIS AND FLOOD CONTROL MITIGATION PLAN September 2, 2013 Prepared by: flow ■• . ••• alb '••••' I•••. •• • •• '•••V .u•. •• •"a •r" •J• •• i••i'. •••. •• •■ 7echnologies Hydrology Hydraulics Water Resources Prepared for: Varra Companies, Inc 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Phone: 303-666-6657 P.O. Box 6100 Breckenridge, CO 80424 Phone: 970-547-3823 www.flowtechnologies.biz Project No.: FT 1310 7echnolo91c5 r Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DISCLAIMER I. INTRODUCTION II. SITE DESCRIPTION III. STUDY METHODOLOGY IV. RESULTS V. HARD ARMORING VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX LIST OF TABLES 3 4 5 5 10 16 21 22 25 26 Table 1. WinDAM B Results Summary for 100 -foot -Wide Riverside Berm with Durham 20 Pit Empty Table 2. Coulson Pit WinDAM B Results Summary for100-foot-Wide Riverside Berm 22 with Durham Pit Full Table 3. WinDAM B Results Summary for125-foot-Wide Durham -Coulson Pits Lateral 24 Berm with Durham Pit Full Table 4. WinDAM B Results Summary for125-foot-Wide Durham -Coulson Pits Lateral 26 Berm with Durham Pit Full(t) and Vegetated Downstream Pit Face LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Vicinity map. 6 Figure 2. Location map. 6 Figure 3. Gas facility location. 7 Figure 4. FEMA 100-yr floodplain. 8 Figure 5. Divided flow path, berm„ and spillway. 9 Figure 6. Location of groins along riverside berm. 11 Figure 7. Location of riverside and lateral berms. 18 Figure 8. Head cut vs. pit water surface elevation for Durham Pit empty scenario. 19 Figure 9. Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for riverside 21 berm groin with Durham Pit empty scenario. Figure 10. Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for lateral 23 berm. Figure 11. Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for lateral berm 25 with vegetated downstream pit face pg. 2 froW 7echnologics r Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Van -a Companies, Inc is interested in opening the Coulson Gravel Pit Mine (Site) on the south side of the Cache LaPoudre River just upstream from the Fern Avenue bridge east of Greeley, Colorado. As part of the extraction plan, a riverside berm width needs to be determined that is sufficient to prevent head cutting/erosion from capturing the river. Site -specific analyses were performed that adopted a dam -breach erosion model (WinDAM B) for estimating head cutting/erosion from a 100-yr flood including head cut length, depth, width, and head cutting time progression. As the site develops, a lateral berm will fo,m between it and the Durham Pit immediately upstream in the 100-yr floodplain. Failure potential of that lateral berm was also evaluated. An important component of the analyses is water surface elevation and rate of fill in the pit during a flood event. That is, if the water surface elevation of the head cut bottom equals water surface elevation in the pit, head cutting/erosion will cease. Because of this, detailed analysis was performed to determine pit water surface elevation from a 100 -year flood with respect to time based on channel overbank and floodplain inflow, and groundwater ingress. Also, the affect of the Durham Pit (located immediately upstream from the Site was included in the analysis because right floodplain flow has to enter and fill it before that flow can be a component of the Site fill time. WinDAM B model input data was based on site -specific soils testing, pit extraction plan, ultimate pit topographic maps, berm width assumptions, and a representative historic flood hydrograph for the CLPR. A conservative philosophy was applied throughout the study. Because of the many "uncertainties" when evaluating natural occurrences, analytical approaches, scenarios, and modeling input parameters were biased so that results tended toward the most head cutting and erosion. Information presented in this study adds a high degree of confidence that head cutting/erosion due to a 100-yr flood event will not capture the river, nor breach the lateral berm. As an extra measure of safety, channelization, hard armoring and vegetation protection, and grading (leveling) will be designed and implemented at critical areas. pg. 3 ZkoW 'ecnnolo9lea Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 DISCLAIMER This study is based on innovative methodology that applies a dam -breach head cutting/erosion computer model to gravel pit berms. Such methodology may be unprecedented. The study methodology is based on sound scientific procedures and associate research, but there are no known historic events nor studies with which to compare the results. Analyses used in this study - as with any computer modeling of natural processes - is not an exact science and claims can not be made as to its accuracy. However, results provide estimates and relative comparisons of potential for head cutting and erosion on gravel pit beaus. This analysis is helpful for relative comparisons, "what if" scenarios, estimating extent of critical erosion values such as berm width, time to headcut back to the river, etc. pg. 4 flow 11. 'eehnologies' Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 COULSON GRAVEL PIT MINE OBERM FAILURE ANALYSIS AND FLOOD CONTROL MITIGATION PLAN September 2, 2013 I. INTRODUCTION Varra Companies is interested in opening the Coulson Gravel Pit Mine (Site) on the south side of the Cache LaPoudre River just upstream from the Fern Avenue bridge east of Greeley, Colorado. As part of the extraction plan, a riverside berm width was determined that is sufficient to prevent head cutting/erosion from capturing the river. Also, a lateral berm will form between the existing Durham Pit located immediately west of the Site and its susceptibility to catastrophic failure was determined. Site -specific analyses was performed that adopted a dam -breach erosion model for estimating head cutting/erosion from a 100-yr flood including head cut length, depth, width, and head cutting time progression to demonstrate that the berm widths are adequate. As an extra measure of assurance, likely locations at the Site that are most susceptible to head cutting/erosion were considered, and channel training and hard armoring designed to minimize possibility. II. SITE DESCRIPTION 2.1 Location and Size The Site - approximately 100.63 acres in size — is located on both the north and south sides of the Cache la Poudre River (CLPR) immediately west of Fern Avenue between the river to the north and East 16th Street to the south (Figures 1 & 2). The tract north of the river will not be mined at this time. Should it proposed to mine in the future, then a berm failure analysis and flood control mitigation plan will be performed. pg. 5 Jlow • P .•• ma smareelik es • O. ... .J. .. ... ..N. .. . .. .. .,. .... I. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies lWril'*: al S4-• • .Greeley_',. • • Figure 1. Coulson Pit Vicinity map. Figure 2. Coulson Pit Location map. pg. 6 Jlow .. flair ..•.... • .. _.. ,. •• OEN ..YY •• • •. .•I •A• •• ..•. .•Y•. •• •••. 1• Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies 2.2Topography The site is very flat, and gradually slopes from southwest to northeast at less than 1 percent. The elevation ranges from about 4635 ft at the southwest corner to about 4620 ft at the northeast corner. 2.3. Local Roads There are no public roads within the Site. All roads are private and for the purpose of mining and gas well operations. 2.4. Surrounding Development Surrounding development includes Fern Avenue immediately east of the site, and East 16`h Street immediately to the south. A residential area exists south of East 16th Street, and one residence exists north of East 16`h Street to the immediate south of the Site (see Fig 2). 2.5 Oil and Gas Wells One gas facility is located on the eastern -most edge of the site in the approximate north -south center (see Fig 3). Figure 3. Coulson Pit Gas facility location. p9. 7 low ... .. ....• an. I. • •- ■. .,. .• ...i- .u... .. 'sitar .a.. N Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies 2.6 Soils and Vegetation Soil conditions generally consist of varying thicknesses of top soil underlain by sand and gravel deposits, which in turn are underlain by Pierre Shale. Vegetation consists of trees, grasses, and shrubs on the riverbank and east side of Durham Pit (location of future lateral berm), and native grasses on the site. 2.7. Drainageways As previously mentioned, the CLPR flows through the northern portion of the Site from west to east (Figure 2). And, the CLPR 100-yr right floodplain flows through most of the Site (100-yr discharge is approximately 7,220 cfs for HEC-RAS River Station 14995 (see Appendix)). The Greeley Irrigation Canal No. 3 (GIC3) passes through the Site from west to east and drains into the CLPR just upstream from Fern Avenue Bridge. A portion of the ditch along the western portion of the Site will eventually be re -aligned to the north so as not to interfere with mining operations. 2.8. Potential for site flooding Most of the site is located in the CLPR FEMA 100-yr floodplain except for a small southern portion (Figure 4). Floods with recurrence intervals greater than the 10-yr event will flow out of the river bank — from upstream and at the site - and onto the floodplain. Extent of flooding varies with peak discharge, and ranges from slightly overbank, to the whole site for floods exceeding the 100-yr event. 100-yr Floodplain Figure 4. Coulson Pit FEMA 100-yr floodplain. p9. 8 % low .. MP' 404 .• • .. ..11P •I. .. ....- •... •. • .... l • Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies The exact recurrence interval and discharge that a flood will overtop the bank and enter the site will vary due to backwater effects from the Fern Avenue Bridge. The CLPR is a dynamic river with considerable aggradation/degradation, and the bridge capacity varies after flood events due to such — thereby affecting backwater and consequently upstream water surface elevations. All flood data and information are based on the FEMA Effective Flood Insurance Study (FEMA, 1999), the most recent US Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS study (USACE, 2008), and Anderson Consulting Engineers (ACE) Phase III CLOMR Study (Anderson Consulting Engineers, 2005). Because this information is the approved FEMA Effective Flood Insurance Study (FIS), in addition to an approved CLOMR, no further flood analysis was performed as such would be contradictory to FEMA approved studies. The river hydraulics at the site is complex due to a divided flow path (DFP) that originates upstream on the right bank of the CLPR near the west end (upstream) of the Durham Pit. The DFP passes flow onto the floodplain, through the Durham Pit, through the Site, then partly re- enters the CLPR at the west side of the Site (upstream of Fern Avenue Bridge) with the remainder continuing downstream in the right floodplain. The remaining flow continues through the floodplain south of the bridge. The DFP is due to a right bank berm — in addition to a concrete diversion structure constructed by Varra Companies, Inc in 2006 (See Figure 5 ). 1 illway - Westtr d �r • minor,' pate' R118'2112 .40925%26.00",r1 I64°39'52.12" Y; ekv .1f rift 1493,ft Figure 5. Coulson Pit Durham divided flow path, berm, and spillway. (Actual divided flow path varies from berm south depending on flow.) p9.9 Jlow .. ...1' ... .. • •. -sr •n .. ....' m. .. .c ..- - • .• O.%' •...• .. Coulson Gravel Pit Minc Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnologies The CLPR 10-yr event (3,500 cfs) down to the Durham diversion structure is generally contained within the main channel banks. However during the 25-yr (5,200) cfs and larger events, the majority of flows enter the Durham diversion structure and spill onto the right floodplain. Due to the berm, most of the diverted and overbank flows are contained in the DFP in the right floodplain. The DFP is significant regarding the Site because due to it, large floodplain flows (e.g., Q100) will enter the Site. As explained below in Study Methodology, such flows will contribute to filling both Durham and Coulson Pits in a relatively short time and are a major factor in the extent of head cutting/erosion in the pit during a flood. Once the pit is full, head cutting and erosion will cease. III. STUDY METHODOLOGY The Coulson Pit riverside berm has a length of approximately 1,500 ft (Figure 5). Should a flood large enough to overtop the channel banks occur — and enter the pit — it would flow into the pit time with the potential for head cutting/erosion which of course Varra Companies, Inc. wants to mitigate. That mitigation will be accomplished via a six -step approach: (1) Assume a riverside berm width and predict likely berm failure locations (2) Perform head cutting and erosion analysis to predict berm head cutting, length, width, and failure time (time from initial head cutting on pit side, to riverbank on riverside). (3) Determine pit fill time via all inflows and compare to berm head cut time . (4) If assumed berm width per (1) is insufficient, increase berm width and repeat (2) - (4). (5) Determine adequate width for head cutting protection. (6) provide head cutting and erosion protection in reasonable berm failure locations (per (1)) as an additional measure of safety. These six items are explained in detail below in sub -sections 3.1 through 3.6. An important component of the study approach is to compare pit fill time to berm head cutting time. When the pit water surface elevation equals that of the bottom of head cutting elevation, head cutting/erosion will cease. That time is compared to the head cutting/erosion length to determine its position along the berm. The study was performed considering both Durham and Coulson Pits empty (conservative scenario), in addition to Durham Pit full with Coulson Pit empty (liberal scenario) so as to cover a wide range of most likely scenarios. The Coulson Pit fill time is dependent on the volume of water in Durham pit because if it is empty, then all floodplain flow is used in filling it before it can flow into — and fill Coulson Pit. Thus, with Durham Pit empty, there will be more time for head cutting/erosion into Coulson Pit along the riverside berm. Because the volume of water stored in Durham pit is unknown during a future flood event, but can be anywhere between empty and full, these two extremes were evaluated. pg. 10 flow .. ..e.'...• •w e-.. ... •1■ cc sews sees .. e .. ... •41 ..-weew- J.. .■ Sees I. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies Study was also performed for the lateral berm that will form between Coulson and Durham Pits; that is discussed below. A conservative philosophy was applied throughout the study. Because of the many "unknowns" when evaluating natural occurrences, analytical approaches, scenarios, and modeling input parameters were biased so that results tended toward the most head cutting and erosion. As with almost all computer models of natural processes, there are many uncertainties and not the luxury of comparing results to an actual event. However, such modeling can provide valuable information for planning and decision making. 3.1 Assume A Rig erside Berm Width And Predict Realistic Berm Failure Locations The extraction plan for Coulson Pit indicates two "groins" located on the riverside pit side - one located in the northwest corner, and the other located in the northeast corner of the Site (see Figure 6). The groins extend from the pit crest down to the toe. Because the groins are located on the riverside, they will receive flow once the river overtops its banks. And because the groins are essentially steep, narrow channels, flow entering them will be concentrated with high velocities thereby increasing likelihood for head cutting/erosion — more so than other areas. Thus, it is reasonable to consider protecting — and evaluating — head cutting/erosion potential at the two groins vs. other areas. Figure 6. Coulson Pit Location of groins along riverside berm. pg. 11 flow ...._ 7cebno1og1es Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 To ensure that erosion protection at the groins isn't done for naught — rather than another location along the riverside berm — overbank flow will be channeled into those areas. That is, a section of the riverside berm between the groin crest and riverbank will be shaped into a shallow channel to train flood flows into an armored area (as explained in, Section V, Hard Armoring). Design discharge for the training channel and head cutting/erosion protection is 1,000 cfs which was obtained as follows. The 100-yr right overbank flow is approximately 3,000 cfs. If 1,000 cfs is trained into each of the two groins, then there will be approximately 1,000 cfs spread over the remaining riverside berm between the two groins (approximately 1,500 ft). Thus, each groin can be protected with hard armor for the trained 1,000 cfs flowing into it. And, the remaining 1,000 cfs will be spread over 1,500 ft of the berm between the two groins. This is a reasonable solution to potential berm failure because the two groins will be protected (in addition to demonstrating that they will not erode back to the river), and also analyses demonstrates that the riverside berm width of 100 ft is adequate. Another scenario evaluated is the berm between Coulson and Durham Pits. When Coulson Pit is complete, a lateral berm will run between it and Durham Pit. Headcuting/erosion of that berm was evaluated considering Durham Pit full and Coulson Pit empty. For that scenario, should a large flood occur (e.g., 100-yr), flows will almost immediately spill over the berm crest and down the side of Coulson Pit with the potential for head cutting/erosion. 3.2 Perform Head Cutting And Erosion Analysis To Predict Berm Head Cutting, Length, Width, And Failure Time (Time From Initial Head Cutting On Pit Side, To Riverbank On Riverside) A 100- ft -wide riverside berm is proposed for the site. To demonstrate the adequacy of that width, a head cutting/erosion analysis was performed. As explained above, the pit areas most susceptible to head cutting/ erosion will be armored, but analyses was performed to demonstrate that even if armoring were not in place — or failed — the pit would not erode back to the river and capture it. The susceptibility of the section of berm located between the two groins was not evaluated. That is because the overtopping flow of 1,000 cfs will be spread over its length resulting in essentially "sheet flow" flowing down the pit side. It is assumed that if the concentrated flow in the groins will not head cut back to the river, then the berm section experiencing sheet flow will not erode back to the river either. As extraction of Coulson Pit develops, a lateral berm will form between it and Durham Pit. Head cutting/erosion of the lateral berm was also evaluated and discussed below. 3.2.1 Head cutting and Erosion Analysis Methodology A special study was performed to evaluate head cutting progression (length, width, and time) for site -specific conditions. More specifically, the berm was treated as an earthen dam with the berm pg. 12 Jtow eu� Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7ccJrno(o ies width as the crest and the pit side as the face of a dam. Thus, the berm was evaluated as an "earthen dam" such that dam -breach erosion computer modeling technology can be applied. Such modeling will use site -specific soil physical parameters, flood inflow hydrograph, and state-of-the-art head cutting/erosion analyses. The National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) WinDAM B (Windows Darn Analysis Modules) (National Resource Conservation Service, 2011.) is the model of choice for this study. WinDam B is a modular software application for the analysis of overtopped earth embankments (gravel pit berms in this case) and internal erosion. The model addresses routing of a flood over the dam and evaluation of the potential for vegetation or riprap to delay or prevent failure of the embankment. In addition, the model includes erosional failure of an embankment through overtopping. The three-phase erosion model was jointly developed by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the NRCS. Those three phases arc: 1) Phase one of the erosion or failure process is failure of the vegetal cover (or, lack thereof) and development of concentrated flow. 2) Phase two is downward erosion in the area of concentrated flow, resulting in head cut formation. 3) Phase three is downward and upstream movement of the head cut, potentially breaching the dam (or, berm with regard to gravel pit mines). Each phase is described by a set of threshold -rate relationships based on the process mechanics. A head cut erodibility index describes the resistance of the exposed geologic materials to erosive attack during the third phase of the process. For a complete erosion estimate, the geotechnical composition must be characterized. Typical parameters are representative particle size, percent clay fraction, plasticity index, total unit weight, undrained shear strength, and critical shear stress. Specific to WinDAM B software, the head cut erodibility index and detachment coefficient also need to be estimated. 3.2.2 WinDAM B Parameters Model parameters are listed in the Appendix. Berm width ("dam crest") of 100 ft was applied for three different scenarios. The scenarios, Weakest, Best, and Strongest involved changing a key parameter which would result in the model to predict weakest (most) erosion potential, strongest (least) erosion potential, and best which is in-between weakest and strongest. All parameters remained constant for the three scenarios except for the erodibility factor, "Kd" which is the most sensitive parameter. For this study, Kd had a range of two orders of magnitude from 10 for Weakest, to 0.1 for Strongest. Such a range of magnitude was chosen to cover a very large range of erosion possibilities due to the many uncertainties of such modeling with the intent that the actual values would fall somewhere within the range of model results. p9. 13 flow 7echnotoges Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Flow in the groins will be more concentrated than on a flat surface and may have higher velocities. To account for that, a sideslope of 3:1 was input to WinDAM B vs. the proposed 5:1 sideslope in the extraction plan. The steeper sideslope will result in higher velocities. WinDAM B allows input parameters for surface conditions such as vegetation and riprap. Although vegetation will exist on both the riverside and lateral berms during mining operations, only bare soil parameters were input for the sake of conservatism. If vegetation were considered, the modeling results would indicate less head cutting/erosion. 3.2.3 Hydrograph Development The model is driven by an user -derived inflow flood hydrograph based on the channeled right overbanlc design discharge of 1,000 cfs as previously mentioned. A hydrograph was developed based on the CLPR (at the confluence with the South Platte River) 1976 flood (McCain and Shroba, 1979) by proportioning the design discharge ordinates to that (see Appendix). It is assumed that hydrograph is a reasonable approximation — and consequently design hydrograph — to the response of the river at the Site to a large flood and is adequate for WinDAM B input. Discharge of this hydrograph begins when right overbanlc flow is in the training channel for the purpose of WinDAM B analysis. The 1976 flood was driven by the same storm that resulted in the devastating Big Thompson flood and thus results due to it are very conservative. The 1976 flood has a peak discharge of 1,070 cfs. Thus, adjusting the hydrograph ordinates proportionately to the 1,000 cfs design hydrograph peak discharge is reasonable because of the small difference in peak, and close proximity of the locations. A thunderstorm event (vs., snowmelt) was the flood of choice in the analyses because there would be little warning time for Varra Company, Inc. to stop dewatering. Thus, it would take longer for the pit to fill and allowing more time for head cutting/erosion consistent with the conservative approach to this study. 3.3. Determine Pit Fill Time and Compare to Berm Failure Time Pit fill time is critical because if the pit is full, head cutting/erosion will not occur. And if head cutting is in progress, then once the head cut elevation meets the pit water surface elevation head cutting/erosion will cease. 3.3.1 Determine Pit Fill Time Knowing the length of time that it will take the pit to fill during flood conditions is important because once the pit water surface elevation is at the crest (rim) of the pit, head cutting and erosion will not occur. The WinDAM B model estimates the amount of time for the riverside berm to head cut/erode back to the river. If the pit fills in less time than the head cutting erosion time, then head cutting/erosion ceases. That is because if the water surface elevation driving head cutting/erosion meets that in the pit, then there is no head differential for the head cutting/erosion process. pg. 14 flow _ Technologies' Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 In addition, WinDAM B estimates head cutting length from the pit rim with respect to time. Thus, the head cutting length at the time that the pit fills to the rim is known and can be used for sizing berm width. For instance, say the pit fills in 5 hours and head cutting and erosion ceases. And, during that 5 hours the head cut length is 50 feet. Then, a berm width of 50 ft should be adequate. However for conservatism, a safety factor (say, 2 X) can be added. Coulson pit fill time is based on a combination of groundwater ingress with no dewatering (dewatering pumps stopped when flood warning received), right floodplain 100-yr flood inflow, and right overbank 100-yr flood inflow. That information is presented in the Appendix. As mentioned in Section III (Study Methodology) another factor aside from inflow to Coulson Pit can significantly affect fill time for Coulson Pit - Durham Pit located immediately upstream from Coulson Pit (Figure 5). Because all of Durham Pit is located in the right floodplain, all of right floodplain flow will enter Durham Pit prior to entering Coulson Pit. Thus, while Durham Pit is filling, fill time of Coulson Pit will be due to groundwater ingress plus right overbank flow only (i.e., no floodplain inflow) until Durham Pit fills, overtops, and allows floodplain flow into Coulson Pit. Durham Pit may be lined and operated for water storage for the City of Thornton. Due to such, its storage volume at any given time can't be predicted in advance; thus, analyses were done for the two extreme cases of the pit being both empty and full. (Note that the pit will remain dewatered until lining occurs) 3.3.2 Flood Warning Time Should a large flood be imminent, appropriate flood threats will be issued by the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB). And once flood threats are issued, Varra Companies, Inc will stop dewatering pumps in Coulson Pit allowing for groundwater ingress. Groundwater ingress alone can fill the pit in about 65 hrs. Thus, with sufficient flood threat warning it is possible for the pit to fill prior to the river flooding and entering the pit with consequent head cutting/erosion. However, it is impossible to predict in advance (for a study such as this) how much flood warning there could be. For example, should an event similar to the June 1947 thunderstorm occur (largest thunderstorm of record; see Appendix), there would be approximately 5 — 7 days (June 17 — June 23) to issue a flood threat as the flood hydrograph begins rising (around June 17`". In addition, from June 8 — 16 there is an antecedent flood typical of large storm events. With such an occurrence, it is likely that flood threats would be issued well in advance of flows that have the potential to flood the Site. Another example is the July 31 — August 2, 1976 flood caused by the same storm that resulted in the historic Big Thompson River flood. That flood was very "flashy" with flows in the CLPR at Greeley gage of 28 cfs on July 31st, 299 cfs on August 1st, and 1070 cfs on August 2nd. With such a flood, there would be little warning time at the site — approximately one to two days. Because of the uncertainties of flood warning time, and to be conservative, this study does not consider flood warning time in its analyses. However it is important to note that should a large pg. 15 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnat®9,e5 flood be imminent, a flood threat warning will be issued and Varra Companies, Inc. will shut down dewatering pumps for Coulson Pit thereby allowing it to begin filling. Thus, an extra measure of confidence can be added to the results presented below because those results are based on no flood warning time and no advance dewatering. The Colorado Flood Threat Portal (http://www.coloradofloodthreat.com/) issued by the (CWCB) includes a daily statewide flood threat bulletin and map, 7-15 day flood threat outlook, and statewide 24 -hr precipitation map. That will be monitored by Varra Companies, Inc on an as - needed basis. 3.4 If assumed berm width per (1) is insufficient, increase berm width and repeat (2) - (4). Berm width per (1) was sufficient; thus, this step was not necessary. 3.5 Determine adequate width for head cutting protection. Head cutting protection width was based on results from WinDAM B. Model results indicate a conservative head cut width of approximately 100 ft as explained in Section V. 3.6 Provide head cutting and erosion protection in reasonable berm failure locations as an additional measure of safety. Refer to Section V below. IV. RESULTS A summary of head cutting/erosion results is presented below for two scenarios: (1) Durham Pit empty (liberal), and (2) Durham Pit full (conservative). In addition, results are presented for head cutting/erosion of the lateral berm between Coulson and Durham Pits. Because of the vast amount of possible combinations of parameters for the WinDAM B model, results are presented for the "Weakest, Best, and Strongest" soil parameter cases. That is, critical head cutting/erosion parameters are input such that the weakest case results in the most head cutting/erosion, strongest case results in the least, and best case results in the most reasonable. Again, it is very important to note that the results presented below have an additional level of conservatism because they do not consider flood warning time. In a real flood event, a flood threat would likely be issued by CWCB as discussed above in Sub -section, 3.3.2. Upon that issuance, Varra Companies, Inc plans to stop dewatering of Coulson Pit by shutting off dewatering pumps. Without dewatering — and any other inflow — the pit would fill in about 65 hours (2.75 days). Thus if a flood threat is issued — say 3 days in advance of the flood - the pit would fill and there would be no threat of head cutting/erosion and capturing of the river, and the results discussed below would be a moot point. Even if a flood threat was issued less than 3 days in advance, Varra Companies, Inc would stop dewatering allowing Coulson Pit to fill as much as possible in advance of the flood. And the more the fill time increased, the time for head cutting/erosion to occur decreases. pg. 16 flow :e_', 7echnato9ies Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 The ultimate pit will have natural vegetation around the rim, riverside berm, and lateral berm. For conservatism, that vegetation was not included in the head cutting/erosion modeling. If it were, model results would indicate less head cutting/erosion. 4.1. Both Durham and Coulson Pits Empty This scenario assumes that Durham Pit is empty and would have to fill from floodplain inflow before such flows can contribute to filling Coulson Pit. Once Coulson Pit is full, the head cutting/erosion process would cease. While Durham Pit is filling via floodplain inflow, Coulson Pit will be receiving flood flows from the CLPR right overbank which can result in head cutting/erosion as explained above. But, while Durham Pit is filling, the incoming flood flows — in addition to groundwater ingress — will contribute to filling Coulson Pit with the resulting increasing water surface elevation limiting head cutting/erosion. As discussed in Results, this is the most conservative scenario. During a 100-yr flood event, it would take about 17 hours for Durham Pit to fill, overtop, and allow floodplain flow to enter Coulson Pit. And without the floodplain flows (that are filling Durham Pit), it would take about 13 hours for Coulson Pit to fill (from right bank overflow and groundwater ingress). Head cutting in Coulson Pit (Best Soil Parameter case) will cease at such time when the pit water surface elevation equals that of the head cut base elevation (Figure 8) or about 9 hours (Best soil parameter case) - and with a water surface elevation of 4553 ft which is about 18 ft above the pit toe. Such time is not sufficient for the Coulson riverside berm to erode back to the river — a process that would take about 11 hours with no pit tailwater. Results are summarized in Table 1. pg. 17 Jiow • ... •. •..•' ... V. _.. • .. •. • .. .. ••.•...• .. • .. _..- .• I. .. •.••• .... . ••.. 1• Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies Figure 7. Coulson Pit Location of riverside and lateral berms. ,,Clow • S. ... ... .. .... .... •• .l. ... a. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnolog1cs Pit Elevation (ft) 4575.0 4570.0 4565.0 4560.0 4555.0 4550.0 4545.0 4540.0 4535.0 4530.0 COULSON PIT FILL TIME VS HEAD CUT ELEV - DURHAM PIT EMPTY Crest of Pit Headcut Length = 2 ft 1 - Headcutting initia s -(Embankment slope stress or dis harge exceeded %-of allowable 3.00 hours.) Headcut Length = 35 ft 4.. Weakest Best -� Strongest eadcut Le gth = 75 ft Toe of Pit I, 4 6 Time (lw) 12 Figure 8. Coulson Pit Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for riverside berm groin with Durham Pit full scenario. 14 Jlow .. 0..' •... .. • S. _.. .• .. .. ...:-.... .. .... - Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies I able 1. Coulson Pit WinDAM B Results Summary forl00-foot-Wide Riverside Berm with Durham Pit Empty(') Soil Parameter Case 'Time -to- Head cut- to -River (hrs) Time for Pit WSEL to Equal Pit Head cut Elev (hrs) irpn Max Head cut Depth (ft) Max Head cut Width (ft) Max Head cut length at Top of Berm (ft) 75 Weakct n/a (2) (, 5 100 Be,t n/a (2) 9 17 40 35 Strongest n/a (2) 12 5 3 (1) Based on pit depth at toe of riverside slope of 35 ft. Note that although proposed depth is 40 ft, a lesser depth is possible for the ultimate pit due to mining operations. Thus, 35 ft was used in the analysis for conservatism because head cut time to the river would be less with less material to head cut through.: (2) Doesn't head cut to river. 4.2. Durham Pit Full and Coulson Pit Empty This scenario considers that Durham Pit is full — and Coulson Pit empty — prior to occurrence of the 100-yr flood. In this case, floodplain flow would immediately spill over the Durham -Coulson lateral berm and into Coulson Pit consequently causing it to fill much sooner (5 vs. 13 hours) than in the scenario discussed above (note that fill time assumes no breach of the lateral berm, which adds more conservatism). And by Coulson Pit filling sooner, there would be much less time for head cutting/erosion than the nine hours (Best Soil Parameter Case) indicated in Table 1, and the berm would not head cut/erode back to the river (See Figure 9). As discussed in Results, this is the most liberal scenario. pg. 20 % low .. ....' .•••. •• • . S. •J• .. •... ...• •• • . _•• v •. •... ..•• se Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnologies Pit Elevation (ft) 4575.0 4570.0 4565.0 4560.0 4555.0 4550.0 4545.0 4540.0 4535.() 4530.0 0 COULSON PIT FILL TIME VS HEAD CUT ELEV - DURHAM PIT Crest of Pit Headcut Length = <1 ft Headcutting (Embankment discharge initiates slope - stress or 100% He dcut Length = 1 allowable -exceeded at 3.00 of hours.) Headcut Length = 10 t Weakest 1 Best Strongest Fill Time I Toe of Pit 1 Time (hr) 4 5 Figure 9. Coulson Pit Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for riverside berm groin with Durham Pit empty scenario. 6 low :•....- .... .. O. .., ... .. .... .... .. • .. ... S.. 8010'.4OO OS I. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies Table 2. Coulson Pit WinDAM B Results Summary forl00-foot-Wide Riverside Berm with Durham Pit Full") Soil Parameter Case ill, Time for Pit WSEL to Equal Pit Head Cut Ele` (hrs) Max Head Cut Depth (ft) Max Head Cut Width (ft) Max Head Cut Length at Top of Berm (ft) Time -to- Head Cut- to -River (hrs) n/a `2' 4 H) H) 1 10 Weakest Rest n/a (2) 4.5 2 I 1 Strongest n/a (2) 5 I 1 < 1 (1) Based on pit depth at toe of riverside slope of 35 ft. Note that although proposed depth is 40 ft, a lesser depth is possible for the ultimate pit due to mining operations. Thus, 35 ft was used in the analysis for conservatism because head cut time to the river would be less with less material to head cut through. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. 4.3. Lateral Berm Between Coulson and Durham Pits. As mentioned in sub -sections 3.2 and 4.1, extraction of Coulson Pit will result in formation of a lateral berm between it and Durham Pit. This scenario has the same conditions as for Sub -section 4.2 above, except head cutting/erosion of the lateral berm between Coulson and Durham Pits is evaluated. Head cutting/erosion analyses results are presented in and Figure 10 and Table 3. During a 100-yr flood event, the lateral berm would have a head cut length of about 5 ft, width of 10 ft, and depth of 10 ft (Best Soil Parameter Case) before Coulson Pit fills thereby ceasing head cutting/erosion. Jlow .. ....' .... .. •.. J. ... .. ....• .... .. • I. ..• ♦ie •• •....• -..• .. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnotogies Pit Elevation (ft) 4575.0 4570.0 4565.0 4560.0 4555.0 4550.0 4545.0 4540.0 4535.0 4530.0 4525.0 DURHAM - COULSON PITS LATERAL BERM FILL TIME VS HEAD CUT ELEVATION Crest of Pit Headcut Length = 1 ft " Headcut Length = 5 ft Headcutting-in (Embankment discharge slo s e stress or ° exceed - Headcut Length = 25 ft Weakest Best Strongest Fill Time Toe of T Pit 0 3 Time (hr)4 5 6 Figure 10. Durham — Coulson Pits Lateral Berm Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for lateral 7 pg. 23 Jlow .. ....-.... .. .. ...." .... .. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7'echnolo9ies Table 3. Coulson Pit WinDAM B Results Summary for125-foot-Wide Durham -Coulson Pits Lateral Berm with Durham Pit Full(I) Soil Parameter Case l imc-to- Head cut- to -River (hrs) Time for Pit WSEL to Equal Pit Head cut Elev (hrs) Max Head cut Depth (ft) Max Head cut Width (ft) Max Head cut Length at "lop of Berm (ft) Weakest n/a (2) 2.5 30 50 25 Best n/a (2) 4.5 I 0 10 5 Strongest n/a (2) 5.5 <1 - I < (1) Based on pit depth at toe of riverside slope of 35 ft. Note that although proposed depth is 40 ft, a lesser depth is possible for the ultimate pit due to mining operations. Thus, 35 ft was used in the analysis for conservatism because head cut time to the river would be less with less material to head cut through. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. 4.3.1 Lateral Berm Between Coulson and Durham Pits With Vegetated Downstream Pit Face. The lateral berm analysis per subsection 4.3 was performed considering vegetation on the downstream (Coulson) Pit face. Results in subsection 4.3 indicate that some undesirable head cutting/erosion may be possible. To decrease such uncertainty, the affects of vegetation on head cutting/erosion were analyzed. Results (Figure 11 and Table 4) indicate that with vegetation on the Coulson pit face, head cutting/erosion will not initiate before the pit fills (due to flood inflow from the right floodplain and right overbank). Jlow % .... • ....... ... .... .l■ ............ .. .. .J■ . ....•.a.. .. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnologies 4575.0 4565.0 4560.0 4555.0 LT 4550.0 a 4545.0 4540.0 4535.0 4530.0 0 DURHAM - COULSON PITS LATERAL BERM Crest of Pit Headcut Length = 0 ft Headcutting slope stress 100% initiates or discharge (Embankment exceeded -of allowable. Best Fill Time I - — Toe of Pit 6 Time (hr) 10 12 Figure 11. Durham — Coulson Pits Lateral Berm Pit fill time and water surface elevation vs. head cut elevation for lateral berm with vegetated downstream pit face. 14 Per input required for WinDAM B, the vegetation type is a grass mixture. Should this approach be adopted, actual grass planted would be native to the area to ensure the best stand possible. Also, irrigation will be applied if necessary. low .. ....'•.l.. •.. .. .J. ......... u .. ..' . ;. Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies Table 4. Coulson Pit WinDAM B Results Summary for125-foot-Wide Durham -Coulson Pits Lateral Berm with Durham Pit Full and Vegetated Downstream Pit Face. Soil Parameter Case Time -to- Head cut- to -River (hrs) Max Head cut Depth (ft) Max Head cut Width (ft) Max Head cut length at Top of Berm (ft) Time for Pit WSEL to Equal Pit Head cut Elev (hrs) Weakest (3) teg Best n/a (2) 6.0 0 0 0 Strongest (3) a , (1) Based on pit depth at toe of riverside slope of 35 ft. Note that although proposed depth is 40 ft, a lesser depth is possible for the ultimate pit due to mining operations. Thus, 35 ft was used in the analysis for conservatism because head cut time to the river would be less with less material to head cut through. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. (2) Doesn't head cut to river. (3) Only "BEST" soil parameter case was evaluated for this scenario. Results are reasonable, and results with other soil parameter cases would yield similar results. In short, head cutting/erosion will not cut through the lateral berm, but vegetation will be placed for added assurance V .HARD AMORING AND VEGETATION - AN EXTRA LEVEL OF PROTECTION AGAINST HEAD CUTTING/EROSION The results in this study provide a high degree of confidence that head cutting/erosion of the riverside berm will not occur back to the river and thereby capture it. In addition, minor head cutting/erosion is possible on the lateral berm, but if vegetated none would occur. In spite of this and for added assurance, Varra Companies, Inc. will design and place hard armor and vegetation at critical locations (i.e., groins; downstream face of lateral berm). This will be addressed in a separate report with design information and construction drawings prepared by Varra Companies, Inc. The Varra Company, Inc report will address that when Coulson Pit extraction is complete, 300 - ft -wide head cutting control structures constructed of riprap will be placed at the crest of the two pg. 26 flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7ecbnotogres groins (Figure 6) and extend to the normal high water mark of the pit reservoir. Also, vegetation extent and type will be addressed for the lateral berm downstream face. As discussed above, groin hard armoring protection design discharge will be 1,000 cfs, and design width of 100 ft was applied for head cutting/erosion modeling. Also as mentioned above, flows will be "trained" into the head cut control structures via an armored, engineered, 100 -ft - wide channel, Origin of the 100 -ft wide training channels, groin protection, and head cutting control structure is based on Table 1, Weakest Parameter case which is the most conservative of six scenarios that results in maximum head cutting/erosion of the riverside berm (Durham Pit empty and weakest soil parameters). That scenario indicates a head cut width of 100 ft which will be used for the width of the training channel. However, although analysis indicates a 100 -ft - wide training channel, a 300 -ft wide training channel is proposed so that proper sizing for riprap can be achieved, and also for conservatism. Such design will be addressed in a separate report prepared by Varra Companies, Inc. Note that the scenario (see Figure 1) mentioned in the previous paragraph doesn't indicate head cutting through the full 100 -ft been width, but has a head cut length of 75ft. Thus, a berm width of 100 ft appears more than adequate. If the Best (most reasonable) soil parameter case was considered, the head cutting length is 35 ft. Head cutting/erosion and capturing of the river in Durham Pit (upstream of Coulson Pit) due to flood flow is not a concern. If head cutting does occur along the rim and head cuts toward the riverside beini, it will be arrested by the Durham Pit flood control berm (essentially, a levee) that runs between the west end of Durham Pit to the west end of Coulson Pit. Also, most flood flow entering the right floodplain does so via a concrete hydraulic control structure (Durham Spillway) located on right bank of the river and in the Durham Pit berm at the western end. Should head cutting/erosion reach that point, the concrete structure will prevent further head cutting. As an additional measure of head cutting/erosion protection, final reclamation will include leveling and smoothing both the riverside and lateral berms. Should any flood flow pass over those, it will essentially be reduced to sheet flow thereby having a small overtopping head, and decrease potential for notches, gullies, and head cuts to form. A dewatering ditch will pass through the west side of the Site from south to north and outfall to the CLPR. In the event of a large flood, the river will rise, enter the ditch, and spill into Coulson Pit — and possibly Durham Pit. Analyses discussed in subsections 4.3 and 4.3.1 describe the extend of head cutting/erosion in addition to the protection provided by post -mining vegetation. In short, head cutting/erosion will not cut through the lateral berm, but vegetation will be placed for added assurance. VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Varra Companies, Inc is interested in opening a gravel pit mine (Coulson Pit) on the south side of the Cache LaPoudre River just upstream from the Fern Avenue bridge east of Greeley, pg. 27 flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies Colorado. As part of the extraction plan, a riverside berm width needs to be determined that is sufficient to prevent head cutting/erosion from capturing the river. Site -specific analyses were performed that adopted a dam -breach erosion model (WinDAM B) for estimating head cutting/erosion from a 100-yr flood including head cut length, depth, width, and head cutting time progression. As Coulson Pit develops, a lateral berm will form between it and the Durham Pit immediately upstream in the 100-yr floodplain. Failure potential of that lateral berm was also evaluated. An important component of the analyses is water surface elevation and rate of fill in the pit during a flood event. That is, if the water surface elevation of the head cut bottom equals water surface elevation in the pit, head cutting/erosion will cease. Because of this, detailed analysis was performed to determine pit water surface elevation from a 100 -year flood with respect to time based on channel overbank and floodplain inflow, and groundwater ingress. Also, the affect of the Durham Pit (located immediately upstream from Coulson Pit) was included in the analysis because right floodplain flow has to enter and fill it before that flow can be a component of Coulson Pit fill time. WinDAM B model input data was based on site -specific soils testing, pit extraction plan, ultimate pit topographic maps, berm width assumptions, and a representative historic flood hydrograph for the CLPR. Information presented in this study adds a high degree of confidence that head cutting/erosion due to a 100-yr flood event will not capture the river, and not breach the lateral berm. As an extra measure of safety, channelization, hard armoring and vegetation protection, and grading (leveling) will be designed and implemented at critical areas. Key points in the study are summarized as follows: • A conservative philosophy was applied throughout the study. Because of the many "unknowns" when evaluating natural occurrences, analytical approaches, scenarios, and modeling input parameters were biased so that results tended toward the most head cutting and erosion (i.e., very conservative). • Should a 100-yr flood occur and enter Coulson pit, head cutting/erosion will likely begin. When the bottom of head cut elevation meets the pit water surface elevation, head cutting/erosion will stop. Thus, pit fill time is key in predicting if a riverside or lateral berm will fail. • Durham Pit - completely located in the 100-yr floodplain immediately upstream from Coulson Pit - has a significant influence on Coulson Pit fill time during a flood event because it has to fill before floodplain flows can contribute to Coulson Pit filling. Due to such, and because it is impossible to know the status of the volume in Durham Pit before a flood, analysis was done considering two scenarios — Durham Pit full and Durham Pit empty. pg. 28 flow 7echnotoglps Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 • Erosion modeling combined with pit fill time indicates that a 100 -foot riverside berm will provide ample protection against capturing the river based on the most critical of six scenarios. • Erosion modeling combined with pit fill time indicates that the 100 -foot lateral berm between Durham and Coulson Pits will experience minimal head cutting/erosion during a 100-yr flood event, and will not breach. However, vegetation will be placed on the Coulson Pit face for additional protection. • When the ultimate pits are achieved for both Durham and Coulson gravel pits, they will be used as water storage vessels having water surfaces that will fluctuate depending on supply and demand. With a high water surface, the possibility of headcuting due to inflow from a flood will be minimal. • Study results include an added level of conservatism by not considering flood warning time which would allow for the pit to begin filling via stopping dewatering. That was done to add more conservatism to the study. • As an extra measure of assurance, likely locations in the Coulson Pit that are most susceptible to head cutting/erosion were considered, and channel training and hard armoring will be designed to minimize possibility. • The irrigation ditch running south to north on the west side of the Site will experience backwater from the river during a 100-yr flood resulting in its overtopping into both Durham and Coulson Pits — should their WSELs be below the crest of the ditch. Such overtopping is not expected to cause significant head cutting (because of WinDAM B results and placement of vegetation) before the pits fill thereby stopping head cuttin¢/erosion. When Coulson Pit mining operations are complete, a lateral berm will have formed between it and the existing Durham Pit. WinDAM B analyses indicates that head cutting/erosion will not breach the lateral beim. As an extra measure of assurance, vegetation (grass) will be placed on the Coulson Pit face. • Head cutting/erosion analysis - as with any computer modeling of natural processes - is not an exact science. However, results provide an estimate and relative comparisons of potential for head cutting and erosion. This analysis is valuable for estimating extent of critical erosion considerations such as head cut width, length, and depth, time to headcut back to the river, relative comparisons, "what if" scenarios, etc. pg. 29 flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 %cchnotogips REFERENCES Anderson Consulting Engineers, Hydraulic Analyses for the Cache La Poudre River between Fern Avenue and Ogilvy Ditch, Submitted to Weld County Department of Planning Services, Prepared for Varra Companies, Inc, 2005 Cache LaPoudre River near Greeley (1903-01-01 to 2011-12-31), Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Time Series Identifier 06752500, Reported July 19, 2012 FEMA Flood Insurance Study, Weld County, Colorado Unincorporated Areas, Community Number 080266, Revised September 22, 1999. McCain, Jerald F.; Shroba, R. R., Storm and flood of July 31 -August 1, 1976, in the Big Thompson River and Cache la Poudre River basins, Larimer and Weld Counties, Colorado, USGS Professional Paper: 1115-A, B, 1979. National Resource Conservation Service, WinDAM B Integrated Development Environment Version 1.0 (http://go.usa.gov/8Oq ), Developed by USDA and USACE in cooperation with Kansas State University (KSU), Copyright (2011) by USDA, USACE, KSU, and SNL. US Army Corps of Engineers, HEC-RAS Model (2008) obtained from Mr. Derek Glosson, P.E., CFM, Engineering Development Manager, City of Greeley pg. 30 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 APPENDIX pg. 31 flow Technologies Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 WINDAM B INPUT HYDROGRAPH pg. 32 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 COULSON PIT RIGHTOVERBANK DESIGN HYDROGRAPH (WINDAM B INPUT HG) FOR H EADCUTTING CONTROLSTRUCTURES AT GROINS Date Time Q Adjusted El (hr) (ds) (ofs) (1) 2) (3) (4) Remarks July 31,1976 2400 25 16 August 1, 1976 0:00 25 16 100 25 16 200 25 16 300 30 19 400 30 19 500 30 19 600 30 19 700 35 22 800 35 : 22 900 40 25 1000 40 25 1100 45 28..... 1200 50 31 1300 50 31 1400 50 31 1500 50 31 1600 50 31 1700 50 31 1800 50 31 --. 1900 350 219 2000 600 375.. 2100 900 563 -. 2.20 1200 750 2300 1500 938 2400 1600 1000 Peak August 1,1976 0 1500 938 100 1400 875 -.- 200 1300 813 300 1200 750 400 1100 688 500 1000 625 tOO 900 563 _ 700 825 516 800 750 469 900 675 422 LOW 650 406 1100 607 375 120 575 359 Min°prior 2nd peak. 1300 60 375 sass Horns eaischargeyamurnph for tMaz Chela Narks ltivralmautia gene creelaylsima9. NOTES Methodology. This procedure done sothat HG forWinDAM inDAM B can be based on an actual flood. The 1976 BT flood HG was used because, )1) it was available, )2) was produced by a large rainstorm in the foothills )elevation nearEstes Park), (3) Op similar to design Qfor Coulson ROB structures. MRS 14995, ROB 4- 7,221 cfs; Channel Cm 3,131 cfs_ Total Q = 10,700 cfs. )PerACECLOMR Phase Ill RAs, Cross-section summary table; C:\DATA\Active\FlowTechnologies\PROJECTS\Varra\FT1210- Western Sugar \H&H\CLOMR Rpt&RAS Mar30 05 (ACE)). Per above pararaph, Rt OB channel Qis 3,131 cfs (say, 3,000). There is no wayof knowinghow much Q will flow overbank into groin of pit (assumed failure location). So, make assumption that 1/3 of the 3,000 cfs, or 1,003 cfs will enter groin; that is design °for RR channel at crest of groin. 100#1 -wide trap channel(3:1 551 has capacity for 1000 cfs with depth of about 2 ft (RT FP depth).See Note (4) for design 55file location. Bemuse RR channel design Q is 1,000 ds, purpose of this is to approx an HG around design Q. The values in column (2) are actual stream gage Os, butused simply forrelative daily HG time increments. Then those dailytime increments were further divided into hourlytime increments byassuming a triangular HG in the table to the right. (1) From, hstp://pubs.er.usps eov/publication/pp1115AB. Obtained link from Jarretts 5/19/2013 email,1976 BT Flood Report, located in, C:\DATA\Active\FlowTechnologies\PROJECTS\Varra\ET1210-Western Sugar\H&H\CLPR °Records & Rpts\larret Info. (2) Time increments based on HG from (1); see Fig 56 pasted from Jarretts email. Hour increments so can be entered in WinDAM as such. (3) Qs from Fig 56. Linear extrapolation on both rising and falling limb. (4) Column (3) adjusted fordesign Qof 1,000 cfs for beadcutting control structures at top of both NW and N Egroins. For design O, see, C:\DATA\Active\FlowTechnologies\PROJECTS\Varra\FT3310-Coulson Pit \H&H\Inflow(ROB) Cl' W inOAM\Tap 5pwV Design Q %tOW Pea a e?;e 7ecnnotogies LLC Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 COULSON PIT ROB RR HEADCUTTING CONTROL STRUCTURE AT GROINS DESIGN Qp CONSIDERING TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL TRAPEZOIDAL SPILLWAY DISCHARGE FOR VARIOUS BOTTOM WIDTHS, SIDESLOPES, AND Dc Sideslop Vc`/2 Bottom e Dc Q Vc g H RES REMARKS WSE Width (h:v) (ft) (cfs) (ft/s) (ft) (ft) L (ft) (1) 0 100 100 3 1.0 576.1 5.6 0.5 1.5 101.5 100 3 1.3 857.9 6.4 0.6 1.9 101.9 100 3 1.4 960.3 6.6 0.7 2.1 102.1 1655. 100 3 2.0 1 7.8 0.9 2.9 102.9 3088. 100 3 3.0 9 9.4 1.4 4.4 104.4 0 100 200 3 0.3 186.9 3.1 0.1 0.4 100.4 200 3 0.6 529.8 4.4 0.3 0.9 100.9 1698. 200 3 1.3 8 6.4 0.6 1.9 101.9 2108. 200 3 1.5 8 6.9 0.7 2.2 102.2 6033. 200 3 3.0 9 9.6 1.4 4.4 104.4 Spillway crest or weir invert Spillway crest or weir invert Q100 OB Depth (Per HEC-RAS) ROB El = 4613.4 O100 WSEL = 4615.3 Depth = 4615.3 - 4613.4 = 1.9 ft Design Q Per RAS, Rt OB channel Q is 3,131 cfs (say, 3,000). There is no way of knowing how much Q will flow overbank into groin of pit (assumed failure location). So, make assumption that 1/3 of the 3,000 cfs, or 1,000 cfs will enter groin; that is design Q for RR channel at crest of groin. 100 -ft -wide trap channel (3:1 SS) has capacity for 1000 cfs with depth of about 2 ft (RT FP depth). Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 HEC-RAS RIVER STATION 14996 (COULSON PIT) HYDRAULIC OUTPUT Plan RC}P1V0 CEP DURHASPLATT RS:14995 Pre1te. 100 YR EG. Elam (R) 4515.31 Element Le0O0 Change malt 06 V9 Head (1t) 0.04 WL n -Vat 0.048 0235 0048 W.S. Hcv(t) -. 461526 Reach Len. (0) 0.50 050 0.50 C10W.S.(0) - 461263 Rom Area (se Rd 567.5 120528 6779.08 EG. Slope MI :: 0200249 Area (R(0) 567.05 120526 6779.08 °Taal996)...: 10700.00 : Row{ j.: 34735- 3131.13 7229.92 Top WICII pt) 3018.39 Top MITI 80 584.76 150.00 2283.53 VR7°110(26) - 1.25 Avg. VS.Reg 0.59 260 1.07 Max Chl Dp11 p1) 916 Hyar. Depth ft) 1.00 8.04 297 Cam. T061 (Ms). 677534.4 CAM 1MR) 22032.7 198265.9 457235.8 Lengm Wltl. (0) 0.50 Wetted Per. (It) 58495 158.03 2265.55 Mn C0E1{0) 4506.10 91eX( 9n1 0.02 0.12 0.5 Alpha 1.77 Stream P0YB(1b406) 5701.00 0.00 0.00 Fite Loss (0} Cum Vpmne(00941) 51.83 74.69 353.49 C 861066(M (1t) CUM SA(attes) 21.21 13.38 157.46 pg. 35 flow ....- "". 7cchnologies Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 FILL TIME ESTIMATES FOR COULSON AND DURHAM PITS pg. 36 O w cc U O H J J u_ LL -a J 3 O F- w w S H J J_ L Y CC cQ ce LL F O ✓ LL a Wri m F O H 0 Y � yCC E r m o c U LL C Cu Y C 3 >• N 5 CO w w Ts rn c `_ ro u c Total Inflow fti N ** GW Inflow only N N N O N O o m m O ci •.I CO O O 6 O 6 6 ▪ rn O O O O O O O O O O r1 CO CO CO 00 N 0 0 0 0 ▪ a c a ri w N 00 m LD CO r1 LU N LID COO) 01 N LU O rl .-I N ° : CO ID ▪ N O C CO Co N N N N 0 rI CO U) N 01 --- CO rl N M 4. Ul) Q a 1' ° w 0 0 0 0 C t r 0 0 ON 0 e0 0 CO LO ri c-1 N Cr 0 z RT FP Inflow o a, rn O 00 N N N W v� N N Y a) QCu ro = > > x C) v x o � � mow E w - a co O to u o O • u CD i co xr . Data used in spreadsheet, "COULSON PIT, FILL VS HEADCUT FOR 100 FT BERM, e Coulson Pit Volume" below. sources drawing, & Exhibit E). Also, from inal GW Inflow. O in NU O N 0 N LL Y L v; Oa v µ- C C t U a) a WV) al ra O o v w n . Y O a v_ 9 O O Ln m in 0 0 = O 0 a / CO D N a, .V1 C C a "= a a 0 cc in on V J 7-1 o C0 x oc cCa 3d U C w coo al = Y al oW C O N ',I 3 Ea v1 2-9,n ' a) v ro v) >.0 �1-zn ti in H YO c0 CO K U Y t C J 11 O to U amO W a) ' a) (0 r v E ° o c m 0 a s v r - w a) by 0] Co a)� U u w a O LL aL.+ < / N C a1 Y CO C a 0 C a) w a)u y_ to C .C ma z Q:o U2 v onj / ,n N a m E a oo Ov° Fn CO L M a i +a) L O co o JO L a) 2 9 O N v uw= VIEa< = < v ? LL b0 a2S �' J i=il O '-{ a ) —raj VI CI) V L E )~L 00 _O C [0 0 CC / L Lil C O • a) O ro io L L h O V a) U ra j -O o i `n m c) d E _ C - 4 -O U U E Y al a2$ L C m a 0 WI N o E= r_c o a) Y a d r, V) 3 ci N N d i LL y= OO N J co ii vl CU ra a) 0 +-' C OD r t a 4 0 0 a) a) a o — CD ro O E ,^ °� '+' V1 Z 3 J +-I o O a) rl U N LL. H al im a O c -I 'i O> E 3 al.‘; Fri N IS ^ 0 o ...--- CO is. t a) LL CO O O / s+ Q/ WI w C rl O H > O t =• t6 a -I C C aJ c u a 3 m ON1 o= a, o i L Q O i o c c C F O c~~• O co 0 m a ea a) > w cc v c 0 ute fill time. 0 a, 0 O. E w O m Y J C a) al LJ u -o C n Y L J N Ll L U a) r0 L C O O c m a) m 0 U C v m a a > J C O 0 u U vi O 1- Y VI C T a co a E E ti C = O — o CC u, C Y o E L N_ CO J Y a C 4= E N a O E j U (1/ Q O E -6 C O �lN U a O a) IL. to m la) \ �E-+ U L to J — tD VI Fr,- CO O O Y � a O J J 0 to 3 a) O s ri O F a Y E a w a, E v I`u L Q Jc 0 a) E o J yj N Y N a= ra M O' (p 0 J LL z z_ Q J a 0 0 Z J LL aF- z= c� J 0 • z O ' UN w 2 H co w w Ln cc C a LU W K GW Inflow only LL cN e-1 N Ol M a C `^ v 0' s-i m m r 1.O.ti ti rt Y O I- LL N r1 M N Cr) La S • £ Nri N N M a M" La ri N I-- -p — N 0 0 0 0 0 Y O I - 1O v E• £ T O N N 0 0 O N= 10 ti O O O O O u LL C 10 • 3 r1 00 00 CO 00 a) r1 OO OO 00 00 E O -O co al r --I r1 ri r1 d C 4-, r1 t4..rl rl r1 C Total Inflow ROB Inflow ROB Inflow a 3 LL o c m N u N M .--I Cr) N 141 M N ri CO OO N ID Ol O N a tD N M a L(1 LO 00 ID a N O 00 N N O1 rl N M a L!1 O O O O OOO O O N 00 a O LIDti N O 0 0 0 0 0 a > = > N 0r N rKa • C O N ro E ` n ro N O u ro Y a L a Y -6 N v 3 fp • N M L O C 3 vi f0 a 3 yu p O O a E N a C O v Y 3 Y O • C O • x - N a ° -O 2m g N O a Lai O O M 4-6 N E i O !^ E J CO U L L II- = a) ❑ > L O O O i c U' O w a o m O ut u E 0 Q E L E O ❑ O u c Co i — L F- O 3 LL O cc aD u o C -0 O U a) C C E O LL = O U Y d O u O O C 0 U to cE) a) E O E O O c µ- ` cc a vi- a O a L Q F L C V W .4-1 in — -0 J C lE U o x — 4-6 W co u_ a c s Sao E O 5- C a)pp 0 '3 m i 3 L m a O4- a C 4 L c^ O Fl- 00 al in 00 , U al GW Inflow. fs. Flows divided O 1p in 76 al o O �._0 Y o CD H CainE iy \0 O *' s / m O N p� C R p v -, v1 m i pu 'O O r ❑ x K CC Co O u -o -c213 c E. u.• c .o., a) =0 m i CC +, H v N 0 0 >s _ m U ++ -c m = U c U W Y - U i p m (0 3 E= 3 N o ca O w 00 v w co cc o 00 a 6 CO r vscv A U U N U' O LC0 a a t E C a; u a) ca i a O U-0 a) O z _ '6 C 4-6 0.1++Ln a3 E- E a O Oro s_= in co in as4-0 r0 O O C VI sel N= ca m> h O ..c a)2 0 O a a) O = 3 < N �' E 2 ai -1LL an C > cO E v a — U co u '+C H b0 L C m 0 i v) cm C O ❑ a) a) L f0 = C ,ro Q�UI L L vi u "— ca ++ •— J O L VI i = ut O O0 U W� 3 = h i U' i O ........ . L o.�- ^3O4-6 to d LL O CO ro tn H L_ m a) N a) -- -C .113 i- O E C '0 > 9) i 0 Ori CC — '++ N 'C a) - • 0 . C v N 0) 0) CI C O 'O a C C CD Q m c%l N V _ O Q () fa y_CU m W VI . C i..> 1-' O u O� co N O J a .y. = m 0 N Q a E rl & ri ro O N `^ LL L pip 0 LL 00 O =� 0 i 4- - 4• — in ..1.-- v ri o 'C t E' cc O -a CO 1/1 0)i c U ..... j J >0.,0-C C Q `� a 4 VI —a f- r m e will be used to com because on E O 0- 0 a E o O C C ica v 0 4-1 c ut L J N v L i U O a) L C O— al 00 v m O O CCO CO C 6 > J C o 0 u Vi s— 0 H U' c a a) m E _D v • ti C E • O L N C O C - y CC '' O +-' a) as E N - 0 +a ,_ a E'^ i Y Y O N 3 Q o E O E' O c _a)a) i 4' L >: al s_ 3 ,o L i U U E V V co, o _ N�-{ j O a Ev; a O 4-. L i o L L r H J c C ci a1 m E E as a a) CT• O C N - 0 ry 0- O 0.0 Total Pit Fill Time Total Pit Fill Time -C HI H c O— ci N C '' ✓ 10 E rc o -o m °1 C . C 1.1 ._. C 3 C Total Inflow ROB Inflow 0 co 0 z ** GW Inflow only 00 N O a io m N a UI N - N N ch V CY vt Hi Hi �1 ID O O O O O It NN ID N OI 0 O O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 Cr) CO Co 00 00 MI" N N N N O 01 a1 O O N M N m o 01 00 00 M 01 m N H d HI HI 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 00 N ti O 0 O m E are several pits that make up Durham; difficult to have a pit depth and didn't want to burden Varra with this.( Computed as pit ngress is conservative 0 CL w a, 3 Y O 0 C1 w E a, O O > L Li CO -? 00 w C C o a,N E 1 ° W v y o u _O k.6 C in N V L -. V1 L = U ui o (.24 v m v U N Q Q Q ai a (o p X d' C O 0 yN C C U N a)alle co 2 a, a) C C 01 K L -0 00. 00 ttn O v C c in (D Y d v fo •— 2 ro = C a ra _c p 0 C cf al m u C K O d ou ri in O m w i in + ) 0 L I- 0 a) Q ' I — U 0 /4, vi L C a, w C ›- :l .N U a, 0 O z Q E a 1 a) C +' p a) w 0 a, O• E a O O E in a m L — t to C a3 3 N `C O L N c N E a, L'L7 = VI A-+ N % 1' coo 2 3 z c c +' m a, E LL oti 3 " Y .— fa s a a 20 ? - o ao _O C n' ocC o g E a; a LVC-Cr¢ O._al a J O E E a o u a ;Li E in 2 v O o ou co oS c a — o a`, Q o i as C C fa van E CO L a ^ " a, ca ° O L` m ai vI 0 m 2 O E c Ou u 0 In r K y - VD vIi '+O co til v, it y0 v- a, c O _in! ai O ++ vl C j j S o 0 a p v E t� E o U' O. Q O N E ,_ VI4- 4-.w O u ♦ I— O L O C C N L Li O LL O -C C M E 0 t a m a ti F- ra r N 4- to a.) i a, C V a flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Benn Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies WINDAM B MODEL INPUT/OUTPUT DATA RIVERSIDE BERM GROINS pg. 43 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan WINDAM B INPUT DATA SUMMARY FOR RIVERSIDE BERM PIT GROINS Best(63-1) Simngest(Kd-pt1) Worse(K0-10) site ID BEST/KO-1 STRONGEST WORSE (K6- PSCrestHevaaon(6l WA WA WA AS111 Crest emir!) N/A WA WA ASr2ICreat Elev.lfl! WA WA WA AS F3] Crest EfeV 111) NL4 WA NA TOO Dl Data .lit 4570.11 157511 4571.0 Length of Dam (0} 100 100 100 Hsximgranh Lartl QUO HG O1D0 HG 0100 HG Peak term (dk) 1060 1900 1000 Elevation 1D Stall Marano O1) 4570 1570 4570 Maximum Pool Elevation (111 4571.95 457195 457099 Pe at1ma1 Purim (Grail 21764.633 8424240 27931769 Peak Pth Pal Madrray arsdlame 1cta1 0 0 0 AS 111 Peak Onlltue (QS! WA WA WA AS {21 Peat Outline, DIM WA WA WA AS [31 Peak OuNtav lds) WA WA WA Peak Orellopar reach Outflow (Ns) 21764.6 8424 27953.8 Maximum OveltppIng Depth (T) 1.05 195 0.99 OveitapPwh FIcw Dorebon(ms) 12.09 23.0D 5.60 Maximum Ovelt pphlgBneatll q {QQR1 217r5 8.4 279.5 Dan Face Ret. Pave Rider 0.035 0135 0.035 Dam FaceVegetal Cover Factor WA WA WA Dam Face Maintenance Code WA WA WA Dam Face Rp Rad Diameter Ill) WA WA WA Max_ Gloss Stress an Dan Face (101I1-25 N/A WA NfA Percent lfayade CMGs 5M66 al Dam Faze WA WA WA Percent A6arade Er ER. Stress on Dam Face WA WA WA Percent Par wade line Damage on Dam Face WA WA WA Mlle of Slope Pmt Failure fir) 3.00 3.00 3.00 Dam EieaGa Model Hanson/Rob HailemRob Hansen'Rob Dam Fit ibtd Ur[tWek1M11ViN3( 115 115 115 Dam F10 EnxlitChr WVOI 45'621 1 0.1 10 Dam FR tln]taned Shear Steeglh 00/8"21 200 200 200 Dam Re Critical Meat Stress O)lt'21 0.1 0.1 0.1 Dam RI Advance Rate Cool jltflflqlt%1/31) WA NM WA line 018163(3) IMallcn (tlr) 13.00 WA 7.90 Sane orereanll Formation fir) 14.00 WA 7.00 Final Ereati wtddl161 100.00 2624 10090 Mintier or Ernls 0 0 0 Number CT Warnings 3 1 3 pg. 44 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 WINDAM B OUTPUT DATA SUMMARY BEST SOIL PARAMETER CASE pg. 45 jtow echnoto ies Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Breach Progression Table Water Surf. Bead Cut Head Cut Head Cut Tailvater Time Elevation Station Base E3.ev. Stability Elevatio^. this) (feet) (feet) (feet) (code) [feet) 2..00 4570.12 125_40 4569.95 0 4535.00 4.00 4570.34 125.00 4565.42 0 4535.00 5.00 4.570.64 134_95 9567.97 0 4585.00 5_00 4570.59 124_76 4565.22 0 4535.00 7.00 4571_36 125_40 4561.22 1 4535.00 9.00 4571.63 112_91 4555.99 1 4535.02 9.00 4311.07 97.76 4543.49 1 4525.00 10_00 4571.95 81_03 4542.21 1 4525_00 11_00 4571.95 62.71 4525.0_ 1 4525.00 12.00 4571.91 46.31 4525.00 1 4535.00 12_00 4570_31 29.26 4525.00 1 4535.00 14.00 4552.06 0.00 4525.04 1 4535.00 15_00 4536.49 5.00 4525_00 0 4535.00 16.00 4536.41 .50 4525.00 0 4535.00 17.00 4536.32 0_20 4535.00 0 4535.00 15.00 4526.22 0_00 4545.00 0 4525.00 19.00 4526.20 5_00 4525.04 0 4535.00 20_00 4536.14 4_00 4585.03 0 4525.00 21.00 4536.11 0.00 4525.00 0 4535.00 22_00 4.536.14 0_40 4585.00 0 4525.00 22.00 4536.14 0.+00 4525.04 0 45,35..00 lage 1 pg. 46 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Breach Erosion. Details Breach Area Location Dnit Overtop Hydraulic Time Low Edge High Edge Center Sine Width Discharge Discharge Control ;est (feed {feet) S ±eet) {feet) Scfalftl (ofsi ielev) 3.00 49.96 50.04 50.04 0.07 7.123 13.296 4510.70 4.00 49.60 51.4.0 5'•0.03 0.81 0.600 50.612 45700.00 5.00 49.51 50.43 50.00 0.86 1.570 157.050 4570.00 5.00 49.49 --'_52 50.0,_, 1_04 3.042 304.229 4570.00 7.00 44.50 55.20 50.00 10.41, 4.502 494.245 4570._0 8.00 26.55 61.45 50.00 22.90 6.726 573.600 457800 9.00 30.93 69.02 50.00 28.05 7.441_ 794.065 457__3.0 10.00 2.61 77.39 50.00 54_17 8.41a 841.297 4570_'30 11_00 13.95 85.05 50.00 72_10 5._424 842.424 4573.00 12.00 5.'20 94.72 50.00 69.43 5.167 516.737 4570.00 13.00 0.00 100_00 50.00 100.00 44.620 4433.044 45£4.36 14_00 0.'50 100.40 50.00 100.03 217.64£ 21764.623 4535.30 155.00 0.00 103.00 50_00 100.0.4 5.630 562.374 4525.00 16.00 0.60 100.'40 50.00 100.00 5.161 516.111 4535.30 17.00 0.00 100.000 50.00 100.00 4.690 489.036 4525.+10 16.00 0.80 100.00 50.00 100.03 4.221 422.065 4525.30 19..00 0.00 100.00 5'31.00 100.00 4.060 408.010 4535.00 20.00 0.00 100.00 50.00 100.00 2.751 375.091 9535_30 21.00 0.00 100.20 50.00 100.00 3._590 359.951 4525.00 22.00 0.00 105.00 50.00 100_00. 2.750 314.980 4535.00 23.00 0.00 10'0.80 50.00 100.0-0 2.750 375.042 4525.30 Page 1 pg. 47 % POW 7ccbnoto IeS- Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 WINDAM B OUTPUT DATA SUMMARY WORSE SOIL PARAMETER CASE pg. 48 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Breach Progreznioa Table Water Surf. Head Cub Head Cut Head Cat Tailvater Time Elevation Station Haze Elev. Stability Elevation (E,rel (feet! {feet) (trey) (code) (feet! 3.00 4570.12 135.) 4569_51 0 4535.00 4.00 4570.33 125.00 4564.24 0 4535.00 5.00 4570.54 100.00 4549.65 I 4'535.00 6.00 4570.59 37.51 4525_00 1 4535..00 7.00 4555.16 6.00 4535_00 1 4535.00 0.00 4537.10 4.40 4525_00 Q 4525.00 9.00 4537.19 0.60 4535.00 0 4535.00 10.00 4537.00 0.30 4535.00 0 4'535.00 11.00 4526.91 0.00 4535.0'. 0 4525.00 12.00 4536.51 6.0D 4525.00 0 4535.00 12_00 4526.71 0.6D 4535.00 0 4525.00 14.00 4586.60 0.00 4585_00 0 4535.00 15.00 4536.49 0.0D 4585.00 0 4535..00 16.00 4536.41 6_00 4525_00 0 4535.00 17.00 4536.22 0_00 4525_06 0 4535.00 18.00 4536.23 0_00 4525_06 0 4535.00 19.00 4536.20 6_00 4525.00 0 4535.00 20.00 4536.14 0_4'0 _535.06 0 4535.00 21_00 4536.11 0_0D 4585.04E 0 4535.00 22_00 4526.14 0.0D 4525_00 0 4535.00 23.00 4536.14 0_00 4525.00 0 4535.00 Page 1 pg. 49 ..TtOW 'ii: Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 ']ecnnologies Ereachh Erosion. Details Breach Area Location Unit Overtop Hydraulic Time Low Edge High Edge Center Line Width Discharge Discharge Control (hr.' (seetl (feet) (feet) (feet) it£slst; (cal (elev) 3.0!5 49.65 59.25 50.0 0.70 0.123 13.25E 457.1.00 4.00 45.97 554.02 50.0. 6.06 x'.608 69.912 4570.00 5.00 20.51 71.49 50.00 42.98 1.570 157.050 4570.20 6.00 0.00 100.00 51.00 100.00' 3.043 304..319 4579.00 7.00 0.00 101.90 50.01 100.00 279.529 27952.769 4525.10 0.00 0.0 100+_90 50.00 100.09 9.360 925.001 4525.00 9.00 0.00 100.0'0 50.06 100.0.0 9.999 999.934 4525.00 10.00 0.00 101.00 59.00 100.00 5.750 6674.995 4535.00 11.00 0.90 100.00 50.00 100.0. 55.131 612.107 4525.00 12.00 0.00 107.70 52.0"s 100.00 7.500 751.021 4535.00 12.00 0.00 100.00 50.0£0 100.0', 6.661 661.052 4535.00 14.00 0.00 101.00 50.00 100.00 6.250 625.024 4535.70 15.00 0.70 100.40 50.00 100.00 5.621 562.092 4535.00 11.00 0.00 103.40 59.00 100.00' 5.160 516.031 4525.10 17.00 0.00 101_00 50.!00 100_00 4.690 469.012 45255.00 18.00 0.00 100.10 51.00 100.00 4.220 422.042 4535.70 19.00 0.09 1!00.90 51.00 100.00 4.060 405.997 4535.00 20.00 0.09 100.00 50.00 100.09 2..751 375.099 4535.00 21.00 0.9'0 109.70 50.00 100.0'0 3.590 352.995 4535.90 22.90 0.09 109.00 50.90 100.00 3.750 374._957 4535.^^10 23.00 0.00 100.00 50.00 100.09 3.750 374._906 4535.00 Page 1 pg. 50 Jlow ...:€ Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Technologies WINDAM B OUTPUT DATA SUMMARY STRONGEST SOIL PARAMETER CASE pg. 51 „ell Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnotogies breach_ Progression Table Water Surf. Head Cut Head Cut Time Elevation Station Base Elev. Chrs; (feet] 4feet] 3_D0 4570.12 125_50 4.00 4570.24 135.50 5.00 4570.64 135.50 6.00 4570.99 135.00 7.00 4571.36 135.00 8.00 4571.68 135_00 9.00 4571.61 134.02 10.00 4571.45 134.59 11.00 4571.95 124.25 12.00 4571.91 183.47 12.D0 4571.64 121.17 14.00 4571.16 120.12 15.00 4571.66 126.54 16.00 4571.59 127.02 17.00 4571.50 125_58 18.00 4571.42 124.21 19.00 4571.34 12.91 20.00 4571.28 121.67 21.00 4571.23 120.18 22.00 4571.19 119.55 22.00 4571.17 11:5.24 24.00 4571.16 117.15 25_00 4571.15 114.06 26.00 9571.15 114.99 27.00 4571.14 119.92 28_00 4571.14 112.85 29_00 4571.14 111.75 30.00 4571.14 110.12 Page I 4569.99 4569.94 4569.65 4569.52 4564.13 4566.60 4567.95 4567.23 4566.49 4565.79 4565.01 4564.21 4562.63 4562.9E 4562.26 4561.77 4561.22 4560.69 4560.18 4559.49 4559.22 4559.75 4553.29 4557.82 4557.37 4556.92 4556.46 4556.01 Bead Cut Te lvater Stability Elevation (code) (feeti 0 4535_00 4 4535.00 0 4535.00 0 4535.00 D 4535.00 G 4535.00 0 4535.00 u 4535.00 r 4525.00 0 4535.00 1 4535.00 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 I 4535.00 I 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4525.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 i 4535.00 i 4525.00 I 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 1 4535.00 pg. 52 flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 'eehno[ogies' Breach Erasion Details Breach Area Location Unit Overtop Hydraulic Time Lax Edge High Edge Center Line Width Discharge Discharge Control (heel (feeti {feet) (feet) fleet) (cfx/eel fate➢ ielev 3_00 .so.00 50.00 505.0'0 0_01 0.122 12.256 4570.00 4_00 49.96 50.7,4 50.03 0.05 4.606 66.512 4576.60 5..00 49.64 550.14 50.03, 0.28 1.570 157.050 9570.40 6.00 49.67 550.23 55.00 10..66 3.'042 204.229 4576.30 7_00 4:4.29 50.61 50.08 1.221 4.902 494.2455 4570.'90 8.00 49.02 550.95 50.00 1_96 6.735 5672_660 4570.00 9_00 45.92 51.47 50.00 2_15 7.941 794..065 4570.20 10_00 46.61 551.19 50.00 2_25 5.412 5_.41_287 4570.'10 11.00 46.65 51.35 51'.00 .71 8..4.24 542.424 45755_'.0 12.:00 48.26 51.74 50.00 2_49 5.167 514.73? 4570.00 12_00 47.40 52.50 54.00 55_19 7.760 775.964 4570_00 14.00 4.6_58 53.42 50.08 6.64 7.269 726.390 4570.00 15.00 45.79 54.21 50.08 3..43 6.724 673.277 4573.00 16._00. 45.02 54.57 5'0.00 9.94, 6.206 6205.555 4570.00 17.00 44.31 555.69 58.08 11.25 5.712 571.170 4570.30 18.00 43.62 56.36 50.00 12.75 5.235 522.754 4577.00 19.00 42.97 57.03 50.05 14_05 4..523 483.203 4570.00 20_00 42.25 557.65 50.075 155.24 4.495 444.742 4577.30 21..00 41.76 54_24 50.04 16_48. 4..20: 420.449 4570.00 22_00 41.19 55.51 50.00 17.62 4.016 401.792 4570.00 22_00 40.54 50.36 50.00 16.72 3.526 392.556 4574.80 24_00 40.09 559.51 50.08'. 19.62 3.565 365.512 4570.00 25_00 39.55 60.45 50.00 20.98 3.525 222.551 4570.00 26.00 39.01 60.59 50.08, 21.97 2.799 279.947 4577.00 27-00 26.48 61.52 50.00 22.05 2.762 37'55.232 4570.00 23_00 27.94 62.06 505.005 24.11 3.771 271.137 4570.770 29.00 27.41 42.59 50.00 25.15 3.764 376.407 4570.80 30.00 26.80 63.12 50.00 26.24 2.759 275.927 4570.00 'Rage 1 pg. 53 flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnalog es WINDAM B INPUT/OUTPUT DATA LATERAL BERM WITHOUT VEGETATION pg. 54 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnotogies WINDAM B INPUT DATA SUMMARY Fest(KO-7) Weakest (K0-10) SbIXgesl{KU- pti) vleakest(Kd-10) We elnc Site ID BEST(Ktf-i WEAKEST(+ SIRONGEUUT INEAKE;F{K PS Crest Efevdtm (1t1 WA WA WA WA. A5ill Crest Hev.(nl WA WA WA MA AS 121 Crest Elev.(r0 WA WA WA WA AS [31 Crest Hev(R) WA WA WA WA itcol Dam(ll 4570.0 4570.0 4570.0 4576.0 Length or Derntri@ 2CI(kl 2020 2000 2000 HptlmrPaan tang 0100 ROB 0100 ROB 0100 ROB !7107 ROB Peak inflow (51 7221 7221 7221 7221 Elevation 10 Staff Reuling 181 4570 4570 4570 4570 Maxmum Pool Hevallun an 4571.11 4570.85 4571.11 4570.75 Peak 9ma1MMus (9s@ 36141.154 65619.159 7221.5933 14814359 Peak Principal 5plPaav ctsdta¢e lcfs) 0 0 0 0 AS (11 Peak Carmw 195@ WA WA WA WA AS 131 Peak Outlaw las) WA WA WA WA AS [3] Peak oulfbw(95) WA WA WA WA Peak Omnepplaasteaen OUTaty iS6) 351412 65619.2 7221.6 148143.6 Maximum Overtoppn Depth (8) 1.11 0.65 1.11 0.76 Ovenoppbq FKlu0'4fNon Mal 20.00 4.00 19.00 3.30 Maximum Ovectnp(ingUreal q Walt) 230.-0. 258.5 3.6 691.6 Dam Face Ret Oufve Meier 0.035. 0.035 nuns 0.036 Darn Face vegetal Cove Factor WA WA WA WA Dam Face Maintenance Code WA WA WA WA Dan Face Rt) Rae Diameter (R) WA WA WA WA Max. Gross Stress on Dam Face (bm2) WA WA WA WA PeMeaCABnaable Gross Stress on Darn Face Nile we. WA N/A PercentMOWable EC_ Eat Stress on Darn Face WA WA WA WA Percent Atrc'aable Unit ()tsunamis on Darn Face WA. WA WA WA lime o1Slope Pmt Failure(,r@ 200 200 200 a.is Dan Beath Model HanemirRab HanspiRab Hanson/Ron HansuuRm Dam Flu Val Brit Weight (@/1?3) 115 115 115 115 Dan Fill En1amtl (IrThn 1Ant"21 1 10 .1 t6 Darn Fe UMrelnen Shear Svemmm 6bMP2) 200 200 200 260. Dam F16CAOcaI EA' aarStressONO"2l a1 Out 0.1 0.1 Dan FHAdvace Rate Ccelr(11ultYt%9314 WA WA WA WA ltneoreream 'Maim RIO 20.00 4.00 WA 3.25 lime or Bream Forman (511 22116 5.00 WA 3.35 FPS Breatvanti(rn 28525 551.41 5.71 700.66 Number ofErrceb 0 0 0 0 NIm@m or Warnings 3 3 1 I pg. 55 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 WINDAM B OUTPUT SUMMARY BEST SOIL PARAMETER CASE pg. 56 Jlow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7cchnologes5t Breach Progression Table Rater Surf_ Stead Cat Bead Cut Head Cut Tailwater Time Elevation Station Base Elev. Stability Elevation (hrsl (feetl (feet) (feet) (rode) (feet) 2_00 4570_56 165.8D 4568_71 D 4520.00 3.00 4570_72 164.85 4566_37 0 4520.00 4_00 4570.89 164.34 4563_40 0 453D.00 5_00 4571.04 155.79 4559.76 1 4520.00 6.00 4571_11 146.00 4555.58 1 4520.00 7.00 4571.07 135.62 4551.15 1 4539_00 8_DO 4571.02 125.54 4546_85 1 4530.00 9.00 4570.97 115.98 4542.75 1 4530_00 10.00 4570.52 106_?0 452£_82 1 4530.00 13_00 4570.87 97.52 4524.77 1 4530.00 12.00 4570.52 85.58 4529_51 1 4530.00 13_00 4570_76 81.70 452(.0_ 1 4530.00 14..90 4570.72 74.30 4529.04 1. 4530.00 15.00 4570.69 67..2D 4520_00 1 45530_00 16_00 4570.63 60.65 4520.00 1 4530..00 17_00 4570.61 54.47 4520.00 l 4530.00 19.00 4570.58 4'8.46 4520.05 1 4530.00 19.00 4570.56 42.67 4530.0'0 1. 4530.00 20.00 4570.30 37.09 4580.00 1 4530.00 21_00 4557.63 9.51 4530.00 1 4530.00 22.00 4528.35 0.0D 4530.00 1 4530.00 22_00 4532.36 0.00 4520_04 0 4530.00 Page 1 pg. 57 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 Teehnolog1es r Breach Erosion Details Breach Area Location Unit Overtop Hydraulic Time Low Edge High Edge Center Line Width Discharge Discharge Control axrs1 Erect) {feet) (feet) (feet) X£50'£1} (c£si telev) 2.00 999.10 1000.90 1000.00 1_8'0 1.250 2580.702 4570.60 8.00 999.03 1000.97 10_.00.00 1.95 1..360 2754.962 4570.00 4.:00 998.77 1001.22 1000.00 2.45 2.520 5225.824 4570.00 5_00 954.50 1005.50 1000.00 11.01 3.279 6557.619 4570.00 6.00 929.50 1010.40 1000.00 20.50 3.611 221.593 4570.00 9.00 964.41 1015.59 1007.00 31.19 3.424 6367.945 4570.00 8.00 979.37 1020.62 1000.00 41.25 3.152 £363.861 4570.00 9.00 974.56 1025.44 '000.05 50.87 2.512 5443.622 457.0.80 10.00 989.95 1020.05 1000.00 60.10 2.729 5470.774 4570.00 11.00 965.56 1034.44 1000.00 68_84 2.518 5026.92.4 457^0.2.0 12_00 961.29. 1023._61 1008.00 77.22 2.292 4583.558 4570.00 12..00 957.45 1042.55 1000.08 65.10 2.068 4125.650 454'_.00 14.00 958.75 1.046.25 1000.00 92.50 1.886 2771.542 4570.00 15.00 950.25 1045.75 1000.00 ?9_50 1.124 34.45.879 4.570.70 16.00 946.94 10553.06 1000.00 106_12 1..552 2105.032 45708.00 17.00 942.3'2 1056.17 1000.00 1.12_24 1.469 2526.551 4570.00 188.:00 940.2'3 1059.17 1000.00 110_84 1.354 2765.664 4570..00 19.00 937.92 1062.07 1000.00, 124.13 1.3.00 2599.712 4570.00 20.00 935.15 1064.65 1'100.00 129_71 17.760 3260.092 4567.09 21.00 921.55, 1070.45 1000.00 156.55 '224.359 35141.154 4529.91 22.00 650.10 1141.90 1000.00 262.600 74.500 21142..552 4537.00 22.00 657.25 1142.62 1000.00 255.25 9.099 2595.005 4520.00 pg. 58 flow€ Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7ecnnologies WINDAM B INPUT/OUTPUT DATA LATERAL BERM WITH VEGETATION pg59 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 breach Progression Tabby Water Surf._ Had Cut Heed Cat, Head Cut Tailrater Time Elevation Status. Bane Elev. 8+:abilitj Elevation airs! [zest {feet) (feet) (code, (,feet! ''.00 4571.07 165.00 4569.50 0 4520_00 8.D0 4571.02 155_.0 4565.2`1 a 4520.00 9..00 4'570.57 155.28 4561.10 1 4530_00 10.00 4570.92 146_166 4557_16 1 4520_00 13_00 4570.87 127.30 4553.42 1 4530_00 12.00 4570.82 129_08 4549.07 I 4520_00 12_00 4570_76. 121.16 4546.52 1 4530.00 14.00 4570.72. 112.75 4543.37 1 4520_00 15_00 4570_68 106_16 4540.06 1 4530.00 16.00 4570.63 100.12 4536.55 1 4530..00 17 -DO 4570.61 92.91 4522.01 1 4580_00 18.00 4570_58 87_92 4520.00 1 4520..00 19.00 4570.56 02_12 4520.00 1 453D_00 20.60 45x70_56 76.55 4520.00 1 4520.00 Bagel pg. 60 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7eebnotog;ics Breach Erosion Details Breach Area Location Unit Overtop )[7dra&iic Time Lox Edge High Ede Center Line Width Discharge Discharge Control (firs) (feet) ;[feet) (feet) (feet) (cfsFfti (cfs} (elm-) 7..00 999.25 1.0002.75 :1501.0.7 0_10 3_424 6267.545 45^?3.40 6_00 956.£4 1:003.96 1003.0? 6.72 3.182 6363.8.61 4570.00 9.00 951.22 1.008.17 1,100.00 16.34 2_572 5942.629 4570.70 10.00 927.22 1012.78 00.00 25.56 2_739- 5912.774 4570.00 11.00 982.23 1017.1? 1000_02 34.34 2.518 5026.924 4570.670 12.00 978.66 1021.24 1000.00 42..61 2.292 4582.556 4570.00 12_960 974.72 1025.26 1700.04 50_56 2_068 4136.610 4570.00 14_00 971.02 102'6.56 110'0.43 57_56 1.986 3771.542 4570.40 15_00 96?_52 1032.48 1400.00 64.96 1_729 2441.879 4570.00 16.00 164.21 10135.79 1000.00 71.52 1.553 2105.012 457e.00 17_00 461.10 10a9_*rD 1007.00 77_80 1_468 2536.861 4570.00 19_00 958.10 1041.90 10`De_00 63.83 1.2.84 276:9.624 4574.00 19.00 955.20 1044.0D 1000.00 89_54 1_300 2599.713 4570.40 20_00 952_42 1047.58 1000.00 95_17 1.297 2594.92D 4570.90 Sage 1 pg. 61 Jtow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7echnotogies LLC CACHE LAPOUDRE R. NEAR GREELEY STREAMFLOW RECORDS pg. 62 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7ecnnolog&es CACHE LAPOUDRE R. NEAR GREELEY DAILY STREAMFLOW 1903 TO 2011 :DSS Stream1low Time Series Graph QCLSGEEC0A75:5DOCCHE L4 FOIE E IW.EFSE.44 CAEE.E, CO. I IE 3.CIt•m x]I-Ib31 Page 1 of 1 3 Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 LARGEST HISTORIC PEAK DISCHARGE - SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPH WY 1983 Stale of Cdoado Description: CACHE LA POUDRE RIVER NEAR GREELEY, CO. H,,koBase Time Series Monier: 06752500.t1WR.Sireamflovt.Daily Data Source: DWR LocaedinWater Division, District: 3,1 PkasummenMType: Streanlow Located in County, Slate: WELD, CO Data lnteuva'I: Daily Located in HUC: 10190007 Data Units: CFS Latitude, Longitude: 40.417759, •104.639961 UT1t X, UDR I (zone 13 HAD 83): 530644.7 M74188.2 Elevation (feet): 4610 Time Serle&Crealion History. Avaliabie Data: Selectid Time Series From: 1903 To 2010 19034 To 201042 Water Year 1993 (Oct 198210 Sept 1983) Day Oct Nov Des Jan Feb Kat kw May In Jul Aug Soo 1 151 124 195 160 110 147 358 2040 3920 4040 840 173 2 161 119 198 160 128 131 320 1860 3820 3700 573 165 3 151 131 198 170 280 119 292 1750 4250 3350 421 167 4 146 135 203 175 135 123 301 1060 4550 3790 361 207 5 144 123 200 185 112 207 301 1680 4720 3170 424 238 6 159 110 210 187 109 222 286 1550 4826 1850 759 225 7 153 111 298 191 106 182 289 1450 4820 1120 674 195 8 161 113 421 182 103 146 348 1300 4740 850 396 175 9 138 113 310 175 100 155 355 1410 4520 2010 240 165 10 135 114 217 173 97 157 388 1420 4440 2340 210 191 11 135 123 210 182 93 119 424 1350 4586 2300 189 212 12 140 119 203 178 96 108 407 1350 5110 1780 191 203 13 144 105 300 173 97 113 3415 1460 6030 1150 476 1891 14 140 06 491 171 113 131 358 1510 6090 715 515 207 15 147 97 318 167 111 147 355 1430 5360 407 435 2.36 16 135 103 212 116 110 189 396 1370 4910 283 320 310 17 133 108 203 106 114 178 379 1770 4820 260 193 271 18 138 103 193 108 116 173 365 1610 4840 568 165 220 19 144 102 1116 105 123 161 379 1580 5010 618 175 1`.18 20 142 103 193 108 118 155 432 1740 5400 609 240 151 21 138 1O2 193 111 124 155 590 1870 5600 765 335 140 22 133 102 191 111 121 254 977 2070 3540 1260 304 133 23 133 102 193 108 121 257 2610 2290 4970 1610 222 131 24 126 98 189 108 130 277 2300 2350 4740 1690 193 149 25 126 97 153 113 140 332 2130 2400 4426 870 163 163 26 130 97 191. 113 140 326 2140 2420 4496 432 155 155 27 133 97 235 185 140 298 2070 2430 4200 320 210 142 28 133 97 227 173 151 208 1920 2440 4250 629 249 140 29 124 100 180 114 — 313 1880 2860 4340 770 257 140 30 126 152 140 110 — 342 2020 3360 4286 1210 265 130 31 123 — 100 110 — 362 — 3600 — 1280 175 — ten 123 96 140 105 93 108 286 1350 3826 230 155 130 Max 161 152 401 191 280 362 2300 3600 6090 4040 840 310 Mal i e) A9 UK 117 99P 1.R. ii45.IS 199 Ail 9f/7 MI g{_c 117 111,111. 71 a71Yt 1A76f17 19410 1R1. A7. pg. 64 ,flow Coulson Gravel Pit Mine Berm Failure Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Plan September 2, 2013 7 echnotogesLLC LARGEST HISTORIC THUNDERSTORM PEAK DISCHARGE WY 1947 Stele d Cdaado Description: CACHE LA POLIDRE RIVER NEAR GREELEY, CO. Time Seriesldentifier: 06752500,DWILStreanifiowllaily Data Source: DWR Located in Water Olviah% District: 3,1 Measurement Type: slreandow Located it Comity,State: WELD, CO Data Interval: Daily Located 7n HNC: 10190067 Data (bits: CES tatbbe, Longitude: 4041775$ -104.839961 tram elMY {acme 13MD 83}: 5305441 A474.'882 Elevation (feet 4610 H36roaase Tme SeriesCreaeon History: Available Data Selected Time Sedesftan: 1903 To 2010 1903-1 To 241042 Wa1a' Year 1947 (Oct 1946 b Sept 1947) Day Oct Nov Dec Jan Fels Mar Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sep 1 3 22 112 88 63 59 58 35 11 499 15 43 2 0.9 43 107 81 64 58 59. 29 15 218 15 40 3 0.8 55 105 72 W 56 59 26 11 106 18 35 4 a 49 108 T5 56 62 62 26 5 79 20 32 5 8.6 49 105 78 53 68 63 28 34 76 18 31 6 11 48 105 74 53 61 58 15 4 81 19 31 7 29 51 107 68 51 65 58 31 65 00 17 28 8 32 65 103 64 50 70 58 25 4 48 24 2) 9 19 83 98 58 49 77 56 2.2 12 52 20 32 10 27 78 95 58 49 79 03 22 105 62 19 23 11 12 83 91 61 48 84 03 12 65 54 23 34 12 16 60 91 64 49 95 53 402 308 52 23 32 13 22 93 88 60 49 103 00 270 195 49 24 27 14 27 112 102 55 49 105 62 39 149 43 25 23 1.5 32 127 108 58 54 93 62 27 339 24 27 25 16 33 115 104 48 51 92 64 25 177 18 29 22 17 44 105 93 54 49 154 65 24. 54 25 36 21 1'.8 37 103 82 63 51 169 65 19 255 31 37 27 19 30 97 87 72 53 107 72 9 875 31 35 24 20 25 95 94 67 52 103 65 7.5 925 30 38 25 21 30 91 90 64 52 93 62 3.1 1333 24 40 24 22 25 88 89 65 52 88 50 22 2540 21 39 22 23 21 91 91 64 52 86 37 4 39'71) 41 59 22 24 18 95 93 70 52 84 37 85 3580 79 59 22 25 25 97 84 62 53 80 36 16 2283 41 62 25 28 24 92 86 62 52 77 34 25 2410 28 59 25 27 21 94 88 63 50 70 34 34 2370 23 53 25 28 27 1.66 90 65 54 87 35 54 1783 19 37 27 29 30 103 73 66 — 64 31 141 1840 10 39 tit 30 25 110 74 50 — 80 35 44 1027 15 44 17 31 19 — 78 54 — 59 — 16 — 14 41 — Mb 0.8 22 73 48 48 56 30 22 3.4 10 15 17 Max 40 12) 112 88 64 154 72 402 3970 499 62 43 Mea 2122 83.57 9423 64.61 5225 81.55 53.57 42.85 89120 63 32.55 26.9 Notes: Yews shown are water years. A Matter year spans October of be prevlaie calendar year as September of tie current calendar year (all within the indicated wafer year). Annual sabres and % satiates are computed only on non- 6ssing date. NC Indicates hat a vane Is nen computed because of missing dala or the data value dsetf Is rn5slny Repgd Data: 2512%7-19 Page 45 of 107 HydroBase Refradl Das:201241-06 pg. 65 8120 Gage Street • Frederick, CO 80516 Bus.: (303) 666-6657 • Fax: (303) 666-6743 Memo To: Peter Hays, Environmental Protection Specialist CC: Tim Cazier, P.E., Environmental Protection Specialist From: Brad Jones, P.E. Date: August 30, 2013 RE: Varra - Coulson Resource Project Per our "Coulson Pit Flood Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Study" prepared by Flow Technologies, LLC, approximately 3000 cfs is expected to overflow from the Cache La Poudre river into the proposed gravel pit during a 100 yr storm event. To better handle this flow, and reduce its' ability to erode the pit berm adjacent to the river, it will be split into three separate flows of 1000 cfs each. Two of these 1000 cfs flows will be directed into the two "groin" areas of the pit at the northwestern and northeastern corners. These groins will be contoured and protected with riprap to prevent erosion. The contouring of the groins will direct the water to a desired location, while the riprap will protect the berm from erosion. The remaining 1000 cfs will be allowed to sheet flow over the berm thereby greatly reducing its' erosion potential. This memo explains the procedure and results for the riprap design that will be utilized in protecting the northwestern and northeastern groins of the pit. The methodology that follows is the same that Varra Companies has used in permitting prior gravel pit final reclamations. The riprap design method used for this project is the "Simplified Design Guidelines for Riprap Subjected to Overtopping Flow" as prepared by Kathleen H. Frizell, James F. Ruff, and Subhendu Mishra. This procedure was provided to Van -a Companies by Tim Cazier, P.E., Environmental Protection Specialist for DRMS. Additional correspondence with Tony Wahl, P.E., Hydraulic Engineer at the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, occurred regarding some of the input parameters that go into the calculations contained within this design guideline, as he has experience with this procedure and knows its authors. Tony has prepared a spreadsheet which summarizes this design guideline and incorporates the calculations necessary to complete the design exercise. This spreadsheet was used for the design of the riprap selected, and is attached for your review. The inputs that went into this design are the following: Overtopping discharge Embankment length Overtopping unit discharge Angle of repose of stone Embankment crest width Discharge coefficient Embankment slope (V:H) Embankment slope Coefficient of uniformity, Deo/Dio Porosity Specific gravity of riprap Specific gravity of water acceleration due to gravity Manning equation constant L q w Cd 5 a Cu p Gs G°„ g 28.32 m3/s 91.44 m 0.310 m3/s/m 42° 30.48 m 1.57 mh/2/s 20% 11.3° 1.75 0.45 2.65 1 9.806 m/s' 1 (1000 cfs) (300 ft) (3.33 cfs/ft) 100 ft This design guideline was prepared using metric units and thus the inputs had to be converted prior to their usage. Likewise, the outputs are metric units and are converted to English units afterwards. Regarding the above inputs: The overtopping discharge of 1000 cfs was taken from the "Coulson Pit Flood Analysis and Flood Control Mitigation Study" prepared by Flow Technologies, LLC, as described earlier. The embankment length of 300 feet is the length that will be protected with riprap at both the northwestern and northeastern groins of the pit. All other inputs are physical parameters taken from the site, or are inputs that were recommended by the graduate student's (Subhendu Mishra) dissertation supporting the methodology presented in the design guideline. Outcomes and design: After inputting the above listed parameters to the spread sheet, the D50 size riprap that satisfies the requirements of the procedure is 0.171 m, or about 6.7 inches average diameter, thus 7 inches will be used. Per the guidelines, this riprap will be placed at four times the D50 diameter, which is about 28 inches deep. Riprap will be placed from the crest down to 5 feet below static water level. The riprap will be placed over a bedding thickness which will be 12 inches deep. Riprap bedding gradation and design will be in accordance with the U.S.B.R. Design Standards No. 13 (Embankment Dams), Chapter 7 Riprap Slope Protection. These bedding requirements are those mentioned in the design guidelines and also confirmed with Tony Wahl. In order to further help with erosion, an approximate 1 foot deep by 300 feet wide cut will be made into both the northwest and northeast groins. These cuts will help direct 1000cfs of flow to the riprap portions of the pit and mitigate erosion. Additionally, the portions of the embankments that are not riprap protected will be vegetated with seed mixtures per the permit application. For further details regarding the riprap calculations, please see the attached spreadsheet. Additional information regarding the methodology used in sizing the riprap can be found in the "Simplified Design Guidelines for Riprap Subjected to Overtopping Flow", likewise additional information regarding the bedding requirements can be found in the U.S.B.R. Design Standards No. 13 (Embankment Dams), Chapter 7 Riprap Slope Protection. As an alternative, we are also investigating different geotextile/geomembranes as a possible substitute for riprap. If a geotextile/geomembrane proves to be a better alternative to riprap, we will submit a technical revision at that time. Please feel free to contact us with any other concerns, questions, or requirements. O LL O. OA 0. 0 O 0 gia co).10 a. C Q. c i ti.. z z c a :0 w 3 W iz3E C �w 0i .N N z -a TCD in a 0. C C (o n (o 0 M M N O not used in calculations E c E C E C • E o E N C O N OD N M d: r -I Q LA 00 ri 0 N C O m 0 O N 0.1974 radians e M r -I ri LA N r-1 LA cr O LA LO N Riprap design equation from Mishra's dissertation Mishra, Subhendru K., 1998. RIPRAP DESIGN FOR OVERTOPPED EMBANKMENTS. Ph. D. dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, July 7, 1998. Ct N N H E EEEEEE .-4 LD .4 O CO f J Q$ (.J N Z$ U a e OD CU .C L C It' a) 00 E a c a m 0 .0 E a) 0 a) `0 (o -c u 0 C 00 C a a O t a) 0 a C O in v - O CU 0 a a) w O a) 00 C C -c a-. 'D H a) U c Y C 0 w Discharge coefficient a +>' 0 'h N O` a c 0 a0 O E C a E • .mD Y C W .0 o CU w C a) a, O U Specific gravity of riprap Specific gravity of water c O0 C O Ou a) C • O C C O a 41 (0OD CU C c U (co (0 a a) 4-. 01 00 N N 00 L0 M N M ri r-i O lei N O 0 0 O 2 0 rO = O > > >. 1 Overtopping depth 2 Initial stone size from design curves 3 Interstitial velocity Average velocity a) to a m t a 'C v s N N 46 N a m c ` Y CU < H m cf Is flow all interstitial within the 2D50 layer? E 01 0 Ln to Lo M M N O O r l r -I 0 0 O O m E E E U .C O LA 0 H ro (0 -C 4.0 (1) (0 (0 C_ a a) C i.. C O u VI 3 0 O i=. C a) N in a) C O h a H (0 `1 U C O Z M '-i ri Lo O 0 U, 0 a) -c O (0 a) . C In m in of -0 V7 a) tit x xi 4-. b C a v CI. O c O oL t tn }jaa -C .C a a -D 3 0 a) .0 C a) C O H LA 6 Manning's roughness coefficient (Strickler equation) 0 In H N N 0 7 Allowable unit discharge over the riprap layer 8 Remaining unit discharge to be conveyed through the riprap 9 Required interstitial flow depth through the riprap Can flow be contained in a layer that is up to 4D50 thick? a) to a (a a a) s a) .O In C a) 7 0 t 3 O C �o (0 L In a) CO CO 41 a I- v O I- 4-0 C a) s O A In w a m •.. a w O a O a) > 0 O CU .0 (o o w fp CL1 CC 7 " O a� LA O LA w t a an O J L LL LA J a a a CU 4-0 Ln >- -J 2 0 Z 2 J 0 �.) W N W S I- rn 00 N L0 Lf1 M N A 440 a CA (o T-• a) Y C a m a > 0 0 (O 2 Y Y 0 0 O O Z Z O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z CO 4P4O M 01 LD N N O M M N M 01 N LA rI LA ri N N en M N0 00 '�t 01 LA N ri N LA 01 O LA M LD t E N O oo w ict r1 O N lA 00 .--1 cf N e-i Ql M co m .-� ri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ri ri 7+ N N N m M cf tE to cr ME O O Ln Cr" too E O O o N o m cc st 0 m O0 N O O LA ri 00 O 66660666 O ri e-1 0 00 ri O O 0o O N 01 to N O O rn ri M 0 co l0 M O N M O •zt Ol LA r-1 r -I N 00 LD LA LA L) LD N O O O a O N LA Lo O N LD CO 0 0 pO ri at I -I LID N oo O N O ' V O r1 ri .-i Lo ri '--1 I I ri M a-i M LA ri N N N ri 0 O r-1 r I N N m M V' LA LA LD LD N CO CO 01 01 KIM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM • o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 Ll1 ri 01 LO LA LA LA N 01 DO LA d' ;51%.1 ' N ri 00 00 t LA LD N N 00 01 O .-I N M LA LO 00 O N •N 01 N E 0 0 0 0 0 0 ri ri r-1 el e-1 ri ri N N N N N M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 es. Y Y V Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 O O O O o o o o O O O m gt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ✓ -Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z tin L.d V M 0 N V Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Co 22 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ Y Y 0 0 0 2 LO 00 .-I 00 ri t0 o LA .-1 N m .1 01 oo N o0 o M O EN N MMM Cf. LA LA LD l0 N 00 00 m N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ri CO 00 CO CM N LD 0 A 0 N N 1 N L1 M N N N N >. E .--I O 01 00 00 LO LA It cF M N N e-1 r-1 O O 01 01 N N ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri e-1 r-1 ri r -I O O r C e d' LA LLD N 000 000 Ql O CI, N- LA M N 01 O N M C ri ri ri ri e-1 ri ri ri N N N N N N N N m m O O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O o O O N M LA LD CO O N LD 01 ri M LD O1 N Lo CO ri lA \ M M M M en v. n 'a n. Lo in LA to LD LD LD N N E O O O O O O O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 co ri Lo O c r4 O O O Step 10 - Iterate a 0 (0 .411 c O to a) N ri O L w N C 0 41 (o U u m U (o a) a a) I- CD c N .C I- Subsequent lines increase D50 by 10% each time... ri N '-I O co N 00 0 LA M m N m mp itoo N O 0711 [t 0r -I0 NCNI N N O N MM m '7 ch V. LA LA LD N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Exhibit H — Wildlife Information 6.4.8 EXHIBIT H - Wildlife Information (1) In developing the wildlife information, the Operator/Applicant may wish to contact the local wildlife conservation officer. The Operator/Applicant shall include in this Exhibit, a description of the game and non -game resources on and in the vicinity of the application area, including: (a) a description of the significant wildlife resources on the affected land; (b) seasonal use of the area; (c) the presence and estimated population of threatened or endangered species from either federal or state lists; and (d) a description of the general effect during and after the proposed operation on the existing wildlife of the area, including but not limited to temporary and permanent loss of food and habitat, interference with migratory routes, and the general effect on the wildlife from increased human activity, including noise. (2) The application may be reviewed and commented upon by the State of Colorado Division of Wildlife (DOW). If the DOW has comments, they must be provided prior to the end of the public comment period specified in Subsection 1.7.1(2)(a) to be considered by the Board and Office. Recent policy of the Division of Parks and Wildlife (DOP&W) no longer provides for a pre -submittal report. Regardless, District Wildlife Manager, Brandon Muller; inspected the location on 1 July 2013, to determine the potential impacts that the planned project extraction and concurrent reclamation may have on resident wildlife and area wildlife visitors to the location. Wildlife residents and visitors observed on area lands, but not on site at the time of the inspection, include the occasional fall/winter roosting of Bald Eagle on nearby mature cottonwood trees, but with no evidence of nesting. Other resident birds of prey have been seen in the area, including hawks and owls. Shorebirds and waterfowl also occur in the area both seasonally and year around, and commonly sighted are pelican in spring to late summer, while cormorant and great blue heron may be observed pretty much year around. Game species such as white tailed deer will traverse the river bottom and open spaces nearby; as will other fur bearers such as beaver, fox, rabbit, and squirrels; non -game species such rodents; and passerines (song birds). No significant natural habitat or habitat loss is anticipated by planned operations due to the blighted condition of the designated land from past use and neglect. Temporary displacement of wildlife along the affected segment of Ditch #3 will occur until the reconstructed segment vegetation matures. The segment is less than one quarter mile in length and surrounding unaffected vegetation along the Cache la Poudre River and other ditch, stream, and wetland areas of the surrounding area should more than compensate for the temporary displacement. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit H — Wildlife Information We anticipate any DOP&W written determinations will support our understanding that there is little if any potential for adverse impacts to wildlife resulting from planned operations. Further, planned reclamation is well correlated with DOP&W perspectives, and will serve to provide a number of benefits to various wildlife species, especially waterfowl, including a return of native vegetation, cover, and creation of water bodies that will serve as additional sources for food, cover, and resting surfaces. The planned seed mixture will further add to the diversity of height, form, color and function of the resulting vegetative cover. Additionally, an inspection of the location for any potential Preble's meadow jumping mouse and Ute ladies' tresses orchid was performed on 12 July 2012; as detailed in a report of 21 August 2012 by Ron Beane, Senior Wildlife Biologist and Moneka Worah, Natural Resources Specialist with ERO Resources Corp. Subsequent review by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cleared the location of the potential for occurrence as indicated by their correspondence of 18 September 2012. Finally, the site was traversed and inspected with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on 30 August and 11 October, 2012, as detailed in a report of 18 March 2013. Conclusions of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are pending and will be passed on to the OMLR upon receipt. All clearance letters are included under Exhibit M — Other Permits. All other reports and correspondence referenced in this Exhibit are available to the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation upon request. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Adam Misztal/R6/FWS/DOI 4 .1ea4,,,,taa+aas.Aa 09/18/2012 12:25 PM To rbeanne@eroresources.com cc bcc Adam Misztal/R6/FWS/DOI Subject Bearson and Coulson Properties This responds to your email of 9/6/12 requesting site disqualification under the authority conferred to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (Service) by the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) The Service has reviewed the habitat assessments of the above properties. Based on the information provided, the Service agrees that no listed species are likely to be present within the subject areas. Thus these sites are disqualified for consideration under provision of the ESA. Please note that this clearance is valid for one year from today. Should additional information regarding listed or proposed species become available, this determination may be reconsidered under the ESA. If the proposed project has not commenced within on year. please contact the Colorado Field Office to request a clearance extension. Adam Misztal Fish and Wildlife Biologist USFWS, ES, Colorado Field Office P. O. Box 25486, DFC (MS 65412) Denver, CO 80225-0486 303-236-4753; Fax 303-236-4005 (134 Union Blvd., Suite 670) (Lakewood, CO) Consultants in natura/ resources and the environment Denver • Boise • Durango • Western Slope THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Prepared for— Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado Prepared by— ERO Resources Corporation 1842 Clarkson Street Denver, Colorado 80218 August 21, 2012 ERO Project #5255 ERO ERO Resources Corp. -- 1842 Clarkson Street Denver, CO 80218 (303) 830-1188 Fax: (303) 830-1199 www.eroresources.com ero@eroresources.com CONTENTS Introduction 1 Objectives and Project Location 1 Regulatory Framework —The Endangered Species Act 1 Methods 2 Ecological Features of the Project Area 3 Vegetation 3 Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse 4 Colorado Butterfly Plant 5 Ute Ladies' -Tresses Orchid 6 Past Studies 6 Conclusions and Recommendation 7 Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse 7 Colorado Butterfly Plant and Ute Ladies' -Tresses Orchid 7 Qualifications of Surveyors 7 References 8 TABLES Table 1. Federally threatened, endangered, and candidate species potentially found on the Coulson property in Weld County 3 FIGURES Figure 1. Site Location Coulson Parcel Figure 2. Coulson Parcel APPENDICES Appendix A Survey Field Data Compilation Form PHOTOS Photo log THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO AUGUST 21, 2012 Introduction Varna Companies, Inc. (Varra) plans to conduct aggregate mining operations on 97.57 acres of agricultural land on the east side of Greeley, Colorado (Coulson property). As part of their planning and permitting process, Varra contracted ERO Resources Corporation (ERO) to perform surveys for Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Preble's) and other federally listed threatened and endangered species (listed species). This report describes current regulatory guidelines related to federally listed threatened and endangered species and survey results for listed species and/or habitat identified on the Coulson property during a 2012 site visit. Objectives and Project Location The purpose of this assessment is to determine the presence or absence of threatened and endangered species habitat, including Preble's habitat on the Coulson property (Figure 1). The project area is in the NW t/4 of Sections 3 and 10, T5N, R65W of the 6th Principal Meridian, Greeley 7% -minute U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle in Weld County, Colorado (Figure 1). The UTM coordinates for the approximate center of the project area are 530253mE, 4474161mN, Zone 13N. The project area is near the intersection of 16th Street and Fern Street in Greeley and is divided by the Cache la Poudre River (Figure 1). The majority of the project area consists of fallow agricultural fields, degraded dry riparian vegetation, and weedy uplands. An existing farmhouse is along the southern project boundary and two natural gas wells occur in the project area. Regulatory Framework — The Endangered Species Act Federally threatened and endangered species are protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA), as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). Significant adverse effects to a federally listed species or its habitat require consultation with the U.S. Fish 1 f:\coulson preble's habitat assessment formatted.doc THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO and Wildlife Service (Service) under Section 7 or 10 of the ESA. No regulations require consultations for effects to candidate species; however, if a species were to become listed during project planning or construction, consultation with the Service would be required. Current Service guidelines describe occupied Preble's habitat as an area 300 feet beyond the 100 -year floodplain for a distance of 1 mile upstream and downstream of a known population of Preble's. The Service requires surveys for Ute ladies' -tresses orchid (ULTO) in areas of suitable habitat in Colorado on the 100 -year floodplains of the South Platte River, Fountain Creek, and Yampa River and their perennial tributaries (Service 1992). Methods Ron Beane, Senior Wildlife Biologist, and Moneka Worah, Natural Resources Specialist, with ERO performed an endangered species habitat assessment on the Coulson property in Weld County on July 12, 2012 (2012 site visit). In addition to the information gathered during the 2012 site visit, information on threatened and endangered species was obtained from existing sources such as the Colorado Natural Diversity Information Source (NDIS), known locations of Preble's populations and survey efforts (Service 2011), the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP), and other sources. Based on the information gathered from existing sources and the 2012 site visit, ERO identified existing vegetation communities and important habitat attributes of the project area for the listed and candidate species listed in Table 1 (Figure 2). 2 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Table 1. Federally threatened, endangered, and candidate species potentially found County. Common Name Scientific. Name Status Habitat Suitable Habitat Present Mammals Preble's meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius preblei T Shrub riparian/wet meadows along permanent or intermittent streams and canals No Plants Colorado butterfly plant Gaura neomexicana ssp. Colorodensis T Subirrigated, alluvial soils on level floodplains and drainage bottoms (5,000 to 6,000 feet) No Ute ladies' -tresses orchid Spiranthes diluvialis T Moist alluvial meadows and floodplains of perennial streams below 6,500 feet No "T = Federally Threatened Species. Source: Service 2010. Ecological Features of the Project Area Vegetation The project area is east of Greeley, Colorado on both sides of the Cache la Poudre River (Figure 1). The Cache la Poudre River flows west to east through the northern section of the project area. Vegetation communities within the project area are severely degraded and influenced by past and present land uses (Figure 2). A riparian corridor occurs along both sides of the river; however, due to the eroded banks, little wetland vegetation is present along the river through the project area (Photos 1 and 2). A small sandbar occurs along the north bank in the project area and is vegetated with sandbar willow (Salix exigua), reed canarygrass (Phalaroides arundinacea), and salt cedar (Tamarisk ramosissima) (Photo 1). The overstory along the banks of the river is dominated by peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides), plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera), and American elm (Ulmus americana) (Photo 2). The riparian corridor on either side of the river is degraded and contains scattered plains cottonwood trees with disturbed uplands in the understory (Photo 3). The dominant upland vegetation includes kochia (Bassia sieversiana), tansy mustard (Descurainia 3 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO spp.), cheatgrass (Anisthana tectorum), lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus). The Greeley No. 3 Ditch flows along the western boundary of the project area from south to north and then turns east in the center of the project area before connecting to the Cache la Poudre River (Photo 4). The ditch is approximately 10 feet wide with a narrow band of wetland vegetation along the banks dominated by reed canarygrass. Peachleaf willow and American elm trees line the banks of the ditch. A small swale occurs in the riparian corridor north of the river and is vegetated with kochia, reed canarygrass, and lambsquarter. Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse Species Background Preble's was listed as a threatened species on May 13, 1998 under the ESA (63 Fed. Reg. 66777-66784, December 3, 1998). Under existing regulations, either a habitat assessment or a full presence/absence survey for Preble's is required for any habitat - disturbing activity within areas determined to be potential Preble's habitat (generally stream and riparian habitats along the Colorado Front Range and southeastern Wyoming). Typically, Preble's occurs below 7,600 feet in elevation, generally in lowlands with medium to high moisture along permanent or intermittent streams and canals (Meaney et al. 1997). Preble's occurs in low undergrowth consisting of grasses and forbs in open wet meadows, riparian corridors near forests, or where tall shrubs and low trees provide adequate cover (Service 1999; Meaney et al. 1997). Critical Habitat Critical habitat identifies specific areas, both occupied and unoccupied, that are essential to the conservation of Preble's and that may require special management considerations or protections. Section 7 of the ESA prohibits destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat by any activity funded, authorized, or carried out by any federal agency, such as issuance of a Section 404 permit. In 2010, the Service revised its 4 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO designation of critical habitat for Preble's and does not include any areas along the Cache la Poudre River in Weld County (75 Fed. Reg. 78481, December 15, 2010). Potential Habitat and Possible Effects Vegetation community types and habitat connectivity are the key elements in determining the suitability of habitat on the project area to support viable populations of Preble's. The project area contains only a small patch of shrub riparian habitat with a mixture of native shrubs, invasive salt cedar, and noxious weeds. This narrow vegetation community is unlikely to support any individual Preble's or contribute to any viable population of the species. Existing agricultural, commercial, and residential land uses surrounding the project area further isolates and fragments the area from potentially suitable habitat elsewhere along the Cache la Poudre River. Colorado Butterfly Plant Species Background The Colorado butterfly plant (CBP) is federally listed as threatened. The CBP is a short-lived perennial herb found in moist areas of floodplains. It occurs on subirrigated, alluvial soils on level or slightly sloping floodplains and drainage bottoms at elevations from 5,000 to 6,400 feet. The CBP is found in active floodplains along perennial streams and where vegetation is relatively open. Colonies are often found in low depressions or along bends in wide, active, meandering stream channels that are periodically disturbed (Service 2004). Its historical and current distribution in Colorado includes Boulder, Douglas, Larimer, and Weld counties. The CBP flowers from June to September and produces fruit from July to October (Spackman et al. 1997). Potential Habitat and Possible Effects The Coulson property provides no suitable habitat for CBP because the eroded banks and degraded riparian areas do not provide suitable environmental conditions to support CBP. Water management activities on the Cache la Poudre River have effectively removed the property from the active floodplain. 5 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Ute Ladies' -Tresses Orchid Species Background The ULTO is federally listed as threatened. Once thought to be fairly common in low -elevation riparian areas in the interior western United States, ULTO is now rare (Service 1992). ULTO occurs at elevations below 6,500 feet in moist to wet alluvial meadows, floodplains of perennial streams, and around springs and lakes where the soil is seasonally saturated within 18 inches of the surface. Generally, the species occurs where the vegetative cover is relatively open and not overly dense or overgrazed. ULTO does not bloom until late July to early September (depending on the year) and timing of surveys must be synchronized with blooming (Service 1992). Potential Habitat and Possible Effects The Coulson property provides no suitable habitat for ULTO because the eroded banks and degraded riparian areas do not provide suitable environmental conditions to support ULTO. Water management activities on the Cache la Poudre River have effectively removed the property from the active floodplain. In addition, vegetation in the riparian areas is dominated by species not typically found with ULTO. Past Studies Several trapping surveys for Preble's have been conducted since 1998 in better habitat within 5 miles of the project area (Service 2011). No Preble's have been found in two trapping surveys conducted upstream and two trapping surveys conducted downstream of the project area (Service 2011). In addition, three trapping surveys conducted on the South Platte River upstream of the confluence with the Cache la Poudre River were also negative (Service 2011). The nearest known location for Preble's is more than 15 miles away on the South Platte River. 6 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Conclusions and Recommendation Based on the information provided in this assessment and summarized below, ERO requests that the Service disqualify the Coulson property for consideration under the provisions of the ESA. Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse The project area is highly unlikely to support a viable population of the species for the following reasons: 1. Vegetation communities on the project area are degraded and generally unsuitable for Preble's. 2. The single patch of woody riparian habitat is small and consists of native and nonnative noxious species. 3. There is no connectivity to suitable Preble's habitat along the South Platte River. 4. Extensive trapping efforts upstream and downstream of the property have been negative. 5. The nearest known occurrence of Preble's is more than 15 miles away on a different drainage. Colorado Butterfly Plant and Ute Ladies' -Tresses Orchid The Coulson property does not satisfy the criteria for suitable habitat or support potential populations of CBP or ULTO because the vegetation and stream channel morphology are severely degraded and most of the property is no longer within an active floodplain. Qualifications of Surveyors Qualifications of Ronald D. Beane have been previously submitted to the Service and are available upon request. Mr. Beane is a certified ecologist and a Zoology Research Associate with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. He has performed small mammal investigations for more than 25 years throughout the western U.S. He has completed more than 100 habitat assessments and 50 presence/absence surveys for Preble's over the last 15 years. 7 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO Qualifications of Moneka Worah have been previously submitted to the Service and are available upon request. Moneka Worah has a B.S. in Environmental Science from Willamette University. Moneka has eight years of experience performing Preble's habitat assessments and presence/absence surveys, and has experience identifying and handling Preble's in the field. This includes conducting or assisting with more than 20 trapping surveys and more than 50 habitat assessments. References Meaney, C.A., A. Deans, N.W. Clippenger, M. Rider, N. Daly, and M. O'Shea -Stone. 1997. Third year survey for Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei) in Colorado. Boulder, CO. Under contract to Colorado Division of Wildlife. Spackman, S., B. Jennings, J. Coles, C. Dawson, M. Minton, A. Kratz, and C. Spurner. 1997. Colorado Rare Plant Field Guide. Prepared for the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). 1992. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Final Rule to List the Plant Spiranthes diluvialis (Ute ladies' -tresses) as a Threatened Species. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp. 2048-2054. January 17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). 1999. Survey Guidelines for Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Colorado Field Office. Revised: April 2004. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). 2004. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Designated Critical Habitat for Colorado Butterfly Plant, Proposed Rule. Federal Register Vol. 69, No. 151. August 6. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). 2010. Federally Listed and Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, Experimental, and Candidate Species and Habitat in Colorado by County. Available at: http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/endspp/countylists/colorado.htm. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service). 2011. Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius preblei). USFWS, Colorado Field Office. 8 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT ASSESSMENT COULSON PROPERTY WELD COUNTY, COLORADO DELETE THIS PAGE AFTER PRINTING Figure 1. Site Location Coulson Parcel Figure 2. Coulson Parcel APPENDIX A SURVEY FIELD DATA COMPILATION FORM Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse, Zapus hudsonius preblei Survey Field Data Compilation Form 0 TRAPPING SURVEY El EVALUATED, NOT TRAPPED Fill out both sections 1 and 2 if trapping survey; fill out section 1 only if habitat evaluation (i.e., not trapped). Compilation forms needed for updated habitat evaluations and site disqualification requests. SECTION 1 Surveyor: Date of Site/Habitat Assessment July 12, 2012 Organization/Company ERO Resources Corporation Full Name(s) Ron Beane and Moneka Worah Location: Project Name (if applicable) Coulson Property - Project Description Aggregate mining on the Cache la Poudre River, east of Greeley, Colorado U.S.G.S. Quad Name Greeley County Weld Elevation 4,600 Township(s) 5 North JQ/4 Section(s) NE 1/4 UTM Coordinates, Zone 13 Northing 4474161 Easting 530253 UTM Coordinate Datum Range(s) 65 West Section(s) 3 and 10 0 NAD27 Q NAD83 Directions to Location Near the intersection of 16th Street and Fern Street in Greeley Land Ownership Private land Habitat: General Habitat Description Agricultural with degraded woody riparian habitat. Dominant Overstory Plant Community Siberian elm, cottonwoods Dominant Understory Plant Community kochia, tansy mustard, cheatgrass, lambsquarter, western wheatgrass, and sand dropseed Current Land Use Agriculture Drainage Name: Cache la Poudre River Type: Perennial Stream X Ephemeral Stream Pond/Lake Ditch Other William F. Jennings Botanical Consultant P.O. Box 952 Louisville, CO 80027 303-666-8348 July 27, 2012 Bradford Janes Varna Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, CO 80534 Coulson Property Rare Plant Survey (Spiranthes diluvialis) Dear Mr. Janes: As you had requested, I have completed a survey of a property east of Greeley, searching for habitat for the federally threatened plant species Ute ladies' -tresses orchid (Spiranthes diluviulis). The property is on the floodplain of the Cache La Poudre River. The site is in the northeast quarter of section 10, TSN R65W, roughly 100 acres, and is shown on the Greeley 7.5' Quadrangle. The property is at the northwest corner of the intersection of 16th Street and Fern Avenue. The surveyed area excludes the homestead that faces 16th Street. The survey was completed on July 26, 2012, a hot summer day. Assisting on the survey was Robert E. Jennings. Bradford Janes of Varra was present during part of the survey. The Varra Companies are planning to develop gravel mining operations on the property, which is currently used for agricultural purposes. An active Varra gravel operation is immediately to the west and northwest. Several gas wells are present. The orchid blooms in July and August, usually commencing bloom about July 20. By mid - September the orchid is in fruit. If no frosts have occurred, the plant is green and erect in early fall, but tends to blend into the surrounding greenery. When in bloom, porcelain white flowers immediately call attention to the plant. During winter and spring, the plant is not visible or is visible only as a dime -sized over -winter rosette. On the date of the survey, the orchid's normal blooming season had commenced the week previous. On July 19, orchids were seen in bloom at a well-known site in Jefferson County. If present during the survey, the orchid would have been in bloom, and should have been noticeable. No orchids were found during the survey. In general, despite being on the floodplains of the river, the site was very dry and dusty. The only wetlands present are in the immediate vicinity of an irrigation ditch and in the immediate vicinity of the river. Otherwise, the site was converted to agricultural use or was fallow and the area was full of weeds. A ditch runs along the west boundary of the property, then turns east to divide the property. The portion east and south of the ditch, north and west of the boundary streets, is a hayfield, and was being cut on the day of the survey. The area was very dry, with no observable wetlands present. There is no orchid habitat in this area. What plants had not been cut for hay were species introduced for agricultural purposes. The ditch itself was a typical irrigation ditch, with steep banks. No seepage or overbank flooding was noticed. What wetland plants are present occur on the banks of the ditch within a couple feet of the flowing water. No orchid habitat was observed. In that part of the property north of the ditch, the Cache La Poudre Rived crosses the property, flowing southeasterly from the northwest corner. This area apparently is not being used. It was very dry and full of weeds. The river itself was barely flowing on the day of the survey. Large gravel bars and unused channels were very dry. There were no wetlands observed in the area. The current stream channel is considerably below the general ground level of this part of the property. No orchid habitat is present. In my opinion, no portion of the property is orchid habitat, and any construction or gravel mining will not impact the orchid. None of the commonly associated species were seen. Nearly all the native vegetation has been removed due to intensive agricultural usage. Other surveys in the area have been negative, despite the collection of a specimen of the species in 1859 east of this area near Kersey. The orchid has not been found in the area for over 150 years. This parcel is so disturbed, dry, and weedy that it is hopeless for orchid habitat or plants, in my opinion. This letter should be of assistance in obtaining the permits necessary from the US Fish & Wildlife Service and the US Army Corps of Engineers. Sincerely, Jam.. William F. nnings PLANT SPECIES PRESENT NORTHEAST QUARTER SECTION 10, T5N R65W, EXCLUSIVE OF THE HOMESTEAD ON le STREET JULY 26, 2012 Native forbs: Ambrosia trifida - ragweed Asciepias speciosa - showy milkweed Echinocystis lobata - mock cucumber Cleome serrulata - beeplant Helianthus annuus - sunflower Oenothera villosa - tall evening -primrose Solanum rostratum - buffalobur Verbena bracteata - vervain Introduced forbs Acroptilon repens - Russian knapweed Bassia sieversiana - kochia Chenopodium species - goosefoot Medicago sativa - alfalfa Potrulaca oleracea - purslane Rumex crispus - curly dock Tribulus terrestris - puncture -vine Xanthium strumarium - cocklebur Introduced grasses or grass -like: Bromus inermis (Bromopsis inermis) - smooth brome Phalaris arundinacea (Phalaroides arundinacea) - reed canarygrass Native trees and shrubs: Populus deltoids - plains cottonwood Salix exigua - coyote willow Introduced trees and shrubs: Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian -olive Tamarix ramosissima - tamarisk Litmus pumila - Siberian elm QUALIFICATIONS OF SURVEYORS William F. Jennings Education: B.S., M.S., University of Colorado, Boulder Rare Plant Survey Experience (Representative): Spiranthes diluvialis, Boulder and Jefferson counties, Colorado, 1989-1992, 1999; Metes humilis, Larimer County, Colorado, 1989, 1990; Limnorchis zothecina, Mesa, Montrose, and San Miguel counties, Colorado, 1991; Sisyrinchium pallidum, Park County, Colorado, 1990; Phvsaria bellii, Boulder and Larimer counties, Colorado, 1989; Penstemon harringtonii, Eagle County, 1997; various species, Guanella Pass, Park and Clear Creek counties, 1995-1996; Cottonwood Pass, Gunnison County, 1996; Eustoma urandiflorum, Boulder County, 2000, 2001; Survey of Winter Park ski area (Draba gravana; Botrychium spp.), 2004; Breckenridge ski area (2010); Keystone ski area (2010); Eldora ski area (2012). Familiarity with Spiranthes diluvialis: Observation of flowering populations in Jefferson County, most years since 1981. Observation of flowering populations in Boulder County all years since 1985. Also observed flowering and fruiting plants in Daggett County, Utah, 1981, 1989; Uintah County, Utah, 1989 (overwinter rosette, 1990); Wayne County, Utah, 1989; Garfield County, Utah, 1989, 2003. Research cited in USFWS Final Rule Listing Spiranthes diluvialis as a threatened species. Assistance acknowledged by C. J. Sheviak in original description of species (Brittonia 36: 8-14). Observation of sprouting individuals in Boulder County populations, October, 1989, February, 1990, and January to April 1992. Observation of sprouting individuals in Jefferson County populations, March to April, 1992. Documentation of Familiarity: Spiranthes diluvialis: text and photos in Rare Plants of Colorado, Colorado Native Plant Society, 1989 (first edition); 1996 (second edition). 4 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information 6.4.9 EXHIBIT I - Soils Information (1) In consultation with the Soil Conservation Service or other qualified person, the Operator/Applicant shall indicate on a map (in Exhibit C) or by a statement, the general type, thickness and distribution of soil over the affected land. Such description will address suitability of topsoil (or other material) for establishment and maintenance ofplant growth. The above information shall satisfy "completeness" requirements for purposes of determination of date of filing. (2) If necessary, at its discretion, the Board may require additional information on soils or other growth media to be stockpiled and used in revegetation to be submitted subsequent to the filing and notification of "completeness" of the application. 6.4.10 EXHIBIT J - Vegetation Information (1) The Operator/Applicant shall include in this Exhibit a narrative of the following items: (a) descriptions of present vegetation types, which include quantitative estimates of cover and height for the principal species in each life -form represented (i.e., trees, tall shrubs, low shrubs, grasses, forbs); (b) the relationship of present vegetation types to soil types, or alternatively, the information may be presented on a map; and (c) estimates of average annual production for hay meadows and croplands, and carrying capacity for range lands on or in the vicinity of the affected land, if the choice of reclamation is for range or agriculture. (2) The Operator/Applicant shall show the relation of the types of vegetation to existing topography on a map in Exhibit C. In providing such information, the Operator/Applicant may want to contact the local Soil Conservation District. Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Map, identifies the type and extent of soils over the project site relative to the areas designated for resource recovery. While the native vegetation has been replaced by agricultural practices prior to the establishment of irrigated crops and other disturbances to the surface, the range site descriptions for the soil type covering the the location is included at the back of this exhibit. The range site descriptions, and the narrative description of vegetation in undisturbed conditions in the different Unit soil descriptions, indicate what could grow on the identified soil under native undisturbed soil conditions. This information was utilized to create the seed mixture proposed under Exhibit E - Table E-1: Primary Re -vegetation Seed Mixture. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information A portion of these soils will be used in an over the shoulder method to resoil the completed banks of basin slopes; or otherwise to park the soil in stockpiles lining the basin perimeter until ready for application in a manner more fully described below. It should be noted that the former croplands were not maintained for many years prior to the acquisition by Varra Companies, Inc. In the place of corn, a monoculture of kochia (Kochia scoparia) has established itself over the entire South Field of the parcel, and lying south of Canal #3 (Greeley Irrigation Canal #3). North of Canal #3, lay Middle Field; a former rangeland that was overgrazed and the resulting cover further diminished by several years of historic drought. At this time there is little to find in dominant preferred species of cover typifying the site. The reclamation target will be to establish a stabilizing foliar cover of preferred vegetation (refer to seed mixture) of approximately 20 percent measured at the stem three inches above the ground surface respective of the foliar diameter of the established grass species utilizing standard vegetation cover analysis. For clarity, topsoil is generally regarded as the plow layer (upper six inches) on agricultural soils, or the A-1 soil profile horizon otherwise. The solum, or soil includes the topsoil plus all other material above the regolith of the parent rock and generally no deeper than the depth of rooting of perennial plants or which otherwise meets the definition of soil. One soil differs from another soil by its unique properties and characteristics (such as horizon profile development, structure, texture, color, percent organic matter, chemical composition, etc.) and is identified as such by soil scientists, and described in NRCS Soil Survey documents. The affected soils to be extracted as permitted are designated under the soil survey to fall predominantly under Unit 3: Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum; and Unit 10: Blankard sandy loam (refer to extracts and tables from the 1980 Weld County Soil Survey — Southern Part). Occurring in flood plain locations, as they do at this location, while described as 'deep,' would only apply to the Aquolls, a Mollisol that appears to be a minor component, while the majority of the location is more characteristic of an Aquent or Entisol, which are actually poorly formed soils lacking a typical profile or horizon development; or in the case of the Blankard Series, a shallow A profile of 0-5 inches in depth overlying sand and gravel. The lack of a deep well developed soil profile is in part due to alluvial flooding which both scours and lays down sediment of diverse textural classes over time, but which lacks the appearance of an Inceptisol which is commonly associated with flood plain locations. This is further evidenced by the lack of a soil series soil horizon profile description in the soil survey for Unit 3 soils. Essentially, previous crop production activities created a plow layer over the majority of South Field, to an approximate depth of six inches. The former rangeland of Middle Field has no predictable soil profile of consequence. Other minor areas of impact over the remaining acres found within the parcel, have poorly developed soils whose depths vary from zero to eight inches. While anomalous pockets of deeper soil depths may Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varna -Coulson Resource Project 2 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information occur, for purposes of this submittal, we will assume a soil depth to the plow layer of six inches over affected lands, excluding any obvious previously disturbed ground where soil has been removed (trenches, structures, etc.). Regardless, there is sufficient soil to assure a resoil depth of approximately six inches over the basin banks above the anticipated static water level of the reservoirs. For purposes of this submittal, all lands within the indicated permit boundary will be considered affected lands, but only those locations between the existing access roads and which otherwise remain above the anticipated static water level of the resulting basins will be soiled and seeded to establish vegetation consistent with the approved reclamation plan. All other previously disturbed lands outside of the this area may be seeded to establish the desired vegetative cover where reaffected by planned activities, but in its previously disturbed state will not receive additional soil resources beyond what already remains, if any. Fortunately, the act of extraction serves to remove the most impacted portions of the location first, subsequently treating them with the approved seed mixture, thereby returning those lands to a stable configuration in a manner that might otherwise not occur had the location not been designated for extraction, but instead, left in its present blighted condition for an indeterminate number of years hence. Soil salvage will commence with the removal of the surface layer of soil to a depth of 6.0± inches average, depending upon equipment and equipment operator limitations. Additional depths of soil (to the extent it occurs) will be removed in like manner until commercially viable overburden and aggregate are reached, unless already exposed as a result of poor soil development. Soil salvage will be conducted primarily with scrapers. To minimize the undesirable effects of soil blowing and loss, and to avoid damage to the soil resource via compaction, soil will be stripped wherever possible when soil is moist, and not dry or wet. Any portion of the solum suitable for plant regrowth will be utilized to meet the minimum depth of soil replacement for reclamation, with the excess made commercially available for export from the property. Generally, soil will be retained in sufficient volume to reclaim all lands remaining between the anticipated static water level of the basins and existing access roads which surround them at any given point in time during resource recovery operations. As detailed under Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs, the total exposure of lands requiring revegetations will be approximately 6.58± acres, requiring 5,307.87± cu.yds of soil. Once removed from its native location, soil retained for reclamation will be windrowed along the perimeter of the basin area of extraction or area to be resoiled, and seeded with the reclamation seed mixture specified under Exhibit E - Table E-1: Primary Re - vegetation Seed Mixture. This will provide an opportunity to gauge the performance of the seed mixture while attempting to provide a stabilizing cover of vegetation over the stockpiles soil until it is ready for replacement on finished slopes and affected lands Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information remaining above the anticipated static water level of the completed reservoir basins. Windrowed salvage soil stockpiles will be graded such that the side slopes are 3H:1V or flatter. This will aid seeding and vegetation efforts while reducing the profile exposure of the stockpile to wind and water erosion, keeping the material stable until used for reclamation. Direct precipitation from short duration, high intensity rainstorm events, and wind, are the major threats to soil stability at this location. Although the location is nearly a table, and although the extraction will result in basins that cause water from direct precipitation to drain internally, additional measures will be taken to assure site stability and protection of off -site areas. The operator's stormwater management plan provides additional detailed information about maintaining on -site stability consistent with its pending Colorado Department of Health stormwater permit, and is available upon request by the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation. The measures taken to stabilize the soil stockpiles, as described above, should be adequate for controlling erosion from wind and direct precipitation. Due to the flat topography of the parcel, the interception of upland overland flows by local irrigation ditches and surrounding roads, there is little upland watershed that would impact these locations. The greater threat of erosion will be to resoiled slopes pending establishment of vegetation during reclamation. While some sheet and rill erosion can be anticipated on unprotected areas following seed bed preparation and seeding, the conservation measures provided below should help to limit erosion potential that would threaten the revegetation efforts. Prior to resoiling, the foundation material that will underlie the soil will be sculpted to establish initial soil stabilization features, and left rough to aid in resoil adherence. Soil will be placed over a 12-18± inch minimum friable, or otherwise unconsolidated, subsoil. A 12-18± inch swale with slopes of 3H:1V or flatter will be placed above finished slopes where necessary to direct any upland surface flows around the finished slopes to an established stable drainage corridor. Resoiled areas will be allowed a minimum of three months to settle prior to seeding. Seeding will follow in the fall or spring as detailed under Exhibit E — Reclamation Plan. Resoiling will occur when soil moisture is adequate to prevent blowing, yet dry enough to prevent compaction. Part of the soil rebuilding process on the reconstituted soils will be in establishing structure to the soils to facilitate plant -soil -water relationships. Overly compacted soils will tend to limit soil structure development and create a poor seedbed for later establishment. Once applied to the surface, the new soils will be exposed to the raw forces of erosion until adequate vegetative cover and root mass develops. Erosion requires both Varna Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information detachment and transportation in order to occur. Running water, wind, and raindrop impact are the main forces of erosion acting upon the soil. The use of a sterile hybrid live cover crop will aid in the stabilization of the soil by allowing a quick vegetative cover to become established in advance of the native grasses. The hybrid will also serve as an aid to reduce competition resulting from the establishment and growth of unwanted pioneer species (weeds) on disturbed ground. The attending reclamation seed mixture has a provision for the use of a sterile hybrid in lieu of mulch. Mulch, even when crimped with specialized equipment, is subject to being blown off the property, or reduced to an ineffective stubble. Often, it has been observed to intercept rainfall where it quickly evaporates from the stubble surface, limiting the benefits of light precipitation by preventing infiltration and percolation of moisture to the root zone. The hybrid on the other hand will establish quickly but since it is sterile will not continue to compete with the emerging native grasses. After two to three years it will begin to die out just as the native grasses emerge and improve their dominance over the revegetated areas. The applied organics will aid in the restructuring of the new soils by increasing the moisture and fertility holding capacity of the upper profile while simultaneously facilitating root development of the emerging grasses. As the roots of the emerging grasses develop and mature over time, the resulting root mass will serve to add to the base percent organic matter content of the new soils over time, thereby increasing the potential for long term survival and spread of the established grasses. Soil testing, below, may occur on the new soils to better gauge the need or success of any applied organic soil amendments respective of the resulting vegetative cover. The addition of fertilizer may also aid in the establishment, growth and survival of the emerging grasses. Fertilizer may be applied to the seeded areas at rates determined from soil tests of the reapplied soils. To this end, soils may be sampled as needed. Sampling will utilize a hand auger and approved NRCS soil sample bags, and utilizing recommended procedures. Any soil testing will be conducted by the CSU Soil Laboratory in Ft. Collins, Colorado. The tests will be used to monitor soil quality and suitability of any amendments. WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN: Weed control at the site will utilize non -chemical means, unless, due to weed morphology, or other factors, circumstance require application of an approved herbicide. If chemical weed control is utilized, it will be conducted in compliance with manufacturer's recommendations and in conformance with applicable federal, state, or local laws. Where possible, pre -emergent weed control chemicals will be utilized. Chemical application will be conducted or supervised by a qualified operator. Varna Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 5 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Infottnation Weed control will focus upon prevention, principally through the establishment of a diverse stabilizing cover of grasses, as described earlier. Regardless of control methodology, the intent of mechanical and chemical methods will be to prevent weed species from reproducing vegetatively, or by seed. In general, the idea is to aid the grasses in out competing weed species for plant available water and nutrients in the new soils, until such a time that the grasses are fully established over the applied areas, are dominant over the weeds, and capable of self regeneration. It should be understood that some weeds will remain. Total eradication of weeds is unlikely under the best circumstances, and is not a reasonable expectation or likely outcome. Since the list of noxious weed continues to grow; and considering the development of new treatments; this management plan is intended to retain the flexibility needed to meet future conditions and capabilities in the arena of weed management and control. The primary species to be identified, mapped (if found), and treated will include those species on the State of Colorado noxious weed list, as updated. Mapping and Identification: Field identification and location of targeted weed species is fundamental to determining the extent and character of weed infestation; and in the subsequent development of a treatment plan. Due to the complex nature of identification, assistance with identification and mapping will be sought from among Weld County Weed and Pest Division; Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Service; U.S. Natural Resources and Conservation Service; as well as on-line and internal resources. Mapping will attempt to identify areas of infestation within the permit boundary, and vectors of infestation from inside or outside the permit boundary. Vectors are a consideration in prevention of future infestation, which may affect on -site behaviors, including method and means of access within permitted lands. An expectation that vectors from adjacent lands must be treated by adjacent landowners if treatment on permitted lands is to be fruitful is part of continuing treatment considerations. Treatment: Once the nature and extent of weeds have been mapped, and vectors identified; a course of treatment options will be considered in order of priority of economy and effectiveness. The overall object of weed management will be to control weeds by establishing a healthy competitive stand of vegetation that wins the competition for plant available water. This effort is linked to on -site soil management; including monitoring of soil fertility and percent organic matter on problem lands; relative to distribution and amount of field available moisture on affected areas. Chemical treatment of weeds will be the last option considered except where all other methods of competitive control fails; including mechanical cutting, tilling, or removal of noxious weeds. Vain Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 6 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information In general, weeds will be cut before a seed head can develop. This will take priority over recently seeded areas expressing emergent grasses. Where mechanical means fail; chemical applications will follow recommendations from previously stated sources, and applied accordingly to prevent damage to grasses, aquatic species and wildlife. An example of Chemical treatment and primary noxious weeds can be found at the Colorado State University Extension Service website: http://www.ext.colostate.edu/. Where chemicals are not applied by the owner/operator of infested lands, a certified applicator will be retained. A file of all mapping and related log of treatment of identified areas will be maintained for inspection. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 7 Exhibit I & J — Soils & Vegetation Information Vaira Companies, Inc. Western Sugar Reclamation Land Development Project 8 OMLR 112 Permit Application 2010 USDA Uni ed States Department of Agr'culture 4 FRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service A product of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local participants Custom Soil Resource Report for Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part Coulson Parcel April 11, 2012 Preface Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app? agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil Scientist (http://soils.usda.gov/contact/ state_offices/). Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available through the NRCS Soil Data Mart Web site or the NRCS Web Soil Survey. The Soil Data Mart is the data storage site for the official soil survey information. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means 2 for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 3 Contents Preface 2 How Soil Surveys Are Made 6 Soil Map 8 Soil Map 9 Legend 10 Map Unit Legend 11 Map Unit Descriptions 11 Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part 13 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 13 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 14 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 15 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 16 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep 17 85 —Water 18 86 —Borrow Pits 18 Soil Information for All Uses 19 Suitabilities and Limitations for Use 19 Vegetative Productivity 19 Range Production (Normal Year) 19 Soil Properties and Qualities 23 Soil Physical Properties 23 Bulk Density, One -Third Bar 23 Water Features 27 Depth to Water Table 27 Flooding Frequency Class 33 Ponding Frequency Class 36 Ecological Site Assessment 41 All Ecological Sites — Rangeland 41 Map —Dominant Ecological Site 42 Legend —Dominant Ecological Site 43 Table —Ecological Sites by Map Unit Component 44 Soil Reports 45 Land Classifications 45 Hydric Soils 45 Land Capability Classification 47 Prime and other Important Farmlands 49 Sanitary Facilities 51 Sewage Disposal 51 Soil Chemical Properties 54 Chemical Soil Properties 54 Soil Physical Properties 58 Engineering Properties 58 Particle Size and Coarse Fragments 62 Physical Soil Properties 65 4 Custom Soil Resource Report Vegetative Productivity 70 Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and Plant Composition 70 References 74 Glossary 76 5 How Soil Surveys Are Made Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity. Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA. The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the landscape. Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of the soil -vegetation -landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the 6 Custom Soil Resource Report individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and research. The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map. The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape, and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the soil - landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at specific locations. Once the soil -landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded. These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color, depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil typically vary from one point to another across the landscape. Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other properties. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field -observed characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately. 7 Soil Map The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit. 8 Custom Soil Resource Report MAP INFORMATION MAP LEGEND Map Scale: 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. Very Stony Spot The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. a. Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. 00 00 E co \\\\ :o \}\/ Lo a Soil Map Units Short Steep Slope PA to 2 Closed Depression co_ (go co /f §(f co \\ )co Lo o 0co it O » !a co °�` : $ \o2 f = ON �\ \ 0c co co o co {7 `\ \± § & E≥m® To r co co o 12 15 R ) {{ ; cur JO _/E /- \{ }E\ 63 / \f : -5,2 \ g !\ § {/\: mu' a2 12 t0 \{ \\ \ }\{\ Transportation *ill Rails "no Interstate Highways 0. cr cc 2 To Marsh or swamp Mine or Quarry CO CO Tri Severely Eroded Spot 15 co CO 4aas>exl0AIDO Custom Soil Resource Report Map Unit Legend 1lv� � 1nt , 1 oraacs f?0 ''' art is 618)x 1 ;Mat}tlnit,Syln t` ' :,.�"£�._' lfflan(t Aide r,�" ` " "'.. .4 J�dres'fCl�A0t, ...'' Psrce taf ACfl 1 Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 0.1 0.0% 3 Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 96.5 64.0% 8 Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 9.5 6.3% 10 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 15.9 10.6% 68 Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep 3.6 2.4% 3.6% 85 Water 5.4 86 Borrow Pits 19.7 13.0% Totals for Area of Interest 150.7 100.0% Map Unit Descriptions The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils. Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They,may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape. 11 Custom Soil Resource Report The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil properties and qualities. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series. Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Alpha -Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example. An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Alpha - Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. 12 Custom Soil Resource Report Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Map Unit Setting Elevation: 4,500 to 4,900 feet Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 48 degrees F Frost -free period: 130 to 150 days Map Unit Composition Altvan and similar soils: 90 percent Minor components: 10 percent Description of Altvan Setting Landform: Terraces Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Old alluvium Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 1 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Well drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 2.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content 5 percent Available water capacity: Low (about 5.7 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 3s Land capability (nonirrigated): 4e Ecological site: Loamy Plains (R067BY002CO) Typical profile 0 to 10 inches: Loam 10 to 25 inches: Clay loam 25 to 60 inches: Gravelly sand Minor Components Cascajo Percent of map unit 9 percent Aquic haplustolls Percent of map unit 1 percent Landform: Swales 13 Custom Soil Resource Report 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum Map Unit Setting Elevation: 4,000 to 7,200 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature: 45 to 55 degrees F Frost -free period: 80 to 155 days Map Unit Composition Aquolls and similar soils: 55 percent Aquents, gravelly substratum, and similar soils: 30 percent Minor components: 15 percent Description of Aquolls Setting Landform: Swales, streams, flood plains Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Recent alluvium Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 3 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 2.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 6 to 48 inches Frequency of flooding: Frequent Frequency of ponding: None Maximum salinity: Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity: Moderate (about 8.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability (nonirrigated): 6w Ecological site: Salt Meadow (R067BY035CO) Typical profile 0 to 48 inches: Loam 48 to 60 inches: Gravelly sand Description of Aquents, Gravelly Substratum Setting Landform: Stream terraces Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Recent alluvium Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 3 percent 14 Custom Soil Resource Report Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to very high (0.57 to 19.98 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 6 to 24 inches Frequency of flooding: Frequent Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 10 percent Maximum salinity: Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 8.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 6w Land capability (nonirrigated): 6w Ecological site: Salt Meadow (R067BY035CO) Typical profile 0 to 48 inches: Variable 48 to 60 inches: Very gravelly sand Minor Components Bankard Percent of map unit: 10 percent Ustic torrifluvents Percent of map unit 5 percent 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Map Unit Setting Elevation: 4,500 to 4,900 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 17 inches Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 57 degrees F Frost -free period: 130 to 160 days Map Unit Composition Ascalon and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent Description of Ascalon Setting Landform: Terraces Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Alluvium Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 1 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches 15 Custom Soil Resource Report Drainage class: Well drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 2.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 10 percent Maximum salinity: Nonsaline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity: Moderate (about 8.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 2e Land capability (nonirrigated): 4c Typical profile 0 to 8 inches: Loam 8 to 18 inches: Sandy clay loam 18 to 60 inches: Fine sandy loam 60 to 64 inches: Fine sandy loam Minor Components Olney Percent of map unit 8 percent Nunn Percent of map unit: 4 percent Platner Percent of map unit 3 percent 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Map Unit Setting Elevation: 4,450 to 5,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 52 degrees F Frost -free period: 95 to 160 days Map Unit Composition Bankard and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent Description of Bankard Setting Landform: Low sand ridges, flood plains Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Stratified, recent alluvium 16 Custom Soil Resource Report Properties and qualities Slope: 0 to 3 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High (2.00 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content 10 percent Available water capacity: Low (about 4.5 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 4w Land capability (nonirrigated): 4w Ecological site: Sandy Bottomland (R067BY031CO) Typical profile 0 to 4 inches: Sandy loam 4 to 60 inches: Stratified gravelly sand to loam Minor Components Mollic fluvaquents Percent of map unit 9 percent Landform: Terraces Blakeland Percent of map unit: 6 percent 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Map Unit Setting Elevation: 4,450 to 5,100 feet Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 54 degrees F Frost -free period: 120 to 160 days Map Unit Composition Ustic torriorthents and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 15 percent Description of Ustic Torriorthents Setting Landform: Escarpments, breaks Down -slope shape: Linear Across -slope shape: Linear Parent material: Gravelly alluvium Properties and qualities Slope: 9 to 15 percent 17 Custom Soil Resource Report Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Drainage class: Excessively drained Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): High to very high (5.95 to 19.98 in/hr) Depth to water table: More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding: None Frequency of ponding: None Calcium carbonate, maximum content 5 percent Maximum salinity: Nonsaline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity: Very low (about 1.8 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability (nonirrigated): 7s Typical profile 0 to 10 inches: Gravelly sand 10 to 60 inches: Gravelly sand Minor Components Columbo Percent of map unit 10 percent Eckley Percent of map unit 3 percent Otero Percent of map unit 2 percent 85 —Water Map Unit Composition Water 95 percent Minor components: 5 percent Minor Components Aquolls Percent of map unit 5 percent Landform: Marshes 86 —Borrow Pits Map Unit Composition Borrow pits: 100 percent 18 Soil Information for All Uses Suitabilities and Limitations for Use The Suitabilities and Limitations for Use section includes various soil interpretations displayed as thematic maps with a summary table for the soil map units in the selected area of interest. A single value or rating for each map unit is generated by aggregating the interpretive ratings of individual map unit components. This aggregation process is defined for each interpretation. Vegetative Productivity Vegetative productivity includes estimates of potential vegetative production for a variety of land uses, including cropland, forestland, hayland, pastureland, horticulture and rangeland. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. For other land uses, productivity data is shown only at the map unit component level. Examples include potential crop yields under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, forest productivity, forest site index, and total rangeland production under of normal, favorable and unfavorable conditions. Range Production (Normal Year) Total range production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation. In a normal year, growing conditions are about average. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content. In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of vegetation produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water. 19 40° 25' 21" r- 3 w it n 0 0 in v N 0 O v v N O 0 v N 0 N N R 0 O O O O O N 0 0i 01 n v 0 CO v 0 0 N C.) N v 40° 24' 46" 530200 530400 530500 530600 U, M 529900 529900 530000 530000 Custom Soil Resource Report Map —Range Production (Normal Year) 530100 530100 530200 Map Scala 1 5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters 0 45 90 180 270 Feet 0 150 300 600 900 530300 530400 53050C 530600 104 38' 19" O N 0 40° 25' 20" v v 0 0 et - I N N 8 N N 40°24'46" Custom Soil Resource Report 0 H 2 0 Q 2 MAP LEGEND 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. a) Ca U a Ca 2 Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AO!) The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. can cause 0) C a a co E O a) Co U U) C) L C O a) L C/) a Ca O C a) a) O) Co C w a) C 0) c O in to ca 5 C 0 U @ w N ti) a) U ca 2 � co 14-35 co 7,0-a) �E 0 a L CO E 3 715 c o t 3 N O O -0C C 0 a) D a) O co > E C° C L C L__ coO U C a) a) ca -0C E L U E aco 0 N O I- I V O Z Q 0 a, A FIN Soil Map Units N 0) Co U) 0 CO i V L > 1020 AND <= 1795 Not rated or not available a Co E a) Co U U co I _O a) a) L U) a Co L U co a) C O a) Ca U Cn ca a) L C O _T N a) m m a) 0 Water Features measurements, Streams and Canals Natural Resources Conservation Service 45 U) ca ca o t co ca .0 Q. Q) LA= C to t cu vi O -- U U _ co o >,co U a) OO Z� Z 10N NZ Q It- r--: O N LO M O r D U Q a) a) a) - 3 c L 2' r aN r O O c CO U . o r f— u- L -10 10 U) D O cu J Li iii 7,3 _ - D E c Cn (a a CDa) M W a y cn O '- C CO a -o < Co (n a) j c a) _ -to O O C_ O ` T U � � a Cl) (/) a) o m o cn> = Z CO 0 F- L in ch Transportation a Co er Interstate Highways Major Roads Local Roads t a) a) C cn o O O U7 C c) O =CNI O a0 a) a) E 3 0 Cn c O a) ca- 0 E 7 ca a) 4) L L ca E Cn n O Co =Qco m a)E U) t ate.) c a) O N O N O 0) � O act o O "0 Qco,cn .. L 1 'C a) a' a m O L E ca E If U ._ o Date(s) aerial images were photographed: m C t L 0 O C_ E a) cn Cn a) O Q Custom Soil Resource Report Table —Range Production (Normal Year) County, Colorado;Mouthern Parr(C0618) Map ui s Pot 810 Ing (pounds per Acres inAOl 'ore per year) :. - - Percentol Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 0.1 0.0% 3 Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 1795 96.5 64.0% 8 Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 9.5 6.3% 0 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 1020 15.9 10.6% 68 Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep 3.6 2.4% 85 Water 5.4 3.6% 86 Borrow Pits 9.7 13.0% Totals for Area of Interest 150.7 100.0% Rating Options —Range Production (Normal Year) Units of Measure: pounds per acre per year Aggregation Method: Weighted Average Component Percent Cutoff. None Specified Tie -break Rule: Higher Interpret Nulls as Zero: Yes 22 Custom Soil Resource Report Soil Properties and Qualities The Soil Properties and Qualities section includes various soil properties and qualities displayed as thematic maps with a summary table for the soil map units in the selected area of interest. A single value or rating for each map unit is generated by aggregating the interpretive ratings of individual map unit components. This aggregation process is defined for each property or quality. Soil Physical Properties Soil Physical Properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the field or laboratory. Examples of soil physical properties include percent clay, organic matter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, and bulk density. Bulk Density, One -Third Bar Bulk density, one-third bar, is the ovendry weight of the soil material less than 2 millimeters in size per unit volume of soil at water tension of 1/3 bar, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Bulk density data are used to compute linear extensibility, shrink -swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. For each soil layer, this attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the soil component. A "representative" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. 23 Custom Soil Resource Report Map —Bulk Density, One -Third Bar 8 40° 24' 46" 529900 530000 530100 530200 530300 530400 530500 530600 io tn A 530100 530200 531300 53O400 530500 530600 I Map Scale: 1:5.070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. Meters 0 45 90 180 270 Feet 0 150 300 600 900 0 N g Custom Soil Resource Report MAP INFORMATION MAP LEGEND Map Scale: 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. a) c o c a) .5 v, NO O C o `-' '- O ryt • 0• in CO a MI QQ) a -O C-0- E O a) 0 0 a) L V c O ate) C — c0 rn E C N aO E O t • c o � La) V) --• V) a o a co co E E O 'O c co~' E a) c E N 0 N w E n Soil Map Units a a, C r.+ iL 0 CO to M V > t35 AND <= 1.38 > 1.38 AND <= 1.45 V O z Q t 1 T A a co E m a)o 12 U g = 2 ai 8 n -2 co c O U 4 t0 c a) co Cl) O a) co CoaO u, Z E (-)0 .N o Z 0 n en 8 • T a) �°'0 C c N o a CL t 2 0 m H 0 CO O Z , D E ''' a n) i. o c c0 in 2'E 2c)a) 2 � � C C • 7 ca co j L 0 aE cOn 0 > 1.6 AND <= 1.63 Not rated or not available Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation 9- O cn CU co c0 a) 8 O U) a) E o o in - o0 cv a) — c ^ to c0 '51 • V c O aa) N L a) Interstate Highways t c0 a a) L_ 0co a) o d o v N LT O N O O) C Q o c U 2 N "- -ea 4 a)o Q131 a ca a) °) w aa) o Major Roads E ≥ t�� Local Roads a) a) C c a) I C = O N CO .0 its L CD E▪ O c o a -- O E ?• n O O• ct Q3 o -O O a <i)-oL o N o a o 15 o t act o V L a) o a E -Co Date(s) aerial images were photographed: O) c t N i O C 4, O N 5 N 4, c O a) Q (A > aO cot a) > m s E o 'C —Co • o an co V C • a • f0 E E w . Custom Soil Resource Report Table —Bulk Density, One -Third Bar 1.1 -Third .04 WoldCountlt, Gglorado $outherri Part,(CO618) Map unitsymb 45 Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Rating (grams percubic, centimeter) resin AO1 0.1 3 Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 35 8 Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 38 96.5 Percent of A0I 0.0% 64.0% 9.5 6.3% 10 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 1.60 15.9 10.6% 68 Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep 1.63 3.6 2.4% 85 Water 5.4 3.6% 86 Borrow Pits 19.7 13.0% Totals for Area of Interest 150.7 100.0% Rating Options —Bulk Density, One -Third Bar Units of Measure: grams per cubic centimeter Aggregation Method: Dominant Component Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated, the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be rendered. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. Percent composition is a critical factor in some, but not all, aggregation methods. The aggregation method "Dominant Component" returns the attribute value associated with the component with the highest percent composition in the map unit. If more than one component shares the highest percent composition, the corresponding "tie -break" rule determines which value should be returned. The "tie - break" rule indicates whether the lower or higher attribute value should be returned in the case of a percent composition tie. The result returned by this aggregation method may or may not represent the dominant condition throughout the map unit. Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified 26 Custom Soil Resource Report Components whose percent composition is below the cutoff value will not be considered. If no cutoff value is specified, all components in the database will be considered. The data for some contrasting soils of minor extent may not be in the database, and therefore are not considered. Tie -break Rule: Higher The tie -break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent composition tie. Interpret Nulls as Zero: No This option indicates if a null value for a component should be converted to zero before aggregation occurs. This will be done only if a map unit has at least one component where this value is not null. Layer Options: All Layers For an attribute of a soil horizon, a depth qualification must be specified. In most cases it is probably most appropriate to specify a fixed depth range, either in centimeters or inches. The Bottom Depth must be greater than the Top Depth, and the Top Depth can be greater than zero. The choice of "inches" or "centimeters" only applies to the depth of soil to be evaluated. It has no influence on the units of measure the data are presented in. When "Surface Layer" is specified as the depth qualifier, only the surface layer or horizon is considered when deriving a value for a component, but keep in mind that the thickness of the surface layer varies from component to component. When "All Layers" is specified as the depth qualifier, all layers recorded for a component are considered when deriving the value for that component. Whenever more than one layer or horizon is considered when deriving a value for a component, and the attribute being aggregated is a numeric attribute, a weighted average value is returned, where the weighting factor is the layer or horizon thickness. Water Features Water Features include ponding frequency, flooding frequency, and depth to water table. Depth to Water Table "Water table" refers to a saturated zone in the soil. It occurs during specified months. Estimates of the upper limit are based mainly on observations of the water table at selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors (redoximorphic features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for less than a month is not considered a water table. This attribute is actually recorded as three separate values in the database. A low value and a high value indicate the range of this attribute for the soil component. A 27 Custom Soil Resource Report "representative" value indicates the expected value of this attribute for the component. For this soil property, only the representative value is used. 28 40° 24' 46" cn N cn Custom Soil Resource Report Map —Depth to Water Table 529900 530000 530100 530200 530300 530400 530500 530600 Map Scale 1 5.070 if printed on A size (8 5" x 11") sheet. 0 45 90 0 150 300 180 600 Meters 270 Feet 900 104' 38' 19" 529900 530000 530100 530200 530300 5304 O 530500 530600 104° 38' 20" 40° 25' 20" 40° 24' 46" Custom Soil Resource Report MAP INFORMATION MAP LEGEND 5.070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. ca U Cl) CL - 2 Area of Interest (AOl) Area of Interest (AO') The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1 24.000. 40 O N Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. can cause a) O) - c o 7) (Oct o c U °U O O Uco f0 acaa 17 a) CO E ca E o a Q) U co t E L O O N O >' a cu O N a a O f0 � E �E - t t a) a) _4 J C N m w E Soil Map Units in • O a ° co CO E co ca a) U o ca ' Q) O CO V ? O O a c..) a) -o L— C ZS c N L O U U J a a)) Z c") c.) o r a) 4) 2' o p a as 0 Q Q E U—�)Z p oN N O Z (n O O) o a)rr - V o co U Q a) J 3 C - a' - o ° 0 wary Eo o a) Q L 2 L O 0 O O N rii D N N i0 saltN .O cu 0 Z E C N CO > m N co N Q p. T N 73 O a JU) ) IDU a N O Z N v) U�t a® CO a) CO to J L O N — a cu u)�0 EL v°)0) O O o v) O O O v-- 4.0 O O 40 N to .- 0 O N A lJ ❑ {J 1111 Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation -r_ CC Interstate Highways US Routes Local Roads images were photographed Date(s) aerial a) 3 � O O C — O (U0 ;b. N CO L t L E U O 3 N C O N co E >. O L N f0 N O L O a)a L_ O N O) C t O N 0 C_ E a) O N N a) co N C Q () N > ao C13 T a E L N C .Q) O co O p_) y c O D O C a a co =' O 15 C a a) t Eo co Custom Soil Resource Report 8 Table —Depth to Water Table Del to We rte -Summary by Map Unit— Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part (CO8t8) 0.0% Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum >200 0 58 96.5 64.0% Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes >200 9.5 6.3% 10 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent >200 slopes 15.9 10.6% 68 Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep >200 85 Water >200 3.6 5.4 2.4% 3.6% 86 Borrow Pits >200 19.7 13.0% Totals for Area of Interest 150.7 100.0% 31 Custom Soil Resource Report Rating Options —Depth to Water Table Units of Measure: centimeters Aggregation Method: Weighted Average Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated, the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be rendered. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. Percent composition is a critical factor in some, but not all, aggregation methods. The aggregation method "Weighted Average" computes a weighted average value for all components in the map unit. Percent composition is the weighting factor. The result returned by this aggregation method represents a weighted average value of the corresponding attribute throughout the map unit. Component Percent Cutoff.. None Specified Components whose percent composition is below the cutoff value will not be considered. If no cutoff value is specified, all components in the database will be considered. The data for some contrasting soils of minor extent may not be in the database, and therefore are not considered. Tie -break Rule: Lower The tie -break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent composition tie. Interpret Nulls as Zero: No This option indicates if a null value for a component should be converted to zero before aggregation occurs. This will be done only if a map unit has at least one component where this value is not null. Beginning Month: January Ending Month: December 32 Custom Soil Resource Report Flooding Frequency Class Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes is considered ponding rather than flooding. Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, occasional, frequent, and very frequent. "None" means that flooding is not probable. The chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent in any year. Flooding occurs less than once in 500 years. "Very rare" means that flooding is very unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather conditions. The chance of flooding is less than 1 percent in any year. "Rare" means that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions. The chance of flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year. "Occasional" means that flooding occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions. The chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year. "Frequent" means that flooding is likely to occur often under normal weather conditions. The chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent in all months in any year. 'Very frequent" means that flooding is likely to occur very often under normal weather conditions. The chance of flooding is more than 50 percent in all months of any year. 33 40° 25 21" N 0 0 0 N a v 0 0 U, N N v Tr 0 O Tr N N v O 0 M Tr N v 0 0 N r -- Tr O O O N N Tr 0 0 rn r - N v 0 0 CO C7 N v 0 0 N M N 7 a 400 24 46" 104' 38' 53" 530200 530300 530400 530500 530600 1� U, COCO 529900 529900 A 530000 530000 Custom Soil Resource Report Map —Flooding Frequency Class 530100 530100 530200 Map Scale: 1.5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. 0 45 90 0 150 300 180 Meters 270 Feet 600 900 530300 530400 530500 530600 104' 38' 19" 0 N co 0 0 40°25'20" N v N 0 0 rip N- 0 0 U) v N 0 0 N 8 M N Tr 0 0 N d r -- r-- 0 0 rn r, N 0 0 CO M N v O 0 N M N 7 40° 24'46" Custom Soil Resource Report z 0 p 5 ce 0 U- 0 S MAP LEGEND Map Scale: 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. 0, a, Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. — c 2±7 a ° E o 2 / o m cri ]/7 C.) CO 3m@3 k 2/� o E & » a m E �g6f k ooE 1-5 o c 2�/§ f �k CD �% EEf 252-0 I- 0 4411 - S E § m �c = S co "E •,=.°) co .5 E 5 Soil Map Units 0 z a. co k k 3 /U) to / .c 2�2 (s)§ © c a c%« co E � 0 O 2� CO 2 fc j � / il _ 3 .. O k \/E a) O$ cc Uc-� �© 2/g I— o 0 2 2 S ® 5 E co as k $ 5o b u_ Very Frequent I Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation » § d t tot a) 0 a) 2 \ a m / /f k� $ / a)a) a O 2 § a\ a) 5 co (t3 Interstate Highways k Ct q Major Roads Local Roads 0 k m Date(s) aerial images were photographed: / E t $2{ k2/ rt- rt 5 co to o m /f-5 k] « $rz ) C §f < Ca a '> j E cu al O k CO 4CO 2c« a; o% Pn 1:3 \� �k 2-0a2 aoff O E 7 E f w u f Custom Soil Resource Report Table —Flooding Frequency Class Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes None ietrey Cla 1 Punk old County Colorado, Southern Pai n Aires In Abl Portent 'ot ci 0.1 0.0% 3 Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 8 Frequent 96.5 64.0% Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes None 9.5 6.3% 10 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes None 15.9 10.6% 68 Ustic Tordorthents, moderately steep None 85 Water None 86 Borrow Pits None Totals for Area of Interest 3.6 5.4 19.7 150.7 2.4% 3.6% 13.0% 100.0% Rating Options —Flooding Frequency Class Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition Component Percent Cutoff.. None Specified Tie -break Rule: More Frequent Beginning Month: January Ending Month: December Ponding Frequency Class Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration, or evaporation or by a combination of these processes. Ponding frequency classes are based on the number of times that ponding occurs over a given period. Frequency is expressed as none, rare, occasional, and frequent. "None" means that ponding is not probable. The chance of ponding is nearly 0 percent in any year. "Rare" means that ponding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions. The chance of ponding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year. "Occasional" means that ponding occurs, on the average, once or less in 2 years. The chance of ponding is 5 to 50 percent in any year. "Frequent" means that ponding occurs, on the average, more than once in 2 years. The chance of ponding is more than 50 percent in any year. 36 40° 25' 21" o N 0 0 0 0 0 w v N 0 0 v 0 0 N Q 0 0 r-- v 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 n 40° 24' 46" 104° 38' 53" 530200 530300 530400 530500 530600 0 0 529900 529900 A 530000 530000 Custom Soil Resource Report Map—Ponding Frequency Class 530100 530100 530200 Map Scale: 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. 0 45 90 0 150 300 180 Meters 270 Feet 600 900 530300 530400 530500 530600 ao M 104° 38' 20" 0 40° 25 20" n v n 0 0 0 v v 0 0 v n v 0 0 v 0 0 v N v v 0 0 N 7 N v v 0 0 v n 0 0 0 v v 0 0 rn M v v 0 0 0 v S 0 N v It 40° 24' 46" Custom Soil Resource Report a▪ ) a) L co OX In a 2Cll LL •� O 0 ^ C a- C Q w 2 O N- O a) CO U Q O 2 MAP LEGEND Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AO') surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. to 0 U) Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. can cause a) C _ c c co O C U U CO'— 0 CM co U CO Cl.c0 Cll o O Ci C O E c0 c p 67)E Cn N a U O E L O 0 0c c >1 . O Cl) -ow ca• CO E 0)E O C L C O ~ E W W a)1 E CO O 0 c •— w E a) (O U Cn 0 a) CV T) V a) 0 CO CO C O L U) C a) a) a) CO L O U CO L _ N O Soil Map Units a) O CO O) Z c Ct Co O co AtiC Occasional ❑❑■ Q CO a) CO U CO L O a) a) L co CO L U CO a) C 0 a) U Cn CO .0 a) L C O a) E 2 a) C CO a) a) E E Water Features Streams and Canals Natural Resources Conservation Service J O CT CO a CB 0 C Cp c Z N co M r 3 c N Q 3 J CC N v) ca j (/)>' 2 a) 9O O co U " a 0 n0 Transportation Interstate Highways 9C3 U) c0 O O .o 0 a) Cr- a) ce z 0) 3 a) 4 E o O c .n .D 'O w O 7; ( = c 0) 0 O U -o C -pF2 En - Q a) U) L Q) I— L to cn a) co 7 Ct 0 O 3 CO d E a) L_ O O) wo O O N O • N U 0) o C U .o Cl) CO O a) O Q CO Cll • Q con in Local Roads } Date(s) aerial images were photographed: 0 N o 0 Y .C L O h z p a) C i N O t c0 -O co • a) n E O 0 E La O N O O O O) 0 L O Z A O V O Q Q O N C o Q a) co a) E cv E U .� O Custom Soil Resource Report Table—Ponding Frequency Class ruing by Ma 1M Weir coon Colorado,'Southern'Part (CO518) Map unit symbol':: Map unkna Ratan Acres in AOI Percent of AOI -.. 1 3 8 10 68 Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes None 0.1 0.0% Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum None 96.5 64.0% Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes None 9.5 6.3% Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes None 15.9 10.6% Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep None 3.6 2.4% 85 Water None 5.4 3.6% 86 Borrow Pits None Totals for Area of Interest 19.7 150.7 13.0% 100.0% Rating Options—Ponding Frequency Class Aggregation Method: Dominant Condition Aggregation is the process by which a set of component attribute values is reduced to a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. A map unit is typically composed of one or more "components". A component is either some type of soil or some nonsoil entity, e.g., rock outcrop. For the attribute being aggregated, the first step of the aggregation process is to derive one attribute value for each of a map unit's components. From this set of component attributes, the next step of the aggregation process derives a single value that represents the map unit as a whole. Once a single value for each map unit is derived, a thematic map for soil map units can be rendered. Aggregation must be done because, on any soil map, map units are delineated but components are not. For each of a map unit's components, a corresponding percent composition is recorded. A percent composition of 60 indicates that the corresponding component typically makes up approximately 60% of the map unit. Percent composition is a critical factor in some, but not all, aggregation methods. The aggregation method "Dominant Condition" first groups like attribute values for the components in a map unit. For each group, percent composition is set to the sum of the percent composition of all components participating in that group. These groups now represent "conditions" rather than components. The attribute value associated with the group with the highest cumulative percent composition is returned. If more than one group shares the highest cumulative percent composition, the corresponding "tie -break" rule determines which value should be returned. The "tie -break" rule indicates whether the lower or higher group value should be returned in the case of a percent composition tie. The result returned by this aggregation method represents the dominant condition throughout the map unit only when no tie has occurred. Component Percent Cutoff: None Specified 39 Custom Soil Resource Report Components whose percent composition is below the cutoff value will not be considered. If no cutoff value is specified, all components in the database will be considered. The data for some contrasting soils of minor extent may not be in the database, and therefore are not considered. Tie -break Rule: More Frequent The tie -break rule indicates which value should be selected from a set of multiple candidate values, or which value should be selected in the event of a percent composition tie. Beginning Month: January Ending Month: December 40 Custom Soil Resource Report Ecological Site Assessment Individual soil map unit components can be correlated to a particular ecological site. The Ecological Site Assessment section includes ecological site descriptions, plant growth curves, state and transition models, and selected National Plants database information. All Ecological Sites — Rangeland An "ecological site" is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development. It has characteristic soils that have developed overtime; a characteristic hydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff, that has developed over time; and a characteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The vegetation, soils, and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and influences the development of the others. For example, the hydrology of the site is influenced by development of the soil and plant community. The plant community on an ecological site is typified by an association of species that differs from that of other ecological sites in the kind and/or proportion of species or in total production. An ecological site name provides a general description of a particular ecological site. For example, "Loamy Upland" is the name of a rangeland ecological site. An "ecological site ID" is the symbol assigned to a particular ecological site. The map identifies the dominant ecological site for each map unit, aggregated by dominant condition. Other ecological sites may occur within each map unit. Each map unit typically consists of one or more components (soils and/or miscellaneous areas). Each soil component is associated with an ecological site. Miscellaneous areas, such as rock outcrop, sand dunes, and badlands, have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation and therefore are not linked to an ecological site. The table below the map lists all of the ecological sites for each map unit component in your area of interest. 41 40.25' 21" 40° 24' 46" 10) U, 63 M Custom Soil Resource Report Map —Dominant Ecological Site io 529900 8 1- n 0 0 Q C C r 8 c.) n •4- 41. r Q V 8 Q 8 O 7 r -- .q. 0 0 co r Q Q 8 n c+> 530300 530400 530500 530600 529900 530000 530000 530100 530100 530200 530200 530300 530400 530500 530600 8 40° 25' 20" n 8 m Q .1 O 0 O 40° 24' 46" 104" 38' 53" A Map Scale 1 5.070 if printed on A size (8 5" x 11") sheet 0 45 90 0 150 300 180 Meters 270 Feet 600 900 104' 38' 20' Custom Soil Resource Report MAP LEGEND Map Scale: 1:5,070 if printed on A size (8.5" x 11") sheet. Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. O N Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale. can cause a) c c) c ov, 9- co oc• a- U O O w N 12 m ca o c act N co C E cp o c E 0 a)'ac co a L O N CO L O O O.O L o c >, a) in L L ta) a co O N > ilfJ= t E Cn - U C .,, a) m cS ED Ew CO 0 V U c N 0 — Soil Map Units T E J co co I I I 0 0 0 O O 0 N �- U) oV O O C O N m co co m E O co S- co t co c0 , O co O O co a) a) x- xm c2 c 4-s lEE 0 9- a O Cu co E f° cu a) a)> ors r U_ "O v @ co co (n 0m `E a) O • C O U U a) -S U O a) It aa >, ch o U) o Nn a) CD CL 6 O co O O Z Q02 ic E U aZ p 0 C U Q a) =3 O c L �'�_ N� —3 o QN E o O c a) ct t 2 o a) U o O L i- n -y i_ co O a) N .Cu Z ,, N N a) D E C ca L > N O) a) Cu—. ea O C CO Z (n O Q >co O (n a) j C CO >, a) E _ O a) a) cn U O O a a) U) a) E E coo I_€ cow Not rated or not available Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation Interstate Highways Local Roads O 0 N co co Date(s) aerial images were photographed: rn C_ m � E a)DN 3 c cn c c c E _ m - N U cc) L O O O N L E U 3 a m L Cn C c O Q N a E co �� E� co �aE v7 L N c .O — O N O (Lis O 5) a) c O C3 >' O aJD a Cp cn w. o C O a a co E L OE I U .- Custom Soil Resource Report Table —Ecological Sites by Map Unit Component Weld County, Colorado, Sou hern Part Map unit symbol Map unit name Component name (perce' =" Fv Ecological site t in AGres AOI Percent of AO1' 1 Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Altvan (90%) R067BY002CO - Loamy Plains 0.1 0.0% Cascajo (9%) Aqulc Haplustolls (1%) 3 Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum Aquolls (55%) R067BY035CO - Salt Meadow 96.5 64.0% Aquents, gravelly substratum (30%) R067BY035CO - Salt Meadow Bankard (10%) Ustic Tordfluvents (5%) 8 Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Ascalon (85%) 9.5 6.3% Olney (8%) Nunn (4%) Platner (3%) 10 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Bankard (85%) R067BY031CO-Sandy Bottomland 15.9 10.6% Mollie Fluvaquents (9%) Blakeland (6%) 68 Ustic Torrlorthents, moderately steep Ustic Torriorthents (85%) 3.6 2.4% Columbo (10%) Eckley (3%) Otero (2%) 85 Water Water (95%) 5.4 3.6% Aquolls (5%) 86 Borrow Pits Borrow pits (100%) 19.7 13.0% Totals for Area of Interest 150.7 100.0% 44 Custom Soil Resource Report Soil Reports The Soil Reports section includes various formatted tabular and narrative reports (tables) containing data for each selected soil map unit and each component of each unit. No aggregation of data has occurred as is done in reports in the Soil Properties and Qualities and Suitabilities and Limitations sections. The reports contain soil interpretive information as well as basic soil properties and qualities. A description of each report (table) is included. Land Classifications This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present a variety of soil groupings. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. Land classifications are specified land use and management groupings that are assigned to soil areas because combinations of soil have similar behavior for specified practices. Most are based on soil properties and other factors that directly influence the specific use of the soil. Example classifications include ecological site classification, farmland classification, irrigated and nonirrigated land capability classification, and hydric rating. Hydric Soils This table lists the map unit components that are rated as hydric soils in the survey area. This list can help in planning land uses; however, onsite investigation is recommended to determine the hydric soils on a specific site (National Research Council, 1995; Hurt and others, 2002). The three essential characteristics of wetlands are hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology (Cowardin and others, 1979; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1987; National Research Council, 1995; Tiner, 1985). Criteria for all of the characteristics must be met for areas to be identified as wetlands. Undrained hydric soils that have natural vegetation should support a dominant population of ecological wetland plant species. Hydric soils that have been converted to other uses should be capable of being restored to wetlands. Hydric soils are defined by the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) as soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). These soils, under natural conditions, are either saturated or inundated long enough during the growing season to support the growth and reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation. The NTCHS definition identifies general soil properties that are associated with wetness. In order to determine whether a specific soil is a hydric soil or nonhydric soil, however, more specific information, such as information about the depth and duration of the water table, is needed. Thus, criteria that identify those estimated soil properties unique to hydric soils have been established (Federal Register, 2002). These criteria are used to identify map unit components that normally are associated with wetlands. The criteria used are selected estimated soil properties that are described in "Soil 45 Custom Soil Resource Report Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 2006) and in the "Soil Survey Manual" (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). If soils are wet enough for a long enough period of time to be considered hydric, they should exhibit certain properties that can be easily observed in the field. These visible properties are indicators of hydric soils. The indicators used to make onsite determinations of hydric soils are specified in "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States" (Hurt and Vasilas, 2006). Hydric soils are identified by examining and describing the soil to a depth of about 20 inches. This depth may be greater if determination of an appropriate indicator so requires. It is always recommended that soils be excavated and described to the depth necessary for an understanding of the redoximorphic processes. Then, using the completed soil descriptions, soil scientists can compare the soil features required by each indicator and specify which indicators have been matched with the conditions observed in the soil. The soil can be identified as a hydric soil if at least one of the approved indicators is present. Map units that are dominantly made up of hydric soils may have small areas, or inclusions, of nonhydric soils in the higher positions on the landform, and map units dominantly made up of nonhydric soils may have inclusions of hydric soils in the lower positions on the landform. The criteria for hydric soils are represented by codes in the table (for example, 2B3). Definitions for the codes are as follows: 1. All Histels except for Folistels, and Histosols except for Folists. 2. Soils in Aquic suborders, great groups, or subgroups, Albolls suborder, Historthels great group, Histoturbels great group, or Andic, Cumulic, Pachic, or Vitrandic subgroups that: A. are somewhat poorly drained and have a water table at the surface (0.0 feet) during the growing season, or B. are poorly drained or very poorly drained and have either: i. a water table at the surface (0.0 feet) during the growing season if textures are coarse sand, sand, or fine sand in all layers within a depth of 20 inches, or ii. a water table at a depth of 0.5 foot or less during the growing season if saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is equal to or greater than 6.0 in/ hr in all layers within a depth of 20 inches, or iii. a water table at a depth of 1.0 foot or less during the growing season if saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is less than 6.0 in/hr in any layer within a depth of 20 inches. 3. Soils that are frequently ponded for long or very long duration during the growing season. 4. Soils that are frequently flooded for long or very long duration during the growing season. References: Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep -water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States: 46 Custom Soil Resource Report Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1. Report—Hydric Soils ldCoubor0dlo o, So rtFfernPartr�_ r "; _ , '. Afa tsyto l aTld? ro tvtime "�. lad tdrA{idq�ti ? aPerGetlEof m umt _ aadfdrm - kfydefa a, as 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Aquic haplustolls 1 Swales 3 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum Aquolls 55 Swales, streams, flood plains 2B3, 3 'fk�Y'}„y�="3,�"�'' ��,.a„�. ,��µF� 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Mollic fluvaquents 9 Terraces 2B1, 3, 4 85 —Water Aquolls 5 Marshes 2A, 3 Land Capability Classification The land capability classification of map units in the survey area is shown in this table. This classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops (United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1961). Crops that require special management are excluded. The soils are grouped according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, and the way they respond to management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major and generally expensive landforming that would change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for 47 Custom Soil Resource Report interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for forestland, or for engineering purposes. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit. Capability classes, the broadest groups, are designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower choices for practical use. The classes are defined as follows: - Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their use. Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require moderate conservation practices. - Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. - Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or that require very careful management, or both. Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat. - Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat. Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or esthetic purposes. Capability subclasses are soil groups within one class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The letter a shows that the main hazard is the risk of erosion unless close -growing plant cover is maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of the United States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. In class 1 there are no subclasses because the soils of this class have few limitations. Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils in class 5 are subject to little or no erosion. 48 Custom Soil Resource Report Report —Land Capability Classification _Land°-ltr�.a rab ltd+t tasss�ification- le'Y7 rtnty, Colorado Southern�Part { _. i >F unit mom hnento0 = «-. E tt -. ,� . .. La4dEi;apab)gty Subclass Nonirrigat ; 4agated 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 90 Altvan 4e 3s 1 'W3 'jSwiyv3�inY .w.ea' .y"'Y"£}'. ₹i Y FY3` �r✓�>c�ss�r� r�5t �"� � a. � rF a�'�r§ 1�4�m '§'�*y1�t !.ir2•'^Ny; 4'^it+'t`£?+S� fa .y�1{q'Y'mV'4h Tr MbRyY�, "-r-." S i^3.y2 �FtuP6L I tr k' .y�+Nrp- .* Ri }.3A i. Ytia�:��3e�2' S�iC-. s..Y�.�.. "^4 cs"' — +''t�,"YiL"' T j — 1 Aquic haplustolls 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 55 Aquolls 6w — . x .'T . _ i 10 :. _euy , tt atu ,y,Y�'k a_ "r $;_a �tnCn'.r� "Esi Bankard — — �F Fe " vEt Z 5.?.l Pffin ? "Y' ig �. , Va ,q4* -- 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 85 Ascalon 4c 2e E 4 Nunn — — sy. -ifyy'�cT 'u�'ry°''"v"q. '"``[�' F 6✓Y6'=` �.. V,-?i BRx. 't"'eVJ'!a";` 't#' �,'ey%siay: xtG6- �'rY "'+4*'' 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 85 Bankard 4w 4w `a[kSYY5y0.�p 'rz 'f WS?'�Ttv''ZTE[�f3'v'6JS,; 'MzSAi"S`4`..n�'�is.: .+n�»"'Ta .T.'Y Blakeland 6 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep 85 Ustic torriorthents 7s — 3 Eckley .emuy-nlimu „'0' 85 —Water 95 Water — — y�-y`°sci i � A ` tk t`��""dq i— 86 —Borrow Pits 100 Borrow pits — — Prime and other Important Farmlands This table lists the map units in the survey area that are considered important farmlands. Important farmlands consist of prime farmland, unique farmland, and 49 Custom Soil Resource Report farmland of statewide or local importance. This list does not constitute a recommendation for a particular land use. In an effort to identify the extent and location of important farmlands, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with other interested Federal, State, and local government organizations, has inventoried land that can be used for the production of the Nation's food supply. Prime farmland is of major importance in meeting the Nation's short- and long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the supply of high -quality farmland is limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible levels of government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation's prime farmland. Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil quality, growing season, and moisture supply are those needed for the soil to economically produce sustained high yields of crops when proper management, including water management, and acceptable farming methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no rocks. The water supply is dependable and of adequate quality. Prime farmland is permeable to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during the growing season or is protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria for prime farmland is available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. For some of the soils identified in the table as prime farmland, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective measures. A recent trend in land use in some areas has been the loss of some prime farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. Unique farmland is land other than prime farmland that is used for the production of specific high -value food and fiber crops, such as citrus, tree nuts, olives, cranberries, and other fruits and vegetables. It has the special combination of soil quality, growing season, moisture supply, temperature, humidity, air drainage, elevation, and aspect needed for the soil to economically produce sustainable high yields of these crops when properly managed. The water supply is dependable and of adequate quality. Nearness to markets is an additional consideration. Unique farmland is not based on national criteria. It commonly is in areas where there is a special microclimate, such as the wine country in California. In some areas, land that does not meet the criteria for prime or unique farmland is considered to be farmland of statewide importance for the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. The criteria for defining and delineating farmland of statewide importance are determined by the appropriate State agencies. Generally, this land includes areas of soils that nearly meet the requirements for prime farmland and that economically produce high yields of crops when treated and managed according to acceptable farming methods. Some areas may produce as high a yield 50 Custom Soil Resource Report as prime farmland if conditions are favorable. Farmland of statewide importance may include tracts of land that have been designated for agriculture by State law. In some areas that are not identified as having national or statewide importance, land is considered to be farmland of local importance for the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. This farmland is identified by the appropriate local agencies. Farmland of local importance may include tracts of land that have been designated for agriculture by local ordinance. Report —Prime and other Important Farmlands and eelmportantFermfarteaT Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part Map Symbol ep Unit: Same annland Classification Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Not prime farmland Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding or not frequently flooded during the growing season 8 Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Prime farmland if irrigated 0 Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Prime farmland if irrigated and the product of I (soil erodibility) x C (climate factor) does not exceed 60 68 Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Not prime farmland 85 Water Not prime farmland 86 Borrow Pits Not prime farmland Sanitary Facilities This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil interpretations related to sanitary facilities. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit, limiting features and interpretive ratings. Sanitary facilities interpretations are tools designed to guide the user in site selection for the safe disposal of sewage and solid waste. Example interpretations include septic tank absorption fields, sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. Sewage Disposal This table shows the degree and kind of soil limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields and sewage lagoons. The ratings are both verbal and numerical. Rating class terms indicate the extent to which the soils are limited by all of the soil features that affect these uses. Not limited indicates that the soil has features that are very favorable for the specified use. Good performance and very low maintenance can be expected. Somewhat limited indicates that the soil has features that are moderately favorable for the specified use. The limitations can be overcome or minimized by special planning, design, or installation. Fair performance and moderate maintenance can be expected. Very limited indicates that the soil has one or more features that are unfavorable for the specified use. The limitations generally cannot 51 Custom Soil Resource Report be overcome without major soil reclamation, special design, or expensive installation procedures. Poor performance and high maintenance can be expected. Numerical ratings in the table indicate the severity of individual limitations. The ratings are shown as decimal fractions ranging from 0.01 to 1.00. They indicate gradations between the point at which a soil feature has the greatest negative impact on the use (1.00) and the point at which the soil feature is not a limitation (0.00). Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches or between a depth of 24 inches and a restrictive layer is evaluated. The ratings are based on the soil properties that affect absorption of the effluent, construction and maintenance of the system, and public health. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Stones and boulders, ice, and bedrock or a cemented pan interfere with installation. Subsidence interferes with installation and maintenance. Excessive slope may cause lateral seepage and surfacing of the effluent in downslope areas. Some soils are underlain by loose sand and gravel or fractured bedrock at a depth of less than 4 feet below the distribution lines. In these soils the absorption field may not adequately filter the effluent, particularly when the system is new. As a result, the ground water may become contaminated. Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Nearly impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is required to minimize seepage and contamination of ground water. Considered in the ratings are slope, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), depth to a water table, ponding, depth to bedrock or a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of organic matter. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is a critical property affecting the suitability for sewage lagoons. Most porous soils eventually become sealed when they are used as sites for sewage lagoons. Until sealing occurs, however, the hazard of pollution is severe. Soils that have a Ksat rate of more than 14 micrometers per second are too porous for the proper functioning of sewage lagoons. In these soils, seepage of the effluent can result in contamination of the ground water. Ground -water contamination is also a hazard if fractured bedrock is within a depth of 40 inches, if the water table is high enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon, or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. If the lagoon is to be uniformly deep throughout, the slope must be gentle enough and the soil material must be thick enough over bedrock or a cemented pan to make land smoothing practical. Information in this table is intended for land use planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and construction. The information, however, has limitations. For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil between the surface and a depth of 5 to 7 feet. Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils may be included within the mapped areas of a specific soil. 52 Custom Soil Resource Report The information is not site specific and does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the design and construction of engineering works. Government ordinances and regulations that restrict certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were not considered in preparing the information in this table. Local ordinances and regulations should be considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. Report —Sewage Disposal [Onsite investigation may be needed to validate the interpretations in this table and to confirm the identity of the soil on a given site. The numbers in the value columns range from 0.01 to 1.00. The larger the value, the greater the potential limitation. The table shows only the top five limitations for any given soil. The soil may have additional limitations] 'Map- 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percen slopes Altvan Disposal -weld County Colorado, SouthernPart,., ,and Iiri itint 90 Somewhat limited 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum Aquolls 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Slow water movement 55 Very limited 0.68 Flooding 1.00 Depth to saturated zone 1.00 Seepage, bottom layer swage lagoons class anti limiting features Very limited Seepage Very limited Flooding Seepage 1.00 1.00 Depth to saturated zone 1.00 Slow water movement 0.68 Ascalon 85 Somewhat limited 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Bankard 85 Very limited Slow water movement 0.68 Seepage 0.32 Filtering capacity 1.00 Somewhat limited Very limited Seepage 1.00 53 Custom Soil Resource Report 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Ustic torriorthents 85 Very limited Filtering capacity Soil Chemical Properties Very limited Slope Seepage Not rated This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil chemical properties. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. Soil chemical properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the field or laboratory. Examples of soil chemical properties include pH, cation exchange capacity, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and electrical conductivity. Chemical Soil Properties This table shows estimates of some chemical characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Cation -exchange capacity is the total amount of extractable cations that can be held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. Soils having a low cation -exchange capacity hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils having a high cation -exchange capacity. The ability to retain cations reduces the hazard of ground -water pollution. Effective cation -exchange capacity refers to the sum of extractable cations plus aluminum expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil. It is determined for soils that have pH of less than 5.5. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. It is important in selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in • determining the risk of corrosion. Calcium carbonate equivalent is the percent of carbonates, by weight, in the fraction of the soil less than 2 millimeters in size. The availability of plant nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in the soil. 54 Custom Soil Resource Report Gypsum is expressed as a percent, by weight, of hydrated calcium sulfates in the fraction of the soil less than 20 millimeters in size. Gypsum is partially soluble in water. Soils that have a high content of gypsum may collapse if the gypsum is removed by percolating water. Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and laboratory measurements at representative sites of nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the value given in the table. Salinity affects .the suitability of a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as construction material, and the potential of the soil to corrode metal and concrete. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is a measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mg concentration. Soils that have SAR values of 13 or more may be characterized by an increased dispersion of organic matter and clay particles, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity and aeration, and a general degradation of soil structure. 55 Custom Soil Resource Report O O O 1) E m E 07 a. O O O 0 iq o I a O O 0 O a O O O O at m a E ." C O 0 CD U S .O TO fl. 5 U v 0 N 0 c' o O v z Uoi O O -O as a7 N O .Q lti !a U C! tab Caf} co C Ill m V O a` 0 O 0oD C6 Cb d; (0 tO F- 0 1- O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O N O O O O N 0 O O 0 �i vra. o d a 0 O O O 0 0 O O O 0 O . '4 41'. to 05 cO ' ti n,: 0 co rn $ as O c.) a o to a a N .O a O as a N CO a LL7 N O O O 0 a a O to O v. v co oa n 4 a h CO a co F - O O N N a a LO � �A O O d 6 o to a a O 0 O .Q 0 E as C w a O 'Yl C O O O E CE O .a C CC m c (D a` ) -65 O C U a as CE a1 g t C .C in o m 'E o I— o v o E i ,n a 8 njjj 8 O D Custom Soil Resource Report a U rn 0 a E E 86 —Borrow Pits a m Custom Soil Resource Report Soil Physical Properties This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present soil physical properties. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. Soil physical properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the field or laboratory. Examples of soil physical properties include percent clay, organic matter, saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, and bulk density. Engineering Properties This table gives the engineering classifications and the range of engineering properties for the layers of each soil in the survey area. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Texture is given in the standard terms used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an appropriate modifier is added, for example, "gravelly." Classification of the soils is determined according to the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 2005) and the system adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO, 2004). The Unified system classifies soils according to properties that affect their use as construction material. Soils are classified according to particle -size distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering properties of two groups can have a dual classification, for example, CL -ML. The AASHTO system classifies soils according to those properties that affect roadway construction and maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of particle -size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual inspection. If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 groups are further classified as A -1-a, A -1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, orA-7-6. As an additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material can be indicated by a group index number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry -weight basis. The percentages are estimates determined mainly by converting volume percentage in the field to weight percentage. 58 Custom Soil Resource Report Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field. Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The estimates are based on test data from the survey area or from nearby areas and on field examination. References: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. 59 Custom Soil Resource Report denotes the representative texture; other possible to 5-15 NP N Li Z NP 25-35 i k vr. o Vii" Y e;Ss`gv n _ OJ G1 N - }to gym'. p o r o Gcb i�#fit O O o W o o W Yi€� iss s mom:= v,. Q4 iO t Pot O O in O O O 4. w4 w E Pct NIS `[ - -Li- O Q Q A-6, A-4 Q �YS 03 UJ SC-SM, CL, CL - ML, SC d Ul a 1 22 0 a 1) U) d CO v: � � S ?r 4ti d'. ''55444'55:k44 0.? p3 Mt fficq r ' J3 55 4 10- - '5 od s,eMx, a v r ''= 3` r6 � QWBU a 4px oin vasun; eiisi +4%de rltds eiogtiiiktiOdew �r,et..!W .,� -. xx 9n. C 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Altvan 0-10 *Loam 10-25 *Clay loam, Sandy clay loam 25-60 *Gravelly sand, Gravelly coarse sand 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum p 0 0 a 48-60 *Gravelly sand, Sand, gravelly loamy sand r ;3} z_ o � tm Custom Soil Resource Report Engineering Properties— Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part .3x — m fn m _ 4 a _ in _ o _ 1h g n. Z o o 2 Z Z Z I I Ts Y 3 Q E J N cgi N sFj uN in N N a O I I I I Percentage passing sieve number — O N O d C. a A coo II() m COO o N c.cgi 1' co"" a) a o a 0 1 I co' co � o U) ' • N O C7 6 I I 8 0 N 0 ,_a0 N o N o m O,_ n a O a i I o o in rn 0 I) rn 0 Un rn o 0o co o to to V i Classification Fragments 3.10 inches. U 4 O O O a O co O L O I I Unified AASHTO >10 inches Pct ,I O O O co O O O O < << Q Ct < Z a N a I N ¢M s-< a •,- I I _i c..) --I O J U C ( u) Cl) �OO� J S cl) O O 2 N J 2 a CO2 g U) f/) a cot X a) a c, 0 y (1) a ai Wa2 d 0 CO CO O I I I Map unit symbol and soil Depth USDA texture name !n *Sandy clay loam, Sandy loam *Fine sandy loam, Sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam *Fine sandy loam, Loamy fine sand, sandy loam *Sandy loam *Stratified gravelly sand to loam *Gravelly sand *Gravelly sand, Very gravelly sand, gravelly coarse sand I I c co CO a a a o 0 o I I 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Bankard 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Ustic torriorthents 85 —Water 0 86 —Borrow Pits Borrow pits Custom Soil Resource Report Particle Size and Coarse Fragments This table shows estimates of particle size distribution and coarse fragment content of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as classes with specific effective diameter class limits. The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging from the larger to the smaller. Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.05 millimeter to 2 millimeters in diameter. In this table, the estimated sand content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.002 to 0.05 millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated silt content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification. The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink - swell potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. Total fragments is the content of fragments of rock and other materials larger than 2 millimeters in diameter on volumetric basis of the whole soil. Fragments 2-74 mm refers to the content of coarse fragments in the 2 to 74 millimeter size fraction. Fragments 75-249 mm refers to the content of coarse fragments in teh 75 to 249 millimeter size fraction. Fragments 250-599 mm refers to the content of coarse fragments in the 250 to 599 millimeter size fraction. Fragments >=600 mm refers to the content of coarse fragments in the greater than or equal to 600 millimeter size fraction. Reference: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430 -VI. (http://soils.usda.gov) 62 Custom Soil Resource Report 6 o YY RV Pct I RV Pct 1 1 CO I N�� u4a,hz t; I I I I I I I I I 1 I.fy YN I I I I I I I I I I I N lc ,m. Ham m 75 24 `` ELto Er 11 N t- a sleaw5ei, I I 23 12 °' e' I v a v CO N $"lI''�uno pleM--≥luew6eJdQ5J803puerezlsalyl eel' ter' RV Pct I I M r CO N any 110 a - 2- 2- 6- 10 24 a S =.{ L -RV -H Pct 15-20- 25 20-28- 35 to A O.,, 20-26- 35 co ' Nit) W O 18-27- 35 CJ 0 r O LO , o M N co to N S$ , J V a Moo c'J ha O 7 N N CW 1-3 pal r Z 5 i. C 0 o N O r 0 LO N CO o 0 CO V . S 0 H2 8-18 0 ` '-- Q CO o V 0 5.:r 2 N 2 H3 i N 2 3N ns'C 3 2 H3 I 2 2 n4 c"v Map- . �.symbol andsoil name em < ,.. 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes c i Q 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum w = ET, Q Q i'ltririgatir 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ❑ o U) Q 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes a `m s m m Custom Soil Resource Report a a a a N N N N CO N v m O a J N O v N O U as J N N x ao -s J O 0 O 0 N a m m N C O t C y O 0 E h E co Ustic Torriorthents co 86 —Borrow Pits co a Custom Soil Resource Report Physical Soil Properties This table shows estimates of some physical characteristics and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based on field observations and on test data for these and similar soils. Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each layer is indicated. Particle size is the effective diameter of a soil particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as classes with specific effective diameter class limits. The broad classes are sand, silt, and clay, ranging from the larger to the smaller. Sand as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.05 millimeter to 2 millimeters in diameter. In this table, the estimated sand content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Silt as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are 0.002 to 0.05 millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated silt content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of sand, silt, and clay affects the physical behavior of a soil. Particle size is important for engineering and agronomic interpretations, for determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification. The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They influence shrink - swell potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1/3- or 1/10 - bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105 degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to compute linear extensibility, shrink -swell potential, available water capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore space available for water and roots. Depending on soil texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil structure. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) refers to the ease with which pores in a saturated soil transmit water. The estimates in the table are expressed in terms of micrometers per second. They are based on soil characteristics observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and texture. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is considered in the design of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields. 65 Custom Soil Resource Report Available water capacity refers to the quantity of water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect retention of water. The most important properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water actually available to plants at any given time. Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the volume change between the water content of the clod at 1/3- or 1/10 -bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the table as percent change for the whole soil. The amount and type of clay minerals in the soil influence volume change. Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink -swell potential of soils. The shrink - swell potential is low if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other structures and to plant roots. Special design commonly is needed. Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the soil at various stages of decomposition. In this table, the estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. The content of organic matter in a soil can be maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. Organic matter has a positive effect on available water capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops and soil organisms. Erosion factors are shown in the table as the K factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and Ksat. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by water. Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the whole soil. The estimates are modified by the presence of rock fragments. Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine -earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in size. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum average annual rate of soil erosion by wind and/or water that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to group 1 are the, most susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible. The groups are described in the "National Soil Survey Handbook." Wind erodibility index is a numerical value indicating the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or the tons per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to wind erosion. 66 Custom Soil Resource Report There is a close correlation between wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer, the size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, organic matter, and a calcareous reaction. Soil moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind erosion. Reference: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430 -VI. (http://soils.usda.gov) 67 Custom Soil Resource Report Physical Soil Properties— Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part P. mi. ti 56 r Wind 1 erodibility group - t Erosion factors .'s. CO (Ni O N O r V N O r 3 . 1`! a CO N N N SC c0 N a N CO O N0. N iO v r a 3 CC) N O N et N N f+) o ' EN O E U N O� 1- O Q 0 6 r r C ks .- 01 G s—tff O i C Linear extensibility Pct rn N 0 0 rn N o 0 a) CV d 0 w N d 0 rn N d O '.jr #. =w b F 01 N d C a, N d O 0) N d 0 Ca N d O ~ Saturated ± Available hydraulic water conductivity capacity r 4 r 0 N 4 .d- 0 0 CV 0 ra`''a O •' 0 o N..:y O'' ;.i +, E co g 0 co d 0 O d_ 0 T cop O 0 LL. ±3 ' t - V - 4.00-42.00 1.41-14.11 Y 1.41-14.11 N 4 r 4 r N 4 Clay Moist bulk density Pct g/cc N Tir a r 6 "L- 9 r �.,`�. ;a N Y N r N r O N d N y�� 2 d N '� 6 d 1Cr� s Cb N N � N r -- � � .;rte_ `" .3 . e s; N Cb d 1� C'7 C� N Aao p C'7 d5 to r 6N N V A ....,t ` b.-, O N N C C6co 0 s. @ r r N a .0. cQ O i W CO Map symbol and soil name 1—Altvan loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 0 CS rok" �ir- (06 O G N Q O a_ v� C N Custom Soil Resource Report Physical Soil Properties- Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part . = _ . c co ' � ':> n _ Erosion factors { in in .Ner, } § N. § { a . o . o u, g Organic matter � 4 Q. \ j \ / ® d 7 ° a I I Linear extensibility Pd 0) (Ni a Al 6 6 al 7 0 0) 2 0 I | .0 3t21, 2a E.3 a 9< © In ? a § o 6 a § q 0 # o § 0 | I Saturated hydraulic conductivity micm m/sec_� R Io k 42.00-141.00 42.00-141.00 f I | Moist bulk density 8 7 § q ,- / / § / I I Clay 3 a \ . \ •4' \ ! I ~ . Pct § § , , | I s % § \ T I I k\& 0. » i § o 6 S § I I Map symbol and soil name 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Bankard 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Ustic torriorthents 85 —Water Water 86 —Borrow Pits Borrow pits 2 Custom Soil Resource Report Vegetative Productivity This folder contains a collection of tabular reports that present vegetative productivity data. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. Vegetative productivity includes estimates of potential vegetative production for a variety of land uses, including cropland, forestland, hayland, pastureland, horticulture and rangeland. In the underlying database, some states maintain crop yield data by individual map unit component. Other states maintain the data at the map unit level. Attributes are included for both, although only one or the other is likely to contain data for any given geographic area. For other land uses, productivity data is shown only at the map unit component level. Examples include potential crop yields under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions, forest productivity, forest site index, and total rangeland production under of normal, favorable and unfavorable conditions. Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and Plant Composition In areas that have similar climate and topography, differences in the kind and amount of rangeland or forest understory vegetation are closely related to the kind of soil. Effective management is based on the relationship between the soils and vegetation and water. This table shows, for each soil that supports vegetation, the ecological site, plant association, or habitat type; the total annual production of vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable years; the characteristic vegetation; and the average percentage of each species. An explanation of the column headings in the table follows. An ecological site, plant association, or habitat type is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development. It has characteristic soils that have developed over time throughout the soil development process; a characteristic hydrology, particularly infiltration and runoff that has developed over time; and a characteristic plant community (kind and amount of vegetation). The hydrology of the site is influenced by development of the soil and plant community. The vegetation, soils, and hydrology are all interrelated. Each is influenced by the others and influences the development of the others. The plant community on an ecological site, plant association, or habitat type is typified by an association of species that differs from that of other ecological sites, plant associations, or habitat types in the kind and/ or proportion of species or in total production. Descriptions of ecological sites are provided in the Field Office Technical Guide, which is available in local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Descriptions of plant associations or habitat types are available from local U.S. Forest Service offices. Total dry -weight production is the amount of vegetation that can be expected to grow annually in a well managed area that is supporting the potential natural plant community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current year's growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, the amount and distribution of precipitation and the temperatures make growing conditions substantially better than average. In a normal year, growing 70 Custom Soil Resource Report conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year, growing conditions are well below average, generally because of low available soil moisture. Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry moisture content. Characteristic vegetation (the grasses, forbs, shrubs, and understory trees that make up most of the potential natural plant community on each soil) is listed by common name. Under rangeland composition and forest understory, the expected percentage of the total annual production is given for each species making up the characteristic vegetation. The percentages are by dry weight for rangeland. Percentages for forest understory are by either dry weight or canopy cover. The amount that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of grazing animals and on the grazing season. Range management requires knowledge of the kinds of soil and of the potential natural plant community. It also requires an evaluation of the present range similarity index and rangeland trend. Range similarity index is determined by comparing the present plant community with the potential natural plant community on a particular rangeland ecological site. The more closely the existing community resembles the potential community, the higher the range similarity index. Rangeland trend is defined as the direction of change in an existing plant community relative to the potential natural plant community. Further information about the range similarity index and rangeland trend is available in the "National Range and Pasture Handbook," which is available in local offices of NRCS or on the Internet. The objective in range management is to control grazing so that the plants growing on a site are about the same in kind and amount as the potential natural plant community for that site. Such management generally results in the optimum production of vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, conservation of water, and control of erosion. Sometimes, however, an area with a range similarity index somewhat below the potential meets grazing needs, provides wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources. Reference: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National range and pasture handbook. 71 Custom Soil Resource Report ,7p 0 Pct cover I I I I 11 1 I F . I I I iiiI I . '1TH •s Pct dry wt N N r 25 0 0 h vl V' O„ f1t ro 0. e �iharactenstie ran�atand of r foreistunderstoryr p , needleandthread western wheatgrass prairie sandreed western wheatgrass plains bluegrass switchgrass other perennial grasses c co 6.3 •y I Classification, Productivity staid plant Croml { o-j a. ,IIII) tH Y 4E O b 0 0 V 0 0 < c rv� } xT l4 so m m ". N a h�Fs J r N " Rangeland aind� Forest Vegetation rI O. fS0 NP �sK Q atm� N ' L qtr' 0 91 Loamy Plains (R0678Y002CO) Salt Meadow (R067BY035CO) I I iapunitsym(bolantisell name , S y a 1—Altvan loam, Oto 1 percent slopes C co ., 3—Aquolls and Aquents, gravelly substratum 0 IC3 m a Q tett, 10.4 8 —Ascalon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes C 0 U N Q r Custom Soil Resource Report Rangeland and Forest Vegetation Classification, Productivity, and Plant Composition- Weld County, Colorado, Southern Part Composition Forest understory Pct cover IIIIIIII I I I Forest understory Pct dry wt I I I I I I I I I I I I C 0 0 IM ---------- t Pct dry wt 15 0 0 0 1[) other perennial forbs 5 other perennial grasses j 5 10 I I I Characteristic rangeland or [ forest understory vegetation prairie sandreed E I 2 needleandthread g S 13 o E a sand dropseed I I I Total dry -weight production Favorable Normal year Unfavorable year year Lb/ac Lb/ac Lb/ac c N. $ N I 3 I 4 r I I I Ecological Site, Plant Association, or Habitat Type Bankard Sandy Bottom land (R067BY031CO) I I I Map unit symbol and soil name 10—Bankard sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 68—Ustic Torriorthents, moderately steep Ustic Torriorthents 85 —Water 3 86 —Borrow Pits Borrow pits References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep -water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://soils.usda.gov/ Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://soils.usda.gov/ Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://soils.usda.gov/ Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National forestry manual. http://soils.usda.gov/ United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National range and pasture handbook. http://www.glti.nres.usda.gov/ United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430 -VI. http://soils.usda.gov/ United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296. http://soils.usda.gov/ 74 Custom Soil Resource Report United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. 75 Glossary Many of the terms relating to landforms, geology, and geomorphology are defined in more detail in the "National Soil Survey Handbook." ABC soil A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. Ablation till Loose, relatively permeable earthy material deposited during the downwasting of nearly static glacial ice, either contained within or accumulated on the surface of the glacier. AC soil A soil having only an A and a C horizon. Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or on steep, rocky slopes. Aeration, soil The exchange of air in soil with air from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Aggregate, soil Many fine particles held in a single mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Alkali (sodic) soil A soil having so high a degree of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant growth is restricted. Alluvial cone A semiconical type of alluvial fan having very steep slopes. It is higher, narrower, and steeper than a fan and is composed of coarser and thicker layers of material deposited by a combination of alluvial episodes and (to a much lesser degree) landslides (debris flow). The coarsest materials tend to be concentrated at the apex of the cone. 76 Custom Soil Resource Report Alluvial fan A low, outspread mass of loose materials and/or rock material, commonly with gentle slopes. It is shaped like an open fan or a segment of a cone. The material was deposited by a stream at the place where it issues from a narrow mountain valley or upland valley or where a tributary stream is near or at its junction with the main stream. The fan is steepest near its apex, which points upstream, and slopes gently and convexly outward (downstream) with a gradual decrease in gradient. Alluvium Unconsolidated material, such as gravel, sand, silt, clay, and various mixtures of these, deposited on land by running water. Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl p h a, a l p h a -d i py ri d y l A compound that when dissolved in ammonium acetate is used to detect the presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A positive reaction implies reducing conditions and the likely presence of redoximorphic features. Animal unit month (AUM) The amount of forage required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month. Aquic conditions Current soil wetness characterized by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic features. Argillic horizon A subsoil horizon characterized by an accumulation of illuvial clay. Arroyo The flat -floored channel of an ephemeral stream, commonly with very steep to vertical banks cut in unconsolidated material. It is usually dry but can be transformed into a temporary watercourse or short-lived torrent after heavy rain within the watershed. Aspect The direction toward which a slope faces. Also called slope aspect. Association, soil A group of soils or miscellaneous areas geographically associated in a characteristic repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a single map unit. Available water capacity (available moisture capacity) The capacity of soils to hold water available for use by most plants. It is commonly defined as the difference between the amount of soil water at field moisture capacity and the amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in inches, in a 60 -inch profile or to a limiting layer is expressed as: 77 Custom Soil Resource Report Very low: 0 to 3 Low: 3 to 6 Moderate: 6 to 9 High: 9 to 12 Very high: More than 12 Backslope The position that forms the steepest and generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a convex shoulder above and a concave footslope below. Backswamp A flood -plain landform. Extensive, marshy or swampy, depressed areas of flood plains between natural levees and valley sides or terraces. Badland A landscape that is intricately dissected and characterized by a very fine drainage network with high drainage densities and short, steep slopes and narrow interfluves. Badlands develop on surfaces that have little or no vegetative cover overlying unconsolidated or poorly cemented materials (clays, silts, or sandstones) with, in some cases, soluble minerals, such as gypsum or halite. Bajada A broad, gently inclined alluvial piedmont slope extending from the base of a mountain range out into a basin and formed by the lateral coalescence of a series of alluvial fans. Typically, it has a broadly undulating transverse profile, parallel to the mountain front, resulting from the convexities of component fans. The term is generally restricted to constructional slopes of intermontane basins. Basal area The area of a cross section of a tree, generally referring to the section at breast height and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of stand density, commonly expressed in square feet. Base saturation The degree to which material having cation -exchange properties is saturated with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), expressed as a percentage of the total cation -exchange capacity. Base slope (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral shape, forms an apron or wedge at the bottom of a hillside dominated by colluvium and slope - wash sediments (for example, slope alluvium). Bedding plane A planar or nearly planar bedding surface that visibly separates each successive layer of stratified sediment or rock (of the same or different lithology) from the preceding or following layer; a plane of deposition. It commonly marks a change 78 Custom Soil Resource Report in the circumstances of deposition and may show a parting, a color difference, a change in particle size, or various combinations of these. The term is commonly applied to any bedding surface, even one that is conspicuously bent or deformed by folding. Bedding system A drainage system made by plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. Bedrock The solid rock that underlies the soil and other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the surface. Bedrock -controlled topography A landscape where the configuration and relief of the landforms are determined or strongly influenced by the underlying bedrock. Bench terrace A raised, level or nearly level strip of earth constructed on or nearly on a contour, supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage and to prevent accelerated erosion. Bisequum Two sequences of soil horizons, each of which consists of an illuvial horizon and the overlying eluvial horizons. Blowout (map symbol) A saucer-, cup-, or trough -shaped depression formed by wind erosion on a preexisting dune or other sand deposit, especially in an area of shifting sand or loose soil or where protective vegetation is disturbed or destroyed. The adjoining accumulation of sand derived from the depression, where recognizable, is commonly included. Blowouts are commonly small. Borrow pit (map symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been removed, usually for construction purposes. Bottom land An informal term loosely applied to various portions of a flood plain. Boulders Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 centimeters) in diameter. Breaks A landscape or tract of steep, rough or broken land dissected by ravines and gullies and marking a sudden change in topography. 79 Custom Soil Resource Report Breast height An average height of 4.5 feet above the ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter measurements are ordinarily taken. Brush management Use of mechanical, chemical, or biological methods to make conditions favorable for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition from woody vegetation and thus allow understory grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management increases forage production and thus reduces the hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for some species of wildlife. Butte An isolated, generally flat-topped hill or mountain with relatively steep slopes and talus or precipitous cliffs and characterized by summit width that is less than the height of bounding escarpments; commonly topped by a caprock of resistant material and representing an erosion remnant carved from flat -lying rocks. Cable yarding A method of moving felled trees to a nearby central area for transport to a processing facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the entire log is suspended. Calcareous soil A soil containing enough calcium carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. Caliche A general term for a prominent zone of secondary carbonate accumulation in surficial materials in warm, subhumid to arid areas. Caliche is formed by both geologic and pedologic processes. Finely crystalline calcium carbonate forms a nearly continuous surface -coating and void -filling medium in geologic (parent) materials. Cementation ranges from weak in nonindurated forms to very strong in indurated forms. Other minerals (e.g., carbonates, silicate, and sulfate) may occur as accessory cements. Most petrocalcic horizons and some calcic horizons are caliche. California bearing ratio (CBR) The load -supporting capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of 16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit area, with the same degree of distortion. Canopy The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See Crown.) 80 Custom Soil Resource Report Canyon A long, deep, narrow valley with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local relief. Capillary water Water held as a film around soil particles and in tiny spaces between particles. Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds capillary water in the soil. Catena A sequence, or "chain," of soils on a landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent material and under similar climatic conditions but that have different characteristics as a result of differences in relief and drainage. Cation An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Cation -exchange capacity The total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is synonymous with base - exchange capacity but is more precise in meaning. Catsteps See Terracettes. Cement rock Shaly limestone used in the manufacture of cement. Channery soil material Soil material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the longest axis. A single piece is called a channer. Chemical treatment Control of unwanted vegetation through the use of chemicals. Chiseling Tillage with an implement having one or more soil -penetrating points that shatter or loosen hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal plow depth. Cirque A steep -walled, semicircular or crescent -shaped, half -bowl -like recess or hollow, commonly situated at the head of a glaciated mountain valley or high on the side of a mountain. It was produced by the erosive activity of a mountain glacier. It commonly contains a small round lake (tarn). 81 Custom Soil Resource Report Clay As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 percent silt. Clay depletions See Redoximorphic features. Clay film A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. Clay spot (map symbol) A spot where the surface texture is silty clay or clay in areas where the surface layer of the soils in the surrounding map unit is sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or coarser. Claypan A dense, compact subsoil layer that contains much more clay than the overlying materials, from which it is separated by a sharply defined boundary. The layer restricts the downward movement of water through the soil. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and plastic and sticky when wet. Climax plant community The stabilized plant community on a particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself and does not change so long as the environment remains the same. Coarse textured soil Sand or loamy sand. Cobble (or cobblestone) A rounded or partly rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in diameter. Cobbly soil material Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 percent. COLE (coefficient of linear extensibility) See Linear extensibility. Colluvium Unconsolidated, unsorted earth material being transported or deposited on side slopes and/or at the base of slopes by mass movement (e.g., direct gravitational action) and by local, unconcentrated runoff. 82 Custom Soil Resource Report Complex slope Irregular or variable slope. Planning or establishing terraces, diversions, and other water -control structures on a complex slope is difficult. Complex, soil A map unit of two or more kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to map them separately at the selected scale of mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Concretions See Redoximorphic features. Conglomerate A coarse grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded or subangular rock fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured material. Conglomerate is the consolidated equivalent of gravel. Conservation cropping system Growing crops in combination with needed cultural and management practices. In a good conservation cropping system, the soil -improving crops and practices more than offset the effects of the soil -depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems are needed on all tilled soils. Soil -improving practices in a conservation cropping system include the use of rotations that contain grasses and legumes and the return of crop residue to the soil. Other practices include the use of green manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest control. Conservation tillage A tillage system that does not invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. Consistence, soil Refers to the degree of cohesion and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes resistance of soil material to rupture and to penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of puddled soil material; and the manner in which the soil material behaves when subject to compression. Terms describing consistence are defined in the "Soil Survey Manual." Contour striperopping Growing crops in strips that follow the contour. Strips of grass or close -growing crops are alternated with strips of clean -tilled crops or summer fallow. Control section The part of the soil on which classification is based. The thickness varies among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches and 40 or 80 inches. 83 Custom Soil Resource Report Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat) A type of limnic layer composed predominantly of fecal material derived from aquatic animals. Corrosion (geomorphology) A process of erosion whereby rocks and soil are removed or worn away by natural chemical processes, especially by the solvent action of running water, but also by other reactions, such as hydrolysis, hydration, carbonation, and oxidation. Corrosion (soil survey interpretations) Soil -induced electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or weakens concrete or uncoated steel. Cover crop A close -growing crop grown primarily to improve and protect the soil between periods of regular crop production, or a crop grown between trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. Crop residue management Returning crop residue to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, organic matter content, and fertility and helps to control erosion. Cropping system Growing crops according to a planned system of rotation and management practices. Cross -slope farming Deliberately conducting farming operations on sloping farmland in such a way that tillage is across the general slope. Crown The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the living branches and their foliage. Cryoturbate A mass of soil or other unconsolidated earthy material moved or disturbed by frost action. It is typically coarser than the underlying material. Cuesta An asymmetric ridge capped by resistant rock layers of slight or moderate dip (commonly less than 15 percent slopes); a type of homocline produced by differential erosion of interbedded resistant and weak rocks. A cuesta has a long, gentle slope on one side (dip slope) that roughly parallels the inclined beds; on the other side, it has a relatively short and steep or clifflike slope (scarp) that cuts through the tilted rocks. Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI) The average annual increase per acre in the volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total volume of the stand by its age. As the stand increases in age, 84 Custom Soil Resource Report the mean annual increment continues to increase until mortality begins to reduce the rate of increase. The point where the stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth is called the culmination of the mean annual increment. Cutbanks cave The walls of excavations tend to cave in or slough. Decreasers The most heavily grazed climax range plants. Because they are the most palatable, they are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. Deferred grazing Postponing grazing or resting grazing land for a prescribed period. Delta A body of alluvium having a surface that is fan shaped and nearly flat; deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or lake. Dense layer Averyfirm, massive layer that has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of digging and can affect filling and compacting. Depression, closed (map symbol) A shallow, saucer -shaped area that is slightly lower on the landscape than the surrounding area and that does not have a natural outlet for surface drainage. Depth, soil Generally, the thickness of the soil over bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. Desert pavement A natural, residual concentration or layer of wind -polished, closely packed gravel, boulders, and other rock fragments mantling a desert surface. It forms where wind action and sheetwash have removed all smaller particles or where rock fragments have migrated upward through sediments to the surface. It typically protects the finer grained underlying material from further erosion. Diatomaceous earth A geologic deposit of fine, grayish siliceous material composed chiefly or entirely of the remains of diatoms. Dip slope A slope of the land surface, roughly determined by and approximately conforming to the dip of the underlying bedrock. 85 Custom Soil Resource Report Diversion (or diversion terrace) A ridge of earth, generally a terrace, built to protect downslope areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. Divided -slope farming A form of field striperopping in which crops are grown in a systematic arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One strip is in a close -growing crop that provides protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a crop that provides less protection from erosion. This practice is used where slopes are not long enough to permit a full striperopping pattern to be used. Drainage class (natural) Refers to the frequency and duration of wet periods under conditions similar to those under which the soil formed. Alterations of the water regime by human activities, either through drainage or irrigation, are not a consideration unless they have significantly changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes of natural soil drainage are recognized —excessively drained, somewhat excessively drained, well drained, moderately well drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very poorly drained. These classes are defined in the "Soil Survey Manual." Drainage, surface Runoff, or surface flow of water, from an area. Drainageway A general term for a course or channel along which water moves in draining an area. A term restricted to relatively small, linear depressions that at some time move concentrated water and either do not have a defined channel or have only a small defined channel. Draw A small stream valley that generally is shallower and more open than a ravine or gulch and that has a broader bottom. The present stream channel may appear inadequate to have cut the drainageway that it occupies. Drift A general term applied to all mineral material (clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders) transported by a glacier and deposited directly by or from the ice or transported by running water emanating from a glacier. Drift includes unstratified material (till) that forms moraines and stratified deposits that form outwash plains, eskers, kames, varves, and glaciofluvial sediments. The term is generally applied to Pleistocene glacial deposits in areas that no longer contain glaciers. Drumlin A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or ridge of compact till that has a core of bedrock or drift. It commonly has a blunt nose facing the direction from which the ice approached and a gentler slope tapering in the other direction. The longer axis is parallel to the general direction of glacier flow. Drumlins are products of 86 Custom Soil Resource Report streamline (laminar) flow of glaciers, which molded the subglacial floor through a combination of erosion and deposition. Duff A generally firm organic layer on the surface of mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material that is in the process of decomposition and includes everything from the litter on the surface to underlying pure humus. Dune A low mound, ridge, bank, or hill of loose, windblown granular material (generally sand), either barren and capable of movement from place to place or covered and stabilized with vegetation but retaining its characteristic shape. Earthy fill See Mine spoil. Ecological site An area where climate, soil, and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a distinct natural plant community. An ecological site is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development. It is typified by an association of species that differ from those on other ecological sites in kind and/or proportion of species or in total production. Eluviation The movement of material in true solution or colloidal suspension from one place to another within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material through eluviation are eluvial; those that have received material are illuvial. Endosaturation A type of saturation of the soil in which all horizons between the upper boundary of saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. Eolian deposit Sand-, silt-, or clay -sized clastic material transported and deposited primarily by wind, commonly in the form of a dune or a sheet of sand or loess. Ephemeral stream A stream, or reach of a stream, that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives no long -continued supply from melting snow or other source, and its channel is above the water table at all times. Episaturation A type of saturation indicating a perched water table in a soil in which saturated layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated layers within 2 meters of the surface. Erosion The wearing away of the land surface by water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by such processes as gravitational creep. 87 Custom Soil Resource Report Erosion (accelerated) Erosion much more rapid than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, such as a fire, that exposes the surface. Erosion (geologic) Erosion caused by geologic processes acting over long geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the building up of such landscape features as flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural erosion. Erosion pavement A surficial lag concentration or layer of gravel and other rock fragments that remains on the soil surface after sheet or rill erosion or wind has removed the finer soil particles and that tends to protect the underlying soil from further erosion. Erosion surface A land surface shaped by the action of erosion, especially by running water. Escarpment A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff breaking the general continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from erosion or faulting. Most commonly applied to cliffs produced by differential erosion. Synonym: scarp. Escarpment, bedrock (map symbol) A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff, produced by erosion or faulting, that breaks the general continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces. Exposed material is hard or soft bedrock. Escarpment, nonbedrock (map symbol) A relatively continuous and steep slope or cliff, generally produced by erosion but in some places produced by faulting, that breaks the continuity of more gently sloping land surfaces. Exposed earthy material is nonsoil or very shallow soil. Esker A long, narrow, sinuous, steep -sided ridge of stratified sand and gravel deposited as the bed of a stream flowing in an ice tunnel within or below the ice (subglacial) or between ice walls on top of the ice of a wasting glacier and left behind as high ground when the ice melted. Eskers range in length from less than a kilometer to more than 160 kilometers and in height from 3 to 30 meters. Extrusive rock Igneous rock derived from deep-seated molten matter (magma) deposited and cooled on the earth's surface. Fallow Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity through accumulation of moisture. Summer fallow is common in regions of limited rainfall where cereal grain is grown. 88 Custom Soil Resource Report The soil is tilled for at least one growing season for weed control and decomposition of plant residue. Fan remnant A general term for landforms that are the remaining parts of older fan landforms, such as alluvial fans, that have been either dissected or partially buried. Fertility, soil The quality that enables a soil to provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper balance, for the growth of specified plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth factors are favorable. Fibric soil material (peat) The least decomposed of all organic soil material. Peat contains a large amount of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has the lowest bulk density and the highest water content at saturation of all organic soil material. Field moisture capacity The moisture content of a soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity. Fill slope A sloping surface consisting of excavated soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the downhill side of the road. Fine textured soil Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. Firebreak An area cleared of flammable material to stop or help control creeping or running fires. It also serves as a line from which to work and to facilitate the movement of firefighters and equipment. Designated roads also serve as firebreaks. First bottom An obsolete, informal term loosely applied to the lowest flood -plain steps that are subject to regular flooding. Flaggy soil material Material that has, by volume, 15 to 35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent flagstones. Flagstone A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone, slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to 38 centimeters) long. 89 Custom Soil Resource Report Flood plain The nearly level plain that borders a stream and is subject to flooding unless protected artificially. Flood -plain landforms A variety of constructional and erosional features produced by stream channel migration and flooding. Examples include backswamps, flood -plain splays, meanders, meander belts, meander scrolls, oxbow lakes, and natural levees. Flood -plain splay A fan -shaped deposit or other outspread deposit formed where an overloaded stream breaks through a levee (natural or artificial) and deposits its material (commonly coarse grained) on the flood plain. Flood -plain step An essentially flat, terrace -like alluvial surface within a valley that is frequently covered by floodwater from the present stream; any approximately horizontal surface still actively modified by fluvial scour and/or deposition. May occur individually or as a series of steps. Fluvial Of or pertaining to rivers or streams; produced by stream or river action. Foothills A region of steeply sloping hills that fringes a mountain range or high -plateau escarpment. The hills have relief of as much as 1,000 feet (300 meters). Footslope The concave surface at the base of a hillslope. A footslope is a transition zone between upslope sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition (toeslopes). Forb Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Forest cover All trees and other woody plants (underbrush) covering the ground in a forest. Forest type A stand of trees similar in composition and development because of given physical and biological factors by which it may be differentiated from other stands. Fragipan A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in porosity and content of organic matter and low or moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under pressure rather than to deform slowly. 90 Custom Soil Resource Report Genesis, soil The mode of origin of the soil. Refers especially to the processes or soil -forming factors responsible for the formation of the solum, or true soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Gilgai Commonly, a succession of microbasins and microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically, the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell considerably with changes in moisture content. Glaciofluvial deposits Material moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits are stratified and occur in the form of outwash plains, valley trains, deltas, kames, eskers, and kame terraces. Glaciolacustrine deposits Material ranging from fine clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many depdsits are bedded or laminated. Gleyed soil Soil that formed under poor drainage, resulting in the reduction of iron and other elements in the profile and in gray colors. Graded striperopping Growing crops in strips that grade toward a protected waterway. Grassed waterway A natural or constructed waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as protection against erosion. Conducts surface water away from cropland. Gravel Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. Gravel pit (map symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been removed and used, without crushing, as a source of sand or gravel. Gravelly soil material Material that has 15 to 35 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Gravelly spot (map symbol) A spot where the surface layer has more than 35 percent, by volume, rock fragments that are mostly less than 3 inches in diameter in an area that has less than 15 percent rock fragments. 91 Custom Soil Resource Report Green manure crop (agronomy) A soil -improving crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage of maturity or soon after maturity. Ground water Water filling all the unblocked pores of the material below the water table. Gully (map symbol) A small, steep -sided channel caused by erosion and cut in unconsolidated materials by concentrated but intermittent flow of water. The distinction between a gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by ordinary tillage whereas a rill is of lesser depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary tillage. Hard bedrock Bedrock that cannot be excavated except by blasting or by the use of special equipment that is not commonly used in construction. Hard to reclaim Reclamation is difficult after the removal of soil for construction and other uses. Revegetation and erosion control are extremely difficult. Hardpan A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium carbonate, or other substance. Head slope (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside, especially at the head of a drainageway. The overland waterflow is converging. Hemic soil material (mucky peat) Organic soil material intermediate in degree of decomposition between the less decomposed fibric material and the more decomposed sapric material. High -residue crops Such crops as small grain and corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue from these crops can be used to control erosion until the next crop in the rotation is established. These crops return large amounts of organic matter to the soil. Hill A generic term for an elevated area of the land surface, rising as much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, commonly of limited summit area and having a well defined outline. Slopes are generally more than 15 percent. The distinction between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and may depend on local usage. 92 Custom Soil Resource Report Hil!slope A generic term for the steeper part of a hill between its summit and the drainage line, valley flat, or depression floor at the base of a hill. Horizon, soil A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, having distinct characteristics produced by soil -forming processes. In the identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter represents the major horizons. Numbers or lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation of the subdivisions is given in the "Soil Survey Manual." The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows: O horizon: An organic layer of fresh and decaying plant residue. L horizon: A layer of organic and mineral limnic materials, including coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat), diatomaceous earth, and marl. A horizon: The mineral horizon at or near the surface in which an accumulation of humified organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was originally part of a B horizon. E horizon: The mineral horizon in which the main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or some combination of these. B horizon: The mineral horizon below an A horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of transition from the overlying A to the underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of these. C horizon: The mineral horizon or layer, excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soil -forming processes and does not have the properties typical of the overlying soil material. The material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike that in which the solum formed. If the material is known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. Cr horizon: Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. R layer: Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. M layer. A root -limiting subsoil layer consisting of nearly continuous, horizontally oriented, human -manufactured materials. W layer: A layer of water within or beneath the soil. Humus The well decomposed, more or less stable part of the organic matter in mineral soils. Hydrologic soil groups Refers to soils grouped according to their runoff potential. The soil properties that influence this potential are those that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting when the soil is not frozen. These properties include depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration rate, and depth to a layer that significantly restricts the downward movement of water. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not considered but are separate factors in predicting runoff. 93 .Custom Soil Resource Report Igneous rock Rock that was formed by cooling and solidification of magma and that has not been changed appreciably by weathering since its formation. Major varieties include plutonic and volcanic rock (e.g., andesite, basalt, and granite). Illuviation The movement of soil material from one horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, material is removed from an upper horizon and deposited in a lower horizon. Impervious soil A soil through which water, air, or roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. Increasers Species in the climax vegetation that increase in amount as the more desirable plants are reduced by close grazing. Increasers commonly are the shorter plants and the less palatable to livestock. Infiltration The downward entry of water into the immediate surface of soil or other material, as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of water through soil layers or material. Infiltration capacity The maximum rate at which water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of conditions. Infiltration rate The rate at which water penetrates the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the rate at which water is applied at the surface. Intake rate The average rate of water entering the soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; the rate decreases with application time. Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a constant but is a variable depending on the net irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in inches per hour, is expressed as follows: Very low: Less than 0.2 Low: 0.2 to 0.4 Moderately low: 0.4 to 0.75 Moderate: 0.75 to 1.25 Moderately high: 1.25 to 1.75 High: 1.75 to 2.5 Very high: More than 2.5 94 Custom Soil Resource Report Interfluve A landfomi composed of the relatively undissected upland or ridge between two adjacent valleys containing streams flowing in the same general direction. An elevated area between two drainageways that sheds water to those drainageways. Interfluve (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the uppermost, comparatively level or gently sloping area of a hill; shoulders of backwearing hillslopes can narrow the upland or can merge, resulting in a strongly convex shape. Intermittent stream A stream, or reach of a stream, that does not flow year-roundbut that is commonly dry for 3 or more months out of 12 and whose channel is generally below the local water table. It flows only during wet periods or when it receives ground -water discharge or long, continued contributions from melting snow or other surface and shallow subsurface sources. Invaders On range, plants that encroach into an area and grow after the climax vegetation has been reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade following disturbance of the surface. Iron depletions See Redoximorphic features. Irrigation Application of water to soils to assist in production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: Basin: Water is applied rapidly to nearly level plains surrounded by levees or dikes. Border. Water is applied at the upper end of a strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled by small earth ridges called border dikes, or borders. Controlled flooding: Water is released at intervals from closely spaced field ditches and distributed uniformly over the field. Corrugation: Water is applied to small, closely spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close -growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one direction. Drip (or trickle): Water is applied slowly and under low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the soil through such applicators as emitters, porous tubing, or perforated pipe. Furrow: Water is applied in small ditches made by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree and row crops. Sprinkler Water is sprayed over the soil surface through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Subirrigation: Water is applied in open ditches or tile lines until the water table is raised enough to wet the soil. Wild flooding: Water, released at high points, is allowed to flow onto an area without controlled distribution. 95 Custom Soil Resource Report Kame A low mound, knob, hummock, or short irregular ridge composed of stratified sand and gravel deposited by a subglacial stream as a fan or delta at the margin of a melting glacier; by a supraglacial stream in a low place or hole on the surface of the glacier; or as a ponded deposit on the surface or at the margin of stagnant ice. Karst (topography) A kind of topography that formed in limestone, gypsum, or other soluble rocks by dissolution and that is characterized by closed depressions, sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage. Knoll A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent landforms. Ksat See Saturated hydraulic conductivity. Lacustrine deposit Material deposited in lake water and exposed when the water level is lowered or the elevation of the land is raised. Lake plain A nearly level surface marking the floor of an extinct lake filled by well sorted, generally fine textured, stratified deposits, commonly containing varves. Lake terrace A narrow shelf, partly cut and partly built, produced along a lakeshore in front of a scarp line of low cliffs and later exposed when the water level falls. Landfill (map symbol) An area of accumulated waste products of human habitation, either above or below natural ground level. Landslide A general, encompassing term for most types of mass movement landforms and processes involving the downslope transport and outward deposition of soil and rock materials caused by gravitational forces; the movement may or may not involve saturated materials. The speed and distance of movement, as well as the amount of soil and rock material, vary greatly. Large stones Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Lava flow (map symbol) A solidified, commonly lobate body of rock formed through lateral, surface outpouring of molten lava from a vent or fissure. 96 i Custom Soil Resource Report Leaching The removal of soluble material from soil or other material by percolating water. Levee (map symbol) An embankment that confines or controls water, especially one built along the banks of a river to prevent overflow onto lowlands. Linear extensibility Refers to the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink -swell potential of soils. It is an expression of the volume change between the water content of the clod at 1/3_ or 1/10 -bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and oven dryness. Volume change is influenced by the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil. The volume change is the percent change for the whole soil. If it is expressed as a fraction, the resulting value is COLE, coefficient of linear extensibility. Liquid limit The moisture content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a liquid state. Loam Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less than 52 percent sand particles. Loess Material transported and deposited by wind and consisting dominantly of silt -sized particles. Low strength The soil is not strong enough to support loads. Low -residue crops Such crops as corn used for silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from these crops is not adequate to control erosion until the next crop in the rotation is established. These crops return little organic matter to the soil. Marl An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in approximately equal proportions; formed primarily under freshwater lacustrine conditions but also formed in more saline environments. Marsh or swamp (map symbol) A water -saturated, very poorly drained area that is intermittently or permanently covered by water. Sedges, cattails, and rushes are the dominant vegetation in marshes, and trees or shrubs are the dominant vegetation in swamps. Not used in map units where the named soils are poorly drained or very poorly drained. 97 Custom Soil Resource Report Mass movement A generic term for the dislodgment and downslope transport of soil and rock material as a unit under direct gravitational stress. Masses See Redoximorphic features. Meander belt The zone within which migration of a meandering channel occurs; the flood -plain area included between two imaginary lines drawn tangential to the outer bends of active channel loops. Meander scar A crescent -shaped, concave or linear mark on the face of a bluff or valley wall, produced by the lateral erosion of a meandering stream that impinged upon and undercut the bluff. Meander scroll One of a series of long, parallel, close -fitting, crescent -shaped ridges and troughs formed along the inner bank of a stream meander as the channel migrated laterally down -valley and toward the outer bank. Mechanical treatment Use of mechanical equipment for seeding, brush management, and other management practices. Medium textured soil Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or silt. Mesa A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly isolated landmass bounded by steep slopes or precipitous cliffs and capped by layers of resistant, nearly horizontal rocky material. The summit width is characteristically greater than the height of the bounding escarpments. Metamorphic rock Rock of any origin altered in mineralogical composition, chemical composition, or structure by heat, pressure, and movement at depth in the earth's crust. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Mine or quarry (map symbol) An open excavation from which soil and underlying material have been removed and in which bedrock is exposed. Also denotes surface openings to underground mines. Mine spoil An accumulation of displaced earthy material, rock, or other waste material removed during mining or excavation. Also called earthy fill. 98 Custom Soil Resource Report Mineral soil Soil that is mainly mineral material and low in organic material. Its bulk density is more than that of organic soil. Minimum tillage Only the tillage essential to crop production and prevention of soil damage. Miscellaneous area A kind of map unit that has little or no natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Miscellaneous water (map symbol) Small, constructed bodies of water that are used for industrial, sanitary, or mining applications and that contain water most of the year. Moderately coarse textured soil Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Moderately fine textured soil Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam. Mollic epipedon A thick, dark, humus -rich surface horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the upper part of the subsoil. Moraine In terms of glacial geology, a mound, ridge, or other topographically distinct accumulation of unsorted, unstratified drift, predominantly till, deposited primarily by the direct action of glacial ice in a variety of landforms. Also, a general term for a landform composed mainly of till (except for kame moraines, which are composed mainly of stratified outwash) that has been deposited by a glacier. Some types of moraines are disintegration, end, ground, kame, lateral, recessional, and terminal. Morphology, soil The physical makeup of the soil, including the texture, structure, porosity, consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, and biological properties of the various horizons, and the thickness and arrangement of those horizons in the soil profile. Mottling, soil Irregular spots of different colors that vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance —few, common, and many; size —fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast —faint, distinct, and prominent. The size measurements are of the diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). 99 Custom Soil Resource Report Mountain A generic term for an elevated area of the land surface, rising more than 1,000 feet (300 meters) above surrounding lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Mountains are formed primarily by tectonic activity and/or volcanic action but can also be formed by differential erosion. Muck Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Mucky peat See Hemic soil material. Mudstone A blocky or massive, fine grained sedimentary rock in which the proportions of clay and silt are approximately equal. Also, a general term for such material as clay, silt, claystone, siltstone, shale, and argillite and that should be used only when the amounts of clay and silt are not known or cannot be precisely identified. Munsell notation A designation of color by degrees of three simple variables —hue, value, and chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. Natric horizon A special kind of argillic horizon that contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an adverse effect on the physical condition of the subsoil. Neutral soil A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) Nodules See Redoximorphic features. Nose slope (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is predominantly divergent. Nose slopes consist dominantly of colluvium and slope -wash sediments (for example, slope alluvium). Nutrient, plant Any element taken in by a plant essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and water. 100 Custom Soil Resource Report Organic matter Plant and animal residue in the soil in various stages of decomposition. The content of organic matter in the surface layer is described as follows: Very low: Less than 0.5 percent Low: 0.5 to 1.0 percent Moderately low: 1.0 to 2.0 percent Moderate: 2.0 to 4.0 percent High: 4.0 to 8.0 percent Very high: More than 8.0 percent Outwash Stratified and sorted sediments (chiefly sand and gravel) removed or "washed out" from a glacier by meltwater streams and deposited in front of or beyond the end moraine or the margin of a glacier. The coarser material is deposited nearer to the ice. Outwash plain An extensive lowland area of coarse textured glaciofluvial material. An outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it generally is low in relief. Paleoterrace An erosional remnant of a terrace that retains the surface form and alluvial deposits of its origin but was not emplaced by, and commonly does not grade to, a present-day stream or drainage network. Pan A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the movement of water and the growth of roots. For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and traffic pan. Parent material The unconsolidated organic and mineral material in which soil forms. Peat Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed organic matter, that has accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) Ped An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a granule, a prism, or a block. Pedisediment A layer of sediment, eroded from the shoulder and backslope of an erosional slope, that lies on and is being (or was) transported across a gently sloping erosional surface at the foot of a receding hill or mountain slope. 101 Custom Soil Resource Report Pedon The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 square meters), depending on the variability of the soil. Percolation The movement of water through the soil. Perennial water (map symbol) Small, natural or constructed lakes, ponds, or pits that contain water most of the year. Permafrost Ground, soil, or rock that remains at or below 0 degrees C for at least 2 years. It is defined on the basis of temperature and is not necessarily frozen. pH value A numerical designation of acidity and alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) Phase, soil A subdivision of a soil series based on features that affect its use and management, such as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Piping Formation of subsurface tunnels or pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Pitting Pits caused by melting around ice. They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. Plastic limit The moisture content at which a soil changes from semisolid to plastic. Plasticity index The numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of moisture content within which the soil remains plastic. Plateau (geomorphology) A comparatively flat area of great extent and elevation; specifically, an extensive land region that is considerably elevated (more than 100 meters) above the adjacent lower lying terrain, is commonly limited on at least one side by an abrupt descent, and has a flat or nearly level surface. A comparatively large part of a plateau surface is near summit level. 102 Custom Soil Resource Report Playa The generally dry and nearly level lake plain that occupies the lowest parts of closed depressions, such as those on intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding occurs primarily in response to precipitation and runoff. Playa deposits are fine grained and may or may not have a high water table and saline conditions. Plinthite The sesquioxide-rich, humus -poor, highly weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles, usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite. Plowpan A compacted layer formed in the soil directly below the plowed layer. Ponding Standing water on soils in closed depressions. Unless the soils are artificially drained, the water can be removed only by percolation or evapotranspiration. Poorly graded Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the same size. Because there is little difference in size of the particles, density can be increased only slightly by compaction. Pore linings See Redoximorphic features. Potential native plant community See Climax plant community. Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth) Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has no properties restricting the penetration of roots to this depth. Prescribed burning Deliberately burning an area for specific management purposes, under the appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture and at the proper time of day. Productivity, soil The capability of a soil for producing a specified plant or sequence of plants under specific management. Profile, soil A vertical section of the soil extending through all its horizons and into the parent material. 103 Custom Soil Resource Report Proper grazing use Grazing at an intensity that maintains enough cover to protect the soil and maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the desirable vegetation. This practice increases the vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch necessary to conserve soil and water. Rangeland Land on which the potential natural vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or browsing. It includes natural grasslands, savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, and areas that support certain forb and shrub communities. Reaction, soil A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a soil, expressed as pH values. A soil that tests to pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values, are: Ultra acid: Less than 3.5 Extremely acid: 3.5 to 4.4 Very strongly acid: 4.5 to 5.0 Strongly acid: 5.1 to 5.5 Moderately acid: 5.6 to 6.0 Slightly acid: 6.1 to 6.5 Neutral: 6.6 to 7.3 Slightly alkaline: 7.4 to 7.8 Moderately alkaline: 7.9 to 8.4 Strongly alkaline: 8.5 to 9.0 Very strongly alkaline: 9.1 and higher Red beds Sedimentary strata that are mainly red and are made up largely of sandstone and shale. Redoximorphic concentrations See Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic depletions See Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic features Redoximorphic features are associated with wetness and result from alternating periods of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese compounds in the soil. Reduction occurs during saturation with water, and oxidation occurs when the soil is not saturated. Characteristic color patterns are created by these processes. The reduced iron and manganese ions may be removed from a soil if vertical or lateral fluxes of water occur, in which case there is no iron or manganese precipitation in that soil. Wherever the iron and manganese are oxidized and precipitated, they 104 Custom Soil Resource Report form either soft masses or hard concretions or nodules. Movement of iron and manganese as a result of redoximorphic processes in a soil may result in redoximorphic features that are defined as follows: 1. Redoximorphic concentrations. —These are zones of apparent accumulation of iron -manganese oxides, including: A. Nodules and concretions, which are cemented bodies that can be removed from the soil intact. Concretions are distinguished from nodules on the basis of internal organization. A concretion typically has concentric layers that are visible to the naked eye. Nodules do not have visible organized internal structure; and B. Masses, which are noncemented concentrations of substances within the soil matrix; and C. Pore linings, i.e., zones of accumulation along pores that may be either coatings on pore surfaces or impregnations from the matrix adjacent to the pores. 2. Redoximorphic depletions. —These are zones of low chroma (chromes less than those in the matrix) where either iron -manganese oxides alone or both iron -manganese oxides and clay have been stripped out, including: A. Iron depletions, i.e., zones that contain low amounts of iron and manganese oxides but have a clay content similar to that of the adjacent matrix; and B. Clay depletions, i.e., zones that contain low amounts of iron, manganese, and clay (often referred to as silt coatings or skeletans). 3. Reduced matrix. —This is a soil matrix that has low chroma in situ but undergoes a change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after the soil material has been exposed to air. Reduced matrix See Redoximorphic features. Regolith All unconsolidated earth materials above the solid bedrock. It includes material weathered in place from all kinds of bedrock and alluvial, glacial, eolian, lacustrine, and pyroclastic deposits. Relief The relative difference in elevation between the upland summits and the lowlands or valleys of a given region. Residuum (residual soil material) Unconsolidated, weathered or partly weathered mineral material that accumulated as bedrock disintegrated in place. Rill Avery small, steep -sided channel resulting from erosion and cut in unconsolidated materials by concentrated but intermittent flow of water. A rill generally is not an obstacle to wheeled vehicles and is shallow enough to be smoothed over by ordinary tillage. 105 Custom Soil Resource Report Riser The vertical or steep side slope (e.g., escarpment) of terraces, flood -plain steps, or other stepped landforms; commonly a recurring part of a series of natural, steplike landforms, such as successive stream terraces. Road cut A sloping surface produced by mechanical means during road construction. It is commonly on the uphill side of the road. Rock fragments Rock or mineral fragments having a diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. Rock outcrop (map symbol) An exposure of bedrock at the surface of the earth. Not used where the named soils of the surrounding map unit are shallow over bedrock or where "Rock outcrop" is a named component of the map unit. Root zone The part of the soil that can be penetrated by plant roots. Runoff The precipitation discharged into stream channels from an area. The water that flows off the surface of the land without sinking into the soil is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil before reaching surface streams is called ground -water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Saline soil A soil containing soluble salts in an amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. Saline spot (map symbol) An area where the surface layer has an electrical conductivity of 8 mmhos/cm more than the surface layer of the named soils in the surrounding map unit. The surface layer of the surrounding soils has an electrical conductivity of 2 mmhos/ cm or less. Sand As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more sand and not more than 10 percent clay. Sandstone Sedimentary rock containing dominantly sand -sized particles. 106 Custom Soil Resource Report Sandy spot (map symbol) A spot where the surface layer is loamy fine sand or coarser in areas where the surface layer of the named soils in the surrounding map unit is very fine sandy loam or finer. Sapric soil material (muck) The most highly decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk density, and the lowest water content at saturation of all organic soil material. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) The ease with which pores of a saturated soil transmit water. Formally, the proportionality coefficient that expresses the relationship of the rate of water movement to hydraulic gradient in Darcy's Law, a law that describes the rate of water movement through porous media. Commonly abbreviated as "Ksat." Terms describing saturated hydraulic conductivity are: Very high: 100 or more micrometers per second (14.17 or more inches per hour) High: 10 to 100 micrometers per second (1.417 to 14.17 inches per hour) Moderately high: 1 to 10 micrometers per second (0.1417 inch to 1.417 inches per hour) Moderately low: 0.1 to 1 micrometer per second (0.01417 to 0.1417 inch per hour) Low: 0.01 to 0.1 micrometer per second (0.001417 to 0.01417 inch per hour) Very low: Less than 0.01 micrometer per second (less than 0.001417 inch per hour). To convert inches per hour to micrometers per second, multiply inches per hour by 7.0572. To convert micrometers per second to inches per hour, multiply micrometers per second by 0.1417. Saturation Wetness characterized by zero or positive pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix into an unlined auger hole. Scarification The act of abrading, scratching, loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to increase water absorption or to provide a more tillable soil. Sedimentary rock A consolidated deposit of clastic particles, chemical precipitates, or organic remains accumulated at or near the surface of the earth under normal low temperature and pressure conditions. Sedimentary rocks include consolidated equivalents of alluvium, colluvium, drift, and eolian, lacustrine, and marine deposits. Examples are sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone, shale, conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, and coal. Sequum A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) 107 Custom Soil Resource Report Series, soil A group of soils that have profiles that are almost alike, except for differences in texture of the surface layer. All the soils of a series have horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Severely eroded spot (map symbol) An area where, on the average, 75 percent or more of the original surface layer has been lost because of accelerated erosion. Not used in map units in which "severely eroded,""very severely eroded," or "gullied" is part of the map unit name. Shale Sedimentary rock that formed by the hardening of a deposit of clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam and that has a tendency to split into thin layers. Sheet erosion The removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil material from the land surface by the action of rainfall and surface runoff. Short, steep slope (map symbol) A narrow area of soil having slopes that are at least two slope classes steeper than the slope class of the surrounding map unit. Shoulder The convex, erosional surface near the top of a hillslope. A shoulder is a transition from summit to backslope. Shrink -swell The shrinking of soil when dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other structures. It can also damage plant roots. Shrub -coppice dune A small, streamlined dune that forms around brush and clump vegetation. Side slope (geomorphology) A geomorphic component of hills consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside. The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel. Side slopes are dominantly colluvium and slope -wash sediments. Silica A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral form is called quartz. Silica-sesquioxide ratio The ratio of the number of molecules of silica to the number of molecules of alumina and iron oxide. The more highly weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm -temperate, humid regions, and especially those in the tropics, generally have a low ratio. 108 Custom Soil Resource Report Silt As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay. Siltstone An indurated silt having the texture and composition of shale but lacking its fine lamination or fissility; a massive mudstone in which silt predominates over clay. Similar soils Soils that share limits of diagnostic criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, and have similar conservation needs or management requirements for the major land uses in the survey area. Sinkhole (map symbol) A closed, circular or elliptical depression, commonly funnel shaped, characterized by subsurface drainage and formed either by dissolution of the surface of underlying bedrock (e.g., limestone, gypsum, or salt) or by collapse of underlying caves within bedrock. Complexes of sinkholes in carbonate -rock terrain are the main components of karst topography. Site index A designation of the quality of a forest site based on the height of the dominant stand at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average height attained by dominant and codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index is 75. Slickensides (pedogenic) Grooved, striated, and/or glossy (shiny) slip faces on structural peds, such as wedges; produced by shrink -swell processes, most commonly in soils that have a high content of expansive clays. Slide or slip (map symbol) A prominent landform scar or ridge caused by fairly recent mass movement or descent of earthy material resulting from failure of earth or rock under shear stress along one or several surfaces. Slope The inclination of the land surface from the horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical distance divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. Slope alluvium Sediment gradually transported down the slopes of mountains or hills primarily by nonchannel alluvial processes (i.e., slope -wash processes) and characterized by particle sorting. Lateral particle sorting is evident on long slopes. In a profile sequence, sediments may be distinguished by differences in size and/or specific gravity of rock fragments and may be separated by stone lines. Burnished peds 109 Custom Soil Resource Report and sorting of rounded or subrounded pebbles or cobbles distinguish these materials from unsorted colluvial deposits. Slow refill The slow filling of ponds, resulting from restricted water transmission in the soil. Slow water movement Restricted downward movement of water through the soil. See Saturated hydraulic conductivity. Sodic (alkali) soil A soil having so high a degree of alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, that plant growth is restricted. Sodic spot (map symbol) An area where the surface layer has a sodium adsorption ratio that is at least 10 more than that of the surface layer of the named soils in the surrounding map unit. The surface layer of the surrounding soils has a sodium adsorption ratio of 5 or less. Sodicity The degree to which a soil is affected by exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: Slight: Less than 13:1 Moderate: 13-30:1 Strong: More than 30:1 Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) A measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the water extract from saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mg concentration. Soft bedrock Bedrock that can be excavated with trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and other equipment commonly used in construction. Soil A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has properties resulting from the integrated effect of climate and living matter acting on earthy parent material, as conditioned by relief and by the passage of time. Soil separates Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging between specified size limits. The names and sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in the United States are as follows: 110 Custom Soil Resource Report Very coarse sand: 2.0 to 1.0 Coarse sand: 1.0 to 0.5 Medium sand: 0.5 to 0.25 Fine sand: 0.25 to 0.10 Very fine sand: 0.10 to 0.05 Silt 0.05 to 0.002 Clay: Less than 0.002 Solum The upper part of a soil profile, above the C horizon, in which the processes of soil formation are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of the material in these horizons are unlike those of the material below the solum. The living roots and plant and animal activities are largely confined to the solum. Spoil area (map symbol) A pile of earthy materials, either smoothed or uneven, resulting from human activity. Stone line In a vertical cross section, a line formed by scattered fragments or a discrete layer of angular and subangular rock fragments (commonly a gravel- or cobble -sized lag concentration) that formerly was draped across a topographic surface and was later buried by additional sediments. A stone line generally caps material that was subject to weathering, soil formation, and erosion before burial. Many stone lines seem to be buried erosion pavements, originally formed by sheet and rill erosion across the land surface. Stones Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Stony Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers that interfere with or prevent tillage. Stony spot (map symbol) A spot where 0.01 to 0.1 percent of the soil surface is covered by rock fragments that are more than 10 inches in diameter in areas where the surrounding soil has no surface stones. Strath terrace A type of stream terrace; formed as an erosional surface cut on bedrock and thinly mantled with stream deposits (alluvium). Stream terrace One of a series of platforms in a stream valley, flanking and more or less parallel to the stream channel, originally formed near the level of the stream; represents 111 Custom Soil Resource Report the remnants of an abandoned flood plain, stream bed, or valley floor produced during a former state of fluvial erosion or deposition. Striperopping Growing crops in a systematic arrangement of strips or bands that provide vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water erosion. Structure, soil The arrangement of primary soil particles into compound particles or aggregates. The principal forms of soil structure are: Platy: Flat and laminated Prismatic: Vertically elongated and having flat tops Columnar:. Vertically elongated and having rounded tops Angular blocky: Having faces that intersect at sharp angles (planes) Subangular blocky: Having subrounded and planar faces (no sharp angles) Granular. Small structural units with curved or very irregular faces Structureless soil horizons are defined as follows: Single grained: Entirely noncoherent (each grain by itself), as in loose sand Massive: Occurring as a coherent mass Stubble mulch Stubble or other crop residue left on the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the next crop, and during the early growing period of the new crop. Subsoil Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of the solum below plow depth. Subsoiling Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. Substratum The part of the soil below the solum. Subsurface layer Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, or EB) below the surface layer. Summer fallow The tillage of uncropped land during the summer to control weeds and allow storage of moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A practice common in semiarid regions, where annual precipitation is not enough to produce a crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently practiced before planting winter grain. 112 Custom Soil Resource Report Summit The topographically highest position of a hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only slightly convex) surface. Surface layer The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Frequently designated as the "plow layer," or the "Ap horizon." Surface soil The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions of these horizons. Talus Rock fragments of any size or shape (commonly coarse and angular) derived from and lying at the base of a cliff or very steep rock slope. The accumulated mass of such loose broken rock formed chiefly by falling, rolling, or sliding. Taxadjuncts Soils that cannot be classified in a series recognized in the classification system. Such soils are named for a series they strongly resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to that series because they differ in ways too small to be of consequence in interpreting their use and behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only when one or more of their characteristics are slightly outside the range defined for the family of the series for which the soils are named. Terminal moraine An end moraine that marks the farthest advance of a glacier. It typically has the form of a massive arcuate or concentric ridge, or complex of ridges, and is underlain by till and other types of drift. Terrace (conservation) An embankment, or ridge, constructed across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field generally is built so that the field can be farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage has a deep channel that is maintained in permanent sod. Terrace (geomorphology) A steplike surface, bordering a valley floor or shoreline, that represents the former position of a flood plain, lake, or seashore. The term is usually applied both to the relatively flat summit surface (tread) that was cut or built by stream or wave action and to the steeper descending slope (scarp or riser) that has graded to a lower base level of erosion. Terracettes Small, irregular steplike forms on steep hillslopes, especially in pasture, formed by creep or erosion of surficial materials that may be induced or enhanced by trampling of livestock, such as sheep or cattle. 113 Custom Soil Resource Report Texture, soil The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further divided by specifying "coarse,""fine," or "very fine." Thin layer Otherwise suitable soil material that is too thin for the specified use. Till Dominantly unsorted and nonstratified drift, generally unconsolidated and deposited directly by a glacier without subsequent reworking by meltwater, and consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, sand, gravel, stones, and boulders; rock fragments of various lithologies are embedded within a finer matrix that can range from clay to sandy loam. Till plain An extensive area of level to gently undulating soils underlain predominantly by till and bounded at the distal end by subordinate recessional or end moraines. Tilth, soil The physical condition of the soil as related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling emergence, and root penetration. Toeslope The gently inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in profile are commonly gentle and linear and are constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closed -depression floors. Topsoil The upper part of the soil, which is the most favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. Trace elements Chemical elements, for example, zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils in extremely small amounts. They are essential to plant growth. Tread The flat to gently sloping, topmost, laterally extensive slope of terraces, flood -plain steps, or other stepped landforms; commonly a recurring part of a series of natural steplike landforms, such as successive stream terraces. Tuff A generic term for any consolidated or cemented deposit that is 50 percent or more volcanic ash. 114 Custom Soil Resource Report Upland An informal, general term for the higher ground of a region, in contrast with a low- lying adjacent area, such as a valley or plain, or for land at a higher elevation than the flood plain or low stream terrace; land above the footslope zone of the hillslope continuum. Valley fill The unconsolidated sediment deposited by any agent (water, wind, ice, or mass wasting) so as to fill or partly fill a valley. Variegation Refers to patterns of contrasting colors assumed to be inherited from the parent material rather than to be the result of poor drainage. Verve A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of laminae deposited in a body of still water within a year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or other body of still water in front of a glacier. Very stony spot (map symbol) A spot where 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the soil surface is covered by rock fragments that are more than 10 inches in diameter in areas where the surface of the surrounding soil is covered by less than 0.01 percent stones. Water bars Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional areas that are excavated at an angle across a sloping road. They are used to reduce the downward velocity of water and divert it off and away from the road surface. Water bars can easily be driven over if constructed properly. Weathering All physical disintegration, chemical decomposition, and biologically induced changes in rocks or other deposits at or near the earth's surface by atmospheric or biologic agents or by circulating surface waters but involving essentially no transport of the altered material. Well graded Refers to soil material consisting of coarse grained particles that are well distributed over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil normally can be easily increased in density and bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with poorly graded soil. Wet spot (map symbol) A somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained area that is at least two drainage classes wetter than the named soils in the surrounding map unit. 115 Custom Soil Resource Report Wilting point (or permanent wilting point) The moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so much that it does not recover when placed in a humid, dark chamber. Windthrow The uprooting and tipping over of trees by the wind. 116 IIIPI�� I'19u� Official Series Description- ALTVAN Series https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALTVAN.htr LOCATION ALTVAN NE+CO SD WY Established Series Rev. 1W PRF 09/2005 ALTVAN SERIES The Altvan series consists of moderately deep to sand or gravelly sand, well drained soils. They formed in loamy sediments on uplands hillslopes and valley terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 41 centimeters (16 inches), and mean annual temperature is 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine -loamy over sandy or sandy -skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls TYPICAL PEDON: Altvan loam - on less than 1 percent slope in a cultivated field. When described the soil was moist to a depth of 58 centimeters (23 inches). (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise stated.) Ap--0 to 15 centimeters (0 to 6 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable; many fine pebbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. A--15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; many fine pebbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizons is 13 to 36 centimeters (5 to 14 inches).) BA --20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark brown (I0YR 3/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; neutral; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 15 centimeters (0 to 6 inches) thick) Bt -30 to 58 centimeters (12 to 23 inches); brown (I0YR 5/3) clay loam, brown (10YR4/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; hard, firm; thin patchy films on faces ofpeds; neutral in upper part, slightly alkaline in lower part; clear smooth boundary. (23 to 46 centimeters (9 to 18 inches) thick) Bk--58 to 66 centimeters (23 to 26 inches); very pale brown (I0YR 7/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; disseminated carbonates in root channels and on faces of pods; violent effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 46 centimeters (0 to IS inches) thick) C--66 to 89 centimeters (26 to 35 inches); very pale brown (10YR 7/3) loam, pale brown (I0YR 6/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable; strong effervescence; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 centimeters (0 to 10 inches) thick) 2C--89 to 152 centimeters (35 to 60 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; 20 percent gravel by volume; strong effervescence; strongly alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Kimball County, Nebraska; about 6 miles north and 6 1/2 miles west of Bushnell; 658 miters (2160 feet) east and 30 meters (100 feet) south of the northwest comer of sec. 31, T. 16 N., R. 58 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Mean annual soil temperature: 10 to 15 degrees C (49 to 59 degrees F) Depth to abrupt textural change: 51 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches), typically is 61 to 91 centimeters (24 to 36 inches) Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 41 to 97 centimeters (16 to 38 inches) Thickness of the solum: 41 to 91 centimeters (16 to 38 inches) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 18 to 51 centimeters (7 to 20 inches) thick, includes the upper part of the argillic horizon in some pedons Particle -size control section (weighted average): Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Rock fragments: Content: 0 to 15 percent gravel A horizon: Hue: 10YR Value: 4 or 5 and 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam and less commonly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam Clay content: 15 to 23 percent Reaction: slightly acid through slightly alkaline Bt horizon: Hue: I0YR or 7.5YR Value: 4 through 6 and 2 through 4 moist Chroma: 2 through 4 Texture: clay loam and less commonly sandy clay loam or loam Clay content: 20 to 35 percent Reaction: neutral through moderately alkaline Bk horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 5 through 7 and 4 through 6 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: silt loam and less commonly loam, some pedons have a very gravelly 2Bk horizon that extends to 60 inches or more Clay content: 8 to 15 percent Calcium carbonate equivalent: I to 10 percent Reaction: slightly alkaline through strongly alkaline C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 6 through 8 and 5 or 6 moist 1 of 2 4/18/2012 8:01 A? Official Series Description- ALTUAN Series https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ALTVAN.htr Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loam and less commonly silt loam, some pedons have a layer of fine sandy loam less than 5 inches thick above the 2C horizon Clay content: 8 to 15 percent Rock fragments: gravel content ranges from 0 to 15 percent by volume Reaction: slightly alkaline through strongly alkaline 2C horizon: Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 5 through 7 and 4 through 6 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 Texture: gravelly sand and less commonly gravelly coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 10 percent Rock fragments: gravel content ranges from 5 to 35 percent by volume Reaction: slightly alkaline through strongly alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Atencio Eckley, Gustspring, Landavaso, Newlin Redridge, Tuthill, Wheatridge and Wolfvar soils. Atencio soils have hue redder than 7.5YR. Eckley soils have gravelly sand at a depth of 25 to 51 centimeters (10 to 20 inches) Gustspring soils have I5 to 35 percent rock fragments in the Bt and Bk horizons. Landavaso and Wheatridge soils are noncalcareous above depths of 102 centimeters (40 inches). Newlin and Redridge soils have gravelly Bt horizons and have free carbonates from 102 centimeters (40 inches) to more than 152 centimeters (60 inches). Tuthill soils contain more sand and less silt in the argillic horizon and do not have gravelly sand in the 2C horizon Wolfvar soils have the base of the Bt horizon at depths less than 10 inches GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Parent material: derived from loamy sediments mainly of Tertiary Age Landform: uplands and stream terrace Slopes: 0 to 15 percent Elevation: 914 to 1524 meters (3000 to 5000 feet) Mean annual temperature: 8 to 14 degrees C (47 to 57 degees F) Mean annual precipitation: 36 to 46 centimeters (14 to 18 inches) Frost -free period: 130 to 150 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alliance Ascalon Canyon Chappell, Chappell, Dix, Eckley, Keith, Rosebud and Tripp. Alliance are deep, over calcareous, soft sandstone, are fine -silty, and on similar landscapes Ascalon soils are very deep and on slightly higher ridges. Canyon: are shallow over residual tertiary material and on ridges, side slopes, or knolls. Chappell soils are on foot slopes. Dix soils are shallow, sandy -skeletal, and are mainly on steep side slopes Eckley soils have gravelly sand at a depth of 25 to 64 centimeters (10 to 20 inches) Keith soils are very deep, fine -silty and on similar landscapes Rosebud soils are on similar landscapes Satanta soils are very deep, fine -loamy and on similar landscapes Tripp soils are very deep, coarse -silty, do not have an argillic horizon, and are on similar high stream terraces and in a few places on uplands DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage: well drained. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: high in the solum and very rapid in the 2C horizon Runoff: slow on nearly level slopes, medium on the gentle slopes and rapid on moderately steep slopes USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are generally cultivated except on the steeper slopes. Dryland crops are wheat, corn, grain sorghum, millet, and spring -sown small grains. Irrigated crops are corn, alfalfa, sugar beets, and field beans. The native vegetation species are western wheatgrass, needleandthread, blue grams, thread leaf sedge, little bluestem, and buffalograss. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Altvan soils are extensive in western Nebraska and adjacent areas of Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Salina, Kansas SERIES ESTABLISHED: Archer Dryland Field Station, Laramie County, Wyoming, 1947. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollie epipedon: 18 to 51 centimeters (7 to 20 inches). (A, BA and upper Bt horizons) Argillic horizon: 23 to 46 centimeters (9 to 18 inches). (Bt horizon) Abrupt textural change: 51 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches). (2C horizon) 4/17/2000: OSD was reformatted for use in the Deuel County, NE final correlation 09/2005: metric conversion added and permeability changed to saturated hydraulic conductivity. LM and JCR National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. 2 of 2 4/18/2012 8:01 Al Official Series Description- ASCALON Series https://soil series.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ASCALON.hte LOCATION ASCALON CO+MT NE SD WY Established Series Rev. JW/LAN/LLC 09/2005 ASCALON SERIES The Ascalon series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in moderate coarse textured calcareous material. Ascalon soils are on upland hillslopes and tableland plains. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 41 centimeters (16 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (49 degrees F) at the type location. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine -loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls TYPICAL PEDON: Ascalon fine sandy loam, grassland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A-0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very friable; 3 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.0); clear smooth boundary. (8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) thick) BA --10 to 18 centimeters (4 to 7 inches); grayish brown (I 0YR 5/2) fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; slightly hard, very friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.2); clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches) thick) Bt1--18 to 36 centimeters (7 to I4 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocks; very hard, very friable; many distinct clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent pebbles; neutral (pH 7.2); gradual smooth boundary. Bt2--36 to 46 centimeters (14 to I t inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sandy clay loam, brown (I 0YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocks; very hard, very friable; common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in root channels; slightly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary. (Combined Bt horizons is 20 to 46 centimeters (8 to 18 inches) thick) Bk1- 46 to 64 centimeters (18 to 25 inches); light gray (2.5Y 7/2 ) loam, light olive brown 2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable; concretions, thin seams and streaks of calcium carbonate; few faint clay films on faces of some peds; 5 percent pebbles, strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 41 centimeters (4 to 16 inches) thick) Bk2--64 to 152 centimeters (25 to 60 inches); pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) fine sandy loam, light olive brown (2.5Y5/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; 5 percent pebbles; concretions, thin seams and streaks of calcium carbonate; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2). TYPE LOCATION: Washington County, Colorado; on North side of Highway 34, five miles east of Akron, about 695 meters (2,280 feet) North and 30 meters (100 feet) east of the southwest comer of Sec. 8, T. 2 N., R. 51 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Mean annual soil temperature: 8 to 15 degrees C (47 to 58 degrees F). Mean summer soil temperature: 15 to 26 degrees C (59 to 78 degrees F). Mollie epipedon: thickness ranges from 18 to 51 centimeters (7 to 20 inches) Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 20 to 76 centimeters (8 to 30 inches) Depth to the base of the Bt horizon: 38 to 76 centimeters (15 to 30 inches) Organic carbon: ranges from .6 to 2 percent in the mollic epipedon and decreases uniformly with depth. Rock fragments: range from 0 to 15 percent but are usually less than 5 percent. A horizon: Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Value: 4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Chroma: 2 or 3 Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam. Structure: primarily granular or subangular blocky Consistence: soft or slightly hard Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline (pH 6.6 to 7.6). Bt horizons: Hue: 2.5Y to 7.5YR Value: 4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: sandy clay loam Clay content: 18 to 35 percent Silt content: 5 to 30 percent Sand content: 50 to 75 percent (more than 35 percent is fine sand or coarser, but with only minor amounts of medium to coarse angular granitic sand. Reaction: neutral through slightly alkaline Bk horizons: Hue: 2.5Y or 10YR Value: 5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and loam. Reaction: moderately or strongly alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5 to 15 percent Coarse fragment content: variable range below 40 inches. C horizon: if present, Hue: 2.5Y or I0YR Value: 6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Texture: loamy fine sand, sandy loam, and sandy clay loam. 1 of 2 4/18/2012 8:08 Alt Official Series Description - ASCALON Series https://soilseries.se.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ASCALON.htr COMPETING SERIES: These are the Asparas. Belfon, Bresser, Cedak, Charkiln, Critehell. Deeflat, Datil Featherlees. Forgan, Flarereave. Harlan. I-lemingiord, Hiarc. Kirtley, Lavate, Loarc, Moskee, Noden, Palmer Canyon, Recluse. Satanta, Shalona, Sitcan, Sugardec, Wages and Wolf series. Asparas soils lack the sandy loam or loamy sand and the calic horizons Belfon soils have a control section that has less than 35 percent fine sand or courser and less than 50 percent total sand Bresser, Critchell, Lavate, and Noden soils lack horizons containing secondary carbonates Cedak, Dagflat, Hargreave, Hemingford, and Kirtley, soils have a lithic or paralithic contact above a depth of 102 centimeters (40 inches) Charkiln soils do not have any calcium carbonates -within the top 20 inches. Datil soils have calcic horizons. Featherlegs soils have loamy skeletal horizons at a depth of 102 centimeters (40 inches) Forgan soils formed in eolian material Harlan soils have Hues of 5YR or redder iliarc and Loarc soils do not have secondary carbonates in the Bt horizons Moskee (WY): need further study to compete with the Ascalon series Palmer Canyon soils have loamy -skeletal substratums above 102 centimeters (40 inches). Satanta, Shalona, Sugardee, and Recluse soils contain less than 35 percent fine or coarser sand and less than 50 percent total sand Sitcan soils have an average of less then 35 percent fine and course sand Wages and Wolf have solums which are usually less than 38 centimeters (15 inches) thick GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Parent material: thick, moderately coarse textured, calcareous material. Landform: hills and plains Slope: 0 to 25 percent Elevation: 1219 to 1829 meters (4000 to 600O feet). Mean annual precipitation: 33 to 43 centimeters (13 to 17 inches), with peak periods of precipitation occurring during the spring and summer. Mean annual temperature: 10 to 12 degrees C (49 to 53 degrees F). Average summer temperature: 20 to 23 Degree C (68 to 73 degrees F). Frost -free season: about 130 to 160 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Jayem, Manter, Platner, and Vona soils. Manter, Jayem and Vona soils have a coarse -loamy control section Platner soils have fine textured Bt horizons and have an abrupt textural boundary between the A and B horizons DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage: Well drained Saturated hydraulic conductivity: high Runoff: low to high USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated These soils are used as dry and irrigated croplands or for grazing. Native vegetation is chiefly short grasses, predominantly blue gram. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming in MLRA's 67 and 69. The series is of large extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Salina, Kansas SERIES ESTABLISHED: Cheyenne County (The Cheyenne Soil Conservation District), Colorado, 1940. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features: Mollie epipedon: 0 to 36 centimeters (0 to 14 inches) Argillic horizon: 18 to 46 centimeters (7 to 18 inches) Last updated by the state 2/94. Modified by MLRA Office -5 on 1/11/2000 to correct typographical mistakes in the color hue for the C horizon. In addition, the series was formatted to semi -tab. Modified by Lee Neve on 1/2002 to include moist colors and sandy clay loam in the Bk. Modified by LM and JCR in 9/2005 to include metric conversion and change permeability to saturated hydraulic conductivity. National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. 2 of 2 4/18/2012 8:08 Al Official Series Description- BANKARD Series https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BANKARD.htr LOCATION BANKARD CO KS MT NE NM SD UT WY Established Series Rev. DH/PRF 04/2000 BANKARD SERIES The Bankard series consists of very deep, well to somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium from a variety of rocks. Bankard soils are on flood plains and low terraces and have slopes of 0 to 6 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 14 to 17 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Ustic Torrifluvents TYPICAL PEDON: Bankard loamy sand - grassland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise stated.) A--0 to 5 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y6/2) loamy sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weals fine granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH. 8.0); clear smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick) C-5 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) loamy very fine sand stratified with thin layers of sand, sandy loam and loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist: the weighted average texture is loamy fine sand; single grain; soft, very friable, strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2). TYPE LOCATION: Morgan County, Colorado; 100 feet south and 210 feet east of the northwest comer of Sec. 30, T. 4 N., R. 56 W. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to carbonates: 0 to 8 inches Mean annual soil temperature: 47 to 53 degrees F. Mean annual summer soil temperature: 60 to 78 degrees F. Moisture control section: moist in some or all parts for as long as 60 consecutive days when the soil temperature at 20 inches is 41 degrees F, which occurs in April Organic carbon: decreases irregularly with depth Particle size control section: loamy fine sand predominates above 40 inches - variable in texture due to stratification Rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent by volume - typically less than 5 percent Comments: Some pedons have weak accumulations of secondary carbonates as soft concretions or seams. Some pedons have 0 to 35 percent gravel by volume, below 40 inches. A horizon: Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist Chroma: 2 to 6 Consistence: soft to slightly hard Organic carbon: .5 to 1.5 percent Reaction: slightly to moderately alkaline Structure: granular to crumb, subangular blocky allowed Texture: loamy sand C horizon: Hue: 2.5Y, 10YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist Chroma: 2 to 4 Calcium carbonate equivalent: less than 1 to 10 percent Reaction: slightly to strongly alkaline Texture: loamy very fine sand stratified with thin layers of sand, sandy loam, loam Comments: There is no distinct continuous horizon of calcium carbonate accumulation COMPETING SERIES: Chung (T): arc dry in some part of the soil moisture control section in late spring and early summer Draknab (WY): are never moist in some or all parts for as long as 60 consecutive days when the soil at 20 inches is 41 degrees or more Ellicott (CO): are noncalcareous, contain a high proportion of medium and coarse angular granite sand and fine and very fine angular granitic gravel Escavada (NM): are driest from April through June Kwakina (NM)(T): are driest from April through June GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: river valleys Landform: flood plains, low terraces Slopes: 0 to 6 percent Elevation: 2500 to 5900 feet Parent material: stratified, calcareous, coarse -textured, recent alluvium Mean annual air temperature: 47 to 55 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation: 10 to 17 inches - peak periods in spring and early summer Frost -free period: 95 to 160 days GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Craft: have a coarse -silty control section Glenberg: have a coarse -loamy control section Haverson: have a fine -loamy control section DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well to somewhat excessively drained; low to very low runoff; rapid to very rapid permeability. USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used chiefly as native pastureland; however, they are tilled in some localities. Native vegetation consists of scattered cottonwood, grass and brush. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The floodplains and low terraces of the major streams and rivers in Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming, New Mexico and parts of South Dakota, Nebraska and eastem Utah. 1 of 2 4/18/2012 8:14 Al Official Series Description- BANKARD Series https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BANKARD.hir MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Salina, Kansas SERIES ESTABLISHED: Red Willow County, Nebraska, 1965. REMARKS: Last updated by state 2/94. ADDITIONAL DATA: T: 5 K:.17 W EG: 1 WEI: 220 National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. 2 of 2 4/18/2012 8:14 At Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0. r® NRCSNatural Resources Li Conservation Service Ecological Site Description UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE ECOLOGICAL SITE DESCRIPTION (Old Format Report) ECOLOGICAL SITE CHARACTERISTICS Site Type: Rangeland Site Name: Loamy Plains Site ID: R067BY002CO Major Land Resource Area: 067B -Central High Plains, Southern Part Phvsiographic Features This site occurs on nearly level to gently sloping plains. Landforrn: (I) Plain (2) Terrace Minimum Maximum Elevation (feet): 3800 5600 Slope (percent): 0 6 Water Table Depth (inches): 60 60 Flooding: Frequency: None None Duration: None None Ponding: Depth (inches): 0 0 Frequency: None None Duration: None None Runoff Class: Low Medium Aspect: No Influence on this site Climatic Features The mean average annual precipitation varies from 12 to 16 inches per year depending on location and ranges from less than 8 inches to over 20 inches per year. Approximately 75 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season from mid -April to late -September. Snowfall can vary greatly from year to year but averages 35 to 45 inches per year. Winds are estimated to average about 9 miles per hour annually, ranging from 10 miles per hour during the spring to 9 miles per hour during late summer. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring periods of high winds with gusts to more than 90 miles per hour. The average length of the growing season is 142 days, but varies from 129 to 154 days. The average date of first frost in the fall is September 28, and the last frost in the spring is about May 9. July is the hottest month and December and January are the coldest. It is not uncommon for the temperature to exceed 100 degrees F during the summer. Summer humidity is low and evaporation is high. The winters are characterized with frequent northerly winds, producing severe cold with temperatures dropping to -35 degrees F or lower. Growth of native cool season plants begins about March 15 and continues to about Junel5. Native warm season plants begin growth about May 15 and continue to about August 15. Regrowth of cool season plants occurs in September and October of most years, depending on moisture. For local climate stations that may be more representative, refer to: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ Frost -free period (days): Freeze -free period (days): Mean annual precipitation (inches): Minimum Maximum 129 160 151 181 12.0 i6.0 1 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 AN Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0. Monthly precipitation (inches) and temperature (°F): Precip. Min. Precip. Max. Temp. Min. Temp. Max. Climate Stations: (1) CO0945, (2) CO4076, (3) CO9147, Jan 0.32 0.36 12.5 45.2 Feb 0.26 0.38 15.7 50.7 Mar a Max Jun Jul Amu Oct Nov Dec 1.38 2.32 1.93 1.42 1.07 0.89 0.53 0.37 0.82 1.28 2.46 2.61 2.31 2.37 1.37 1.05 0.52 0.33 22.5 30.6 40.3 49.2 55.3 53.7 43.9 32.5 20.8 12.2 58.8 69.2 78.1 88.5 93.9 91.9 83.8 72.7 57.1 47.0 Briggsdale. Period of record 1948 - 2005 Holly. Period of record 1918 - 2005 Windsor. Period of record 1948 - 1990 Influencing Water Features Influencing water features are not associated with this site. Wetland Description: System Subsystem Class Representative Soil Features The soils of this site are typically very deep but may also include moderately deep soils. Typically, they are well drained and are moderately slow or moderately permeable. Typically, these soils formed in loamy loess and eolian deposits derived from mixed calcareous sources. Some soils formed in loamy alluvium derived from mixed calcareous sources. These soils occur on upland plains, and terraces. The available water capacity is typically high for the very deep soils and low to moderate for the moderately deep soils. The soil surface layer ranges from 3 to 16 inches thick and is typically loam or silt loam. The pH of these soils ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. The soil moisture regime is typically aridic ustic with some ustic aridic in the drier areas. The soil temperature regime is mesic. The Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC) should show slight to no evidence of tills, wind scoured areas or pedestaled plants. Water flow paths arc broken, irregular in appearance or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers. The soil surface is stable and intact. Sub -surface soil layers are non-restrictive to water movement and root penetration. Major soil series correlated to this ecological site include: Adena, Altvan, Ascalon (loam), Baca (loam), Colby (0-5%), Fort Collins, Harbord, Iliff, Keith, Kimst, Kuma, Norka, Nucla, Nunn (loam), Plainer, Rago, Renohill, Richfield, Rosebud, Satanta, Stoneham, Thedalund , Ulmet, Ulysses, Wages, Weld and Wiley. Other soil series that have been correlated to this site include: none Parent Materials: Kind: Origin: Surface Texture: (1) Loam (2) Sandy loam (3) Very fine sandy loam Subsurface Texture Group_ Loamy Surface Fragments <=3" (% Cover): Surface Fragments> 3" (% Cover): Subsurface Fragments <=3" (% Volume): Subsurface Fraements> 3" (% Volume): Drainage Class: Well drained To Well drained Permeability Class: Slow To Moderate Depth (inches): Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm): Sodium Absorption Ratio: Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (percent): Soil Reaction (1:I Water): Soil Reaction (0.0IM CaCl2): Available Water Capacity (inches): Plant Communities Minimum Maximum 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Minimum Maximum 40 80 0 2 0 0 0 15 6.6 8.4 3.0 8.0 Ecological Dynamics of the Site Deterioration of this site, due to continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods following each grazing occurrence, will cause blue grama and buffalograss to increase and eventually form a sod. Cool season grasses such as green needlegrass and western wheatgrass will decrease in frequency and production as well as key shrubs such as fourwing saltbush and winterfat. American vetch and other highly palatable £orbs will decrease also. Red threeawn, annuals and bare ground increases under heavy continuous grazing or excessive defoliation. Much of this ecological site has been tilled and used for crop production. 2 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 Vegetative growth begins earlier in the southern reaches (Baca, Bent, Kiowa, Las Animas and Prowers counties) of MLRA-67B and is typically suppressed during the months of June through August in these counties due to higher evapotranspiration rates. The historic climax plant community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, seasonal use pastures, short durationl/time controlled grazing and historical accounts. The following diagram illustrates the common plant communities that can occur on the site and the transition pathways (arrows) among communities. Bold lines surrounding each plant community or communities represent ecological thresholds. The ecological processes are discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram. CG Blue Grama/ Buffalograss Sod LTPG Blue GramelBuffalo- grass Sod with Cool Season Remnants PG. 1 CG Western Wheatgrass Blue Grama Green Need(egress Fourwi ng Saltbush (HCPC) NU, NF PG Low Plant Density, Excessive Utter LTPG Red Threeawn Annuals, Bare Ground Seeded Rangeland RS CG VLTPG I Go -back Land 4 - Tiled and Abandoned HCG, ED Any Community unity Tilted and Abandoned Eroded (Go -back Land) RS Eroded Seeded Rangeland CG- continuous grazing w/o adequate recovery opportunity, ED - excessive defoliation. HCG - heavy continuous grazing. HCPC - Historic Climax Plant Community, LTPG- long term prescribed grazing (>40 yrs), NF- no fire. NU - non use. PG - prescribed grazing with adequate recovery period, RS - range seeding, VLTPG - very long term prescribed grazing (>80 yrs) Western Wheatarass, Blue Grama, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community (HCPC) This is the interpretive plant community and is considered to be the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC). This plant community evolved with grazing by large herbivores, is well suited for grazing by domestic livestock and can be found on areas that are properly managed with prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery periods following each grazing event. The potential vegetation is about 70-85% grasses and grass -like plants, 5-15% forbs and 10-15% woody plants. The major grasses include western wheatgrass, green needlegrass and blue grams. Sub -dominant grasses include needleandthread, buffalograss and sand dropseed. Major forbs and shrubs include American vetch, upright prairie coneflower, scarlet globemallow, dotted gayfeather, fourwing saltbush and winterfat. This plant community is diverse, stable, and productive. Litter is properly distributed with very little movement off -site and natural plant mortality is very low. It is well suited to carbon sequestration, water yield, wildlife use by many species, livestock use and is esthetically pleasing. Community dynamics, nutrient cycle, water cycle and energy flow are functioning properly. This community is resistant to many disturbances except continuous grazing, tillage and/or development into urban or other uses. Total annual production ranges from 600 to 1800 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre and will average 1300 pounds during an average year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events will shift this plant community to the Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod with Cool Season Remnants Plant Community. • Non-use (rest) and lack of fire will move this plant community to the Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community. • Prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery opportunity following each grazing event and proper stocking will maintain the Western Wheatgrass, Blue Grama, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community (HCPC). 3 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 Ali Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 Western Wheatgrass, Blue Grams. Green Needlegass. Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community (HCPCI Plant Species Composition: Grass/Grassli ce Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Qrgas Group Name Common Name Symbol 5cicntilic Name Low Nisi I - Cool Season Mid-Rhiiomalous 260 390 western wheattsass PASM Pascnpvnan 'ott ldt 260 390 2 - Cool Season Mid -Bunch 65 195 Indian ricegass ACHY Achrmtherum hvmenoides 0 13 squirreltail ELELE pvotrs elvmaides sort. elvnnalf(5r 0 U needle and thread HEC0CS ffespeiwtlaa cantata suit. cantata 0 13 preen need leg -ass NAVI4 Nasseila viridula 65 195 3 - Warm Season Short Bunch 260 325 blue prams BOOR2 &sarcoma Bracil(s 260 325 4 - Warm Season Short Stoleniferous 13 65 bufalogass BODA2 floute(oua dacrvloides 13 65 5 -Warm Season Mid -Bunch 13 33 sidcoots grams BOCU Ooatetata crmtipendttfa 0 l3 little bluestem SCSC Sehlzachvrttrm seaparlun 0 l3 sand dropseed SPCR Sparoboloscrvprandnis 13 39 6 -Cool Season Annual 13 siewoeks fescue VUOC thilota actaRm•a 13 7 - Miscellaneous Grasses 13 22 Fcndler threeawn ARPUL Arlstidapmparea sac lnnziseea 0 13 ring muhly MUTO2 Muidenhernta roaeosi 0 13 S - Srdges !3 26 neodlcleaf sedge CADU6 Carezdorirrsada 0 13 sun sedge CAINH2 Caret towssw. heilophfla 13 26 9 - Other Natrvc Grasses 13 39 Grass, perennial 2GP 13 39 Farb Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre G reap Group Name Common Name $ymbol Scientific Nam Low H 10 - Legumes 22 77 woolly locoweed ASMO7 rtshapalus mallissimus 0 13 purple prairie clover DAPUP Dales pmpurea Vag vurpreea 13 26 white locoweed OXSE G.ryltr artcea 0 13 sbm Rower scurfpea PSTES Psoralidiam tenui lonrm 0 13 silky sophom SONO Sapporo nrraattiana 0 13 American vetch VIAM pieta americana 13 65 I1 - Cool Season 22 44 New Mexico groundsel PANEM Porkers neoeeezlrwrla var mrdabigs 0 13 broadbeard beardtongue PEAN4 Penrremon anmrsiifolftr0 13 26 scarlet globemallow SPCO Spirneralcea caccinea 13 39 12 - Warm Season 33 77 Cuman ragweed AMPS Ambmslaosiloslachva 0 13 while sagebrush ARLU Artemisia hrdnviciany 0 13 wavyleaf thistle CIUN Cirslum undulation 0 13 scarlet hccblossom OACOS Garton caccinea 0 13 dotted blazing star UPU Liatrle punctala 13 26 rush skeletonplant LYIU Lveadeamlainncea 0 13 lacy tansyaster MAPIP4 Machaeraoikera oeianau/da .sort, airmailfda var. alnnaalido 13 26 Colorado four o'clock MIMU Mirabtlis multiRora 0 13 crownleaf evening primrose OECO2 Oennthera corunopllaila 0 13 bahia PICRA3 Pieaadeniaruis 0 13 upright prairie coneflower RAC03 Rnrthida columnlfera 13 26 13 - Annuals 14 • Other Native Forbs Shrub/Vine Grwp Group Name 15 - Shrubs 16 - Half -Shrubs woolly plantain Forb, perennial Common Name four -wing sakbush rubber rabbkbrush wintortat PLPA2 Plantains patauonica 2PP Symbol Scientific Name ATCA2 At, toles canesceas ERNAN5 Crlcancrta nauseosa sip. nauseam var. nauseam KRLA2 Kraschentnaikovia tannin 0 13 0 .13 26 65 26 65 Annuat Production in Pounds Per Acre Low H� 66 260 65 195 0 13 13 65 0 13 4 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0. V- Succulents 18 - Evergreen 19- Other Native Shrubs prairie sagewatt broom snakeweed tpinystar plains pricklypear soapweed yucca ARFR4 GUSA2 ESVIV OPPO Areemisla f'/aide Galerreaa saevthrae Grmbaria vivlpara var. vldpm'a Opuntia polvacaallm VOGL Nrtca s(aaca Shrub >5a) 2SHRUB Annual Production by Plant Type: Plant Type Forb Grass/Grasslike Shrub/Vine Annual Production (Iba/AC) Low Representative Value 60 130 415 1007 125 163 Llig1 200 1400 200 Total: 600 Plant Growth Curve: 1300 1800 Growth Curve Number: CO6701 Growth Curve Name: Cool season/warm season co -dominant; MLRA-67B; upland fine textured soils. Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Amu Seg Oct Nov Dec 0 0 2 8 20 28 15 t2 10 5 0 0 'r uawh Curve P r a u u 22 1B le to C t I 11 p 0 n 5 o Ja, 5¢0 Mr IP Mr .M hl )a9 rW on Ibr in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I3 13 13 13 I3 13 39 13 39 Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod with Cool Season Remnants This plant community evolved with long-term continuous grazing, moderate stocking, and in some instances heavy winter stocking. Recognition of this plant community will enable the land user to implement key management decisions before a significant economic/ecological threshold is crossed. Key species such as green needlegrass, westem wheatgrass, American vetch, fourwing saltbush and winterfat have been reduced to remnant amounts. Blue grama and buffalograss have increased in abundance, dominate the community, and are beginning to take on a sod appearance. Sand dropseed, red threeawn, sixweeks fescue, plains pricklypear, hairy goldaster and bottlebmsh squirreltail have also increased. This plant community is at risk of losing western wheatgrass, which is the major cool season grass left at this point. Once the key species are completely removed and other plants have increased, it will take a long time to bring them back by management alone. Substantial increases in money and other resources will be required to replace the lost species in a shorter period of time. Total aboveground carbon has been lost due to decreases in forage and litter production. Reduction of rhizomatous wheatgrass, nitrogen fixing forbs, shrub component and increased warm season short grasses has begun to alter the biotic integrity of this community. Water and nutrient cycles may be impaired. Total annual production can vary from 200 to 900 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre and will average 700 pounds during an average year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events shifts this plant community across an ecological threshold toward the Blue Gmma/Buffalograss Sod Plant Community. • Prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods after each grazing occurrence during the growing season with a proper stocking rate will return the plant community back to the Western Wheatgrass, Blue Grama, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community (HCPC). Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6702 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant; MLRA-67B, upland fine textured soils. 5of13 4/18/2012 9:16 Alk Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReportaspx?id—R067BY0 Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Ant Ss Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 2 15 45 20 15 3 0 0 0 % P at m a° wave, Cunt JI n n Ie II 0 n 0 a Jm re0 M Poi sOy .Ain Jul Aq Sep On Ibv Oac Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter This plant community occurs when grazing is removed for long periods of time (rest) in the absence of fire. Plant composition is similar to the HCPC, however individual species production and frequency will be lower. Prickley pear cactus and fringed sagebrush have increased. Much of the nutrients are tied up in excessive litter. The semiarid environment and the absence of animal traffic to break down litter slow nutrient recycling. Aboveground litter also limits sunlight from reaching plant crowns. Many plants, especially bunchgrasses die off. Thick litter and absence of grazing or fire reduce seed germination and establishment. In advanced stages, plant mortality can increase and erosion may eventually occur if bare ground increases. Once this happens it will require increased energy input in terms of practice cost and management to bring back. Total annual production can vary from 400 to 1300 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre and will average 850 pounds during an average year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods between each grazing event and proper stocking can restore this plant community back to the Westem Wheatgrass, Blue Grama, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community (HCPC). Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6703 Growth Curve Name: Cool season/warm season co -dominant, excess litter; MLRA-67B; upland fine textured soils. Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug j Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 10 20 25 15 15 10 5 0 0 a Growth rune % a m n Is 13 Is G n Fab Mr !pr AMY J (up Sep Oee Mr nw Blue Grama/Buffaloarass Sod This plant community evolved with repeated continuous grazing and occurs frequently throughout most of the eastem plains of Colorado. Fourwing saltbush, winterfat, American vetch and green needlegrass have been removed. Western wheatgrass may persist in minor trace amounts, greatly reduced in vigor and not readily seen. Blue grama and buffalograss dominate the community with a tight "sodbound" structure. Plains pricklypear, hairy goldaster, red threeawn, sixweeks fescue and bottlebnish squirreltail have increased. This plant community is resistant to change due to grazing tolerance of buffalograss and blue grama. A significant amount of production and diversity has been lost when compared to the HCPC. Loss of cool season grasses, shrub component and nitrogen fixing forbs have negatively impacted energy flow and nutrient cycling. Water infiltration is reduced significantly due to the massive shallow root system "root pan", characteristic of sodbound blue grama and buffalograss. Soil loss may be obvious where flow paths are connected. It will take a very long time to restore this plant community back to the HCPC with improved management. Renovation would be very costly. Desertification is advanced. 6of13 4/18/20129:16 Al` Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 Production ranges from 100 to 800 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year and averages 600 pounds. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Heavy continuous grazing or excessive defoliation without adequate recovery periods following each grazing event will shift this plant community toward the Red threeawn, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community. This transition may take greater than 40 years. Erosion and loss of organic matter/carbon reserves are concerns. • Long term prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods following each grazing event and proper stocking over long periods of time move this plant community toward the Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod with Cool Season Remnants Plant Community and will eventually return to the HCPC or associated successional plant community stages assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is available. This process may take greater than 40 years. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6707 Growth Curve Name: Wann season dominant; MLRA-67B; upland fine textured soils. Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Ang Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 3 20 45 20 10 2 0 0 0 % P r 46 p m r1 Growth curve 0 d u r 27 n is I 0 n 13 a G an Feb net PP r say Jun Jn flog aw On Nos Den Red Threeawn, Annuals, Bare Ground This plant community develops with heavy continuous grazing and/or occupation by prairie dogs. Red threeawn is the dominant species. Blue grama may persist in localized areas. Introduced annuals such as kochia and Russian thistle are present. Introduced species such as field bindweed can also be present, especially on prairie dog towns. Litter levels are extremely low. Erosion is evident where flow paths are continuous. Rills may occur on steeper slopes. Wind scoured areas may be apparent on knolls or unprotected areas. The nutrient cycle, water cycle and overall energy flow are greatly impaired. Organic matter/carbon reserves are greatly reduced. This community is not stable. Desertification is obvious. Total annual production can vary from 50 to 200 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre and will average 100 pounds during an average year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Long term prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods between each grazing event and proper stocking can eventually move this community back to the Historic Climax Plant Community or associated successional plant community stages, but it will take a long time (40 to 80 years or more). • Range seeding followed by prescribed grazing maybe used as an alternative to convert this plant community to a Seeded Rangeland community, which can closely resemble the HCPC however, at a substantial cost. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6707 • Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant; MLRA-67B; upland fine textured soils. Growth Curve Description: . Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar AR- May Jun Jul Amu kg Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 3 20 45 20 10 2 0 0 0 7of13 4/18/20129:16 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esi s.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReportlfsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0. P 4' a nrov4h Curve 3t n n 18 13 B 4 hn S AH M t y Ais sw 0.1 Wr ow Go -back Go -back land is created when the soil is tilled or farmed (sodbusted) and abandoned. All of the native plants are destroyed, soil organic mater is reduced, soil structure is changed and a plowpan or compacted layer is formed. Residual synthetic chemicals often remain from past fanning operations and erosion processes may be active. Go -back land evolves through several plant communities beginning with an early annual plant community, which initiates the revegetation process. Plants such as Russian thistle, kochia and other annuals begin to establish. These plants give some protection from erosion and start to build minor levels of soil organic matter. This early annual plant community lasts for two to several years. Red threeawn, sand dropseed and several other early perennials can dominate the plant community for five to eight years or more. Buffalograss establishes next and dominates for many years. Eventually western wheatgrass, blue grama and other natives become reestablished. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Very long term prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods following each grazing event and proper stocking will most likely take this plant community to a buffalograss dominated plant community and eventually back to the HCPC. This process takes many years (40-80 years or more). • Range seeding followed with prescribed grazing can be used to convert Go -back Land to Seeded Rangeland which can resemble the HCPC. Go -back (eroded) Eroded go -back land is created where tillage or farming and severe erosion has occurred. If the parent material that the original soil developed from is lost, then another ecosite will evolve. If the same parent material is present, then re -seeding or the slow process of developing soil and vegetation will start by similar processes as shown in the non -eroded Go -back Land above. This is a very slow process (100 years or more). Seeded Rangeland This plant community can vary considerably depending on how eroded the soil was, the species seeded, the stand that was established, how long ago the stand was established and the management of the stand since establishment. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate recovery period between grazing events can shift this plant community to Go -back Land. Ecological Site Interpretations Animal Community: WILDLIFE INTERPRETATIONS: Western Wheatgrass, Blue Gmma, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Saltbush Plant Community- Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC) and Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod, Westem Wheatgrass and Shrubs Plant Community: Common bird species expected on these communities include Cassin's sparrow, chestnut collared longspur, lark bunting, western meadowlark, and ferruginous and Swainson's hawks. White-tailed and black -tailed jackrabbit, badger, pronghom, coyote, swift fox, plains pocket gopher, long-tailed weasel, and several species of mice are mammals that commonly use these plant communities. Reptiles using these communities include westem rattlesnake, bullsnake, plains garter snake (if water is in home range), western hognose snake, racer, western box turtle, and six -lined racerunner. Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod with Cool Season Remnants Plant Community: The reduction of shrubs and taller grasses in this plant community results in a shift of bird species away from the HCPC birds. Lark bunting, chestnut - collared longspur, and westem meadowlark use declines and Cassin's sparrow stop using the community altogether. Habitat conditions are ideal for long -billed curlew. McCown's longspur, burrowing owl, mountain plover, killdeer, and horned lark begin using this community. Ferruginous and Swainson's hawks are frequent users of this community. Most mammals will be the same as in the HCPC, however jackrabbit, black -tailed prairie dog, desert cottontail, and thirteen -lined ground squirrel use will increase because of the changing plant community. Reptiles using this community are the same as in the HCPC. Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community; Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod Plant Community; Red Threeawn, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community; and Go -back Land Plant Community: Burrowing owl, mountain plover, horned lark, McCown's longspur, killdeer, and long -billed curlew use these plant communities. With the exception of the hawk species, no HCPC bird species would frequent these communities. Jackrabbit, black -tailed prairie dog, thirteen -lined ground squirrel, and desert cottontail rabbit are frequent users of these communities. All other mammal species from the HCPC may use the community. Reptiles using 8of13 4/18/2012 9:16 Al' Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0. these communities exclusively are short -horned lizard and lesser earless lizard. Other reptiles using these communities include the species listed for the HCPC. Seeded Rangeland: The wildlife species expected on seeded rangeland would be those listed for the plant community the seeding most resembles. Other Potential Species: The plains spadefoot is the only common species of frog or toad inhabiting grasslands in Eastern Colorado. This species requires water for breeding. Tiger salamanders may be found on grassland sites, but require a water body for breeding. Either of these species may be found in any plant community if seasonal water requirements are met. Mule and white-tailed deer may use this ecological site, however the shrub cover is too low to expect more than occasional use. Big brown bats will use any plant community on this ecological site if a building site is in the area. The gray wolf, black -footed ferret, and wild bison used this ecological site in historic times. The wolf and ferret are thought to be extirpated from Eastern Colorado. Bison are currently found only as domestic livestock. GRAZING INTERPRETATIONS: The following table lists suggested initial stocking rates for an animal unit (1000 pound beef cow) under continuous grazing (year long grazing or growing season long grazing) based on normal growing conditions. However, continuous grazing is not recommended. These estimates should only be used as preliminary guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the existing plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community described in this ecological site description. Therefore, field inventories are always recommended to document plant composition, total production, and palatable forage production. Carrying capacity estimates that reflect on -site conditions should be calculated using field inventories. If the following production estimates are used, they should be adjusted based on animal kind/class and on the specific palatability of the forage plants in the various plant community descriptions. Under a properly stocked, properly applied, prescribed grazing management system that provides adequate recovery periods following each grazing event, improved harvest efficiencies will eventually result in increased carrying capacity. See USDA-NRCS Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). The stocking rate calculations are based on the total annual forage production in a normal year multiplied by 25% harvest efficiency divided by 912.5 pounds of ingested air-dry vegetation for an animal unit per month. Plant Community Production (lbs./acre) and Stocking Rate (AUM/acre) Western Wheatgrass, Blue Grama, Green Needlegrass, Fourwing Plant Community (HCPC) - (1300) (0.36) Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod w/Remnant Cool Seasons Plant Community - (700) (0.19) Blue Grama/Buffalograss Sod Plant Community - (600) (0.16) Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community - (850) (*) Red Threeawn, Annuals, Bare Ground Community - (100) (*) Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major sustainable income -producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area can provide yearlong forage under prescribed grazing for cattle, sheep, horses and other herbivores. * Highly variable; stocking rate needs to be determined on site. Plant Preference by Animal Kind: Animal Kind: Sheep, Deer, Antelope Common Name Scientific Name Plant Pert J f NA M J 1 A 4 OND Indian ricegass Aclinatherpm kymennldes Entire plant DDDP P P D D D D D D Cuman ragweed Anbrosiapriloafacbya Entire plant U U U D D D U U U U U U prairie sagewort Artemisia frigida Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUUU while sagebrush Artemisla 1pdoviciana Entire plant U UUUU U D OD UUU Fendler threeawn Aristide otopurea ear. lanetselq Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN woolly locoweed AsaagaIus mollistlmrrr Entire plant TTTTTTTTTTTT fourwing sallbnsh Alriples ermoacens Leaves P P P DDDDDDP P P sideoats grama IJotdeimta curlipendula Entire plant UUUDD DP P P UUU buffalograss anaemia deeNlolder Entire plant D DI) 0 1) 5) P P P D D D blue grama Dnnreimra nrac{lit Entire plant DDIDPP PP PPDDD needleleefsedge Carezduritecula Estee plant UUUPPPDDDDDD sun sedge Carex Mops asp. ketrnrrhtla Entire plant UUUPPPDDDDIJD wavyleaf thistle Clral um undulalum Entire plant U UUD 0 DODD U U U purple prairie clover Dalea po,vtrrea var pwpntea Entire plant UUUPP PP PPUUU squirreltad Emma a&mpides asp. elymoides Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU rubber rabbitbrush Ericameria nauseam asp. nauseate tar. nauseate Leaves D D D D D D D D D I) I) D spinystar au:Marla vlvipara var vivipara Ernie plant NNNNNNNNNNNN scarlet beeblossom Galan cocctnea Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUUU broom snakeweed Gitfierrezia sawihrae Leaves NNNNNNNNNNNN needle and thread Hetperarlipe cpntato sip. camera Entire plant NNNDDDNNNDDD winierfat Krasckeninaikavla Innate Entire plant PPPPPPPPPPPP doped blazing star Liatris punctele Entire plant UUUDDDPPPUUU rush skeleIonplant fvaatlesmia funcea Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN Mrrclroer anthera pl rtaatlflda STD. ptnnatrflda ray lacy tansyastcr pinratlflda Colorado four o'clock itfirabi/ls muldflara ring muhly Afulrlenberxia :meld green needlegass Marmite viridula crownleaf evening primrose Oaeathmn coronae( fella Ernie plant NNNUUUUU UNNN Entire plant DDCIPPPPPPUUU Entire plant UUUUUUUUUUUU Entire plant U U U P P P D D D D D D Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN 9 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 plains pricklypear Opwuia polvacantha Emre plant NNNNNNNNNNNN white locoweed Orvtropis senses Entire plant T T TT T T T T T TIT New Mexico groundsel pantera neomerlcana toe mulabills Entre plant TTTTTTTTTTTT western wbeatgrass PascoDvrum smith!! Entire plant UUUPPPCIDDDEID broodbeard beordtongue Penslemonaneustlfnllrrs Entire plant UUUPPPPPPUUU bahia j'Icr•adentcosts Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN woolly plantain Plantaeo PalagQnica Entire plant UUUUUUVUUUUU slbnflower scurfpea P.s:valid:um renuillonrn, Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN upright prairie coneaower Raliblrfa columnifera Entire plant UUUPPPPPPUUU Tale bluestem ,Schi:acltvrram scnnarinm Entire plant N N N D D D D DDNNN silky sophora .Sophnra a nttalllana Entire plant T TT T T TIT T TT T scarlet glebemallow Snhaer•alcea cocclnea Entire plant UUUP P P P P P UUU sand dropseed Ynombolus cnnvlandnrs Entire plant NNNUUUD DONNN American vetch Vida americana Enure plant CIDDPPPPPPEIDD sixweeks fescue Vulpla oat:lora Entire pint NNND 0 DNNNNNN soapweed yucca }ltcca elauca Entire plant DDEIPPPNNNCIDD Animal Kind: Cattle, Horse, Bison, Elk Common Name Scientific Name Plant Part I P MA Ml I AS 0ND Indian ricegmss Achnathenrm hvmenoldes Entire plant DIDDPPPDDDDDD Cuman ragweed elmbmsiaysiloslechra Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU prairie sagewort Arremisla fri5idd Entire plant UUUNNNNNNUUU white sagebrush Ar•temisia ludovlclana Entire plant UUUUUUUUUUUU Fendler tarceawn Llrlatlde purDarea var, lnne,sela Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN woolly locoweed A.snapalm rrrpllisslmns Entire plant TIT T TT T T T T T 1 fourwingsalibush Arriptercanescens Leaves P P P D D CID D D P PP sideoats grams floutekma cur ipendnla Entire plant UUUDDDPPPUUU buffabgus pooteloua dacrvloides Entire plant DDDPPPP PP DDD blue grama Itnule(oua eactlia Entire plant D D DP P P P P P D 0 El seedleleal sedge Carer duriusatla Entire plant UUUPPPEIDDDDD sun sedge Cares Incur ssn. hellonhila Entire plant UUUP P P DDDEIDD wavyleaf thistle Cirsitrm uedulatum Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU purple prairie clover Dalea ptmpwea var. porp,rrea Entire plant UUUPPPPPPDDD squrreltail El}nun elvmaides sea. elvmoider Entire plant UUUCIDDULIUUUU rubber rabbrbeuah Pxicamella am:seose rap. nattseasa vac nnusepsa Leaves NNNNNNNNNDDD spinystar Pnrpbaria viWpara vac vlvlpara Entire plant NNNNNNIYNNNNN scarlet beeblossom Gwtrn coccfnea Entire plant UUULIUUD DO UUU broom snakeweed Grtlenocla sorothrae Leaves NNNNNNNNNNNN needle and thread flewemslipe eomara asp. comma Entire plant LIUUPPPDDIDDDD wioterfat Rra.scheninnikovla lanarq Entire plant PPPP PPDDDP PP dotted blazing star Llairls panctata Entire plant UUUUUDDDUUUU rush skektonplant IyeQdesmla Powers Entire plant UUUUULIUULILIUU Machae anthers pimwtillda sap. ninnailfide van: lacy ransyaster pinnallOja Entire plant UUUUUUUUUUUU Colorado four o'clock Mira/411s mulaflora Entire plant U U U 0 D El D D D U U U ringmuhly Mttblenbennatvrnevi Leaves NNNNNNNNNNNN green needkgrass Narsella Wridula Leaves lf U U P P P DD El El El El crownleafevening primrose Oenptheracomnopirolla Entire plant UUUUUUUUUUUU plains pricklypear Oprmlla Dolvacanlha Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN white locoweed O.rvtmpis sericea Entire plant TT T TT T T T T T TT New Mexico groundsel Pachere neomesicano car. mniabitis Entire plant TTTTTTTTTTTT western wheatgraas fascropvrtim smith!! Entire plant UUUP P P DDEIDDD broarbeard beardtongue Pensieman enavSllfens Entire plant UUUDDDUULIUUU bahia Plcridentoasis Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN woolly plantain Planlaeo pataeonica Entire plant UUUUUUUUU UUU slimflower scurfpea Rroralldiam tenulfanrm Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN upright prairie coneaower Ratlban columnifera Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU little bluestem Soblraclrvrtum scoparluet Entire plant LIUUDEIDPPPUUU silky sophorn .Sophnra aaaalliaea Entire plant TTTTTTTTTTTT scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcca Mean. Entire plant U U U D D D D 0 DUUU sand dropseed .Spo,pbplus crwlandtvs Entire plant UUUD DDUUUNNN American vetch Nets americans Entire plant DDDP P PP PP DDD sixweeks fescue Vdpta xtollora Entire plant NNNDDDNNNNNN soapweed yucca llrca gleans Entire plant D D D P P P N N N D D D Legend: P - Preferred D = Desirable U = Undesirable N — Not consumed E - Emergency T = Toxic X = Used, but degree of utilization unknown Hydrology Functions: Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group A and B. infiltration and runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75% ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. An example of an exception would be where short grasses form a strong sod and dominate the site. Areas where ground cover is less than 50% have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to NRCS Section 4, National Engineering Handbook (NEH-4) for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves). Recreational Uses: This site provides hunting, hiking, photography, bird watching and other opportunities. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors. Wood Products: No appreciable wood products are present on the site. Other Products: None noted. 10 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=RO67BY0. Other Information: None noted. Supporting Information Associated Sites: Site Name Loamy Slopes Sandy Plains Overflow Similar Sites: Site Name Siltstone Plains Site ID R067BY008CO R067BY024CO R067BY036CO Site Narrative Loamy Slopes Sandy (formerly Sandy Plains) Overflow Site ID Site Narrative R067BY009CO Western wheatgrass, blue grams, and green needlegrass are more productive on this site. State Correlation: This site has been correlated with the following states: CO Inventory Data References: Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data, numerous ocular estimates and other inventory data. Field observations from experienced range trained personnel were used extensively to develop this ecological site description. Specific data information is contained in individual landowner/user case files and other files located in county NRCS field offices. Those involved in developing this site description include: Harvey Sprock, Rangeland Management Specialist, CO-NRCS; Ben Berlinger, Rangeland Management Specialist, CO-NRCS; Scott Woodall, Rangeland Management Specialist, CO-NRCS; James Borchert, Soil Scientist, CO-NRCS; Dave Sharman, Resource Conservationist, CO-NRCS; Terri Skadeland, Biologist, CO-NRCS; Dave Cook, Rangeland Management Specialist, NE-NRCS; Chuck Ring, Rangeland Management Specialist, WY-NRCS. Type Locality: Relationship to Other Established Classifications: None noted. Other References: USDA, NRCS. Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). Colorado NRCS State Office Home Page. (http://www.co.nrcs.usda.gov) USDA, NRCS. National Range and Pasture Handbook, December 2003. (http://wwwgiti.nres.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html) USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526. (http://nasis.nrcs.usda.gov) USDA, NCSS. Web Soil Survey.(http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app) USDA, NRCS. Soil Data Mart. (http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska, 830728 Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728. (http://www.hprcc.unl.edu) USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center,101 SW Main, Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204-3224. (http://www.wcc.nres.usda.gov) Andrews, R. and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds. Denver Museum Nat. Hist., Denver, CO. 442 pp. Armstrong, D.M. 1972. Distribution of mammals in Colorado. Univ. Kansas Museum Nat. Hist. Monograph #3. 415 pp. Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas. 1998. Hugh Kingery, Ed., Dist. CO Wildlife Heritage Found., P.O. Box 211512, Denver, CO, 80221. 636 pp. Fitzgerald, J.P., C.A. Meaney, and D.M. Armstrong. 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Denver Museum Nat. Hist. Denver, CO. 467 pp. Hammerson, G.A. 1986. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. CO Div. Wild. Publication Code DOW -MA -3-86. 131 pp. Rennicke, J. 1990. Colorado Wildlife. Falcon Press, Helena and Billings, MT and CO Div. Wildlife, Denver CO. 138 pp. Site Description Approval: Author Date Harvey Sprock, Ben Berlinger, Scott 3/25/2004 Herman B. Garcia; State Range Conservationist 6/28/2007 Woodall, Dave Sharman, James Borchert, Chuck Ring, David Cook, Teri Skadeland Approval Date II of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 Reference Sheet Author(s)/participant(s): Harvey Sprock, Ben Berlinger, Daniel Nosal Contact for lead author: Harvey Sprock, Area Rangeland Management Specialist, Greeley,CO Date: 11/16/2004 MLRA: 067B Ecological Site: Loamy PlainsR067BY002Co This must be verified based on soils and climate (see Ecological Site Description). Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site. Composition (indicators 10 and 12) based on: XAnnual Production, Foliar Cover, Biomass Indicators. For each indicator, describe the potential for the site. Where possible, (I) use numbers, (2) include expected range of values for above - and below -average years for each community and natural disturbance regimes within the reference state, when appropriate and (3) cite data. Continue descriptions on separate sheet. 1. Number and extent of rills: None 2. Presence of water flow patterns: Typically none, if present (steeper slopes following intense storms) short and not connected. 3. Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes: None 4. Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, standing dead, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground): 3% or less bare ground, with bare patches generally less than 2-3 inches in diameter. Extended drought can cause bare ground to increase upwards to 10-20% with bare patches reaching upwards to 6-12 inches in diameter. 5. Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies: None 6. Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas: None 7. Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel): Minimal and short. 8. Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values): Stability class rating anticipated to be 5-6 in interspace at soil surface. Soil surface is stabilized by decomposing organic matter. Biological crusts (lichens, algae, cyanobacteria, mosses) may be present on or just below soil surface. 9. Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type and strength of structure, and A -horizon color and thickness): Average SOM is 2-4%. Soils are typically deep to moderately deep. Surface texture ranges from loam to very fine sandy loam. A -horizon ranges from 0-5 inches in depth with a dark grayish -brown color and a medium sub -angular blocky structure. 10. Effect on plant community composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff: Diverse grass, forb, shrub canopy and root structure reduces raindrop impact and slows overland flow providing increased time for infiltration to occur. Extended drought reduces short/mid bunchgrasses causing decreased infiltration and increased runoff following intense storms. 11. Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site): None 12. Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above -ground weight using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to) with dominants and sub -dominants and "others" on separate lines: Dominant: coot season mid rhizomatous> Sub -dominant: warm season short bunchgrass> cool season mid bunchgmss/grasslikes> shrubs> Other: other shrubs > warm season short stoleniferous> leguminous forbs> cool season forbs> warm season forbs > warm season mid bunchgrass Additional: 13. Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence): Typically minimal. Expect slight short/mid bunchgrass mortality/decadence during and following drought. 14. Average percent litter cover (30-45 %) and depth (.25 inches): Litter cover during and following extended drought ranges from 15-25%. 15. Expected annual production (this is TOTAL above -ground production, not just forage production): 600 lbs./ac. low precip years; 1300 lbs./ac. average precip years; 1800 lbs./ac. above average precip years. After extended drought or the first growing season following wildfire, production may be significantly reduced by 300 - 500 lbs./ac. or more. 16. Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List Species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co -dominant species on the ecological site if their furore establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicator, we are describing what in NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site: Invasive plants should not occur in reference plant community. Cheatgrass, Russian thistle, kochia, other non-native annuals may invade following extended drought or after fire assuming a seed source is available. 17. Perennial plant reproductive capability: The only limitations are weather -related, wildfire, natural disease, and insects that may temporarily reduce reproductive capability. 12 of 13 4/18/2012 9:16 Ad Ecological Site Description System ltltp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R067BY0 Reference Sheet Approval: Approval Herman B. Garcia, State Rangeland Management Specialist Date 12/5/2007 13of13 4/18/20129:16 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReportaspx?id—R069XY0 .United States Deportment of A: ricuiture oN RCSNatural Resources J Conservation Service Ecological Site Description UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE ECOLOGICAL SITE DESCRIPTION (Old Format Report) ECOLOGICAL SITE CHARACTERISTICS Site Type: Rangeland Site Name: Salt Meadow Site ID: R069XY030CO Major Land Resource Area: 069 -Upper Arkansas Valley Rolling Plains New Mexico I Oklahoma Phvsioaraphic Features This site occurs on level to gently sloping slopes. Landform: (I) Flood plain (2) Drainageway (3) Depression Minimum Maximum Elevation (feet): 3350 5200 Slope (Percent): 0 3 Water Table Depth (inches): 6 36 Flooding: Frequency: Rare Occasional Duration: None Brief Funding: Depth (inches): 0 0 Frequency: None None Duration: None None Runoff Class: Negligible Medium Aspect: No Influence on this site Climatic Features The mean average annual precipitation varies from 10 to 14 inches per year depending on location and ranges from 5 inches to over 24 inches per year. Approximately 75 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season from mid -April to late -September. Snowfall can vary greatly from year to year and can range from 20 to 40 inches per year. Winds are estimated to average about 6 to 7 miles per hour annually. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 60 miles per hour. The average length of the growing season is 155 days, but varies from 147 to 162 days. The average date of first frost in the fall is October 10, and the last frost in the spring is about May 5. July is the hottest month and January is the coldest. It is not uncommon for the temperature to exceed 100 degrees F during the summer. Summer humidity is low and evaporation is high. The winters are characterized with frequent northerly winds, producing severe cold with temperatures dropping to as low as -35 degrees F. Growth of native cool season plants begins about April 15 and continues to about June I. Native warm season plants begin growth about May I and continue to about August 15. Regrowth of cool season plants occurs in September and October of most years, depending on moisture. For detailed information visit the Western Regional Climate Center website at http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ Frost -free period (days): Freeze -free period (days): Mean annual precipitation (inches): Minimum Maximum 147 162 169 186 10.0 14.0 1 of 11 4/18/2012 9:29 AI Ecological Site Description System littp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id—R069XY0 Monthly precipitation (inches) and temperature (W): Jan Feb Mar nn Mn Jun Jul kg Oct Nov Dec Precip. Min. 0.27 0.14 0.73 0.9 0.83 2.34 1.62 0.78 0.49 0.27 Precip. Max. 0.28 0.36 0.68 1.16 2.21 1.79 2.38 2.0 1.12 0.9 0.51 0.43 Temp. Min. 12.1 15.3 20.7 28.9 38.6 47.6 53.4 51.7 43.3 32.2 21.0 14.1 Temp. Max. 46.4 52.9 61.5 71.8 81.1 91.4 96.2 93.7 86.0 74.2 58.1 48.6 Climate Stations: (1) CO3828. Haswell. Period of record 1922 - 2001 (2) CO4834, Las Animas. Period of record 1930 - 2001 (3) CO6763, Pueblo Anny Depot. Period of record 1971 - 2000 (4) CO7287, Rush. Period of record 1924 - 2001 Influencing Water Features This ecological site has a combination of physical and hydrological features that: I) provide season -long ground water within 3.5 feet of the surface, 2) allows relatively free movement of water and air in the upper part of the soil, and 3) are rarely, or occasionally flooded. Wetland Description: System (Cowardin System) Palustrine Representative Soil Features Subsystem Class N/A Emergent Wetland The soils of this site are very deep. Typically, they are poorly to somewhat poorly drained and have moderate to slow permeability. These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed calcareous sources and often have accumulated salts in the subsoil and substratum from runoff, water table, or the parent material. They occur on flood plains, drainageways, depressions, terraces and playas and often have occasional or frequent flooding. The available water capacity is high. The soil surface layer ranges from 3 to 16 inches thick and is typically loam, silt loam, fine sandy loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay. The pH ranges from slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline in the surface and moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline in the subsoil and substratum. The soil moisture regime is typically aquic, but may be ustic aridic in somewhat poorly drained soils. The soil temperature regime is mesic. The soils of this site are very deep, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and slowly to moderately rapidly permeable. These soils occur on floodplains. Some soils have 0-15% rock fragments in underlying material. The available water capacity is typically low to moderate. The soil surface layer is typically 6 to 24 inches thick. The Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC) should show slight to no evidence of rills, wind scoured areas or pedestalled plants. Water flow paths are broken, irregular in appearance or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers. The soil surface is stable and intact. Sub -surface soil layers are non-restrictive to water movement and root penetration. Major soil series correlated to this ecological site include: Apishapa, Bloom, Las, Las Animas, Seldom, Harvey wet, Komman wet, Keynor wet, Neesopah wet, Nepesta wet, Numa wet, Rocky Ford wet and saline, Ordway wet. Soil series that will be correlated to other MLRA's or other soil series when outdated soil surveys are updated are: Harvey wet, Komman wet, Keynor wet, Las, Neesopah wet, Nepesta wet, Numa wet, Rocky Ford wet and saline, Ordway wet. Other soil series that have been correlated to this site include: none Parent Materials: Kind: Origin: Surface Texture: (1) Silty clay loam (2) Clay loam Subsurface Texture Group: Clayey Surface Fragments <=3" (% Cover): Surface Fragments> 3" (% Cover): Subsurface Fragments <=3" (% Volume): Subsurface Fragments> 3" (% Volume): Drainage Class: Poorly drained To Somewhat poorly drained Permeability Class: Slow To Moderately rapid Minimum Maximum 0 5 0 0 0 15 0 0 Depth (inches): Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm): Sodium Absorption Ratio: Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (percent): Soil Reaction (1:1 Water): Soil Reaction (0.0IM CaCl2): Available Water Capacity (inches): Minimum Maximum 60 60 I 8 0 15 35 7.4 9.0 7.2 9.0 4.0 8.0 2of11 4/18/20129:29 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Plant Communities Ecological Dynamics of the Site Continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods following each grazing occurrence will cause prairie cordgrass, switchgrass, alkali sacaton and eventually western wheatgrass to decrease in frequency and production while inland saltgrass increases. In time, the plant community will become dominated by inland saltgrass and develop into a sodbound condition with alkali sacaton and western wheatgrass persisting only in remnant amounts, Heavy continuous grazing will ultimately result in a plant community dominated by foxtail barley, annual invaders and increased bare ground. Excessive litter, plant mortality and decadence can result from the lack of fire and/or non-use. Extended periods of non-use (rest), lack of fire or heavy long term continuous grazing can lead to increase bare ground. Drier and warmer climatic conditions exist in the central portion of MLRA-69. This area includes the eastern half of Pueblo county, northern Otero, extreme northwestern Bent, western edge of Kiowa, southern edge of Lincoln and all of Crowley County. These conditions are primarily caused by a rain shadow effect from the southern Rocky Mountains. Evapotranspiration rates (atmospheric demand) will be higher in this area of MLRA-69. Total annual production will typically be lower. Tillage or any type of mechanical treatment is not recommended on this site since it will increase inland saltgrass. Irrigation (pumping) or drainage will cause water table levels to drop. Sustained reduction in water table levels will cause a different ecological site to develop. The historic climax plant community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, seasonal use pastures, short duration/time controlled grazing and historical accounts. The following is a diagram that illustrates the common plant communities that can occur on the site and the transition pathways (arrows) among communities. Bold lines surrounding each plant community or communities represent ecological thresholds. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram. Increased inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid and Tall Cool and Warm Season Grasses CG • PG CG A kali Sacaton Switchgrass Western Wheatgrass Prairie Cordgrass (HCPC) NU. NF I PG Decadent Plants, Excessive Litter DIFFERENT, _ ECOLOGICAL SITE LTPG Inland Saltgrass Sod with or without Western Wheatgrass and/or Alkali Sacaton LTPG HCG, ED LTNU, NF Drained or Lowered Water Table Foxtail Barley. Annuals, Bare Ground Any Plant Community Tilled and Abandoned Go -back Land RS • Seeded Rangeland CG- continuous grazing without adequate recovery opportunity, ED- excessive defoliation; HCG - heavy continuous grazing; HCPC - Historic Climax Plant Community LiNU - long term non-use (>40 years); LTPG - long term prescribed gredng (>40 years); NF, NU - no tire, non-use; PG - prescribed grazing with adequate recovery opportunity; RS- range seeding Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community (HCPC) This plant community is the interpretive plant community for this site and is considered to be the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC). This community evolved with grazing by large herbivores and is well suited for grazing by domestic livestock. Historically, fires occurred infrequently. This plant community can be found on areas that are grazed and where the grazed plants receive adequate periods of recovery during the growing season. The potential vegetation is about 80-95% grasses and grass -likes, 3-10% forbs and 2-10% woody plants. 3 of 11 4/18/2012 9:29 M Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 The community is dominated by tall and mid warm and cool season grasses. Major grasses include alkali sacaton, switchgrass, prairie cordgrass and western wheatgrass. Other grasses and grass -likes occurring on the community include alkali bluegrass, big bluestem, vine mesquite, little bluestem, alkali cordgrass, Canada wildrye, Baltic rush and Nebraska sedge. Key forbs and shrubs include American licorice, prairie gentian, rag sumpweed, Illinois bundleflower, rubber rabbitbrush and fourwing saltbush. This plant community is stable and well adapted to the Northern Great Plains. The high water table supplies much of the moisture for plant growth. Plant litter is properly distributed with little movement and natural plant mortality is very low. This is a sustainable plant community in terms of soil stability, watershed function and biologic integrity. Total annual production ranges from 1500 to 3700 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre and will average 2600 pounds during an average year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events will shift this plant community initially toward the Increased Inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid and Tall Cool and Warm Season Grasses Plant Community. • Non-use (no grazing and/or no haying) and no fire will move this plant community toward the Decadent Plants, Excessive Litter Plant Community. Initially, excess litter begins to build-up. Eventually native plants can show signs of mortality and decadence. • Prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery opportunity following each grazing event and proper stocking will maintain the Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community (HCPC). Alkali Sacaton, Switcharass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community (HCPC) Plant Species Composition: Grass/Grasslike Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Grouts Group Name Common Name Symbol Scientific Name Low Egh, I 2080 2470 Grass -like, perennial 2GLP 25 80 Grass, perennial 2GP 25 80 big bluestem ANGE Andropoeon eerardi! 25 130 Nebraska sedge CANE2 Carex nebrarrensis 25 80 subgenus DISP Disricii s splcata 25 80 Canada witdrye ELCA4 Limnos canaden.f t 25 80 slender wheatgrass ELTR7 Efvmus lracltvradra 0 80 (oxtail barley ItOJU Hoedown inhalant 0 25 mountain rush JUARL lancer arc -fiats sm. !liwralis 25 80 scratchgrass MUAS Muldenbe gla amerl[ollu 0 25 marsh mutely MURA Muldenbercla racemasa 0 25 vine mesquite PAOB Panicum otlusuat 50 130 western wheatgrass PASM Pascopwtrm SWUM) 390 650 swechgrass PAVI2 panic -run vinealem 520 700 Sandberg bluegrass POSE Poe secimda 80 180 Nuttalrs alcalgrass PUNU2 Puccineflia aeepalllana 25 80 little bluestem SCSC $chiaachvrfum arnpariunr 0 80 Indiangrass SONU2 Sorvhasawn nufanx 25 80 aka8 sacaton SPAT Sporabolaa airalder 910 1040 aural cordgrass SPUR &anima Rracilis 25 80 prairie cordgrass SPPE Spa_reina Deciinain 260 390 ForbAnnual Production in Pounds Per Acre G, roux Group Name Common Name Svmbal Scientific Name Lya Nth 2 80 260 Fort, perennial 2FP 25 80 false homes BRED lirickelpa eepaforialdes 0 25 giant sumpweed CYXA Cvclnchaena xamhlfolio 0 80 Illinois bundleflower DELL Desmanthas llllnoensls 25 50 showy prairie gentian EUEXR envois eraltanrm apt. russeliianune 0 50 velvetwcad GAMO5 Gaura malls 0 25 American licorice GLLE3 Glvcwrlflxa !widow 25 130 leafy false goldenweed OOFOF Gonopsis [allays no,: frollosa 0 25 giant goldenrod SOGI Soifdago RiRanlea 0 25 white heath aster SYERE Semphvarlchttm ericoides van. erlcoldes 0 25 Shrub/Vine Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Group Group Nome Common Name Symbol Scientfic Name Low flit 3 50 260 Shrub (>.5m) 2SHRUB 25 80 fourwing sahbush ATCA2 Aviplexcarerrens 0 130 rubber rabbhbrush ERNAN5 Ericameria aalaeosa ma, nauseosa vas na reosa 25 50 greasewood SAVE4 Sorcobarus vermlculalus 0 25 Annual Production by Plant Type: Plant Type Forb Grass/Grasslike ShrubNme Annual Productionllhs/AC1 Low ftertrescntnuve. value 75 170 1375 2275 50 155 lAgh 275 3150 275 Total: 1500 2600 3700 4 of1.1 l 4/18/2012 9:29 AI Ecological Site Description System littp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReportaspx?id=R069XY0 Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: C06908 Growth Curve Name: Warm season/cool season co -dominant; MLRA-69; lowland water influenced soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Am May Jun Jul As Ss Oct Nov Dec 0 0 5 10 23 30 17 10 3 2 0 0 oro.tn curve % p r n U 27 24 v to is C t I] I 0 n G b e s F/YJutSwOnV Doe Increased Inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid and Tall, Cool and Warm Season Grasses Plant Community This plant community developed with continuous grazing without adequate recovery opportunities between grazing events. Inland saltgrass has increased and dominates the community. Alkali sacaton, prairie cordgrass, switchgrass, Indiangrass, big bluestem, Canada wildrye and Nebraska sedge have been significantly reduced. Western wheatgrass and alkali bluegrass may initially increase or decrease depending upon the season of use. Forbs and shrubs are still present in reduced amounts. This plant community is at risk of losing warm season tall grasses, palatable forbs and shrubs. This plant community has decreased in frequency and production. Less litter can be expected however, the soil remains stable and can become very resistant to change depending on the degree to which the inland saltgrass dominates the community. Total annual production, during an average year, ranges from 700 to 1900 pounds per acre air-dry weight and will average 1300 pounds. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events will shift this plant community across an ecological threshold toward the Inland Saltgrass Sod with or without Western Wheatgrass and/or Alkali Sacaton Plant Community. • Prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods between grazing events will move this plant community back toward the Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgass Plant Community (HCPC). Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number. C06909 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant; MLRA-69; lowland water influenced soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar AN May Jun Jul AS Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 0 3 7 15 35 25 10 3 2 0 0 % P r o a u J° 31 to 24 tt It Drover Curve C i i 14 10 0 n 7 b Jan Feb Nor ?pr Mr Jun Jul A,a sep Oct Nov Dee Decadent Plants, Excessive Litter Plant Community This plant community developed under the absence (20 years or more) of grazing, fire and/or haying. The dominant plants tend to be somewhat similar to those found in the Historic Climax Plant Community. Grazing, haying or fire followed by prescribed grazing can quickly move this plant community back toward the HCPC. Much of the nutrients are tied up in excessive litter. Organic matter oxidizes in the air rather than being incorporated into the soil due to the absence of animal impact. Excessive litter levels prevent sunlight from reaching plant crowns and in time can stagnate the plant community. Bunchgrasses such as alkali sacaton, little 5 of l l 4/18/2012 9:29 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 bluestem and switchgrass have a tendency to exhibit dead centers and eventually entire plants can die off. Total annual production can vary substantially from 600 to 2800 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre depending on how long this plant community has developed in the absence of haying, grazing or fire. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing with adequate recovery opportunities between grazing events or prescribed burning followed by prescribed grazing will move this plant community toward the Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community (HCPC). This transition can occur in a relatively short period of time (3-5 years). • Long-term non-use (no grazing, no haying) in absence of fire will shift this plant community across an ecological threshold to the Foxtail Barley, Annuals, and Bare Ground Plant Community. This transition may take greater than 40 years to achieve. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6910 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant, excess litter; MLRA-69; lowland water influenced soi Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Mav Jun Jul Aug Ss Oct Nov Dec 0 0 2 8 20 30 20 10 7 3 0 0 30 nroxth Curve % p r n d a 27 20 r5 le 15 11 1 I o n o s a 0 Jm FN Mr Apr Way n JN Aq Sep tt tb5 0e[ Inland Saltgrass Sod with or without Western Wheatgrass and/or Alkali Sacaton Plant Community This plant community develops under continuous grazing without adequate recovery opportunities between grazing events. The plant community exhibits a dense sod made up of primarily inland saltgrass. Remnant amounts of western wheatgrass and/or alkali sacaton may still be present. Tall grasses (prairie cordgrass, big bluestem, Indiangrass, switchgrass) as well as little bluestem, Nebraska sedge and fourwing saltbush have been removed. Alkali muhly, £oxtail barley and Kentucky bluegrass maybe increasing or invading. Salt cedar can invade this plant community from adjacent riverbottom areas. This community remains stable but has lost much of its production and diversity. This plant community is extremely resistant to change because of the aggressive behavior (vigorous rhizomes) of inland saltgrass. Nutrient cycle is impaired due to the loss of tall grass species, deep-rooted forbs (legumes and others) and shrubs. Desertification is advanced. Total annual production, during an average year, ranges from 300 to 900 pounds per acre air-dry weight and will average 600 pounds. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Heavy continuous grazing or excessive defoliation without adequate recovery periods following each grazing event will shift this plant community across an ecological threshold to the Foxtail Barley, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community. • Long-term prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods following each grazing occurrence and proper stocking will move this plant community toward the Increased Inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid and Tall Cool and Warm Season Grasses Plant Community and will eventually return to the HCPC or associated successional stages assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is available. This is a long-term transition requiring 40 years or more to accomplish. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6911 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant; MLRA-69; lowland water influenced soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar A r Mav Jun Jul Aue Ss Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 5 15 45 20 10 5 0 0 0 6 of 11 4/18/2012 9:29 AP Ecological Site Description System hap: //esi s. sc. egov. usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?i d=R069XY0 95 Sn 31 Growth Cane 27 Is 13 B 9 fi n Feb RN ryr h y .4m NI an 59 Mt Wr Doc Foxtail Barley, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community This plant community develops under continuous and heavily grazed conditions, especially through the growing season. The plant composition is made up of foxtail barley, annuals and scattered areas of inland saltgrass. Annuals such as Russian thistle, kochia and cocklebur have invaded the community. Kentucky bluegrass may persist in localized areas. Salt cedar can increase significantly depending on proximity to a seed source. Compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, all perennial plants have been greatly reduced with only remnants of the most grazing tolerant species surviving. Plant diversity and production are very low. Planned rest periods during the growing season will improve the vigor of the plant species present and eventually reduce the amount of hare ground. Wind and water erosion may occur at low amounts due to increased bare ground. Litter amounts are low. Mineral crusting caused by raindrop impact disrupts surface soil aggregates, increasing pending and slowing infiltration. Compaction, if severe enough, can affect water infiltration also. Carbon storage/nutrient cycling has been greatly reduced. Animal wastes can contaminate ground water or runoff. Desertification is obvious. Total annual production, during an average year, ranges from 50 to 300 pounds per acre air-dry weight. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Long-term prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods between grazing events and proper stocking, will shift this plant community back toward the Inland Saltgrass Sod with or without Western Wheatgrass and/or Alkali Sacaton Plant Community assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is available. The rate of this transition can be extremely variable depending on the amount of inland saltgrass remaining on the community. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6908 Growth Curve Name: Warm season/cool season co -dominant; MLRA-69; lowland water influenced soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar S Max Jun lid Aug She Oct Nov Dec 0 0 5 10 23 30 17 10 3 2 0 0 % n p 29 r n a Is a U Ifi C It t 1 9 0 s II fi Dro+m curve m rw bur 4r Aar 01 °W sp an Ibv Dea Go -back Land Go -back land is created when any plant community is tilled long-term (annually cropped) and abandoned. All of the native plants are destroyed and bare soil remains. With time, a plant community resembling the Foxtail Barley, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community develops. Most any plant community associated with the Salt Meadow ecological site, when short-term tilled, will result in an increased inland saltgrass stand. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Range seeding followed with prescribed grazing can be used to convert Go -back Land to a Seeded Rangeland Plant Community. Prescribed grazing will maintain the seeded plant community. Seeded Rangeland This plant community can vary considerably depending on how eroded the soil was, species seeded, the stand that was established, how long ago the stand was established and the management of the stand since establishment. 7 of ll 4/18/2012 9:29 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Ecological Site Interpretations Animal Community: WILDLIFE INTERPRETATIONS: This ecological site is wetter than many others in MLRA 69, potentially providing breeding habitat for amphibian species that is missing on drier ecological sites. Even with the wetter conditions, this site is not expected to support a fishery or permanent water bodies. Some species may use this area for reproductive functions or for other phases of their lives then move into the grassland once those needs are met. Historic large grazers that influenced these plant communities were bison, elk, and pronghorn. Changes to the plant community over time have resulted in the loss of bison, the reduction in elk numbers, and pronghorn population swings. Domestic grazers now share these habitats with wildlife. The grassland communities of eastern Colorado are home to many bird species. Changes in the composition of the plant community when moving from the HCPC to other communities on this ecological site may result in dramatic species shifts in the bird community. Mule and white-tailed deer may use this ecological site, however the shrub cover is too low to expect more than occasional use. The gray wolf and wild bison used this ecological site in historic times. The wolf is thought to be extirpated from Eastern Colorado. Bison are currently found only as domestic livestock. Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community: The loamy soils and landscape position of this ecological site may discourage burrowing amphibians, reptiles, and mammals found on adjacent upland sites from using this site. Woodhouse's toad is expected on this site along with reptiles such as bullsnake and glossy snake. The structural diversity in the plant community found on the HCPC is attractive to a number of bird species such as Cassin's and Brewer's sparrow. Frruginous and Swainson's hawks are commonly seen using this site. Mammals that may use the site for foraging or cover include jackrabbit, badger, coyote, swift fox, and pocket mouse. Increased Inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid and Tall, Cool and Warm Season Grasses Plant Community: Most HCPC species are expected in this plant community. The reduction in mid and tall grasses and the increase in shorter species may attract mountain plover, homed lark, long -billed curlew, and black -tailed jackrabbit. Inland Saltgrass Sod with or without Western Wheatgrass and/or Alkali Sacaton Plant Community; Decadent Plants, Excessive Litter Plant Community; and Foxtail Barley, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community: The reduction of shrubs and taller grasses in these plant communities results in a shift of bird species away from the HCPC birds. Cassin's and Brewer's sparrow stop using the community altogether. Use by species such as mountain plover, homed lark, and long -billed curlew would increase. Mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from the HCPC may continue to use these communities. Go -back Land: The conditions in these communities are marginal for most wildlife species although species from the Inland Saltgrass Sod Plant Community may occasionally be found here. Seeded Rangeland: The wildlife species expected on seeded rangeland would be those listed for the plant community the seeding most resembles. GRAZING INTERPRETATIONS: The following table lists suggested initial stocking rates for an animal unit (1000 pound beef cow) under continuous grazing (year long grazing or growing season long grazing) based on normal growing conditions. However, continuous grazing is not recommended. These estimates should only be used as preliminary guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the existing plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community described in this ecological site description. Therefore, field inventories are always recommended to document plant composition, total production, and palatable forage production. Carrying capacity estimates that reflect on -site conditions should be calculated using field inventories. If the following production estimates are used, they should be adjusted based on animal kind/class and on the specific palatability of the forage plants in the various plant community descriptions. Under a properly stocked, properly applied, prescribed grazing management system that provides adequate recovery periods following each grazing event, improved harvest efficiencies will eventually result in increased carrying capacity. See USDA-NRCS Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). The stocking rate calculations are based on the total annual forage production in a normal year multiplied by 25% harvest efficiency divided by 912.5 pounds of ingested air-dry vegetation for an animal unit per month. Plant Community Production (lbs./acre) and Stocking Rate (AUM/acre) Alkali Sacaton, Switchgrass, Western Wheatgrass, Prairie Cordgrass Plant Community (HCPC) - (2600) (0.71) Increased Inland Saltgrass; Reduced Mid/Tall Warm and Cool Season Plant Community - (1300) (0.36) Inland Saltgrass Sod Plant Community - (600) (0.16) Decadent Plants, Excessive Litter Plant Community -(*) (*) Foxtail Barley, Annuals, Bare Ground Plant Community-(*) (*) Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income -producing industries in the area. Rangelands in this area provide yearlong forage under prescribed grazing for cattle, sheep, horses and other herbivores. * Highly variable; stocking rate needs to be determined on site. Plant Preference by Animal Kind: Animal Kind: Sheep, Deer, Antelope Common Name Scientific Name Nam Pan J F M A M I 1 AS 0 N 0 8 of!! 4/18/20129:29A1 Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 big bluestem el ndrnparon gerwrdtl Entire plant UUPDDDUUUUUU fourwingsaltbush Aniplexcanescens Leaves PPP DDDIDDDP PP false boneset lirlckellla errpaforioides Entire plant NNNDDDUUUNNN Nebraska sedge Caren nelxascenslr Entire plant UUUPPPNNNDDD giant sumpwecd Cyc'1achaena ranthlfolfe Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN Illinois bundleflosver Dermenthur illinoensis Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUUU saltarass Dist/chits Spicotn Entire plant NNNNNNN NNNNN Canada wildrye Minus canadensis Entire plant NNNUUUNNNNNN slender wheatgrass Bynum Perform/us Entire plant NNN D 0 DUUUNNN rubber rabbitbrush L'ricenrerla nauseosa ssp. nauseate ran nauseosa Leaves D CID D D DD 0 0 I) 0 0 showy prairie gentian fiarroma exallalpm sap. russelllarrnrn Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN American licorice C.lycwrhlza leatdata Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN fantail barley Malvin) jubairrm Entire plant NNNPPPNNNNNN mountain rush Jannis ercticus ssp. liirawlis Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN marsh mutely nrfuhlenberbia rocemosa Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU leafy false goldenweed Oonopsfs follow var. rollout Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN vine mesquite Panlrnm, obmstrm Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUUU western wheatgrass ('asmnyrran smflhil Entire plant UUUPP P D D D D D D swichgrass ('antrum virgolrun Entire plant UUUDDDU UUUUU Sandberg bluegrass Poo secundq Entire plant NNN 0 DDN NNNNN Nuttalsakalierass Arcclne/11amatalliana Entire plant PPP P P P P PPPPP little bluestem Schlrechyriumseooarium Entire plant NNNDDDDDDNNN Irdiang ass Smrxhasfrtrm moan' Entire plant UUUDODUUUUUU alkali sacaton Spombalm airoldec Entire plant U UUDDDDEIDNNN alkali cordgass ,fpari(nn erwctlts Entire plant NNNUUUNNNNNN prairiecerdgass Sparilna pectinate Emie plant N N N N N N N N N N N N Animal Kind: Cattle, Horse, Bison, Elk Common Name Scientific Namq Plant Pan I F M A hll 1 J A S O N 12 bigbluestem And,epogon reranlit Entire plant UUUDDDP P P ODD rooming salibush lftrlpfcx canescens Leaves P PP DIDDDDDPP P false benesei lhlckel(la etwa(arialden Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU Nebraska sedge Carex nebrascensis Entire plant UUUPPPUUUDDD giant sumpweed Cyclecheena.canih(1o11a Entire plant UUUUUUUUUUUU Illinois bundleflower Desmeathrrs illiapensis Entire plant UUUIDDDUUUUUU sahcrass Dist(chits.sp(cata Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN Canada wildrye ,El ymar canadensis Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU rubber rabbebnuh F.ricamerla nauseate ssp. nauseasa roc naaleasa Leaves NNNNNNNNNDDD showy prairie gentian &rslama exaltatUnt site. ruoxeillanwsr Entire plant U U U U U U D D D U U U American licorice Glyvirrhlaa lepidola Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU fantail barley florderun hrbatum Entire plant U U U D D D N N N N N N mountain rush imam toeing. ssp. irtiorwlix Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNN N marsh muhly Afuldenberrla racemesa Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU leafy false goldenweed Oanppsrs foliose var. foliose Entire plant UULJUUUUUUUUU vine mesquite Penton", abtuauot Entire plant UUUDDLIPPPUUU western whea[gass ('ascopynmi =Unit Entire plant UUUPPPDDDDDD switehgass Paul runt virgapan Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUU U Sandberg bluegrass Pea secunda Entire plant NNNUUUNNNNNN Nunall's alkaligass rucclneltta mnlalliana Entire plant UUUPPPDDDDDD little bluestem Sclrisechyrlum sca➢ar(um Entire plant UUUDD DP P P UUU Indianarass Swahaslnrnl MOMSEntire plant UUUDDDPPPDDD alkali sacaton Sporobolus a/raider Entire plant U U U D ID D D D D U U U alkali cordgass ,fparrine gracilis Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUU U Legend: P = Preferred D = Desirable U — Undesirable N = Not consumed E - Emergency T = Toxk X = Used, but degree of utilization unknown Hydrology Functions: Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. Soils in hydrologic group C and D dominate this site. Infiltration is moderate and runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on ground cover. Areas where ground cover is less than 500/u have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to NRCS Section 4, National Engineering Handbook (NEH-4) for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves). Recreational Uses: This site provides hunting, hiking, photography, bird watching and other opportunities. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors. Wood Products: No appreciable wood products are present on the site. Other Products: None noted. Other Information: None noted. Supportine Information Associated Sites: Site Name Sandy Bottomland Salt Flat Site ID R069XY031 CO R069XY033CO Site Narrative 9 of 11 4/18/2012 9:29 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Alkaline Plains Similar Sites: Site Name Salt Flat R069XY047CO Site ID Site Narrative R069XY033CO This site lacks water a table and tall grass species; less overall production. State Correlation: This site has been correlated with the following states: CO Inventory Data References: Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data, numerous ocular estimates and other inventory data. Field observations from experienced range trained personnel were used extensively to develop this ecological site description. Specific data information is contained in individual landowner/user case files and other files located in county NRCS field offices. Those involved in developing this site description include: Ben Berlinger, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Scott Woodall, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Lee Neve, Soil Scientist, NRCS; Julie Elliott, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Terri Skadeland, Biologist, NRCS. Type Locality: Relationship to Other Established Classifications: Other References: USDA, NRCS. Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). Colorado NRCS State Office Home Page. (http://www.co.nrcs.usda.gov) USDA, NRCS. National Range and Pasture Handbook, December 2003. (http://www.glti.nres.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html) USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526. (http://nasis.nrcs.usda.gov) USDA, NCSS. Web Soil Survey. (http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda.gov/app) USDA, NRCS. Soil Data Mart.(http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska, 830728 Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728. (http://www.hprcc.unl.edu) USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center, 101 SW Main, Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204-3224. (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov) Andrews, R. and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds. Denver Museum Nat. Hist., Denver, CO. 442 pp. Armstrong, D.M. 1972. Distribution of mammals in Colorado. Univ. Kansas Museum Nat. Hist. Monograph #3. 415 pp. Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas. 1998. Hugh Kingery, Ed., Dist. CO Wildlife Heritage Found., P.O. Box 211512, Denver, CO, 80221. 636 pp. Fitzgerald, J.P., C.A. Meaney, and D.M. Armstrong. 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Denver Museum Nat. Hist. Denver, CO. 467 pp. Hammerson, G.A. 1986. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. CO Div. Wild. Publication Code DOW -M -F3-86. 131 pp. •Rennicke, J. 1990. Colorado Wildlife. Falcon Press, Helena and Billings, MT and CO Div. Wildlife, Denver CO. 138 pp. Site Description Approval: Author Ben Berlinger, Scott Woodall, Julie 3/25/2004 Elliott, Lee Neve, Tend Skadeland Date Approval Date Herman B. Garcia; State Range Conservationist 6/28/2007 Reference Sheet Author(s)/participant(s): Ben Berlinger, Kimberly Diller, Daniel Nosal Contact for lead author: Ben Berlinger, Area Rangeland Management Specialist, La Junta, CO, Date: 1/12/2005 MLRA: 069X Ecological Site: Salt MeadowR069XY030CO This must be verified based on soils and climate (see Ecological Site Description). Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site. Composition (indicators 10 and 12) based on: XAnnual Production, Foliar Cover, Biomass Indicators. For each indicator, describe the potential for the site. Where possible, (1) use numbers, (2) include expected range of values for above - and below -average years for each community and natural disturbance regimes within the reference state, when appropriate and (3) cite data. Continue descriptions on separate sheet. 10of11 4/18/20129:29 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 1. Number and extent of rills: None 2. Presence of water flow patterns: None 3. Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes: None 4. Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, standing dead, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground): None 5. Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies: None 6. Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas: None 7. Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel): Typically slight, however during major flooding events this site slows water flow and captures litter and sediment. 8. Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values): Stability class rating anticipated to be 5-6 at soil surface. 9. Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type and strength of structure, and A-horimn color and thickness): SOM ranges from 3-4 °%a. Soils are very deep, poorly drained with a water table depth from 6-36 inches. Color of the A -horizon is dark grayish brown at 0-8 inches in depth. Surface structure is weak, thick platy that parts to moderate, fine sub -angular blocky. 10. Effect on plant community composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff: Diverse grass, forb, shrub functional/structural groups and diverse root structure reduces raindrop impact slows overland flow providing increased time for infiltration to occur. 11. Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site): None 12. Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above -ground weight using symbols: »,>,=to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to) with dominants and sub -dominants and "others" on separate lines: Dominant: Warns season mid bunchgrass = warm season tall grasses>> Sub -dominant: Cool season mid rhizomatous > cool season grasslike = cool season mid bunchgrass = warm season mid sod -former = forbs> Other: Shrubs Additional: 13. Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence): None to slight. 14. Average percent litter cover (50-65 %) and depth (1.0-1.5 inches): 15. Expected annual production (this is TOTAL above -ground production, not just forage production): 1500 lbs./ac. low precipitation years, 2600 lbs./ac. average precipitation, 3700 lbs./ac. high precipitation years. Extended drought may reduce annual production by 500- 800 lbs./ac. 16. Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List Species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co -dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicator, we are describing what in NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site: Invasive plants should not occur in the reference plant community. However, tamarisk may infrequently invade if a seed source is located near the site. 17. Perennial plant reproductive capability: The only limitations are weather -related, wildfire, natural disease, and insects that temporarily reduce reproductive capability. Reference Sheet Approval: Approval Herman B. Garcia, State Rangeland Management Specialist Date 12/5/2007 11 of 11 4/18/2012 9:29 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 .--Uaited Stater D. artment. af: A ritulture Natural Resources O RCS Conservation Service Ecological Site Description UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE ECOLOGICAL SITE DESCRIPTION (Old Format Report) ECOLOGICAL SITE CHARACTERISTICS Site Type: Rangeland Site Name: Sandy Bottomland Site ID: R069XY031CO Major Land Resource Area: 069 -Upper Arkansas Valley Rolling Plains Physiozraphic Features This site occupies the first flood -plain step between the streambed and higher sandy terraces. It may also be found in a few sandy valleys and drainageways where there is some effect from extra moisture. Topography is nearly level to gently sloping. Surface may be smooth or exhibit minor undulations. Landform: (1) Flood plain (2) Terrace (3) Drainageway Elevation (feet): Slope (percent): Water Table Depth (inched: Flooding: Frequency: Duration: Ponding: Depth (inches): Frequency: Duration: Runoff Class Aspect: Climatic Features Minimum Maximum 3600 6000 0 3 36 60 Occasional Frequent Very brief Brief 0 0 None None None None Negligible Low No Influence on this site The mean average annual precipitation varies from 10 to 14 inches per year depending on location and ranges from 5 inches to over 24 inches per year. Approximately 75 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season from mid -April to late -September. Snowfall can vary greatly from year to year and can range from 20 to 40 inches per year. Winds are estimated to average about 6 to 7 miles per hour annually. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 60 miles per hour. The average length of the growing season is 155 days, but varies from 147 to 162 days. The average date of first frost in the fall is October 10, and the last frost in the spring is about May 5. July is the hottest month and January is the coldest. It is not uncommon For the temperature to exceed 100 degrees F during the summer. Summer humidity is low and evaporation is high. The winters are characterized with frequent northerly winds, producing severe cold with temperatures dropping to as low as -35 degrees F. Growth of native cool season plants begins about April 15 and continues to about June 1. Native warm season plants begin growth about May 1 and continue to about August 15. Regrowth of cool season plants occurs in September and October of most years, depending on moisture. For detailed information visit the Western Regional Climate Center website at http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ Frost -free period (days): Freeze -free period (days): Mean annual precipitation (inches): Minimum 147 169 10.0 Maximum 162 186 14.0 1 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 AI' Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Monthly precipitation (inches) and temperature CE): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aue an Oct Nov Dec Precip. Min. 0.27 0.14 0.73 0.9 0.83 2.34 1.62 0.78 0.49 0.27 Precip. Max. 0.28 0.36 0.68 1.16 2.21 1.79 2.38 2.0 1.12 0.9 0.51 0.43 Temp. Min. 12.1 15.3 20.7 28.9 38.6 47.6 53.4 51.7 43.3 32.2 21.0 14.1 Temp. Max. 46.4 52.9 61.5 71.8 81.1 91.4 96.2 93.7 86.0 74.2 58.1 48.6 Climate Stations: (I) CO3828, Haswell. Period of record 1922 -'2001 (2) CO4834, Las Animas. Period of record 1930 - 2001 (3) CO6763, Pueblo Army Depot. Period of record 1971 - 2000 (4) CO7287, Rush. Period of record 1924 - 2001 Influencing Water Features No water features are associated with this site. Wetland Description: System Subsystem Class Representative Soil Features The soils of this site are very deep. Typically, they are well drained to excessively drained and have moderate to rapid permeability. These soils formed in alluvium derived from mixed sources. They occur on flood plains, drainageways, and terraces. These soils are subject to occasional and frequent flooding in late spring and summer months. The available water capacity is typically low to moderate. The soil surface layer ranges from 3 to 16 inches thick and is typically sand, loamy sand or sandy loam. The substratum is stratified with sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam. Gravel deposits can occur at various depths, usually below 40 inches. The pH ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline. The soil moisture regime is typically ustic aridic. The soil temperature regime is mesic. The Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC) should exhibit slight to no evidence of rills. Water flow paths, if any, are broken, irregular in appearance or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers. Wind scoured areas are inherent to this site and some soil movement may be noticeable on various landscape positions. Minor plant pedestalling may occur in these areas. Overall, the soil surface is stable and intact. Sub -surface soil layers are non-restrictive to water movement and root penetration. These soils are susceptible to wind and water erosion where vegetative cover is inadequate. Major soil series correlated to this ecological site include: Bankard, Ellicott, Glenberg, Glendive, and Lincoln Soil series that will be correlated to other MLRA's when outdated soil surveys are updated are: Glendive and Lincoln. Glendive soils have a frigid temperature regime. Lincoln soils have a thermic temperature regime. Other soil series that have been correlated to this site include: Glendive wet, Riverwash. Parent Materials: Kind: Origin: Surface Texture: (I) Sand (2) Loamy sand (3) Sandy loam Subsurface Texture Group_Sandy Surface Fragments <=3" (% Cover): Surface Fragments> 3" (% Cover): Subsurface Fragments <=3" (% Volume): Subsurface Fragments > 3" (% Volume): Drainage Class: Well drained To Excessively drained Permeability Class: Moderate To Rapid Minimum Maximum Depth (inches): 60 - 60 Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm): 0 2 Sodium Absorption Ratio: 0 2 Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (percent): 0 15 Soil Reaction (1:1 Water): 6.8 8.4 Soil Reaction (0.01M CaC12): 6.8 8.2 Available Water Capacity (inches): 1.2 4.8 Minimum Maximum 0 15 0 5 0 35 0 15 Plant Communities Ecological Dynamics of the Site 2 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Continuous grazing without adequate recovery opportunities following each grazing event during the growing season will initially cause blue grama and sand sagebrush to increase. Species such as sand bluestem, yellow Indiangrass, switchgrass, prairie sandreed, western sandcherry, leadplant and palatable forbs will decrease in frequency and production. Brush management (spraying) will initially reduce sand sagebrush as well as other important forbs and shrubs. Brush management followed by continuous grazing can eliminate remaining grass leaving established or reestablishing sagebrush. Prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods following brush management will result in a grass dominated plant community. Non-use, continuous grazing, wildfire, brush management or any type of physical disturbance can cause erosion to increase on these fragile soils. Drier and warmer climatic conditions exist in the central portion of MLRA-69. This area includes the eastern half of Pueblo county, northern Otero, extreme northwestern Bent, western edge of Kiowa, southern edge of Lincoln and all of Crowley County. These conditions are primarily caused by a rain shadow effect from the southern Rocky Mountains. Evapotranspiration rates (atmospheric demand) will be higher in this area of MLRA-69. Total annual production will typically be lower. The historic climax plant community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, seasonal use pastures, short duration/time controlled grazing and historical accounts. The following is a diagram that illustrates the common plant communities that can occur on the site and the transition pathways (arrows) among communities. Bold lines surrounding each plant community or communities represent ecological thresholds. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram. Grass Dominant PG and BM M LTPG Sand Sagebrush CG, BM LTPG CG and BM p Blue Grama Sand Sagebrush • PG • CG Sand Bluestem Prairie Sandreed Switchgress Indiangrass (HCPC) NU, NF PG Low Plant Density. Excessive Litter LTPG Any Community LTCG, WF, Disturbance Early Perennials, Annuals, Bare Ground LTNU BM - brush management-, CG continuous grail ng without adequate recovery period, HCPC - Historic Climax Plant Community. LTCG - long term continuous grazing (>25 yrs), LTNU - long term non-use (>25 yrs), LTPG long term prescribed gazing (>20yrs), NF - no fire, NU non-use, PG - prescribed grazing with adequate recovery,period, WF wildfire Sandy Bottomland Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchurass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPCI This is the interpretive plant community and is considered to be the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC). This plant community evolved with grazing by large herbivores, is well suited for grazing by domestic livestock and can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing that allows adequate recovery periods following each grazing occurrence during the growing season. The historic climax plant community consists chiefly of tall warm season grasses. Principle dominants are sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, switchgrass and yellow Indiangrass. Sub -dominant grasses include needleandthread and blue grams. Significant forbs and shrubs are silky prairie clover, lemon scurfpea, dotted gayfeather, leadplant and western sandcherry. The potential vegetation is about 70-85% grasses or grass -like plants, 10-15% forbs and 5-15% shrubs. Prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery periods after each grazing event and proper stocking will maintain this plant community. Continual or repeated spring grazing and summer deferment will reduce the cool season component of this plant community and increase the warm season component. Spring deferment and continual or repeated summer grazing will increase the cool season component and decrease the warm season component of this plant community. 3 of l2 4/18/2012 9:30 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 This plant community is well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions and is resistant to many disturbances except continuous grazing, plowing, uncontrolled fire events and urban as well as other land use development. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. Plant litter is properly distributed with very little movement off -site and natural plant mortality is very low. This is a sustainable plant community in terms of soil stability, watershed function and biologic integrity. Production in this community can vary from 1000 to 2200 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year depending on the weather conditions and will average 1600 pounds. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing without adequate rest periods between grazing events will move this plant community toward the Blue grama, Sand Sagebrush Plant Community. Reduced production and erosion are a concern. • Non-use (rest) and lack of fire will shift this plant community to the Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community. • Prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery opportunity following each grazing event and proper stocking will maintain the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC). Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indianerass Plant Community (HCPC) Plant Species Composition: Grass/Grasslike Grano Grano Name Common Name Symbol Grass, perennial Indian riceglass sand bluestem Fendlee threeawn sideoats grams blue grams hairy grams sun sedge prairie sandreed Schweinitz's fialsedge saltgrass Canada wildrye squirreltail Ihickspike wheatgrass needle and daead praiie Jtrnegrass thin paspalum western wheatgrass swilchwass blowout gram little bluestem Indiangrass sand dropseed sioweeks fescue 2GP ACHY ANNA ARPUL BOCU BOGR2 BOW CAINH2 CALO CYSC3 DISP ELCA4 ELELE ELLAL HECOC8 KOMA PASE5 PASM PAVI2 REFL SCSC SONU2 SPCR VUOC Forb Groan Group Name Conunon Name Symbol 2 Forb, perennial prostrate ptgweed Oxman ragweed tarragon while sagebrush painted milkvctch groundplum mikvetch Terms Coton white prairie clover niteanther prairie clover purple prairie clover silky prairie clover Carolina larkspur annual buckwheat shaggy dwarf morning-glory stiff sunflower hairy false goldenaslcr bush momutg-glory common starkly dotted blazing star tenpetal blaaingstar Colorado four o'clock whitest evening primrose othake beardtoogue broadbeard beardtongue lemon scurfpea upright prairie coneflower white heath aster prairie spiderwoet meadow deathcamas 2FP AMAL AMPS ARDR4 ARLU ASCEF ASCR2 CRTE4 DACA7 DAEN DAPUP DAVI DECAV2 ERAN4 EVNU HEPAP2 HEVI4 IPLE LEMO4 LIPU MEDE2 MIMU OEAL PASP PEAM PEAN4 PSLA3 RACO3 SYERE TROC ZIVE Scientific Name elchautlrmmr lnetenoides Arrdropngan hallil Arlal(de Durpmra war. longiseta Doatelrota cunlpcndula Dnulelmta gractlie Doureleua hirsute Cares mops sae. heligphila Ca:amov(Ifa Jonelrala Cinentr Sch,Veil nitni Dim:chits .rpfcala Rlvetten condenses £lymnr elynrnide, ssp. elvmaider Etyma lanceolamrs SSD. lanceolate, Nespernstipa rpvrara sera. cobble fi&eler(e nrpctenlhe f aspnlant nelec'eunt Pasconvrum smith(' Panlnrm virgerrre, Rcdfield(e Renege Schlear/iorient scogariem Sorghasrnrm nalans Spero:mlus cryprandna Hr/pie oclafiara Scientific Name Amarantbes arbor Ambrosia psilostachna Anemrsla dram:ncrdirs Arlemis(a hrdovlctene Aseenates cereneces rardflitidies As:regales crasslearpes Croton lesens(s Dalea cand:de Dales enneandra Dalea parpu,ea ran prrrperea pales ?Wow Delphinium carolinlamrnr SOD. vitoScenr Erlegnmen anmarm Evalwrlra nralallianus Hellanthas peed Ilona ssD. peen floras Hererorheca vlilwa IPeraaee eepiophv!la Lencocrinuer nronlanm L gfrf rnmNala Menrzella derapetala t!(rp0'lha meilltiore Oenolltera alblcaul(s Pafafcele whom:ale Penslemon ambiguar ?easteeton anges(ifollos Psoralldlum lascenterurn Reitbide cohrmnlferg Symplryotrlchem ericaldes van. ertcoides Tredesceolia occidenlalis Zlgadema venenwra Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Low Hi t 1120 1360 15 80 15 30 320 480 O 15 15 50 50 110 15 30 IS 30 240 320 O 30 O 15 15 50 0 15 0 15 80 110 0 15 0 IS 15 30 160 320 15 50 50 110 80 160 15 50 O 15 Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Low Hit t 160 240 15 50 0 15 0 15 O 15 O 15 O 15 0 15 O 15 0 15 O 15 O 15 15 30 O 15 15 30 O 15 0 15 0 IS 0 Is 0 15 O 15 0 15 0 15 O 15 O 30 O 15 O 15 15 30 0 15 0 15 O 15 O 15 4 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 M Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Shrub/Vine Group Croup Name Common Name Svmbol scieminc Name Sbmb (7.5m) 2SHRUB leadplant AMCA6 Amorphacaameens false indigo bush AMFR Amom/a rnmmm sand sagebrush ARF12 Anemisla till folio spreading buckwheat EREF 6riowonpm atom, plains prieklypear OPPO Opunlia polvamntha western sandcberry PRPUB Prunus manila sac bosses! skunk bush sumac RHTR Rims trilobata prsme msc ROAR] Rosa artas.cana soapweed yucca YUGL Yucca ¢laves Annual Production by Plant Type: P�� Forb GmssrGrasslike Shrub/Vine Annual Production (lbs/AC) Low Representative Value 155 200 770 1240 75 160 Annual Production in Pounds Per Acre Low 00 240 IS 50 30 80 0 30 15 80 0 15 0 15 30 80 a 1s 0 IS 0 30 rAgh 250 1700 250 Total: 1000 Plant Growth Curve: 1600 2200 Growth Curve Number: CO6905 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant; MLltA-69; upland coarse textured soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 0 5 10 22 35 15 10 3 0 0 0 % P r o tl m as an 24 21 Grants, Curve U Ir C t 14 1 10 0 n 7 5n5 AW Nr Ma/ .n lA ae sW Ott Nov etc Blue Grama, Sand Sagebrush Plant Community This plant community evolves with continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events during the growing season. Sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, yellow Indiangrass, switchgrass, western sandcherry and leadplant have decreased in frequency and production. Blue grama and sand sagebrush have increased and dominate the community. Sand dropseed, red threeawn, lemon scurfpea, hairy goldaster, Texas croton, western ragweed, tenpetal blazingstar, lupine, loco, and groundplum milkvetch have also increased. This plant community is relatively stable but at risk of losing some of the tall grass species, palatable forbs and shrubs. The reduction of tall grass species, nitrogen -fixing forbs, key shrub component and increased warm season shortgrass has altered the biotic integrity of this plant community. Nutrient cycle, water cycle and energy flow may be impaired. This is an early stage of desertification. The production varies from 400 to 1100 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year depending on the weather conditions and amount of mid and tall grass species still present. Production will average 850 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing and especially continuous grazing with brush management (spraying) will eliminate tall grasses, palatable forbs and shrubs and move this plant community across an ecological threshold to the Sand Sagebrush Plant Community. If continued long enough it will move to the Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community. • Brush Management (spraying) and prescribed grazing will move this plant community across an ecological threshold toward the Grass Dominant Plant Community. Loss of palatable forbs, native legumes and shrubs is a concern. • Prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods between each grazing event and proper stocking will move this plant community back to the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC). Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6905 5 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 AP Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant; MLRA-69; upland coarse textured soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 0 5 10 22 35 15 10 3 0 0 0 % 26 a Growth Rrve P r 26 24 ° d 21 D IT C t i 14 1° O n 7 3 G Jan At. rAy .M tog Sep Oct Nor Deo Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community This plant community occurs when grazing is removed for long periods of time in the absence of fire. Plant composition is similar to the HCPC, however, in time, individual species production and frequency will be lower. Much of the nutrients are tied up in excessive litter. The semiarid environment and the absence of animal traffic to break down litter slows nutrient cycling. Aboveground litter also limits sunlight from reaching plant crowns. Many plants, especially bunchgrasses die off. Thick litter and absence of grazing or fire reduce seed germination and establishment. This plant community will change rapidly with prescribed grazing which allows animal impact and adequate recovery periods between grazing events. Long-term non-use/rest (greater than 20 years), will cause plant decadence and mortality to increase and erosion (blowouts, wind scoured areas) may eventually occur as bare ground increases. Once this happens it will require increased energy input in terms of practice cost and management to bring back. Production can vary from 200 to 1000 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year depending on weather conditions and the plants that are present. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Long-term non-use (rest) if continued can move this plant community across an ecological threshold to the Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community. This transition may take greater than 20 years to accomplish. • Prescribed grazing that allows for adequate recovery periods following each grazing event can move this plant community toward the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, tndiangrass Plant Community (HCPC). Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6906 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant, excess litter; MLRA-69; upland coarse textured soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr au Jun Jul SeQ Oct Nov Ego 0 0 5 10 25 30 15 10 3 2 0 0 43 P24 r 21 o e n 3e JO a Pug Sep Oa Nov Deo Sand Sagebrush Plant Community This plant community is dominated almost entirely with sand sagebrush with little understory species present. Favorable species that remain are few and are protected by the sagebrush. The plant community is created with continuous grazing that does not allow adequate recovery periods between grazing events combined with brush management (spraying) even if it includes one growing season of deferment following spraying. Brush management initially reduces the sagebrush and, unfortunately, eliminates or greatly reduces most if not all other £orbs and shrubs. Continuous grazing then reduces and can eliminate the remaining grass to a point where only reestablishing or established sagebrush remains. Further brush spraying at this point eliminates the sand sagebrush entirely and exposes the soil to wind erosion. 6of12 12 4/18/2012 9:30 At Ecological Site Description System lillp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Species diversity and production have dropped substantially. Litter levels are low. Watershed function at this point is greatly reduced. Carbon sequestration is greatly reduced. Nutrient cycle and energy flow has been impaired. Bare areas can form or enlarge rather easily leading to possible blowouts or wind scoured areas. Desertification is obvious. Production can vary from 50 to 1000 pounds of air-dry vegetation (primarily sand sagebrush) per acre per year depending on the amount of sand sage present and the weather conditions. An average of 500 pounds can be expected primarily from sand sagebrush. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Continuous grazing and/or brush management shifts this plant community to the Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community. Erosion is a concern. • Long-term prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods following each grazing event can move this plant community back to the Blue Grama Sand Sagebrush Plant Community and eventually to the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC), assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is available. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6907 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant; MLRA-69; upland coarse textured soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Apr My Jun Jul Aug kp Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0 0 % P r d C it v to p GroMM1 Curve U C I 1 ID is t] 0 n 8 G ]n Feb U4r Ipr Rhp Am JN Aug Sp evt Nov Do Grass Dominant Plant Community This plant community develops with brush management (spraying) and prescribed grazing. The brush management not only controls the sand sagebrush but unfortunately removes most if not all of the other forbs and shrubs. The community can vary from predominately sand dropseed, red threeawn and blue grama to nearly pure stands of prairie sandreed depending on what was present when the brush management was applied, how long ago it was applied, and how long and how the prescribed grazing was applied. There is little plant diversity since most of the forbs and shrubs have been eliminated by brush control efforts. Nutrient and water cycling is impaired due to lack of deep-rooted shrubs and forbs, and native nitrogen fixing legumes. Erosion can vary, depending on production/density of grasses. Production can vary from 300 to 1400 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year depending on the grass species present, their density, and weather conditions. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities arc as follows: • Long-term continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events and, wildfire and/or disturbance will decrease the dominant grasses. If continued long enough it can lead to the Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community. • Long-term prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods following each grazing event (without further brush management) and proper stocking will eventually move this plant community toward the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC) or associated succession plant communities, assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is available. This transition can take greater than 20 years to achieve. Plant Growth Curve: Growth Curve Number: CO6905 Growth Curve Name: Warm season dominant, cool season sub -dominant; MLRA-69; upland coarse textured soils Growth Curve Description: Percent Production by Month Jan Feb Mar Am May Jun Jul Aug Sp Oct Nov Dec 0 0 5 10 22 35 IS 10 3 0 0 0 7 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 All Ecological Site Description System littp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?i d=R069XY0 % P r x 31 re 24 Orar5h Curve O tl u 21 17 C t 14 10 0 n 7 O v0 ,WI, Jul Pug Sep Ott v 5w Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community This plant community will most likely develop with continuous grazing and/or brush management (spraying) from either a grass or sand sagebrush dominated plant community. However, any plant community subjected to long-term continuous grazing, brush management (spraying), wildfire or any type of physical disturbance will eventually resemble this plant community. Red threeawn, sand dropseed, sandhill muhly, lemon scurfpea, wormwood, sixweeks fescue and cheatgrass occupy this plant community. More bare ground is apparent and small blowouts can be present. Production and litter levels are extremely low. The nutrient cycle, water cycle, and energy flow are greatly reduced. Erosion is occurring. Pedestalling is evident. Organic matter/carbon reserves are greatly reduced. Desertification is advanced. Production can vary greatly (50 to 300 pounds of air-dry vegetation per acre per year) depending on the plant density and weather conditions in any year. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Long-term continuous grazing, wildfire, or other disturbance (tillage, etc.) applied to Any Plant Community will increase bare ground and erosion. • Long-term prescribed grazing that allows adequate recovery periods between grazing events will eventually move this plant community toward the Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC) or associated successional plant community, assuming an adequate seed/vegetative source is present. This transition may take greater than 20 years to accomplish. Ecological Site Interaretations Animal Community: WILDLIFE INTERPRETATIONS: This ecological site is wetter than many others in MLRA 69, potentially providing breeding habitat for amphibian species that is missing on drier ecological sites. Even with the wetter conditions, this site is not expected to support a fishery or permanent water bodies. Some species may use this area for reproductive functions or for other phases of their lives then move into the grassland once those needs are met. Historic large grazers that influenced these plant communities were bison, elk, and pronghorn. Changes to the plant community over time have resulted in the loss of bison, the reduction in elk numbers, and pronghorn population swings. Domestic grazers now share these habitats with wildlife. The grassland communities of eastern Colorado are home to many bird species. Changes in the composition of the plant community when moving from the HCPC to other communities on this ecological site may result in dramatic species shifts in the bird community. Mule and white-tailed deer may use this ecological site, however the shrub cover is too low to expect more than occasional use. The gray wolf and wild bison used this ecological site in historic times. The wolf is thought to be extirpated from Eastern Colorado. Bison are currently found only as domestic livestock. Sand Bluestein, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC): The structural diversity in the plant community found on the HCPC is attractive to a number of wildlife species. Common bird species expected on the HCPC include Cassin's and Brewer's sparrow, lark bunting, western meadowlark, and ferruginous and Swainson's hawks. The combination of mid -tall grasses and shrubs provides habitat for lesser prairie chicken in the eastern parts of this site. Scaled quail may also use this site. White-tailed and black -tailed jackrabbit, badger, pronghorn, coyote, swift fox, plains pocket gopher, long-tailed weasel, and several species of mice are mammals that commonly use this plant community. Reptiles using this community include western rattlesnake, bullsnake, western hognose snake, racer, western box turtle, and six -lined racerunner. Blue Grama, Sand Sagebrush Plant Community All HCPC species are expected in this plant community, however, the loss of some of the vegetative structural diversity in this plant community makes it less attractive to many HCPC species. Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community: All HCPC species are expected in this plant community, however, the wildlife species are shifting toward the typical shortgrass prairie species such as homed lark, killdeer, long -billed curlew, and mountain plover. Sand Sagebrush Plant Community: Species typically associated with sand sagebrush communities are pronghorn, scaled quail, lesser and greater prairie chicken, Eastern fence lizard, and mule deer. Grass Dominant Plant Community: This plant community can be quite variable. The wildlife species expected here would be those listed for the plant community most similar to this community. Early Perennials, Annuals and Bare Ground Plant Community: The presence of tall species such as kochia, pigweed, sunflower, Russian thistle, and others in this community limit use by mountain plover, prairie dogs, and other species requiring unobstructed visual distances. Most HCPC species are not expected here in large numbers because of the changes in plant community. GRAZING INTERPRETATIONS: 8of12 4/18/20129:30 Al Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 The following table lists suggested initial stocking rates for an animal unit (1000 pound beef cow) under continuous grazing (year long grazing or growing season long grazing) based on normal growing conditions. However, continuous grazing is not recommended. These estimates should only be used as preliminary guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the existing plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community described in this ecological site description. Therefore, field inventories are always recommended to document plant composition, total production, and palatable forage production. Carrying capacity estimates that reflect on -site conditions should be calculated using field inventories. If the following production estimates are used, they should be adjusted based on animal kind/class and on the specific palatability of the forage plants in the various plant community descriptions. Under a properly stocked, properly applied, prescribed grazing management system that provides adequate recovery periods following each grazing event, improved harvest efficiencies will eventually result in increased carrying capacity. See USDA-NRCS Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). The stocking rate calculations are based on the total annual forage production in a normal year multiplied by 25% harvest efficiency divided by 912.5 pounds of ingested air-dry vegetation for an animal unit per month. Plant Community Production (lbs./acre) and Stocking Rate (AUM/acre) Sand Bluestem, Prairie Sandreed, Switchgrass, Indiangrass Plant Community (HCPC) - (1600) (0.44) Blue Grams, Sand Sagebrush Plant Community - (850) (0.23) Sand Sagebrush Plant Community - (500) (0.14) Grass Dominant Plant Community - (*) (*) Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter Plant Community - (*) (* Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income -producing industries in the area. Rangelands in this area provide yearlong forage under prescribed grazing for cattle, sheep, horses and other herbivores. * Highly variable; stocking rate needs to be determined on site. Plant Preference by Animal Kind: Animal Kind: Sheep, Deer, Antelope Common Name Indian ricemass leadplant Cuman ragweed sand bkrcatem sand sagebrush white sagebrush Fendlor threeawn painted mdkvetch sideoats mama blue gams hairy mama sun sedge prairie sandreed purple prairie clover silky prairie clover Carolina larkspur salt-t+sass Canada wldrye squirreltail annual buckwheat spreadingbuckwheat shaggy dwarf morning-glory needle and thread stiff sunflower hairy false goldenaster bush rooming -glory prairie Junegrass common starkly dotted blaring star whitest evening primrose plains pridrlypear thin paspalum western wheatgrass switchgrass broadbcard beardtongue western sandcherry lemon scurfpea upright prairie coneflower blowout pass skunkbush sumac prairie rose little bluertem Indiangrass sand drepseed Scientific Name Achnatheram hvmenoldee Amor➢ga canescens limbo's/a pslloslac fllg Androposnn hallil Artemfsia if/folla Artemisia ludovlclana Arise/Aa mnporea ear looelsela Aalraealus ceramic,. rar Illlfoliur Boutelaua atrlipendula Bouielarra eracitls $anlelarra hirmaa Cares inapt asp. heliophl/a Calamovllfa lonelfo/la Dales !mamma van propuren Dales villosa Delphinium carpliniannnr .rip. virescens Dlstfchlis vplrnta Elmer cartadensls litmus ebvnol des our,. el vmoides Erioeonum noncom Erioroon nn e/htsum Evolwulus minalliarnrs lferperosllpa Carrara sop. comma Hellanangpnurlforas sip. pmlClfmrrr Hate olhece villosa frogmen /eptophvlla Kiteleria macraetha teucocvinum maniartcm Maids panrlata Oenothera albfcardis Opuni/a potpacanrha Pasaalum sewcetan Pascoovrtrm smtlhif fooia no virpatum Penslemon anenetllolbts ?rum. prrmlla ran besseyi P.rora/idirem lanceolatum Ratfbida Columnifera Rediteldin Remora Rena lrllpba/a Rosa arkansana SrMsachvrhtm scoparium Samhaslntnr eu/ans Sparohalur crwlandrur Plant Pan 1 F M A M 1 1 9 a Q N D Entire plant DDDPPPDDDDDD Leaves UUUP P P D DDUUU Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU Entire plant UUUDD DU UUUU U Leaves UUUNNNNNNUUU Entire plant UUUUUUDDDUUU Fntire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN Entire plant UUUDDDULIUUUU Entire plant UUUDDDPPPUUU Entire plant DODPPPPPPDDD Entire plant 0 0 0 P P PP P P D 0 0 Entire plats UUUP P PDDDDDD Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU Entire plant UUUP P PP P P U U U Entire plant UUUPPPPPPUUU Entire pliant T T T T T TT ITT TT Entireplant NNNNNNNNNNNN Entire plant NNNUUUNNNNNN Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN Leaves UUUUUUUUUUUU Entire plant UUUDDDDDDUUU Entire plant NNNDDDNNNDDD Entire plant UUUDDDP P P UUU Entre plant N NN NNNN NNNNN Entire plant UUUDODDDIDUUU Entire plant NNNDDDNNNUUU Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN Entire plant UUUDDDPPPUUU Entice plant NNNUUUUUUNNN Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN Entire plant NNNUUUNNNNNN Entire plant UUUP P P D O D D D D Entire plant UUUDDDUUUUUU Entire plant UUUP P PP PPUUU Leaves DDDUUUUUUDDD Entire plant NNNUUUUUUNNN Entire plant UUUPPPPPPUUU Entire plant NNNNNNNNNNNN Leaves DDDUUUUUUDDD Leaves UUUDDDDDOUUU Entire plant NNNDDDDDDNNN Entire plant UUU D D DULJUUUU Entire plant NNNUUUDDDNNN 9of12 4/18/20129:30 All Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id°R069XY0 white heath aster prairie spiderwort soapweed yucca meadow deathcamas Animal Kind: Cattle, Common Name Indian ricegrass teodplant Comas ragweed sand sagebrush white sagebrush Fendler threeewn painted milkvetch sideoats grams blue grams hairy puma sun sedge prairie sandreed nmeanther prairie clover purple prairie clover Carolina larkspur saltgrass Canada widrye squirreltail thickspikc wheatgrass annual buckwheat spreading buckwheat shaggy dwarf moming-glory needle and thread stiff sunflower harry false goldenaster bush marring -glory prairie lunegrass common steadily dotted blazing star whitest coming primrose plains pricklypear thin paspaium western wheatgrass swilchgrass broadbeard beardtongue western sandcherry lemon scurfpea upright prairie coneflower blowout grass skunkbush sumac prase rose little bluestem Indiangrass white heath aster prairie spiderwoet soapweed yucca meadow deathcamas Legend: P = Preferred SEmohvnlrichum erlcoldes ter: micolder Entire plant Tradescaaria accidenlalis Estee plant Niece plauca Enrre plant Z(gadenus venenosrts Entire plant Horse, Bison, Elk Scientific Name Plant Part Achnarherxm hvmennldes Entire plant Amncpha canescens Leaves Ambrosia psilostachva Entire plant Artemisia 111ifolia Leaves Artemisia ludovbclana Entire plant Aristide immature tan langlse(a Entire plant Astraoalus terminus vac Allfollta Entire plant Baureloua curtloenduta Entire plant Bourefoua kracilis Entire plant bared sue hirsute Entire plant Cares mops sso. hellonhila Entire plant Calamgvllfa lonelloire Entire plant Dales enneandra Entire plant Dales prapuree cat ptrrourea Entire phut Delphinium caralitilanum sso. vlrrsrens Entire plant Digitalis spicata Entire plant Remus canadensia Entire plant llvmur elvmoides star. elvmoider Entire plant EJvmus laeceo/ancr gala. lenceolatus Entire plant Giogantim antrum Entire plant Jfrloeamnn eEtsuni Entire plant Emlvulns nutlaulamrs Entire plant flesoerosilpe connate asp. ornate Entire plant HelianUius !munition's .Sap. paurlpyps Entire plant f{efetgteca Wilma Entire plant Immnea !ep(ophvllp Entire plant Koala*, nacrantlra Entire plant /.eucocrinum manranrrm Entke plant LlaMs Dogmata Entire plant Denothera (Vincent's Entire plant Qpuniie nolvacantha Entire plant Paspai m setaceum Entire plant Pasconvnlm smlthll Entire plant Panic:on virgnhrm Entire plant Pensremon aninaRfollrts Entire plant Prvnus nunllla vac. basses! Leaves Psm'al(dlam lancealaplm Entire plant Rariblda columnlfera Entire plant ifed/teldla /femora Entire plant Rata trilobata Leaves Rosa arhansana Leaves S[h7rnclrvrites scopnriam Entire plant 50&lrsrrnrm ataans Entire plant Svmohvotrlchum erlcoldes vin: erlcoldes Entire plait Tradeseenrla occidenrn/is Entire plant Ricca glans Satire plant Ziearienus renenosu,r Entire plant U UUUUUPPPUUU N NNNNNNNNNNN DDDPPPNNNDDD TITTITTITTIT J F ht B M I J As Q L7 D DDDPPPDDDDDD U UUPPPDDDUUU U UUDDDUUUUUU UUUNNNNNNUUU U UUUUUUUUUUU N NNNNNNNNNNN U UUUULIUUUUUU U UUDDDPPPUUU DDDPPPPPPDDD U UUDDOPPPUUU U UUPPPDDDDDD U UUDDDDDDUUU U UUDDOPPPUUU U UUPPPPPPDDD T T T T T T T T T T T T N N N U U U U U U N N N U UUDDDUUUUUU U UUDDDUUUUUU U UUDDDDDDUUU U UUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUU UUU U UUUUUDDDUUU U UUPPPDDD 0 0 D U UUDDDPPPUUU U UUUUUDDDUUU U UUDDDPFPUUU U UUDDOUUUDDD U UUDDDUUUUUU U UUUUUDDDUUU U UUUUUUUUUUU N NNNNNNNNNWN N NNUUUUUUNNN U UUPPP DDDDDD U UUDDDDDDUUU U UUDDDUUUUUU DDDPPPPPPDDD U UUUUUUUUUUU U UUUUUDDDUUU U UUUUUDDDUUU DDDUUUUUUDDD U UUDDDDODUUU U UUDDDP P P UUU U UUDDDPPPDDD LILIUUUUDDDUUU U UUUUUUUUUUU O DDPPPNNNDDD TTTTTTTTTTTT D = Desirable U = Undesirable N = Not contused E a Emergency T —Toxic X— Used, but degree of utdiration unknown Hydroloav Functions: Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group A. Infiltration potential is high to moderate. Runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to low depending on soil hydrologic group and ground cover. Areas where ground cover is less than 50% have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to NRCS Section 4, National Engineering Handbook (NEH-4) for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves). Recreational Uses: This site provides hunting, hiking, photography, bird watching and other opportunities. The wide varieties of plants that bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors. Wood Products: No appreciable wood products are present on the site. Other Products: None noted. Other Information: None noted. Supporting Infora' ation Associated Sites: Site Name Loamy Plains S.1112 Site Narrative R069XY006CO Formerly Loamy Plains. 10 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 AP Ecological Site Description System lsttp://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 Deep Sand Sandy Plains Similar Sites: Site Name Deep Sand Choppy Sands R069XY019CO Formerly Deep Sands. R069XY026CO Formerly Sandy Plains. Site ID Site Narrative R069XY019CO This site occurs on upland areas and often but not always on a steeper slopes. R069XY021 CO This site occurs on upland areas with obvious steep slopes. State Correlation: This site has been correlated with the following states: CO Inventory Data References: Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data, numerous ocular estimates and other inventory data. Field observations from experienced range trained personnel were used extensively to develop this ecological site description. Specific data information is contained in individual landowner/user case files and other files located in county NRCS field offices. Those involved in developing this site description include: Ben Berlinger, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Scott Woodall, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Lee Neve, Soil Scientist, NRCS; Julie Elliott, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS; Terri Skadeland, Biologist, NRCS. Type Locality: Relationship to Other Established Classifications: Other References: USDA, NRCS. Colorado Prescribed Grazing Standard and Specification Guide (528). Colorado NRCS State Office Home Page. (http://www.co.nres.usda.gov) USDA, NRCS. National Range and Pasture Handbook, December 2003. (http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html) USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 14 March 2007). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System. Info oration Technology Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526. (http://nasis.nrcs.usda.gov) USDA, NCSS. Web Soil Survey.(http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app) USDA, NRCS. Soil Data Mart. (http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska, 830728 Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728. (http://www.hprec.unl.edu) USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center, 101 SW Main, Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204-3224. (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov) Andrews, R. and R. Righter. 1992. Colorado Birds. Denver Museum Nat. Hist., Denver, CO. 442 pp. Armstrong, D.M. 1972. Distribution of mammals in Colorado. Univ. Kansas Museum Nat. Hist. Monograph #3. 415 pp. Colorado Breeding Bird Atlas. 1998. Hugh Kingery, Ed., Dist. CO Wildlife Heritage Found., P.O. Box 211512, Denver, CO, 80221. 636 pp. Fitzgerald,12., C.A. Meaney, and D.M. Armstrong. 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Denver Museum Nat. Hist. Denver, CO. 467 pp. Hammerson, G.A. 1986. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. CO Div. Wild. Publication Code DOW -M-1-3-86. 131 pp. Rennicke, J. 1990. Colorado Wildlife. Falcon Press, Helena and Billings, MT and CO Div. Wildlife, Denver CO. 138 pp. Site Description Ao.roval: Author Ben Berlinger, Scott Woodall, Julie 3/25/2004 Elliott, Lee Neve, Teri Skadeland Date Approval Date Herman B. Garcia; State Range Conservationist 6/28/2007 Reference Sheet Author(s)/participant(s): Ben Berlinger, Daniel Nosal, Kimberly Diller Contact for lead author: Ben Berlinger, Area Rangeland Management Specialist, La Junta, CO, Date: 1/12/2005 MLRA: 069X Ecological Site: Sandy BottomlandR069XY031CO This must be verified based on soils and climate (see Ecological Site Description). Current plant community cannot he used to identify the ecological site. Composition (indicators 10 and 12) based on: XAnnual Production, Foliar Cover, Biomass Indicators. For each indicator, describe the potential for the site. Where possible, (I) use numbers, (2) include expected range of values for above - and below -average years for each community and natural disturbance regimes within the reference state, when appropriate and (3) cite data. Continue 11 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 AD Ecological Site Description System http://esis.sc.egov.usda.gov/ESDReport/fsReport.aspx?id=R069XY0 descriptions on separate sheet. I. Number and extent of rills: None 2. Presence of water flow patterns: Typically uuue. Ifpresent, are broken, irregular in appearance or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers, usually following intense rainfall events. 3. Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes: Pedestalled plants caused by wind and/or water erosion would be minor. Terracettes are nonexistent. 4. Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, standing dead, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground): 3% or less bare ground, with bare patches ranging from 3-5 inches in diameter. Prolonged drought, or wildfire events will cause bare ground to increase upwards to 10-15% with bare patches ranging from 8-12 inches in diameter. 5. Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies: None 6. Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas: Minor wind scouring naturally occurs on this site and some soil movement may be noticeable. An increase in wind erosion can occur with disturbances such as wildfire, extended drought, and rodent activity. 7. Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel): Litter should be uniformly distributed with little movement. 8. Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values): Stability class rating anticipated to be 4-5 in the interspaces at soil surface. Soil surface is stabilized by decomposing organic matter. Biological crusts (lichens, algae, cyanobacteria, mosses) may be present on or just below soil surface. 9. Soil surface structure and SOil content (include type and strength of structure, and A -horizon color and thickness): Average SOM ranges from 1-2%. Soils are very deep, light brownish -gray; weak, thin platy structure, at a 0-6 inch depth. 10. Effect on plant community composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff: Diverse grass, forb, shrub functional/structural groups and root structure reduces raindrop impact slowing overland flow providing increased time for infiltration to occur. Extended drought and/or wildfire may reduce basal density, canopy cover, and litter amounts (primarily from tall warm season bunch and rhizomatous grasses), resulting in decreased infiltration and increased runoff on steep slopes following intense rainfall events. 11. Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which maybe mistaken for compaction on this site): None 12. Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above -ground weight using symbols: »,>,=to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to) with dominants and sub -dominants and "others" on separate lines: Dominant: Warm season tall bunch grass » Sub -dominant: Warm season tall rhizomatous> shrubs> warm season mid bunchgrass= cool season mid bunchgrass> warm season short bunchgrass > Other: Leguminous forbs> warm season forbs> cool season forbs > warm season mid rhizomatous> cool season mid rhizomatous Additional: 13. Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence): Typically minimal. Expect slight short/mid bunchgrass and shrub mortality/decadence during and following drought. 14. Average percent litter cover (35-55 %) and depth (.25-.50 inches): Litter cover during and following drought can range from 20-30%, and 5-15% following wildfire. 15. Expected annual production (this is TOTAL above -ground production, not just forage production): 10001hs./ac. low precipitation years; 1600 lbs./ac. average precipitation years; 2200 lbs./ac. high precipitation years. After extended drought or the first growing season following wildfire, production may be significantly reduced by 350 -700 lbs./ac. 16. Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List Species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co -dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicator, we are describing what in NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site: Invasive plants should not occur in reference plant community. Following fire or extended drought, Russian thistle, kochia, Rocky Mountain beeplant may invade assuming a seed source is available. 17. Perennial plant reproductive capability: The only limitations are weather -related, wildfire, and natural disease that may temporarily reduce reproductive capability. Reference Sheet Approval: AppLos1 Herman 13. Garcia, State Rangeland Management Specialist Date 12/5/2007 12 of 12 4/18/2012 9:30 Al Exhibit K - Climate 6.4.11 EXHIBIT K — Climate Provide a description of the significant climatological factors for the locality. The following climatic data is derived from text and tables extracted from the 1980 Weld County Soil Survey — Southern Part. Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area, as recorded at Greeley and Ft. Lupton for the period 1951 to 1974. Table 2 shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season. The average winter temperature is 29° F. Average summer temperature is is 70° F., and the average daily maximum temperature is 87° F. Of the total annual precipitation of nine (9) inches, seventy-five percent falls between April and September, which comprise the growing season for most crops. Average seasonal snowfall is 40 inches. The prevailing winds are from the south. Average wind speed is highest at 10.4 mph. in August. Varna Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varna -Coulson Resource Project 1 92 SOIL SURVEY TARI.F I. --TEMPERATURE Mile PRECIPITATION DATA Te,rIp.rrature 1 Precipitation) 7 years in -- -- t years in 10 1.'' will h.:,vc-- t Average . t wi11 have-- •+;,-.t1 :•1v r,we!verap..eidverare --..--._ :number of;,lver•ae: r-'.. all: , •1.111: tally , 91zimu'+ ninimum er•iwing . :`uxtm.,.m:•: ir,t:rlumi :t.•'mperature terperat.ur•:,; degree I 1iiO.er ; 1.pwer dirt's-'- ; th.+n-- ; th.in- t t yIn inn art'----. 0.4 ,' 1/1.`s i ?S. i 65 ; -1) ; 37 .iii ; .tl$ t:r :v .--- 7• Ia. .J,.4 71 t -I1 t ,7 i .'!I .T; .sit .. .I, tr.,r -, Inn ,•Jr ii. t,IP . s:..'+ 4,7 .4 n 1?1,I '4,1 , r , st t r+1 2.67 '7 +'1.I `i7. 11.0 1ni) 1I? 1,x135 ; I•71) 117 1.8; ++.. /. J e9• +Is 958 1.2% AL ; I.J1? . ..I n4.,, 4,;.i rf ri I . ? .f. ?.10 I.: ;3a Al Average number of:Average Leis ; More ;days with snowfall ;thin--tthan--t(l.10 inch i or more I'll . i I -711 , i r• . , ;<; rs -1? 13 _t :I,Jif C, In .55 1.46 .11 1 i 5.3 1 4.6 4.3 .3 ,ft .13 3 .0 .6 5.4 fi . 1 i1 ?j.! 1,i let ••,uev •-t zh^_ 7c1;Scir11. '1Cit .l•1Elll?tile r.lr ulan' gr•:Iwth. it can calculated tq n.,.+...... .7n1 'ttnirn^ il•itly ._:qtr r.rr.tr•,;r, .1 vilin.. the sum by ... att•I suhtreeti the r..mmpnr.Lttr-t ., ... •.!r ,:r ..:rl:t f)!' t.ti•• prineloal .rop3 in tr.Q area (+:7a F). WELD COUNTY, COLORADO, SOUTHERN PART 93 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs 6.4.12 EXHIBIT L - Reclamation Costs (1) All information necessary to calculate the costs of reclamation must be submitted and broken down into the various major phases of reclamation. The information provided by the Operator/Applicant must be sufficient to calculate the cost of reclamation that would be incurred by the state. (2) The Office may request the Operator/Applicant to provide additional, reasonable data to substantiate said Operator/Applicant's estimate of the cost of reclamation for all Affected Lands. SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Summary Status of Affected and Unaffected land as of this Amendment (Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map): Of the 100.63± Acres of lands comprising the parcel boundary, the nature of each aspect of the affected lands are as follows: 52.70± Acres Extraction — South Field — 05-10± years. 11.61± Acres Extraction — Middle Field — 10-20± years. 64.31± Sub -total 1.57± Acres Extraction - Canal #3 - to be relocated - transitional 65.88± Sub -total 1.98± Acres Reconstructed segment of Canal #3 (includes 0.18± acres within the Poudre River 100 foot set -back area. 67.86± Sub -total 10.75± Acres Mineral Reserve — North Field —undetermined ± years. 78.61± Sub -total 22.02± Acres Affected Lands beyond planned extraction limits. 100.63± TOTAL; OR, 65.88± Acres of Planned Extraction South of the Cache la Poudre River 10.75± Acres of Planned Extraction — RESERVE — North Field 76.63± Acres of Planned Extraction — TOTAL Comprised of: 59.30± Acres - Completed basins (within Total Area of Extraction South of the Cache la Poudre River) — total area at anticipated static water level. 6.58± Acres - requiring resoilinq and reveqetation between the anticipated static water level of the completed basins and the extraction limits And a remainder of: 22.05 Acres — previously affected lands remaining outside of the extraction limits, comprised of: a) Internal Access Roads — existing and planned, Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L Reclamation Costs b) disturbed by existing above ground oil and gas facilities, c) the Cache la Poudre River & Greeley Irrigation Ditch #3, d) buffers and setbacks from the extraction limits. NOTE Well: All lands within the 100.63± acre permit area are to be considered as affected lands under C.R.S. 34-32.5-103(1) respective of this permit application and any subsequent permit revisions or amendments to the permit as originally approved. The following assumptions of are based upon the pre -disturbed state of the application for purposes of determining estimated costs of reclamation and correlated financial warranty. Where appropriate, information is generalized and approximated from similar estimates determined by the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR), as indicated: Summary of Reclamation Costs: $ 3,736.20±Total Site Discharge — Avg. Life of the Mine $ 46,272.82±Total Grading per Extraction Front. $ 4,474.53±Total Re -soiling $ 1,238.98± Total Re -vegetation Expense $ 55,722.53±Sub-Total $ 7,619.00± Possible Mobilization and Demobilization Costs (pending OMLR estimate) $ 63,341.53± Sub -Total Direct Costs $ 15,414.16± Possible Indirect Costs Pending RMS Indirect Costs @ 24.335 % of Total Reclamation Costs $ 78,755.69± Grand Total — Financial Warranty Amount — Pending OMLR Review and estimates including estimated expenses for State of Colorado Mobilization and Demobilization and other `Indirect' cost determinations by the Office. RECLAMATION EXPOSURE: Based upon the Mining and Reclamation Plans of this application, the status and trend of activities and affected land; and related calculations to estimate reclamation liability, are determined as follows. Please Note: Due to the difficulty of calculating heavy equipment costs similar to the Division's software program, unit costs from previous and reasonably current Division estimates of like or similar kind have been utilized to create a reasonably close estimate. The per unit basis from Division records are shown along with other sources used or referenced to determine unit costs, at the back of this exhibit. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 8 August 2013 2 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs DEWATERING: Volumes per Tract: NORTH: N/A — RESERVED FOR LATER EXTRACTION South of the Cache la Poudre River the total volume of the extracted area is reduced by the percent of the area of exposed ground water or 59.03±acres divided by 65.88± acres of the extraction limits or 90 percent of the 3,162,350.51 cu.yds. of extracted volume or: SOUTH: 2,846,115.46 cu.yds. x 27 = 76,845,117.39 cu.ft. x 7.48 gal/tuft. = 574,801,478.08 gal. = Avg. = 574,801,478.08 gal. _ 4 = 143,700,369.52 gal x $ 0.000026/gal. discharge (refer to Kurtz est. utilizing similar pump and rates.) Total Average Life of Mine Discharge Cost = $ 3,736.20 NOTE: The basins resulting from extraction will be reclaimed in an unlined state, since the operator retains sufficient water resources to do so. The basins may be lined or otherwise segregated from the area groundwater as an option to the approved permit, in order to liberate the water otherwise retained to supplement loss from evaporation in the unlined state. Since sufficient water resources exist, the option to line the resulting basins at an unspecified time during the life of the permit is retained under this application and as part of the approved permit. GRADING: As stated in Exhibit D — Extraction Plan: A 1600± linear foot standard morphing extraction front is comprised of a 1.25H:1V face along an approximate 800-1200± linear foot advancing; wall with trailing side slopes up to 400 total linear feet combined along either side of the advancing wall where it serves to define the predetermined boundary of the extraction limits shown on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Concurrent grading follows immediately behind the trailing side slopes as they occur along the extraction limits. This morphing extraction front, with its advancing wall, trailing side slopes, and concurrent reclamation along the extraction limits is approximate for all active Tracts. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs The 1600± linear foot total extraction front is 'morphing' in that the total linear feet of the front will not exceed 1600± linear feet, however, the advancing wall and side slopes may deviate from the 'standard' lengths described above. For example: If the advancing wall is only 600± linear feet, trailing side slopes may have a combined length pending finished grading of up to 1,000± linear feet. Another example is if the advancing wall is 1,400± linear feet long, there is only 200± linear feet of trailing wall, and operations must be more Johnny on the spot in keeping up with concurrency in this configuration. So the 'morphing' of the front generally affects the pace of concurrent reclamation of the trailing wall. 3H:1V V f FILL TO CRAL. = 927.38 SQ.FT. T. 2H:IV Assuming a mean depth of advancing wall and sidewalls of 35.0± feet. 1600.00± lin.ft. (extraction front) x 927.38 sq.ft. (required fill — Diagram 1, above) = 1,483,808.00 cu.ft. = 27 = 54,955.85 LCY Average push distance is 50± feet using equipment and assumptions leading to per unit cost previously determined by OMLR (refer to Kurtz estimates at back of this exhibit) = $0.842 per LCY. 54,955.85 LCY x $ 0.842 per LCY. $ 46,272.82± to grade to required slope per 1600.0± lin.ft. extraction front. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs Soil Demand AND Re -soiling of Affected Lands (refer to Exhibit D): NOTE: The soil demand (and related costs) will decrease proportionately as extraction activities increase over each Tract of planned extraction. For now, an area estimate of 6.58± acres (Refer to Exhibit D) will be determined for resoiling expenses. At a depth of 0.5± feet, the total volume = 6.58± acres x 0.5± feet of soil replacement x 43,560.0± sq.ft./acre _ 27 cu.ft./cu.yd. = 5,307.87± cu.yds. total soil requirement. The majority of soil placement can occur using the an average placement distance of 600 ft., or less along embankments, (utilizing the same assumptions utilized at either Kurtz or Heintzelman Projects as shown at the back of this exhibit). 5,307.87± cu.yds of soil demand x $ 0.843 per LCY. $ 4,474.53 to replace 0.5± feet of soil over the existing affected lands remaining above the anticipated final water level. Establishment of Vegetation over Affected Lands: The demand establishment of vegetation over the affected lands will also diminish proportionately with the planned extraction of the Tracts. For now, the total exposure is estimated as indicated above to be 6.58± acres under a default: NOTE: The vegetation demand (and related costs) will decrease proportionately as extraction activities increase over each Tract of planned extraction. The cost for seed is shown on Exhibit L - Table L-1: Primary/Preferred Re -vegetation Seed Mixture and Costs. The mixture includes a substitute for mulch in the inclusion of a wheatgrass hybrid. The Division has historically agreed with and approved the inclusion of this hybrid as a substitute for mulch. These costs are as follows: $ 60.53± Preferred Seed Mix x 6.58± acres $ 398.29± Sub -Total Seed The cost for applying seed is based upon information derived in proximity to the Northern Colorado economy. Costs for tilling, fertilizing and seeding are based upon estimates from Longs Peak Equipment Co. These costs, including labor, are reflected as follows: $ 25.00± per acre Tilling $ 20.00± per acre Fertilizing Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 5 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs $ 20.00± per acre Seeding $ 65.00± per acre Total Application Cost per Acre. x 6.58± acres $ 427.70± Sub -Total — Application Costs $ 825.99± Sub -Total Re -vegetation (seed + application) Costs. Assume a 50± percent failure and add half the expense back into the total for reseeding, or: $ 412.99± Sub -Total Re -seeding costs $ 1,238.98± Total Re -vegetation Expense OTHER MISCELLANEOUS COSTS: Mobilization and demobilization costs are based upon the Division's estimates, which are pending. Demolition of Structures: None. Building Permits for structures will be obtain where required from the Weld County Building Department. Please Note: The per unit cost values derived from previous OMLR determinations for heavy equipment, as applied to this exhibit, are included at the back of this exhibit. Since there is no possibility of the applicant in fully reproducing the Division's methods, utilizing similarities from past OMLR calculations is the most viable and accurate means available for the applicant to derive reasonable estimates of per unit costs and should result in estimates very reliable with that of the Division. Summary of Reclamation Costs: $ 3,736.20±Total Site Discharge — Avg. Life of the Mine $ 46,272.82± Total Grading per Extraction Front. $ 4,474.53± Total Re -soiling $ 1,238.98± Total Re -vegetation Expense $ 55,722.53± Sub -Total $ 7,619.00± Possible Mobilization and Demobilization Costs (pendins OMLR estimate $ 63,341.53± Sub -Total Direct Costs $ 15,414.16± Possible Indirect Costs Pending RMS Indirect Costs @ 24.335 % of Total Reclamation Costs $ 78,755.69±Grand Total — Financial Warranty Amount — Pending OMLR Review and estimates including estimated expenses for State of Colorado Mobilization and Demobilization and other 'Indirect' cost determinations by the Office. Varra Companies, Inc. Varga -Coulson Resource Project 6 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs 6.4.12 EXHIBIT L - Reclamation Costs (1) All information necessary to calculate the costs of reclamation must be submitted and broken down into the various major phases of reclamation. The information provided by the Operator/Applicant must be sufficient to calculate the cost of reclamation that would be incurred by the state. (2) The Office may request the Operator/Applicant to provide additional, reasonable data to substantiate said Operator/Applicant's estimate of the cost of reclamation for all Affected Lands. SUMMARY OVERVIEW: Summary Status of Affected and Unaffected land as of this Amendment (Exhibit C-1: Existing Conditions and Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map): Of the 100.63± Acres of lands comprising the parcel boundary, the nature of each aspect of the affected lands are as follows: 52.70± Acres Extraction — South Field — 05-10± years. 11.61± Acres Extraction — Middle Field — 10-20± years. 64.31± Sub -total 1.57± Acres Extraction - Canal #3 - to be relocated - transitional 65.88± Sub -total 1.98± Acres Reconstructed segment of Canal #3 (includes 0.18± acres within the Poudre River 100 foot set -back area. 67.86± Sub -total 10.75± Acres Mineral Reserve — North Field —undetermined ± years. 78.61± Sub -total 22.02± Acres Affected Lands beyond planned extraction limits. 100.63± TOTAL; OR, 65.88± Acres of Planned Extraction South of the Cache la Poudre River 10.75± Acres of Planned Extraction — RESERVE — North Field 76.63± Acres of Planned Extraction — TOTAL Comprised of: 59.30± Acres - Completed basins (within Total Area of Extraction South of the Cache la Poudre River) — total area at anticipated static water level. 6.58± Acres - requiring resoilinq and revegetation between the anticipated static water level of the completed basins and the extraction limits And a remainder of: 22.05 Acres — previously affected lands remaining outside of the extraction limits, comprised of: a) Internal Access Roads — existing and planned, Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs b) disturbed by existing above ground oil and gas facilities, c) the Cache la Poudre River & Greeley Irrigation Ditch #3, d) buffers and setbacks from the extraction limits. NOTE Well: All lands within the 100.63± acre permit area are to be considered as affected lands under C.R.S. 34-32.5-103(1) respective of this permit application and any subsequent permit revisions or amendments to the permit as originally approved. The following assumptions of are based upon the pre -disturbed state of the application for purposes of determining estimated costs of reclamation and correlated financial warranty. Where appropriate, information is generalized and approximated from similar estimates determined by the Colorado Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR), as indicated: Summary of Reclamation Costs: $ 3,736.20± Total Site Discharge — Avg. Life of the Mine $ 46,272.82± Total Grading per Extraction Front. $ 4,474.53±Total Re -soiling $ 1,238.98± Total Re-ve•etation Expense $ 55,722.53± Sub -Total $ 7 619.00± Possible Mobilization and Demobilization Costs (pending OMLR estimate) $ 63,341.53±Sub-Total Direct Costs $ 15,414.16±Possible Indirect Costs Pending RMS Indirect Costs @ 24.335 % of Total Reclamation Costs $ 78,755.69± Grand Total — Financial Warranty Amount — Pending OMLR Review and estimates including estimated expenses for State of Colorado Mobilization and Demobilization and other `Indirect' cost determinations by the Office. RECLAMATION EXPOSURE: Based upon the Mining and Reclamation Plans of this application, the status and trend of activities and affected land; and related calculations to estimate reclamation liability, are determined as follows. Please Note: Due to the difficulty of calculating heavy equipment costs similar to the Division's software program, unit costs from previous and reasonably current Division estimates of like or similar kind have been utilized to create a reasonably close estimate. The per unit basis from Division records are shown along with other sources used or referenced to determine unit costs, at the back of this exhibit. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 8 August 2013 2 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs DEWATERING: Volumes per Tract: NORTH: N/A — RESERVED FOR LATER EXTRACTION South of the Cache la Poudre River the total volume of the extracted area is reduced by the percent of the area of exposed ground water or 59.03±acres divided by 65.88± acres of the extraction limits or 90 percent of the 3,162,350.51 cu.yds. of extracted volume or: SOUTH: 2,846,115.46 cu.yds. x 27 = 76,845,117.39 cu.ft. x 7.48 gal/cu.ft. = 574,801,478.08 gal. E = Avg. = 574,801,478.08 gal. - 4 = 143,700,369.52 gal x $ 0.000026/gal. discharge (refer to Kurtz est. utilizing similar pump and rates.) Total Average Life of Mine Discharge Cost = $ 3,736.20 NOTE: The basins resulting from extraction will be reclaimed in an unlined state, since the operator retains sufficient water resources to do so. The basins may be lined or otherwise segregated from the area groundwater as an option to the approved permit, in order to liberate the water otherwise retained to supplement loss from evaporation in the unlined state. Since sufficient water resources exist, the option to line the resulting basins at an unspecified time during the life of the permit is retained under this application and as part of the approved permit. GRADING: As stated in Exhibit D — Extraction Plan: A 1600± linear foot standard morphing extraction front is comprised of a 1.25H:1V face along an approximate 800-1200± linear foot advancing; wall with trailing side slopes up to 400 total linear feet combined along either side of the advancing wall where it serves to define the predetermined boundary of the extraction limits shown on Exhibit C-2: Extraction Plan Map. Concurrent grading follows immediately behind the trailing side slopes as they occur along the extraction limits. This morphing extraction front, with its advancing wall, trailing side slopes, and concurrent reclamation along the extraction limits is approximate for all active Tracts. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 3 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs The 1600± linear foot total extraction front is 'morphing' in that the total linear feet of the front will not exceed 1600± linear feet, however, the advancing wall and side slopes may deviate from the 'standard' lengths described above. For example: If the advancing wall is only 600± linear feet, trailing side slopes may have a combined length pending finished grading of up to 1,000± linear feet. Another example is if the advancing wall is 1,400± linear feet long, there is only 200± linear feet of trailing wall, and operations must be more Johnny on the spot in keeping up with concurrency in this configuration. So the 'morphing' of the front generally affects the pace of concurrent reclamation of the trailing wall. DIACRAM depth III WALL @ 1.25H: IV FILL TO GRADP = 927.38 3h:1V V SQ.FT. 43.75' length 2H:1V V Assuming a mean depth of advancing wall and sidewalls of 35.0± feet. 1600.00± lin.ft. (extraction front) x 927.38 sq.ft. (required fill — Diagram 1, above) = 1,483,808.00 cu.ft. ± 27 = 54,955.85 LCY Average push distance is 50± feet using equipment and assumptions leading to per unit cost previously determined by OMLR (refer to Kurtz estimates at back of this exhibit) = $0.842 per LCY. 54,955.85 LCY x $ 0.842 per LCY. $ 46,272.82± to grade to required slope per 1600.0± lin.ft. extraction front. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 4 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs Soil Demand AND Re -soiling of Affected Lands (refer to Exhibit D): NOTE: The soil demand (and related costs) will decrease proportionately as extraction activities increase over each Tract of planned extraction. For now, an area estimate of 6.58± acres (Refer to Exhibit D) will be determined for resoiling expenses. At a depth of 0.5± feet, the total volume = 6.58± acres x 0.5± feet of soil replacement x 43,560.0± sq.ft./acre ± 27 cu.ft./cu.yd. = 5,307.87± cu.yds. total soil requirement. The majority of soil placement can occur using the an average placement distance of 600 ft., or less along embankments, (utilizing the same assumptions utilized at either Kurtz or Heintzelman Projects as shown at the back of this exhibit). 5,307.87± cu.yds of soil demand x $ 0.843 per LCY. $ 4,474.53 to replace 0.5± feet of soil over the existing affected lands remaining above the anticipated final water level. Establishment of Vegetation over Affected Lands: The demand establishment of vegetation over the affected lands will also diminish proportionately with the planned extraction of the Tracts. For now, the total exposure is estimated as indicated above to be 6.58± acres under a default: NOTE: The vegetation demand (and related costs) will decrease proportionately as extraction activities increase over each Tract of planned extraction. The cost for seed is shown on Exhibit L - Table L-1: Primary/Preferred Re -vegetation Seed Mixture and Costs. The mixture includes a substitute for mulch in the inclusion of a wheatgrass hybrid. The Division has historically agreed with and approved the inclusion of this hybrid as a substitute for mulch. These costs are as follows: $ 60.53± Preferred Seed Mix x 6.58± acres $ 398.29± Sub -Total Seed The cost for applying seed is based upon information derived in proximity to the Northern Colorado economy. Costs for tilling, fertilizing and seeding are based upon estimates from Longs Peak Equipment Co. These costs, including labor, are reflected as follows: $ 25.00± per acre Tilling $ 20.00± per acre Fertilizing Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 5 Exhibit L — Reclamation Costs $ 20.00± per acre Seeding $ 65.00± per acre Total Application Cost per Acre. x 6.58± acres $ 427.70± Sub -Total — Application Costs $ 825.99± Sub -Total Re -vegetation (seed + application) Costs. Assume a 50± percent failure and add half the expense back into the total for reseeding, or: $ 412.99± Sub -Total Re -seeding costs $ 1,238.98± Total Re -vegetation Expense OTHER MISCELLANEOUS COSTS: Mobilization and demobilization costs are based upon the Division's estimates, which are pending. Demolition of Structures: None. Building Permits for structures will be obtain where required from the Weld County Building Department. Please Note: The per unit cost values derived from previous OMLR determinations for heavy equipment, as applied to this exhibit, are included at the back of this exhibit. Since there is no possibility of the applicant in fully reproducing the Division's methods, utilizing similarities from past OMLR calculations is the most viable and accurate means available for the applicant to derive reasonable estimates of per unit costs and should result in estimates very reliable with that of the Division. Summary of Reclamation Costs: $ 3,736.20± Total Site Discharge — Avg. Life of the Mine $ 46,272.82±Total Grading per Extraction Front. $ 4,474.53± Total Re -soiling $ 1,238.98± Total Re-ve•etation Expense $ 55,722.53±Sub-Total $ 7 619.00± Possible Mobilization and Demobilization Costs (pending OMLR estimate) $ 63,341.53±Sub-Total Direct Costs $ 15,414.16±Possible Indirect Costs Pending RMS Indirect Costs @ 24.335 % of Total Reclamation Costs $ 78,755.69± Grand Total — Financial Warranty Amount — Pending OMLR Review and estimates including estimated expenses for State of Colorado Mobilization and Demobilization and other `Indirect' cost determinations by the Office. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varna -Coulson Resource Project 6 imary/Preferred Re -vegetation Seed Mixture and Costs Exhibit L - Table L - Species {Scientific Name Species {Common Name} Variety % Mix #pls/Acre *Cost/#pls Total (5) <1' in V1 LF0T ' W O 6.37 CO in• .-- O M• CO d' --T• O V) rn .--. O D\ O O in O O t- V O in Co Cr) 27.50 en in Ci in .Y 'O V'1 \O in — N in Cr) t+) I 7.80 co O O\ V) VD N in M .--- Ol N .-+ in 0 oO in N V O t 4 O\ f44 N vl t-- N O -; O - 0 0 0,. 0 0 .-- 0 0 t— t� 0 O 20 0 N 15 In .-4 O '-4 V) 0 0 V) 0 N 0 --4 0 .-+ 0 r. 0 O 0 s. N N pcd cd E Vaughn > O El Vado Lovington RT f... m a Livingston cd x •< Manchar 0 2 O U O Switchgrass Sideoats grama Sheep fescue cn cn m b Blue grama Little bluestem Kentucky bluegrass Tall wheatgrass Smooth brome Alkali sacaton Sand dropseed Strawberry clover rn on rd C) Panicum virgatum Bouteloua curtipendula Festuca ovina Oryzopsis hymenoides Bouteloua gracilis Schizachyrium scoparium N c L a o gl Elytrigia elongate Bromus inermis Sporobolus airoides Sporobolus cryptandrus Trifblium repens Sub -TOTAL Mulch Substitute VU QJ by TOTAL per Acre = N ;- A - 0 Eh' d N b . ';r: >O p > di) s4 Cy N C (14 ri N N N .t > H O -r N N O W N N sue. N 'O 2 rrnn : O �CC P Cd N (.0) N4(124 R Y rii y N w c‘.), r b o o Cd n N q r L:)":CD N s N 3 1) Cri C'C) r *1 'd N Y fupc'r o C o N g,G > Eb O 00 N O C > Y ^O b-0 Cd A F n O Y N Cc 0 'y 0 <nl) • c > ct • •3 m . ≥ r C)44-4 m C n cC w C N o— 0'CC C ' CD b cucep Cd N a di) 0 o N N >> Y 2 a 0 N .O cd 4'O II rn ° O'0 x ro r .y o. o cc E .� 3 a..2 3 • 0 0 6 O o t o z o rn • 'O 4-i' up —4 CLI r re b • N .- Exhibit M — Other Permits & Licenses 6.4.13 EXHIBIT M - Other Permits and Licenses A statement identifying which of the following permits, licenses and approvals the Operator/Applicant holds or will be seeking in order to conduct the proposed mining and reclamation operations: effluent discharge permits, air quality emissions permits, radioactive source material licenses, the State Historic Preservation Office clearance, disposal of dredge and fill material (404) permits, permit to construct a dam, well permits, explosives permits, highway access permits, U.S. Forest Service permits, Bureau of Land Management permits, county zoning and land use permits, and city zoning and land use permits. • Colorado Department of Health Storm Water Permit Pending • Colorado Department of Health Emission Permit Pending Operations — Concrete Batch Plant. • Colorado Department of Health Emission Permit Pending Operations — Portable Equipment — Dry Plant • Colorado Department of Health Emission Permit Pending Operations — Wet Plant • Colorado Department of Health Emission Permit Pending — Fugitive Dust — Mining Operations and related activities. • Weld County Special Use Permit Pending • Colorado Division of Water Resources Well Permit Pending • State Historic Preservation Office clearance Refer to correspondence of 2 August 2013 . • U.S. Department of the Army Corps of Engineers Under Review since April 2013 by the USACE . • Planned operations will not utilize or encounter materials, sources, or authorities over related lands and do not require permits for the following: radioactive source materials, construction of a dam, explosives, highway access, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, city zoning or land use. • Note: Any necessary permits for other planned or potential activities, including asphalt batch plants, recycling facilities and operations, etc., will be acquired prior to on -set of such plants, facilities or operations. All future permits will be submitted to the Division to update this list as necessary. Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit N — Source of Legal Right to Enter 6.4. [4 EXa0f= u N - Source of Legai Right to Enter The source of the Operator's/Applicant's legal right to enter and initiate a mining operation on the affected land. (Same requirements as Rule 6.3.7). As landowner(s) to all lands to be permitted for extraction under a Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) permit, our signatures below testify that Varra Companies, Inc., has the legal right to enter and mine with respect to all lands under this permit. Signed: W Christopher L. Varra, President Varra Companies, Inc. Signed and dated this 7 - `, day of r c U S State of (1.Clc c c O ) )ss County of e? i d ) The foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me this /— day of Lim/ jl K.) // f by L./✓ I r i �T �+z L. /C �c _ as tl cr3i cttXF kr of ij- VTR L cvn f, 1 V` s ' L'' 4. Notary Public My Commission expires: /O',.ai// / Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit N — Source of Legal Right to Enter Page 2 of 2: As landowner(s) to all lands to be permitted for extraction under a Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) permit, our signatures below testify that Varra Companies, Inc., has the legal right to enter and mine with respect to all lands under this permit. Signed: Kenneth L. Coulson, President Coulson Excavating Company, Inc. i Signed and dated this '7`-(6day of 4 ( )S+ J State of )ss County of U'Uee 1 Q� ) The foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me this v '/ /; by f�<�.,�7/10 � 4 • L'oc /soon as LaSklien 7� ,2 of .:: i n L XD<� fe ; � -J 7i12 day of Notary Public My Commission expires: /0/::-75//,' F- Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 Exhibit 0 — Owner(s) of Record of Affected Land (Surface Area) and Owner(s) of Substance to be Mined 6.4.15 EXHIBIT O - Owner(s) of Record of Affected Land (Surface Area) and Owners of Substance to be Mined Owner(s) of Record of Affected Land (Surface Area): Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, CO 80516 Coulson Excavating Company, Inc. 3609 NCR 13 Loveland, CO 80538 Owner(s) of Substance to be Mined: Varra Companies, Inc. 8120 Gage Street Frederick, CO 80516 Coulson Excavating Company, Inc. 3609 NCR 13 Loveland, CO 80538 Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit P — Municipalities Within Two Miles 6.4.16 EXHIBIT P - Municipalities Within Two Miles A list of any municipality(s) within two miles of the proposed mining operation and address of the general office of each municipality. City of Greeley 1000 Tenth Street Greeley, CO 80631 Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit Q -- Proof of Amending Materials in previous Notice to the Board of Supervisors — West Greeley Soil Conservation District West Greeley Soil Conservation District 13oard of Supervisors A'I"l'N: Joyce Wallace, District Manager 4302 West 9)'h Street Road (;reelev. Colorado 8063 I Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR), Permit application for Varra Companies, inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project. NOTICE TO THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS WEST GREELEY SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT Varra Companies, Inc. (the `Applicant/Operator') has applied tier a Regular (I 12) reclamation permit from the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board (the `Board') to conduct the extraction of construction materials operations in Weld County. 'l'hc attached information is being provided to notify you of the location and nature of the proposed operation. The entire application is on tile with the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (the `Division') and the Weld County Clerk to the Board. The applicant/operator proposes to reclaim the affected land to Developed Water Resources and other Mixed Uses. Pursuant to Section 34-32.5-1 I6(4)(m), C.R.S., the Board may confer with the local Conservation Districts before approving of the post -mining land use. Accordingly, the Board would appreciate your comments on the proposed operation. Please note that, in order to preserve your right to a hearing before the Board on this application, you must submit written comments on the application within twenty (20) days of the date of last publication of notice pursuant to Section 34-32.5-112(10), C.R.S. If you would like to discuss the proposed post -mining land use, or any other issue regarding this application, please contact the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and re( y. 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215, Denver, Colorado 80203, (303) 8M-3567. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced permit application ti�rm. Dale Received: Received By: o'Board cif Supervis.rs -' est Greeley Soil Conservation District. Varra Companies, Inc. OM1.R 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project 8 August 2013 Exhibit Q — Proof of Amending Materials in previous Notice to the .Board of County Commissioners Office of the Board of Weld County Commissioners c/o Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 0 Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS) Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR Permit application for Varra Companies, inc. • Varra-Coulson Resource Project. NOTICE TO THE BOARD of WELD COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Varra Companies, Inc. (the `Applicant/Operator') has applied for a Regular (1 12) reclamation permit from the Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Board (the `Board') to conduct the extraction of construction materials operations in Weld County. The attached information is being provided to notify you of the location and nature of the proposed operation. The entire application is on file with the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety (the `Division') and the Weld County Clerk to the Board. The applicant/operator proposes to reclaim the• affected land to commercial Developed Water Resources and other Mixed Uses. Pursuant to Section 34-32.5-1 I 6(4)(m), C.R.S., the Board may confer with the local Conservation Districts before approving of the post -mining land use. Accordingly, the Board would appreciate your comments on the proposed operation. Please note that, in order to preserve your right to a hearing before the Board on this application, you must submit written comments on the application within twenty (20) days of the date of last publication of notice pursuant to Section 34-32.5-112(10), C.R.S. If you would like to discuss the proposed post -mining land use, or any other issue regarding this application, please contact the Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety, 1313 Sherman Street, Room 215, Denver, Colorado 80203, (303) 866-3567. Your signature below acknowledges receijahkeEcio6 biDenced permit application form. SEP ! 7 204') Date Received: COMMISIQNERS Received By: Weld County Clerk to the Board of Weld County Commissioners Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application Varra-Coulson Resource Project $ August 20I 3 Exhibit R — Proof of Filing with County Clerk and Recorder 6.4.18 EXHIBIT R - Proof of Filing with County Clerk and Recorder An affidavit or receipt indicating the date on which the application was placed with the local County Clerk and Recorder for public review, pursuant to Subparagraph 1.6.2(1)(c). Proof of filing with the County Clerk, pursuant to Subparagraph 1.6.2(1)(c): Weld County Clerk to the Board 1150 O Street Greeley, Colorado 80632 Subject: Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety (DRMS), Office of Mined Land Reclamation (OMLR) Permit application for Varra Companies, Inc. — Varra-Coulson Resource Project. Your signature below acknowledges receipt of the above referenced permit application. The application will be placed for public inspection and review. The information will be made available to the public until final agency action by the OMLR Board, as defined by C.R.S. 24-4-105(14). Date Received: Received By: Office of Weld County Clerk to the Board Varra Companies, Inc. OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 Exhibit S — Geotechnical Stability 6.4.19 EXHIBIT S - Permanent Man-made Structures Where the mining operation will adversely affect the stability of any significant, valuable and permanent man-made structure located within two hundred (200) feet of the affected land, the applicant may either: (a) provide a notarized agreement between the applicant and the person(s) having an interest in the structure, that the applicant is to provide compensation for any damage to the structure; or (b) where such an agreement cannot be reached, the applicant shall provide an appropriate engineering evaluation that demonstrates that such structure shall not be damaged by activities occurring at the mining operation; or. (c) where such structure is a utility, the Applicant may supply a notarized letter, on utility letterhead, from the owner(s) of the utility that the mining and reclamation activities, as proposed, will have "no negative effect" on their utility. 6.5 GEOTECHNICAL STABILITY EXHIBIT 1) On a site -specific basis, an Applicant shall be required to provide a geotechnical evaluation of all geologic hazards that have the potential to affect any proposed impoundment, slope, embankment, highwall, or waste pile within the affected area. The Applicant may also be required to provide a geotechnical evaluation of all geologic hazards, within or in the vicinity of the affected lands, that may be de -stabilized or exacerbated by mining or reclamation activities. (2) On a site -specific basis, an Applicant shall be required to provide engineering stability analyses for proposed final reclaimed slopes, highwalls, waste piles and embankments. An Applicant may also be required to provide engineering stability analyses for certain slopes configuration as they will occur during operations, including, but not limited to embankments. Information for slope stability analyses may include, but would not be limited to, slope angles and configurations, compaction and density, physical characteristics of earthen materials, pore pressure information, slope height, post -placement use of site, and information on structures or facilities that could be adversely affected by slope failure. (3) Where there is the potential for off -site impacts due to failure of any geologic structure or constructed earthen facility, which may be caused by mining or reclamation activities, the Applicant shall demonstrate through appropriate geotechnical and stability analyses that off -site areas will be protected with appropriate factors of safety incorporated into the analysis. The minimum acceptable safety factors will be subject to approval by the Office, on a case by - case basis, depending upon the degree of certainty of soil or rock strength determinations utilized in the stability analysis, depending upon the consequences associated with a potential failure, and depending upon the potential for seismic activity at each site. Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 1 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 2013 Exhibit S — Geotechnical Stability (4) At sites where blasting is part of the proposed mining or reclamation plan, the Applicant shall demonstrate through appropriate blasting, vibration, geotechnical, and structural engineering analyses, that off -site areas will not be adversely affected by blasting.. To assure the stability of any significant, valuable, and permanent man-made structures that may exist within 200 feet of planned extraction activity, a complete stability analysis was performed by American Water Engineering Services, LLC. Their report is based upon on -site samples collected from the intended areas of extraction. The AWES report verifies that the maximum planned extraction slopes of 1.25H:1V will not pose a hazard to such structures. To the extent practical, operations will remain 125.0± feet or greater from residential structures, not otherwise owned or controlled by the operator. Concurrent grading and reclamation of completed areas of extraction will reduce extracted slopes to a minimum of 3H:1V, or flatter, over a majority of the extraction area, in conformance with Rule 3.1.5(7). Varra Companies, Inc. Varra-Coulson Resource Project 2 OMLR 112 Permit Application 8 August 201 3 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS VARRA GRAVEL OPERATION - COULSON PIT GREELEY, COLORADO AWES No. 1320-003 Prepared for: Varra Companies 8120 Gage Street Frederick, Colorado 80516 Prepared by: AWES, LLC 4809 Four Star Court Fort Collins, Colorado 80524 970-590-3807 June 27, 2013 Introduction The following report presents the results of a slope stability analysis for a proposed open cut gravel extraction operations at the Varra Coulson pit operations near Greeley, Colorado. This analysis was performed at the request of Varra Companies, Inc., (Varra). It is our understanding the Colorado Division of Reclamation and Mine Safety (DRMS) requires this analysis as part of Varra's mine permit submittal. Background Information The proposed Coulson gravel quarry is located in the NE1/4, S10, T5N, R65W of the 6th Principal Meridian. The surrounding land use consists of agricultural, rural residential, commercial and open -cut gravel quarry operations. The proposed mine area occupies an estimated 62 acres. The water table at the site is located in unconsolidated alluvial deposits associated with the Poudre River with the depth to water between 5 and 10 feet below grade. Soil conditions generally consist of varying thicknesses of top soil underlain by sand and gravel deposits, which in turn are underlain by Pierre Shale. Over the entire area the average saturated thickness of the sand and gravel deposits (prior to mining) is estimated at 45 feet. It is our understanding that the sand and gravel will be dewatered during aggregate extraction. The site location is presented on Figure 1. Previous Investigations In August 2000, 17 soil borings were drilled from ground surface to bedrock to determine the potential aggregate mass within the proposed mine boundary. The depth to bedrock over the site varied between 29 and 65 feet below ground surface. In general the site consists of three to five feet of top soil underlain by 24 to 60 feet of sand and gravel with occasional clay and sand lenses. Geotechnical studies conducted by Terracon 2011, and CTL Thompson, 2006 document soil strength properties at two adjacent mines (Great Western & Durham). The results of these investigations are presented in Attachment A. Conservative soil strength properties presented by DRMS are presented in Attachment B. Slope Stability Analysis Varra Gravel Operation — Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 2 Overview of Stability Analyses The assumptions used in the bank stability analysis include the following: • The static depth to groundwater at the distance to no pumping influence is 6 feet below ground surface and the water table will intersect the pit bank approximately ten feet above the ultimate pit depth (seepage face) during steady state dewatering. • The maximum bank height is 45 feet. • A cohesion of 0 is assumed for all unconsolidated deposits. • A cohesion of 731 psf is assumed for underlying shale deposits. • The internal friction angles of the overlying sand and gravel deposits vary between 28 and 38 degrees. • The analysis does not account for load surcharges. • During extraction activities the pit bank slope ratio is 1.25H:1 V. The software package PC-STABL was used to evaluate slope stability. Simulations using Spencer, Modified Bishop and Modified Janbu methods were run to determine the most conservative safety factor. The soil strength properties used in the analysis are presented on computer generated data sheets which are presented in Attachment C. A review of Attachment C shows proposed bank profiles are stable with a calculated safety factor 1.27 during dry mine conditions. Discussion Slope failure analyses for proposed open cut gravel operations at the Varra Coulson site indicate proposed slope cuts will be stable for dewatered or static water table conditions. The high permeability of the bank material reduces the potential for excessive pore pressures within the bank during drawdown events such as dewatering. If any significant modifications to proposed pit wall slopes occur this analysis should be considered invalid. Slope Stability Analysis Varra Gravel Operation — Coulson Pit Greeley, Colorado Page 3 Comments The discussions and recommendations in this report represent our professional opinions. Our conclusions, opinions and recommendations are based from information available at this time and we do not guarantee that undiscovered conditions will not become evident in the future. AWES' report was prepared in accordance with currently accepted engineering practices at this time and location and no other warranties, representations or certifications are implied or intended. This report was prepared by AWES, LLC. Date: June 27, 2013 Joby L. Adams, P.G. Principal/Hydrogeologist REFERENCES CTL Thompson, Inc., 2006, Durham Slope Stability Evaluation. Prepared for CGRS, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, April 2006. Terracon Consultants, Inc., 2011. Geotechnical Engineering Report, Great Western Sugar, Ash Avenue, Greeley, CO. Prepared for CGRS, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, January 17, 2011. TuttleApplegate, Inc, 2000. Hanes Property Preliminary Analysis. Prepared for Kauffman & Sons, Inc., Loveland CO, April 2000. Figure 1 - Coulson Site Location TN •1 • • • • • : • Buss ,4666 fMN 19' Project Boundary - v c.. • • • - • •• N N II 11 04653 11 4625 46177 • 14 • • '0*s44, D 5 1 MILE 01000 FEE! 0 �— • ,--. 500 • —;moo mums Map created with TOPO! E :200. National Geographic(wsns'.nationalgeographic.com'topol Greeley Municipal Airport k 1, I h • b 4 ATTACHMENT A Geotechnical Study Results Geotechnical Engineering Report Great Western Sugar • Greeley, Colorado January 17, 2011 t Terracon Protect No. 21105019 lierracon 4.0 LABORATORY TEST RESULTS & ENGINEERING PROPERTIES As requested by the client, samples were obtained from Boring No. 1 at depths of approximately 20 feet and 45 feet below existing grade, and from Boring No. 2 at a depth of approximately 25 feet below existing grade. Moisture, density, and strength testing was requested on each sample. As shown on the grain size distribution data presented ion Exhibit B-2, we encountered soils with significant amounts of Winch to 2 -inch or larger diameter gravel particles at the requested sampling depths in Boring No. 1. Typical soil strength laboratory testing including direct shear, triaxial, or unconfined compressive strength testing is not appropriate for these types of soils. We elected to perform soil classification testing of these soils and correlate the soil classification information with typical soil strength parameters. We performed direct shear testing of the sample collected from Boring No. 2. The table below summarizes our test results as well as ranges of recommended shear strength parameters for the soils encountered. Sample I Soli Classification ! Moisture Dry Density Internal Angle Cohesion (psf) I.O. (USCS, AASHTO) Content (%) (pcf) of Friction (deg) 1 @ 20' GP, A -1-a 1 20-25 115-120' 40-45' I 0' 1 @ 45' SW-SM, A -1-b 1 20-25 115-120' i 32-36' ; 0�__ 2 @ 25' ' GP, A -1-a 1 27 118 28 731 1. Estimated values based on soil classification, relative density, and our experience with similar soil types. Direct shear testing was performed for the sample collected from Boring No. 2 at a depth of about 25 feet in general accordance with ASTM D 3080. For direct shear testing, we remolded the sample at approximately 3 percent greater than optimum moisture content at a density of about 95 percent of the maximum dry density as determined by ASTM D 698. Based on our experience with similar soil types, cohesion values are typically zero (0) pounds per square foot (psf) for gravels with less than 20 percent passing the No. 200 sieve. Additionally, the internal angle of friction is typically between 40 and 45 degrees for medium dense gravels with less than 20 percent passing the No. 200 sieve. Therefore, we believe the direct shear test results for the sample collected from Boring No. 2 (Sample I.D. 2 @ 25' shown in the table above) are not typical for this type of material and we recommend using the ranges of soil parameters shown for site soils presented in the table above (Sample I.D.'s 1 @ 20' and 1 @ 45'). Consideration should be given to the shear strength parameters used for design on the project. Actual test values should be used in conjunction with published ranges of values based on soil classifications, relative densities, and experience. We believe the shear strength parameters listed in the table above are appropriate for the soils encountered in our borings at this site. Reliable • Responsive n Convenient . Innovative 3 Durham Soil Strength Parameters U, cc 6 00.0 40 30 �2 1) R 0 0 W10 0 cc 6 moo 4 4-4 b S 9 t 4 0 01 02 U.S HORIZONTAL DEFORMATION (IN.) • O O O 00 100 2G NORMAL STRESS IKSF) 30 40 .0 Sample Description SAND. SL SILTY MOIST. BROWN Sample Type BULK Remarks CTLIT PROJECT NO FC03746-125 Moisture Dry Sample Boring Depth Content (%) Density No No. I FT i Before After ( PCF ) 1 B-4 14' 11.1 15 i 119 2 B-4 14 111 155 119 3 `' B-4 14 11.1 14 5 119 % NL PI Oro NP -200: NM Thickness (in). 1.0 Diameter (In) 1.935 Strain Rate (in/min) 00063 Peaty Residual Normal Shear Shear Sample Stress Stress Stress No (KSF) ((.SF) • IKSF) 1 1.5 2 11 1.22 2 25 3.48 2A 3 3.5 4.41 3 48 Peak $ (DEG). 49 Residual + (DEG) 44 Peak C (PSF) 450 Residual C (PSF): 0 Direct Shear Test Results FIGURE 4 ATTACHMENT B DRMS Conservative Soil Strength Parameters STATE OF COLORADO DIVISION OF MINERALS AND GEOLOGY Department of Natural Resources 1313 Sherman St., Room 215 Denver, Colorado 80203 DIVISIONE______41hMINERALS o f Phone: (303) 866-3567 FAX: (303) 832-8106 GY TION DATE: March 12, 2003BiFETY TO: Peter Wayland, Weiland Sugnet, Inc. Governor Greg E. Watcher FROM: Allen Sorenson Executive Director (( Ronald W. Cattany Division Director .RE. Suggested Conservative Soil Shear Strength Parameters for Stability Analyses Given that these strength values, in particular the residual strength value for the weathered bedrock, represent the worst -case for potential slope instability, any safety factor in excess of one should be protective of critical structures. CLAY, sandy, soft to stiff, very moist to wet, brown (CL): 0' = 28 degrees c' = 50 psf moist unit weight = 114 pcf saturated unit weight = 126 pcf SAND, fine grained, clayey, silty, very loose, very moist to wet, brown (SC, SM): 0' = 25 degrees c' = 10 psf • moist unit weight = 90 pcf saturated unit weig'ht =13 5 pcf SAND, fine grained, clean to slightly silty, dense, wet, brown (SP, SP-SM): 0' = 31 degrees c' = 0 psf moist unit weight =117 pcf saturated unit weight = 130 pcf SAND & GRAVEL, fine to coarse grained, some cobbles, clean'to slightly silty, very dense, wet brown (SP, GP): 0' = 35 degrees c' = 0 psf moist unit weight =130 pcf saturated unit weight = 137 pcf WEATHERED SHALE, this is an over -consolidated stiff -fissured clay, so the residual strength values are appropriate to the analysis: f6' = 14 degrees c' = 0 psf moist unit weight = 125 pcf saturated unit weight =142 pcf c:lacs'My Oocumentslshear strength parameters.doc ATTACHMENT C PC-STABL Results N - t I II 0 VJ co I v f V J C Aa) ces a O U) O 0 0 U — V 0 `w 2 !� -0 • . 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