HomeMy WebLinkAbout20131266.tiffSTATE OF COLORADO
John W. Hickenlooper, Governor
Christopher E Urbina, MD, MPH
Executive Director and Chief Medical Officer
Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado
4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S.
Denver, Colorado 80246-1530
Phone (303) 692-2000
Located in Glendale, Colorado
http://www.cdphe.state.co us
June 21, 2012
Laboratory Services Division
8100 Lowry Blvd
Denver. Colorado 80230-6928
(303) 692-3090
Paul D Schneider, Sr Staff EHS Rep
Kerr McGee Oil & Gas Onshore LP
1099 18 St Ste 1800
Denver, CO 80202
Colorado Department
of Public Health
and Environment
RECEIVED Mi ENS
!JUL 0 1 2012
RE: Renewal of Permit/Certification
Administrative Continuation
For: Area 2 Kerr
Located at: See Map in File. Denver & Boulder & Broomfield, Adams County
Permit No.: COR039798
Dear Mr. Schneider;
The Division has received an application to renew the above permit/certification. It has been determined
that there is sufficient information to make this permit/certification eligible for renewal. More information
may be requested by the Division as progress is made in developing a new permit/certification for the
above listed facility. This information must be made available to the Division when requested to complete
the permit process.
The Division is currently in the process of developing a new permit or master general permit and
associated certification for the above permitted facility. The development and review procedures required
by law have not yet been completed. When the discharge permit issued to you for your facility expired on
June 30, 2012 your permit is administratively continued and remains in effect under Section 104(7) of the
Administrative Procedures Act, C.R.S. 1973, 24-4-101, et sec (1982 repl. vol. 10) until the new
permit/certification is issued and effective.
All effluent permit terms and conditions in your current permit will remain in effect until your new
permit/certification is issued and effective.
PLEASE KEEP THIS LETTER WITH YOUR PERMIT AND SWMP TO SHOW
CONTINUATION OF PERMIT COVERAGE.
Sincerely,
Debbie Jessop
Permits Section
WATER QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION
xc: Permit File
FIELD WIDE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
AREA 2
WATTENBERG FIELD, COLORADO
REVISED JANUARY 2009
Prepared for:
KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP
3939 Carson Avenue
Evans, Colorado 80620
Prepared by:
LT ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
4600 West 60th Avenue
Arvada, Colorado 80003
(303) 433-9788
Sr'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 CERTIFICATION 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION 2
3.0 SWMP ADMINISTRATOR 2
4.0 SITE DESCRIPTION 3
4.1 Nature of Construction Activity 3
4.2 The Proposed Sequence of Major Activities 3
4.3 Area of Disturbance 5
4.4 Soil Description 5
4.5 Existing Vegetation 5
4.6 Location of Potential Pollution Sources 5
4.7 Non-Stormwater Discharges 5
4.8 Receiving Waters 5
5.0 SITE MAPS 6
6.0 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT CONTROLS 6
6.1 Identification of Potential Pollutant Sources 6
6.1.1 Disturbed and Stored Soils 7
6.1.2 Vehicle Tracking Controls 7
6.1.3 Management of Contaminated Soils 7
6.1.4 Loading and Unloading Operations 7
6.1.5 Outdoor Storage Activities 8
6.1.6 Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance and Fueling 8
6.1.7 Dust or Particulate Generating Processes or Activities 8
6.1.8 Routine Maintenance Activities 8
6.1.9 On -site Waste Management Practices 8
6.1.10 Concrete Truck Washing 8
6.1.11 Dedicated Concrete and Asphalt Batch Plants 8
6.1.12 Non -Industrial Waste Sources 9
6.1.13 Potential Spills 9
6.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) 9
6.2.1 Structural Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control 10
6.2.2 Non -Structural Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control 12
6.2.3 Phased BMP Implementation 13
6.2.4 Material Handling and Spill Prevention 14
6.2.5 Dedicated Concrete or Asphalt Batch Plants 14
6.2.6 Vehicle Tracking Control 14
6.2.7 Waste Management and Disposal, Including Concrete Washout 14
6.2.8 Groundwater and Stormwater Dewatering 14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
7.0 FINAL STABILIZATION AND LONG-TERM STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 15
7.1 Reclamation 15
7.2 Post Construction Structural Measures 16
7.3 Finally Stabilized 16
8.0 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 16
8.1 Inspections 16
8.1.1 14 -day Inspection/Active Stage 17
8.1.2 Monthly Inspection/Completed Stage 17
8.1.3 Final Stabilization Stage 18
8.1.4 Winter Conditions 18
8.1.5 Precipitation Event Inspections 18
8.2 Preventive Maintenance 18
8.2.1 Good Housekeeping 19
8.2.2 Material Storage 19
8.2.3 Waste Removal 20
9.0 EMPLOYEE TRAINING 20
10.0 RECORD KEEPING 21
11.0 SWMP REVIEW/CHANGES 21
FIGURES
FIGURE 1 AREA 2 STORMWATER CONSTRUCTION PERMIT
TABLES
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
CHEMICAL PRODUCT LIST
BMP SELECTION CRITERIA
STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL BMP CLASSIFICATION
SEED MIXES AND APPLICATION RATES
APPENDICES
STORMWATER GENERAL PERMIT COR-03000 AND KERR-
MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP AREA 2 STORMWATER PERMIT
COR-039798
SITE -SPECIFIC INFORMATION
BMP MANUAL
TRAINING LOGS
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1.0 CERTIFICATION
Kerr-McGee Oil & Gas Onshore LP (Kerr-McGee) has prepared this Field Wide Stormwater
Management Plan (SWMP) for Construction Activities for Area 2 of the Wattenberg Field,
Colorado.
I certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared under my
direction or supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel
properly gather and evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or
persons who manage the system or those persons directly responsible for gathering the
information, the information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate,
and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information,
including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
Signature
Name
Date q Z --a et
Titles -4C e A ; r o &. , -kL I la\-4214nA.k s4-
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
LT Environmental, Inc. prepared this Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) for Kerr-McGee to
be used for Area 2 in the Wattenberg Field, Colorado. This SWMP was prepared in accordance
with good engineering, hydrologic and pollution control practices to ensure the Best
Management Practices (BMPs) are selected, installed, implemented and maintained to protect
surface waters. Changes or additions may be required to address changes in conditions in the
project area. As a condition of the Colorado Discharge Permit System (CDPS) permit, the
provisions identified in the SWMP will be implemented as written and updated as needed from
commencement of construction activity until final stabilization is complete.
This document contains the required elements of a SWMP associated with Kerr-McGee's
construction activities for Area 2, as defined in the CDPS General Permit for Stormwater
Discharge Associated with Construction Activity, Authorization to Discharge under the
Colorado Discharge Permit System (Permit No. COR-030000, effective July 1, 2007). A copy of
the permit submitted to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE)
for this project is provided in Appendix A.
3.0 SWMP ADMINISTRATOR
The SWMP Administrator for Kerr-McGee is responsible for developing, implementing,
maintaining, and revising the SWMP. The SWMP Administrator has the authority to dedicate the
financial and human resources to implement the SWMP. The SWMP Administrator is:
Mr. Paul Schneider — Staff Environmental and Regulatory Analyst, Denver, Colorado
Office: (720) 929-6726
Mobile: (303) 868-6665
The SWMP Administrator will ensure that the SWMP is followed and delegates responsibility
for coordination of the SMWP inspections and maintenance of stormwater records to the
Operations Manager. The Operations Manager will provide support for the SWMP
Administrator with the implementation of the SWMP. The Operations Manager is:
Mr. Greg Hamilton — Senior Environmental and Regulatory Analyst, Evans, Colorado
Office: (970) 506-5948
Mobile: (970) 590-6256
Both the SWMP Administrator and the Senior Environmental and Regulatory Analyst will
manage the SWMP Team. Other foremen or designated personnel may also assist in stormwater
inspections and maintenance of records. Overall, the SWMP Team is responsible for:
Implementing spill/upset clean up procedures;
Notification to local authorities and local residents of reportable releases;
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Coordinating various stages of BMPs implementation;
Conducting inspections;
Maintenance of all records; and
Coordination of a preventive maintenance program and housekeeping measures.
4.0 SITE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Nature of Construction Activity
Kerr-McGee currently owns or leases oil and natural gas mineral rights in the Wattenberg Field
area which includes Adams, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Larimer and Weld Counties,
Colorado. Kerr-McGee has split the field into three project areas for operations management
purposes. Individual pad sites within the permitted area range from approximately % acres to
three acres in size. The project area also includes field and site -specific access roads, pads, and
pipelines. A map of the project area (Area 2 within the Wattenberg Field) is provided as Figure
1
The development of oil and natural gas wells is generally accomplished in three distinct work
phases. The first phase is the Development (construction/drilling/completion), the second phase
is the Production (operation/maintenance), and the third phase is the Abandonment with final
reclamation. Each work phase is briefly discussed below.
4.2 The Proposed Sequence of Major Activities
The overall development of oil and natural gas pad sites is generally accomplished in three
distinct work phases: development, production, and abandonment. The work completed and
sequences of events for each phase are briefly discussed below.
Approximately % acres to three acres of surface terrain are disturbed during the construction of a
new pad site. The construction phase includes the following sequence of activities: pad
construction, well drilling, well completion, gas flowline installation, equipment installation,
access road building, and well pad reclamation.
The production phase includes the operation and maintenance activities during oil and natural
gas production. The typical equipment on a pad site during the production phase consists of a
wellhead, a separation unit, and one or more 300 -barrel (typical) capacity aboveground tanks for
condensate (if needed). Gas wells in the field are projected to produce for approximately 20 to
30 years.
When the oil and/or natural gas production of a well is exhausted it will be abandoned. Well
abandonment includes plugging and capping the well and removal of all surface equipment. The
pad area will be reclaimed by contouring disturbed soils to conform to the surrounding terrain.
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Gas activity types requiring ground surface disturbance include: a new drill site, a facility site, a
plugged and abandoned (P&A) site, and an excavation/other site as well as pipeline construction
and access roads. Each of these types is described as follows:
A new drill site includes pad construction, well drilling, well completion, gas flowline
installation, access road building and well pad reclamation. Pad reclamation is accomplished by
backfilling the reserve pit (if applicable), contouring disturbed soils to conform to the
surrounding terrain, replacing the stockpiled top soil, seeding, and thatched/mulched of disturbed
soil areas in order to reestablish coverage vegetation.
A facility site includes pad construction, tank and sump installation (if applicable), gas flowline
installation, access road building and pad reclamation. Pad reclamation is accomplished by
contouring disturbed soils to conform to the surrounding terrain, replacing the stockpiled top
soil, seeding, and thatch/mulched of disturbed soil areas in order to reestablish coverage
vegetation.
A P&A site includes well abandonment, flowline re-routing or abandonment, access road
decommissioning, and removal of all oilfield operations from the pad site. Pad reclamation is
accomplished by contouring disturbed soils to conform to the surrounding terrain and seeding
and/or thatch/mulched of disturbed soil areas in order to reestablish coverage vegetation.
An excavation/other site includes excavation for a variety of reasons. Excavation areas will be
reclaimed by backfilling and contouring the disturbed area to conform to the surrounding terrain
and seeding and/or thatch/mulched of disturbed soil areas in order to reestablish coverage
vegetation.
Access roads provide access to the drill sites, pad sites, pipeline connections, facility sites,
excavation sites, and P&A sites listed above. Roadwork construction and maintenance are
included in this SWMP for these access roads. Road reclamation is accomplished by contouring
disturbed soils to conform to the surrounding terrain, replacing the stockpiled top soil, and
seeding and/or thatch/mulched of disturbed soil areas in order to reestablish coverage vegetation.
For stormwater regulation purposes, construction sites have been divided into the following
stormwater stages: Active, Completed, and Final Stabilization. Details regarding the stormwater
stages are provided later in Section 6.2.3 of this plan.
Additionally, an Oil Polishing Facility is located approximately 0.3 miles west of the intersection
of Weld County Road 49 and on the north side of Weld County Road 30. This construction
project has been shared with Noble Energy Production, Inc. who operates on the northern portion
of this facility. The Kerr McGee operating area consists of approximately 9.25 acres of
rangeland where multiple tanks have been constructed.
The overall drainage of the Kerr McGee facility leads to a detention pond in the southeast corner
of the facility where sediments can drop out of surface water before leaving the site to a road
ditch at the south end of the facility.
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4.3 Area of Disturbance
The total field wide area of disturbance is 150 acres. The site -specific site boundaries, and areas
of disturbance are identified on the site -specific database site maps; specific inspection forms;
and history reports. (Appendix B).
4.4 Soil Description
The Wattenberg Field is a large area covering Adams, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Larimer,
and Weld counties. Kerr-McGee's Area 2 operation falls within Adams, Boulder, Broomfield,
and Weld Counties. Topsoil varies within the area, and is classified as loam, sandy loam, clay
loam, loamy sand, and sand according to the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service
(http://websoilsurvev.nres.usda.aov/app/). Percentages of each type of topsoil vary widely
throughout the area.
43 Existing Vegetation
The well pads are primarily surrounded by low shrubs and brush rangeland, tall grass, short grass
prairie land, sand dune complexes, and occasional crop land. Pre -disturbance ground cover
varies from zero to 80%. Specific vegetation data at each pad site are entered on the site -specific
inspection forms.
4.6 Location of Potential Pollution Sources
The location and description of all potential pollution sources are provided in detail in Section
6.1 and summarized in Table 1.
4.7 Non-Stormwater Discharges
The following is a summary list of non-stormwater discharges which are allowed under the
stormwater permit:
• Discharges from emergency fire -fighting activities or a fire hydrant;
• Landscape irrigation or return flow;
• Uncontaminated springs; and
• Construction dewatering.
Kerr-McGee does not anticipate any non-stormwater discharges at the pad sites.
4.8 Receiving Waters
The stormwater discharged may directly impact unnamed tributaries to, as well as Boulder
Creek, Beebe Draw, Speer Canal, Box Elder Creek, Barr Lake, Milton Reservoir, and then will
ultimately be received by the South Platte River.
5
The majority of Kerr-McGee's pads or access roads do not intrude or encroach on any wetland
acreage. If a wetland is designated to be within a pad construction area, Kerr-McGee will
consult with the Army Corp of Engineers, as applicable.
5.0 SITE MAPS
The site maps are kept in Kerr-McGee's database. Kerr-McGee's database is intended to
manage and track all site -specific stormwater records for Kerr-McGee. The database consists of
current inspection forms with supporting visio map attachments. Maps are updated at every
inspection interval and dated to show changes from one inspection to the next.
For the purposes of this SWMP, the site -specific map information required to be included in the
SWMP (Appendix B) will actually be comprised of the Kerr-McGee database.
Construction site boundaries; ground surface disturbances; areas of cut and fill; storage areas for
building materials, equipment, soil or waste; structural BMP locations; non-structural BMP
locations (as applicable); locations of springs, streams, wetlands or other surface waters;
wellhead locations; and other pertinent site -specifics are shown on maps attached to the site -
specific SWMP Inspection Reports (Appendix B).
6.0 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT CONTROLS
6.1 Identification of Potential Pollutant Sources
To identify, evaluate, and assess potential sources of stormwater runoff pollutants that may exist
at a pad site, the following activities and pollutant sources were evaluated:
Disturbed and stored soils;
Vehicle tracking controls;
Management of contaminated soils;
Loading and unloading operations;
Outdoor storage activities;
Vehicle and equipment maintenance and fueling;
Dust or particulate generating processes or activities;
Routine maintenance activities;
On -site waste management practices;
Concrete truck washing;
Dedicated concrete and asphalt batch plants;
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Non -industrial waste sources; and
Potential spills.
Refer to site specific maps found in Appendix B for the possibility of these potential pollutant
sources existing onsite.
6.1.1 Disturbed and Stored Soils
Disturbed soil and excavated materials will be stored on or next to the pad within the
construction area. Topsoil and other soils will be stockpiled separately and seeded as needed.
Excavation in sensitive areas may be conducted using special techniques as specified by the
landowner/agency representative.
Excavated materials will be utilized as backfill when practical. An exception may be excess rock
generated by rock blasting excavation activities. In these areas, some select backfill materials
may be required to protect the project area. Excess rock may be pushed into rock filter dikes,
used in energy dissipation zones below culverts, constructed into rock check dams within grassed
swales, or distributed over a portion of the project area.
All cut slopes made in steep rolling terrain during construction will be re -graded and contoured
to blend into the adjoining landscape and natural drainage patterns will be reestablished to as
near pre -disturbance levels as possible.
Temporary workspace areas will be restored to approximate pre -construction conditions.
6.1.2 Vehicle Tracking Controls
Properly constructed and graveled roads provide the best off -site tracking control. Access road
entrances adjacent to paved county roads are often graveled to prevent or minimize any off -site
soil tracking from pad areas or access roads. In some instances, cattle guards are used to drop off
caked mud before the vehicle exits the site area. If tracking is observed, the roads will be
cleaned by any combination of road scraping/sweeping as necessary.
6.1.3 Management of Contaminated Soils
If contaminated soils are excavated at a Kerr-McGee site, additional BMPs will be employed to
ensure containment of any stormwater runoff. In addition, stockpiles of contaminated soil will
be removed from the site and disposed or landfarmed as soon as possible.
6.1.4 Loading and Unloading Operations
The majority of loading and unloading activities occur during well drilling and well completion
activities. Well drilling and completion surfactants, friction reducers, dilute hydrochloric acid,
potassium chloride solutions, drilling mud, condensate, and other fluids are transported or
unloaded directly into the well from trucks, on site tanks, and/or the reserve pit. Dry drilling
mud components are contained in paper bags and are stacked on pallets, which are unloaded
using a forklift or by hand. In the event of a spill, the SWMP material handling and spill
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prevention procedures will be followed (see Section 6.2.4). Other activities include unloading of
drill pipe, completion pipe (casing), and natural gas line pipe, which are not potential pollution
sources.
6.1.5 Outdoor Storage Activities
The most common substances that are stored on a pad area are: 1) fuel and lubricants used by
vehicles and construction equipment; 2) frac fluids (surfactants, friction reducers, hydrochloric
acid, and potassium chloride) used during well completion procedures; 3) production water from
the well; and 4) produced crude oil and condensates. A list of chemical products typically used
at a Kerr-McGee site is included as Table 1.
6.1.6 Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance and Fueling
Kerr-McGee does not fuel or maintain construction -related vehicles or equipment located within
the Kerr-McGee Area 2 Wattenberg Field, Colorado sites.
6.1.7 Dust or Particulate Generating Processes or Activities
Dust and/or particulates generated from vehicle traffic on graveled access roads may produce
fugitive emissions. Dust and particulate generation are highest during dry and hot times of the
year. If dust from vehicle traffic on graveled access roads becomes significant, dust suppression
procedures will be implemented that include road watering.
6.1.8 Routine Maintenance Activities
Routine maintenance activities involving fertilizers, detergents, fuels, solvents and oils are not
completed at the Kerr-McGee sites. Herbicides will be applied annually in some areas to control
noxious weeds. Herbicide application will always be conducted by certified and trained
individuals, and with consideration for runoff potential to nearby surface waters.
6.1.9 On -site Waste Management Practices
All waste from materials imported to the construction site are placed in appropriate containment
and then removed for disposal/recycling to an appropriate licensed disposal/recycling facility.
No waste materials will be buried, dumped, or discharged to waters of the state.
6.1.10 Concrete Truck Washing
Concrete truck/equipment washing, including the concrete truck chute and associated fixtures
and equipment, is not conducted within the Kerr-McGee Area 2 Wattenberg Field, Colorado
sites.
6.1.11 Dedicated Concrete and Asphalt Batch Plants
No dedicated concrete or asphalt batch plants are located within the Kerr-McGee Area 2
Wattenberg Field, Colorado sites.
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6.1.12 Non -Industrial Waste Sources
Cleanup of trash and discarded materials will be conducted as noticed. Cleanup will consist of
patrolling the roadway, access areas, and general work areas in order to pick up trash, debris,
scrap, or other discarded materials.
All waste from materials imported to the construction site are placed in appropriate containment
and then removed for disposal/recycling to an appropriate licensed disposal/recycling facility.
This also includes sanitary sewage facilities (typically portable), which will be placed, anchored,
and maintained with proper care.
6.1.13 Potential Spills
Spills or leaks will be handled by Kerr-McGee personnel or contractors, according to the Kerr-
McGee Wattenberg Field, Colorado Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure (SPCC)
Plan. Kerr-McGee personnel conduct discharge prevention measures, including procedures for
routine handling of products. Loading and transfer issues are discussed in monthly safety
meetings.
Preventive maintenance is scheduled by the SWMP Administrator. As part of the preventive
maintenance program, Kerr-McGee personnel conduct monthly inspections for good
housekeeping issues, operation and maintenance issues, and the condition of structural controls,
specifically around tanks and containers.
Operators are trained in the safe handling of materials and spill discovery, response, and cleanup
procedures during safety meetings. Emergency numbers are posted at the Evans office, located
at 3939 Carson Avenue, in Evans, Colorado.
In general, small spills will be handled by Kerr-McGee personnel. The SWMP Administrator or
his designee will handle spills and emergencies. In most cases, an absorbent material is used to
pick up the spill. The spill response equipment is also located at the Evans office. In the
situation of a larger spill, the SWMP Administrator or Senior Environmental and Regulatory
Analyst would be notified and a contractor would be called to respond to the spill.
For the protection of spill response personnel, all drums, tanks, and other containers are clearly
labeled to identify contents, in the event of a spill.
Materials handling is discussed in detail in Section 6.2.4 of this plan.
6.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs)
BMPS for sediment and erosion control will be accomplished through a combination of
construction techniques, vegetation and re -vegetation, administrative controls, and structural
features. Typical configurations of structural controls discussed below and technical drawings
with references are provided in a BMP Manual (Appendix C). BMP selection is guided by the
criteria listed in Table 2 and Appendix B. Structural and non-structural BMPs are discussed in
the following sections, and are summarized in Table 3.
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6.2.1 Structural Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control
Structural practices primarily include physical attributes of a pad site, access road or pipeline
designed to reduce erosion and control stormwater or sediment movement.
6.2.1.1 Erosion Reduction and Control
Construction of a pad requires the removal of vegetative cover and topsoil, thereby increasing
peak flood flows, water velocity, and the volume of stormwater runoff. An increase in water
runoff volume and velocity results in increased erosion. Erosion reduction and control will be
accomplished by using all or combinations of various erosion control methods. These methods
include, but are not limited to the following:
Diversion and control of runon water;
Diversion and control of runoff water;
Vegetation establishment and maintenance; and
Application and maintenance of mulches, blankets, tackifiers, tracking, and contouring.
Runoff control procedures that will be used to mitigate and reduce the erosive transport forces of
stormwater during and after construction of a pad will include but will not be limited to the
following:
Check Dams;
Berms;
Culverts;
Culvert Protection;
Diversions;
Land Grading;
Mulches, with or without a tackifier; and
Erosion Control Blanket.
Existing vegetation cover and topsoil are removed only where necessary for the operation of
equipment and construction of the pad. Trees and large shrubs that are not cleared from the pad
area will be protected from damage during construction by avoiding them with equipment. For
example, the blade of a bulldozer will be in a raised position except for designated areas.
Trees will be cut or trimmed only to facilitate clearing, grading, and safe installation of a pad.
Trees outside the area of disturbance will not be cut, but may have overhanging limbs trimmed if
10
necessary. Refer to Tables 2 and 3 for a list of all BMPs to be used throughout the Field Wide
SWMP. Appendix C includes details on BMP installation and maintenance procedures.
6.2.1.2 Sediment Reduction and Control
The reduction and control of sediment contained in stormwater runoff will be accomplished by
the use of sediment containment systems. Sediment containment systems are hydraulic controls
that allow the detention of suspended particles via gravity, filtering or entrapment. Sediment
controls that will be used to mitigate and control sediments generated from the erosive transport
forces of stormwater during and after construction of a pad will include but will not be limited to
the following:
Silt Fence;
Straw Bales;
Wattles; and
Vehicle Tracking Controls.
Refer to Tables 2 and 3 for a list of all BMPs to be used throughout the Field Wide SWMP.
Appendix C includes details on BMP installation and maintenance procedures.
6.2.1.3 Detailed Structural and Administrative Site Management Practices
The following structural and administrative site management practices are expected to reduce,
minimize, and control erosion and sediment transport:
In order to minimize disturbances associated with installation of pads, level and gently sloping
terrain outside the construction project area will not be graded, except where necessary.
To prevent tracking of sediment mud and rocks onto public roads, portions of access roads may
be graveled, as appropriate. Other means such as track pads/angular rock or cattle guards may be
utilized if appropriate.
Silt barriers (e.g. wattles, silt fence, straw bales) will be installed as needed on down -gradient
portions of project areas.
Side hill cuts (cut slopes) will be kept to a minimum to protect local resources while providing a
safe and stable plane for the efficient and safe use of equipment.
Where conditions warrant, erosion control structures such as berms, diversion or culverts may be
constructed to divert water away from project areas. These control structures will also reduce
soil erosion along and adjoining areas disturbed during construction.
During construction near perennial streams, lakes or wetlands, the utilization of silt fence or
straw bales may be considered in order to prevent suspended sediments from reaching down
slope watercourses, streams, lakes or wetlands.
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Where appropriate, staked straw bales or silt fence may be constructed adjacent to crossings to
reduce potential sedimentation in streams or wetlands.
In areas that have steep slopes, water bars or runoff diversions may be installed. When used,
water bars will generally begin and end in undisturbed ground at approximately a 2% slope.
Culverts may be installed at a grade ranging from 2% to 5%. Inlet protection may include inlet
aprons and rock armoring around the culvert perimeter while below grade inlet sumps may be
installed to enhance sediment deposition. Outfall protection may include the use of a rock
barrier to slow the discharge of runoff water. Culvert pipe or outfall protection will be extended
to the toe of the slope on the discharge end.
During the reclamation of a pad, all cut and fill slopes in steep terrain will be graded and
contoured to blend into the adjoining landscape. Natural drainage patterns will also be recreated
to as near pre -disturbance as possible. When possible, cut and fill slopes will be constructed so
they are no steeper than a 1 to 3 ratio.
Reclaimed pads may have a fence constructed around areas that have been seeded. These fences
will be installed in order to keep livestock and vehicles off reseeded areas.
6.2.1.4 Implementation of Structural Practices
The following structural practices (sediment controls) may be utilized at disturbed areas: silt
fences, straw bales, earth berms, or equivalent sediment controls. These sediment control
structures will be installed so as to protect down slope surface waters, wetlands, and roads from
sediment flow due to runoff from a precipitation or snow melt event.
All graded surfaces, walls, dams and structures, vegetation, erosion and sediment control
measures, and other protective devices identified in the plan will be maintained, repaired, and
restored as necessary.
Table 3 contains a summary list of structural and non-structural BMPs.
6.2.2 Non -Structural Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control
Erosion and sediment control can also be controlled via non-structural BMPs. Non-structural
BMPs are BMPs that are not engineered as a stormwater barrier and are capable of limiting the
amount of potential pollutants available to reach receiving water bodies. Non-structural BMPs
can achieve the same effect as structural BMPs through erosion control, filtration trapping, and
the settling of sediment load within a perimeter.
Kerr-McGee has implemented non-structural practices for stormwater management into their pad
site development, including Program Oversight, Construction Site Planning and Management,
and Materials Management. Table 3 summarizes the details of such practices.
Pad sites can include a slope to the reserve pit or a buffer zone of natural vegetation used as a
non-structural BMP to inhibit sediment travel offsite and minimize the footprint of the pad.
12
6.2.3 Phased BMP Implementation
The phases of construction or development and stormwater stages are linked to the
implementation of structural and non-structural BMPs. For stormwater regulation purposes,
construction sites have been divided into the following stormwater stages: Active, Completed,
and Final Stabilization. Stormwater controls to be used for each phase are listed in Tables 2 and
3.
Approximately % to three acres of surface terrain is disturbed during the construction of a new
pad. The Development phase includes the following activities: pad construction, well drilling,
well completion, gas flowline installation, access road building, and pad area reclamation. Pad
reclamation is accomplished by backfilling the reserve pit, contouring disturbed soils to conform
with the surrounding terrain, replacing the stockpiled top soil, seeding and/or thatch/mulched of
disturbed soil areas in order to reestablish a cover vegetation. The completion of a well
generally triggers a one-year time period in which the reclamation phase of work should be
completed.
During pre -construction, drilling, and other active construction, the focus will be primarily on
containment type BMPs. An example would be a continuous berm to contain stormwater
pollutants on site. During this phase, stormwater runoff is specifically controlled so as not to
leave the pad site.
The production phase includes the operation and maintenance activities during natural gas
production. The typical equipment on a pad during the production phase consists of a wellhead,
a separation unit, from one to several 300 -barrel capacity aboveground tanks for condensate, and
a sump for storing produced water. Reclamation activities during this phase include maintenance
of revegetated areas and maintenance of the erosion and sediment control structures. Wells in
the field are projected to produce for approximately 20 to 30 years.
When the oil and natural gas production of a well is exhausted it will be abandoned. Upon well
abandonment each borehole will be plugged, capped, and all surface equipment will be removed.
Subsurface pipelines will be removed to specified locations and plugged. The pad area will be
reclaimed by contouring disturbed soils to conform to the surrounding terrain, by replacing the
stockpiled top soil, by seeding and/or thatch/mulched of disturbed soil areas in order to
reestablish cover vegetation, and by construction of erosion and sediment control structures as
needed.
For the purposes of this SWMP and the stormwater construction general permit, only active and
completed sites will be monitored. Once a completed site is revegetated and stable, it will be
removed from this stormwater construction SWMP.
Depending upon the type of site, the site terrain, and the phase of construction, different
stormwater BMPs will be utilized. Various BMP options are listed in Table 2, and design
specifications are shown in the BMP Manual (Appendix C).
13
Sr2
6.2.4 Material Handling and Spill Prevention
A SPCC is required for this Project site as it does meet the applicability criteria set forth in
Section 112.1 of 40 CRF Part 112 and in the Colorado Storage Tank regulations.
These regulations require a SPCC Plan for non -transportation related facilities that could
reasonably expect to discharge oil into or upon a navigable body of water of the United States;
and the facility has a total combine above ground storage tank capacity of greater than 1,320
gallons of oil. Both regulations further add that an SPCC Plan is required if any single
aboveground oil storage tank's capacity exceeds 660 gallons.
Hazardous materials and petroleum products used in construction of a pad include fuel and
lubricants for construction equipment and vehicles; small quantities of paints and solvents; water
or gel based frac fluids (surfactant, friction reducer, dilute hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride)
used during well completion; produced water; and crude oil/condensate. Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) for materials to be used or that are produced, are maintained at Kerr-McGee's
Evans, Colorado office. If a spill of pollutant(s) threatens stormwater or has the potential to
discharge from the site, the Stormwater Administrator will be contacted immediately.
6.2.5 Dedicated Concrete or Asphalt Batch Plants
Kerr-McGee does not have or subcontract any dedicated concrete or asphalt batch plants for its
pad site development or construction in Area 2 Wattenberg Field, Colorado, nor will stormwater
encounter concrete or asphalt batch plant activities. Dedicated concrete or asphalt batch plants
are further discussed in Section 6.1.11 of this plan.
6.2.6 Vehicle Tracking Control
Kerr-McGee will employ BMPs to minimize vehicle tracking. Further discussion on this topic is
in Section 6.1.2 of this SWMP.
6.2.7 Waste Management and Disposal, Including Concrete Washout
Waste disposal is further discussed in Sections 6.1.9 and 6.1.12 of this plan. Concrete washout
does not occur at Kerr-McGee's sites, and therefore, will not be a potential pollutant to
stormwater.
6.2.8 Groundwater and Stormwater Dewatering
Construction dewatering may take place on a limited basis at Kerr-McGee sites. The permit
allows for conditional discharge of construction dewatering to the ground (to infiltrate), however
no groundwater from construction dewatering can be discharged as surface runoff or to surface
waters. For large construction projects with planned dewatering activity, Kerr-McGee will apply
for a separate dewatering permit from the state, as required.
14
7.0 FINAL STABILIZATION AND LONG-TERM STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
7.1 Reclamation
Unless otherwise directed by the landowner or a jurisdictional authority, rocks, cut vegetation,
and other surface material temporarily stockpiled during construction will be redistributed as
backfill on the project area. During reclamation, sediment BMPs will remain in use.
Disturbed areas will be seeded using seed mixes appropriate to the location as noted in Table 4,
unless the landowner wishes to return the land to agricultural production. Local soil
conservation authorities with the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, surface owners
and/or reclamation contractors familiar with the area may be consulted regarding the other seed
mixes to be utilized.
On terrain where drill seeding and/or thatch/mulched is appropriate, seed may be planted using a
drill equipped with a depth regulator to ensure proper depth of planting. The seed mix will be
evenly and uniformly planted over the disturbed area. Drilling will be used where topography
and soil conditions allow operation of equipment to meet the seeding requirements of the species
being planted. Broadcast seeding will occur on steep terrain and on areas where the cut
vegetation and rocks were redistributed over a right-of-way. Hydraulic mulch consists of
applying mixture of shredded wood fiber or a hydraulic matrix, and a stabilizing emulsion or
tackifier with hydro -mulching equipment, which temporarily protects exposed soil from erosion
by raindrop impact or wind. Hydraulic mulch is suitable for disturbed areas requiring temporary
protection until permanent stabilization is established, and disturbed areas that will be re -
disturbed following an extended period of inactivity.
Seeding will be done when seasonal or weather conditions are most favorable according to
schedules identified by the jurisdictional authority, reclamation contractor, or landowner.
Whenever possible, seeding will be timed to take advantage of moisture, such as early spring or
late fall, which will benefit from winter precipitation.
Seed mixes will be planted in the amount specified in pounds (as noted in Table 4) of pure live
seed per acre. No primary or secondary noxious weeds will be in the seed mix.
The reestablishment of vegetative cover as well as watershed stabilization measures will be
scheduled during the working season and before the succeeding winter. Re -vegetation will be
accomplished as soon as practical following the reclamation of a pad, pipeline or road.
Mulch will be laid down during re -vegetation as appropriate. The cut vegetation and rocks will
act like mulch in the areas where they are applied. Where straw or hay mulch is applied, the
mulch will be applied and crimped into the soil.
The need for fertilizers will be determined in conjunction with the landowner. If fertilization is
necessary, the rates of application will be based on site -specific requirements of the soil.
A special condition exists for pad sites within crop lands. According to the CDPHE Stonnwater
Fact Sheet dated July 2007:
15
trz7
When portions of an oil and gas site are restored to crop land in accordance with
the COGCC rules, and returned to the control of the farmer following interim
reclamation, permit coverage is no longer required for those areas, and it is not
necessary for the oil and gas site to either stabilize or reassign permit coverage
for the area restored to crop land
When this condition exists for a pad site, inspections will be discontinued and the site will be
removed from the stormwater construction permit program.
7.2 Post Construction Structural Measures
Permanent culverts, trench plugs and/or other permanent structural measures may be installed on
steep slopes and at wetland and stream crossing boundaries.
After restoration and reclamation work is complete, required repairs to vegetation and erosion
and sediment control BMPs will be completed as required.
7.3 Finally Stabilized
According to stormwater regulations, "finally stabilized means that all ground surface disturbing
activities at the site have been completed and all disturbed areas have been either built on, paved,
or a uniform vegetative cover has been established with an individual plant and a density of at
least 70 percent of pre -disturbance levels, and the vegetation cover is capable of providing
erosion control equivalent to pre-existing conditions, or equivalent permanent, physical erosion
reduction methods have been employed."
A special condition exists for oil and gas pad sites regarding pavement. According to the
CDPHE Stormwater Fact Sheet dated July 2007:
Areas developed as stabilized unpaved surfaces as needed for operation of the facility
after interim reclamation also qualify as "finally stabilized". The term "stabilized
unpaved surfaces" includes dirt road surfaces and the portions of the well pad surfaces
that cannot he revegetated due to operational necessity, but does not include slopes,
ditches and other areas where revegetation is necessary. Stabilized unpaved surfaces
must be prepared in such a way as to minimize erosion, such as preventing rill erosion on
pad surfaces or roads.
8.0 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
8.1 Inspections
Inspections will be conducted to document the status of erosion and sediment control structures
and re -vegetation efforts. Inspection forms will document non-compliance conditions, including
any uncontrolled releases of sediment or other contaminants, additional BMPs that are needed, or
repair and maintenance issues. Required actions or modifications, as documented on the SWMP
Inspection Report, will be implemented as soon as possible, immediately in most cases, to
minimize the discharge of pollutants. Routine inspections may be conducted at pad areas and
along access roads and pipelines during all phases of work and after a precipitation -related event.
16
All inspection observations will be recorded on the SWMP Inspection Report. The SWMP
Inspection Report provides a standardized format that will be completed during all inspections,
and includes a signature line for the inspector to ensure compliance with the regulations.
For stormwater regulation purposes, construction sites have been divided into stormwater
inspection stages: Active, Completed, and Final Stabilization. Each of these stormwater
inspection stages is discussed below. Once a Completed Site is revegetated and stable, it will be
removed from this stormwater construction permit program and all site -specific structural BMPs
will be removed.
A special condition exists for pad sites within crop lands, which is detailed in Section 7.1 of this
plan. When pad sites are being returned to a farmer for agricultural usage, the sites may be
removed from the stormwater construction permit program.
Personnel responsible for inspections will be trained to evaluate stormwater management
concerns, erosion and sediment control BMPs, and to evaluate pad and surrounding area
vegetation.
8.1.1 14 -day Inspection/Active Stage
The construction phase of work is classified as the Active phase, according to stormwater
regulations. The inspection frequency is every 14 days during the Active phase and must be
conducted within 24 hours after the end of any precipitation or snowmelt event that causes
surface erosion.
The construction perimeter, disturbed areas, and any stored materials that are exposed to
precipitation will be inspected for evidence of, or the potential for pollutants to possibly enter the
drainage system. Erosion and sediment control systems identified on the site -specific SWMP
Inspection Report will be inspected to ensure they are in good condition and operating properly.
8.1.2 Monthly Inspection/Completed Stage
For sites or portions of sites that meet the following criteria, but final stabilization is not
achieved due to a vegetative cover that has not become established, a thorough inspection will be
conducted at least once every month, and post -storm event inspections are not required. This
reduced inspection schedule is only allowed if:
All construction activities that will result in surface ground disturbance are completed;
All activities required for final stabilization, in accordance with the SWMP, have been
completed, with the exception of the application of seed that has not occurred due to seasonal
conditions or the necessity for additional seed application to augment previous efforts; and
The SWMP has been amended to indicate those areas that will be inspected in accordance with
the reduced schedule.
However, because slopes and other disturbed areas are not vegetated, erosion in these areas still
occurs which requires maintenance activities such as regrading, erosion control blankets, and
17
seeding of problems areas. As such, inspections must continue in order to address these
situations. The SWMP for the site must be amended to indicate those areas that will be inspected
at this reduced frequency.
8.1.3 Final Stabilization Stage
Final stabilization is reached when all ground surface disturbing activities at the site have been
completed, and uniform vegetative cover has been established with an individual plant density of
at least 70% of pre -disturbance levels, or equivalent permanent, physical erosion reduction
methods have been employed. When the site has reached final stabilization, an Inactivation
Notice will be filed with CDPHE to inactivate the stormwater permit. All temporary site -
specific BMPs no longer required will be removed.
8.1.4 Winter Conditions
Inspections will not be required where construction activities are temporarily halted because
snow cover exists over the entire site for an extended period as long as melting conditions do not
exist. The following information must be documented in the inspection record for use of this
exclusion: dates when snow cover occurred, date when construction activities ceased, and date
melting conditions began.
8.1.5 Precipitation Event Inspections
Active site inspections will be conducted within 24 hours after a precipitation or snowmelt event
that causes surface erosion. Surface erosion generally occurs when precipitation or snowmelt
results in surface water flow. If no construction activities will occur at a site following a storm
event, post -storm event inspections will be conducted prior to re -commencing construction
activities, but no later than 72 hours following the storm event.
8.2 Preventive Maintenance
Preventing stormwater from passing through pad areas where contamination may occur is a key
element of preventative maintenance. Another key element of preventative maintenance is the
routine inspection and repair of erosion and sediments control structures. Regular cleaning of
diversion ditches and other BMPs to keep them free of debris and sediment will be practiced.
Spillways and culvert systems will also be routinely cleaned and inspected. These maintenance
procedures will help to ensure that the stormwater does not leave disturbed areas via unintended
channels.
The following preventive maintenance procedures will be implemented to reduce or eliminate
potential stormwater contamination sources that may exist on a pad:
Storage containers, fuel tanks, and equipment used during construction activities should be
visually inspected routinely for obvious leaks. These inspections should be conducted by site
and contractor personnel as they perform their routine duties;
Drums will be properly labeled so an enclosed substance can be quickly identified. OSHA -
approved labeling and sign systems will be followed for all secondary containers;
18
Erosion damage to the berms, outfalls, silt barriers, collection channel, containment ponds, and
any other erosion and sediment controls will be repaired as soon as practical;
Areas of stained soil will be inspected in order to identify the sources of the staining.
Contaminated soil will be removed and properly disposed;
Energy dissipating material, such as riprap, cobbles or gravel will be placed, or existing materials
will be utilized at the stormwater outfalls to prevent erosion damage. Barrow ditches should be
free from vegetation and debris which may cause impounding of stormwater; and
Stormwater management structures will be cleared of debris and repaired when necessary; and
surface runoff controls such as culverts, and ditches will be used to control runoff.
8.2.1 Good Housekeepin
In accordance with BMPs that provide procedures to eliminate contamination, and direct, divert,
and contain stormwater, Kerr-McGee has implemented a number of housekeeping practices.
These practices will help prevent soil sediment, trash, and toxic or hazardous substances from
entering navigable waters.
Housekeeping practices include regular cleaning, organization and maintenance of pad
equipment and erosion and sediment control structures throughout the project. Areas where
chemicals are stored and used at the project should be stored in buildings or containers where
there is limited potential for stormwater contact. These areas include producing pads that
typically consist of wellheads, separator units, dehydration units, and 300 -barrel capacity
aboveground tanks.
The following items will be addressed in order to maintain a clean and orderly pad during the
development, production, and abandonment phases of work:
Inspect pad areas routinely;
Correct deficiencies noted during inspections;
Clean and maintain stormwater management structures and components;
Routine trash collection and proper disposal;
Familiarize employees and contractors with spill clean-up equipment and storage locations; and
Familiarize employees and contractors with good housekeeping procedures and pad pollution
prevention procedures.
8.2.2 Material Storage
The following good housekeeping practices will be followed at the material storage areas:
Storage containers will be stored away from direct traffic to prevent accidents. They will also
have proper labels;
19
STP
Dumpsters and trash receptacles will be enclosed in order to prevent the dissemination of refuse;
Storage areas will be kept free of refuse;
Chemical substances used at pads will be properly labeled and will have proper spill
containment; and
Chemical substance containers will be clearly labeled with an MSDS kept on file.
8.2.3 Waste Removal
All waste from materials imported to the construction site will be removed for disposal/recycling
to an appropriate licensed disposal/recycling facility, including sanitary sewage facilities
(typically portable). No wastes of imported materials will be buried, dumped, or purposely
discharged to waters of the state. There are no other pollutant sources from areas other than
construction areas.
9.0 EMPLOYEE TRAINING
Kerr-McGee will inform and train employees who are involved with SWMP activities. Training
will cover information and procedures contained in the SWMP and will be conducted on an as -
needed basis. Personnel work responsibilities will be used to identify the appropriate attendees.
Safety and environmental elements of the SWMP will also be covered. A Training Log
(Appendix D) will be kept and updated on an annual basis.
The following topics may be presented and discussed during SWMP training:
Introduction to CDPS Stormwater Permit;
Stormwater regulations;
Purpose of stormwater permit;
Requirements of stormwater permit;
Components of the SWMP;
Identification of potential pollutant sources;
BMPs;
Preventative maintenance;
Good housekeeping;
Inspections and maintenance; and
Record keeping.
20
10.0 RECORD KEEPING
The following record keeping procedures will be implemented in order to provide accurate and
complete documentation of events associated with the stormwater management program.
Routine inspections will include the 14 -day, monthly, and post precipitation event inspections.
Stormwater related inspection records, site maps, and diagrams will be also kept on file or in the
Kerr-McGee database. All stormwater related records will be filed and stored by Kerr-McGee
for a minimum of three years after each individual site has achieved final stabilization
11.0 SWMP REVIEW/CHANGES
Kerr-McGee will amend the SWMP whenever there is a significant change in design,
construction, operation, or maintenance, which has a significant effect on the potential for the
discharge of pollutants to water of the state, or if the SWMP proves to be ineffective in achieving
the general objectives of controlling pollutants in stormwater discharges associated with pad
activities. The SWMP is considered a "living document".
21
TABLE 1
CHEMICAL PRODUCT LIST
AREA 2
WATTENBERG FIELD, COLORADO
KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP
MSDS Product Name
Manufacturer's
Product Number
Product Use/Chemical Description
Chemical Manufacturer
DRILLING FLUID
PRODUCTS
Alcomer 110RD
Flocculant
10299
Drilling
Fluid Product
M -I
Drilling
Fluids
Barite
10617
Drilling Fluid Product
M -I
Drilling Fluids
Bentonite (Gel)
Drilling Fluid Product
Black
Hills
Caustic Soda
10540
Drilling
Fluid Product
M -I
Drilling Fluids
Cottonseed
Hulls
10154
Drilling
Fluid
Product
M-1
Drilling Fluids
DEFOAM-A
Defoamer
10167
Drilling
Fluid
Product
M-1
Drilling Fluids
DESCO
CF
Thinner
Drilling
Fluid
Product
M-1
Drilling
Fluids
DRISPAC
Liquid
Polymer
251230
Drilling
Fluid
Product
Drilling
Specialties
DRISPAC
Polymer
25950
Drilling
Fluid Product
Drilling
Specialties
Lignite
Drilling
Fluid Product
Black
Hills
Lime
10546
Drilling
Fluid Product
M -I
Drilling
Fluids
Soda Ash
10555
Drilling
Fluid Product
M -I
Drilling
Fluids
FUELS
&
LUBRICANTS
Acetylene
Fuel
BOC Gases
'hain Oil
00003
Lubricant
Delta Rky. Mtn.
Diesel Fuel
Fuel
Frontier Oil Co.
Drive Chain
Fluid
7684
Lubricant
Chevron
80-90W Gear Oil
7234
Lubricant
Chevron
Grease
6790
Lubricant
Chevron
Hydraulic Oil
10910
Lubricant
Chevron
Motor Oil
6931
Lubricant
Chevron
Propane
03840
Fuel
BP
(Amoco)
PAINTS
Paints - Industrial
Enamel
Paint
Sherwin-Williams
Paints -
Gloss White
Paint
hTnemec Co.
Paints -
Primer
Primer i
Tnemec Co.
Paints -
Thinner
Paint Thinner i
Tnemec Co.
MISCELLANEOUS
Antifreeze
10298
Various uses
Texaco
Methanol
001065
Various uses
Airgas, Inc.
Rig Wash
Various uses
Jet-Lube,
Inc.
Starting Fluid
81030
Various uses
Lawson Products
Thread Dope
(Cal Bronze
LF
302G
Various uses
Bestolife Corp.
WD -40 (Aerosol)
Various uses
WD
-40 Company
WD -40
(Liquid)
Various uses
WD
-40
Company
Carbon
Injectate
Cleanup
contaminated soil
TABLE 2
BMP SELECTION CRITERIA
AREA 2
WATTENBERG FIELD, COLORADO
KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP
ACTIVE
COMPLETED
I
FINAL STABILIZATION
J
,t,.: f & Abandoned (I' k.4 = ' -
Berm
Cattle Guard
Check Dams
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
Erosion Control Blanket
Land Grading
Mulches, with or without a tackifier
Revegetation
Silt Fence
Vehicle Tracking Control
Straw Bales
Wind Erosion Control
Wattles
Berm
Cattle Guard
Check Dams
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
Erosion Control Blanket
Land Grading
Mulches, with or without a tackifier
Revegetation
Roadside Ditches
Silt Fence
Straw Bale
Wattles
Berm
Cattle Guard
Culverts
Diversion Ditch/Ditch&Berm
Revegetation
Mulches, with or without a tackifier
_
'k:.a'�' 'yx,:..y.�r. Access Roads I;�.
Berm
Cattle Guard
Check Dams
Culverts
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
Erosion Control Blanket
Land Grading
Mulches, with or without a tackifier
Revegetation
Silt Fence
Vehicle Tracking Control
Straw Bales
Wind Erosion Control
Wattles
Berm
Cattle Guard
Check Dams
Culverts
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
Erosion Control Blanket
Land Grading
Silt Fence
Straw Bale
Berm
Cattle Guard
Culverts
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
Gravel Surfacing
Revegetation
4.
Notes:
BMP = Best Management Practice
w04
BMP CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCT
N
w
Q
KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP
NON-STRUCTURAL BMPs 1
w
C
Cl'
-
v
at
la
:-
a-+
e
CC
General Construction Site Waste Management
Spill Prevention, Control Plan and Countermeasure
Runoff Control I
Berm
Check Dam
Culverts
Culvert Protection
Ditch&Berm
L
Ca
CC
ammo
r
,W
W
`
�
4.
ax
C
r
a
V.
v
O
C
V
Construction Site Planning and Management
Timing of Projects
Construction Sequencing
Site Operator BMP Inspection and Mainentance Training
Non-structural practices may include, but are not limited to: a
stabilized staging area, minimize initial pad site acreage, slope
pad to the reserve pit, wind erosion and dust control,
temporary vegetation, permanent vegetation, mulching,
geotextiles, sod stabilization, slope roughening, vegetative
huller strips, protection of trees, and preservation of mature
vegetation. A water source may be used to abate dust and
alleviate wind erosion.
Vi
n
—
i
r_.
Sediment Control
Silt Fence
Straw Bales
I sand Grading
Vehicle "Tracking Control
Wattle
7
V
-I
H
cr
Program Oversight
Construction Phase Plan Review
Contractor Training and Certification
Database Development and Maintenance
!Erosion Control
Berms
Check Dams
Culverts
Culvert Protection
Diversions
Land Grading
Mulches, with or without a tackifier
Erosion Control Blankets
TABLE 4
SEED MIXES AND APPLICATION RATES
AREA 2
WATTENBERG FIELD, COLORADO
KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP
SEED MIX
APPLICATION RATE (lbs/acre)
PBSI Dryland Aggressive Mix
(20%) Green Needlegrass, Lodorm
(20%) Slender Wheatgrass, Native
(20%) Western Wheatgrass, Native
25
(20%) Pubescent Wheatgrass, Luna
(20%) Intermediate Wheatgrass, Oahe/Rush
PBSI Native Prairie Mix
(25%) Blue Grama
(10%) Buffalograss
(20%) Green Needlegrass
15
(20%) Sideoats Grama
(25%) Western Wheatgrass
PBSI Native Sandyland Mix
(20%) Yellow Indiangrass
15
(10%) LittleBluestem
(10%) Indian Rice Grass
(10%) Sideoats Grama
(10%) Sand Lovegrass
(10%) Prairie Sandreed
(20%) Switchgrass
PBSI Premium Irrig. Pasture Mix #1
25
(75%) Meadow Bromegrass, Paddock/Fleet
(25%) Orchardgrass, Elsie/Megabite/Paiute
Notes:
lbs/acre = pounds per acre
= percent
STATE OF COLORADO
Bill Owens, Governor
Dennis E. Ellis, Executive Director
Dedicated to protecting and improving the health and environment of the people of Colorado
4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S.
Denver, Colorado 80246-1530
Phone (303) 692-2000
TDD Line (303) 691-7700
Located in Glendale, Colorado
http://www.cdphe.state.co.us
4/4/2006
Laboratory Services Division
8100 Lowry Blvd.
Denver, Colorado 80230-6928
(303) 692-3090
Fred Clausen, Sr. Superintendent Drilling
Kerr McGee Rocky Mountain LLC
3939 Carson Avenue
Evans, CO 80620
970/330-0614
RE: Final Permit, Colorado Discharge Permit System — Stormwater
Certification No: COR-039798, Adams County
Area 2
Local Contact: Keith Kilcrease, Area Superintendent, 970/ 330-0614
Anticipated Activity: 03/30/2006 through 12/31/2008
On >5 acres (>5 acres disturbed)
Dear Sir or Madam:
Colorado Department
of Public Health
and Environment
Enclosed please find a copy of the permit certification that was issued to you under the Colorado Water Quality Control
Act.
Your certification under the permit requires that specific actions be performed at designated times. You are legally
obligated to comply with all terms and conditions of your certification.
Note that the stormwater permit for construction activities now covers construction sites disturbing down to one acre (the
previous threshold was 5 acres). Effective July 1, 2002, any construction activity that disturbs at least 1 acre of land (or is
part of a larger common plan of development or sale that will disturb at least 1 acre) must apply for permit coverage.
Please read the permit and certification. If you have any questions please visit our website at
http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/wq/permitsunit/wgcdpmt.html, or contact Matt Czahor at (303) 692-3575.
Sincerely,
Kathryn Dolan
Stormwater Program Coordinator
Permits Unit
WATER QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION
Enclosure
xc: Regional Council of Governments
Adams County Health Department
District Engineer, Technical Services, WQCD
Permit File
Fee File
Permit No. COR-030000
Facility No. COR-039798
PAGE 1of17
CERTIFICATION
CDPS GENERAL PERMIT
STORMWATER DISCHARGES ASSOCIATED WITH
CONSTRUCTION
Construction Activity: Oil & Gas Field Development
This permit specifically authorizes: Kerr McGee Rocky Mountain LLC
to discharge stormwater from the facility identified as Area 2
which is located at: map in file
Denver, Boulder, Broomfield, Co
latitude 40.081, longitude 104.717 in Adams County
Boulder Creek to: South Platte River
effective: 04/04/2006
Annual Fee: $270.00 (DO NOT PAY NOW. You will receive a prorated bill.)
Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Berm (B)
Description
A berm is a ridge of compacted soil located at the top or base of a sloping disturbed area to
contain or divert surface runoff. Berms may be constructed from either excavated topsoil or
subsoil.
The purpose of a berm is to control runoff velocity, divert onsite surface runoff to a sediment
trapping device, divert clean water away from disturbed areas, and to provide a safe slope barrier
for vehicle traffic.
Applicability
Berms are usually appropriate for drainage basins smaller than five acres, but with modifications
they can be capable of servicing areas as large as ten acres. With regular maintenance, earthen
berms have a useful life span of approximately 18 months. Berms are applicable for the
following applications:
• Along the outside shoulder of an insloped road to ensure that runoff from the roadway
drains inward and to protect the fill slope from continual disturbance during road blading and
maintaining.
• Upslope of cut or fill slopes to divert flows away from disturbed areas.
• Downslope of cut or fill slopes to divert onsite runoff to a stabilized outlet or sediment
trapping device, although diversions are more commonly used for this application.
• Along the outside shoulder of a road to provide vehicle safety.
Limitations
• Beans may erode if not properly compacted and stabilized with vegetation. Berms which
are adjacent to concentrated flows will require erosion blanketing.
• If a berm crosses a vehicle roadway or entrance, its effectiveness can be reduced.
Wherever possible, berms should be designed to avoid crossing vehicle pathways.
1
Design Criteria
ret
1' min 4°$.
,.y�.�l EART- BERM �`43/4 N `04"41/4 �<<ed<%.4?,e/q�J 4(1,,Av 1— DIRECTION OF FLOW
`,,`'�
sea
Drawing: URS 2008
d
4
Construction Specifications
1. Prior to berm construction, remove all trees, brush, stumps and other objects in the path
of the berm and till the base of the berm before laying the fill. Fill may consist of topsoil or
subsoil excavated during the construction of nearby roads or well pads.
2. For roadside berms, construct according to Figure B-1.
3. To remain effective, berms should be compacted with tracked equipment, if possible.
4. All berms shall have positive drainage to a stabilized outlet so that runoff does not collect
in ponds on the upslope side of the berm, but instead flows along the berm until ti reaches a
stabilized outlet. Field location should be adjusted as needed. Stabilized outlet may be a well -
vegetated area, a well pad detention pond, or a sediment control such as a silt fence or sediment
trap where sedment can settle out of the runoff before being discharged to surface water.
5. If the expected life span of the berm is greater than 15 days, it is strongly recommended
that the berm be stabilized with vegetation or an erosion control blanket immediately after
construction. Stabilization is required where concentrated flows are expected.
6. Berms should be constructed and fully stabilized prior to commencement of major
upslope land disturbance. This will maximize the effectiveness of the structure as a storm water
control device.
Maintenance Considerations
2
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Berms should be inspected for evidence of erosion or deterioration to ensure continued
effectiveness. Berms should also be maintained at the original height. Any decrease in height due
to settling or erosion, which impacts the effectiveness of the BMP, should be repaired imm
Removal
Berms should remain in place and in good condition until all upslope disturbed areas are
permanently stabilized. There is no need to formally remove the berm on completion of
stabilization until interim or final reclamation.
References
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control.
Washington, D.C., February, 2003.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/toolbox/escstandards
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Guidelines for Urban
Erosion and Sediment Control. New York. Fourth Edition, 1997.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/toolbox/escstandards
Table B-1
Berm Stabilization
Treatment
Type
Channel Grade
(1)
A (<5 Ac.)
B (5-10 Ac.)
1
0.5-3.0%
Hydro
tackifier
-seed
and
use
Hydro -seed and use
tackifier
2
3.0-5.0%
Hydro -seed and use
tackifier
Seed and cover with
erosion control
blanket, or lined
with 2 -inch stone
3
5.0-8.0%
Seed and cover with
erosion control
blanket, or lined
with 2 -inch stone
Line with 4 to 8-
inch stone or rock
(2)
4
8.0-20.0%
Line with 4 to 8-
inch stone or rock
(2)
Engineering Design
(1) In highly erodible soils, as defined by the local approving agency, refer to the next higher slope
grade for type of stabilization.
3
(2) Site rock, if available, shall be broken into the required size.
Check Dam (CD)
Description
Check dams are small, temporary dams constructed across a diversion or road side ditch. Check
dams can be constructed using gravel, rock, sandbags, gravel bags, earth with erosion control
blanketing, straw bales, or synthetic materials to slow the velocity of concentrated flow in a
channel and thus reduce erosion. As a secondary function, check dams can also be used to catch
sediment from the channel itself or from the contributing drainage area as storm water runoff
flows through or over the structure.
Applicability
Check dams are most often used in small, open channels with contributing drainage area of less
than 10 acres, and side slopes of 2:1 or less. Check dams may be used in the following
applications:
• In diversion or roadside ditches where it is not practical to line the channel or implement
other flow control and sediment control practices.
• In diversions or roadside ditches where temporary seeding has been recently
implemented but has not had time to take root and fully develop.
• As a series of check dams, spaced at appropriate intervals, used in one of the above two
applications.
4
• Rock ditch checks should be perpendicular to the flowline of the ditch.
• Rock ditches must be designed so that water can flow over them, not around them. The
ditch check should extend far enough so that the ground level at the ends of the check is higher
than the low point on the crest of the check.
The following table provides check spacing for a given ditch grade:
Ditch
(Percent)
Grade
Check Spacing
(feet)
Check Spacing
(meters)
5
59
18
6
49
15
7
43
13
8
36
11
9
33
10
10
30
9
Limitations
• Check dams should not be used in live, continuously flowing streams unless approved by
an appropriate regulatory agency.
• Check dams may require frequent removal of accumulated sediments. Dams should
therefore be located in areas accessible to maintenance vehicles.
• Leaves have been shown to be a significant problem by clogging check dams in the fall.
Therefore, they might necessitate increased inspection and maintenance.
• Straw bale check dams decompose over time, and may be consumed by livestock.
5
Design Criteria
as: 4
acv:
6
7
• ,>S
PJ, y •: EW
:r
4�4
ADM )
• MI= tile
=11U'14 YM. $ .11h4P rM nSl
LE AT_3
EkOSI N ;r3 rAL T:1 VS"A_1+TC•
o:rt :W.E* .rJt, !WAG M '0111- SIND It'll W) a",
From: Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, 1985
6
,4 •
ti%1FULA'C1:w;�
`"jWA! F
13" 'vii V
:
FLOW
N.; • S WW1 1 --,
0k? :; Alit 1 V
3" P.A F: : F 1 T
AID B Al2L 0' 4tik_ _LLt1.:1.
VAR:F S
1-- ROCK SOCK
SWALE ELEVATION
EMBEDDED RCCK
N SOIL
L
SWALE SPACING
ROCK SOCK IN SWALE
• S:xz .3" 11% s:.1
B
"I;Feint
7
Construction Specifications
• Install straw bale check dams, rock check dams and other check dams according to
Figures and respectively. Other types of check dams shall have similar designs.
• Check dams should be located in areas accessible to maintenance vehicles for the
periodic removal of accumulated sediments.
• Dams should be installed with careful placement of the construction material. Mere
dumping of the dam material into a channel is not appropriate and will reduce overall
effectiveness.
• Check dams can be constructed from a number of different materials. Most commonly,
they are made of straw bales or rock. When using rock, the material diameter should be 4 to 8
inches depending on the expected velocity and quantity of runoff within the channel. Wattles or
sand/gravel bags may also be used, but only if straw bales or rock is unavailable or not feasible
for the location. Earth collected during excavation of diversions or roadside ditches may also be
placed as check dams if covered with erosion control blanketing.
• All check dams should have a maximum height of three feet with sufficient space up
slope from the barrier to allow ponding, and to provide room for sediment storage. The center of
the dam should be at least six inches lower than the edges. This design creates a weir effect that
helps to channel flows away from the banks and prevent further erosion.
• Additional stability can be achieved by implanting the dam material approximately six
inches into the sides and bottom of the channel.
• In order to be most effective, dams used in a series should be spaced such that the base of
the upstream dam is at the same elevation as the top of the next downstream dam.
• When installing more than one check dam in a channel, outlet erosion stabilization
measures should be installed below the final dam in the series. Because this area is likely to be
vulnerable to further erosion, riprap, erosion control blanket lining, or some other stabilization
measure is highly recommended.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). During inspection, large debris, trash, and leaves should be removed. The center of a
check dam should always be lower than its edges. If erosion or heavy flows cause the edges of a
dam to fall to a height equal to or below the height of the center, and the effectiveness of the
check dam is compromised, repairs should be made immediately. Accumulated sediment should
be removed from the upstream side of a check dam when the sediment has reached a height of
the dam (measured at the center). Close attention should be paid to the repair of damaged or
8
rotting straw bales, end runs and undercutting beneath bales. Replacement of bales should be
accomplished promptly.
Removal
Removal of check dams is optional. Check dams within roadside ditches are usually used as
temporary controls, where other check dams may be left in place to silt out. If removing a check
dam, all accumulated sediment should be removed. Removal of a check dam should be
completed only after the contributing drainage area has been completely stabilized. Permanent
vegetation should replace areas from which rock or other material has been removed.
References
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Erosion Control and Stormwater Quality
Guide. 2002. http://ww.dot.state.co.us/enviromental.envWaterOual/wgms4.asp
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
http://cfpud.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menufbmps/con site.cfm
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
North Dakota Department of Health Division of Water Quality, A Guide to Temporary Erosion -
Control Measures for Contractors, Designers and Inspectors, June 2001
*Other materials may be used instead of straw.
9
Culvert (C)
Description
Culverts are typically concrete, steel, aluminum, or plastic pipe used to move ditch water under
the road or to direct stream flow under the road or construction area.
Applicability
Culverts are ideal on road grates less than 15%. For grades over 15%, it is difficult to slow down
the water or remove it from road surface rapidly. On such steep grades, it is best to use
frequently spaced relief culverts and drainage crossings culverts, with armored ditches (see
RIPRAP [R]). Culverts may be used in the following applications.
• As drainage crossing culverts in streams and gullies to allow normal drainage to flow
under the traveled way.
• As ditch relief culverts to periodically relieve the inside ditch line flow by piping water to
the opposite side of the road where the flow can be dispersed away from the roadway. Culverts
placed in natural drainages may be utilized for ditch relief
Limitations
• If undersized, culverts are susceptible to plugging and require cleaning.
• Culverts will not filter sediment.
• Culverts are easily crushed if not properly designed.
Design Criteria
Pipe size can be determined using general design criteria, such as in table C-1, but is ideally
based upon site specific hydrologic analysis.
Depth
The depth of culvert burial must be sufficient to ensure protection of the culvert barrel for the
design life of the culvert. This requires anticipating the amount of material that may be lost to
road use and erosion.
10
Headwalls
Use headwalls on culvert pipes as often as possible (see RETAINING WALL [RW]). The
advantages of headwalls include: preventing large pipes from floating out of the ground when
they plug; reducing the length of the pipe capacity; helping to funnel debris through the pipe;
retaining the backfill material; and reducing the chances of culvert failure if it is overtopped.
Construction Specifications
Drainage crossing culverts
• Make road crossings of natural drainages perpendicular to the drainage to minimize pipe
length and area of disturbance (Figure C-1).
• Use single large pipes versus multiple smaller diameter pipes to minimize plugging
potential in most channels (unless roadway elevation is critical). In very broad channels, multiple
pipes are desirable to maintain the natural flow spread across the channel. All culverts should be
concrete corrugated metal pipe made of steel or aluminum, or properly bedded and backfilled
corrugated plastic pipe.
• Align culverts in the bottom and middle of the natural channel flowline so that
installation causes no change in the stream alignment or stream bottom elevation. Culverts
should not cause damming or pooling or increase stream velocities significantly.
• Extend the outlet of the culvert at least one foot beyond the toe of the slope to prevent
erosion of the fill material. Alternatively, use retaining walls (headwalls) to hold back the fill
slope.
• It may be necessary to install rip -rap, erosion control blanketing, a combination of both,
or other energy dissipater device at the outlet end of the culvert to reduce soil erosion or to trap
sediment (see CULVERT PROTECTION [CP]).
• It may be desirable to construct pulloffs/turnouts for vehicle on one or both sides of
narrow culvert crossings. This will help avoid culvert crushing as well as disturbance to roadside
ditches and berms.
Ditch relief culverts
• See figure C-2 for installation details.
11
• Ditch relief culverts can provide better flow when skewed 0 to 30 degrees perpendicular
to the road.
• The culvert gradient should be at least 2% greater than the approach ditch gradient. This
improves the flow hydraulics and reduces siltation and debris from plugging the culvert inlet.
• Discharge culvert at natural ground level where possible ( see figure C-3,type A), on
firm, non -erosive soil or in rocky or bushy areas. If discharge on the fill slopes, armor outlets
with riprap or logging slash (see figure C-3, type B), or use down -drain structures (see figure C-
3, type C and SLOPE DRAIN [SD]).
• Extend the inlet of the culvert at least one foot beyond the flowline of the roadside ditch.
Extend the outlet of the culvert at least one foot beyond the toe slopes to prevent erosion of the
fill material.
• It may be necessary to install riprap or other energy dissipater devices at the outlet end of
the culvert to prevent soil erosion or to trap sediment (see CULVERT PROTECTION [CP]).
• Spacing of culverts is dependent on the road gradient, soil types, and runoff
characteristics according to the following table:
Soil Type
Road Grade
2-4%
2-4%
2-4%
Highly corrosive
granitic or sandy
240'
.
180'
140'
Intermediate erosive
clay or load
310'
260'
200'
Low erosive
or gravel
shale
400'
325'
250'
• It may be desirable to construct pulloffs/turnouts for vehicle on one or both sides of
narrow culvert crossings. This will help avoid culvert crushing as well as disturbance to roadside
ditches and berms.
12
Backfill and Compaction
See figure C-4.
• Firmly compact well -graded fill material (soil or road base) around culverts, particularly
around the bottom half, using placement in layers to achieve a uniform density. Use slightly
plastic sandy gravel with fines. Avoid the use of fine sand and silt rich soils for bedding material
because of their susceptibility to piping. Pay particular attention to culvert bedding and
compaction around the haunches of the pipe. Do not allow the compaction to move or raise the
pipe. In large fills, allow for settlement.
• Cover the top of the metal and plastic culvert pipes with fill to a depth of at least 1 foot to
prevent crushing by heavy trucks. Use a minimum cover of 2 feet of fill over concrete pipe. For
maximum allowable fill height, follow manufacturer's recommendations.
• Mound fill over the top of culvert pipes so that the road is slightly raised at culvert
locations to help prevent erosion and water from ponding over culvert crossings. This practice, as
well as placing large boulders around the culvert outlets, will also help to prevent culverts from
crushing.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). If any damage to culvert or inlet/outlet protection is noted or if there is any evidence of
scour, repairs should be made immediately. Any debris that may be blocking the culvert inlet or
outlet should be removed.
References
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
United States Department of the Interior and United States Department of Agriculture. Surface
Operating Standards and Guidelines for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development "Gold
Book ". BLM/WO/ST-06/021+3071. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Denver, Colorado.
Fourth Edition, 2006.
13
Size of Drainage Structure (diameter and area)
Drainage Area
(acres)
Steep Slopes (Light Vegetation)
C=0.7
Gentle
Slopes (Heavy Vegetation)
C=0.2
Round
Pipe
(In)
Area (sq.ft)
Round
Pipe
(In)
Area (sq.ft)
0-10
30"
,
4.9
18"
1.8
10-20
42"
9.6
24"
3.1
20-35
48"
12.6
30"
4.9
35-75
72"
28.3
42"
9.6
75-125
84"
38.5
48"
12.6
125-200
96"
50.3
60"
19.6
* Due to site specific conditions this table may not be used.
Drainage Crossing Culvert Alignment & Overflow Dip
Ditch Relief Culvert Installation
hint prtr actan as re iv:
I, 1
•.• Pa grips se
marrow
•
Fittwata,l%tsl
1' Diasor•c be TO slope
m01 1O
•
• "e b.Wsn aapr% •
`p
••.
• Cabled N' • • •
•-.
ter,:e/�' -
Fu e<a •
Fiat. ryas vomit st rsa1a1 round
lo+a a' ring aura Irani •ttaeartal
Reattabs St
r
I ft
_ Cxlart cLts'tt slwsf 1'trr/cM
the /untlna of R• • r _v5t der Sii
- Y let :Nitier.°. as •w.iw'
15
Culvert Installation Options
TYPE A
prrT IC $GALE
Nary grolnd ilrbot
3turbot
lora, 34% Co-- ial
tralfori
,!•' '‘••/•;'/Art;
. .,\' : Coot pet uc ~ .
ti^;'t'.
TYPE C
TYPE B
Km oda
,,.
1.r. ' l.
C
4<
Cutlet
Ida of Cote
* prapters
oulotprottuti•
ter+ rock Amp
Mooted per,: Ft
=skim
�,1 Ards to Saps &o R :o'1 swab sing
• • oft Yalta at* an or Illxkok
•
_ Otrlst /Oickt'S
NM me item
Culvert Backfill and Compaction
b11�: roux WON' xhr:t
.� .5` •
thus ad utradi Sl Meal
*WSW ootttAobl Carl
Do Ss urn sir Sart
Orin on aid skis d Its
cohort
'V0T TO SCALE
•
•
•
-c
A: Mott! 1 t of caw t ae or
ono not &Netil*b WM
— n.cly s tJra2l oo+or4w
nab pine
1.
• t\.•
•• Tarp toot men el
- Lvrri 01 rrlu . tMsrieo
• (halo• or we otMtt too
kru a>M low !Is 4'
16
Culvert Protection (CP)
Description
Culvert protection may be required at the inlet of the culvert (upstream side) and/or the outlet
side of the culvert (downstream side).
Culvert inlet protection could involve placing boulders, riprap, gabions, rock retaining walls,
slash, and/or any other protection at the inlet pipes. Riprap, or other energy -dissipating devices,
will reduce the velocity of storm water flows and thereby prevent erosion and help protect the
inlet structure.
Culvert outlet protection involves placing structurally lined aprons or other appropriate energy -
dissipating devices, such as large boulders or plunge pools, at the outlets of the pipes to reduce
the velocity of storm water flows and thereby prevent scouring at storm water outlets, protect the
outlet structure, and minimize potential for erosion downstream.
Applicability
Riprap inlet protection should be used where velocities and energies at the inlets of culvert are
sufficient to erode around the inlet structure. Riprap may also be used to help channel the storm
water to the inlet of the culvert.
Culvert outlet protection should be used where discharge velocities and energies at the outlets of
the culverts or channels are sufficient to erode the next downstream reach.
Limitations
Rock aprons at the culvert outlets should not be placed on slopes steeper than 10 percent. Runoff
from pipe outlets at the top of cut/fills or on slopes steeper than 10 percent should be routed via
slope drains or riprap chutes to a rock apron at the toe of the slope. Otherwise will re -concentrate
and gain velocity as the flow leaves the apron.
17
Design Criteria
Culvert inlet protection: Riprap, gabions, or rock retaining walls at culvert inlets shall be
designed according to RIPRAP (R) or RETAINING WALL (RW).
Culvert Outlet Protection: Gabions or rock retaining walls at culvert outlets shall be designed
according to RETAINING WALL (RW). No formal design is required for plunge pools at
outlets. Riprap aprons at culvert outlets shall be designed as follows.
Tail -water depth: The depth of tail -water immediately below the pipe outlet must be
determined for design capacity of the pipe. If the tail -water depth is less than half the diameter of
the outlet pipe, and the receiving stream is wide enough to accept divergence of the flow, it shall
be classified as a minimum tail -water condition. If the tail -water depth is greater than half the
pipe diameter and the receiving stream will continue to confine the flow, it shall be classified as
a maximum tail -water condition. Pipes that outlet onto flat areas with no defined channel may be
assumed to have a minimum tail -water condition.
Riprap Apron Size & D5o: The apron length (LA) and the D50 of the riprap shall be determined
from table CP-1 according to the design flow and weather there is a minimum or maximum tail -
water condition. The apron width (W) shall then be determined as (W=d+0.4LA) where d is the
diameter of the culvert. If the pipe discharges directly into a well defines channel, the apron shall
extend across the channel bottom and up the channel banks to an elevation one foot above the
maximum tail -water depth or to the top of the bank, whichever is less. The upstream end of the
apron, adjacent to the pipe, shall have a width of two (2) times the diameter of the outlet pipe, or
confirmed to pipe and section if used.
Riprap Materials: The outlet protection may be done using rock riprap or grouted riprap.
Riprap shall be composed of a well -graded mixture of stone size so that 50 percent of the pieces,
by weight, shall be larger than the D50 size determined from table CP-1. A well -graded mixture,
as used herein, is defined as a mixture composed primarily of larger stone sizes, but with a
sufficient mixture of other sizes to fill the smaller voids between the stones. The diameter of the
largest stone size in such a mixture shall be 1.5 times the D50 size. All grout for grouted riprap
must be one part Portland cement for every three parts sand, mixed thoroughly with water.
Filter: If a filter cloth or gravel is used, it should be designed according to RIPRAP (R).
Apron Thickness: The minimum thickness of the riprap layer shall be 1.5 times the maximum
stone diameter for D50 of 15 inches or less; and 1.2 times the maximum stone size for D50
greater than 15 inches.
Riprap Stone Quality: Stone for riprap shall consist of field stone or rough un-hewn quarry
stone. The stone shall be hard and angular and of quality that will not disintegrate in exposure to
water or weathering. The specific gravity of the individual stone shall be at least 2.5. Site rock or
site boulders may be used provided it has a density of at least 150 pounds per cubic foot, and
does not have any exposed steel or reinforcing bars.
18
Construction Specifications
Culvert Inlet Protection:
1. Riprap, gabions, or rock retaining walls at culvert inlets shall be constructed in
accordance to RIPRAP (R) or RETAINING WALL (RW).
2. After installation of a culvert, examine the stream channel for the amount of debris, logs,
and brushy vegetation present. In channels with large amounts of debris, consider using
oversized pipes.
3. Boulder should be dry -stacked around the culvert inlet and up the slope to the edge of the
road.
Culvert outlet protection: Gabions or rock retaining walls at culvert outlets shall be designed
according to RETAINING WALL (RW). Riprap aprons at culvert outlets shall be constructed
according to CP-2 and as follows.
1. Prepare the sub -grade for the riprap to the required lines and grades. Any fill required in
the sub -grade shall be compacted to a density of approximately that of the surrounding
undisturbed material.
2. If a pipe discharges into a well-defined channel, the channel's side slopes may not be
steeper than 2:1.
3. Construct apron to the design length and width with no slope. The invert elevations must
be equal at the receiving channel and the apron's downstream end. No over -fall at the end of the
apron of the apron is allowed. The elevation of the downstream and of the apron shall be equal to
the elevation of the receiving channel or adjacent ground. The outlet protection apron shall be
located so that there are no bends in the horizontal alignment.
4. If a culvert outlets at the top of cut/fills or on slopes steeper than 10 percent one of the
following option is suggested:
5. Line slope below culvert outlet with a riprap channel to convey storm water to the bottom
of the slope where a riprap apron, as designed above, shall prevent erosion at the bottom of the
slope. The riprap channel shall be designed according to the table in the RIPRAP (R)
construction specification that is based on depth of flow and slope. The riprap channel shall dip
into the slope so that all water is contained within the channel, flows to the riprap outlet apron at
the base of the slope, and does not spill over the sides onto unprotected soil.
19
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspection should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Inspect for debris at the entrance to culverts and within culverts. Inspect riprap at
culvert inlets for damage and dislodged stones. The maintenance needs are usually very low for
properly installed riprap aprons at culvert outlets. However, inspect for evidence of scour
beneath riprap at outlets aprons or for dislodged stones. Anything that is found to reduce the
effectiveness of the culvert or culvert outlet protection should be repaired immediately.
References
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Guidelinesfor Urban
Erosion and Sediment Control. New York. Forth Edition,
1997.http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/toolbox/escstandards
20
Riprap
Aprons
for
Low
diameter)
(downstream
flow depth
< 0.5
x
pipe
Tailwater
Culvert
Diameter
Lowest Value
Intermediate values to interpolate from
Highest Value
Q
LA
D50
Q
LA
D5o
Q
LA
D50
Q
LA i
Dsp
Q
LA
DSO
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
12"
4
7
2.5
6
10
3.5
9
131
6
12
16
7
14
17
8.5
15"
6.5
8
3
1
10
12
5
15
16
7
20
18
10
25
20
12
18"
10
9
3.5
15
14
5.5
20
17
7
30
22
w 11
40
25
14
21"
15
11
4
25
w. 18 w
7
35
22
10
45
26
w 13
60
29
18
I
24"
21
13
5
I
35
20
8.5
50
26
12
65
i 30
16
80
33
19
27"
27
14
5.5
50
24
9.5
70
29
14
90
34
18
110
37
22
30"
36
16
6
60
25
9.5
90
33
15.5
120
38
w 20
140
41
24
36"
56
20
7
100
i
32
13
140
40
18
180
45
23
220
50
28
42"
82
22
8.5
120
32
12
4
160
39
17
200
45
20
260
52
26
48"
120
26
10
170
,
37 _
14
,
220
46
19
270
_ 54
23
320
64
37
Riprap
Aprons
for
High
Tailwater
diameter)
(downstream
flow
depth
> 0.5 x
pipe
Culvert
Diameter
Lowest Value
Intermediate values to interpolate from
Highest Value
Q
-
LA
D5o
Q
LA
D5o Q LA
DSO
, Q
_ LA
Dm
Q
LA
DSO
Cfs
Ft
In
.
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs i
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
Cfs
Ft
In
12"
4
w
8
2
6
18
2.5
9
28
4.5
12
36
7
14
40
8
15"
7
8
2
10
20
2.5
15
34
5
20
r ,
42
1
7.5
25
50
10
18"
10
8
._r
2
15
22
3
20
34
5
30 _
50
9
40
60
11
21"
15
8
2
25
•
r
32
4.5
35
48
7
45
58
11
60
72
14
24"
20
8
2
35
e
36
5
50
55
8.5
65
68
12
80
80
15
27"
27
10
2
50
41
6
70
58
10
90
70
14
110
82
17
30"
36
11
2
60
-
42e
6
90
64
11
120e
80
, 15
140
90
18
36"
56
13
2.5
100
60
7
140
85
13
180
w
104 w
18
220
120
23
42"
82
15
2.5
120
50
6
160
75
10
200
96
14
260
120
19
48"
120
20
2.5
170
58
7
220
85
12
270
105
16
320
120
20
21
Typical Inlet Protection
Typical Outlet Protection
i
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22
Diversion Ditch Embankment Bases or Midslopes (DD)
.'?YPACI_let M�,141“iA_F, • .I`:ING
i XCAvA'i" 6'AI:I�IA
I
r,
••••-• •1—
.er•
Nth.
- "8." ?u h
MATS R A. -0 F=
EXCAVATrC
DIVERSION DITCH SECTION UNLINED CHANNEL
DIVERSION DITCH FOR EMBANKMENT BASES OR MIDSLOPES
Diversion Ditch Installation Notes
• See the Plan view for the location(s) of the diversion ditches.
• A plastic liner, riprap, or erosion control blanket may be necessary to protect the
diversion ditch.
• All material excavated from the ditch shall be used to construct the berm on the downhill
side of the ditch.
• The diversion ditch shall be a minimum of 18" deep with 3:1 side slopes. The adjacent
berm shall be a minimum of 18" in height with 3:1 side slopes. All embankments shall be firmly
compacted.
• The discharge from the diversion ditch shall be directed towards an appropriately sized
and constructed slope drain, or sediment pond.
23
• In locations where construction traffic must cross a diversion ditch, the erosion control
supervisor shall install a temporary culvert with a minimum diameter of 12".
Diversion Ditch Inspection and Maintenance Notes
• The erosion control supervisor shall inspect the diversion ditch at the following intervals:
• Immediately following initial installation.
• Every 14 days while the site is under construction.
• Immediately following any storm event that causes soil erosion.
• Once a month following the end of construction, until vegetative cover has reached a
consistent density of at least 70% of full vegetative cover.
• Accumulated sediment shall be removed once the sediment has reached a depth equal to
ih the crest height.
• Diversion ditches shall be re -graded immediately following any signs of soil erosion.
• Diversion ditches are to remain in place and properly maintained until vegetative cover
has reached a consistent density of at least 70% of full vegetative cover and erosion and
sedimentation is no longer a possibility as determined by the County inspector. In some
instances, the diversion ditches may remain in place permanently.
• When diversion ditches are removed, excavation shall be filled with suitable compacted
topsoil. The berm portion of the diversion ditch shall be graded out and any disturbed areas
associated with the installation, maintenance, and/or removal of the diversion ditches shall be
roughened, seeded, mulched, and crimped. An erosion control blanket may be used in lieu of
straw mulch.
24
Erosion Control Blanket (ECB)
Description
Erosion control blankets, also called turf reinforcement mats (TRM), are porous fabrics and are
manufactured by weaving or bonding fibers made from organic or synthetic materials. Erosion
control blankets are installed on steep slopes, over berms, or in channels to prevent erosion until
final vegetation is established. However, blankets can also be used as separators or to aid in plant
growth by holding seeds, fertilizers and topsoil in place.
Applicability
Erosion control blankets may be used in the following applications:
• To control erosion on steep slopes and to promote the establishment of vegetation.
• To stabilize channels against erosion from concentrated flows.
• To protect berms and diversions prior to the establishment of vegetation.
• To protect exposed soils immediately and temporary, such as when active piles of soil are
left overnight.
• As a separator between riprap and soil to prevent soil from being eroded from beneath the
riprap and to maintain the riprap's base.
• May be used on slopes as steep as 1:1.
Limitations
• Blankets used on slopes should be biodegradable, or photodegradable, non-toxic to
vegetation or germination of seed, and non-toxic or injurious to humans.
• Should not be used on slopes where vegetation is already established.
• Some blankets might promote increased runoff and might blow away if not firmly
anchored.
• If the fabric is not properly selected, designed, or installed, the effectiveness may be
reduced drastically. Manufacturer's specification should be followed.
25
Design Criteria
There are many types of erosion control blankets available. Therefore, the selected fabric should
match its purpose. Effective netting and matting require firm, continuous contact between the
material and the soil. If there is no contact, the material will not hold the soil and erosion will
occur underneath the material. Table ECB-1 indicates some recommended criteria for the
selection of erosion control blankets.
Construction Specifications
• Smooth soil prior to installation and apply seed prior to fabric installation for stabilization
of construction sites.
• Select the appropriate fabric type using the guidelines from table ECB-1.
• Installation of the blankets shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations and according to figure ECB-1. For blankets being placed in channels, the
fabric should be rolled out parallel to the channel if the width is sufficient to cover the entire
width of the channel. The fabric needs to be in continuous contact with the exposed soil.
• Pins or staples shall be made of wire 0.1621" or larger in diameter. "U" shaped staples
shall have legs 8" long, and a 1" crown. The bar of the "T" shall be at least 4" long. Triangular
survey stakes can also be used.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Inspections should determine if cracks, tears, or breaches have formed in the fabric. If
the effectiveness of the erosion control blanket has been reduced, the fabric should be repaired or
replaced immediately. Re -anchor loosened matting and replace missing matting and staple as
required. It is necessary to maintain contact between the ground and the blanket at all times.
Trapped sediment should be removed after each storm event.
References
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
http://cfpud.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menufbmps/con_site.cfm
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
26
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
North American Green, 2004.<http://www.nagreen.com
Table ECB-1
Suggested Blanket Types
I
Description
Ir g e Net Slaw Blanket
[Retold Dew ar...ra p Net
C1r.Ut,lc. Net Straw Blanket
Rapid Degrading Nets
Double Net Blanket
70% Straw/30% COCOnut
Double Net Blanket
100% Coconut
Double Nei Blanket
Polypropylene P tbcr
Organic Net
I Organc tort:
1
I
Longevity
12 r11L+nthr
4fi:•r
Days
12 months
a5 -3o
Days
24 months (f
36 months
I- 12 months
12 months
15 months
I24 month s
i
App lEc ations
a 1 - 5_1 Slopes
r.h Flow Channels
t 1 - ? 1 Slopes
1_C'tY -tcw Charnels
• 1 2. 1 S:optrs
NI._.tierate Frc.w Charnc;v
es 1 2 1 Slopes
tack,rate f low Channel!
2 1 - t 1 %clot s
Met:rurn Flrry Channels
I 1 & Create, Slopn
IIlgh F:wv Channels
1 1 Slopes
Extended Flow Areas
High Flow Channels
4:1 - 3 1 Slopes
Low Flow Channels
3 1 • 2 1 Slopes
Moderate Flow Channels
2 1 1 1 Slopes
Medium Flow Channels
1 1 & Greater Stapes
High Flaw Channels
I
Max. Flow
Velocity (feettsec.?
r
t>
8
to 1 on eg I
'11etej
S
6
e
1(4
{
i
27
Additional Drawings:
Detail 2
Detail 1
4 in (102 mm)
minimum
Staple
12 in (305 mm
Staples -''`
Detail 4
Terminal Fold -
jute mesh only
Junction Slot -
jute mesh erosion
control paper
Column
Erosion Control Blanket
Persective View
6 -12 in (152-305 mm)
minimum
Tamp soil firmly
DETAIL 1
,- 6 in (152 mm)
Staples r` -
DETAIL 2
Erosion Control Blanket;
Detail 1 and Detail 2
Section View
Staple detail
Detail 3
Row
3 in (76 nxn)
Staple
Terminal Fold -
excelsior blanket
erosion control paper
— 12 in (305 mm)
Junction Slot -
excelsior blanket
28
Additional Drawings:
12 in (305 mm)
Tamp soil firmly
Anchor Slot -
jute mesh
excelsior blanket
erosion control paper
DETAIL 3
•
4 in (102 mm)
minimum
Lap Joint -
jute mesh
excelsior blanket
erosion control paper shall
be butted togther
DETAIL 5
Tamp soil firmly
6 -12 in (152-305 mm)
minimum depth
Staple
Check Slot -
erosion control paper
DETAIL 4
!1 minimum
/f
6 -12 in (152-305 mm) t
minimum —., I
STAPLE DETAIL
Erosion Control Blanket;
Detail 3, Detail 4, Detail 5, and Staple Detail
Section View
1 in (25 mm)
29
Hydraulic Mulch
Description and Purpose
Hydraulic mulch consists of applying mixture of shredded wood fiber or a hydraulic matrix, and
a stabilizing emulsion or tackifier with hydro -mulching equipment, which temporarily protects
exposed soil from erosion by raindrop impact or wind.
Applicability
Hydraulic mulch is suitable for soil disturbed areas requiring temporary protection until permanent
stabilization is established, and disturbed areas that will be re -disturbed following an extended period of
inactivity.
Limitations
Wood fiber hydraulic mulches are generally short lived and need 24 hours to dry before rainfall occurs to
be effective. May require a second application in order to remain effective for an entire rainy season.
Construction Specifications
• Prior to application, roughen embankment and fill areas by rolling with a crimping or
punching type roller or by track walking. Track walking shall only be used where other methods
are impractical.
30
• To be effective, hydraulic matrices require 24 hours to dry before rainfall occurs.
•
etc.
Avoid mulch over spray onto roads, sidewalks, drainage channels, existing vegetation,
• Paper based hydraulic mulches alone shall not be used for erosion control.
Hydraulic Mulches
Wood fiber mulch can be applied alone or as a component of hydraulic matrices. Wood fiber
applied alone is typically applied at the rate of 2.000 to 4.000 lb/acre. Wood fiber mulch is
manufactured from wood or wood waste from lumber mills or from urban sources.
Hydraulic Matrices
Hydraulic matrices include a mixture of wood fiber and acrylic polymer or other tackifier as
binder. Apply as a liquid slurry using a hydraulic application machine (i.e., hydro seeder) at the
following minimum rates. or as specified by the manufacturer to achieve complete coverage of
the target area: 2.000 to 4.000 lb'acre wood fiber mulch. and 5 to io% (by weight) of tackifier
(acrylic copolymer, guar, psyllium. etc.)
Bonded Fiber Matrix
Bonded fiber matrix (BFM) is a hydraulically applied system of fibers and adhesives that upon
drying forms an erosion resistant blanket that promotes vegetation, and prevents soil erosion.
BFMs are typically applied at rates from 3,000 lb/acre to 4,000 lblacre based on the
manufacturer's recommendation. A biodegradable BFM is composed of materials that are t00%
biodegradable. The binder in the BFM should also be biodegradable and should not dissolve or
disperse upon re -wetting. Typically, biodegradable BFMs should not be applied immediately
before, during or immediately after rainfall if the soil is saturated. Depending on the product.
BFMs typically require 12 to 2_..i hours to dry and become effective.
31
Land Grading (LG)
Description
Grading involves reshaping the ground surface to planned grades. Grading provides more
suitable topography for well pads and pipelines and helps to control runoff, soil erosion, and
sediment during and after construction in these areas. This BMP shall include the following:
• Proper cut and fill techniques to ensure roads and well pads remain stable over time.
• Road crowning or sloping to properly route runoff off the roadway.
• Surfacing of roads or well pads with gravel to avoid mud, rutting, and large quantities of
sediment that will wash away during storms.
Applicability
• This BMP is applicable to the construction and maintenance of any road or well pad, but
particularly those located on steep topography or easily erodible soils.
• Surface gravel is applicable to all areas with "soft" soils sections, steep grades, highly
erosive soils, or where all weather access is needed. Gravel may be used as "fill" material in ruts
or as a full structural section over the entire road or well pad.
Limitations
• Improper cut and fill slopes that disrupt natural storm water patterns might lead to poor
drainage, high runoff velocities, and increased peak flows during storm events.
• Rutting and wash boarding may develop if surface gravel is not designed properly or if
road or well pad is not sloped.
• Flat-blading to maintain the roadway must be done properly to avoid changes in gravel
thickness, road slope, and road grade.
Design Criteria
Practices must be developed for erosion control, slope stabilization, and safe disposal of runoff
water and drainage, such as ditches and culverts, grade stabilization structures, retaining walls,
and surface drains. Land grading should be based upon well pad and pipeline layouts that fit and
utilize existing topography and desirable natural surroundings to avoid extreme grade
modifications. Clearing and grading should only occur at those areas necessary for well pad
activity and equipment traffic. Maintaining undisturbed temporary or permanent buffer zones in
32
the grading operation provides a low cost sediment control measure that will help reduce runoff
and offsite sedimentation.
Slope Failures
Landslides and failed cuts and fills can be a major source of sediment. They can close the roads
or require major repairs, and they can greatly increase maintenance costs. Slope failures, or
landslides typically occur where a slope is over -steep, where fill material is not compacted, or
where cuts in natural soils encounter groundwater or zones of weak material. Good road location
can often avoid landslide areas and reduce slope failures. When failure does occur, the slide area
should be stabilized by removing the slide material, flattening the slope, adding drainage, or
using structures as discussed below. Designs are typically site specific and may require input
from geotechnical engineers and engineering geologist. Failures that occur typically impact
operations and can be costly to repair. Failures near streams and channel crossings have an added
risk of impact to water quality.
Road Slope
See figure LG-1. All roads should be designed with one of the following three slope types:
• Out -sloped roads minimize the concentration of water and minimize road width by
avoiding the need for an inside ditch, but nay require roadway surface and fill slope stabilization.
Out -sloped roads with clay rich, slippery road surface materials often require surface
stabilization with gravel or limited use during rainy periods to assure traffic safety. On road
grades over 10 to 12 percent and on steep hill slope areas, out -sloped roads are difficult to drain
and can feel unsafe.
• In -sloped roads are the best method to control surface water. However, in -sloped roads
also concentrate water and require a system of ditches and turnouts or cross draining culverts.
• Crowned roads are appropriate for higher standard, two lane roads on gentle grades. They
may or may not require roadside ditches, turnouts, and/or cross drains. It is difficult to create and
maintain a crown on a narrow road, so generally in -sloped or out -sloped road drainage is more
effective.
Construction Specifications
Cut and fill Slopes
• All areas to be disturbed (both cut and fill) shall be cleared, grubbed, and stripped of
topsoil to remove trees, vegetation, roots, or other objectionable material.
33
• Fill material shall be free of brush, logs, stumps, roots, or other objectionable material
that would interfere with, or prevent construction or satisfactory fills. This material can be set
aside and later used at the toe of fill slopes as filter berms.
• Table LG-1 presents a range of commonly used cut and fill slope ratios appropriate for
the soil and rock types described. Figures LG-2 and LG-3 present typical cut and fill slope
design options for varying slope and site conditions. Vertical cut slopes should not be used
unless the cut is in rock or very well cemented soil. Ideally, both cut and fill slopes should be
constructed with a 2:1 or flatter slope to promote growth of vegetation, but cut slopes in dense,
sterile soils or rocky material are often difficult to vegetate.
• All fills shall be compacted as requires to reduce erosion, slippage, settlement,
subsidence, or other related problems.
• Topsoil required for the establishment of vegetation shall be stockpiled in the amount
necessary to complete finished grading of all exposed areas. Areas that are to be top -soiled shall
be scarified to a minimum depth of four inches prior to placement of topsoil.
Road Slope
• See figure LG-1. Compact soil or road base material to direct runoff.
• If crowning a road, runoff is directed to both sides of the road requiring two roadside
ditches, unless runoff will drain directly to well stabilized areas.
• If using an in -slope design, runoff will be directed toward the hillside and requires a
roadside ditch with periodic turnouts or cross drain culvert installation.
• If using an outslope design, ensure a moderate road slope with dense vegetative cover
Surface Gravel
• Ideally, aggregate surfacing material is (1) hard, durable, and crushed or screened to a
minus 2 inch size; (2) well graded to achieve maximum density; (3) contains 5-15% clayey
binder to prevent raveling; and (4) had a plasticity index of 2 to 10.
• Gravel should be placed to a thickness of at least twice the diameter of the largest stone
with a minimum thickness of four inches. Over very weak soils gravel thickness can be reduced
with the use of geotextile or geogrid subgrade reinforcement. Also, geotextile layers are useful
over soft soils to separate the gravel from the soil, keep it uncontaminated, and extend the useful
life of the gravel.
34
• Compact the aggregate during construction and maintenance to achieve a dense, smooth
surface and thus reduce the amount of water that can soak into the road or well pad.
• "Spot" stabilize local wet areas and soft areas with four to six inches of coarse rocky
material, add more as needed.
• Blend coarse aggregate and fine clay -rich soil (when available) to produce a desirable
composite roadway material that is coarse yet well graded with 5-15% fines for binder.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Inspect cut and fill slopes for rills or other indications of erosion. Maintain all crowns,
out -slopes, in -slopes, and surface gravel.
References
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
http://cfpud.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menufbmps/con_site.cfm
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Guidelinesfor Urban
Erosion and Sediment Control. New York. Forth Edition, 1997.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/toolbox/escstandards
LG-1
Stable
Slope
Ratios for Various Conditions
Soil/Rock Condition
Slope Ratio
(Hor:Vert)
Most rock
1/4:1 to 1/2:1
Very well
cemented soils
1/4:1
to 1/2:1
Most n -place
soils
3/4:1 to 1:1
Very fractured rock
_
1:1 to 1 1/2:1
35
Loose coarse granular soils
1 1/2:1
Heavy clay soils
2:1 to 3:1
Soft clay rich
zones or wet seepage
areas
2:1 to 3:1
Fills of most soils
1 1/2:1 to 2:1
Fills
of hard, angular rock
1 1/3:1 .
Low cuts and
(<10 ft high)
fills
_
_
2:1 or flatter
(for revegetaton)
Figure LG-1
Typical Road Surface Drainage Options
Cr own Section
r !" e
Outslopc Section
Ftt f.f18E iu.s
UR O7r
SF')AiEE7
InsIope with Ditch Section
17-
d .
NCO1 1O SCALE
SID
R(ADSltIE L' 1C-4
•
I
I :Iv..
I ••
•
•
36
Paved & Graveled Vehicle Tracking Control (PGVTC)
Description: CONCRETE STRUCTURE WITH GRAVEL AND CATTLE
GUARD
A stabilized construction entrance (tracking pad) is a pad of gravel or cattle guard where
construction traffic leaves a site. The purpose of a paved and graveled entrance to a site is to
minimize the amount of tracked mud and dust that leaves a site. As a vehicle drives over the
pavement and gravel, mud and sediment are removed from the vehicle's wheels when crossing
the cattle guards and offsite transport of soil is reduced. The paved and graveled pad also reduces
erosion and rutting in the soil beneath the stabilized structure.
Applicability
Stabilized construction entrances are installed at locations where construction traffic leaves or
enters an existing paved road.
Limitations
• Although stabilizing a construction entrance is a good way to help reduce the amount of
sediment leaving a site, some soil may still be deposited from vehicle tires onto paved surfaces.
To further reduce the chance of these sediments polluting storm water runoff, sweeping of the
paved area adjacent to the stabilized site entrance is recommended.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Visual evidence of deterioration should be repaired immediately.
Gravelled/Paved Vehicle Tracking Pad — Aerial View
24'
Cattle Guard #1
5" Dia. Crushed
Concrete
Cattle Guard #2
166'
144"
144"
156"
43"
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144"
137"
144"
7'
30'
7'
144"
190"
195"
137"
144"
40"
224"
137"
245"
263"
187" 162"
154"
295"
136"
74"
70"
35" 314"
138"
87" 354"
154"
290"
II
190"
178 \
290" 93"
NOT TO SCALE
Gravelled/Paved Vehicle Tracking Pad — Cattle Guard #1
Aerial View
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Side View
OOOOOOOOOOOOO
0
Frontal View
0
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Gravelled/Paved Vehicle Tracking Pad — Cattle Guard #2
Aerial View
I
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I I I I I I 11 I I I I I
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I I I I I I i I i I I I I
Side View
O
Frontal View
O
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Paved Vehicle Tracking Control (PVTC)
Description CONCRETE STRUCTURE WITH CATTLE GUARD
A stabilized construction entrance (tracking pad) is a pad of gravel or cattle guard where
construction traffic leave a site. The purpose of a paved entrance to a site is to minimize the
amount of tracked mud and dust that leaves a site. As a vehicle drives over the pavement, mud
and sediment are removed from the vehicle's wheels when crossing the cattle guards and offsite
transport of soil is reduced. The paved pad also reduces erosion and rutting in the soil beneath
the stabilized structure. Sub -surface concrete boxes exist below each cattle guard crossing to trap
sediment released from vehicle tires.
Applicability
Typically, stabilized construction entrances are installed at locations where construction traffic
leaves or enters an existing paved road. However, the applicability of site entrance stabilization
should be extended to any roadway or entrance where vehicles will access or leave the site.
Limitations
• Although stabilizing a construction entrance is a good way to help reduce the amount of
sediment leaving a site, some soil may still be deposited from vehicle tires onto paved surfaces.
To further reduce the chance of these sediments polluting storm water runoff, sweeping of the
paved area adjacent to the stabilized site entrance is recommended.
• Site traps or other secondary sediment controls are needed to capture that sediment that
accumulates at the pad and may run off during storm events.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Sub -surface concrete boxes should be inspected for evidence of sediment deposition
and cleanout should be recommended at appropriate times. Visual evidence of deterioration
should be repaired immediately.
37
Paved Vehicle Tracking Control Segment
8'9" 19'5" 18'6"
6 '/z"
9'
13' 6"
10' 6"
18' 6"
17' 7"
10'
17'6"
16' 4"
16' 3"
15' 3"
15' 1"
14' 3"
13'11"
13' 2"
12' 8"
12' 4"
14' 8"
13' 2"
17 1"
12'
12'
8' 6"
42"
10' 8"
13' 4"
13'
13'
10'8"
10'
12' 4" 12' 6"
NOT TO SCALE
S1V
38
Paved Vehicle Tracking Control Cattle Guard
N
Weld Points
'/4" I Beam Metal
24'
Weld Points
10'
n n n n /' A. n n"- n
8"
NOT TO SCALE
39
Paved Vehicle Tracking Control Sub -Surface
Concrete Box
24'
a"I
/
4"
3' 4"
23' 4"
III
II
NOT TO SCALE
40
Revegetation (RV)
Description
Revegetation involves planting seed to establish a vegetative cover in disturbed areas.
Revegetation reduces erosion and sediment by stabilizing disturbed areas in a manner that is
economical, adaptable to site conditions, and allows selection of the most appropriate plant
material. Revegatation also:
• Absorbs the impact of raindrops.
• Reduces the velocity of runoff
• Reduces runoff volumes by increasing water percolation into the soil.
• Binds soil with roots.
• Protects soil form wind.
• Improves wildlife habitat.
• Enhances natural beauty.
Applicability
Revegetation is most effective on slopes no steeper than 2:1. Revegetation may be used as a
permanent control or a temporary control in areas where exposed soil surfaces are not to be
regarded for periods longer than 30 days. Such areas include denuded areas, soil stockpiles,
berms, temporary road banks, etc.
Limitations
The effectiveness of revegetation can be due to the following:
• High erosion potential during establishment.
41
• The need for stable soil temperature and soil moisture content during germination and
early growth.
• The need to reseed areas that fail to establish.
• Limited seeding times depending on the season.
• Proper seedbed preparation and the use of quality seed are important in this practice.
Failure to carefully follow sound agronomic recommendations will often result in an inadequate
stand of vegetation that provides little or no erosion control.
• Seeding does not immediately stabilize soils. Prior to seeding, install necessary erosion
and sediment control practices such as diversions, straw bales, and basins until vegetation is
established.
Design Criteria
Successful plant establishment can be maximized with proper planning; consideration of soil
characteristics; selection of plant materials that are suitable for the site; adequate seedbed
preparation, liming, and fertilization; timely planting; and regular maintenance.
When to seed
Areas to be stabilized with vegetation must be seeded or planted one to four months after grading
is completed unless temporary stabilization measures are in place. Possible dates for seeding are
as follows:
Seed Mix
Climate, soils, and topography are major factors that dictate the suitability of plants for a
particular site. Vegetation that is adapted to the site, has strong roots, and provides good ground
cover should be used. Although a native need mix is best some grasses, such as Vetiver, have
been used extensively worldwide because of their strong, deep roots, adaptability, and non-
invasive properties.
Construction Specifications
1. Seeding does not immediately stabilize soils. Temporary erosion and sediment control measures
should be in place o prevent off -site transport of sediments from disturbed areas until vegetation is
established.
2. Vegetation should not be established on slopes that are unsuitable due to inappropriate soil
texture, poor internal structure or internal drainage, volume of overland flow, or excessive steepness, until
measures haven taken to correct these problems.
42
3. If the area has been recently loosened or disturbed, no further roughening is required. When the
area is compacted, crusted, or hardened, the soil surface shall be loosened by disking, raking, harrowing,
or other acceptable means to ensure good water infiltration and root penetration (see SURFACE
ROUGHENING [SR]).
4. The soil on a disturbed site may need to be modified to provide an optimum environment for seed
germination and seedling growth. To maintain a good stand of vegetation, the soil must meet certain
minimum requirements as a growth medium. If any of the below criteria cannot be met then topsoil shall
be applied. The existing soil must have these characteristics:
• Enough fine-grained material to maintain adequate moisture and nutrient supply.
• Sufficient depth of soil to provide an adequate root zone. The depth to rock or impermeable
layers such as hardpans shall be 12 inches or more, except on slopes steeper than 2:1 where the addition
of soil is not feasible.
• A favorable pH range for plant growth. If the soil is so acidic that a pH range of 6.0-7.0 cannot
be attained by addition of ph -modifying materials, then the soil is considered an unsuitable environment
for plant roots and further soil modification would be required.
• Freedom from toxic amounts of materials harmful to plant growth.
• Freedom from excessive quantities of roots, branches, large stones, large clods, earth, or trash of
any kind. Clods and stones may be left on slopes steeper than 3:1 if they do not significantly impede
good seed soil contact.
5. Add fertilizer and/or lime, if necessary. Lime and fertilizer may be incorporated into the top two
to four inches of the soil if possible. The addition of lime is equally as important as applying fertilizer.
Lime will modify the pH and supply calcium and magnesium. Its effect on pH makes other nutrients
more available to the plant.
6. The appropriate seed shall be evenly applied with a broadcast seeder, drill, cultipacker seeder or
hydroseeder. Seeding depth should be 'A to ''A inch.
7. If necessary, apply mulch according to MULCHING (M). the mulch will hold moisture and
modify temperature extremes, and prevent erosion while seedlings are growing.
Maintenance Considerations
43
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Vegetation is considered established when a density of at least 70 percent of pre -
disturbance levels has been reached. Seeded areas should be inspected for failure and any
necessary repairs and re-seedings should be made within the same season if possible.
References
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
http://cfpud.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menufbmps/con_site.cfm
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
44
Roadside Ditches (RSD) and Turnouts (TO)
Description
Roadside ditches are channels constructed parallel to roads. The ditches convey concentrated
runoff of surface water from roads and surrounding areas to a stabilized outlet. Turnouts (also
called wing ditches) are extensions of road side ditches. Turnouts effectively remove run- off
water from the roadside ditch into well -stabilized areas before it reaches a waterway.
Applicability
• Roadside ditches should be used for all roads built on sloping topography and with either
an inslope or a crowned design.
• Ditch turnouts should be used as much as possible but their best use may be on slopes
longer than 150ft or greater than 5%, as conditions allow.
• Turnouts are applicable where fairly flat naturally vegetative areas exist at intervals by
the roadside.
Limitations
• If these structures are not installed correctly they may become a source of erosion.
• Road -side ditches do not necessarily filter sediment from runoff.
• Turnouts should be on gradual slopes only.
• Turnouts require vegetative cover or other filter at the discharge point.
• Turnouts only work well if small volumes of runoff drain into the turnout. Turnouts
should only receive runoff from the road and ditch surface, not from large, uphill watersheds.
Design Criteria
No formal design required.
Construction Specifications
45
Roadside ditches
1. Roadside ditches should be constructed with no projections of roots, stumps, rocks, or
similar debris.
2. Excavate ditches along roadside to a width and depth that can handle expected flow
according to figure RAD-1.
3. All ditches shall have uninterrupted positive grade to an outlet. Slope ditch so that water
velocities do not cause excessive erosion, but no less than 0.5%. If steep slopes and high
velocities exist, use check dams to slow runoff and catch sediment.
4. To control erosion and collect sediment, construct aggregate check dams according to
figure CD -1 of CHECK DAM (CD).
5. All ditches shall convey runoff to a sediment trapping device such as a SEDIMENT
TRAP (ST) or an undisturbed, well vegetated and stabilized area at non -erosive velocity.
6. If necessary, stabilize ditches with RIPRAP (R) or EROSION CONTROL BLANKET
(ECB).
Turnouts
1. Use turnouts wherever possible and on undisturbed soil.
2. Turnouts should be on gradual slopes only and should slope gradually down from the
bottom of the road -side ditch.
3. Angle turnout at approximately 30 degrees to the road -side ditch
4. Discharge turnout into well -vegetated area or install a secondary control such as a wattle,
sediment trap, or silt fence. As a good rule of thumb, the vegetated outlet area should be a
minimum of one half the size of the total drainage area draining into it. If well -vegetated outlets
areas are not available, use culverts or other controls to direct runoff to a stabilized area.
5. Space turnouts according to slope as indicated on figure TO -1.
6. Turnouts only work well if small volumes of runoff drain into the turnout. Turnouts
should only receive runoff from the road and ditch surface, not from large, uphill watersheds.
46
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Road ditches and turnouts should be inspected for any signs of channelization, and
repaired as necessary. Structures will fail if water exists in channelized flow. Also inspect for
sediment buildup at the outlet and at aggregate check dams and remove if necessary.
References
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low -Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
United States Department of the Interior and United States Department of Agriculture. Surface
Operating Standards and Guidelines for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development "Gold
Book". BLM/WO/ST-06/021+3071. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Denver, Colorado.
Fourth Edition, 2006.
Figure RSD-1
Roadside Ditch Installation
I
NOT TO SCA, E
• r; tit SOM.
• S.
•.S. L. ;.
(IYF-) Slrwage Area
•
•
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•
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tiOLS• IG.c 0.5 :; 20% la slab!•izeS al:ael
•
47
Figure TO -1
Turnout Layout
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48
Silt Fence (SF)
50 X 50 WOOD SAKE
TOE O; SLOPE FABRIC SECTION B
FABRIC
SLOPE
1 5C
GREEN SILT
FENCE FABRIC
SILT FENCE INSTALLATION AT SLOPE BASE
45C
5C X 50 WOOD STAKE
INSTALLATION TRENCH DETAIL (PLAN VIEW)
STAKE B
f • ::,; % STAKE A
;ABRIC SECTION A
SILT FENCE JOINING ROLL TO ROLL
DETAIL (PLAN VIEW)
5C X 50 WOOD STAKE
FABRIC
END STAKE DETAIL (PLAN VIEW)
Description
Silt fences are used as temporary perimeter control around sites where there will be soil
disturbance due to construction activities. They consist of a length of filter fabric stretched
between anchoring post at regular intervals along the site perimeter.
Applicability
Silt fences are generally applicable to construction sites with relatively small drainage areas.
They are appropriate in areas where runoff will be occurring as low-level shallow flow, not
49
exceeding 0.5cfs. The drainage area for silt fences generally should not exceed 0.25 acre per
100 -foot fence length. Slope length above the fence should not exceed 100 feet.
Limitations
• Silt fence should not be installed along areas where rocks or other hard surfaces will
prevent uniform anchoring of fence posts and entrenching of the filter fabric. This will greatly
reduce the effectiveness of silt fencing and can create runoff channels leading offsite.
• Silt fences are not suitable for areas where large amounts of concentrated runoff are
likely.
• Open areas where wind velocity is high may present a maintenance challenge, as high
winds may accelerate deterioration of the filter fabric.
• Silt fences should not be installed across streams, ditches, or waterways.
• When the pores of the fence fabric become clogged with sediment, pools of water are
likely to form on the uphill side of the fence. Location and design of the silt fence should account
for this and care should be taken to avoid un-necessary diversion of storm water from these pools
that might cause further erosion damage.
Design Criteria
The fence should be designed to withstand the runoff from a 10 -year storm event.
Construction Specifications
1. Erect silt fence according to figure SF -1.
2. If standard strength fabric is used in combination with wire mesh, the support posts
should be spaced no more than 10 feet apart. If extra -strength fabric is used without wire mesh
reinforcement, the support posts should be spaced no more than 6 feet apart.
3. Stakes used to anchor the filter fabric should either be wooden or metal. Wooden stakes
should be at least three feet tall and have a minimum diameter of two inches if a hardwood such
as oak is used. Softer woods such as pine should be at least four inches in diameter. When using
metal post in place of wooden stakes, they should have a minimum weight of 1 to 1.331b/linear
foot. If metals post are used, attachment points are needed for fastening the filter fabric using
wire ties. The height of the fence post should be between 16 and 34 inches above the original
ground surface.
50
4. Material for silt fences should be a pervious sheet of synthetic fiber such as
polypropylene, nylon, polyester, or polyethylene yarn, chosen based on minimum synthetic
fabric requirements, as shown in the following table:
1 Ph ►picaf Property ^ _ Requirements
Filtering Efficiency , 75 - 85% (minimum). highly
I dependent on local conditions
I Tensile Strength at 20% Standard Strength- 30 lbs/linear inch
(maximum) Elongation (minimum)
' Extra Strength- 50 lbs/linear inch
irnin►rnurrk
Ultraviolet Radiation 1 90% (minirnum.Z
Scurry Flow Rate •_ '3.3gal/ft1/min (minimum) _ i
5. Use a continuous roll of fabric to eliminate unwanted gaps in the fence. If a continuous
roll of fabric is not available, the fabric should overlap from both directions only at the stakes or
posts with a minimum overlap of six inches.
6. Extend silt fence across grade and upslope for a short distance.
7. Compact backfill at base of fabric.
8. Plow in or entrench the bottom of the fabric fence at least 6 inches below the ground
surface. This will help prevent gaps from forming near the ground surface that would render the
fencing useless as a sediment barrier.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Inspect silt fences to ensure that they are intact and that there are no gaps at the fence -
ground interface or tears along the length of the fence. If gaps or tears which impact the
effectiveness of the silt fence are discovered, they should be repaired or the fabric should be
replaced immediately. Accumulated sediments should be removed from the fence base when the
sediment reaches 1/3 to 1/2 the height of the fence. Sediment removal should occur more
frequently if accumulated sediment is creating noticeable strain on the fabric and there is the
possibility of the fence failing from a sudden storm event.
Removal
Remove silt fences and all accumulated sediment after uphill drainage areas are stabilized by
vegetation or other means.
References
51
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Erosion Control and Stormwater Quality
Guide. 2002. http://ww.dot.state.co.us/enviromental.envWaterOuaUwqms4.asp
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
Keller, Gordon and James Sherar, Low- Volume Roads Engineering, Best Management Practices
Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, US Agency od
International Development (USAID), 2005. http://www.blm.gov/bmp/field%20guide.htm
52
Straw Bale (SB) — Straw Bale Placement in Swale (SBS)
TRENCH EXCAVATION
STRAW BALE INSTALLATION
6" N
SECTION
4"
•,.I
,v.,
2"x2"X2r"
/ sTAKF '‘mty)
I
RACK= .. :,gym c: vs•ACf;
FxCAVCF.: TRFNCH SCII
ENV:;• WA.
OR "NINE
2"XtX2Q.
-� STAKE 4)
4" Mk
4411"el C LO'W
EAC K' [ AVC c :MPA
I X..n:'J�rF ) FaNCHS0U
53
`J:2 I:;re's "A.. NI.S• li!
I\— "Pr
STRAW BALE IN SWALES
SECTION
WA* Bat t. ;LS'
fIF TI:' I w' A .11T%4
M fri N ::t..•'S
•
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11-1-111V111
Ce‘L C .tORL LALL:
.- ., 1 .,.. of .:
R
•
1=t t -
STRAW BALE IN SWALES
SECTION
S "RAW BALLS SA' L._ '.._ 1 31
(:..t v I' 5/cAVAI .. • `:S ••-v'.' 3.3' 'Y
r,=•=r-. CN *.AC- R S-IAL. ;S-t5_1.=:1::•c
°,t'; ✓. RSS IN A; _ t.I.AVIE _S/SWAi_r_S .La::
5. •� j. �l. N .. ".1..
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J . ,.I
L... "•_ 12_1_ VA er..:N.
y}
•
STRAW BALE
DOWNSTREAM SPACING
STRAW BALE PLACEMENT IN SWALE
54
Straw Bale Installation Notes
ASyr r.. 01 +.L , • i ,, ., ._L_ :iLL S 1 < I ' A l ICI L \U '� .I I;
Ca ORA:. (-j,1-MEN AGROI R! WELL) FREE • 3 H3 r- G.A
•.,' \� 1 ., �„� .��? mot. �.�� 1C:1 >:J --I J k Fr µ\L1
t;'f :) I fir t '''RAG AC 1. 1 T. F F 21.5, CRS.
LAC— . C_ <• II ILA :it_1) 1 HL_ "f� �LCI I ;.3A_L `_ ALL li_ :D N '! BY �,• _ ; ` j,
ti. . -I to
fist'(
• . " ..l.s b:NI.! 1t; �'•� I��1..'. 4— '. CONS;S 1 Of i.l J.JF AV.; : C RANi!I 19Y' No.. 'JR
• I _ TIES 31\L \G CONS;S I Or SF_eAL_Y RO. UCLL: 3A_•vt+ 1 -
\ Y -c YY• RF • I :3A• I C-' Al HAW. A REGIONAL • :i 1AGI: 1'..:nN-)Rou'<.Am FAG ..A I \.: THE
;L3IC A_ • ;:RAGE CLR"IFICA RION PROGRAM NUMBER.
� tt* Ai. Es S►-• j.. I. BEIN` L 3 JR AND ki..;iC'NA_I_'" CF. R II L? AS WI . I.: 14:- L 3ASED
ON 1 IL RLCIONA_Ld LES ONA "LD NCX'O S WEED AND UNCES-RABLE -LAN T U5 -RCV
WYOMING, MONTANA, \=PRASKA, UTAH, .DA —r), KANSAS, SOL!'I-I DAKOTA OR A\"
_Il S IA I_ NO' _IS ILD i • SL -t' LU AS IL F'L AUL CI 3I? GIN 1 OR •,,_ S HAW .
NC ONE SE-- A. I 1.\. OAI) Ci R fIFIFf: :•`;' ' REF MUi Cii I3Ai IS CR R1 MOVE . N •11 VAG
„IR_ DR 1 AGS U\ I _
•
OWN'S NSPLl IOR ' IA.S INJF•'L`v'LLI A\U =3 11L 4
"'•. <AC OR SHAL. F'•?CVI r '- A 'RA\:,IT Cf:.iiIFICCE TI -AT HAS If I N -7_l ED 'i.. I AN ;
AL) L3Y I!L GROiei'LI< v.) LU'' I I+ )L -A `ML \ . f,;I AGRI ULE_ RL \SP_r: 10R.
•iAC k MAY Oil IAA A C.r E\ I COLZHAV'.! WI -Fl) I ISLE • :.;-RAGE
C3UCLRS W IO CCW)LE '_L CL« ell IC,A !ION U'' CON I AC. I I IL COLC:RADO
:;� ART;AF\T Cr ACR,Cu T„RF , ;I VIS;C\ OF niAN— 'Nr S TRY
STRAW BALES "_-F-A 1 AP= ='ROXIMA TEL' 5 CLAIC 1= E E1 OF MA 'FRIA.. AND *F NO ,-.i
-HA\ 35 ?C..N S.
S RAW ::AI - S SHAI._ A:'PROX 'ELY 36"x1S"X'6"
A UNII ORM ANCI•OR f RLNC• • SCI 1A_L BL LX:.:AVA I A _\`P I• C;,i it". S I; : AL:2-.; SI IAL_
N..ACED SO 7. Al BIND \C ::IN :S E.NCOka ASS:NC HE VER"ICAt SC.S 13/k: €TS;
=s FX;:AVr'T7r; `iti,7tl Hr ED ON 'I 11 Fill `iII;F n li'. 'I`S' ANO 1-i \ i•
+.:vMPAC: _U.
-"K WC!( ! .14.(")U:.N S ti .t_ ` `.'>l,Ai.Cid%'—
r.., 1.
_ L t: ` Z., X z X �' .
• +
:TAKES S --ALL BE V
; RA.IA; RA
A `'F
LPL...
Sh•A I BF SPACED AIL-.
IN
'II
D EAG + BA.1.:. ;N "1_ Ale} .
•'
1) DE -All S.
.•:iAKC-�:
55
S HAW
• A •I•
Straw Bale Installation & Maintenance Notes
I -- I-
I '(VA:
.`.1.
;E 3OH
-fAA. EiA
1-_ : F.
:.e \: Vii'
• 'MMED.AT=LY +l.M\,
• EVERY 14 DAYS Whit I: rHE ACT1VF CDiNS"Riie! :;N.
• Al 'LIB AN'V S' (J M LV_ c -1 IA I CMS; S S��1.�L L�_RCS ON :� I� `_
n ICer A VON '+. 'e• ; "•��l :•ND O' OC c' R C !\N. N. I'. .jE r: -�` 7 rrtf:.R ��AS
• � l'VN lei. -.VYti '% 1J• v %j%, %J L 'L Y %..:. pit_ . .j
RFAC -F-; 7TF\- DFN ` I -Y OF AT FAS- 737, OF I . vF GF T A- ,d= C if= R.
ACCJM�•_A. Lr' SL'_ V_N, SI A -L ;L '<LVOi+U ONCL •I•_ .:-2•MLN• ,As •iLAC•'LL A DLP'"
T-= H_ --
n_
u
S RAW F.
`;I'ALL. i?I_ lit.rl. ACLU 1 •'+ _ Y :{LGOVi__ I ►LAV'+
(C' ' N. OH OF Lli
STRAW EAI_-S SI•ALl. F�t:`lN -1 ACP ANt. I:;RuPER..Y MAIN, :, N:.; :V Al_ ` • CL!AI'ti11. f:Ctivt ��
• -AS .LAC. -:.1; A CONS'S I _N. I LJLNS ' Y 3' A I ALAS /3% 4 • v-- v-;,_ IA IIVL COVLI2 AND
EROSION AND "��C `. TA"ICN IS NC L C\GFR A PCS SIN .. • j„ ,, ; it •
EI_RMINED BY j..c -C,;fy.U'w
N SPFCTOR.
W• sLN !HL S !RAW ?ALLS AI<L :;LY OC ANY U S lUR3LU ARLAS ASSOC A ILI WI -I I :f IL
\STAI..AT.
�DD_I), k'
N.
VA!N-ENA.NCF, AND/OR FMO'vA_ OF T :F S-RAVY BA -ES S-i• .. B:- RCLSHENFD:
... UHF;), AND• ;:,�II,: aF R, "Hr I' ;a�J' : ='= ::A I :ns)
,.
No: SMO).
56
Straw Mulch (SM)
Description and Purpose
Straw mulch consists of placing a uniform layer of straw and
incorporating it into the soil with a studded roller or anchoring
it with a tackifier stabilizing emulsion. Straw mulch protects
the soil surface from the impact of rain drops, preventing soil
particles from becoming dislodged.
Suitable Applications
Straw mulch is suitable for soil disturbed areas requiring
temporary protection until permanent stabilization is
established. Straw mulch is typically used for erosion control
on disturbed areas until soils can be prepared for permanent
vegetation. Straw mulch is also used in combination with
temporary and/or permanent seeding strategies to enhance
plant establishment.
57
Limitations
• Availability of straw and straw blowing equipment may be
limited just prior to the rainy season and prior to storms
due to high demand.
• There is a potential for introduction of weed seed and
unwanted plant material.
■ When straw blowers are used to apply straw mulch, the
treatment areas must be within 150 ft of a road or surface
capable of supporting trucks.
• Straw mulch applied by hand is more time intensive and
potentially costly.
• Wind may limit application of straw and blow straw into undesired locations.
■ May have to be removed prior to permanent seeding or prior to further earthwork.
• "Punching" of straw does not work in sandy soils. necessitating the use of tackifiers.
Implementation
• Straw shall be derived from wheat, rice, or barley. Where required by the plans.
specifications. permits, or environmental documents. native grass straw shall be used.
• A tackifier is the preferred method for anchoring straw mulch to the soil on slopes.
• Crimping. punch roller -type rollers, or track walking may also be used to incorporate straw
mulch into the soil on slopes. Track walking shall only be used where other methods are
impractical.
■ Avoid placing straw onto roads, sidewalks, drainage channels. sound walls, existing
vegetation. etc.
■ Straw mulch with tackifier shall not be applied during or immediately before rainfall.
• In San Diego, use of straw near wood framed house construction has been frowned on by the
Fire Marshall.
58
Application Procedures
■ Apply straw at a minimum rate of 4.OOO lb/ acre, either by machine or by hand distribution.
• Roughen embankments and fill rills before placing the straw mulch by rolling with a
crimping or punching type roller or by track walking.
■ Evenly distribute straw mulch on the soil surface.
• Anchor straw mulch to the soil surface by "punching" it into the soil mechanically
(incorporating). Alternatively, use a tackifier to adhere straw fibers.
■ Methods for holding the straw mulch in place depend upon the slope steepness. accessibility.
soil conditions. and longevity.
- On small areas, a spade or shovel can be used to punch in straw mulch.
- On slopes with soils that are stable enough and of sufficient gradient to safely support
construction equipment without contributing to compaction and instability problems,
straw can be "punched" into the ground using a knife blade roller or a straight bladed
coulter. known commercially as a "crimper".
- On small areas and:' or steep slopes, straw can also be held in place using plastic netting
or jute. The netting shall be held in place using ii gauge wire staples, geotex--tile pins or
wooden stakes as described in EC -7. Geotel-tiles and Mats.
- A tackifier acts to glue the straw fibers together and to the soil surface. The tackifier
shall be selected based on longevity and ability to hold the fibers in place. A tackifier is
59
typically applied at a rate of 125 lb/acre. In windy conditions. the rates are typically 18o
lb :acre.
Costs
Average annual cost for installation and maintenance (3-- months useful life) is 82.500 per
acre. Application by hand is more time intensive and potentially costly.
Inspection and Maintenance
■ Inspect BMPs prior to forecast rain. daily during extended rain events, after rain events.
weekly during the rainy season. and at two-week intervals during the non -rainy season.
■ Areas where erosion is evident should be repaired and BMPs re -applied as soon as possible.
Care should be exercised to minimize the damage to protected areas while making repairs, as
any area damaged will require re -application of BMPs.
■ The key consideration in inspection and maintenance is that the straw needs to last long
enough to achieve erosion control objectives.
■ Maintain an unbroken. temporary mulched ground cover while disturbed soil areas are
inactive. Repair any damaged ground cover and re -mulch exposed areas.
■ Reapplication of straw mulch and tackifier may be required to maintain effective soil
stabilization over disturbed areas and slopes.
References
Controlling Erosion of Construction Sites, Agricultural Information Bulletin *347. U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly
Soil Conservation Sert'ice — SCS).
Guides for Erosion and Sediment Control in California, USDA Soils Conservation Service.
January 1991.
Manual of Standards of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures. Association of Bay Area
Governments, May 1995.
Soil Erosion by Water, Agricultural Information Bulletin *513. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Soil Conservation Service.
Storm mater Quality Handbooks Construction Site Best Management Practices (BMPs) Manual.
State of California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), November 2000.
Stormwater Management of the Puget Sound Basin, Technical Manual. Publication #91-75.
Washington State Department of Ecology. February 1992.
Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region. Volume IL Handbook of
Management Practices, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. November 1988.
60
Vehicle Tracking Control (VTC)
Description CATTLE GUARD
A stabilized construction entrance (tracking pad) is a pad of gravel or cattle guard where
construction traffic leave a site. The purpose of a stabilized entrance to a site is to minimize the
amount of tracked mud and dust that leaves a site. As a vehicle drives over the gravel pad, mud
and sediment are removed from the vehicle's wheels and offsite transport of soil is reduced. The
gravel pad also reduces erosion and rutting in the soil beneath the stabilized structure. The filter
fabric separates the gravel from the soil below, preventing the gravel from being ground into the
soil. The fabric also reduces the amount of rutting caused by vehicle tires by spreading the
vehicle's weight over a larger soil area than just the width of the tire.
Applicability
Typically, stabilizing a construction entrances are installed at locations where construction traffic
leaves or enters an existing paved road. However, the applicability of site entrance stabilization
should be extended to any roadway or entrance where vehicles will access or leave the site.
Limitations
• Although stabilizing a construction entrance is a good way to help reduce the amount of
sediment leaving a site, some soil may still be deposited from vehicle tires onto paved surfaces.
To further reduce the chance of these sediments polluting storm water runoff, sweeping of the
paved area adjacent to the stabilized site entrance is recommended.
• Site traps or other secondary sediment controls are needed to capture that sediment that
accumulates at the pad and may run off during storm events.
61
Design Criteria
ROAD WIDTH i RE ;LIRE-
L'RcvI tiEON WITH CR:-S,FALL
:TH r;. ' F• ;-' WIV TH -: IN Ex1E.-.Y
L
I
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•
•
."
6" LIFT CRUSHED ROCK
FILTER F MHI:; FEU
IN _ '=E IN Ex : -ES' CF ti`::
Construction Specifications
See figure SCE -1 for installation details.
• If the pad in constructed on a crowned road, a road side ditch with check dams or
sediment traps be located on both sides of the road to collect runoff from the pad. If the road
slopes to only one side of the road then only one roadside ditch with sediment controls will be
needed.
• Place a matrix of 2 to 4 inch washed stone, reclaimed or recycled concrete equivalent to a
minimum of 12 feet wide and 20 feet in length.
• All surface water flowing or diverted toward construction entrance shall be piped across
the entrance. If piping is impractical, a mountable berm with 5:1 slopes will be permitted.
62
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63
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Stabilization of site entrances should be maintained until the remainder of the
construction site has been fully stabilized. Stone and grave; might need to be periodically added
to each stabilized construction site entrance to keep the entrance effective. Soil that is tracked
offsite should be swept op immediately for proper disposal.
References
Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Erosion Control and Stormwater Quality
Guide. 2002. http://ww.dot.state.co.us/enviromental.envWaterOual/wgms4.asp
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control. Washington, D.C., February 2003.
http://cfpud.epa.gov/npdes/stonnwater/rnenufbmps/con_site.cfm
Horizon Environmental Services, Inc, Guidance Document Reasonable and Prudent Practices
for Stabilization (RAPPS) of Oil and Gas Construction Sites. April 2004.
64
Wattles (W)
Description
A wattle, (consist of straw, rock, flax, or other similar materials bound into a tight tubular roll.
When wattles are placed at the toe and on the face of slopes, they intercept runoff, reduce its
flow velocity, release the runoff as sheet flow, and provide removal of sediment from the runoff.
By interrupting the length of a slope, fiber rolls can also reduce erosion.
Applicability
Wattles may be suitable:
• Along the top, face, and at the grade breaks of exposed and erodible slopes to shorten
slope length and spread runoff as sheet flow.
• At the end of a downward slope where it transitions to a steeper slope.
• Along the perimeter of a project.
• At the overflow locations of s sediment traps.
• As check dams in unlined ditches.
• Around temporary stockpiles.
Limitations
• Wattles are not effective unless trenched.
• Wattles at the toe of the slope greater than 5:1 (H:V) should be a minimum of 20 inch
diameter or installations achieving the same protection (i.e., stacked smaller diameter wattles,
etc.).
• Difficult to move once saturated.
• If not properly staked and trenched in, wattles could be transported in high flows.
• Wattles have a very limited sediment capture zone.
• Wattles should not be used on sloped subject to creep, slumping, or landslide.
65
• Wattles should not be used where periodic road or surface maintenance activities are
expected.
Design Criteria
•
i
t Cr
a AI PINS :a
7sS� itii/� stl y&M:
F isessu IS CONS
10 %flea. elet Mee
M IRRfI:4
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fa -.a an n.ue
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T. us* lie
ets tee
ewe ■ •ara t.
t
r
et K Omr}S
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-Rocen i?G Fan.,
Construction Specifications
• • 1•
•:' s ••••"
1 : 4: a • x ayes we
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• w.
• M•
sat •
C SIMI as
".'4,..417" I0'. .."h: s.rr Pat -C.'_4
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e r: sa u Stelleeri
i4C`SC4i (:t iIA.I
c'a1 •ASPA. A -
Wattles should be either prefabricated rolls or rolled tubes of erosion control blankets. If using
erosion control blankets, roll the length of erosion control blanket, roll the length of the blanket
into a tube of minimum 8" diameter and bind roll at each end and every 4 feet along length of
roll with jute type twine.
See figure W-1 for wattles used to control erosion along slopes.
1. Locate wattles on level contours spaced as follows:
a. Slope inclination of 4:1 or flatter: Fiber rolls should be placed at a maximum interval of
20 feet.
b. Slope inclination between 4:1 and 2:1: Fiber rolls should be placed at a maximum of 15
feet.
66
c. Slope inclination 2:1 or greater: Fiber rolls should be placed at a maximum interval of 10
feet.
2. Turn the ends of the wattles up slope to prevent runoff from going around the roll.
3. Stake wattles into a 2 to 4 inch deep trench with a width equal to the diameter of the
wattle. Drive stakes at the end of each wattle and spaced 4 feet maximum on center.
4. If more than one wattle is placed in a row, the rolls should be overlapped, not abutted.
Maintenance Considerations
The frequency of inspections should be in accordance with the Storm Water Management Plan
(SWMP). Repair or replace split, torn, unraveling, or slumping rolls. If the wattle is used as a
sediment capture device, or as an erosion control device to maintain sheet flows, sediment that
accumulates must be periodically removed in order to maintain wattle effectiveness. Sediment
should be removed when sediment accumulation reaches half the distance between the top of the
wattle and the adjacent ground surface.
Removal
Wattles are typically left in place. If wattles are removed, collect and disposed of sediment
accumulation, and fill and compact holes, trenches, depressions, or any other gorund disturbance
to blend with adjacent ground.
References
California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Managemant Practices(BMP)
handbook -Construction. January, 2003. <http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/Construction.asp>
67
Wind Erosion Control (WEC)
Description and Purpose
Wind erosion or dust control consists of applying water or other dust palliatives as necessary to
prevent or alleviate dust nuisance generated by construction activities. Covering small stockpiles
or areas is an alternative to applying water or other dust palliatives.
Suitable Applications
Wind erosion controls BMPs are suitable during the following construction activities:
• Construction vehicle traffic on unpaved roads
• Drilling and blasting activities
• Sediment tracking onto paved roads
• Soils and debris storage piles
• Batch drop from front-end loaders
• Areas with unstabilized soil
68
• Final grading/site stabilization
Limitations
• Watering prevents dust only for a short period and should be applied daily (or more
often) to be effective.
• Over watering may cause erosion.
• Oil or oil -treated sub grade should not be used for dust control because the oil may
migrate into drainageways and/or seep into the soil.
• Effectiveness depends on soil, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity.
• Chemically treated sub grades may make the soil water repellant, interfering with long-
term infiltration and the vegetation/re-vegetation on the site. Some chemical dust suppressants
may be subject to freezing and may contain solvents and should be handled properly.
• Asphalt, as a mulch tack or chemical mulch, requires a 24 -hour curing time to avoid
adherence to equipment, worker shoes, etc. Application should be limited because asphalt
surfacing may eventually migrate into the drainage system.
• In compacted areas, watering and other liquid dust control measures may wash sediment
or other constituents into the drainage system.
Implementation
General
Recently, the State Air Resources Control Board has, under the authority of the Clean Air Act,
started to address air quality in relation to inhalable particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM -
10). Approximately 90 percent of these small particles are considered to be dust. Existing dust
control regulations by local agencies, municipal departments, public works department, and
public health departments are in place in some regions within California.
Many local agencies require dust control in order to comply with local nuisance laws, opacity
laws (visibility impairment) and the requirements of the Clean Air Act. The following are
measures that local agencies may have already implemented as requirements for dust control
from contractors:
• Construction and Grading Permits: Require provision for dust control plants.
• Opacity Emission Limits: Enforce compliance with Colorado air pollution control laws.
69
• Increase Overall Enforcement Activities: Priority given to cases involving citizen
complaints.
• Maintain Field Application Records: Require records of dust control measures from
contractor;
• Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP): Integrate dust control measures into SWMP.
Dust Control Practices
Dust control BMPs generally stabilize exposed surfaces and minimize activities that suspend or
track dust particles. For heavily traveled and disturbed areas, wet suppression (watering),
chemical dust suppression, gravel asphalt surfacing, temporary gravel construction entrances,
equipment wash -out areas, and haul truck covers can be employed as dust control applications.
Permanent or temporary vegetation and mulching can be employed for areas of occasional or no
construction traffic. Preventive measures would include minimizing surface areas to be
disturbed, limiting onsite vehicle traffic to 15 mph, and controlling the number and activity of
vehicles on a site at any given time.
For chemical stabilization, there are many products available for chemically stabilizing gravel
roadways and stockpiles. If chemical stabilization is used, the chemicals should not create any
adverse effects on stormwater, plant life, or groundwater.
Costs
Installation costs for water and chemical dust suppression are low, but annual costs may be quite
high since these measures are effective for only a few hours to a few days.
Inspection and Maintenance
• Inspect and verify that activity -based BMPs are in place prior to the commencement of
associated activities. While activities associated with the BMP are under way, inspect weekly
during the rainy season and at two-week intervals in the non -rainy season to verify continued
BMP implementation.
• Check areas protected to ensure coverage.
• Most dust control measures require frequent, often daily, or multiple times per day
attention.
70
Kerr-McGee Stormwater Training Log
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